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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church-sect_typology
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Sociological classifications of religious movements
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["1 Church-sect typology","1.1 Max Weber","1.2 Ernst Troeltsch","1.3 Church and ecclesia","1.4 Denominations","1.5 Sects","2 Cult typology","2.1 Classification by origin and development","2.2 Cults or new religious movements","2.3 Criticism","2.4 Meta-criticism","3 Wallis' distinction between cults and sects","4 Cult and/or new religious movements","4.1 Stark and Bainbridge","4.2 Roy Wallis","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Classifications of religious movements
Herättäjäjuhlat, or the Awakening festival, in Seinäjoki, Finland in 2009
Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars. In the sociology of religion, the most widely used classification is the church-sect typology. The typology is differently construed by different sociologists, and various distinctive features have been proposed to characterise churches and sects. On most accounts, the following features are deemed relevant:
The church is a compulsory organisations into which people are born, while the sect is a voluntary organisation to which people usually convert.
The church is an inclusive organisations to which all kinds of people may belong, while the sect is an exclusive organisation of religiously qualified people.
The church is an established organisation that is well integrated into the larger society and usually inclined to seek for an alliance with the political power, while the sect is a splinter group from a larger religion: it is often in tension with current societal values, rejects any compromise with the secular order and tends to be composed of underprivileged people.
The church exhibits complex hierarchical bureaucratic structures, while the sect is a smaller, democratic and relatively informal organisation.
The ministers of a church are formally trained, educated and ordained, while the sect rejects sharp distinctions between clergy and laity, and is often ruled by charismatic leaders.
In theology and liturgy the church is inclined to dogmatism, traditionalism and ritualism, while the sect promotes intensified spiritual experiences for its members and adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship.
The church-sect typology has been enriched with subtypes. The theory of the church-sect continuum states that churches, ecclesia, denominations and sects form a continuum with decreasing influence on society. Sects are break-away groups from more mainstream religions and tend to be in tension with society. Cults and new religious movements fall outside this continuum and in contrast to aforementioned groups often have a novel teaching. They have been classified on their attitude towards society and the level of involvement of their adherents.
Church-sect typology
A diagram of the church-sect typology continuum including church, denomination, sect, cult, new religious movement, and institutionalized sect
The church-sect typology has its origins in the work of Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch, and from about the 1930s to the late 1960s it inspired numerous studies and theoretical models especially in American sociology.
Weber characterised the church as a compulsory, bureaucratic, inclusive organisation whose membership is obtained primarily at birth by ascription, and the sect as a voluntary, democratic, exclusive organisation whose members are recruited through individual admission after establishment of qualification. Ernest Troeltsch accepted Weber's definition but added the notion of a varying degree of accommodation with social morality: the church is intrinsically conservative, inclined to seek for an alliance with the upper classes and aiming at dominating all elements within society, while the sect is in tension with current societal values, rejects any compromise with the secular order and tends to be composed of underprivileged people.
Subsequent sociological and theological studies elaborated on Weber's and Troeltsch's typologies incorporating them into a theory of the church-sect "continuum" or "movement". H. Richard Niebuhr viewed religious groups as ranging between the poles of the sect and the church: sects are protest groups that break away from the church in search of more authentic religious experiences. Sects are inherently unstable and as they grow they tend to become church-like; once they have become established institutions, marked by compromise and accommodation, they are in turn exposed to new schismatic challenges. The sect is a result of "the religious revolts of the poor," and the driving force of the cyclical movement between sect and church is not so much doctrinal controversy as social stratification and conflict taking place along class, race, ethnicity and sectional lines.
Other scholars enriched the typology with subtypes. Howard Becker introduced a continuum of types ranging from the cult to the sect, the denomination and the ecclesia, and John Milton Yinger delineated a sixfold typology: the universal church (e.g., the Roman Catholic Church), the ecclesia, by which he meant established national churches (e.g., the Church of England, the Russian Orthodox Church), the denomination (e.g., Baptists, Presbyterians), the established sect (e.g., Seventh-Day Adventists, Quakers), the sect (e.g., many Pentecostalists, the Worldwide Church of God) and the cult (e.g., The Family, Scientology). Benton Johnson simplified the definition of sect and church and based it on a single variable: the degree of acceptance of the social environment. A church is a religious group that accepts the social environment in which it exists, a sect is a religious group that rejects it.
The church-sect typology and the notion of a church-sect continuum or movement from the sect to the church came under strong attack in the sociology of religion of the 1960s onwards. The theory suffered from lack of agreement on the distinguishing features, from proliferation of new types and from questionable empirical evidence on its core assumptions. Many contributions to the debate were perceived as being pure classificatory in nature and devoid of significant theoretical content. Eventually there was general agreement among scholars to abandon use of the typology altogether, although the waning of the debate on the church-sect typology did not affect the persisting interest for Weber's contributions on the topic and more broadly for his sociology of religion. Moreover, notwithstanding the criticisms, the distinction between sect and church has become part of the standard theoretical repertoire of sociologists.
Max Weber
A scene from the 1904–1905 Welsh revival. Dan Davies of Hermon Chapel conducting a baptism in the River Gwaun in 1905.
As Weber's ideas on church and sect have developed in the course of time, what follows is a sketch of key definitions and themes.
Both the church and the sect are hierocratic organisations as they enforce their orders through psychic coercion by providing or denying religious goods such as spiritual benefits (magical blessing, sacraments, grace, forgiveness, etc.) and material benefits (ecclesiastical benefices and other endowments).: 54 Unlike the sect, however, the church is a compulsory organisation whose membership is typically determined by birth or infant baptism rather than by voluntary association,: 38 which claims "a monopoly on the legitimate use of hierocratic coercion.": 54 Because of its claim to universal hierocratic domination, the church is inclined to level all non-religious distinctions and to overcome "household, sib and tribal ties ... ethnic and national barriers.: 1164 No one is in principle excluded from the church, not even the unrepentant sinners, the sceptics and the indifferents. The church "lets grace shine over the righteous and unrighteous alike ... Affiliation with the church is, in principle, obligatory, and hence proves nothing with regard to the member's qualities.": 305–306
The church is also characterised by "a professional priesthood removed from the 'world', with salaries, promotions, professional duties, and a distinctive way of life.": 1164 Ministers are usually appointed on the basis of their formally certified religious education and operate in a hierarchical administrative structure. The demands of the church towards the clergy can be more or less demanding but their full satisfaction – the holiness of the minister – is not a condition for the efficacy of the sacraments and for the performance of the religious rituals: the church fulfils its mission ex opere operato, and sharply distinguishes between persona and office, that is, between charisma of the individual minister, which may occasionally be lacking, and efficacy of the religious function, which is perpetual and depends on the will of God alone.: 1164
While the church is "a compulsory association for the administration of grace," the sect for Weber is "a voluntary association of religiously qualified persons.: 314 It is voluntary as it is based on the willingness to adopt the standards of ethical conduct required for sect membership: membership is not ascribed at birth but results from the free acceptance of the sect's doctrine and discipline by the follower, and from the continuous acceptance of the follower by the sect. The sect does not express a claim at universal hierocratic domination, and therefore it is exclusive – as "aristocracy of the elect" – instead of inclusive like the church. It consists of individuals whose conduct and life style "proclaim the glory of God," religiously qualified persons who believe (or hope) to be "called to salvation." Being a free association of "religious virtuosos," the sect raises high demands towards its members and enforces the strictest discipline upon them.
A "sect" in the sociological sense of the word is an exclusive association of religious virtuosos or of especially qualified religious persons, recruited through individual admission after establishment of qualification. By contrast a "church," as a universalistic establishment of the salvation of the masses raises the claim like the "state," that everyone, at least each child of a member, must belong by birth.In contrast to the professional priesthood of the church, members of the sect can exercise hierocratic power only by virtue of personal charisma. Lay preaching and universal priesthood are the norm, as well as "direct democratic administration" by the congregation,: 1208 which is jointly responsible for the celebration of the sacraments by a worthy minister in a state of grace. The ministerial position is not an "office" backed by ecclesiastical structures of authority but an appointment or "election" subject to the popular will of the congregation;: 33 the minister is a servant of the congregation, and no bureaucratic separation between persona and office, between individual and function, is ever admissible.: 1208
The Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox churches are paradigmatic cases of church-like organisations; outside Christianity, good examples of so-defined churches can be found, according to Weber, in Islam, in the Lamaist form of Buddhism and, in a more limited sense, in Mahdism, Judaism and probably in the late Ancient Egyptian hierocracy. The official management of Confucianism stood against Buddhist, Taoist, and sectarian pursuits of salvation of all sorts.: 288 Calvinism is best characterized as a sect-like church; Baptists, Quakers and Methodists are paradigmatic cases of sects, as well as Christian Scientists, Adventists. In between these two poles, varying degrees of approximation to the church or to the sect are possible, according to Weber. Hinduism, for example, is a strictly birth-religion, to which one belongs merely by being born to Hindu parents, but is exclusive as a sect because for certain religious offences one can be forever excluded from the community.
The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by John Henry Lorimer, 1891. National Gallery of Scotland.
In fact, the distinction between church and sect is not dichotomic, but continuous. Church and sect do not correspond exactly to any empirical phenomenon but rather stress elements common in varying degrees to most phenomena. They are ideal types, that is, heuristic devices for highlighting relevant aspects of the social world, highly simplified representations of reality, "special and 'one-sided' viewpoints" according to which the researcher selects what is relevant for the purposes of historical and sociological explanation. As ideal types, church and sect do not describe reality and hardly can be found in pure form, but help us understand why people act the way they do by developing meaningful social theories.
One such theory developed by Weber is that the development of capitalism and democracy in the United States have been positively affected by the sectarian form of certain religious groups such as the puritans and the Baptists.: 308 According to Weber, American democracy "did not constitute a formless sand heap of individuals, but rather a buzzing complex of strictly exclusive, yet voluntary associations;": 310 American democracy is not made of isolated individuals but rather of associations which, like the sects, function as control mechanisms that foster high moral standards and encourage individual responsibility.
First, Weber believes that sects generally promote individualism and freedom of conscience. While the church's claim to universal hierocratic domination is inherently hostile to freedom of conscience and individual rights, the sect "gives rise to an inalienable personal right of the governed as against any power, whether political, hierocratic or patriarchal.": 1209 Secondly, according to Weber there is "an elective affinity between the sect and political democracy,": 1208 which stems from the structural features of the sect – the treatment of clerical officials as servants of the congregation and the practice of direct democracy in its administration.: 308 Finally, as voluntary associations of qualified people, sects maintain discipline: they select, probe and sanction their members, and are likely to have the greatest educative influence on individuals and through them the wider society. Weber argues that sect membership worked in the United States as "a certificate of moral qualification and especially business morals:": 305 Sects provided proof of one’s reputation, honesty and trustworthiness, and in doing so they became a vital source of "the bourgeois capitalist business ethos among the broad strata of the middle classes (the farmers included).".: 308 : 133
Ernst Troeltsch
Ordination to Priesthood, St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich, Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, 2019
Troeltsch largely relies upon Weber's distinction between church and sect. Like Weber, Troeltsch stresses the "objective institutional character" of the church compared to the "voluntary community" of the sect, and distinguishes the "universal all-embracing ideal" of the church, its desire to control great masses of people, from the gathering of "a select group of the elect" by the sect, which is placed "in sharp opposition to the world." To these Weberian ideas Troeltsch adds a new distinguishing feature, which is the different attitude towards compromise and accommodation with societal demands. The church adapts to the secular world and exhibits a high degree of compromise with the larger society and with the civil authorities, which it supports in order to maintain itself and gain influence; in contrast to this, the sect is born out of protest, rejects any compromise and tends to be smaller and composed of underprivileged people. Sectarian commitments are motivated by the social protests of the lower classes.
Troeltsch arrives at his definitions of church and sect on the basis of an examination of the history of Christian Europe prior to about 1800, and conceives of church and sect as independent sociological expressions of two different interpretations of Christianity. The sect emphasizes the eschatological features of Christian doctrine, which it interprets literally and in a radical manner; it is a small, voluntary fellowship of converts who seek to realize the divine law in their own behaviour, setting themselves apart from and in opposition to the world, and refusing to draw a sharp distinction between clergy and laity; it embraces ideals of frugality, prohibits participation in legal and political affairs, and appeals principally to the lower classes. In theology and liturgy, the sect refrains from bureaucratic dogmatism and ritualism and, compared to the church, it adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship.
Church and ecclesia
Further information: Church (congregation)
Johnstone provides the following seven characteristics of churches:
Claim universality, include all members of the society within their ranks, and have a strong tendency to equate "citizenship" with "membership"
Exercise religious monopoly and try to eliminate religious competition
Are very closely allied with the state and secular powers; frequently there is overlapping of responsibilities and much mutual reinforcement
Are extensively organized as a hierarchical bureaucratic institution with a complex division of labor
Employ professional, full-time clergy who possess the appropriate credentials of education and formal ordination
Primarily gain new members through natural reproduction and the socialization of children into the ranks
Allow for diversity by creating different groups within the church (e.g., orders of nuns or monks) rather than through the formation of new religions
The classical example of a church by this definition is the Catholic Church, especially in the past, such as the State church of the Roman Empire.
Islam is a church in countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran, where there is no separation of church and state. The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states: " God's Book and the Sunnah of His Prophet ". These nations are ruled under an official interpretation of religious law (Salafi in the case of Saudi Arabia), and the religious law predominates the legal system. Saudi Arabia, however, lacks Johnstone's criteria for an ordained clergy and a strictly hierarchical structure; however, it has the ulema and their Senior Council with the exclusive power of issuing fatwa, as well as fiqh jurisprudence through the Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta. In the Shi'a denominations, there is a professional clergy led by a Grand Ayatollah.
A slight modification of the church type is that of ecclesia. Ecclesias include the above characteristics of ,churches with the exception that they are generally less successful at garnering absolute adherence among all of the members of the society and are not the sole religious body. The state churches of some European nations would fit this type.
Denominations
Main article: Religious denomination
The denomination lies between the church and the sect on the continuum. Denominations come into existence when churches lose their religious monopoly in a society. A denomination is one religion among many. When churches or sects become denominations, there are also some changes in their characteristics. Johnstone provides the following eight characteristics of denominations:
similar to churches, but unlike sects, in being on relatively good terms with the state and secular powers and may even attempt to influence government at times
maintain at least tolerant and usually fairly friendly relationships with other denominations in a context of religious pluralism
rely primarily on birth for membership increase, though it will also accept converts; some actively pursue evangelization
accept the principle of at least modestly changing doctrine and practice and tolerate some theological diversity and dispute
follow a fairly routinized ritual and worship service that explicitly discourages spontaneous emotional expression
train and employ professional clergy who must meet formal requirements for certification
accept less extensive involvement from members than do sects, but more involvement than churches
often draw disproportionately from the middle and upper classes of society
Most of the major Christian bodies formed post-reformation are denominations by this definition (e.g., Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Seventh-day Adventists).
Sects
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Main article: Sect
Sociologically, a "sect" is defined as a newly formed religious group that formed to protest elements of its parent religion (generally a denomination). Their motivation tends to be situated in accusations of apostasy or heresy in the parent denomination; they often decry liberal trends in denominational development and advocate a return to so-called "true" religion.
Leaders of sectarian movements (i.e., the formation of a new sect) tend to come from a lower socio-economic class than the members of the parent denomination, a component of sect development that is not yet entirely understood. Most scholars believe that when sect formation involves social class distinctions, they reflect an attempt to compensate for deficiencies in lower social status. An often-seen result of such factors is the incorporation into the theology of the new sect a distaste for the adornments of the wealthy (e.g., jewelry or other signs of wealth).
After their formation, sects take one of three paths: dissolution, institutionalization, or eventual development into a denomination. If the sect withers in membership, it will dissolve. If the membership increases, the sect is forced to adopt the characteristics of denominations in order to maintain order (e.g., bureaucracy, explicit doctrine, etc.). And even if the membership does not grow or grows slowly, norms will develop to govern group activities and behavior. The development of norms results in a decrease in spontaneity, which is often a primary attraction of sects. The adoption of denomination-like characteristics can either turn the sect into a full-blown denomination or, if a conscious effort is made to maintain some of the spontaneity and protest components of sects, an institutionalized sect can result. Institutionalized sects are midway between sects and denominations on the continuum of religious development. They have a mixture of sect-like and denomination-like characteristics; examples include Hutterites, Iglesia ni Cristo, and the Amish.
Most of the well-known denominations of the U.S. existing today originated as sects breaking away from denominations (or Churches, in the case of Lutheranism and Anglicanism), including Methodists, Baptists, and Seventh-day Adventists.
Mennonites are an example of an institutionalized sect that did not become a denomination.
Cult typology
Main article: Cult
The concept of "cult" has lagged behind in the refinement of the terms that are used in analyzing the other forms of religious origination. Bruce Campbell discusses Troeltsch's concept in defining cults as non-traditional religious groups that are based on belief in a divine element within the individual. He gives three ideal types of cults:
a mystically-oriented illumination type
an instrumental type, in which inner experience is sought solely for its effects
a service-oriented type that focuses on aiding others
Bruce Campbell discusses six groups in his analysis: Theosophy, Wisdom of the Soul, spiritualism, New Thought, Scientology, and Transcendental Meditation.
In the late-nineteenth century a number of works appeared that help in clarifying what is involved in cults. Several scholars of this subject, such as Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) and Bruce Campbell, have noted that cults are associated with beliefs in a divine element in the individual – either soul, self, or true self. Cults are inherently ephemeral and loosely organized. There is a major theme in many of the recent works that shows the relationship between cults and mysticism. Campbell highlights two major types of cults – one mystical and the other instrumental. This analysis can divide the cults into being either occults or metaphysical assemblies.
Campbell proposes that cults are non-traditional religious groups based on belief in a divine element in the individual. Other than the two main types, there is also a third type – the service-oriented cult. Campbell states that "the kinds of stable forms which evolve in the development of religious organization will bear a significant relationship to the content of the religious experience of the founder or founders."
Classification by origin and development
In standard sociological typology, cults are, like sects, new religious groups. But, unlike sects, they can form without breaking off from another religious group, though this is by no means always the case. The characteristic that most distinguishes cults from sects is that they do not advocate a return to pure religion but rather promote embracing something new or something that has been completely lost or forgotten (e.g., lost scriptures or new prophecy). Cults are also much more likely to be led by charismatic leaders than are other religious groups, and the charismatic leaders tend to be the individuals who bring forth the new or lost component that is the focal element of the cult.
Cults, like sects, often integrate elements of existing religious theologies, but cults tend to create more esoteric theologies synthesized from many sources. According to Ronald L. Johnstone, cults tend to emphasize the individual and individual peace.
Cults, like sects, can develop into denominations. As cults grow, they bureaucratize and develop many of the characteristics of denominations. Some scholars are hesitant to grant cults denominational status because many cults maintain their more esoteric characteristics. But their closer semblance to denominations than to the cult type allows classifying them as denominations. Sample denominations in the US that began as cults include Christian Science and the Nation of Islam.
Cults or new religious movements
From the second half of the 20th century, some scholars in the social scientific study of religion have advocated referring to cults as new religious movements (NRMs) – hoping to avoid the often pejorative and derogatory connotations attached to the word "cult" in popular language.
Criticism
Religious scholar John A. Saliba notes the many attempts to draw a classification or typology of cults and/or sects, but concludes that the divergences that exist in these groups' practices, doctrines, and goals do not lend themselves to a simple classification that has universal approval. He argues that the influx of Eastern religious systems, including Taoism, Confucianism and Shintoism, which do not fit within the traditional distinctions between church, sect, denomination and cult, have compounded typological difficulties.: 24–25 Koehrsen shows that the difficulties of classifying religious groups according to the typology even apply to Christian congregations. Single congregations continuously move on the church-sect spectrum. They switch between "churches" and "sects", strategically adapting their religious practices to the given context.
Meta-criticism
Lorne L. Dawson examines the history and future of the church-sect typology in a 2008 article, opining that the typology survives as a useful tool.
Wallis' distinction between cults and sects
The sociologist Roy Wallis (1945–1990) introduced differing definitions of sects and cults. He argued that a cult is characterized by "epistemological individualism" by which he means that "the cult has no clear locus of final authority beyond the individual member." According to Wallis, cults are generally described as "oriented towards the problems of individuals, loosely structured, tolerant, non-exclusive", making "few demands on members", without possessing a "clear distinction between members and non-members", having "a rapid turnover of membership", and are transient collectives with vague boundaries and fluctuating belief systems. Wallis asserts that cults emerge from the "cultic milieu." Wallis contrasts a cult with a sect in that he asserts that sects are characterized by "epistemological authoritarianism": sects possess some authoritative locus for the legitimate attribution of heresy. According to Wallis, "sects lay a claim to possess unique and privileged access to the truth or salvation, such as collective salvation, and their committed adherents typically regard all those outside the confines of the collectivity as 'in error'."
Cult and/or new religious movements
Stark and Bainbridge
In 1975, the sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge distinguish three types of cults, classified on the basis of the levels of organizational and client (or adherent) involvement:: 140–141
Audience cults which have hardly any organization because participants/consumers lack significant involvement.
Client cults, in which the service-providers exhibit a degree of organization in contrast to their clients. Client cults link into moderate-commitment social networks through which people exchange goods and services. The relationship between clients and the leaders of client cults resembles that of patients and therapists.
Cult movements, which seek to provide services that meet all of their adherents' spiritual needs, although they differ significantly in the degree to which they use mobilize adherents' time and commitment.
The sociologist Paul Schnabel has argued that the Church of Scientology originated from an audience cult (the readership of Hubbard's book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and the Astounding Science Fiction article which had preceded it) into a client cult (Dianetics) then into a cult movement (the Church of Scientology).
Roy Wallis
The sociologist Roy Wallis introduced a classification system of new religious movements based on movements' views on and relationships with the world at large.: 140–141
World-rejecting movements view the prevailing social order as deviant and a perversion of the divine plan. Such movements see the world as evil or at least as materialistic. They may adhere to millenarian beliefs. The International Society of Krishna Consciousness (a.k.a. "Hare Krishnas"), the Unification Church, the Brahma Kumaris and the Children of God exemplify world-rejecting movements.
World-accommodating movements draw clear distinctions between the spiritual and the worldly spheres. They have few or no consequences for the lives of adherents. These movements adapt to the world but they do not reject or affirm it.
World-affirming movements might not have any rituals or any formal ideology. They may lack most of the characteristics of religious movements. They affirm the world and merely claim to have the means to enable people to unlock their "hidden potential". As examples of world-affirming movements, Wallis mentions Werner Erhard's est and Transcendental Meditation.
See also
Anthropology of religion
List of Christian movements
Psychology of religion
Religious denomination
Sect
Sectarianism
Sociology of religion
References
^ a b c d Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0195420098.
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^ Weber, Max (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 041525406X. a sort of trust foundation for supernatural ends, an institution, necessarily including both the just and the unjust, whether for increasing the glory of God (Calvinistic) or as a medium for bringing the means of salvation to men (Catholic and Lutheran)...
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^ a b Scaff, Lawrence A. (2011). Max Weber in America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691147796.: 33
^ Murvar, Vatro (1967). "Max Weber's Concept of Hierocracy: A Study in the Typology of Church-State Relationships". Sociological Analysis. 28 (2). Oxford University Press, Association for the Sociology of Religion, Inc.: 70. doi:10.2307/3710355. ISSN 0038-0210. JSTOR 3710355. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
^ Weber, Max (1946). "The Social Psychology of the World Religions". In Gerth, H.H.; Wright Mills, C. (eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 267–301.
^ Weber, Max (1949) . "'Objectivity' in Social Science and Social Policy". The Methodology of the Social Sciences. The Free Press. p. 72.
^ Adair-Toteff, Christopher (2015). Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50. doi:10.1057/9781137454799. ISBN 978-1349561407.
^ Troeltsch, Ernst (1931) . The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 339.
^ Johnstone. 1997. Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion. Upper Sadle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
^ "Saudi Fatwa Restrictions and the State-Clerical Relationship"| by Christopher Boucek| Carnegie Endowment| 27 October 2010
^ Leopold von Wiese, Systematic Sociology, Adapted by Howard Becker. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. London: Chapman and Hall. 1932.
^ Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0195420098.
^ a b c d e f Campbell, Bruce (1978). "A Typology of Cults". Sociological Analysis. 39 (3): 228–240. doi:10.2307/3710443. ISSN 0038-0210. JSTOR 3710443.
^ Dawson, Lorne L. (2006) . Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0195420098.
^
Johnstone, Ronald L. (1975). Religion and society in interaction: the sociology of religion. Prentice-Hall. p. 128. ISBN 978-0137730858. Retrieved January 9, 2020. Cults also have a strong individualistic emphasis, stressing peace of mind and getting the individual in tune with the supernatural, while exhibiting relatively little concern with social change.
^ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
^
Hinnells, John R., ed. (2005). "Labeling 'new religious movements'". The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. Routledge Religion Companions (2, revised ed.). Routledge (published 2009). ISBN 978-1135252854. 'New religious movement' (NRM) is the label generally used today . In particular, it was employed to serve as a counter-measure to the pejorative associations that had became associated with the label 'cult'.
^ a b c Saliba, John. Understanding New Religious Movements (second edition 2003 ed.). Altamira Press. ISBN 0759103569. OL 8007244M.
^ Koehrsen, Jens, When Sects Become Middle Class. Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina, in: Sociology of Religion 78, (2017), pp. 318–339, doi:10.1093/socrel/srx030.
^
Dawson, Lorne L. (2008), "Church-Sect-Cult: Constructing Typologies of Religious Groups", in Clarke, Peter B. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion, Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 525–544, ISBN 978-0199279791, retrieved February 3, 2013, church-sect typology continues to be useful, in both specific and highly general ways, and because a logical and empirically preferable alternative has yet to be devised.
^ Wallis, Roy (1977). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231042000. OL 4596322M.
^ Wallis, Roy (January 1, 1975). "Scientology: Therapeutic Cult to Religious Sect". Sociology. 9 (1): 89–100. doi:10.1177/003803857500900105. ISSN 0038-0385. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
^ a b c Wallis, Roy (1984). The elementary forms of the new religious life. London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-9890-0. OL 3169002M.
^ Schnabel, Paul Tussen stigma en charisma: nieuwe religieuze bewegingen en geestelijke volksgezondheid/Between stigma and charisma: new religious movements and mental health Erasmus University Rotterdam, Faculty of Medicine, Ph.D. thesis, Dutch language, ISBN 9060017463 (Deventer, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1982), pp. 82, 84–88 literal English translation: "Scientology is a fully developed innovative cult movement Scientology grew out of a client cult (Dianetic) and an audience cult (Hubbard's books)"Dutch original: "Scientology is een volledig ontwikkelde innovatieve cult movement Scientology is voortgekomen uit een client cult (Dianetics) en een audience cult (de boeken van Hubbard)."
^
Wallis, Roy (December 1983). "Sex, Violence, and Religion". Update nr. VII 4. pp. 79–99. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007. citing Roy Wallis The elementary forms of the new religious life. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1984, pp. 10–39
^
Björkqvist, K. (1990). "World-rejection, world-affirmation, and goal displacement: some aspects of change in three new religions movements of Hindu origin". N. Holm (ed.), Encounter with India: studies in neohinduism. Åbo Akademi University Press, Turku, Finland. pp. 79–99. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
Further reading
Chryssides, George D., "New Religious Movements – Some problems of definition", Diskus, Internet Journal of Religion, 1997. Available online
Koehrsen, Jens, When Sects Become Middle Class. Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina., in: Sociology of Religion, 2017, 78(3):318–339 doi:10.1093/socrel/srx030.
McGuire, Meredith B. Religion: the Social Context, Long Grove (Ill.): Waveland Press, 2002, (fifth edition) ISBN 0534541267
Vasileva, E.N. "Problems and Difficulties of Classifying Religions on the Basis of Confessional Differences" In: European Journal of Science and Theology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 37–46.
External links
The Church-Sect Typology at Wikibooks
Church sect theory by William H. Swatos, Jr . in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society by Swatos (editor)
A typology of new religious movements and its empirical indicators, by Tadeusz Doktòr, Warsaw University
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herattajajuhlat_seinajoki_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Seinäjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"sociology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"new religious movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"}],"text":"Herättäjäjuhlat, or the Awakening festival, in Seinäjoki, Finland in 2009Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars. In the sociology of religion, the most widely used classification is the church-sect typology. The typology is differently construed by different sociologists, and various distinctive features have been proposed to characterise churches and sects. On most accounts, the following features are deemed relevant:The church is a compulsory organisations into which people are born, while the sect is a voluntary organisation to which people usually convert.\nThe church is an inclusive organisations to which all kinds of people may belong, while the sect is an exclusive organisation of religiously qualified people.\nThe church is an established organisation that is well integrated into the larger society and usually inclined to seek for an alliance with the political power, while the sect is a splinter group from a larger religion: it is often in tension with current societal values, rejects any compromise with the secular order and tends to be composed of underprivileged people.\nThe church exhibits complex hierarchical bureaucratic structures, while the sect is a smaller, democratic and relatively informal organisation.\nThe ministers of a church are formally trained, educated and ordained, while the sect rejects sharp distinctions between clergy and laity, and is often ruled by charismatic leaders.\nIn theology and liturgy the church is inclined to dogmatism, traditionalism and ritualism, while the sect promotes intensified spiritual experiences for its members and adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship.The church-sect typology has been enriched with subtypes. The theory of the church-sect continuum states that churches, ecclesia, denominations and sects form a continuum with decreasing influence on society[citation needed]. Sects are break-away groups from more mainstream religions and tend to be in tension with society. Cults and new religious movements fall outside this continuum and in contrast to aforementioned groups often have a novel teaching. They have been classified on their attitude towards society and the level of involvement of their adherents.","title":"Sociological classifications of religious movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church-sect_continuum.svg"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"Ernst Troeltsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starck-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2009-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcraft-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starck-2"},{"link_name":"H. Richard Niebuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-Geiss-8"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"sectional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectionalism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niebuhr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstein-10"},{"link_name":"Howard Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_S._Becker"},{"link_name":"John Milton Yinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Yinger"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Presbyterians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Seventh-Day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Worldwide Church of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Communion_International"},{"link_name":"The Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_International"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2009-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gustafson-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-7"},{"link_name":"Benton Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starck-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goode-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goode-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Starck-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcraft-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2009-4"}],"text":"A diagram of the church-sect typology continuum including church, denomination, sect, cult, new religious movement, and institutionalized sectThe church-sect typology has its origins in the work of Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch, and from about the 1930s to the late 1960s it inspired numerous studies and theoretical models especially in American sociology.[1][2][3][4]Weber characterised the church as a compulsory, bureaucratic, inclusive organisation whose membership is obtained primarily at birth by ascription, and the sect as a voluntary, democratic, exclusive organisation whose members are recruited through individual admission after establishment of qualification.[5] Ernest Troeltsch accepted Weber's definition but added the notion of a varying degree of accommodation with social morality: the church is intrinsically conservative, inclined to seek for an alliance with the upper classes and aiming at dominating all elements within society, while the sect is in tension with current societal values, rejects any compromise with the secular order and tends to be composed of underprivileged people.[6][7]Subsequent sociological and theological studies elaborated on Weber's and Troeltsch's typologies incorporating them into a theory of the church-sect \"continuum\" or \"movement\".[6][2] H. Richard Niebuhr viewed religious groups as ranging between the poles of the sect and the church: sects are protest groups that break away from the church in search of more authentic religious experiences. Sects are inherently unstable and as they grow they tend to become church-like; once they have become established institutions, marked by compromise and accommodation, they are in turn exposed to new schismatic challenges.[7][8] The sect is a result of \"the religious revolts of the poor,\" and the driving force of the cyclical movement between sect and church is not so much doctrinal controversy as social stratification and conflict taking place along class, race, ethnicity and sectional lines.[9][10]Other scholars enriched the typology with subtypes. Howard Becker introduced a continuum of types ranging from the cult to the sect, the denomination and the ecclesia, and John Milton Yinger delineated a sixfold typology: the universal church (e.g., the Roman Catholic Church), the ecclesia, by which he meant established national churches (e.g., the Church of England, the Russian Orthodox Church), the denomination (e.g., Baptists, Presbyterians), the established sect (e.g., Seventh-Day Adventists, Quakers), the sect (e.g., many Pentecostalists, the Worldwide Church of God) and the cult (e.g., The Family, Scientology).[4][11][7] Benton Johnson simplified the definition of sect and church and based it on a single variable: the degree of acceptance of the social environment. A church is a religious group that accepts the social environment in which it exists, a sect is a religious group that rejects it.[6][2]The church-sect typology and the notion of a church-sect continuum or movement from the sect to the church came under strong attack in the sociology of religion of the 1960s onwards.[12][7] The theory suffered from lack of agreement on the distinguishing features, from proliferation of new types and from questionable empirical evidence on its core assumptions.[12][3] Many contributions to the debate were perceived as being pure classificatory in nature and devoid of significant theoretical content.[2] Eventually there was general agreement among scholars to abandon use of the typology altogether,[3] although the waning of the debate on the church-sect typology did not affect the persisting interest for Weber's contributions on the topic and more broadly for his sociology of religion.[3][5] Moreover, notwithstanding the criticisms, the distinction between sect and church has become part of the standard theoretical repertoire of sociologists.[4]","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baptism_in_the_River_Gwuan_Fishguard_Rev_Dan_Davies_circa_1904-05.jpg"},{"link_name":"1904–1905 Welsh revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival"},{"link_name":"River Gwaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gwaun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcraft-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loader-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedberg-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2006-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantEthic-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantSects-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2006-1"},{"link_name":"ex opere operato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_opere_operato"},{"link_name":"charisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"voluntary association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantSects-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loader-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcraft-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToenniesSimmelTroeltschWeber-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReligionIndia-19"},{"link_name":"Lay preaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"universal priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scaff-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Lamaist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Mahdism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Egyptian hierocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahdism-21"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SocialPsychology-22"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Christian Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science"},{"link_name":"Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReligionIndia-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorimer,_Ordination.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Henry Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"ideal types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_type"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Methodology-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adair-Toteff-24"},{"link_name":"puritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedberg-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantSects-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loader-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loader-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EconomyandSociety-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedberg-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chalcraft-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantSects-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProtestantSects-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scaff-20"}],"sub_title":"Max Weber","text":"A scene from the 1904–1905 Welsh revival. Dan Davies of Hermon Chapel conducting a baptism in the River Gwaun in 1905.As Weber's ideas on church and sect have developed in the course of time,[5][13] what follows is a sketch of key definitions and themes.Both the church and the sect are hierocratic organisations as they enforce their orders through psychic coercion by providing or denying religious goods such as spiritual benefits (magical blessing, sacraments, grace, forgiveness, etc.) and material benefits (ecclesiastical benefices and other endowments).[14]: 54 Unlike the sect, however, the church is a compulsory organisation whose membership is typically determined by birth or infant baptism rather than by voluntary association,[15]: 38 which claims \"a monopoly on the legitimate use of hierocratic coercion.\"[14]: 54 Because of its claim to universal hierocratic domination, the church is inclined to level all non-religious distinctions and to overcome \"household, sib and tribal ties ... ethnic and national barriers.[14]: 1164 No one is in principle excluded from the church, not even the unrepentant sinners, the sceptics and the indifferents.[1][16] The church \"lets grace shine over the righteous and unrighteous alike ... Affiliation with the church is, in principle, obligatory, and hence proves nothing with regard to the member's qualities.\"[17]: 305–306The church is also characterised by \"a professional priesthood removed from the 'world', with salaries, promotions, professional duties, and a distinctive way of life.\"[14]: 1164 Ministers are usually appointed on the basis of their formally certified religious education and operate in a hierarchical administrative structure.[1] The demands of the church towards the clergy can be more or less demanding but their full satisfaction – the holiness of the minister – is not a condition for the efficacy of the sacraments and for the performance of the religious rituals: the church fulfils its mission ex opere operato, and sharply distinguishes between persona and office, that is, between charisma of the individual minister, which may occasionally be lacking, and efficacy of the religious function, which is perpetual and depends on the will of God alone.[14]: 1164While the church is \"a compulsory association for the administration of grace,\" the sect for Weber is \"a voluntary association of religiously qualified persons.[17]: 314 It is voluntary as it is based on the willingness to adopt the standards of ethical conduct required for sect membership:[13] membership is not ascribed at birth but results from the free acceptance of the sect's doctrine and discipline by the follower, and from the continuous acceptance of the follower by the sect.[5] The sect does not express a claim at universal hierocratic domination, and therefore it is exclusive – as \"aristocracy of the elect\" – instead of inclusive like the church. It consists of individuals whose conduct and life style \"proclaim the glory of God,\" religiously qualified persons who believe (or hope) to be \"called to salvation.\"[18] Being a free association of \"religious virtuosos,\" the sect raises high demands towards its members and enforces the strictest discipline upon them.A \"sect\" in the sociological sense of the word is an exclusive association of religious virtuosos or of especially qualified religious persons, recruited through individual admission after establishment of qualification. By contrast a \"church,\" as a universalistic establishment of the salvation of the masses raises the claim like the \"state,\" that everyone, at least each child of a member, must belong by birth.[19]In contrast to the professional priesthood of the church, members of the sect can exercise hierocratic power only by virtue of personal charisma. Lay preaching and universal priesthood are the norm, as well as \"direct democratic administration\" by the congregation,[14]: 1208 which is jointly responsible for the celebration of the sacraments by a worthy minister in a state of grace. The ministerial position is not an \"office\" backed by ecclesiastical structures of authority but an appointment or \"election\" subject to the popular will of the congregation;[20]: 33 the minister is a servant of the congregation, and no bureaucratic separation between persona and office, between individual and function, is ever admissible.[14]: 1208The Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox churches are paradigmatic cases of church-like organisations; outside Christianity, good examples of so-defined churches can be found, according to Weber, in Islam, in the Lamaist form of Buddhism and, in a more limited sense, in Mahdism, Judaism and probably in the late Ancient Egyptian hierocracy.[21] The official management of Confucianism stood against Buddhist, Taoist, and sectarian pursuits of salvation of all sorts.[22]: 288 Calvinism is best characterized as a sect-like church; Baptists, Quakers and Methodists are paradigmatic cases of sects, as well as Christian Scientists, Adventists. In between these two poles, varying degrees of approximation to the church or to the sect are possible, according to Weber. Hinduism, for example, is a strictly birth-religion, to which one belongs merely by being born to Hindu parents, but is exclusive as a sect because for certain religious offences one can be forever excluded from the community.[19]The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by John Henry Lorimer, 1891. National Gallery of Scotland.In fact, the distinction between church and sect is not dichotomic, but continuous. Church and sect do not correspond exactly to any empirical phenomenon but rather stress elements common in varying degrees to most phenomena. They are ideal types, that is, heuristic devices for highlighting relevant aspects of the social world, highly simplified representations of reality, \"special and 'one-sided' viewpoints\" according to which the researcher selects what is relevant for the purposes of historical and sociological explanation.[23] As ideal types, church and sect do not describe reality and hardly can be found in pure form, but help us understand why people act the way they do by developing meaningful social theories.[24]One such theory developed by Weber is that the development of capitalism and democracy in the United States have been positively affected by the sectarian form of certain religious groups such as the puritans and the Baptists.[15]: 308 According to Weber, American democracy \"did not constitute a formless sand heap of individuals, but rather a buzzing complex of strictly exclusive, yet voluntary associations;\"[17]: 310 American democracy is not made of isolated individuals but rather of associations which, like the sects, function as control mechanisms that foster high moral standards and encourage individual responsibility.[13]First, Weber believes that sects generally promote individualism and freedom of conscience.[13] While the church's claim to universal hierocratic domination is inherently hostile to freedom of conscience and individual rights, the sect \"gives rise to an inalienable personal right of the governed as against any power, whether political, hierocratic or patriarchal.\"[14]: 1209 Secondly, according to Weber there is \"an elective affinity between the sect and political democracy,\"[14]: 1208 which stems from the structural features of the sect – the treatment of clerical officials as servants of the congregation and the practice of direct democracy in its administration.[15]: 308 Finally, as voluntary associations of qualified people, sects maintain discipline: they select, probe and sanction their members, and are likely to have the greatest educative influence on individuals and through them the wider society.[5] Weber argues that sect membership worked in the United States as \"a certificate of moral qualification and especially business morals:\"[17]: 305 Sects provided proof of one’s reputation, honesty and trustworthiness, and in doing so they became a vital source of \"the bourgeois capitalist business ethos among the broad strata of the middle classes (the farmers included).\".[17]: 308 [20]: 133","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrdinationToPriesthoodMassNorwichJuly19_-_48221334311.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"St John the Baptist Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Cathedral,_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Troeltsch-25"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murphy-Geiss-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2009-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson2006-1"}],"sub_title":"Ernst Troeltsch","text":"Ordination to Priesthood, St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich, Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, 2019Troeltsch largely relies upon Weber's distinction between church and sect. Like Weber, Troeltsch stresses the \"objective institutional character\" of the church compared to the \"voluntary community\" of the sect, and distinguishes the \"universal all-embracing ideal\" of the church, its desire to control great masses of people, from the gathering of \"a select group of the elect\" by the sect, which is placed \"in sharp opposition to the world.\"[25] To these Weberian ideas Troeltsch adds a new distinguishing feature, which is the different attitude towards compromise and accommodation with societal demands. The church adapts to the secular world and exhibits a high degree of compromise with the larger society and with the civil authorities, which it supports in order to maintain itself and gain influence; in contrast to this, the sect is born out of protest, rejects any compromise and tends to be smaller and composed of underprivileged people.[8] Sectarian commitments are motivated by the social protests of the lower classes.[4]Troeltsch arrives at his definitions of church and sect on the basis of an examination of the history of Christian Europe prior to about 1800, and conceives of church and sect as independent sociological expressions of two different interpretations of Christianity.[6] The sect emphasizes the eschatological features of Christian doctrine, which it interprets literally and in a radical manner; it is a small, voluntary fellowship of converts who seek to realize the divine law in their own behaviour, setting themselves apart from and in opposition to the world, and refusing to draw a sharp distinction between clergy and laity; it embraces ideals of frugality, prohibits participation in legal and political affairs, and appeals principally to the lower classes.[6] In theology and liturgy, the sect refrains from bureaucratic dogmatism and ritualism and, compared to the church, it adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship.[1]","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church (congregation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(congregation)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"State church of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"God's Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Sunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah"},{"link_name":"His Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"religious law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law"},{"link_name":"Salafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi"},{"link_name":"ulema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"Senior Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carnegie-27"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Committee_for_Scholarly_Research_and_Ifta"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"state churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church"}],"sub_title":"Church and ecclesia","text":"Further information: Church (congregation)Johnstone provides the following seven characteristics of churches:[26]Claim universality, include all members of the society within their ranks, and have a strong tendency to equate \"citizenship\" with \"membership\"\nExercise religious monopoly and try to eliminate religious competition\nAre very closely allied with the state and secular powers; frequently there is overlapping of responsibilities and much mutual reinforcement\nAre extensively organized as a hierarchical bureaucratic institution with a complex division of labor\nEmploy professional, full-time clergy who possess the appropriate credentials of education and formal ordination\nPrimarily gain new members through natural reproduction and the socialization of children into the ranks\nAllow for diversity by creating different groups within the church (e.g., orders of nuns or monks) rather than through the formation of new religionsThe classical example of a church by this definition is the Catholic Church, especially in the past, such as the State church of the Roman Empire.Islam is a church in countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran, where there is no separation of church and state. The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states: \"[The Constitution of Saudi Arabia is] God's Book [the Qur'an] and the Sunnah of His Prophet [Muhammad]\".[citation needed] These nations are ruled under an official interpretation of religious law (Salafi in the case of Saudi Arabia), and the religious law predominates the legal system. Saudi Arabia, however, lacks Johnstone's criteria for an ordained clergy and a strictly hierarchical structure; however, it has the ulema and their Senior Council with the exclusive power of issuing fatwa,[27] as well as fiqh jurisprudence through the Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta. In the Shi'a denominations, there is a professional clergy led by a Grand Ayatollah.A slight modification of the church type is that of ecclesia.[28] Ecclesias include the above characteristics of ,churches with the exception that they are generally less successful at garnering absolute adherence among all of the members of the society and are not the sole religious body. The state churches of some European nations would fit this type.","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Denominations","text":"The denomination lies between the church and the sect on the continuum. Denominations come into existence when churches lose their religious monopoly in a society. A denomination is one religion among many. When churches or sects become denominations, there are also some changes in their characteristics. Johnstone provides the following eight characteristics of denominations:similar to churches, but unlike sects, in being on relatively good terms with the state and secular powers and may even attempt to influence government at times\nmaintain at least tolerant and usually fairly friendly relationships with other denominations in a context of religious pluralism\nrely primarily on birth for membership increase, though it will also accept converts; some actively pursue evangelization\naccept the principle of at least modestly changing doctrine and practice and tolerate some theological diversity and dispute\nfollow a fairly routinized ritual and worship service that explicitly discourages spontaneous emotional expression\ntrain and employ professional clergy who must meet formal requirements for certification\naccept less extensive involvement from members than do sects, but more involvement than churches\noften draw disproportionately from the middle and upper classes of societyMost of the major Christian bodies formed post-reformation are denominations by this definition (e.g., Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Seventh-day Adventists).[29]","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination"},{"link_name":"apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hutterites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterites"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites"}],"sub_title":"Sects","text":"Sociologically, a \"sect\" is defined as a newly formed religious group that formed to protest elements of its parent religion (generally a denomination). Their motivation tends to be situated in accusations of apostasy or heresy in the parent denomination; they often decry liberal trends in denominational development and advocate a return to so-called \"true\" religion.Leaders of sectarian movements (i.e., the formation of a new sect) tend to come from a lower socio-economic class than the members of the parent denomination, a component of sect development that is not yet entirely understood. Most scholars believe that when sect formation involves social class distinctions, they reflect an attempt to compensate for deficiencies in lower social status.[citation needed] An often-seen result of such factors is the incorporation into the theology of the new sect a distaste for the adornments of the wealthy (e.g., jewelry or other signs of wealth).After their formation, sects take one of three paths: dissolution, institutionalization, or eventual development into a denomination. If the sect withers in membership, it will dissolve. If the membership increases, the sect is forced to adopt the characteristics of denominations in order to maintain order (e.g., bureaucracy, explicit doctrine, etc.). And even if the membership does not grow or grows slowly, norms will develop to govern group activities and behavior. The development of norms results in a decrease in spontaneity, which is often a primary attraction of sects. The adoption of denomination-like characteristics can either turn the sect into a full-blown denomination or, if a conscious effort is made to maintain some of the spontaneity and protest components of sects, an institutionalized sect can result. Institutionalized sects are midway between sects and denominations on the continuum of religious development. They have a mixture of sect-like and denomination-like characteristics; examples include Hutterites, Iglesia ni Cristo, and the Amish.Most of the well-known denominations of the U.S. existing today originated as sects breaking away from denominations (or Churches, in the case of Lutheranism and Anglicanism), including Methodists, Baptists, and Seventh-day Adventists.Mennonites are an example of an institutionalized sect that did not become a denomination.","title":"Church-sect typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"mystically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy"},{"link_name":"spiritualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"New Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thought"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"Joseph Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self"},{"link_name":"true self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_self_and_false_self"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"}],"text":"The concept of \"cult\" has lagged behind in the refinement of the terms that are used in analyzing the other forms of religious origination. Bruce Campbell discusses Troeltsch's concept in defining cults as non-traditional religious groups that are based on belief in a divine element within the individual.[30] He gives three ideal types of cults:a mystically-oriented illumination type\nan instrumental type, in which inner experience is sought solely for its effects\na service-oriented type that focuses on aiding othersBruce Campbell discusses six groups in his analysis: Theosophy, Wisdom of the Soul, spiritualism, New Thought, Scientology, and Transcendental Meditation.[30]In the late-nineteenth century a number of works appeared that help in clarifying what is involved in cults.[30] Several scholars of this subject, such as Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) and Bruce Campbell, have noted that cults are associated with beliefs in a divine element in the individual – either soul, self, or true self. Cults are inherently ephemeral and loosely organized.[30] There is a major theme in many of the recent works that shows the relationship between cults and mysticism.[30] Campbell highlights two major types of cults – one mystical and the other instrumental. This analysis can divide the cults into being either occults or metaphysical assemblies.Campbell proposes that cults are non-traditional religious groups based on belief in a divine element in the individual. Other than the two main types, there is also a third type – the service-oriented cult. Campbell states that \"the kinds of stable forms which evolve in the development of religious organization will bear a significant relationship to the content of the religious experience of the founder or founders.\"[30]","title":"Cult typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charismatic leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"bureaucratize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucratization"},{"link_name":"Christian Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science"},{"link_name":"Nation of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam"}],"sub_title":"Classification by origin and development","text":"In standard sociological typology, cults are, like sects, new religious groups. But, unlike sects, they can form without breaking off from another religious group, though this is by no means always the case. The characteristic that most distinguishes cults from sects is that they do not advocate a return to pure religion but rather promote embracing something new or something that has been completely lost or forgotten (e.g., lost scriptures or new prophecy). Cults are also much more likely to be led by charismatic leaders than are other religious groups, and the charismatic leaders tend to be the individuals who bring forth the new or lost component that is the focal element of the cult.[31][need quotation to verify]Cults, like sects, often integrate elements of existing religious theologies, but cults tend to create more esoteric theologies synthesized from many sources.[citation needed] According to Ronald L. Johnstone, cults tend to emphasize the individual and individual peace.[32]Cults, like sects, can develop into denominations. As cults grow, they bureaucratize and develop many of the characteristics of denominations. Some scholars are hesitant to grant cults denominational status because many cults maintain their more esoteric characteristics. But their closer semblance to denominations than to the cult type allows classifying them as denominations. Sample denominations in the US that began as cults include Christian Science and the Nation of Islam.","title":"Cult typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific study of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_study_of_religion"},{"link_name":"new religious movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Cults or new religious movements","text":"From the second half of the 20th century, some scholars in the social scientific study of religion have advocated referring to cults as new religious movements (NRMs)[33] – hoping to avoid the often pejorative and derogatory connotations attached to the word \"cult\" in popular language.[34]","title":"Cult typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John A. Saliba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Saliba"},{"link_name":"sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Shintoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoism"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saliba-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"Religious scholar John A. Saliba notes the many attempts to draw a classification or typology of cults and/or sects, but concludes that the divergences that exist in these groups' practices, doctrines, and goals do not lend themselves to a simple classification that has universal approval. He argues that the influx of Eastern religious systems, including Taoism, Confucianism and Shintoism, which do not fit within the traditional distinctions between church, sect, denomination and cult, have compounded typological difficulties.[35]: 24–25 Koehrsen shows that the difficulties of classifying religious groups according to the typology even apply to Christian congregations. Single congregations continuously move on the church-sect spectrum. They switch between \"churches\" and \"sects\", strategically adapting their religious practices to the given context.[36]","title":"Cult typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lorne L. Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_L._Dawson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Meta-criticism","text":"Lorne L. Dawson examines the history and future of the church-sect typology in a 2008 article, opining that the typology survives as a useful tool.[37]","title":"Cult typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wallis"},{"link_name":"sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"link_name":"cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"collective salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Salvation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallis-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The sociologist Roy Wallis (1945–1990) introduced differing definitions of sects and cults. He argued that a cult is characterized by \"epistemological individualism\" by which he means that \"the cult has no clear locus of final authority beyond the individual member.\" According to Wallis, cults are generally described as \"oriented towards the problems of individuals, loosely structured, tolerant, non-exclusive\", making \"few demands on members\", without possessing a \"clear distinction between members and non-members\", having \"a rapid turnover of membership\", and are transient collectives with vague boundaries and fluctuating belief systems. Wallis asserts that cults emerge from the \"cultic milieu.\" Wallis contrasts a cult with a sect in that he asserts that sects are characterized by \"epistemological authoritarianism\": sects possess some authoritative locus for the legitimate attribution of heresy. According to Wallis, \"sects lay a claim to possess unique and privileged access to the truth or salvation, such as collective salvation, and their committed adherents typically regard all those outside the confines of the collectivity as 'in error'.\"[38][39]","title":"Wallis' distinction between cults and sects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cult and/or new religious movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Stark"},{"link_name":"William Sims Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirr.hartsem.edu-40"},{"link_name":"cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirr.hartsem.edu-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saliba-35"},{"link_name":"goods and services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services"},{"link_name":"leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"Paul Schnabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schnabel"},{"link_name":"Church of Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology"},{"link_name":"Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health"},{"link_name":"Astounding Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Dianetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianetics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Stark and Bainbridge","text":"In 1975, the sociologists Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge[40] distinguish three types of cults, classified on the basis of the levels of organizational and client (or adherent) involvement:[40][35]: 140–141Audience cults which have hardly any organization because participants/consumers lack significant involvement.\nClient cults, in which the service-providers exhibit a degree of organization in contrast to their clients. Client cults link into moderate-commitment social networks through which people exchange goods and services. The relationship between clients and the leaders of client cults resembles that of patients and therapists.\nCult movements, which seek to provide services that meet all of their adherents' spiritual needs, although they differ significantly in the degree to which they use mobilize adherents' time and commitment.The sociologist Paul Schnabel has argued that the Church of Scientology originated from an audience cult (the readership of Hubbard's book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and the Astounding Science Fiction article which had preceded it) into a client cult (Dianetics) then into a cult movement (the Church of Scientology).[41]","title":"Cult and/or new religious movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wallis"},{"link_name":"new religious movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"},{"link_name":"the world at large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirr.hartsem.edu-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saliba-35"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"materialistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_materialism"},{"link_name":"millenarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenarianism"},{"link_name":"International Society of Krishna Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Unification Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_Church"},{"link_name":"Brahma Kumaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris"},{"link_name":"Children of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_International"},{"link_name":"rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"hidden potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement"},{"link_name":"Werner Erhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Erhard"},{"link_name":"est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Seminars_Training"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation"}],"sub_title":"Roy Wallis","text":"The sociologist Roy Wallis introduced a classification system of new religious movements based on movements' views on and relationships with the world at large.[40][35]: 140–141 [42][43]World-rejecting movements view the prevailing social order as deviant and a perversion of the divine plan. Such movements see the world as evil or at least as materialistic. They may adhere to millenarian beliefs. The International Society of Krishna Consciousness (a.k.a. \"Hare Krishnas\"), the Unification Church, the Brahma Kumaris and the Children of God exemplify world-rejecting movements.\nWorld-accommodating movements draw clear distinctions between the spiritual and the worldly spheres. They have few or no consequences for the lives of adherents. These movements adapt to the world but they do not reject or affirm it.\nWorld-affirming movements might not have any rituals or any formal ideology. They may lack most of the characteristics of religious movements. They affirm the world and merely claim to have the means to enable people to unlock their \"hidden potential\". As examples of world-affirming movements, Wallis mentions Werner Erhard's est and Transcendental Meditation.","title":"Cult and/or new religious movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chryssides, George D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Chryssides"},{"link_name":"Available online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100903200525/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/chryssides.html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/socrel/srx030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx030"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0534541267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534541267"},{"link_name":"\"Problems and Difficulties of Classifying Religions on the Basis of Confessional Differences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/49/4_Vasileva.pdf"}],"text":"Chryssides, George D., \"New Religious Movements – Some problems of definition\", Diskus, Internet Journal of Religion, 1997. Available online\nKoehrsen, Jens, When Sects Become Middle Class. Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina., in: Sociology of Religion, 2017, 78(3):318–339 doi:10.1093/socrel/srx030.\nMcGuire, Meredith B. Religion: the Social Context, Long Grove (Ill.): Waveland Press, 2002, (fifth edition) ISBN 0534541267\nVasileva, E.N. \"Problems and Difficulties of Classifying Religions on the Basis of Confessional Differences\" In: European Journal of Science and Theology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 37–46.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Herättäjäjuhlat, or the Awakening festival, in Seinäjoki, Finland in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Herattajajuhlat_seinajoki_2009.JPG/250px-Herattajajuhlat_seinajoki_2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"A diagram of the church-sect typology continuum including church, denomination, sect, cult, new religious movement, and institutionalized sect","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church-sect_continuum.svg/400px-Church-sect_continuum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A scene from the 1904–1905 Welsh revival. Dan Davies of Hermon Chapel conducting a baptism in the River Gwaun in 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Baptism_in_the_River_Gwuan_Fishguard_Rev_Dan_Davies_circa_1904-05.jpg/220px-Baptism_in_the_River_Gwuan_Fishguard_Rev_Dan_Davies_circa_1904-05.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by John Henry Lorimer, 1891. National Gallery of Scotland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg/220px-Lorimer%2C_Ordination.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ordination to Priesthood, St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich, Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/OrdinationToPriesthoodMassNorwichJuly19_-_48221334311.jpg/220px-OrdinationToPriesthoodMassNorwichJuly19_-_48221334311.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Anthropology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion"},{"title":"List of Christian movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements"},{"title":"Psychology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion"},{"title":"Religious denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination"},{"title":"Sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"title":"Sectarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism"},{"title":"Sociology of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion"}]
|
[{"reference":"Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0195420098.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405390356/page/26","url_text":"Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405390356/page/26","url_text":"26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195420098","url_text":"978-0195420098"}]},{"reference":"Starck, Rodney (1985). \"Church and Sect\". In Hammond, Phillip E. (ed.). The Sacred in a Secular Age: Toward Revision in the Scientific Study of Religion. University of California Press. pp. 139–149. ISBN 0520053435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520053435","url_text":"0520053435"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Patricia M. Y. (2003). \"Escaping the Procustean Bed: A Critical Analysis of the Study of Religious Organizations, 1930–2001\". In Dillon, Michele (ed.). Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–136. ISBN 978-0521000789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521000789","url_text":"978-0521000789"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Lorne L. (2009). \"Church-sect-cult: Constructing Typologies of Religious Groups\". In Clarke, Peter B. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588961.013.0030. ISBN 978-0199588961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199588961.013.0030","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199588961.013.0030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199588961","url_text":"978-0199588961"}]},{"reference":"Chalcraft, David J. (2007). \"The Development of Weber's Sociology of Sects: Encouraging a New Fascination\". In Chalcraft, David J. (ed.). Sectarianism in Early Judaism: Sociological Advances. London, Oakville: Equinox Publishing. pp. 26–51. ISBN 978-1845530839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845530839","url_text":"978-1845530839"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Benton (1963). \"On Church and Sect\". American Sociological Review. 28 (4): 539–549. doi:10.2307/2090070. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2090070.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2090070","url_text":"\"On Church and Sect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2090070","url_text":"10.2307/2090070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224","url_text":"0003-1224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2090070","url_text":"2090070"}]},{"reference":"John A. Coleman, S. J. (1968). \"Church-Sect Typology and Organizational Precariousness\". Sociological Analysis. 29 (2): 55–66. doi:10.2307/3709873. ISSN 0038-0210. JSTOR 3709873.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3709873","url_text":"\"Church-Sect Typology and Organizational Precariousness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3709873","url_text":"10.2307/3709873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0210","url_text":"0038-0210"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3709873","url_text":"3709873"}]},{"reference":"Murphy-Geiss, Gail E.; Rosenfeld, Dana; Foley, Lara (February 1, 2010). \"Midwifery as established sect: an expanded application of the church–sect continuum\". Community, Work & Family. 13 (1): 101–122. doi:10.1080/13668800902879492. ISSN 1366-8803. S2CID 143095724.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902879492","url_text":"\"Midwifery as established sect: an expanded application of the church–sect continuum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13668800902879492","url_text":"10.1080/13668800902879492"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1366-8803","url_text":"1366-8803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143095724","url_text":"143095724"}]},{"reference":"Niebuhr, H. Richard (1929). The Social Sources of Denominationalism. New York: Holt and Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Warren S. (March 1, 2011). \"The dialectics of religious conflict: Church–sect, denomination and the culture wars\". Culture and Religion. 12 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1080/14755610.2011.557015. ISSN 1475-5610. S2CID 143682923.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2011.557015","url_text":"\"The dialectics of religious conflict: Church–sect, denomination and the culture wars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14755610.2011.557015","url_text":"10.1080/14755610.2011.557015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-5610","url_text":"1475-5610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143682923","url_text":"143682923"}]},{"reference":"Gustafson, Paul (1967). \"UO-US-PS-PO: A Restatement of Troeltsch's Church-Sect Typology\". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 6 (1): 64–68. doi:10.2307/1384197. ISSN 0021-8294. JSTOR 1384197.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384197","url_text":"\"UO-US-PS-PO: A Restatement of Troeltsch's Church-Sect Typology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1384197","url_text":"10.2307/1384197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294","url_text":"0021-8294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384197","url_text":"1384197"}]},{"reference":"Goode, Erich (1967). \"Some Critical Observations on the Church-Sect Dimension\". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 6 (1): 69–77. doi:10.2307/1384198. ISSN 0021-8294. JSTOR 1384198.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384198","url_text":"\"Some Critical Observations on the Church-Sect Dimension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1384198","url_text":"10.2307/1384198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294","url_text":"0021-8294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384198","url_text":"1384198"}]},{"reference":"Loader, Colin; Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1985). \"Max Weber on Churches and Sects in North America: An Alternative Path toward Rationalization\". Sociological Theory. 3 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/202165. ISSN 0735-2751. JSTOR 202165.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/202165","url_text":"\"Max Weber on Churches and Sects in North America: An Alternative Path toward Rationalization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202165","url_text":"10.2307/202165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-2751","url_text":"0735-2751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/202165","url_text":"202165"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1978) [First published in 1921–1922]. Roth, Guenther; Wittich, Claus (eds.). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Barkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. ISBN 0520035003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520035003","url_text":"0520035003"}]},{"reference":"Swedberg, Richard; Agevall, Ola (2016) [2005]. The Max Weber Dictionary: Key Words and Central Concepts (2 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford Social Sciences, an imprint of Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1503600225. OCLC 956984918.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503600225","url_text":"978-1503600225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956984918","url_text":"956984918"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 041525406X. a sort of trust foundation for supernatural ends, an institution, necessarily including both the just and the unjust, whether for increasing the glory of God (Calvinistic) or as a medium for bringing the means of salvation to men (Catholic and Lutheran)...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041525406X","url_text":"041525406X"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1946) [First published in 1920]. \"The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism\". In Gerth, H.H.; Wright Mills, C. (eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–322.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Toennies, Ferdinand; Simmel, Georg; Troeltsch, Ernst; Weber, Max (1973). \"Max Weber on Church, Sect, and Mysticism\". Sociological Analysis. 34 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 141–142. doi:10.2307/3709720. ISSN 0038-0210. JSTOR 3709720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3709720","url_text":"10.2307/3709720"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0210","url_text":"0038-0210"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3709720","url_text":"3709720"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge. pp. 83 and 85. ISBN 041525406X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/041525406X","url_text":"041525406X"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1958). The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. The Free Press. p. 6. ISBN 8121509890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8121509890","url_text":"8121509890"}]},{"reference":"Scaff, Lawrence A. (2011). Max Weber in America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691147796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691147796","url_text":"978-0691147796"}]},{"reference":"Murvar, Vatro (1967). \"Max Weber's Concept of Hierocracy: A Study in the Typology of Church-State Relationships\". Sociological Analysis. 28 (2). Oxford University Press, Association for the Sociology of Religion, Inc.: 70. doi:10.2307/3710355. ISSN 0038-0210. JSTOR 3710355. Retrieved January 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3710355","url_text":"\"Max Weber's Concept of Hierocracy: A Study in the Typology of Church-State Relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3710355","url_text":"10.2307/3710355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0210","url_text":"0038-0210"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3710355","url_text":"3710355"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1946). \"The Social Psychology of the World Religions\". In Gerth, H.H.; Wright Mills, C. (eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 267–301.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1949) [First published in 1904]. \"'Objectivity' in Social Science and Social Policy\". The Methodology of the Social Sciences. The Free Press. p. 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adair-Toteff, Christopher (2015). Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 50. doi:10.1057/9781137454799. ISBN 978-1349561407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137454799","url_text":"10.1057/9781137454799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349561407","url_text":"978-1349561407"}]},{"reference":"Troeltsch, Ernst (1931) [1912]. The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 339.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 27. 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Cults also have a strong individualistic emphasis, stressing peace of mind and getting the individual in tune with the supernatural, while exhibiting relatively little concern with social change.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laLfAh5LcGQC","url_text":"Religion and society in interaction: the sociology of religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0137730858","url_text":"978-0137730858"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Books Ngram Viewer\". books.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=new+religious+movement,+NRM&case_insensitive=on&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t4;,new+religious+movement;,c0;,s0;;new+religious+movement;,c0;;New+Religious+Movement;,c0;.t4;,NRM;,c0;,s0;;NRM;,c0;;nrm;,c0;;Nrm;,c0;;nrM;,c0","url_text":"\"Google Books Ngram Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"Hinnells, John R., ed. 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Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Wallis","url_text":"Wallis, Roy"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857500900105","url_text":"\"Scientology: Therapeutic Cult to Religious Sect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003803857500900105","url_text":"10.1177/003803857500900105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0385","url_text":"0038-0385"}]},{"reference":"Wallis, Roy (1984). The elementary forms of the new religious life. London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-9890-0. 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(1990). \"World-rejection, world-affirmation, and goal displacement: some aspects of change in three new religions movements of Hindu origin\". N. Holm (ed.), Encounter with India: studies in neohinduism. Åbo Akademi University Press, Turku, Finland. pp. 79–99. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130414162225/http://ex-premie2.org/papers/goal_displacement.htm","url_text":"\"World-rejection, world-affirmation, and goal displacement: some aspects of change in three new religions movements of Hindu origin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University","url_text":"Åbo Akademi University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku","url_text":"Turku"},{"url":"http://ex-premie2.org/papers/goal_displacement.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_Off!
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Bug Off!
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["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
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1982 video game
1982 video gameBug Off!Publisher(s)Adventure InternationalQuelleSoftDesigner(s)Sparky StarksPlatform(s)Atari 8-bitRelease1982: Adventure International1984: QuelleSoftGenre(s)Fixed shooterMode(s)Single-player
Bug Off! is a single screen fixed shooter for Atari 8-bit computers written by Sparky Starks and published by Adventure International in 1982. QuelleSoft released the game in Germany as Kampf dem Ungeziefer ("Fight the Bugs") in 1984.
Gameplay
The object of Bug Off! is to control a variety of bugs that swarm out of a Florida sinkhole and endanger the player's garden.
Atari 8-bit screenshot
The player controls a chemical sprayer, which can be moved on all four outer edges of the gameplay window. The sprayer will always point towards the center of the screen, where the garden resides. Only the wasps and spiders are dangerous to the player. They eat all the player's DDT supplies and thus end the game. The player tries to hold out until nightfall, when the butterflies appear, which reward the player bonus points for every corner that has remained free and also the army will drop in a new supply of the DDT.
When the player is hit, he will lose his current can of DDT from his sprayer, and a second can will be thrown to the center of the garden, destroying all bugs on the map. When all lives are lost, it's game over.
Reception
The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 concluded: "The sound and graphics are poor in Bug Off!; then again, it isn't the type of game that needed better graphics. Game play is instinctively reflex rather than strategy oriented. It is a lightening fast repetitive game, but that doesn't mean it leaves you with a feeling of accomplishment". Overall Bug Off! received a D+ review.
References
^ a b "Kampf dem Ungeziefer". Atari Mania.
^ Hague, James. "The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers".
^ "Bug Off!". Atari Mania. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
^ Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellin, Michael F.; Stanton, Jeffrey, eds. (1984). "Shoot 'Em-Up Arcade Games". Addison Wesley Book Of Atari Software 1984. Addison-Wesley. p. 112. ISBN 0-201-16465-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
External links
Bug Off! at Atari Mania
Bug Off! can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fixed shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_shooter"},{"link_name":"Atari 8-bit computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giantlist-2"},{"link_name":"Adventure International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_International"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atarimania-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-am_kampf-1"}],"text":"1982 video gameBug Off! is a single screen fixed shooter for Atari 8-bit computers written by Sparky Starks[2] and published by Adventure International in 1982.[3] QuelleSoft released the game in Germany as Kampf dem Ungeziefer (\"Fight the Bugs\") in 1984.[1]","title":"Bug Off!"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bug-off-atari-8-bit-screenshot-fair-use.png"}],"text":"The object of Bug Off! is to control a variety of bugs that swarm out of a Florida sinkhole and endanger the player's garden.Atari 8-bit screenshotThe player controls a chemical sprayer, which can be moved on all four outer edges of the gameplay window. The sprayer will always point towards the center of the screen, where the garden resides. Only the wasps and spiders are dangerous to the player. They eat all the player's DDT supplies and thus end the game. The player tries to hold out until nightfall, when the butterflies appear, which reward the player bonus points for every corner that has remained free and also the army will drop in a new supply of the DDT.When the player is hit, he will lose his current can of DDT from his sprayer, and a second can will be thrown to the center of the garden, destroying all bugs on the map. When all lives are lost, it's game over.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Addison-Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wesley-4"}],"text":"The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 concluded: \"The sound and graphics are poor in Bug Off!; then again, it isn't the type of game that needed better graphics. Game play is instinctively reflex rather than strategy oriented. It is a lightening fast repetitive game, but that doesn't mean it leaves you with a feeling of accomplishment\". Overall Bug Off! received a D+ review.[4]","title":"Reception"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kampf dem Ungeziefer\". Atari Mania.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-400-800-xl-xe-kampf-dem-ungeziefer_15743.html","url_text":"\"Kampf dem Ungeziefer\""}]},{"reference":"Hague, James. \"The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dadgum.com/giantlist/#S","url_text":"\"The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bug Off!\". Atari Mania. Retrieved 2021-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-400-800-xl-xe-bug-off_818.html","url_text":"\"Bug Off!\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellin, Michael F.; Stanton, Jeffrey, eds. (1984). \"Shoot 'Em-Up Arcade Games\". Addison Wesley Book Of Atari Software 1984. Addison-Wesley. p. 112. ISBN 0-201-16465-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/addison-wesley-book-of-atari-software-1984/page/n111/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Shoot 'Em-Up Arcade Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley","url_text":"Addison-Wesley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-16465-X","url_text":"0-201-16465-X"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-400-800-xl-xe-kampf-dem-ungeziefer_15743.html","external_links_name":"\"Kampf dem Ungeziefer\""},{"Link":"https://dadgum.com/giantlist/#S","external_links_name":"\"The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers\""},{"Link":"http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-400-800-xl-xe-bug-off_818.html","external_links_name":"\"Bug Off!\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/addison-wesley-book-of-atari-software-1984/page/n111/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Shoot 'Em-Up Arcade Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.atarimania.com/pgesoft.awp?version=818","external_links_name":"Bug Off!"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/a8b_Bug_Off_1982_Adventure_International_US","external_links_name":"Bug Off!"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_Conservation_Society
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Blue Mountains Conservation Society
|
["1 History","1.1 Split societies","1.2 United society","2 Activities and campaigns","2.1 Campaigns","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°43′13″S 150°21′46″E / 33.7202°S 150.3627°E / -33.7202; 150.3627 (Conservation Hut (Wentworth Falls))This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Blue Mountains Conservation Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Non-governmental environmental organization
Blue Mountains Conservation SocietyBlue Mountains Conservation Society Inc.Official logoAbbreviationBMCSFormation1961Founded atKatoomba NSWMerger ofUpper Blue Mountains Conservation Society and Lower Blue Mountains Conservation Society (1996)TypeNGOLegal statusCharityPurposeProtect, conserve, and advocate for the natural environment of the Greater Blue MountainsLocation92 Fletcher Street, Wentworth Falls NSW, AustraliaCoordinates33°43′13″S 150°21′46″E / 33.7202°S 150.3627°E / -33.7202; 150.3627 (Conservation Hut (Wentworth Falls))Region served Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage area and adjoining State Conservation Areas and State ForestsMembership >900 (in 2021)Main organManagement committeeWebsitehttps://www.bluemountains.org.au
The Blue Mountains Conservation Society is an incorporated non-governmental organisation working to protect, conserve, and advocate for the natural environment of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage area in New South Wales, Australia. Its work includes the listing and protection of threatened species, populations and ecological communities of the Greater Blue Mountains and campaigns regarding climate change.
The society operates from an office in the Conservation Hut at Wentworth Falls, which belongs to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. It is governed by a management committee and has a number of sub-committees, including for the topics of environmental education, land use, national parks and world heritage areas, and events.
History
Split societies
In 1961, the Katoomba and District Fauna and Flora Protection Society was established with Frank Walford as patron and Fred Astle as president. The name was changed again in 1962 to Katoomba and District Wildlife Conservation Society. In July 1963, the society moved into a renovated tea room built in 1930, owned by Blue Mountains City Council and called Conservation Hut. The hut was demolished in 1990. In June 1970, the first edition of the newsletter, Newsletter No. 1, was published. In the same year, teacher and conservationist Allen Axel Strom became patron of the society. In 1983, the society changed its name to Upper Blue Mountains Conservation Society.
In 1966, the Lower Blue Mountains Wildlife Conservation Society was formed with H.L. (Lindsay) Paish as president. In 1967, publishing of the first edition of the newsletter, known as "Kalori", an Aboriginal word meaning "message stick".
United society
In 1996, the Lower and Upper Blue Mountains Societies merged to become Blue Mountains Conservation Society Inc.
Activities and campaigns
The society generally serves the Greater Blue Mountains area, but has also been involved in national campaigns such as Save The Franklin, Daintree and Myall Lakes, and has participated in Nature Conservation Council initiatives. Local activities of the individual societies and later the Blue Mountains Conservation Society have included education of the public, campaigning for the protection of natural areas, bush walking, bush care, propagation and study of native plants, and bush walking track restoration.
Campaigns
Kanangra Walls in Kanangra-Boyd National Park, 2002
The 1960s and 1970s saw campaigns eventually preventing limestone mining in the Colong Caves and stopped exotic pine plantations and the construction of a paper pulp mill on Boyd Plateau. The campaign led to the abandonment of the mining proposal and the pine plantations on the Boyd Plateau, and both areas were added to the Kanangra-Boyd National Park.
In 1988, after lobbying the Blue Mountains City Council, an Environmental Officer was appointed by council, being one of the few people in NSW to hold such a position at the time. The officer identified environmentally sensitive land in the Blue Mountains, which found consideration in council’s Local Environmental Plan 1991. His work also led to the gazetting of two forms of Blue Mountains hanging swamps.
Submissions were made in relation to the draft Local Environment Plan 1991 and subsequent plans, advocating for amendments to damaging development proposals and addressing the rules that permitted such environmental damage in LEPs and state legislation, and resulting in the protection of specific local environmental details.
A campaign for the legal protection of the Blue Mountains swamps was organised, which included the advocacy for an additional category of vulnerable ecological communities in the Threatened Species Conservation Act (achieved 2002), for listing under the federal EPBC Act (achieved 2005) and under NSW legislation (achieved 2007).
UNESCO World Heritage for the Blue Mountains campaigns. The first submission lodged in 1989 was unsuccessful, but the subsequent campaign in 1992 eventually led to the inscription of the Greater Blue Mountains Area on the World Heritage List at the 24th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cairns in 2000.
In 2014, Western Sydney University published research which became the basis for a campaign urging the Environmental Protection Authority to take action against the pollution of the Wollongambe River. For over 40 years, the Centennial Coal Clarence Colliery underground coal mine at Lithgow discharged poorly treated wastewater directly into the river, which flows through the heart of the Blue Mountains. In 2015, a mine wall collapsed causing further pollution of the river, its impact being compared by the Wilderness Foundation to a giant oil spill. In 2019, the Environmental Protection Authority issued regulations requiring Clarence Colliery to reduce the release of pollutants, particularly zinc and nickel, which had water quality improve and animals return to the river. The campaign is continuing (2022) due to remaining river and sediment pollution.
Since the declaration of a climate emergency by Blue Mountains City Council in 2019, the society has been calling on the public to urge council to take up the Ready for Renewables Council Challenge, which would see council to cut gas from council-owned buildings and infrastructure, reject new gas connections in the local government area and request planning scheme amendments by the state. A campaign in opposition to the raising of the dam wall of Warragamba Dam, being conducted together with the Colong Foundation for Wilderness, is still ongoing as of 2022. Raising of the dam wall would fragment and degrade two World Heritage listed Wilderness areas and destroy Aboriginal cultural heritage sites of the Gundungurra people, beyond those already inundated by the original construction.
See also
Time line and history
Time line
References
^ "About Us". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
^ "Climate Change". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Conservation Hut". NSW National Park and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Conservation Subcommittees". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Kalori Magazine". Friends of the SA School of Art. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ a b c d "Hut News October 2021" (PDF). Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ a b "Timeline". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Kanagra-Boyd National Park Plan of Management" (PDF). NSW Department of Planning and Environment. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Greater Blue Mountains Area". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "The stunning recovery of a heavily polluted river in the heart of the Blue Mountains World Heritage area". Western Sydney University. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ "Collapse at Clarence Colliery at Lithgow 'equivalent to giant oil spill'". ABC News. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ "PROTECT THE WOLLANGAMBE". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ "Action on Climate Change". Blue Mountains City Council. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ a b "Campaigns". Blue Mountains Conservation Society. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Ready for Renewables Council Challenge". Lock The Gate. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Warragamba dam wall plan 'would flood 50 Aboriginal heritage sites'". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ "Mud and dead trees". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
External links
Environment portal
Official website
Newsletter no. 1 of Upper Blue Mountains Conservation Society
Newsletter no. 1 of Lower Blue Mountains Conservation Society
Commemorative edition of Hut News celebrating the 60th anniversary of the society
vteConservation organisations and groupsOrganisations
American Prairie Foundation
Australian Wildlife Conservancy
BirdLife International
Bombay Natural History Society
Conservation International
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
Frankfurt Zoological Society
Fauna and Flora International
Friends of the Earth
Greenpeace
Malaysian Nature Society
National Wildlife Federation
National Audubon Society
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Marine Conservation Society
Natural Resources Conservation Service
The Nature Conservancy
Panthera
Sea Shepherd
Sierra Club
The Conservation Fund
The Conservation Volunteers
Wildlife Conservation Network
Wildlife Conservation Society
World Wide Fund for Nature
Zoological Society of London
Key topics
Community-based conservation
Conservation community
Conservation movement
Nature conservation
Marine conservation
activism
Protected area
marine
30 by 30
Restoration ecology
Wildlife conservation
Related
List of environmental organizations
Index of conservation articles
List of conservation issues
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-governmental organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"natural environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Blue_Mountains_Area"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_about-1"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBCS_Climate-2"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Falls,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Hut-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_comm-4"}],"text":"Non-governmental environmental organizationThe Blue Mountains Conservation Society is an incorporated non-governmental organisation working to protect, conserve, and advocate for the natural environment of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage area in New South Wales, Australia.[1] Its work includes the listing and protection of threatened species, populations and ecological communities of the Greater Blue Mountains and campaigns regarding climate change.[2]The society operates from an office in the Conservation Hut at Wentworth Falls, which belongs to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.[3] It is governed by a management committee and has a number of sub-committees, including for the topics of environmental education, land use, national parks and world heritage areas, and events.[4]","title":"Blue Mountains Conservation Society"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Mountains City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Newsletter No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bluemountains.org.au/documents/hutnews/archive/kdwcs-newsletter-7006t.pdf"},{"link_name":"Allen Axel Strom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Axel_Strom"},{"link_name":"first edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bluemountains.org.au/documents/hutnews/lbmcs/lbmwcs-bulletin-5-6704.pdf"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"message stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAArt_Kalori-5"}],"sub_title":"Split societies","text":"In 1961, the Katoomba and District Fauna and Flora Protection Society was established with Frank Walford as patron and Fred Astle as president. The name was changed again in 1962 to Katoomba and District Wildlife Conservation Society. In July 1963, the society moved into a renovated tea room built in 1930, owned by Blue Mountains City Council and called Conservation Hut. The hut was demolished in 1990. In June 1970, the first edition of the newsletter, Newsletter No. 1, was published. In the same year, teacher and conservationist Allen Axel Strom became patron of the society. In 1983, the society changed its name to Upper Blue Mountains Conservation Society.In 1966, the Lower Blue Mountains Wildlife Conservation Society was formed with H.L. (Lindsay) Paish as president. In 1967, publishing of the first edition of the newsletter, known as \"Kalori\", an Aboriginal word meaning \"message stick\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United society","text":"In 1996, the Lower and Upper Blue Mountains Societies merged to become Blue Mountains Conservation Society Inc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Save The Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Dam_controversy"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservation_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_HN2110-6"}],"text":"The society generally serves the Greater Blue Mountains area, but has also been involved in national campaigns such as Save The Franklin, Daintree and Myall Lakes, and has participated in Nature Conservation Council initiatives. Local activities of the individual societies and later the Blue Mountains Conservation Society have included education of the public, campaigning for the protection of natural areas, bush walking, bush care, propagation and study of native plants, and bush walking track restoration.[6]","title":"Activities and campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanangra_Walls_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_time-7"},{"link_name":"Kanangra-Boyd National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanangra-Boyd_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_KBoyd-8"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains hanging swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamps_of_the_Blue_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_HN2110-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_HN2110-6"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamps_of_the_Blue_Mountains"},{"link_name":"vulnerable ecological communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_ecological_communities_in_NSW"},{"link_name":"Threatened Species Conservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_Species_Conservation_Act_1995"},{"link_name":"EPBC Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_HN2110-6"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Greater Blue Mountains Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Blue_Mountains_Area"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List at the 24th Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription#2000_(24th_session)"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_time-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_Blue-9"},{"link_name":"Western Sydney University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney_University"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Environment_Protection_Authority"},{"link_name":"Centennial Coal Clarence Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_companies_of_Australia#Centennial_Coal"},{"link_name":"Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wilderness Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSU_woll-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_clarence-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_woll-12"},{"link_name":"climate emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration"},{"link_name":"Blue Mountains City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Blue_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCC_climate-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_campaigns-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTG_Challenge-15"},{"link_name":"Warragamba Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warragamba_Dam"},{"link_name":"Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Gundungurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandangara"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMCS_campaigns-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard_Dam-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard_Dam2-17"}],"sub_title":"Campaigns","text":"Kanangra Walls in Kanangra-Boyd National Park, 2002The 1960s and 1970s saw campaigns eventually preventing limestone mining in the Colong Caves and stopped exotic pine plantations and the construction of a paper pulp mill on Boyd Plateau.[7] The campaign led to the abandonment of the mining proposal and the pine plantations on the Boyd Plateau, and both areas were added to the Kanangra-Boyd National Park.[8]In 1988, after lobbying the Blue Mountains City Council, an Environmental Officer was appointed by council, being one of the few people in NSW to hold such a position at the time. The officer identified environmentally sensitive land in the Blue Mountains, which found consideration in council’s Local Environmental Plan 1991. His work also led to the gazetting of two forms of Blue Mountains hanging swamps.[6]Submissions were made in relation to the draft Local Environment Plan 1991 and subsequent plans, advocating for amendments to damaging development proposals and addressing the rules that permitted such environmental damage in LEPs and state legislation, and resulting in the protection of specific local environmental details.[6]A campaign for the legal protection of the Blue Mountains swamps was organised, which included the advocacy for an additional category of vulnerable ecological communities in the Threatened Species Conservation Act (achieved 2002), for listing under the federal EPBC Act (achieved 2005) and under NSW legislation (achieved 2007).[6]UNESCO World Heritage for the Blue Mountains campaigns. The first submission lodged in 1989 was unsuccessful, but the subsequent campaign in 1992 eventually led to the inscription of the Greater Blue Mountains Area on the World Heritage List at the 24th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cairns in 2000.[7][9]In 2014, Western Sydney University published research which became the basis for a campaign urging the Environmental Protection Authority to take action against the pollution of the Wollongambe River. For over 40 years, the Centennial Coal Clarence Colliery underground coal mine at Lithgow discharged poorly treated wastewater directly into the river, which flows through the heart of the Blue Mountains. In 2015, a mine wall collapsed causing further pollution of the river, its impact being compared by the Wilderness Foundation to a giant oil spill. In 2019, the Environmental Protection Authority issued regulations requiring Clarence Colliery to reduce the release of pollutants, particularly zinc and nickel, which had water quality improve and animals return to the river. The campaign is continuing (2022) due to remaining river and sediment pollution.[10][11][12]Since the declaration of a climate emergency by Blue Mountains City Council in 2019,[13] the society has been calling on the public to urge council to take up the Ready for Renewables Council Challenge, which would see council to cut gas from council-owned buildings and infrastructure, reject new gas connections in the local government area and request planning scheme amendments by the state.[14][15] A campaign in opposition to the raising of the dam wall of Warragamba Dam, being conducted together with the Colong Foundation for Wilderness, is still ongoing as of 2022. Raising of the dam wall would fragment and degrade two World Heritage listed Wilderness areas and destroy Aboriginal cultural heritage sites of the Gundungurra people, beyond those already inundated by the original construction.[14][16][17]","title":"Activities and campaigns"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasoidosis
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Gamasoidosis
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["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Prevention","5 Treatment","6 Epidemiology","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"]
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Dermatitis caused by avian mites
"Dermanyssosis" redirects here. For similar conditions, see Acariasis.
Medical conditionGamasoidosisOther namesAcariasis, avian mite dermatitis, bird mite dermatitis, fowl mite dermatitis, dermanyssosisDermanyssus gallinae piercing skin with its long chelicerae to reach dermal capillaries (not to scale).SpecialtyDermatology, medical parasitologySymptomsPruritic erythematous papules, macules, urticaria, itching, skin irritationCausesAvian mite infestationTreatment
Eradication of avian mites from the environment of patient
Management of symptoms
Gamasoidosis, also known as dermanyssosis, is a frequently unrecognized form of dermatitis, following human infestation with avian mites of the genera Dermanyssus or Ornithonyssus. It is characterized by pruritic erythematous papules, macules and urticaria, with itching and irritation resulting from the saliva the mites secrete while feeding. These bites are commonly found around the neck and areas covered by clothing, but can be found elsewhere on the body. The avian mite Dermanyssus gallinae can also infest various body parts, including the ear canal and scalp.
Diagnosis is challenging due to the small size of the mites, requiring microscopic examination by a medical entomologist for species identification. Misdiagnosis is also common due to ignorance and misinformation among medical professionals, scientists and pest controllers. Gamasoidosis is linked to avian mites infesting residential, public and agricultural spaces, with a potential health threat due to the transmission of zoonotic pathogens by D. gallinae. Treatment involves eradicating mites from the environment, with resistance to pesticides posing a challenge. The condition's epidemiology raises concerns about its impact on public health, emphasizing the need for awareness, interdisciplinary collaboration, improved diagnostic tools and a "One Health" approach.
Signs and symptoms
Mite bite on chest of patientAvian mite bites induce a non-specific dermatitis. The most common symptoms are pruritic erythematous papules, with a size of 1–3 mm, and a central punctum, as well as macules and urticaria. Itching and skin irritation are reactions to the saliva the mites secrete when feeding.
Bites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen), but can also be found on the legs, finger webs, axillae, the groin, and buttocks. If feeding occurs while a patient is sleeping, bedding may show red spots caused by droppings or crushed mites.
The species Dermanyssus gallinae is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge. It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching, particularly at night, as the primary symptom, as well as "the nares, orbits and eyelids, and genitourinary and rectal orifices."
Additional symptoms include pinpricks, secondary infections, scarring and hyperpigmentation.
Causes
Gamasoidosis occurs after human contact with avian mites which infest birds, such as canaries, sparrows, starlings, pigeons and poultry and is caused by two genera of mites: Ornithonyssus and Dermanyssus. Avian mite species implicated include the red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), tropical fowl mite (Ornithonyssus bursa) and northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum). Dermatitis is also associated with rodents infested with the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti), spiny rat mite (Laelaps echidnina) and house-mouse mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus), where the condition is known as rodent mite dermatitis. Urban gamasoidosis is associated with window-sills, ventilation and air-conditioning intakes, roofs and eaves, which serve as shelters for nesting birds. Gamasoidosis in farm workers is associated with poultry farms, with a "19% incidence of contact dermatitis reported in a two-year survey of workers on 58 European poultry farms"; D. gallinae exposure is so common that it is considered an "occupational hazard" for these workers.
Diagnosis
Dermanyssus gallinae; a species commonly implicated in causing gamasoidosis
Diagnosis can be challenging as the small size of avian mites make them "barely visible to the unaided eye". Identification of the species is best carried out by a medical entomologist using a microscope; positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment methods.
Diagnoses of gamasoidosis have a long history, with "cases reported since the 17th century, documented in the leading medical literature since at least the 1920s." Avian and rodent mites have been documented as infesting residential buildings, work spaces, schools and hospitals. Despite this, there is considered to be widespread ignorance and misinformation "regarding human infestation with D. gallinae across healthcare, science and pest control fields", which in turn has led to increasing numbers of infestations and a dangerous propagation of the disease.
Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, physicians are generally not aware of the condition, meaning gamasoidosis may be unrecognized or misdiagnosed as conditions such as contact dermatitis caused by allergies, scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, infestation by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) leading to pediculosis, tropical rat mite bites (O. bacoti) , infestation by pigeon ticks (Argas reflexus), chigger mite bites (Trombiculidae), bites from Cheyletiella mitesm, or bed bugs (Cimex lectularius).
Many cases of gamasoidosis go unreported, suggesting that the actual incidence is higher than generally believed. As a result, in cases of unexplained bites in residential areas, the involvement of D. gallinae should always be considered, especially during late spring and early summer when wild birds make their nests.
The life cycle of the mite is another important method of diagnosis. Hematophagic mites generally feed at night, but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark. Attacks in public and office buildings tend to occur during the daytime. O. bursa is an exception as it generally remains on its hosts and will feed during the day. D. gallinae may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding. D. gallinae generally visit their host for up to 1–2 hours, leave after completing their blood meal, and typically feed every 2–4 days. They are able to move extremely quickly, and can take less than 1 second to bite; enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching. They locate potential hosts through temperature changes, vibrations, chemical signals and CO2.
It has been hypothesized the D. gallinae is capable of 'learning' "to associate non-host skin with a blood-meal if the host selection process permitted feeding." Combined with a generalist approach to finding hosts and the capability of digesting non-avian blood could potentially explain their documented host expansion to mammals and humans.
There is documented "co-occurrence of gamasoidosis and various immunosuppressive disorders" and physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients, Despite this, while immunosuppression can "increase susceptibility, it is not necessarily a pre-requisite for infestation".
Dermatoscopy can help to exclude the diagnosis of delusional parasitosis.
Pets such as canaries, cats, dogs, hamsters, and gerbils can be infested also. As a result, it has been argued that veterinarians should be aware that non-avian attacks of D. gallinae are possible, and may be underestimated, and that there is a need for increased awareness among practitioners.
Prevention
Preventing gamasoidosis in residential areas is achieved by avoiding the proliferation of avian mites, by refraining from feeding birds and utilizing nets on building terraces to deter nesting in close proximity to human homes. It is crucial to remove and clean nests during the nesting season before birds can establish them and lay eggs.
Treatment
Feral pigeon nests are common sources of avian mites and should be removed as part of the treatment process.Treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult; avian mites have developed resistance to multiple pesticides and the different species concerned display varied ecologies that necessitate divergent treatment approaches.
For a patient to achieve full recovery, the mites must be eradicated from the person's environment through the removal of nests and appropriate disinfestation of infested areas by a pest control professional. Total eradication can be difficult to achieve as D. gallinae can survive for longer than nine months without a blood meal, and is capable of both digesting, and completing its life cycle on human blood alone. Additionally, populations can expand rapidly, with a single female capable of laying up to "30 eggs in their lifetime"; prolonged darkness has been found to significantly promote mite population growth.
Patients are advised to:
Shower frequently.
Wash clothes at 60 °C.
Remove the source of the mites, such as bird nests.
Perform regular intensive vacuum cleaning and steam cleaning — the vacuum bag should be placed in a sealed bag and thrown away outside in a contained bin.
Disinfect infested areas with pyrethroids.
Wash of textiles or steam cleaning (cushions, carpets, curtains) at 60 °C, and drying them using an automated laundry drier.
Antihistamines and topical corticosteroids can be used for temporary relief of symptoms.
In the case of scalp infestation, treatments with 1% permethrin shampoo can be used to remove the mites. For ear canal infestation, aural toilet is recommended with a course of 1% permethrin to be used as ear drops and for infected wax to be removed by a professional.
Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations can result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate or attempt to control these infestations, as well as psychological problems such as depression.
For pets, there are currently no registered products for treating gamasoidosis in mammals. The scientific literature documents medications which have been used off-label to treat the condition, including sarolaner in dogs, selamectin in cats and permethrin in horses.
Epidemiology
Gamasoidosis, particularly caused by D. gallinae, is source of growing concern in human medicine, due to factors such as limited awareness among medical specialists, lack of interdisciplinary collaboration, misdiagnoses, and an absence of diagnostic tools. Occurrences of gamasoidosis have become more frequent in recent years, especially in residential environments, often linked to synanthropic birds. A "One Health" approach has been recommended to remedy this, with microbiologists, veterinarians, parasitologists, epidemiologists, environmental scientists, and clinicians working together to treat the disease.
D. gallinae may pose a threat to public health as the mite may be a vector or reservoir of several zoonotic pathogens, such as Chlamydia psittaci, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp., Borrelia afzelii, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Fowlpox virus. An association has not been found with gamasoidosis and alpha-gal allergy.
See also
Acariasis
Chigger bite
Rodent mite dermatitis
Skin lesion
References
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^ a b Pezzi M, Leis M, Chicca M, Roy L (October 2017). "Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy". Parasitology International. 66 (5): 666–670. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001. PMID 28483708.
^ Bardach H (January 1981). "". Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten. 56 (1): 21–6. PMID 7222880.
^ Powlesland R (1978-06-01). "Behaviour of the haematophagous mite Ornithonyssus bursa in starling nest boxes in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 5 (2): 395–399. doi:10.1080/03014223.1978.10428325.
^ Williams RW (November 1958). "An infestation of a human habitation by Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City resulting in sanguisugent attacks upon the occupants". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 7 (6): 627–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627. PMID 13595207.
^ Dukas R (2008). "Evolutionary biology of insect learning". Annual Review of Entomology. 53 (1): 145–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093343. PMID 17803459. S2CID 18299890.
^ Wambier CG, Wambier SP (2012). "Gamasoidosis illustrated--from the nest to dermoscopy". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 87 (6): 926–7. doi:10.1590/S0365-05962012000600021. PMC 3699918. PMID 23197219.
^ Di Palma A, Leone F, Albanese F, Beccati M (April 2018). "A case report of Dermanyssus gallinae infestation in three cats". Veterinary Dermatology. 29 (4): 348–e124. doi:10.1111/vde.12547. PMID 29708634.
^ a b Ramsay GW, Mason PC, Hunter AC (July 1975). "Letter: Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallines) infesting a dog". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 23 (7): 155–6. doi:10.1080/00480169.1975.34225. PMID 1058385.
^ Gharagozlou, Saber; Tavakol, Marzieh; Gharagozlou, Mohammad (2023). "Pigeon mite: An underdiagnosed cause of papular urticaria". Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 51 (2): 111–114. doi:10.15586/aei.v51i2.667. ISSN 1578-1267. PMID 36916094. S2CID 257419123.
^ Nordenfors H, Höglund J, Uggla A (January 1999). "Effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition, molting, and longevity of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 36 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1093/jmedent/36.1.68. PMID 10071495. S2CID 14208397.
^ Kirkwood A (1963-12-01). "Longevity of the mites Dermanyssus gallinae and Liponyssus sylviarum". Experimental Parasitology. 14 (3): 358–366. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(63)90043-2. ISSN 0014-4894. PMID 14099848.
^ Williams RW (November 1958). "An infestation of a human habitation by Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City resulting in sanguisugent attacks upon the occupants". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 7 (6): 627–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627. PMID 13595207.
^ Chauve C (November 1998). "The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): current situation and future prospects for control". Veterinary Parasitology. 79 (3): 239–45. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00167-8. PMID 9823064.
^ Wang C, Ma Y, Huang Y, Su S, Wang L, Sun Y, et al. (May 2019). "Darkness increases the population growth rate of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 213. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3456-1. PMC 6505187. PMID 31064400.
^ Dogramaci AC, Culha G, Ozçelik S (September 2010). "Dermanyssus gallinae infestation: an unusual cause of scalp pruritus treated with permethrin shampoo". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 21 (5): 319–21. doi:10.3109/09546630903287437. PMID 20687864. S2CID 28356181.
^ Moroni, Barbara; Barlaam, Alessandra; Misia, Ambra Lisa; Peano, Andrea; Rossi, Luca; Giangaspero, Annunziata (October 2021). "Dermanyssus gallinae in non-avian hosts: A case report in a dog and review of the literature". Parasitology International. 84: 102378. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102378. ISSN 1873-0329. PMID 33975002.
^ Cafiero MA, Viviano E, Lomuto M, Raele DA, Galante D, Castelli E (July 2018). "Dermatitis due to Mesostigmatic mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti, O. bursa, O. sylviarum) in residential settings". Journal of the German Society of Dermatology. 16 (7): 904–906. doi:10.1111/ddg.13565. PMID 29933524.
^ Raele DA, Galante D, Pugliese N, La Salandra G, Lomuto M, Cafiero MA (May 2018). "Mesostigmata, Acari), related to urban outbreaks of dermatitis in Italy". New Microbes and New Infections. 23: 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.01.004. PMC 5913367. PMID 29692913.
^ Cafiero MA, Camarda A, Circella E, Santagada G, Schino G, Lomuto M (November 2008). "Pseudoscabies caused by Dermanyssus gallinae in Italian city dwellers: a new setting for an old dermatitis". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 22 (11): 1382–3. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02645.x. hdl:11586/121331. PMID 18384564. S2CID 1395325.
^ Lima-Barbero, José Francisco; Sánchez, Marta Sánchez; Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro; Mateos-Hernández, Lourdes; Contreras, Marinela; de Mera, Isabel G. Fernández; Villar, Margarita; de la Fuente, José (August 2019). "Clinical gamasoidosis and antibody response in two patients infested with Ornithonyssus bursa (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae)". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 78 (4): 555–564. doi:10.1007/s10493-019-00408-x. hdl:10578/30043. ISSN 0168-8162. PMID 31367978. S2CID 199056304.
Further reading
Kumavat, Shrikant (2021-08-02). "Avian Mite Dermatitis: A Diagnostic Challenge". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 12 (5): 784–785. doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_377_20. ISSN 2229-5178. PMC 8456244. PMID 34667779.
Moroni, Barbara; Barlaam, Alessandra; Misia, Ambra Lisa; Peano, Andrea; Rossi, Luca; Giangaspero, Annunziata (2021-10-01). "Dermanyssus gallinae in non-avian hosts: A case report in a dog and review of the literature". Parasitology International. 84: 102378. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102378. ISSN 1383-5769. PMID 33975002.
Sioutas, Georgios; Minoudi, Styliani; Tiligada, Katerina; Chliva, Caterina; Triantafyllidis, Alexandros; Papadopoulos, Elias (March 2021). "Case of Human Infestation with Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry Red Mite) from Swallows (Hirundinidae)". Pathogens. 10 (3): 299. doi:10.3390/pathogens10030299. PMC 8001604. PMID 33806588.
Cafiero, Maria Assunta; Viviano, Enza; Lomuto, Michele; Raele, Donato Antonio; Galante, Domenico; Castelli, Elena (2018). "Dermatitis due to Mesostigmatic mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti, O. bursa, O. sylviarum) in residential settings". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 16 (7): 904–906. doi:10.1111/ddg.13565. ISSN 1610-0387. PMID 29933524. S2CID 49378890.
vteMite-borne diseases and infestationsInfestations
Acariasis
Baker's itch
Cheyletiellosis
Demodicosis
Feather pillow dermatitis
Gamasoidosis
Grain itch
Grocer's itch
Rodent mite dermatitis
Scabies
Trombiculosis
Other diseases
House dust mite allergy
Oral mite anaphylaxis
List of mites associated with cutaneous reactions
Species and bitesTrombidiformes
Demodex brevis / Demodex folliculorum
demodicosis
Trombicula
trombiculosis
Pyemotes herfsi
Cheyletiella (cheyletiellosis)
Leptotrombidium deliense
Sarcoptiformes
House dust mite
House dust mite allergy
Sarcoptes scabiei
scabies
Mesostigmata
Dermanyssus gallinae
gamasoidosis
Liponyssoides sanguineus
rickettsialpox
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acariasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acariasis"},{"link_name":"dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis"},{"link_name":"infestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infestation"},{"link_name":"Dermanyssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermanyssus"},{"link_name":"Ornithonyssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithonyssus"},{"link_name":"erythematous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythematous"},{"link_name":"papules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papule"},{"link_name":"macules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macules"},{"link_name":"urticaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria"},{"link_name":"Dermanyssus gallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermanyssus_gallinae"},{"link_name":"ear canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_canal"},{"link_name":"scalp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalp"},{"link_name":"medical entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_entomology"},{"link_name":"zoonotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"One Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Health"}],"text":"\"Dermanyssosis\" redirects here. For similar conditions, see Acariasis.Medical conditionGamasoidosis, also known as dermanyssosis, is a frequently unrecognized form of dermatitis, following human infestation with avian mites of the genera Dermanyssus or Ornithonyssus. It is characterized by pruritic erythematous papules, macules and urticaria, with itching and irritation resulting from the saliva the mites secrete while feeding. These bites are commonly found around the neck and areas covered by clothing, but can be found elsewhere on the body. The avian mite Dermanyssus gallinae can also infest various body parts, including the ear canal and scalp.Diagnosis is challenging due to the small size of the mites, requiring microscopic examination by a medical entomologist for species identification. Misdiagnosis is also common due to ignorance and misinformation among medical professionals, scientists and pest controllers. Gamasoidosis is linked to avian mites infesting residential, public and agricultural spaces, with a potential health threat due to the transmission of zoonotic pathogens by D. gallinae. Treatment involves eradicating mites from the environment, with resistance to pesticides posing a challenge. The condition's epidemiology raises concerns about its impact on public health, emphasizing the need for awareness, interdisciplinary collaboration, improved diagnostic tools and a \"One Health\" approach.","title":"Gamasoidosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mite_bite_on_chest.jpg"},{"link_name":"dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-2"},{"link_name":"erythematous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythematous"},{"link_name":"papules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papule"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"macules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macules"},{"link_name":"urticaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Bites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"axillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilla"},{"link_name":"groin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin"},{"link_name":"buttocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttocks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"Dermanyssus gallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermanyssus_gallinae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"nares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nares"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"eyelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelid"},{"link_name":"genitourinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_system"},{"link_name":"rectal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"secondary infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_infection"},{"link_name":"scarring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarring"},{"link_name":"hyperpigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpigmentation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"}],"text":"Mite bite on chest of patientAvian mite bites induce a non-specific dermatitis.[2] The most common symptoms are pruritic erythematous papules,[3] with a size of 1–3 mm,[4] and a central punctum,[5] as well as macules and urticaria.[2] Itching and skin irritation are reactions to the saliva the mites secrete when feeding.[6]Bites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen),[4][7][8] but can also be found on the legs,[4] finger webs, axillae, the groin, and buttocks.[8] If feeding occurs while a patient is sleeping, bedding may show red spots caused by droppings or crushed mites.[4]The species Dermanyssus gallinae is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge.[9] It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching, particularly at night, as the primary symptom,[10] as well as \"the nares, orbits and eyelids, and genitourinary and rectal orifices.\"[11]Additional symptoms include pinpricks, secondary infections, scarring and hyperpigmentation.[12]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"infest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infestation"},{"link_name":"canaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serinus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_sparrow"},{"link_name":"starlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling"},{"link_name":"pigeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigognault_Flochlay_357-15"},{"link_name":"Ornithonyssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithonyssus"},{"link_name":"Dermanyssus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermanyssus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-17"},{"link_name":"Ornithonyssus bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithonyssus_bursa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Ornithonyssus sylviarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithonyssus_sylviarum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-17"},{"link_name":"Ornithonyssus bacoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithonyssus_bacoti"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Liponyssoides sanguineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liponyssoides_sanguineus"},{"link_name":"rodent mite dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent_mite_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"poultry farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"}],"text":"Gamasoidosis occurs after human contact with avian mites which infest birds, such as canaries,[13] sparrows, starlings, pigeons[14] and poultry[15] and is caused by two genera of mites: Ornithonyssus and Dermanyssus.[16] Avian mite species implicated include the red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae),[17] tropical fowl mite (Ornithonyssus bursa)[6] and northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum).[17] Dermatitis is also associated with rodents infested with the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti),[7][18] spiny rat mite (Laelaps echidnina)[19] and house-mouse mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus), where the condition is known as rodent mite dermatitis.[20] Urban gamasoidosis is associated with window-sills, ventilation and air-conditioning intakes, roofs and eaves, which serve as shelters for nesting birds.[21] Gamasoidosis in farm workers is associated with poultry farms, with a \"19% incidence of contact dermatitis reported in a two-year survey of workers on 58 European poultry farms\";[22] D. gallinae exposure is so common that it is considered an \"occupational hazard\" for these workers.[23]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dermanyssus_mite_of_birds.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"medical entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_entomology"},{"link_name":"microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"contact dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies"},{"link_name":"Sarcoptes scabiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei"},{"link_name":"Pediculus humanus corporis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculus_humanus_corporis"},{"link_name":"pediculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosis"},{"link_name":"Trombiculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombiculidae"},{"link_name":"Cheyletiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyletiella"},{"link_name":"Cimex lectularius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimex_lectularius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sigognault_Flochlay_357-15"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"Hematophagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"Dermatoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatoscopy"},{"link_name":"delusional parasitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-31"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1058385-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1058385-33"}],"text":"Dermanyssus gallinae; a species commonly implicated in causing gamasoidosisDiagnosis can be challenging as the small size of avian mites make them \"barely visible to the unaided eye\".[24] Identification of the species is best carried out by a medical entomologist using a microscope;[17] positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment methods.[4]Diagnoses of gamasoidosis have a long history, with \"cases [...] reported since the 17th century, documented in the leading medical literature since at least the 1920s.\"[23] Avian and rodent mites have been documented as infesting residential buildings, work spaces, schools and hospitals.[7][23] Despite this, there is considered to be widespread ignorance and misinformation \"regarding human infestation with D. gallinae across healthcare, science and pest control fields\", which in turn has led to increasing numbers of infestations and a dangerous propagation of the disease.[12]Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, physicians are generally not aware of the condition,[4] meaning gamasoidosis may be unrecognized or misdiagnosed as conditions such as contact dermatitis caused by allergies, scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, infestation by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) leading to pediculosis, tropical rat mite bites (O. bacoti) , infestation by pigeon ticks (Argas reflexus), chigger mite bites (Trombiculidae), bites from Cheyletiella mitesm, or bed bugs (Cimex lectularius).[citation needed]Many cases of gamasoidosis go unreported, suggesting that the actual incidence is higher than generally believed.[15] As a result, in cases of unexplained bites in residential areas, the involvement of D. gallinae should always be considered,[25] especially during late spring and early summer when wild birds make their nests.[8]The life cycle of the mite is another important method of diagnosis.[12] Hematophagic mites generally feed at night,[26] but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark.[27] Attacks in public and office buildings tend to occur during the daytime.[4] O. bursa is an exception as it generally remains on its hosts and will feed during the day.[28] D. gallinae may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.[29] D. gallinae generally visit their host for up to 1–2 hours, leave after completing their blood meal,[citation needed] and typically feed every 2–4 days.[23] They are able to move extremely quickly,[5] and can take less than 1 second to bite; enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching.[citation needed] They locate potential hosts through temperature changes, vibrations, chemical signals and CO2.[23]It has been hypothesized the D. gallinae is capable of 'learning'[30] \"to associate non-host skin with a blood-meal if the host selection process permitted feeding.\"[23] Combined with a generalist approach to finding hosts and the capability of digesting non-avian blood could potentially explain their documented host expansion to mammals and humans.[23]There is documented \"co-occurrence of gamasoidosis and various immunosuppressive disorders\"[23] and physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients,[12] Despite this, while immunosuppression can \"increase susceptibility, it is not necessarily a pre-requisite for infestation\".[23]Dermatoscopy can help to exclude the diagnosis of delusional parasitosis.[31]Pets such as canaries,[13] cats,[32] dogs,[33] hamsters,[citation needed] and gerbils[5] can be infested also. As a result, it has been argued that veterinarians should be aware that non-avian attacks of D. gallinae are possible, and may be underestimated, and that there is a need for increased awareness among practitioners.[33]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Preventing gamasoidosis in residential areas is achieved by avoiding the proliferation of avian mites, by refraining from feeding birds and utilizing nets on building terraces to deter nesting in close proximity to human homes. It is crucial to remove and clean nests during the nesting season before birds can establish them and lay eggs.[34]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columba_livia_nest_2_eggs.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"pest control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_control"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"pyrethroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroid"},{"link_name":"Antihistamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"corticosteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"permethrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"off-label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-label_use"},{"link_name":"sarolaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarolaner"},{"link_name":"selamectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selamectin"},{"link_name":"permethrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Feral pigeon nests are common sources of avian mites and should be removed as part of the treatment process.Treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult; avian mites have developed resistance to multiple pesticides and the different species concerned display varied ecologies that necessitate divergent treatment approaches.[12]For a patient to achieve full recovery, the mites must be eradicated from the person's environment through the removal of nests and appropriate disinfestation of infested areas by a pest control professional.[21] Total eradication can be difficult to achieve as D. gallinae can survive for longer than nine months without a blood meal,[35][36] and is capable of both digesting,[37] and completing its life cycle on human blood alone.[10] Additionally, populations can expand rapidly, with a single female capable of laying up to \"30 eggs in their lifetime\";[38] prolonged darkness has been found to significantly promote mite population growth.[39]Patients are advised to:[4]Shower frequently.\nWash clothes at 60 °C.\nRemove the source of the mites, such as bird nests.\nPerform regular intensive vacuum cleaning and steam cleaning — the vacuum bag should be placed in a sealed bag and thrown away outside in a contained bin.\nDisinfect infested areas with pyrethroids.\nWash of textiles or steam cleaning (cushions, carpets, curtains) at 60 °C, and drying them using an automated laundry drier.Antihistamines and topical corticosteroids can be used for temporary relief of symptoms.[40]In the case of scalp infestation, treatments with 1% permethrin shampoo can be used to remove the mites.[26] For ear canal infestation, aural toilet is recommended with a course of 1% permethrin to be used as ear drops and for infected wax to be removed by a professional.[9]Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations can result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate or attempt to control these infestations, as well as psychological problems such as depression.[12]For pets, there are currently no registered products for treating gamasoidosis in mammals. The scientific literature documents medications which have been used off-label to treat the condition, including sarolaner in dogs, selamectin in cats and permethrin in horses.[41]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"synanthropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synanthrope"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"One Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Health"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-4"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_vector"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoir"},{"link_name":"zoonotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"Chlamydia psittaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_psittaci"},{"link_name":"Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae"},{"link_name":"Salmonella spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_SopEphi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-23"},{"link_name":"Mycobacterium spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_sp."},{"link_name":"Coxiella burnetii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii"},{"link_name":"Bartonella spp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartonella"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-42"},{"link_name":"Borrelia afzelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_afzelii"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus"},{"link_name":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Equine_Encephalitis_virus"},{"link_name":"Fowlpox virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlpox_virus"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"alpha-gal allergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Gamasoidosis, particularly caused by D. gallinae, is source of growing concern in human medicine, due to factors such as limited awareness among medical specialists, lack of interdisciplinary collaboration, misdiagnoses, and an absence of diagnostic tools.[4] Occurrences of gamasoidosis have become more frequent in recent years, especially in residential environments, often linked to synanthropic birds.[23] A \"One Health\" approach has been recommended to remedy this, with microbiologists, veterinarians, parasitologists, epidemiologists, environmental scientists, and clinicians working together to treat the disease.[4]D. gallinae may pose a threat to public health as the mite may be a vector or reservoir of several zoonotic pathogens,[23] such as Chlamydia psittaci, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Salmonella spp.,[23] Mycobacterium spp., Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp.,[42] Borrelia afzelii,[43] Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Fowlpox virus.[44] An association has not been found with gamasoidosis and alpha-gal allergy.[45]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Avian Mite Dermatitis: A Diagnostic Challenge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8456244"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_377_20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fidoj.IDOJ_377_20"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2229-5178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2229-5178"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8456244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8456244"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34667779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34667779"},{"link_name":"\"Dermanyssus gallinae in non-avian hosts: A case report in a dog and review of the literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921000969"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.parint.2021.102378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.parint.2021.102378"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1383-5769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1383-5769"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33975002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33975002"},{"link_name":"\"Case of Human Infestation with Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry Red Mite) from Swallows (Hirundinidae)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8001604"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3390/pathogens10030299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3390%2Fpathogens10030299"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8001604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8001604"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33806588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806588"},{"link_name":"\"Dermatitis due to Mesostigmatic mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus [O.] bacoti, O. bursa, O. sylviarum) in residential settings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fddg.13565"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/ddg.13565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fddg.13565"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1610-0387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1610-0387"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"29933524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29933524"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"49378890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49378890"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mite-related_diseases_and_infestations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mite-related_diseases_and_infestations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mite-related_diseases_and_infestations"},{"link_name":"Mite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"Acariasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acariasis"},{"link_name":"Baker's itch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_itch"},{"link_name":"Cheyletiellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyletiella#Cheyletiellosis"},{"link_name":"Demodicosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodicosis"},{"link_name":"Feather pillow dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_pillow_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"Gamasoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Grain itch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_itch"},{"link_name":"Grocer's itch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocer%27s_itch"},{"link_name":"Rodent mite dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent_mite_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"Scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies"},{"link_name":"Trombiculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombiculosis"},{"link_name":"House dust mite allergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_dust_mite_allergy"},{"link_name":"Oral mite anaphylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mite_anaphylaxis"},{"link_name":"List of mites associated with cutaneous reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mites_associated_with_cutaneous_reactions"},{"link_name":"Trombidiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombidiformes"},{"link_name":"Demodex brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodex_brevis"},{"link_name":"Demodex folliculorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodex_folliculorum"},{"link_name":"demodicosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodicosis"},{"link_name":"Trombicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombicula"},{"link_name":"trombiculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombiculosis"},{"link_name":"Pyemotes herfsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyemotes_herfsi"},{"link_name":"Cheyletiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyletiella"},{"link_name":"cheyletiellosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyletiella"},{"link_name":"Leptotrombidium deliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotrombidium_deliense"},{"link_name":"Sarcoptiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptiformes"},{"link_name":"House dust mite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_dust_mite"},{"link_name":"House dust mite allergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_dust_mite_allergy"},{"link_name":"Sarcoptes scabiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei"},{"link_name":"scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies"},{"link_name":"Mesostigmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesostigmata"},{"link_name":"Dermanyssus gallinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermanyssus_gallinae"},{"link_name":"gamasoidosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Liponyssoides sanguineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liponyssoides_sanguineus"},{"link_name":"rickettsialpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsialpox"}],"text":"Kumavat, Shrikant (2021-08-02). \"Avian Mite Dermatitis: A Diagnostic Challenge\". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 12 (5): 784–785. doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_377_20. ISSN 2229-5178. PMC 8456244. PMID 34667779.\nMoroni, Barbara; Barlaam, Alessandra; Misia, Ambra Lisa; Peano, Andrea; Rossi, Luca; Giangaspero, Annunziata (2021-10-01). \"Dermanyssus gallinae in non-avian hosts: A case report in a dog and review of the literature\". Parasitology International. 84: 102378. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102378. ISSN 1383-5769. PMID 33975002.\nSioutas, Georgios; Minoudi, Styliani; Tiligada, Katerina; Chliva, Caterina; Triantafyllidis, Alexandros; Papadopoulos, Elias (March 2021). \"Case of Human Infestation with Dermanyssus gallinae (Poultry Red Mite) from Swallows (Hirundinidae)\". Pathogens. 10 (3): 299. doi:10.3390/pathogens10030299. PMC 8001604. PMID 33806588.\nCafiero, Maria Assunta; Viviano, Enza; Lomuto, Michele; Raele, Donato Antonio; Galante, Domenico; Castelli, Elena (2018). \"Dermatitis due to Mesostigmatic mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus [O.] bacoti, O. bursa, O. sylviarum) in residential settings\". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 16 (7): 904–906. doi:10.1111/ddg.13565. ISSN 1610-0387. PMID 29933524. S2CID 49378890.vteMite-borne diseases and infestationsInfestations\nAcariasis\nBaker's itch\nCheyletiellosis\nDemodicosis\nFeather pillow dermatitis\nGamasoidosis\nGrain itch\nGrocer's itch\nRodent mite dermatitis\nScabies\nTrombiculosis\nOther diseases\nHouse dust mite allergy\nOral mite anaphylaxis\nList of mites associated with cutaneous reactions\nSpecies and bitesTrombidiformes\nDemodex brevis / Demodex folliculorum\ndemodicosis\nTrombicula\ntrombiculosis\nPyemotes herfsi\nCheyletiella (cheyletiellosis)\nLeptotrombidium deliense\nSarcoptiformes\nHouse dust mite\nHouse dust mite allergy\nSarcoptes scabiei\nscabies\nMesostigmata\nDermanyssus gallinae\ngamasoidosis\nLiponyssoides sanguineus\nrickettsialpox","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mite bite on chest of patient","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mite_bite_on_chest.jpg/200px-Mite_bite_on_chest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dermanyssus gallinae; a species commonly implicated in causing gamasoidosis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dermanyssus_mite_of_birds.jpg/180px-Dermanyssus_mite_of_birds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feral pigeon nests are common sources of avian mites and should be removed as part of the treatment process.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Columba_livia_nest_2_eggs.jpg/220px-Columba_livia_nest_2_eggs.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Acariasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acariasis"},{"title":"Chigger bite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigger_bite"},{"title":"Rodent mite dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent_mite_dermatitis"},{"title":"Skin lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_lesion"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kowalska M, Kupis B (1976). \"Gamasoidosis (gamasidiosis)-not infrequent skin reactions, frequently unrecognized\". Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin. 15–16 (4): 391–4. PMID 826895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/826895","url_text":"826895"}]},{"reference":"Green, Brian; Sparling, Joshua; Sparling, Molly B. (December 2007). \"What's eating you? Pigeon mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)\" (PDF). Cutis. 80 (6): 461–462. ISSN 0011-4162. PMID 18246875.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/September-2017/080060461.pdf","url_text":"\"What's eating you? Pigeon mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4162","url_text":"0011-4162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18246875","url_text":"18246875"}]},{"reference":"Santana, Aline Palitot; Cardoso, Alberto Eduardo Cox; Passos, Rafaela Tenório; Ferreira, Íris Sampaio Costa (2020-03-01). \"Case for diagnosis. Erythematous and pruritic papules on forearms\". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 95 (2): 250–251. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2019.06.006. ISSN 0365-0596. PMC 7175029. PMID 32171542.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175029","url_text":"\"Case for diagnosis. Erythematous and pruritic papules on forearms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.abd.2019.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.abd.2019.06.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0365-0596","url_text":"0365-0596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175029","url_text":"7175029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171542","url_text":"32171542"}]},{"reference":"Cafiero MA, Barlaam A, Camarda A, Radeski M, Mul M, Sparagano O, Giangaspero A (September 2019). \"Dermanysuss gallinae attacks humans. Mind the gap!\". Avian Pathology. 48 (sup1): S22–S34. doi:10.1080/03079457.2019.1633010. hdl:11586/240540. PMID 31264450.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03079457.2019.1633010","url_text":"\"Dermanysuss gallinae attacks humans. Mind the gap!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03079457.2019.1633010","url_text":"10.1080/03079457.2019.1633010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11586%2F240540","url_text":"11586/240540"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31264450","url_text":"31264450"}]},{"reference":"Lucky AW, Sayers C, Argus JD, Lucky A (February 2001). \"Avian mite bites acquired from a new source--pet gerbils: report of 2 cases and review of the literature\". Archives of Dermatology. 137 (2): 167–70. PMID 11176688.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478192?link=xref","url_text":"\"Avian mite bites acquired from a new source--pet gerbils: report of 2 cases and review of the literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11176688","url_text":"11176688"}]},{"reference":"Mentz MB, Silva GL, Silva CE (2015). \"Dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Acari: Macronyssidae): a case report in humans\". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 48 (6): 786–8. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0170-2015. hdl:10183/144258. PMID 26676510.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0037-8682-0170-2015","url_text":"\"Dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Acari: Macronyssidae): a case report in humans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0037-8682-0170-2015","url_text":"10.1590/0037-8682-0170-2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10183%2F144258","url_text":"10183/144258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26676510","url_text":"26676510"}]},{"reference":"Cafiero MA, Raele DA, Mancini G, Galante D (July 2016). \"Dermatitis by Tropical Rat Mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) in Italian city-dwellers: a diagnostic challenge\". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 30 (7): 1231–3. doi:10.1111/jdv.13162. PMID 25912467.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjdv.13162","url_text":"\"Dermatitis by Tropical Rat Mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) in Italian city-dwellers: a diagnostic challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjdv.13162","url_text":"10.1111/jdv.13162"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25912467","url_text":"25912467"}]},{"reference":"Kong, Tak K.; To, Wing K. (April 2006). \"Images in clinical medicine. Bird-mite infestation\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (16): 1728. doi:10.1056/nejmicm050608. 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ISSN 1687-7942.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21608%2FPUJ.2018.16320","url_text":"\"Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) a cause of recurrent papular urticaria diagnosed by light and electron microscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21608%2FPUJ.2018.16320","url_text":"10.21608/PUJ.2018.16320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1687-7942","url_text":"1687-7942"}]},{"reference":"Sparagano O, Finn R, Mul M, Giangaspero A, Cafiero MA, Willingham N, Lyons K, Lovers A, George D (2017). \"The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the \"one Health\" approach\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Pests: 203–208.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icup.org.uk/media/asri4qoj/icup1207.pdf","url_text":"\"The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the \"one Health\" approach\""}]},{"reference":"Sulzberger MB (1936-01-01). \"Avian Itch Mites as a Cause of Human Dermatoses\". Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 33 (1): 60. doi:10.1001/archderm.1936.01470070063006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1936.01470070063006","url_text":"10.1001/archderm.1936.01470070063006"}]},{"reference":"Sparagano OA, George DR, Harrington DW, Giangaspero A (2014). \"Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae\". Annual Review of Entomology. 59: 447–66. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101. PMID 24397522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162101","url_text":"10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24397522","url_text":"24397522"}]},{"reference":"Sigognault Flochlay A, Thomas E, Sparagano O (August 2017). \"Poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation: a broad impact parasitological disease that still remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry in Europe\". Parasites & Vectors. 10 (1): 357. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4. PMC 5537931. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Music_Awards_of_2016
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APRA Music Awards of 2016
|
["1 Presenters","2 Performances","3 APRA Music Awards","3.1 Blues & Roots Work of the Year","3.2 Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year","3.3 Country Work of the Year","3.4 Dance Work of the Year","3.5 International Work of the Year","3.6 Most Played Australian Work","3.7 Most Played Australia Work Overseas","3.8 Overseas Recognition Award","3.9 Pop Work of the Year","3.10 Rock Work of the Year","3.11 Song of the Year","3.12 Songwriter of the Year","3.13 Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music","3.14 Urban Work of the Year","4 Art Music Awards","4.1 Instrumental Work of the Year","4.2 Jazz Work of the Year","4.3 Orchestral Work of the Year","4.4 Vocal / Choral Work of the Year","4.5 Performance of the Year","4.6 Award for Excellence by an Individual","4.7 Award for Excellence by an Organisation","4.8 Award for Excellence in Music Education","4.9 Award for Excellence in a Regional Area","4.10 Award for Excellence in Experimental Music","4.11 Award for Excellence in Jazz","4.12 Distinguished Services to Australian Music","5 Screen Music Awards","5.1 Feature Film Score of the Year","5.2 Best Music for an Advertisement","5.3 Best Music for Children's Television","5.4 Best Music for a Documentary","5.5 Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie","5.6 Best Music for a Short Film","5.7 Best Music for a Television Series or Serial","5.8 Best Original Song Composed for the Screen","5.9 Best Soundtrack Album","5.10 Best Television Theme","5.11 Most Performed Screen Composer – Australia","5.12 Most Performed Screen Composer – Overseas","6 References"]
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APRA Music Awards of 2016Date5 April 2016 (2016-04-05)LocationCarriageworks, Sydney, AustraliaHosted byBrian NankervisWebsiteapraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards
← 2015 ·
APRA Music Awards
· 2017 →
The Australasian Performing Right Association Awards of 2016 (generally known as APRA Awards) are a series of related awards which include the APRA Music Awards, Art Music Awards, and Screen Music Awards. The APRA Music Awards of 2016 was the 34th annual ceremony by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and the Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) to award outstanding achievements in contemporary songwriting, composing and publishing. The ceremony was held on 5 April 2016 at the Carriageworks, Sydney. The host for the ceremony was Brian Nankervis, adjudicator on SBS-TV's RocKwiz.
The Art Music Awards were distributed on 16 August at the Plaza Ballroom, Melbourne and presented by APRA and the Australian Music Centre (AMC), "to recognise achievement in the composition, performance, education and presentation of Australian art music. Art music covers activity across contemporary classical music, contemporary jazz and improvised music, experimental music and sound art."
The Screen Music Awards were issued on 8 November by APRA, AMCOS and Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC), which "acknowledges excellence and innovation in the genre of screen composition" and the ceremony was held at the City Recital Hall in Sydney.
On 15 March nominations for the APRA Music Awards were announced on multiple news sources; Jarryd James and Sia received four each. At the ceremony total of 14 awards were presented, including a new category, Overseas Recognition Award. Cold Chisel members (Jimmy Barnes, Don Walker, Ian Moss, Phil Small and Steve Prestwich) were honoured by the Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music. Songwriter of the Year was Courtney Barnett.
Presenters
At the APRA Music Awards ceremony on 5 April 2016, aside from the host, Brian Nankervis, the presenters were Styalz Fuego, Fiona Bevan, Catherine Britt, Trey Campbell, Suze DeMarchi, Tim Rogers, Maegan Cottone, Adalita and Don Walker.
Performances
The APRA Music Awards ceremony showcased performances by:
Urthboy with Kira Puru and Bertie Blackman
The Delta Riggs
D.I.G with Ngaiire
Gang of Youths and Montaigne
San Cisco
Guy Sebastian
The Living End
APRA Music Awards
Blues & Roots Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"All Nations" – Blue King Brown
Natalie Chilcote, Carlo Santone
—
Nominated
"Days of Gold" – Busby Marou
Thomas Busby, Phil Barton, Lindsay Rimes
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Warner/Chappell Music Australia obo (on behalf of) Better Boat Music and Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp.
Won
"Come People" – Xavier Rudd
Xavier Rudd
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia P/L
Nominated
"Easy" – The Bamboos featuring Tim Rogers
Lance Ferguson, Tim Rogers
Universal Music Publishing / ABC Music Publishing
Nominated
"No One" – Ben Wright-Smith
Ben Wright-Smith, Oscar Dawson
Native Tongue Music Publishing
Nominated
Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
Gang of Youths
David Le'aupepe
Universal Music Publishing Australia
Nominated
Alex Hope
Alex Hope
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Won
Jarryd James
Jarryd James
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Nominated
Marlon Williams
Marlon Williams
Native Tongue Music Publishing
Nominated
Troye Sivan
Troye Sivan Mellet
—
Nominated
Country Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"I Will Always Be with You" – Lee Kernaghan
Lee Kernaghan, Colin Buchanan, Garth Porter
Universal Music Publishing / Perfect Pitch Publishing
Nominated
"Is God Real" – Kasey Chambers
Kasey Chambers
Mushroom Music
Nominated
"Secondhand Man" – Shane Nicholson
Shane Nicholson
Mushroom Music
Nominated
"Spirit of the ANZACs" – Lee Kernaghan
Lee Kernaghan, Colin Buchanan, Garth Porter
Universal Music Publishing / Perfect Pitch Publishing
Won
"Wrap Me in a Fever" – Ruby Boots
Rebecca Chilcott
ABC Music Publishing
Nominated
Dance Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Do It Now" – Mashd N Kutcher
James Finn, Daniel McNamee, Daniel Williams, Adam Morris, Matthew Ough
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Art Vs Science
Nominated
"Maybe" – Carmada
Max Armata, Drew Carmody
—
Nominated
"Something About You" – Hayden James
Hayden James, Alexander Burnett, George Maple
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Future Classic Publishing / Mushroom Music obo Ivy League Music
Nominated
"Take Me Over" – Peking Duk featuring Safia
Kaelyn Behr, Mikah Freeman, Vance Musgrove, Amanda Ghost
Sony/ATV Music Publishing (Australia) Pty Ltd, Universal Music Publishing Pty Ltd
Won
"The Weekend" – Generik featuring Nicky Van She
Tyson O’Brien, Nicholas Routledge
—
Nominated
"You Were Right" – RÜFÜS
Jonathon George, James Hunt, Tyrone Lindqvist
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Sweat It Out
Nominated
International Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Blank Space" – Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift, Martin Sandberg, Johan Schuster
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Taylor Swift Music / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo MXM Music AB
Nominated
"Cheerleader" – Omi
Mark Bradford, Clifton Dillon, Ryan Dillon, Sly Dunbar, Omar Pasley
Universal Music Publishing obo Ultra Music Publishing Europe
Nominated
"Style" – Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift, Johan Schuster, Martin Sandberg, Ali Payami
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Taylor Swift Music / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo MXM Music AB / Warner/Chappell Music Australia obo Wolf Cousins
Nominated
"Sugar" – Maroon 5
Joshua Coleman, Lukasz Gottwald, Jacob Hindlin, Adam Levine, Michael Posner, Henry Walter
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Each Note Counts / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Kasz Money Publishing / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Kobalt Music Copyrights SARL and Prescription Songs / Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo Sudgee 2 Music / Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo North Greenway Productions / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Prescription Songs and Cirkut Breaker
Nominated
"UpTown Funk!" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
Jeffrey Bhasker, Devon Gallaspy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, Lonnie Simmons, Rudy Taylor, Nicholaus Williams, Charlie Wilson, Robert Wilson, Ronnie Wilson
ony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Way Above Music / Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Sony/ATV Ballad / Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo ZZR Music LLC / Warner/Chappell Music Australia obo Mars Force Music, Thou Art The Hunger and BMG Gold Songs / Native Tongue Music Publishing obo Songs Of Zelig / Minder Music Australia obo New Songs Administration Limited / Native Tongue Music Publishing obo Trinlanta Publishing and Tig7 Publishing LLC
Won
Most Played Australian Work
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Do You Remember" – Jarryd James
Jarryd James, Joel Little
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Nominated
"Elastic Heart" – Sia
Sia Furler, Thomas Pentz, Andrew Swanson
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Native Tongue Music Publishing Australia obo I Like Turtles Music / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Andrew Swanson Music
Nominated
"Flashlight" – Jessie J
Sia Furler, Christian Guzman, Jason Moore, Samuel Smith
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo UPG Music Publishing/ Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Stellar Songs and Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Naughty Words and Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo UPG Music Publishing
Nominated
"Georgia" – Vance Joy
Vance Joy
Mushroom Music obo WAU Publishing
Nominated
"Take Me Over" – Peking Duk featuring Safia
Adam Hyde, Reuben Styles, Styalz Fuego, Ben Woolner
Universal Music Publishing/ Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Won
Most Played Australia Work Overseas
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Chandelier" – Sia
Sia Furler, Jesse Shatkin
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Won
Overseas Recognition Award
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
Phil Barton
Warner/Chappell Music Australia obo Better Boat Music and Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp.
Won
Josef Salvat
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Sony ATV Music Publishing (UK)
Nominated
Kylie Sackley
—
Nominated
Sam Dixon
Mushroom Music obo BMG Chrysalis
Nominated
Vassy
—
Nominated
Pop Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Do You Remember" – Jarryd James
Jarryd James, Joel Little
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Won
"Elastic Heart" – Sia
Sia Furler, Thomas Pentz, Andrew Swanson
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Native Tongue Music Publishing Australia obo I Like Turtles Music / Kobalt Music Publishing Australia obo Andrew Swanson Music
Nominated
"Flashlight" – Jessie J
Sia Furler, Christian Guzman, Jason Moore, Samuel Smith
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo UPG Music Publishing/ Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Stellar Songs and Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Naughty Words and Universal/MCA Music Publishing obo UPG Music Publishing
Nominated
"Georgia" – Vance Joy
Vance Joy
Mushroom Music obo WAU Publishing
Nominated
"If You Love Someone" – The Veronicas
Jessica Origliasso, Lisa Origliasso, Anthony Egizii, David Musumeci, Joshua Katz
Universal Music Publishing / Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Universal Music Publishing obo The Kennel AB
Nominated
Rock Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
Anchor – Birds of Tokyo
Ian Berney, Ian Kenny, Glenn Sarangapany, Adam Spark, Adam Weston
Mushroom Music
Won
"Hoops" – The Rubens
Scott Baldwin, Elliott Margin, Izaac Margin, Samuel Margin, William Zeglis
Mushroom Music obo Ivy League Music
Nominated
"Micro Wars" – Kingswood
Alexander Laska
Native Tongue Music Publishing
Nominated
"Play Ball" – AC/DC
Angus Young, Malcolm Young
J Albert and Son
Nominated
"Rock or Bust" – AC/DC
Angus Young, Malcolm Young
J Albert and Son
Nominated
Song of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Anchor" – Birds of Tokyo
Ian Berney, Ian Kenny, Glenn Sarangapany, Adam Spark, Adam Weston
Mushroom Music
Nominated
"Do You Remember" – Jarryd James
Jarryd James, Joel Little
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Nominated
"Let It Happen" – Tame Impala
Kevin Parker
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia
Won
"Pedestrian at Best" – Courtney Barnett
Courtney Barnett
Native Tongue Music Publishing
Nominated
"The Zombie" – C. W. Stoneking
C. W. Stoneking
—
Nominated
Songwriter of the Year
Courtney Barnett
Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music
Cold Chisel (Jimmy Barnes, Don Walker, Ian Moss, Phil Small, Steve Prestwich)
Urban Work of the Year
Title and/or artist
Writer(s)
Publisher(s)
Result
"Cosby Sweater" – Hilltop Hoods
DJ Debris (Barry Francis), MC Pressure (Daniel Smith), Suffa (Matthew Lambert), Demitris Christopoulos, John Kelman
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / J Albert and Son obo Cherry Red Songs
Won
"Live and Let Go" – Hilltop Hoods
DJ Debris (Barry Francis), MC Pressure (Daniel Smith), Suffa (Matthew Lambert), Andrew Burford, Ali Newman, Michael Stafford
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / Universal Music Publishing / Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia obo Sony/ATV Music Publishing (UK)
Nominated
"M.O.B." – Tkay Maidza
Tkay Maidza, Luke McKay
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia
Nominated
"Switch Lanes" – Tkay Maidza
Tkay Maidza, Michael Perry
Kobalt Music Publishing Australia / Native Tongue Music Publishing obo Boss Level
Nominated
"The Buzz" – Hermitude featuring Mataya and Young Tapz
Luke Dubber, Angus Stuart, Tim Levinson
Sony/ATV Music Publishing Australia / J Albert and Son
Nominated
Art Music Awards
Instrumental Work of the Year
Title
Composer
Performer
Result
Patañjali
Michael Kieran Harvey
Michael Kieran Harvey, Arabella Teniswood-Harvey, Eugene Ughetii, Arjun von Caemmerer (yoga asana)
Nominated
read/write error
Tristan Coelho
Ensemble Offspring
Nominated
Saudade
Natalie Williams
Doric String Quartet, Pavel Haas Quartet
Nominated
Semaphore
Kate Neal
Semaphore band and dancers
Won
Jazz Work of the Year
Title
Composer
Performer
Result
Beginning and End of Knowing
Laurence Pike, Mike Nock
Laurence Pike, Mike Nock
Nominated
Nyilipidgi
Paul Grabowsky, Young Wägilak Group
Paul Grabowsky, the Young Wägilak Group and the Monash Art Ensemble
Won
Spiel
Paul Grabowsky, Niko Schäuble
Paul Grabowsky, Niko Schäuble
Nominated
Water Pushes Sand
Erik Griswold
Erik Griswold, Vanessa Tomlinson, Australian Art Orchestra and Sichuan musicians
Nominated
Orchestral Work of the Year
Title
Composer
Performer
Result
Darkest Light
Mary Finsterer
Monash Academy Orchestra
Nominated
Earth Plays
Catherine Milliken
Bavarian Radio Orchestra, Fiona Campbell (soloist) Peter Rundel (conductor)
Won
From Joyous Leaves
Elliott Gyger
Arcko Symphonic Ensemble, Zubin Kanga (soloist), Timothy Phillips (conductor)
Nominated
Jerusalem (after Blake)
Georges Lentz
Sydney Symphony Orchestra, David Robertson (conductor)
Nominated
Vocal / Choral Work of the Year
Title
Composer / librettist
Performer
Result
Fly Away Peter
Elliott Gyger / Pierce Wilcox, after the novel by David Malouf
Sydney Chamber Opera
Nominated
Le Molière Imaginaire for eight voices
Andrew Schultz / Timothy Knapman, after the final scene of Molière's Le Malade Imaginaire
I Fagiolini
Won
Malala
Paul Jarman
PLC Sydney Chamber Choir and soloists
Nominated
Paradise, five songs for soprano, cello and piano
Andrew Schultz
Felicitas Fuchs (soprano), Qin Li-Wei (cello), Bernard Lanskey (piano)
Nominated
Performance of the Year
Title
Composer / librettist
Performer
Result
"Electroacoustic Music for One Percussionist"
Warren Burt, James Hullick, Stuart James, Andrián Pertout, Lindsay Vickery
Louise Devenish
Nominated
Fly Away Peter
Elliott Gyger
Sydney Chamber Opera
Nominated
Semaphore
Kate Neal
Semaphore band and dancers
Won
"String Quartet no. 3"
Paul Stanhope
Goldner String Quartet
Nominated
Award for Excellence by an Individual
Individual
Work
Result
Andrée Greenwell
Composer and Artistic Director of Green Room Music
Nominated
Claire Edwardes
Performance, advocacy and artistic leadership
Won
Peter Knight
Sustained contribution through composition, performance and leadership
Nominated
Ros Dunlop
Sustained contribution to Australian music for over 30 years
Nominated
Award for Excellence by an Organisation
Organisation
Work
Result
Arcko Symphonic Ensemble
Presenting From Sorrowing Earth, a celebration of Nigel Butterley
Nominated
Ensemble Offspring
2015 activities and sustained services to Australian music for 20 years
Won
Speak Percussion
2015 Program: performance, commissions, collaborations and education
Nominated
The Music Show (ABC Radio National)
Promotion, discussion and analysis of Australian music over 25 years
Nominated
Award for Excellence in Music Education
Organisation / individual
Work
Result
Artology
Fanfare Competition
Won
Australian Art Orchestra
Creative Music Intensive residency project
Nominated
Queensland Music Festival
Cape York Instrumental Program
Nominated
SCEGGS Darlinghurst
Compose 120 Projects
Nominated
Award for Excellence in a Regional Area
Organisation / individual
Work
Result
Moorambilla Voices
Moorambilla Voices 2015 Tenth Anniversary Season
Won
Queensland Music Festival
Under This Sky, a large scale production in the community of Logan
Nominated
TURA New Music
2015 Reflection Tour to regional, remote and very remote Australia
Nominated
Tyalgum Music Festival
2015 Tyalgum Music Festival
Nominated
Award for Excellence in Experimental Music
Organisation / individual
Work
Result
Clan Analogue
Intone: Voice Abstractions
Nominated
Decibel
After Julia program
Nominated
Leah Barclay
WIRA River Listening
Nominated
Speak Percussion
2015 Music Program
Won
Award for Excellence in Jazz
Organisation / individual
Work
Result
Alister Spence Trio
Alister Spence Trio: Live
Nominated
Australian Jazz Real Book
Australian Jazz Real Book
Won
Mark Isaacs
Sustained contribution over four decades and 2015 Queensland Regional Tour
Nominated
WA Youth Jazz Orchestra
Outstanding 2015 annual program
Nominated
Distinguished Services to Australian Music
Organisation / individual
Result
Helen Gifford
Won
Screen Music Awards
Feature Film Score of the Year
Title
Composer
Result
99 Homes
Antony Partos, Matteo Zingales
Won
Crew Cut
Timothy Cheel, Christopher Larkin
Nominated
Oddball
Cezary Skubiszewski
Nominated
The Dressmaker
David Hirschfelder
Nominated
Best Music for an Advertisement
Title
Composer
Result
2016 AICP Opening
Jeremy Yang
Won
Cadbury Marvellous Creations
Rafael May
Nominated
Country Racing Victoria: – "It's Got it All"
Robert Upward
Nominated
Rio 2016 Olympics
Sarah Aarons, Anthony Egizii, David Musumeci, Graham Donald
Nominated
Best Music for Children's Television
Title
Composer
Result
Bottersnikes and Gumbles: "Up, Up and Away"
Michael Szumowski
Nominated
Mako: Island of Secrets: "Homecoming"
Ricky Edwards, Brett Aplin
Nominated
The New Adventures of Figaro Pho: "Odd Socks"
Michael Darren, Luke Jurevicius, Christopher Larkin
Won
Transformers: Rescue Bots: "The Last of Morocco"
Christopher Elves
Nominated
Best Music for a Documentary
Title
Composer
Result
Getting Frank Gehry
Caitlin Yeo
Won
Neon
Antony Partos
Nominated
Putuparri and the Rainmakers
David Bridie
Nominated
The Will to Fly
Tom Rouch
Nominated
Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie
Title
Composer
Result
The Beautiful Lie
Alan John
Won
DNA Nation
Matteo Zingales
Nominated
Peter Allen: Not the Boy Next Door
Michael Yezerski, Ashley Irwin
Nominated
Secret City
David Bridie
Nominated
Best Music for a Short Film
Title
Composer
Result
Banana Boy
Adam Moses
Won
Daisy Chain
Hylton Mowday
Nominated
Letting Blood
Nicholas Robert Thayer
Nominated
Ravens
Michael Yezerski, Helen Grimley (additional music)
Nominated
Best Music for a Television Series or Serial
Series or Serial
Episode title
Composer
Result
Glitch
"There Is No Justice"
Cornel Wilczek
Nominated
Janet King
"The Invisible Wound"
Antony Partos
Nominated
The Principal
—
Roger Mason
Won
Wanted
"Series 1 Episode 6"
Michael Yezerski
Nominated
Best Original Song Composed for the Screen
Song title
Work
Composer
Result
"Dancing in the Darkness"
The Letdown
Darren Seltmann, Sally Seltmann
Won
"Maurice's Big Adventure"
Big Adventure
Sean Peter
Nominated
"Those Friends of Mine"
Pawno
Tristan Dewey, Tai Jordan, Mark Pearl
Nominated
"When You Were on the Run"
No Activity
Cameron Bruce
Nominated
Best Soundtrack Album
Title
Composer
Result
All About E
Basil Hogios
Nominated
Only the Dead
Michael Yezerski
Nominated
Sherpa
Antony Partos
Won
The Dressmaker
David Hirschfelder
Nominated
Best Television Theme
Title
Composer
Result
Compass
Caitlin Yeo
Nominated
Here Come the Habibs
Kyls Burtland
Nominated
Nos Youm
Peter Cavallo
Won
Tomorrow When the War Began
Cameron Giles-Webb, Colin Simkins
Nominated
Most Performed Screen Composer – Australia
Composer
Result
Adam Gock, Dinesh Wicks
Nominated
Jay Stewart
Won
Neil Sutherland
Nominated
Nick Perjanik
Nominated
Most Performed Screen Composer – Overseas
Composer
Result
Adam Gock, Dinesh Wicks
Nominated
Alastair Ford
Nominated
Neil Sutherland
Won
Ricky Edwards
Nominated
References
^ "Awards". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ "Sia, Jarryd James lead 2016 APRA Awards nominees". Triple J (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)). 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
^ a b c "2016 APRA Music Award Winners Announced". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 5 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Art Music Awards Winners". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Art Music Awards:
Winners: "2016 Art Music Awards – Winners : News (Australian) Article". Australian Music Centre (AMC). 16 August 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Finalists: "2016 Art Music Awards – Finalists Announced : News (AMC) Article". Australian Music Centre (AMC). 19 July 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Screen Music Awards:
Winners: Knox, David (9 November 2015). "Screen Music Awards 2016: winners". TV Tonight. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Finalists: Farrelly, Emily (27 September 2016). "Tomorrow When the war Began and The Dressmaker Among Nominees Announced for the 2016 Screen Music Awards". The Iris. Heath Media. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "About the Screen Music Awards". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ a b Pentreath, Rosie (15 March 2016). "The Nominations For The 2016 APRA Music Awards Have Been Announced". Music Feeds. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ a b Adams, Cameron (28 March 2016). "Cold Chisel honoured at APRAS 2016 with prestigious award for services to Australian music". News Corp Australia. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "2016 APRA Music Awards". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. Note: user may have to click on a tab e.g. 'Song of the Year' to access further information.
^ a b "Songwriter of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Performers and presenters announced for APRA Music Awards". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 23 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Blues & Roots Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Country Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
^ "Dance Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "International Work of the Year – 2016". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Most Played Australian Work". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ "Most Played Australian Work Overseas". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Overseas Recognition Award". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Pop Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Rock Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Song of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Urban Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Full List of Winners". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Instrumental Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ "Jazz Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Orchestral Work of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Work of the Year – Vocal or Choral". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Performance of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence by an Individual". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence by an Organisation". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence in Music Education". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence in a Regional Area". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence in Experimental Music". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Award for Excellence in Jazz". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Distinguished Services to Australian Music". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Music Centre (AMC). 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Screen Music Awards". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "Feature Film Score of the Year". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for an Advertisement". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for Children's Television". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for a Documentary". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for a Short Film". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Best Music for a Television Series or Serial". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Best Original Song Composed for the Screen". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Best Soundtrack Album". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ "Best Television Theme". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
^ "Most Performed Screen Composer – Australia". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Most Performed Screen Composer – Overseas". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"APRA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Australasian Performing Right Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association"},{"link_name":"Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Mechanical_Copyright_Owners_Society"},{"link_name":"songwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriting"},{"link_name":"composing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Carriageworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriageworks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_on_Noms-2"},{"link_name":"Brian Nankervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nankervis"},{"link_name":"RocKwiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RocKwiz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Mus_Wins-3"},{"link_name":"Australian Music Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Music_Centre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_Mus-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_Music_Wins-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Guild of Screen Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Guild_of_Screen_Composers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScreenMusicWins-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAScreen-7"},{"link_name":"Jarryd James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarryd_James"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music_16-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music_16-8"},{"link_name":"Cold Chisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Chisel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ted_Albert_2016-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAWinners_2016-10"},{"link_name":"Courtney Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Barnett"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWotYWin-11"}],"text":"The Australasian Performing Right Association Awards of 2016 (generally known as APRA Awards) are a series of related awards which include the APRA Music Awards, Art Music Awards, and Screen Music Awards. The APRA Music Awards of 2016 was the 34th annual ceremony by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and the Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) to award outstanding achievements in contemporary songwriting, composing and publishing.[1] The ceremony was held on 5 April 2016 at the Carriageworks, Sydney.[2] The host for the ceremony was Brian Nankervis, adjudicator on SBS-TV's RocKwiz.[3]The Art Music Awards were distributed on 16 August at the Plaza Ballroom, Melbourne and presented by APRA and the Australian Music Centre (AMC), \"to recognise achievement in the composition, performance, education and presentation of Australian art music. Art music covers activity across contemporary classical music, contemporary jazz and improvised music, experimental music and sound art.\"[4][5]The Screen Music Awards were issued on 8 November by APRA, AMCOS and Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC),[6] which \"acknowledges excellence and innovation in the genre of screen composition\" and the ceremony was held at the City Recital Hall in Sydney.[7]On 15 March nominations for the APRA Music Awards were announced on multiple news sources; Jarryd James and Sia received four each.[8] At the ceremony total of 14 awards were presented, including a new category, Overseas Recognition Award.[8] Cold Chisel members (Jimmy Barnes, Don Walker, Ian Moss, Phil Small and Steve Prestwich) were honoured by the Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music.[9][10] Songwriter of the Year was Courtney Barnett.[11]","title":"APRA Music Awards of 2016"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Nankervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nankervis"},{"link_name":"Styalz Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styalz_Fuego"},{"link_name":"Fiona Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Catherine Britt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Britt"},{"link_name":"Suze DeMarchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suze_DeMarchi"},{"link_name":"Tim Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rogers_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Maegan Cottone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maegan_Cottone"},{"link_name":"Adalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalita_Srsen"},{"link_name":"Don Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Walker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Mus_Wins-3"}],"text":"At the APRA Music Awards ceremony on 5 April 2016, aside from the host, Brian Nankervis, the presenters were Styalz Fuego, Fiona Bevan, Catherine Britt, Trey Campbell, Suze DeMarchi, Tim Rogers, Maegan Cottone, Adalita and Don Walker.[3]","title":"Presenters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Mus_Wins-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRA_Perfs-12"},{"link_name":"Urthboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthboy"},{"link_name":"Kira Puru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Puru"},{"link_name":"Bertie Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Blackman"},{"link_name":"The Delta Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Delta_Riggs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D.I.G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directions_In_Groove"},{"link_name":"Ngaiire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaiire"},{"link_name":"Gang of Youths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Youths"},{"link_name":"Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaigne_(musician)"},{"link_name":"San Cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cisco"},{"link_name":"Guy Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"The Living End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_End"}],"text":"The APRA Music Awards ceremony showcased performances by:[3][12]Urthboy with Kira Puru and Bertie Blackman\nThe Delta Riggs\nD.I.G with Ngaiire\nGang of Youths and Montaigne\nSan Cisco\nGuy Sebastian\nThe Living End","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"APRA Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Blues & Roots Work of the Year","title":"APRA Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breakthrough Songwriter of the Year","title":"APRA Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Country Work of the Year","title":"APRA Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dance Work of the Year","title":"APRA Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Work of the Year","title":"APRA Music 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|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved 17 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s4425847.htm","url_text":"\"Sia, Jarryd James lead 2016 APRA Awards nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J","url_text":"Triple J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 APRA Music Award Winners Announced\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). 5 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511125054/http://apraamcos.com.au/news/2016/april/2016-apra-music-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"2016 APRA Music Award Winners Announced\""},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/news/2016/april/2016-apra-music-award-winners-announced/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Art Music Awards Winners\". 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Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://iris.theaureview.com/tomorrow-when-the-war-began-and-the-dressmaker-among-nominees-announced-for-2016-screen-music-awards/","url_text":"\"Tomorrow When the war Began and The Dressmaker Among Nominees Announced for the 2016 Screen Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Screen Music Awards\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/screen-awards-about/","url_text":"\"About the Screen Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Guild_of_Screen_Composers","url_text":"Australian Guild of Screen Composers"}]},{"reference":"Pentreath, Rosie (15 March 2016). \"The Nominations For The 2016 APRA Music Awards Have Been Announced\". Music Feeds. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/nominations-2016-apra-music-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"The Nominations For The 2016 APRA Music Awards Have Been Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Cameron (28 March 2016). \"Cold Chisel honoured at APRAS 2016 with prestigious award for services to Australian music\". News Corp Australia. Retrieved 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/awards/outstanding-on-the-outside-looking-in--cold-chisel-to-be-honoured-with-prestigious-apra-award/news-story/292810adcbfa77c579215c55972c7a3d","url_text":"\"Cold Chisel honoured at APRAS 2016 with prestigious award for services to Australian music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_Australia","url_text":"News Corp Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 APRA Music Awards\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. 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Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011111530/http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/art-music-awards-winners/distinguished-services-to-australian-music/","url_text":"\"Distinguished Services to Australian Music\""},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/art-music-awards-winners/distinguished-services-to-australian-music/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Screen Music Awards\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/","url_text":"\"Screen Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feature Film Score of the Year\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/feature-film-score-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Feature Film Score of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for an Advertisement\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113181358/http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-an-advertisment/","url_text":"\"Best Music for an Advertisement\""},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-an-advertisment/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for Children's Television\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-childrens-television/","url_text":"\"Best Music for Children's Television\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for a Documentary\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-a-documentary/","url_text":"\"Best Music for a Documentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-a-mini-series-or-telemovie/","url_text":"\"Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for a Short Film\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-a-short-film/","url_text":"\"Best Music for a Short Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Music for a Television Series or Serial\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-music-for-a-television-series-or-serial/","url_text":"\"Best Music for a Television Series or Serial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best Original Song Composed for the Screen\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051436/http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-original-song-composed-for-the-screen/","url_text":"\"Best Original Song Composed for the Screen\""},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-original-song-composed-for-the-screen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Soundtrack Album\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181112061637/http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-soundtrack-album/","url_text":"\"Best Soundtrack Album\""},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2016-awards/screen-music-awards/best-soundtrack-album/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Television Theme\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) | Australian Guild of Screen Composers (AGSC). 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Monserrat
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Joaquín Monserrat
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Spanish comedian and television personality
Joaquín Monserrat Llarden, "Pacheco"Born(1921-04-05)5 April 1921Barcelona, SpainDied5 November 1996(1996-11-05) (aged 75)Puerto RicoOccupation(s)Host, ComedianTitleMarquess of Cruillas
Joaquín Monserrat Llarden, known as Pacheco (5 April 1921 - 5 November 1996) was a Spanish comedian and host of children programs. In 1960, he moved to Puerto Rico and he became a popular host of children programs.
Biography
Joaquín Monserrat was born on 5 April 1921 in Barcelona. In 1951, he moved to Havana, Cuba, where he worked as a comedian for nine years in CMQ Television. It was in Cuba that he met and befriended a local actor named Luis Aguad Jorge, who would later join him many times on Puerto Rican television as El enanito Holsum. In 1960, he moved to Puerto Rico and was hired as a scriptwriter and comedian in the program Pacheco, Detective Privado.
In 1962, he was hired by WAPA-TV, creating the children program Cine Recreo. In the program, Monserrat (now known simply as Pacheco) gave the children advice, interviews, and showed cartoons. One of the most emblematic traits of the show was the portrayal of drawings done by children that watched the show and sent them to Pacheco. The show stayed as one of the children favorite since the 60s until the 90s.
Pacheco then created the game show Contra el Reloj. For 13 years, he hosted the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in the island and occupied the position of Honorary Vice President.
In 1987, he organized the first familiar "bicicletada" (bike marathon) with the participation of 15,000 people. The second "bicicletada" had the participation of 30,000 from all ages, being registered in the Guinness Book of World Records by its attendance.
Pacheco died on 5 November 1996.
See also
Tio Nobel
Titi Chagua
References
^ "Joaquin Monserrat ("Pacheco")". Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-03-24.
^ "Joaquin Monserrat ("Pacheco") – Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular | San Juan, Puerto Rico" (in Spanish).
External links
Pacheco Biography at LexJuris.com
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"Joaquín Monserrat Llarden, known as Pacheco (5 April 1921 - 5 November 1996)[1] was a Spanish comedian and host of children programs. In 1960, he moved to Puerto Rico and he became a popular host of children programs.","title":"Joaquín Monserrat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"Luis Aguad Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Aguad_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"WAPA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPA-TV"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoons"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_MDA_Telethon"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records"}],"text":"Joaquín Monserrat was born on 5 April 1921 in Barcelona. In 1951, he moved to Havana, Cuba, where he worked as a comedian for nine years in CMQ Television. It was in Cuba that he met and befriended a local actor named Luis Aguad Jorge, who would later join him many times on Puerto Rican television as El enanito Holsum. In 1960, he moved to Puerto Rico and was hired as a scriptwriter and comedian in the program Pacheco, Detective Privado.[2]In 1962, he was hired by WAPA-TV, creating the children program Cine Recreo. In the program, Monserrat (now known simply as Pacheco) gave the children advice, interviews, and showed cartoons. One of the most emblematic traits of the show was the portrayal of drawings done by children that watched the show and sent them to Pacheco. The show stayed as one of the children favorite since the 60s until the 90s.Pacheco then created the game show Contra el Reloj. For 13 years, he hosted the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in the island and occupied the position of Honorary Vice President.In 1987, he organized the first familiar \"bicicletada\" (bike marathon) with the participation of 15,000 people. The second \"bicicletada\" had the participation of 30,000 from all ages, being registered in the Guinness Book of World Records by its attendance.Pacheco died on 5 November 1996.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Tio Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tio_Nobel"},{"title":"Titi Chagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaura_Andreu"}]
|
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|
[{"Link":"https://prpop.org/biografias/joaquin-monserrat-pacheco/","external_links_name":"\"Joaquin Monserrat (\"Pacheco\")\""},{"Link":"https://prpop.org/biografias/joaquin-monserrat-pacheco/","external_links_name":"\"Joaquin Monserrat (\"Pacheco\") – Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular | San Juan, Puerto Rico\""},{"Link":"http://www.lexjuris.com/biografias/buscar/search.asp?rec_id=95","external_links_name":"Pacheco Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.lexjuris.com/","external_links_name":"LexJuris.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Gender_Bender
|
Teri Gender Bender
|
["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References"]
|
Mexican American songwriter
Teri Gender BenderTeri Gender Bender performing in 2011Background informationBirth nameTeresa Suárez CosíoBorn (1989-05-15) May 15, 1989 (age 35)Denver, Colorado, United StatesOriginGuadalajara, Jalisco, MexicoGenresPunk rock, garage rock, electronic rock, garage punkOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)vocals, guitar, keyboardsYears active2007–presentMusical artist
Teresa Suárez Cosío (born May 15, 1989), commonly known by her stage name Teri Gender Bender, is an American singer and musician, known primarily as the founding member, lead singer, and guitarist of Guadalajara-based rock band Le Butcherettes since 2007. With Omar Rodríguez-López, she is a member of Bosnian Rainbows (founded in 2012), Crystal Fairy (founded in 2016) and Kimono Kult. Her performance persona and artistry have been compared to Björk, Siouxsie Sioux, Karen O, and the first artistic stage of Gloria Trevi .
Biography
Suárez was born in Denver to a Mexican mother and a Spanish father, who worked as a prison steward. At age ten she began to have recurring dreams of playing guitar, and was able to convince her father to buy her one. She lived in Denver for the first thirteen years of her life, until she moved to Mexico with her mother and two younger brothers after her father's death from a heart attack.
Suárez and drummer Auryn Jolene founded Le Butcherettes at age 17 while still in school in Guadalajara. Jolene was later replaced by Normandi Heuxdaflo. The band incorporated graphic elements such as raw meat and bloody aprons into their stage performances and Suárez adopted the last name Gender Bender as feminist statements of the treatment of women in Mexico. Suárez met Omar Rodríguez-López at one of their local gigs. He was impressed by her performance when after a power outage had interrupted the show, she jumped into the crowd and continued singing into a megaphone. Rodríguez-López signed the band to his label, went on to produce their first album Sin Sin Sin in 2011, and also briefly served as the band's bassist. Suárez contributed lyrics and vocals to Rodríguez-López' Octopus Kool Aid in 2012, and starred in his unreleased film project Mi No Y Esperanza. Le Butcherettes' 2014 album Cry Is for the Flies was written about her experience moving from her family in Mexico to Los Angeles in 2012.
In February 2016, she released a cover of Depeche Mode's "I Feel You", recorded together with Omar Rodríguez-López and With Lions, and made available via the latter's SoundCloud account.
Suárez is a vegetarian. She used to be a vegan but stated that she developed anemia which motivated her dietary change.
Discography
Bosnian Rainbows
Bosnian Rainbows Live At Clouds Hill LP (2012)
Bosnian Rainbows LP (2013)
Le Butcherettes
Kiss & Kill EP (2008)
Sin Sin Sin LP (2011)
iTunes Live: SXSW EP (2011)
Cry Is for the Flies LP (2014)
A Raw Youth LP (2015)
Chaos As Usual (With Melvins) Single (2015)
Sólo Soy Pueblo (Llanto) Single (2015)
Shave the Pride Single (2015)
House Hunter Single (2016)
My Mother Holds My Only Life Line Single (2016)
bi/MENTAL LP (2019)
Ever Fallen In Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've) Single (2019)
Don't Bleed EP (2020)
Omar Rodríguez-López
Octopus Kool Aid LP (2012)
Hiding In The Light EP (2014) as Kimono Kult
Sworn Virgins LP (2016)
Corazones LP (2016)
Blind Worms Pious Swine LP (2016)
Arañas en la Sombra LP (2016)
Umbrella Mistress LP (2016)
El Bien y Mal Nos Une LP (2016)
Cell Phone Bikini LP (2016)
Infinity Drips LP (2016)
Weekly Mansions LP (2016)
Zapopan LP (2016)
Some Need It Lonely LP (2016)
A Lovejoy (2016)
Zen Thrills (2017)
Chocolate Tumor Hormone Parade (2017)
Azul, Mis Dientes (2017)
Doom Patrol (2017)
Crystal Fairy
Necklace of Divorce / Drugs on the Bus Single (2016)
Crystal Fairy LP (2017)
Solo
Insect Legs (from Unspeakable Volume One compilation) (2014)
Rebel Girl (Melvins feat. Teri Gender Bender) Single (2015)
I Feel You (with With Lions and Omar Rodríguez-López) (2016)
Cuando Yo Era Una Niña EP (2022)
Olivia, She Wanted Me To Leave Her Alone EP (2022)
Madre Would Not Allow It Though EP (2022)
Pestering Became A Virtue EP (2022)
Leaving Her To Be Was Just Not An Option EP (2022)
Erik, Even He Found It To Be Obscene EP (2022)
X Rays Were Taken To Make Sure I Am There, That I Exist EP (2022)
I Suddenly Remembered That I Am Not (It Feels Too) EP (2022)
Funny EP (2022)
You Were Truly The One That Made Us Laugh EP (2022)
Saturn Sex EP (2022)
State Of Fear EP (2022)
Catspeak EP (2023)
Outsiders EP (2023)
References
^ "Astrology and natal chart of Teri Gender Bender, born on 1989/05/15".
^ Martens, Todd (May 24, 2014). "Le Butcherette's Teri Suarez still angry, even without the pig's head". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
^ a b Garsd, Jasmine (7 May 2014). "First Listen: Le Butcherettes: 'Cry Is For The Flies'". NPR Music. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ Sage, Rebekah (19 Jul 2013). "Teri Gender-Bender Is The Latina Björk". Fox News Latino. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ a b McCabe, Allyson Polsky (4 Sep 2013). "A Spotlight Bent Through a Prism". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Lovitt, Bryn (13 September 2015). "LE BUTCHERETTES ARE CAKED IN THE BLOOD OF MEXICO: AN INTERVIEW WITH TERI GENDER BENDER". Noisey. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ a b McCabe, Jess (17 Feb 2014). "I say it out loud and proudly... I'm a feminist!". The F Word. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ a b Curiel, Kamren (25 Jan 2012). "Le Butcherettes' Teri Gender Bender Puts a Spell On You". Huffington Post Latino Voices. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Tenreyro, Tatiana (December 2, 2014). "Getting to Know Teri Gender Bender". Rose Water Magazine. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
^ "TERI GENDER BENDER: MUSIC MATTERS". RedBull. 25 Jun 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ a b Robinson, Collin (9 February 2016). "With Lions x Teri Gender Bender x Omar Rodríguez López – "I Feel You" (Depeche Mode Cover) (Stereogum Premiere)". Stereogum. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ Lopetegui, Enrique (30 May 2011). "Le Butcherettes: The Current's Q & A with Teri Gender Bender". San Antonio Current. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
vteLe Butcherettes
Teri Gender Bender
Alejandra Robles Luna
Riko Rodríguez-López
Marfred Rodríguez-López
Auryn Jolene
Normandi Heuxdaflo
Casanova Vega
Carlos Om
Jonathan Hischke
Gabe Serbian
Omar Rodríguez-López
Lia Braswell
Chris Common
Jamie Aaron Aux
Studio albums
A Raw Youth
bi/MENTAL
vteOmar Rodríguez-LópezAt the Drive-In
Cedric Bixler-Zavala
Paul Hinojos
Keeley Davis
Tony Hajjar
Antemasque
Cedric Bixler-Zavala
Marfred Rodríguez-López
Travis Barker
Bosnian Rainbows
Teri Gender Bender
Nicci Kasper
Deantoni Parks
ORLG / TMV
Eva Gardner
Marcel Rodríguez-López
Leo Genovese
Linda-Philomène Tsoungui
David Elitch
Juan Alderete
Adrián Terrazas-González
Money Mark Ramos-Nishita
Thomas Pridgen
Mark Aanderud
Ximena Sariñana
Virginia García Alves
Audrey JohnsonStudio releases2004–2013(GSL, RLPSargent House)
A Manual Dexterity: Soundtrack Volume One
Omar Rodriguez
Se Dice Bisonte, No Búfalo
Calibration (Is Pushing Luck and Key Too Far)
Old Money
Cryptomnesia
Xenophanes
Solar Gambling
Sepulcros de Miel
Tychozorente
Woman Gives Birth to Tomato!
2016–2017(Ipecac Series)
Infinity Drips
Weekly Mansions
Zapopan
Nom de Guerre Cabal
Some Need It Lonely
Collaborations
Please Heat This Eventually
Omar Rodriguez Lopez & John Frusciante
Antemasque(2014–2015)
Antemasque
Bosnian Rainbows(2012–2013)
Bosnian Rainbows
The Mars Volta(2001–2012; 2022–present)
Tremulant EP
De-Loused in the Comatorium
Live EP
Frances the Mute
Scabdates
Amputechture
The Bedlam in Goliath
Octahedron
Noctourniquet
The Mars Volta
Que Dios Te Maldiga Mi Corazón
Related articles
Discography
Le Butcherettes
De Facto
Gold Standard Laboratories
John Frusciante
Julio Venegas
Jeremy Ward
Radio Vago
El Grupo Nuevo
Crystal Fairy
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Le Butcherettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Butcherettes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Omar Rodríguez-López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Rodr%C3%ADguez-L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Rainbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Rainbows"},{"link_name":"Crystal Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Fairy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Karen O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_O"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-ciftf-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fnl-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyn-5"}],"text":"Musical artistTeresa Suárez Cosío (born May 15, 1989), commonly known by her stage name Teri Gender Bender, is an American singer and musician, known primarily as the founding member, lead singer, and guitarist of Guadalajara-based rock band Le Butcherettes since 2007.[2] With Omar Rodríguez-López, she is a member of Bosnian Rainbows (founded in 2012), Crystal Fairy (founded in 2016) and Kimono Kult. Her performance persona and artistry have been compared to Björk, Siouxsie Sioux, Karen O, and the first artistic stage of Gloria Trevi .[3][4][5]","title":"Teri Gender Bender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noisey-6"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fword-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-8"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-8"},{"link_name":"Omar Rodríguez-López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Rodr%C3%ADguez-L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fword-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbull-10"},{"link_name":"Sin Sin Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Sin_Sin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Octopus Kool Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_Kool_Aid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklyn-5"},{"link_name":"Cry Is for the Flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Is_for_the_Flies"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-ciftf-3"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stereogum-ifeelyou-11"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Suárez was born in Denver to a Mexican mother and a Spanish father, who worked as a prison steward.[6] At age ten she began to have recurring dreams of playing guitar, and was able to convince her father to buy her one. She lived in Denver for the first thirteen years of her life, until she moved to Mexico with her mother and two younger brothers after her father's death from a heart attack.[7][8]Suárez and drummer Auryn Jolene founded Le Butcherettes at age 17 while still in school in Guadalajara. Jolene was later replaced by Normandi Heuxdaflo. The band incorporated graphic elements such as raw meat and bloody aprons into their stage performances and Suárez adopted the last name Gender Bender as feminist statements of the treatment of women in Mexico.[8] Suárez met Omar Rodríguez-López at one of their local gigs.[9] He was impressed by her performance when after a power outage had interrupted the show, she jumped into the crowd and continued singing into a megaphone.[7][10] Rodríguez-López signed the band to his label, went on to produce their first album Sin Sin Sin in 2011, and also briefly served as the band's bassist. Suárez contributed lyrics and vocals to Rodríguez-López' Octopus Kool Aid in 2012, and starred in his unreleased film project Mi No Y Esperanza.[5] Le Butcherettes' 2014 album Cry Is for the Flies was written about her experience moving from her family in Mexico to Los Angeles in 2012.[3]In February 2016, she released a cover of Depeche Mode's \"I Feel You\", recorded together with Omar Rodríguez-López and With Lions, and made available via the latter's SoundCloud account.[11]Suárez is a vegetarian. She used to be a vegan but stated that she developed anemia which motivated her dietary change.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnian Rainbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Rainbows_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sin Sin Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Sin_Sin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Cry Is for the Flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Is_for_the_Flies"},{"link_name":"A Raw Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Raw_Youth"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"bi/MENTAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi/MENTAL"},{"link_name":"Octopus Kool Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_Kool_Aid"},{"link_name":"Hiding In The Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_Blonde"},{"link_name":"Sworn Virgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sworn_Virgins"},{"link_name":"Corazones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazones_(Omar_Rodr%C3%ADguez-L%C3%B3pez_album)"},{"link_name":"Blind Worms Pious Swine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Worms_Pious_Swine"},{"link_name":"Arañas en la Sombra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C3%B1as_en_la_Sombra"},{"link_name":"Umbrella Mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_Mistress"},{"link_name":"El Bien y Mal Nos Une","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Bien_y_Mal_Nos_Une"},{"link_name":"Cell Phone Bikini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Phone_Bikini"},{"link_name":"Infinity Drips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Drips"},{"link_name":"Weekly Mansions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Mansions"},{"link_name":"Zapopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapopan_(album)"},{"link_name":"Some Need It Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Need_It_Lonely"},{"link_name":"A Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Zen Thrills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Thrills"},{"link_name":"Chocolate Tumor Hormone Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_Tumor_Hormone_Parade"},{"link_name":"Azul, Mis Dientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul,_Mis_Dientes"},{"link_name":"Doom Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Patrol_(album)"},{"link_name":"Crystal Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Fairy_(album)"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Omar Rodríguez-López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Rodr%C3%ADguez-L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stereogum-ifeelyou-11"}],"text":"Bosnian RainbowsBosnian Rainbows Live At Clouds Hill LP (2012)\nBosnian Rainbows LP (2013)Le ButcherettesKiss & Kill EP (2008)\nSin Sin Sin LP (2011)\niTunes Live: SXSW EP (2011)\nCry Is for the Flies LP (2014)\nA Raw Youth LP (2015)\nChaos As Usual (With Melvins) [vinyl split] Single (2015)\nSólo Soy Pueblo (Llanto) Single (2015)\nShave the Pride Single (2015)\nHouse Hunter Single (2016)\nMy Mother Holds My Only Life Line Single (2016)\nbi/MENTAL LP (2019)\nEver Fallen In Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've) Single (2019)\nDon't Bleed EP (2020)Omar Rodríguez-LópezOctopus Kool Aid LP (2012)\nHiding In The Light EP (2014) as Kimono Kult\nSworn Virgins LP (2016)\nCorazones LP (2016)\nBlind Worms Pious Swine LP (2016)\nArañas en la Sombra LP (2016)\nUmbrella Mistress LP (2016)\nEl Bien y Mal Nos Une LP (2016)\nCell Phone Bikini LP (2016)\nInfinity Drips LP (2016)\nWeekly Mansions LP (2016)\nZapopan LP (2016)\nSome Need It Lonely LP (2016)\nA Lovejoy (2016)\nZen Thrills (2017)\nChocolate Tumor Hormone Parade (2017)\nAzul, Mis Dientes (2017)\nDoom Patrol (2017)Crystal FairyNecklace of Divorce / Drugs on the Bus Single (2016)\nCrystal Fairy LP (2017)SoloInsect Legs (from Unspeakable Volume One compilation) (2014)\nRebel Girl (Melvins feat. Teri Gender Bender) Single (2015)\nI Feel You (with With Lions and Omar Rodríguez-López) (2016)[11]\nCuando Yo Era Una Niña EP (2022)\nOlivia, She Wanted Me To Leave Her Alone EP (2022)\nMadre Would Not Allow It Though EP (2022)\nPestering Became A Virtue EP (2022)\nLeaving Her To Be Was Just Not An Option EP (2022)\nErik, Even He Found It To Be Obscene EP (2022)\nX Rays Were Taken To Make Sure I Am There, That I Exist EP (2022)\nI Suddenly Remembered That I Am Not (It Feels Too) EP (2022)\nFunny EP (2022)\nYou Were Truly The One That Made Us Laugh EP (2022)\nSaturn Sex EP (2022)\nState Of Fear EP (2022)\nCatspeak EP (2023)\nOutsiders EP (2023)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Astrology and natal chart of Teri Gender Bender, born on 1989/05/15\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astrotheme.com/astrology/Teri_Gender_Bender","url_text":"\"Astrology and natal chart of Teri Gender Bender, born on 1989/05/15\""}]},{"reference":"Martens, Todd (May 24, 2014). \"Le Butcherette's Teri Suarez still angry, even without the pig's head\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-le-butcherettes-20140525-story.html","url_text":"\"Le Butcherette's Teri Suarez still angry, even without the pig's head\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Garsd, Jasmine (7 May 2014). \"First Listen: Le Butcherettes: 'Cry Is For The Flies'\". NPR Music. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2014/05/07/310125292/first-listen-le-butcherettes-cry-is-for-the-flies","url_text":"\"First Listen: Le Butcherettes: 'Cry Is For The Flies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR_Music","url_text":"NPR Music"}]},{"reference":"Sage, Rebekah (19 Jul 2013). \"Teri Gender-Bender Is The Latina Björk\". Fox News Latino. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2013/07/19/teri-gender-bender-is-latina-bjork/","url_text":"\"Teri Gender-Bender Is The Latina Björk\""}]},{"reference":"McCabe, Allyson Polsky (4 Sep 2013). \"A Spotlight Bent Through a Prism\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynrail.org/2013/09/music/a-spotlight-bent-through-a-prism-teri-gender-bender-of-bosnian-rainbows","url_text":"\"A Spotlight Bent Through a Prism\""}]},{"reference":"Lovitt, Bryn (13 September 2015). \"LE BUTCHERETTES ARE CAKED IN THE BLOOD OF MEXICO: AN INTERVIEW WITH TERI GENDER BENDER\". Noisey. Retrieved 13 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/blog/le-butcherettes-interview-a-raw-youth","url_text":"\"LE BUTCHERETTES ARE CAKED IN THE BLOOD OF MEXICO: AN INTERVIEW WITH TERI GENDER BENDER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisey","url_text":"Noisey"}]},{"reference":"McCabe, Jess (17 Feb 2014). \"I say it out loud and proudly... I'm a feminist!\". The F Word. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefword.org.uk/features/2014/02/bosnian_rainbows","url_text":"\"I say it out loud and proudly... I'm a feminist!\""}]},{"reference":"Curiel, Kamren (25 Jan 2012). \"Le Butcherettes' Teri Gender Bender Puts a Spell On You\". Huffington Post Latino Voices. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/voto-latino/le-butcherettes-teri-gend_b_1228441.html","url_text":"\"Le Butcherettes' Teri Gender Bender Puts a Spell On You\""}]},{"reference":"Tenreyro, Tatiana (December 2, 2014). \"Getting to Know Teri Gender Bender\". Rose Water Magazine. Retrieved 2016-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosewatermag.com/2014/12/02/getting-to-know-teri-from-le-butcherettes-a-bitchtopia-interview/","url_text":"\"Getting to Know Teri Gender Bender\""}]},{"reference":"\"TERI GENDER BENDER: MUSIC MATTERS\". RedBull. 25 Jun 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Sinning-In-Red-Rain-021242867184135","url_text":"\"TERI GENDER BENDER: MUSIC MATTERS\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Collin (9 February 2016). \"With Lions x Teri Gender Bender x Omar Rodríguez López – \"I Feel You\" (Depeche Mode Cover) (Stereogum Premiere)\". Stereogum. Retrieved 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1858267/with-lions-x-teri-gender-bender-x-omar-rodriguez-lopez-i-feel-you-depeche-mode-cover-stereogum-premiere/mp3s/","url_text":"\"With Lions x Teri Gender Bender x Omar Rodríguez López – \"I Feel You\" (Depeche Mode Cover) (Stereogum Premiere)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Lopetegui, Enrique (30 May 2011). \"Le Butcherettes: The Current's Q & A with Teri Gender Bender\". San Antonio Current. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sacurrent.com/sa-sound/archives/2011/05/30/le-butcherettes-the-currents-q-and-a-with-teri-gender-bender","url_text":"\"Le Butcherettes: The Current's Q & A with Teri Gender Bender\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Current","url_text":"San Antonio Current"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20170907135342/https://www.sacurrent.com/sa-sound/archives/2011/05/30/le-butcherettes-the-currents-q-and-a-with-teri-gender-bender","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.astrotheme.com/astrology/Teri_Gender_Bender","external_links_name":"\"Astrology and natal chart of Teri Gender Bender, born on 1989/05/15\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-le-butcherettes-20140525-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Le Butcherette's Teri Suarez still angry, even without the pig's head\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2014/05/07/310125292/first-listen-le-butcherettes-cry-is-for-the-flies","external_links_name":"\"First Listen: Le Butcherettes: 'Cry Is For The Flies'\""},{"Link":"http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2013/07/19/teri-gender-bender-is-latina-bjork/","external_links_name":"\"Teri Gender-Bender Is The Latina Björk\""},{"Link":"http://www.brooklynrail.org/2013/09/music/a-spotlight-bent-through-a-prism-teri-gender-bender-of-bosnian-rainbows","external_links_name":"\"A Spotlight Bent Through a Prism\""},{"Link":"http://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/blog/le-butcherettes-interview-a-raw-youth","external_links_name":"\"LE BUTCHERETTES ARE CAKED IN THE BLOOD OF MEXICO: AN INTERVIEW WITH TERI GENDER BENDER\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefword.org.uk/features/2014/02/bosnian_rainbows","external_links_name":"\"I say it out loud and proudly... I'm a feminist!\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/voto-latino/le-butcherettes-teri-gend_b_1228441.html","external_links_name":"\"Le Butcherettes' Teri Gender Bender Puts a Spell On You\""},{"Link":"https://rosewatermag.com/2014/12/02/getting-to-know-teri-from-le-butcherettes-a-bitchtopia-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Getting to Know Teri Gender Bender\""},{"Link":"http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Article/Sinning-In-Red-Rain-021242867184135","external_links_name":"\"TERI GENDER BENDER: MUSIC MATTERS\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1858267/with-lions-x-teri-gender-bender-x-omar-rodriguez-lopez-i-feel-you-depeche-mode-cover-stereogum-premiere/mp3s/","external_links_name":"\"With Lions x Teri Gender Bender x Omar Rodríguez López – \"I Feel You\" (Depeche Mode Cover) (Stereogum Premiere)\""},{"Link":"https://www.sacurrent.com/sa-sound/archives/2011/05/30/le-butcherettes-the-currents-q-and-a-with-teri-gender-bender","external_links_name":"\"Le Butcherettes: The Current's Q & A with Teri Gender Bender\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20170907135342/https://www.sacurrent.com/sa-sound/archives/2011/05/30/le-butcherettes-the-currents-q-and-a-with-teri-gender-bender","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5242ff06-20c0-4845-9d52-0e91e5d4f776","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_volume
|
Control volume
|
["1 Overview","2 Substantive derivative","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","5 External links","5.1 PDFs"]
|
Imaginary volume through which a substance's flow is modeled and analyzed
ThermodynamicsThe classical Carnot heat engine
Branches
Classical
Statistical
Chemical
Quantum thermodynamics
Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium
Laws
Zeroth
First
Second
Third
Systems
Closed system
Open system
Isolated system
State
Equation of state
Ideal gas
Real gas
State of matter
Phase (matter)
Equilibrium
Control volume
Instruments
Processes
Isobaric
Isochoric
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Isentropic
Isenthalpic
Quasistatic
Polytropic
Free expansion
Reversibility
Irreversibility
Endoreversibility
Cycles
Heat engines
Heat pumps
Thermal efficiency
System propertiesNote: Conjugate variables in italics
Property diagrams
Intensive and extensive properties
Process functions
Work
Heat
Functions of state
Temperature / Entropy (introduction)
Pressure / Volume
Chemical potential / Particle number
Vapor quality
Reduced properties
Material properties
Property databases
Specific heat capacity
c
=
{\displaystyle c=}
T
{\displaystyle T}
∂
S
{\displaystyle \partial S}
N
{\displaystyle N}
∂
T
{\displaystyle \partial T}
Compressibility
β
=
−
{\displaystyle \beta =-}
1
{\displaystyle 1}
∂
V
{\displaystyle \partial V}
V
{\displaystyle V}
∂
p
{\displaystyle \partial p}
Thermal expansion
α
=
{\displaystyle \alpha =}
1
{\displaystyle 1}
∂
V
{\displaystyle \partial V}
V
{\displaystyle V}
∂
T
{\displaystyle \partial T}
Equations
Carnot's theorem
Clausius theorem
Fundamental relation
Ideal gas law
Maxwell relations
Onsager reciprocal relations
Bridgman's equations
Table of thermodynamic equations
Potentials
Free energy
Free entropy
Internal energy
U
(
S
,
V
)
{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
Enthalpy
H
(
S
,
p
)
=
U
+
p
V
{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
Helmholtz free energy
A
(
T
,
V
)
=
U
−
T
S
{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
Gibbs free energy
G
(
T
,
p
)
=
H
−
T
S
{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
HistoryCulture
History
General
Entropy
Gas laws
"Perpetual motion" machines
Philosophy
Entropy and time
Entropy and life
Brownian ratchet
Maxwell's demon
Heat death paradox
Loschmidt's paradox
Synergetics
Theories
Caloric theory
Vis viva ("living force")
Mechanical equivalent of heat
Motive power
Key publications
An Experimental EnquiryConcerning ... Heat
On the Equilibrium ofHeterogeneous Substances
Reflections on theMotive Power of Fire
Timelines
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Scientists
Bernoulli
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von Mayer
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Planck
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Smeaton
Stahl
Tait
Thompson
van der Waals
Waterston
Other
Nucleation
Self-assembly
Self-organization
Order and disorder
Categoryvte
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume (CV) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which the continuuum (a continuous medium such as gas, liquid or solid) flows. The closed surface enclosing the region is referred to as the control surface.
At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady state, and in the absence of work and heat transfer, the energy within the control volume remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.
Overview
Typically, to understand how a given physical law applies to the system under consideration, one first begins by considering how it applies to a small, control volume, or "representative volume". There is nothing special about a particular control volume, it simply represents a small part of the system to which physical laws can be easily applied. This gives rise to what is termed a volumetric, or volume-wise formulation of the mathematical model.
One can then argue that since the physical laws behave in a certain way on a particular control volume, they behave the same way on all such volumes, since that particular control volume was not special in any way. In this way, the corresponding point-wise formulation of the mathematical model can be developed so it can describe the physical behaviour of an entire (and maybe more complex) system.
In continuum mechanics the conservation equations (for instance, the Navier-Stokes equations) are in integral form. They therefore apply on volumes. Finding forms of the equation that are independent of the control volumes allows simplification of the integral signs. The control volumes can be stationary or they can move with an arbitrary velocity.
Substantive derivative
Main article: Material derivative
Computations in continuum mechanics often require that the regular time derivation operator
d
/
d
t
{\displaystyle d/dt\;}
is replaced by the substantive derivative operator
D
/
D
t
{\displaystyle D/Dt}
.
This can be seen as follows.
Consider a bug that is moving through a volume where there is some scalar,
e.g. pressure, that varies with time and position:
p
=
p
(
t
,
x
,
y
,
z
)
{\displaystyle p=p(t,x,y,z)\;}
.
If the bug during the time interval from
t
{\displaystyle t\;}
to
t
+
d
t
{\displaystyle t+dt\;}
moves from
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
{\displaystyle (x,y,z)\;}
to
(
x
+
d
x
,
y
+
d
y
,
z
+
d
z
)
,
{\displaystyle (x+dx,y+dy,z+dz),\;}
then the bug experiences a change
d
p
{\displaystyle dp\;}
in the scalar value,
d
p
=
∂
p
∂
t
d
t
+
∂
p
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
p
∂
y
d
y
+
∂
p
∂
z
d
z
{\displaystyle dp={\frac {\partial p}{\partial t}}dt+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}dx+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}dy+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}dz}
(the total differential). If the bug is moving with a velocity
v
=
(
v
x
,
v
y
,
v
z
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =(v_{x},v_{y},v_{z}),}
the change in particle position is
v
d
t
=
(
v
x
d
t
,
v
y
d
t
,
v
z
d
t
)
,
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} dt=(v_{x}dt,v_{y}dt,v_{z}dt),}
and we may write
d
p
=
∂
p
∂
t
d
t
+
∂
p
∂
x
v
x
d
t
+
∂
p
∂
y
v
y
d
t
+
∂
p
∂
z
v
z
d
t
=
(
∂
p
∂
t
+
∂
p
∂
x
v
x
+
∂
p
∂
y
v
y
+
∂
p
∂
z
v
z
)
d
t
=
(
∂
p
∂
t
+
v
⋅
∇
p
)
d
t
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}dp&={\frac {\partial p}{\partial t}}dt+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}v_{x}dt+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}v_{y}dt+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}v_{z}dt\\&=\left({\frac {\partial p}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}v_{x}+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}v_{y}+{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}v_{z}\right)dt\\&=\left({\frac {\partial p}{\partial t}}+\mathbf {v} \cdot \nabla p\right)dt.\\\end{alignedat}}}
where
∇
p
{\displaystyle \nabla p}
is the gradient of the scalar field p. So:
d
d
t
=
∂
∂
t
+
v
⋅
∇
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}+\mathbf {v} \cdot \nabla .}
If the bug is just moving with the flow, the same formula applies, but now the velocity vector,v, is that of the flow, u.
The last parenthesized expression is the substantive derivative of the scalar pressure.
Since the pressure p in this computation is an arbitrary scalar field, we may abstract it and write the substantive derivative operator as
D
D
t
=
∂
∂
t
+
u
⋅
∇
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {D}{Dt}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}+\mathbf {u} \cdot \nabla .}
See also
Continuum mechanics
Cauchy momentum equation
Special relativity
Substantive derivative
References
James R. Welty, Charles E. Wicks, Robert E. Wilson & Gregory Rorrer Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer ISBN 0-471-38149-7
Notes
^ G.J. Van Wylen and R.E. Sonntag (1985), Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, Section 2.1 (3rd edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York ISBN 0-471-82933-1
^
Nangia, Nishant; Johansen, Hans; Patankar, Neelesh A.; Bhalla, Amneet Pal S. (2017). "A moving control volume approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on immersed bodies". Journal of Computational Physics. 347: 437–462. arXiv:1704.00239. Bibcode:2017JCoPh.347..437N. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2017.06.047. S2CID 37560541.
External links
PDFs
Integral Approach to the Control Volume analysis of Fluid Flow
|
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In an inertial frame of reference, it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through which the continuuum (a continuous medium such as gas, liquid or solid) flows. The closed surface enclosing the region is referred to as the control surface.[1]At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an arbitrary volume in which the mass of the continuum remains constant. As a continuum moves through the control volume, the mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass leaving the control volume. At steady state, and in the absence of work and heat transfer, the energy within the control volume remains constant. It is analogous to the classical mechanics concept of the free body diagram.","title":"Control volume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law"},{"link_name":"physical laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law"},{"link_name":"mathematical model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"continuum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"conservation equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_laws"},{"link_name":"Navier-Stokes equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier-Stokes_equations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Typically, to understand how a given physical law applies to the system under consideration, one first begins by considering how it applies to a small, control volume, or \"representative volume\". There is nothing special about a particular control volume, it simply represents a small part of the system to which physical laws can be easily applied. This gives rise to what is termed a volumetric, or volume-wise formulation of the mathematical model.One can then argue that since the physical laws behave in a certain way on a particular control volume, they behave the same way on all such volumes, since that particular control volume was not special in any way. In this way, the corresponding point-wise formulation of the mathematical model can be developed so it can describe the physical behaviour of an entire (and maybe more complex) system.In continuum mechanics the conservation equations (for instance, the Navier-Stokes equations) are in integral form. They therefore apply on volumes. Finding forms of the equation that are independent of the control volumes allows simplification of the integral signs. The control volumes can be stationary or they can move with an arbitrary velocity.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"substantive derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_derivative"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"total differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative"},{"link_name":"velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"that of the flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_velocity"}],"text":"Computations in continuum mechanics often require that the regular time derivation operator \n\n \n \n \n d\n \n /\n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d/dt\\;}\n \n \nis replaced by the substantive derivative operator\n\n \n \n \n D\n \n /\n \n D\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D/Dt}\n \n.\nThis can be seen as follows.Consider a bug that is moving through a volume where there is some scalar, \ne.g. pressure, that varies with time and position: \n\n \n \n \n p\n =\n p\n (\n t\n ,\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=p(t,x,y,z)\\;}\n \n.If the bug during the time interval from \n\n \n \n \n t\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\;}\n \n \nto \n\n \n \n \n t\n +\n d\n t\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t+dt\\;}\n \n \nmoves from \n\n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y,z)\\;}\n \n \nto \n\n \n \n \n (\n x\n +\n d\n x\n ,\n y\n +\n d\n y\n ,\n z\n +\n d\n z\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x+dx,y+dy,z+dz),\\;}\n \n\nthen the bug experiences a change \n \n \n \n d\n p\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dp\\;}\n \n in the scalar value,d\n p\n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n d\n t\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n d\n x\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n d\n y\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dp={\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial t}}dt+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial x}}dx+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial y}}dy+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial z}}dz}(the total differential). If the bug is moving with a velocity\n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n =\n (\n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n y\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n z\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {v} =(v_{x},v_{y},v_{z}),}\n \n \nthe change in particle position is \n\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n d\n t\n =\n (\n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n d\n t\n ,\n \n v\n \n y\n \n \n d\n t\n ,\n \n v\n \n z\n \n \n d\n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {v} dt=(v_{x}dt,v_{y}dt,v_{z}dt),}\n \n \nand we may writed\n p\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n d\n t\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n d\n t\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n y\n \n \n d\n t\n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n z\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n x\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n y\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n \n v\n \n z\n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n v\n \n ⋅\n ∇\n p\n \n )\n \n d\n t\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{alignedat}{2}dp&={\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial t}}dt+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial x}}v_{x}dt+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial y}}v_{y}dt+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial z}}v_{z}dt\\\\&=\\left({\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial t}}+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial x}}v_{x}+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial y}}v_{y}+{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial z}}v_{z}\\right)dt\\\\&=\\left({\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial t}}+\\mathbf {v} \\cdot \\nabla p\\right)dt.\\\\\\end{alignedat}}}where \n \n \n \n ∇\n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla p}\n \n is the gradient of the scalar field p. So:d\n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n v\n \n ⋅\n ∇\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dt}}={\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial t}}+\\mathbf {v} \\cdot \\nabla .}If the bug is just moving with the flow, the same formula applies, but now the velocity vector,v, is that of the flow, u.\nThe last parenthesized expression is the substantive derivative of the scalar pressure.\nSince the pressure p in this computation is an arbitrary scalar field, we may abstract it and write the substantive derivative operator asD\n \n D\n t\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n +\n \n u\n \n ⋅\n ∇\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D}{Dt}}={\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial t}}+\\mathbf {u} \\cdot \\nabla .}","title":"Substantive derivative"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Continuum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_mechanics"},{"title":"Cauchy momentum equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_momentum_equation"},{"title":"Special relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity"},{"title":"Substantive derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_derivative"}]
|
[{"reference":"Nangia, Nishant; Johansen, Hans; Patankar, Neelesh A.; Bhalla, Amneet Pal S. (2017). \"A moving control volume approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on immersed bodies\". Journal of Computational Physics. 347: 437–462. arXiv:1704.00239. Bibcode:2017JCoPh.347..437N. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2017.06.047. S2CID 37560541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00239","url_text":"1704.00239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCoPh.347..437N","url_text":"2017JCoPh.347..437N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcp.2017.06.047","url_text":"10.1016/j.jcp.2017.06.047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37560541","url_text":"37560541"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00239","external_links_name":"1704.00239"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCoPh.347..437N","external_links_name":"2017JCoPh.347..437N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcp.2017.06.047","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jcp.2017.06.047"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37560541","external_links_name":"37560541"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140210101323/http://s6.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/cvanalysis/integral_approach.pdf","external_links_name":"Integral Approach to the Control Volume analysis of Fluid Flow"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Concept_Technology_Demonstration
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Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration
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["1 Programs","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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An Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration enables the evaluation of mature advanced technology for usage by the United States military. These demonstrations allow technology evaluation earlier and cheaper than is possible through the formal acquisition of new production capabilities. They must be sponsored by an operational user with approval and oversight from the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Advanced Systems and Concepts. None have been initiated since 2006, when the deputy under secretary initiated the follow-on Joint Concept Technology Demonstration program to emphasize multiservice technology development and improved planning for transition to operations.
Programs
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The following programs were completed under the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration framework
Global Hawk
DarkStar
JPADS
References
^ "OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit)" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ a b Drezner, Jeffrey A.; Leonard, Robert S. (January 2002). "Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary". RAND. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ Benney, Richard; et al. "The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration" (PDF). www.aiaa.org. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Further reading
"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)". www.fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. March 21, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
Haas, David J.; et al. (2000). "Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)". vtol.org. American Helicopter Society International. Archived from the original on 2017-06-23. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
External links
"Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website". Defense Acquisitions University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Advanced_Concept_Technology_Demonstration"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Global Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"DarkStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-3_DarkStar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"JPADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPADS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.The following programs were completed under the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration frameworkGlobal Hawk[2]\nDarkStar[2]\nJPADS[3]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp/c1/P1E1.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170623160112/https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm"}],"text":"\"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\". www.fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. March 21, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2012.\nHaas, David J.; et al. (2000). \"Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\". vtol.org. American Helicopter Society International. Archived from the original on 2017-06-23. Retrieved May 2, 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit)\" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2009/OSD/0603648D8Z.pdf","url_text":"\"OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit)\""}]},{"reference":"Drezner, Jeffrey A.; Leonard, Robert S. (January 2002). \"Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary\". RAND. Retrieved 2012-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1473.html","url_text":"\"Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Benney, Richard; et al. \"The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration\" (PDF). www.aiaa.org. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Retrieved May 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://faculty.nps.edu/oayakime/ADSC/PATCAD%20-%20Benney%20-%20The%20Joint%20Precision%20Airdrop%20System%20Advanced%20Concept%20Technology%20Demonstration.pdf","url_text":"\"The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\". www.fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. March 21, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp/c1/P1E1.htm","url_text":"\"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\""}]},{"reference":"Haas, David J.; et al. (2000). \"Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\". vtol.org. American Helicopter Society International. Archived from the original on 2017-06-23. Retrieved May 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170623160112/https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm","url_text":"\"Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\""},{"url":"https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website\". Defense Acquisitions University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231029/https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US","url_text":"\"Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website\""},{"url":"https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2009/OSD/0603648D8Z.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1473.html","external_links_name":"\"Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.nps.edu/oayakime/ADSC/PATCAD%20-%20Benney%20-%20The%20Joint%20Precision%20Airdrop%20System%20Advanced%20Concept%20Technology%20Demonstration.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration\""},{"Link":"http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp/c1/P1E1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170623160112/https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD)\""},{"Link":"https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231029/https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US","external_links_name":"\"Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website\""},{"Link":"https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Laos
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List of diplomatic missions of Laos
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["1 Americas","2 Asia","3 Europe","4 Oceania","5 Multilateral organisations","6 Gallery","7 Concurrent accreditation of Lao embassies on a non-resident basis (Unverified)","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"]
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Countries hosting a diplomatic mission of Laos: Laos Embassy
This is a list of diplomatic missions of Laos. After gaining independence in 1950 the secluded landlocked country of Laos began establishing diplomatic relations with other countries in the world. It still maintains ties with traditionally Eastern bloc countries, but Laos is now more concerned with developing more practical relationships with its Asian neighbours.
Americas
Host country
Host city
Mission
Concurrent accreditation
Ref.
Cuba
Havana
Embassy
Countries:
Nicaragua
United States
Washington, D.C.
Embassy
Countries:
Brazil
Canada
Asia
Host country
Host city
Mission
Concurrent accreditation
Ref.
Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy
Cambodia
Phnom Penh
Embassy
Stung Treng
Consulate-General
China
Beijing
Embassy
Changsha
Consulate-General
Guangzhou
Consulate-General
Hong Kong
Consulate-General
Kunming
Consulate-General
Nanning
Consulate-General
Shanghai
Consulate-General
Jinghong
Consular office
India
New Delhi
Embassy
Countries:
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
South Sudan
Indonesia
Jakarta
Embassy
Countries:
East Timor
Japan
Tokyo
Embassy
Kuwait
Kuwait City
Embassy
Countries:
Bahrain
Oman
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Embassy
Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar
Embassy
Myanmar
Yangon
Embassy
North Korea
Pyongyang
Embassy
Philippines
Manila
Embassy
Singapore
Singapore
Embassy
South Korea
Seoul
Embassy
Thailand
Bangkok
Embassy
Khon Kaen
Consulate-General
Vietnam
Hanoi
Embassy
Danang
Consulate-General
Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate-General
Europe
Host country
Host city
Mission
Concurrent accreditation
Ref.
Austria
Vienna
Embassy
Countries:
Croatia
Georgia
Slovakia
Slovenia
International Organizations:
United Nations
Belgium
Brussels
Embassy
Countries:
Luxembourg
Netherlands
International Organizations:
European Union
France
Paris
Embassy
Countries:
Portugal
Spain
International Organizations:
UNESCO
Germany
Embassy
Embassy
Countries:
Bulgaria
Czechia
Poland
Romania
Hungary
Budapest
Embassy
Countries:
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbia
Russia
Moscow
Embassy
Countries:
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Sweden
Stockholm
Embassy
Countries:
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
United Kingdom
London
Embassy
Countries:
Iceland
Ireland
Oceania
Host country
Host city
Mission
Concurrent accreditation
Ref.
Australia
Canberra
Embassy
Countries:
New Zealand
Multilateral organisations
Organization
Host city
Host country
Mission
Concurrent accreditation
Ref.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Jakarta
Indonesia
Permanent Mission
United Nations
New York City
United States
Permanent Mission
Countries:
Guatemala
Geneva
Switzerland
Permanent Mission
Countries:
Cyprus
Greece
Italy
Liechtenstein
Malta
Switzerland
Gallery
Embassy in Berlin
Consulate-General in Da Nang
Embassy in Hanoi
Embassy in Kuala Lumpur
Embassy in Moscow
Embassy in Paris
Embassy in Seoul
Embassy in Tokyo
Embassy in Vienna
Embassy in Washington D.C.
Concurrent accreditation of Lao embassies on a non-resident basis (Unverified)
The Embassy in Beijing, China, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Pakistan
The Embassy in New Delhi, India, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Afghanistan
Angola
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Botswana
Burundi
Comoros
Congo-Kinshasa
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Iran
Kenya
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
The Embassy in Kuwait City, Kuwait has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Iraq
Jordan
Lebanon
Palestine
Saudi Arabia
Syria
The Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Holy See
San Marino
The Embassy in Paris, France, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Algeria
Andorra
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo-Brazzaville
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Israel
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Libya
Mali
Mauritania
Monaco
Morocco
Niger
Nigeria
Sahrawi Republic
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Tunisia
The Embassy in Vienna, Austria, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Moldova
Turkey
The Embassy in Havana, Cuba, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
The Embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guyana
Honduras
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
The Embassy in Canberra, Australia, has concurrent accreditation to the following:
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
Fiji
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Samoa
Kiribati
Tonga
See also
Foreign relations of Laos
Visa policy of Laos
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Consular jurisdiction only since Laos has not yet establish diplomatic relations with this countries or territories.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Lao Missions in Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Ortega acepta a embajador del país asiático de Laos" (in Spanish). Artículo 66. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Embassy of Laos in Washington DC". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Datas Nacionais" (in Portuguese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil). Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "President receives credentials from the Ambassador of Sudan and Ambassador of Laos". PSM News. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "List of Diplomatic and Consular Corps and Other Representatives" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Corps". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Non-Resident Foreign Diplomatic Missions in South Sudan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan). Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^ "H.E. Phomma Sidsena". ASEAN Institute for Peace and Reconciliation. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "HM King receives ambassadors' credentials". Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Foreign Ministry's Secretary-General Receives Copies of Ambassadors' Credentials". Qatar News Agency. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Foreign embassies and consulates in Oman". Foreign Ministry of Oman. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ "Diplomatic & Consular Corps in UAE". Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Embassy of Lao PDR to Bangkok". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Embassy of Lao PDR to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "New Permanent Representative of Lao People's Democratic Republic presents credentials". United Nations Information Service Vienna. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ a b Phontham Visapra (2 November 2022). "Lao Embassy in Hungary to Start Operations in November". The Laotian Times. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
^ Taejun Kang (18 November 2019). "Lao Ambassador Presents Credentials to Grand Duke of Luxembourg". Laotian Times. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Information on the diplomatic and consular corps accredited in Spain". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Corpo Diplomático Acreditado em Lisboa" (in Portuguese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "Permanent Delegate of the Lao People's Democratic Republic to UNESCO (March 2022)". UNESCO. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Botschaft der Demokratischen Volksrepublik Laos in Berlin" (in German). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Corps List". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria). Retrieved 26 February 2024.
^ "Diplomatic List". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic). 16 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "Diplomatic Protocol". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Foreign Missions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania). Retrieved 25 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic Corps". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ Mariann Őry (15 December 2022). "Viktor Orbán Meets ASEAN Leaders in Brussels". Hungary Today. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic and Consular Corps and International Organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (PDF). Department of Diplomatic Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
^ "Diplomatic List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Ambassadors of Laos, Marocco, Nigeria and Chad present copies of Credentials to Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus M. Barysevich". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus). 2 February 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Embassy of Lao PDR to Sweden". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Contacts". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
^ "November 2022 - Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iceland). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Diplomatic List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Ireland. January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ "Lao Ambassador Presents the Letter of Credentials to the Governor-General of New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
^ "Foreign Missions in Greece". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Press Releases Article - PIO".
^ "Rappresentanze Diplomatiche straniere in Italia" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy) (in Italian). Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ "Diplomatic Missions to the Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liechtenstein. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ "Foreign Diplomatic Representation Accredited to Malta" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and Trade of Malta. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
^ "Diplomatic and Consular Corps". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Page is broken, but information can be found in page source.)
vte Diplomatic missions of LaosAmericas
United States
Asia
Japan
South Korea
Europe
Russia
United Kingdom
vte Foreign relations of LaosAmericas
United States
Asia
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
Thailand
Turkey
Vietnam
Europe
France
Germany
Russia
Former
Soviet Union
Diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions of Laos / in Laos
vteList of diplomatic missions of AsiaSovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
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Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
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Hong Kong
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Category
Asia portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Laos.png"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"}],"text":"Countries hosting a diplomatic mission of Laos: Laos EmbassyThis is a list of diplomatic missions of Laos. After gaining independence in 1950 the secluded landlocked country of Laos began establishing diplomatic relations with other countries in the world. It still maintains ties with traditionally Eastern bloc countries, but Laos is now more concerned with developing more practical relationships with its Asian neighbours.","title":"List of diplomatic missions of Laos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Americas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multilateral organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Laos_in_Berlin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laotian_Consulate_in_Danang.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lao_Embassy_to_Hanoi_in_2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lao_Embassy_KL.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow,_Malaya_Nikitskaya_18.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1170698_Paris_XVI_avenue_Raymond-Poincar%C3%A9_rwk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laotian_Embassy_in_Seoul.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neulinggasse29.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Laos_in_Washington,_D.C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embassy in Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Laos,_Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"Embassy in Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConsulate-General in Da Nang\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Hanoi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Kuala Lumpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Moscow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Seoul\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Tokyo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Vienna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Washington D.C.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Congo-Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Kuwait City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_City"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-45"}],"text":"The Embassy in Beijing, China, has concurrent accreditation to the following:PakistanThe Embassy in New Delhi, India, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Afghanistan\n Angola\n Bangladesh\n Bhutan[a]\n Botswana\n Burundi[a]\n Comoros\n Congo-Kinshasa[a]\n Djibouti[a]\n Egypt\n Eritrea[a]\n Eswatini\n Ethiopia\n Iran\n Kenya\n Lesotho\n Madagascar\n Malawi\n Mauritius\n Mozambique\n Namibia\n Rwanda\n Seychelles\n Somalia\n South Africa\n Sudan\n Tajikistan\n Tanzania\n Turkmenistan\n Uganda\n Yemen\n Zambia\n ZimbabweThe Embassy in Kuwait City, Kuwait has concurrent accreditation to the following:Iraq\n Jordan[a]\n Lebanon\n Palestine\n Saudi Arabia\n SyriaThe Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Holy See\n San MarinoThe Embassy in Paris, France, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Algeria\n Andorra\n Benin\n Burkina Faso[a]\n Cameroon[a]\n Cape Verde[a]\n Central African Republic\n Chad\n Congo-Brazzaville\n Equatorial Guinea\n Gabon\n Gambia[a]\n Ghana\n Guinea\n Guinea-Bissau[a]\n Israel\n Ivory Coast\n Liberia\n Libya\n Mali\n Mauritania\n Monaco\n Morocco\n Niger\n Nigeria\n Sahrawi Republic\n Sao Tome and Principe\n Senegal[a]\n Sierra Leone[a]\n Togo[a]\n TunisiaThe Embassy in Vienna, Austria, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Moldova\n TurkeyThe Embassy in Havana, Cuba, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Antigua and Barbuda[a]\n Bahamas[a]\n Barbados[a]\n Dominica[a]\n Dominican Republic\n Grenada\n Haiti[a]\n Jamaica\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Saint Lucia[a]\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[a]\n Trinidad and Tobago[a]The Embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Argentina\n Belize[a]\n Bolivia[a]\n Chile\n Colombia\n Costa Rica\n Ecuador\n El Salvador\n Guyana[a]\n Honduras\n Mexico\n Panama\n Paraguay\n Peru\n Suriname[a]\n Uruguay[a]\n VenezuelaThe Embassy in Canberra, Australia, has concurrent accreditation to the following:Solomon Islands[a]\n Vanuatu\n Fiji\n Marshall Islands[a]\n Nauru[a]\n Samoa[a]\n Kiribati[a]\n Tonga[a]","title":"Concurrent accreditation of Lao embassies on a non-resident basis (Unverified)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-26"},{"link_name":"ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-27"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-28"},{"link_name":"ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-29"},{"link_name":"ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-30"},{"link_name":"af","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-31"},{"link_name":"ag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_45-32"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Consular jurisdiction only since Laos has not yet establish diplomatic relations with this countries or territories.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Countries hosting a diplomatic mission of Laos: Laos Embassy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Diplomatic_missions_of_Laos.png/400px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Laos.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Foreign relations of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos"},{"title":"Visa policy of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Laos"}]
|
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[{"Link":"http://www.mofa.gov.la/index.php/the-ministry/overseas-mission","external_links_name":"\"Lao Missions in Abroad\""},{"Link":"https://www.articulo66.com/2022/10/04/regimen-ortega-acepta-embajador-lao-nicaragua/","external_links_name":"\"Ortega acepta a embajador del país asiático de Laos\""},{"Link":"https://laoembassy.com/","external_links_name":"\"Embassy of Laos in Washington DC\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/cerimonial/lista-do-corpo-diplomatico-e-datas-nacionais","external_links_name":"\"Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Datas Nacionais\""},{"Link":"https://psmnews.mv/en/54277","external_links_name":"\"President receives credentials from the Ambassador of Sudan and Ambassador of Laos\""},{"Link":"https://mofa.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Diplomatic-List-March-2021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of Diplomatic and Consular Corps and Other Representatives\""},{"Link":"https://mfa.gov.lk/diplomatic-corps/","external_links_name":"\"Diplomatic Corps\""},{"Link":"https://mofaic.gov.ss/non-resident-foreign-diplomatic-missions-in-south-sudan/","external_links_name":"\"Non-Resident Foreign Diplomatic Missions in South Sudan\""},{"Link":"https://asean-aipr.org/team_mf/ab-lao-pdr/","external_links_name":"\"H.E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Vlieland
|
West-Vlieland
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 53°12′12″N 4°52′59″E / 53.20333°N 4.88306°E / 53.20333; 4.88306Village in Friesland, NetherlandsWest-VlielandVillageCountry NetherlandsProvince FrieslandPopulation (1670) • Total2,000−2,500 • 20200
Map dated 1743 showing Westeynde
West-Vlieland (also known as Westeyende) (West Frisian: West-Flylân) was a village on the island of Vlieland in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It was gradually lost to the advance of the sea, by 1736 only two houses remained. The site of the village was in 1857 15 fathoms (27 m) below sea level. The village had its own town hall, church, school, poorhouse and a mill which was built in 1647 and by 1670 it had between 2.000 and 2.500 inhabitants, making it a large and prosperous village. Half a century later it counted only 750 people. Many of the inhabitants worked on the seas, whaling or trading on the Baltic Sea. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the town had a famous bar and a military storage. At the end of the 17th century the village began to decline: in a few decades the plague visited the village multiple times, sailors were increasingly assailed by Dunkirker pirates, and the village began to be increasingly difficult to reach due to sand accumulation while the village itself was slowly devoured by the seas. All of this led to East Vlieland increasingly outcompeting its neighbour until West-Vlieland disappeared entirely.
References
^ Village destroyed centuries ago
^ Francis Allen (1857), Het eiland Vlieland en zijne bewoners (in Dutch, scan available in Project Gutenberg)
^ "Het tragische verhaal van West-Vlieland". Retrieved 2010-02-04. (in Dutch)
^ a b c d e Hoving, Wouter (16 June 2020). "Strandroof vertelt verhaal van West-Vlieland". Friesch Dagblad.
External links
Het tragische verhaal van West-Vlieland (The tragic story of West-Vlieland)(nl)
53°12′12″N 4°52′59″E / 53.20333°N 4.88306°E / 53.20333; 4.88306
This Friesland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Map dated 1743 showing Westeynde","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PaysBas_delisle_1743_fragment.jpg/220px-PaysBas_delisle_1743_fragment.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_G._Brame
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Gloria Brame
|
["1 Education","2 Career","2.1 Internet presence","2.2 Media","2.3 Teaching","2.4 Awards and associations","3 Works","3.1 Bibliography","3.2 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American sexologist
Gloria BrameBrame in 2014BornGloria Glickstein Brame (1955-08-20) August 20, 1955 (age 68)NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Sex therapist, writerKnown forSexologistWebsitegloriabrame.com
Gloria Brame (born August 20, 1955) is an American sexologist, writer and sex therapist based in Athens, Georgia. She is a member of the American College of Sexologists, and clinical sexologist. Her sex therapy practice specializes in consensual BDSM, sexual fetishism and sexual dysfunction.
Dr. Brame is also an author, educator, and advocate for safe, sane, and consensual relating, especially among the BDSM, fetish, and LGBTQ communities.
Education
Brame earned her PhD degree in Human Sexuality from the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in 2000 and an M.A. in English literature from Columbia University in 1978.
Career
Brame wrote several books, including:
Different Loving: the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission
Come Hither: A Commonsense Guide To Kinky Sex
Different Loving, published in 1993, was an evidence based re-evaluation of SM/fetish/kink as an expression of normal minds and lives, challenging the bias against safe, sane, and consensual behavior as somehow pathological or problematic.
Come Hither was selected as the "official guide to kinky sex" by the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.
Other titles by Brame include: Sex for Grown-Ups, Where the Boys Are, The Truth About Sex (Vols. I and II), and Different Loving Too.
Brame testified against then-US Attorney General in Nitke vs Ashcroft, a major case challenging the Communications Decency Act before the Southern District of New York.
In 2012 Brame joined the board of directors of the Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance and co-hosted a web radio talk show on Spreaker.
Brame has been cited as a fetish sex expert in a number of media articles, and has been a regular contributor to Cosmopolitan, Working Woman, and other mainstream magazines. Her biography of the Marquis de Sade appears in International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality (2015).
Brame is on the board of governors for the Leather Hall of Fame.
Internet presence
Brame has interacted with professional BDSM/Fetish blogs on Reddit.com. She also hosted the Gloria Brame Show (podcast) on BlogTalkRadio and Spreaker, with focus on sexual freedoms and BDSM/LGBTQ rights.
Media
Brame has given numerous live-radio and television interviews with BBC, CBS, NBC, CNBC, FOX, PBS and foreign media. She has been cited in numerous magazines and newspapers, including a 2004 profile in The Washington Post.
Teaching
2002 – 2015, professor at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.
1987 – 1991, adjunct professor of English, NYU, guest lecturer in creative writing, York College (CUNY), associate professor of poetry and creative writing, Hofstra.
Awards and associations
One of the "10 Best Sex and Dating Experts," by DatingAdvice.com
National Leather Association International Cynthia Slater Non-Fiction Article Award (2010) for "Transformation and Transcendence in BDSM"
American College of Sexologists
Bisexuality-Aware Professionals Directory Directory of Therapists Experienced in the Treatment Of Transgender Persons.
Lesbian Business Community MediAngels Global E-Hospital Open Relationship Resources Psychology Today Therapist Directory
Works
Bibliography
Brame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D.; Jacobs, Jon (1993). Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-679-40873-4.
Brame, Gloria G. (1997). Where the Boys Are. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0-380-79179-8.
Brame, Gloria G. (1998). Domina: The Sextopians. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-878-9.
Brame, Gloria G. (2000). Come Hither : A Commonsense Guide To Kinky Sex. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-684-85462-5.
Brame, Gloria G. (2011). The Truth About Sex, A Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. I: Sex and the Self. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-926918-55-6.
Brame, Gloria G. (2013). The Truth about Sex, a Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. II: Sex for Grown-Ups. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1771430760.
Brame, Gloria G. (2014). Naked Memory: Confessions of a Sexual Revolutionary. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 978-1771431415.
Brame, Gloria G. (2015). A Fetish for Men: A Memoir. Vancouver, BC: Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432092.
Brame, Gloria G. (2015). "Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)". In Whelehan, Patricia; Bolin, Anne (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Malden, Oxford: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1405190060.
Brame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D. (2015). Different Loving Too: Real People, Real Lives, Real BDSM. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432580.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
2002
BDSM: Alternative Loving
Herself
2012
What Men Really Want
Interviewee Dr. Gloria Brame
2014
Dr. Ted McIvenna Film Project
Interviewer
References
^ "The Gloria Brame Show". spreaker.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
^ "Sex Writers Race Bannon and Gloria Brame Share Their Passions". The Advocate. August 9, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
^ "Membership Listing". American College of Sexologists. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
^ Stuart Nichols, Jerome (April 26, 2012). "Interview with Dr. Gloria Brame". Eastern Echo. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
^ "Sex Therapy On Call". The Washington Post. June 15, 2004.
^ Goldman, Norm (August 26, 2011). "A Conversation With Clinical Sexologist and Author Gloria G. Brame, PhD". bookpleasures.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Institute of Human Sexuality Dissertation Listing". Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
^ "About". Gloria Brame. January 4, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
^ a b "Gloria Brame: References and Further Reading, and a List of Books by Author Gloria Brame". paperbackswap.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Gloria G. Brame". google.co.uk.
^ "CDA Expert Testimony in the Barbara Nitke Case". National Coalition for Sexual Freedom. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
^ "Nitke vs Ashcroft". Electronic Frontier Foundation. July 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
^ "Woodhull Board of Directors". Woodhull. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
^ "The Gloria Brame Show". spreaker.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
^ "Toe-squeezing incident nails S. Jersey man". Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ "Bigger The Better! Welcome to the Fab And Fat Fetish World Of 'Gaining'". October 14, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ "For Horny Hypebeasts, Popping an Air Max Bubble Is the Ultimate Climax". May 8, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ "Fetish expert says Philly's Swiss Cheese Pervert could be dangerous". Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ "Dolphin Sex: Another Person Claims to Have Had Sex with Flipper's Friend". Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ Brame, Gloria G. (2015). "Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)". The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. American Cancer Society: 721–817. doi:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs280. ISBN 9781118896877.
^ 🖉"> Board Of Governors - Leather Hall of Fame". leatherhalloffame.com.
^ "The Gloria Brame Show". podcasts.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Past Advisory Committee Members – NLA-I Domestic Violence Project". nlaidvproject.us. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Trailer with historic photos, comments SEX FOR GROWN-UPS". Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2019 – via YouTube.
^ 🖉"List of winners - Living In Leather". www.livinginleather.net.
^ "The NLA Writing Awards (for best BDSM writing) now open for nominations". cecilia tan. November 3, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "List of winners". NLA International. January 28, 2007. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
^ "Listings of Bisexuality-Aware Professionals". bizone.org. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Gloria Brame on Lesbian Business Community". Lesbian Business Community. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "BDSM: Alternative Loving". IMDb. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
^ "What Men Really Want". IMDb. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloria Brame.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sex therapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_therapist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Athens, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sexologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexologist"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gloria Brame (born August 20, 1955) is an American sexologist, writer[1] and sex therapist[2] based in Athens, Georgia. She is a member of the American College of Sexologists,[3] and clinical sexologist. Her sex therapy practice specializes in consensual BDSM,[4] sexual fetishism and sexual dysfunction.[5]Dr. Brame is also an author, educator, and advocate for safe, sane, and consensual relating, especially among the BDSM, fetish, and LGBTQ communities.[6]","title":"Gloria Brame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Human Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Sexuality"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study_of_Human_Sexuality"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Brame earned her PhD degree in Human Sexuality from the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in 2000[7] and an M.A. in English literature from Columbia University in 1978.[8]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study_of_Human_Sexuality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbackswap-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Working Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Woman_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Brame wrote several books, including:Different Loving: the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission\nCome Hither: A Commonsense Guide To Kinky SexDifferent Loving, published in 1993, was an evidence based re-evaluation of SM/fetish/kink as an expression of normal minds and lives, challenging the bias against safe, sane, and consensual behavior as somehow pathological or problematic.[according to whom?]Come Hither was selected as the \"official guide to kinky sex\" by the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.[9]Other titles by Brame include: Sex for Grown-Ups, Where the Boys Are, The Truth About Sex (Vols. I and II), and Different Loving Too.[10]Brame testified against then-US Attorney General in Nitke vs Ashcroft, a major case challenging the Communications Decency Act before the Southern District of New York.[11][12]In 2012 Brame joined the board of directors of the Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance[13] and co-hosted a web radio talk show on Spreaker.[14]Brame has been cited as a fetish sex expert in a number of media articles,[15][16][17][18][19] and has been a regular contributor to Cosmopolitan, Working Woman, and other mainstream magazines. Her biography of the Marquis de Sade appears in International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality (2015).[20]Brame is on the board of governors for the Leather Hall of Fame.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Internet presence","text":"Brame has interacted with professional BDSM/Fetish blogs on Reddit.com. She also hosted the Gloria Brame Show (podcast) on BlogTalkRadio and Spreaker, with focus on sexual freedoms and BDSM/LGBTQ rights.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"FOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Brame has given numerous live-radio and television interviews with BBC, CBS, NBC, CNBC, FOX, PBS and foreign media. She has been cited in numerous magazines and newspapers,[23] including a 2004 profile in The Washington Post.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paperbackswap-9"}],"sub_title":"Teaching","text":"2002 – 2015, professor at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.[9]1987 – 1991, adjunct professor of English, NYU, guest lecturer in creative writing, York College (CUNY), associate professor of poetry and creative writing, Hofstra.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"National Leather Association International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leather_Association_International"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Slater"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Awards and associations","text":"One of the \"10 Best Sex and Dating Experts,\" by DatingAdvice.com[24]National Leather Association International Cynthia Slater Non-Fiction Article Award (2010) for \"Transformation and Transcendence in BDSM\"[25][26][27]American College of SexologistsBisexuality-Aware Professionals Directory Directory of Therapists Experienced in the Treatment Of Transgender Persons.[28]Lesbian Business Community[29] MediAngels Global E-Hospital Open Relationship Resources Psychology Today Therapist Directory","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/differentlovinge00bram"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-40873-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40873-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-380-79179-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79179-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58112-878-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-878-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-684-85462-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85462-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-926918-55-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926918-55-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1771430760","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1771430760"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1771431415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1771431415"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781771432092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771432092"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405190060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405190060"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781771432580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771432580"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Brame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D.; Jacobs, Jon (1993). Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-679-40873-4.\nBrame, Gloria G. (1997). Where the Boys Are. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0-380-79179-8.\nBrame, Gloria G. (1998). Domina: The Sextopians. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-878-9.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2000). Come Hither : A Commonsense Guide To Kinky Sex. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-684-85462-5.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2011). The Truth About Sex, A Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. I: Sex and the Self. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-926918-55-6.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2013). The Truth about Sex, a Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. II: Sex for Grown-Ups. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1771430760.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2014). Naked Memory: Confessions of a Sexual Revolutionary. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 978-1771431415.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2015). A Fetish for Men: A Memoir. Vancouver, BC: Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432092.\nBrame, Gloria G. (2015). \"Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)\". In Whelehan, Patricia; Bolin, Anne (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Malden, Oxford: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1405190060.\nBrame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D. (2015). Different Loving Too: Real People, Real Lives, Real BDSM. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432580.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Filmography","title":"Works"}]
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[{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D.; Jacobs, Jon (1993). Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-679-40873-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/differentlovinge00bram","url_text":"Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40873-4","url_text":"978-0-679-40873-4"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (1997). Where the Boys Are. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0-380-79179-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79179-8","url_text":"978-0-380-79179-8"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (1998). Domina: The Sextopians. Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-878-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-878-9","url_text":"978-1-58112-878-9"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2000). Come Hither : A Commonsense Guide To Kinky Sex. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-684-85462-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85462-5","url_text":"978-0-684-85462-5"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2011). The Truth About Sex, A Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. I: Sex and the Self. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1-926918-55-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926918-55-6","url_text":"978-1-926918-55-6"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2013). The Truth about Sex, a Sex Primer for the 21st Century. Vol. II: Sex for Grown-Ups. CCB Publishing. ISBN 978-1771430760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1771430760","url_text":"978-1771430760"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2014). Naked Memory: Confessions of a Sexual Revolutionary. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 978-1771431415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1771431415","url_text":"978-1771431415"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2015). A Fetish for Men: A Memoir. Vancouver, BC: Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771432092","url_text":"9781771432092"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2015). \"Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)\". In Whelehan, Patricia; Bolin, Anne (eds.). The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Malden, Oxford: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1405190060.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405190060","url_text":"978-1405190060"}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G.; Brame, William D. (2015). Different Loving Too: Real People, Real Lives, Real BDSM. Moons Grove Press. ISBN 9781771432580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771432580","url_text":"9781771432580"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\". spreaker.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405195632/http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","url_text":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\""},{"url":"http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sex Writers Race Bannon and Gloria Brame Share Their Passions\". The Advocate. August 9, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2012/08/09/sex-writers-race-bannon-and-gloria-brame-share-their-passions","url_text":"\"Sex Writers Race Bannon and Gloria Brame Share Their Passions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)","url_text":"The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Membership Listing\". American College of Sexologists. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110903221601/http://www.americancollegeofsexologists.org/alphalist.html","url_text":"\"Membership Listing\""},{"url":"http://www.americancollegeofsexologists.org/alphalist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stuart Nichols, Jerome (April 26, 2012). \"Interview with Dr. Gloria Brame\". Eastern Echo. Retrieved April 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easternecho.com/index.php/article/2011/12/ltasex_14_interview_with_dr_gloria_brame","url_text":"\"Interview with Dr. Gloria Brame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Echo","url_text":"Eastern Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Sex Therapy On Call\". The Washington Post. June 15, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41587-2004Jun14.html","url_text":"\"Sex Therapy On Call\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Norm (August 26, 2011). \"A Conversation With Clinical Sexologist and Author Gloria G. Brame, PhD\". bookpleasures.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookpleasures.com/websitepublisher/articles/3910/1/A-Conversation-With-Clinical-Sexologist-and-Author-Gloria-G-Brame-PhD/Page1.html","url_text":"\"A Conversation With Clinical Sexologist and Author Gloria G. Brame, PhD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institute of Human Sexuality Dissertation Listing\". Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211620/http://www.iashs.edu/diss.html","url_text":"\"Institute of Human Sexuality Dissertation Listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study_of_Human_Sexuality","url_text":"Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality"},{"url":"http://www.iashs.edu/diss.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Gloria Brame. January 4, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloriabrame.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria Brame: References and Further Reading, and a List of Books by Author Gloria Brame\". paperbackswap.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paperbackswap.com/Gloria-Brame/author/","url_text":"\"Gloria Brame: References and Further Reading, and a List of Books by Author Gloria Brame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria G. Brame\". google.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Gloria+G.+Brame%22","url_text":"\"Gloria G. Brame\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDA Expert Testimony in the Barbara Nitke Case\". National Coalition for Sexual Freedom. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232451/https://ncsfreedom.org/key-programs/media-outreach/media-outreach-program/item/403-cda-expert-testimony-in-the-barbara-nitke-case.html","url_text":"\"CDA Expert Testimony in the Barbara Nitke Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Sexual_Freedom","url_text":"National Coalition for Sexual Freedom"},{"url":"https://ncsfreedom.org/key-programs/media-outreach/media-outreach-program/item/403-cda-expert-testimony-in-the-barbara-nitke-case.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nitke vs Ashcroft\". Electronic Frontier Foundation. July 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eff.org/cases/nitke-v-ashcroft","url_text":"\"Nitke vs Ashcroft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation","url_text":"Electronic Frontier Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodhull Board of Directors\". Woodhull. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311044400/http://www.woodhullalliance.org/about-us/board-of-directors/gloria-brame/","url_text":"\"Woodhull Board of Directors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhull_Freedom_Foundation_%26_Federation","url_text":"Woodhull"},{"url":"http://www.woodhullalliance.org/about-us/board-of-directors/gloria-brame/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\". spreaker.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405195632/http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","url_text":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\""},{"url":"http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Toe-squeezing incident nails S. Jersey man\". Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-29/news/55364315_1_toes-distraught-woman-fetishes","url_text":"\"Toe-squeezing incident nails S. Jersey man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bigger The Better! Welcome to the Fab And Fat Fetish World Of 'Gaining'\". October 14, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://popdust.com/2014/10/14/fat-fetish-videos-gaining-feeding-stuffers-world/","url_text":"\"Bigger The Better! Welcome to the Fab And Fat Fetish World Of 'Gaining'\""}]},{"reference":"\"For Horny Hypebeasts, Popping an Air Max Bubble Is the Ultimate Climax\". May 8, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/read/for-some-horny-hypebeasts-popping-an-air-max-bubble-is-the-ultimate-climax","url_text":"\"For Horny Hypebeasts, Popping an Air Max Bubble Is the Ultimate Climax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fetish expert says Philly's Swiss Cheese Pervert could be dangerous\". Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-01-14/news/46153142_1_philadelphia-magazine-fetish-man","url_text":"\"Fetish expert says Philly's Swiss Cheese Pervert could be dangerous\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dolphin Sex: Another Person Claims to Have Had Sex with Flipper's Friend\". Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2014/06/18/dolphin-sex-another-person-claims-to-have-had-sex-with-flippers-friend","url_text":"\"Dolphin Sex: Another Person Claims to Have Had Sex with Flipper's Friend\""}]},{"reference":"Brame, Gloria G. (2015). \"Marquis de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François (1740–1814)\". The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. American Cancer Society: 721–817. doi:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs280. ISBN 9781118896877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs280","url_text":"10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118896877","url_text":"9781118896877"}]},{"reference":"\"> Board Of Governors - Leather Hall of Fame\". leatherhalloffame.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://leatherhalloffame.com/index.php/board-of-governors.html","url_text":"\"> Board Of Governors - Leather Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\". podcasts.com. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.podcasts.com/the-gloria-brame-show","url_text":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Advisory Committee Members – NLA-I Domestic Violence Project\". nlaidvproject.us. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://nlaidvproject.us/get-involved/past-advisory-committee-members/","url_text":"\"Past Advisory Committee Members – NLA-I Domestic Violence Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailer with historic photos, comments SEX FOR GROWN-UPS\". Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YospFpsGFSc","url_text":"\"Trailer with historic photos, comments SEX FOR GROWN-UPS\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/YospFpsGFSc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of winners - Living In Leather\". www.livinginleather.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livinginleather.net/list-of-winners-5.html","url_text":"\"List of winners - Living In Leather\""}]},{"reference":"\"The NLA Writing Awards (for best BDSM writing) now open for nominations\". cecilia tan. November 3, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.ceciliatan.com/archives/2984","url_text":"\"The NLA Writing Awards (for best BDSM writing) now open for nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of winners\". NLA International. January 28, 2007. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103034928/http://nla-international.com/list-of-winners-5.html","url_text":"\"List of winners\""},{"url":"http://nla-international.com/list-of-winners-5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Listings of Bisexuality-Aware Professionals\". bizone.org. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizone.org/bap/baplist.php?category=Psychotherapists%20-%20Unlicensed","url_text":"\"Listings of Bisexuality-Aware Professionals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gloria Brame on Lesbian Business Community\". Lesbian Business Community. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lesbianbusinesscommunity.com/united-states/athens/medical-health-services/gloria-brame","url_text":"\"Gloria Brame on Lesbian Business Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"BDSM: Alternative Loving\". IMDb. Retrieved April 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0898896/combined","url_text":"\"BDSM: Alternative Loving\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"What Men Really Want\". IMDb. Retrieved April 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2366092/fullcredits","url_text":"\"What Men Really Want\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
|
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Brame, PhD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211620/http://www.iashs.edu/diss.html","external_links_name":"\"Institute of Human Sexuality Dissertation Listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.iashs.edu/diss.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gloriabrame.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.paperbackswap.com/Gloria-Brame/author/","external_links_name":"\"Gloria Brame: References and Further Reading, and a List of Books by Author Gloria Brame\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Gloria+G.+Brame%22","external_links_name":"\"Gloria G. Brame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323232451/https://ncsfreedom.org/key-programs/media-outreach/media-outreach-program/item/403-cda-expert-testimony-in-the-barbara-nitke-case.html","external_links_name":"\"CDA Expert Testimony in the Barbara Nitke Case\""},{"Link":"https://ncsfreedom.org/key-programs/media-outreach/media-outreach-program/item/403-cda-expert-testimony-in-the-barbara-nitke-case.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eff.org/cases/nitke-v-ashcroft","external_links_name":"\"Nitke vs Ashcroft\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311044400/http://www.woodhullalliance.org/about-us/board-of-directors/gloria-brame/","external_links_name":"\"Woodhull Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"http://www.woodhullalliance.org/about-us/board-of-directors/gloria-brame/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130405195632/http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","external_links_name":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.spreaker.com/show/the_gloria_brame_show","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-29/news/55364315_1_toes-distraught-woman-fetishes","external_links_name":"\"Toe-squeezing incident nails S. 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Welcome to the Fab And Fat Fetish World Of 'Gaining'\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/read/for-some-horny-hypebeasts-popping-an-air-max-bubble-is-the-ultimate-climax","external_links_name":"\"For Horny Hypebeasts, Popping an Air Max Bubble Is the Ultimate Climax\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/2014-01-14/news/46153142_1_philadelphia-magazine-fetish-man","external_links_name":"\"Fetish expert says Philly's Swiss Cheese Pervert could be dangerous\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2014/06/18/dolphin-sex-another-person-claims-to-have-had-sex-with-flippers-friend","external_links_name":"\"Dolphin Sex: Another Person Claims to Have Had Sex with Flipper's Friend\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118896877.wbiehs280","external_links_name":"10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs280"},{"Link":"https://leatherhalloffame.com/index.php/board-of-governors.html","external_links_name":"\"> Board Of Governors - Leather Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.podcasts.com/the-gloria-brame-show","external_links_name":"\"The Gloria Brame Show\""},{"Link":"http://nlaidvproject.us/get-involved/past-advisory-committee-members/","external_links_name":"\"Past Advisory Committee Members – NLA-I Domestic Violence Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YospFpsGFSc","external_links_name":"\"Trailer with historic photos, comments SEX FOR GROWN-UPS\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/YospFpsGFSc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.livinginleather.net/list-of-winners-5.html","external_links_name":"\"List of winners - Living In Leather\""},{"Link":"http://blog.ceciliatan.com/archives/2984","external_links_name":"\"The NLA Writing Awards (for best BDSM writing) now open for nominations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103034928/http://nla-international.com/list-of-winners-5.html","external_links_name":"\"List of winners\""},{"Link":"http://nla-international.com/list-of-winners-5.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bizone.org/bap/baplist.php?category=Psychotherapists%20-%20Unlicensed","external_links_name":"\"Listings of Bisexuality-Aware Professionals\""},{"Link":"http://www.lesbianbusinesscommunity.com/united-states/athens/medical-health-services/gloria-brame","external_links_name":"\"Gloria Brame on Lesbian Business Community\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0898896/combined","external_links_name":"\"BDSM: Alternative Loving\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2366092/fullcredits","external_links_name":"\"What Men Really Want\""},{"Link":"http://gloriabrame.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067687418","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/70592589","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdKmFrhGkrVtdX4QpwYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92099633","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810669182605606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilukhepa
|
Gilukhipa
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
GilukhipaQueen of EgyptPrincess of MitanniSpouseAmenhotep IIIFatherShuttarna II
Gilukhipa in hieroglyphs Kirgipa (kyrgypɜ)The sun goddess Hepa is my strength
Gilukhipa, or more probable Kilu-Hepa in Hurrian language, in the Egyptian language Kirgipa (fl. early 14th c. BCE), was the daughter of Shuttarna II, king of Mitanni. She was the sister of Tushratta (later King of Mitanni), Biria-Waza and Artashumara.
Biography
For political reasons, Gilukhipa was sent to Egypt to join Amenhotep III in marriage. The Egyptian pharaoh made a special issue of commemorative scarabs on the occasion of his marriage to Gilukhipa in his 10th regnal year (ca.1378–1376 BCE), where he recorded that the princess was escorted by 317 ladies-in-waiting, women from the Mitanni king's royal palace. Gilukhipa became known as the "Secondary King's Wife," meaning she was secondary to Amenhotep III's chief wife, Queen Tiye.
Twenty-six years later, her niece Tadukhepa also became Amenhotep's wife.
References
Asia portal
^ Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie 1957, p. 1738
^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004), p.154
vteQueens of Ancient EgyptProtodynastic Period to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC)I
Neithhotep
Benerib
Khenthap
Herneith
Nakhtneith
Penebui
Merneith
Seshemetka
Semat
Serethor
Betrest
II
Menka
Nimaathap
Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III
Hetephernebti
Djeseretnebti
Djefatnebti
Meresankh I
IV
Hetepheres I
Meritites I
Henutsen
Khentetka
Meresankh II
Hetepheres II
Meresankh III
Khamerernebty I
Persenet
Hekenuhedjet
Khamerernebty II
Rekhetre
Bunefer
V
Khentkaus I
Neferhetepes
Meretnebty
Khentkaus II
Khentkaus III
Reptynub
Khuit I
Nebunebty
Meresankh IV
Setibhor
Nebet
Khenut
Nimaethap II
VI
Iput I
Khuit II
Ankhesenpepi I
Ankhesenpepi II
Nubwenet
Meritites IV
Inenek-Inti
Nedjeftet
Neith
Iput II
Udjebten
Ankhesenpepi III
Ankhesenpepi IV
Nitocris
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC)XI
Neferu I
Neferukayet
Iah
Tem
Neferu II
Ashayet
Henhenet
Sadeh
Kawit
Kemsit
XII
Neferitatjenen
Neferu III
Keminub
Senet
Khenemetneferhedjet I
Nofret II
Khenmet
Khenemetneferhedjet II
Neferthenut
Meretseger
Aat
Khenemetneferhedjet III
Sobekneferu
2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC)XIII
Nofret
Nubhetepti
Senebhenas
Neni
Senebsen
Tjan
Ineni
Nubkhaes
Aya
Abetni
Satsobek
XIV
Tati
XVI
Mentuhotep
XVII
Nubemhat
Sobekemsaf
Haankhes
Tetisheri
Ahhotep I
Ahmose Inhapy
Sitdjehuti
Ahhotep II
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
New Kingdom(1550–1070 BC)XVIII
Ahmose-Nefertari
Ahmose-Sitkamose
Ahmose-Henuttamehu
Ahmose-Meritamun
Ahmose
Mutnofret
Hatshepsut
Iset
Satiah
Merytre-Hatshepsut
Nebtu
Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Nebsemi
Tiaa
Nefertari
Iaret
Mutemwiya
Tiye
Gilukhipa
Sitamun
Iset
Tadukhipa / Kiya
Nefertiti
Meritaten
Neferneferuaten
Ankhesenamun
Tey
Mutnedjmet
Nebetnehat
XIX
Sitre
Tuya
Tanedjemet
Nefertari
Isetnofret
Henutmire
Maathorneferure
Meritamen
Bintanath
Nebettawy
Merytre
Isetnofret II
Takhat
Twosret
Tiaa
Anuketemheb
XX
Tiy-Merenese
Iset Ta-Hemdjert
Tyti
Tiye
Duatentopet
Henutwati
Tawerettenru
Nubkhesbed
Baketwernel
Tentamun
3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC)XXI
Tentamun
Mutnedjmet
Karimala
XXII
Karomama
Penreshnes
Maatkare
Tashedkhonsu
Nesitaudjatakhet
Nesitanebetashru
Kapes
Karomama I
Tadibast III
XXIII
Karomama II
XXV
Pebatjma
Tabiry
Abar
Khensa
Peksater
Arty
Qalhata
Tabekenamun
Takahatenamun
Naparaye
Atakhebasken
Malaqaye
Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaoh
uncertain
Late(664–332 BC)XXVI
Mehytenweskhet
Khedebneithirbinet I
Takhuit
Tentkheta
Nakhtubasterau
Ladice
XXVII
Atossa
Artystone
Parmys
Amestris
Damaspia
Parysatis
XXXI
Stateira I
Hellenistic(332–30 BC)Argead
Roxana
Stateira II
Parysatis II
Eurydice II of Macedon
Ptolemaic
Eurydice
Berenice I
Arsinoe I
Arsinoe II
Berenice II
Arsinoe III
Cleopatra I Syra
Cleopatra II
Cleopatra III
Cleopatra IV
Cleopatra Selene
Berenice III
Cleopatra V
Cleopatra VI
Berenice IV
Cleopatra VII
Arsinoe IV
Dynastic genealogies
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
11th
12th
18th
19th
20th
21st to 23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
30th
31st
Ptolemaic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurrian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_language"},{"link_name":"Egyptian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"Shuttarna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna_II"},{"link_name":"Mitanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni"},{"link_name":"Tushratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushratta"},{"link_name":"Artashumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashumara"}],"text":"Gilukhipa, or more probable Kilu-Hepa in Hurrian language, in the Egyptian language Kirgipa (fl. early 14th c. BCE), was the daughter of Shuttarna II, king of Mitanni. She was the sister of Tushratta (later King of Mitanni), Biria-Waza and Artashumara.","title":"Gilukhipa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"scarabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiye"},{"link_name":"Tadukhepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukhepa"}],"text":"For political reasons, Gilukhipa was sent to Egypt to join Amenhotep III in marriage. The Egyptian pharaoh made a special issue of commemorative scarabs on the occasion of his marriage to Gilukhipa in his 10th regnal year (ca.1378–1376 BCE), where he recorded that the princess was escorted by 317 ladies-in-waiting, women from the Mitanni king's royal palace.[2] Gilukhipa became known as the \"Secondary King's Wife,\" meaning she was secondary to Amenhotep III's chief wife, Queen Tiye.Twenty-six years later, her niece Tadukhepa also became Amenhotep's wife.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Vander_Esch
|
Leighton Vander Esch
|
["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Pre-draft","3.2 2018","3.3 2019","3.4 2020","3.5 2021","3.6 2022","3.7 2023","3.8 Retirement","4 NFL career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Postseason","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American football player (born 1996)
American football player
Leighton Vander EschVander Esch with the Cowboys in 2020No. 55Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1996-02-08) February 8, 1996 (age 28)Riggins, Idaho, U.S.Height:6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight:255 lb (116 kg)Career informationHigh school:Salmon River (Riggins)College:Boise State (2014–2017)NFL draft:2018 / Round: 1 / Pick: 19Career history
Dallas Cowboys (2018–2023)
Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-Pro (2018)
Pro Bowl (2018)
PFWA All-Rookie Team (2018)
First-team All-Mountain West (2017)
Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year (2017)
Career NFL statisticsTotal tackles:469Sacks:3.5Forced fumbles:3Fumble recoveries:2Pass deflections:13Interceptions:3Defensive touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR
Leighton Vander Esch (born February 8, 1996) is an American former professional football linebacker. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos, and was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 2018 NFL draft, for whom he spent his entire six-year career.
Early life
Vander Esch was born and raised in Riggins, Idaho. He is of Dutch descent. He attended Salmon River High School in Riggins, and competed in eight-man football, basketball, and track. His graduating class of 2014 had eleven students.
In football, Vander Esch played quarterback and middle linebacker. As a senior, he completed 121 of 199 attempts (60.8 percent) for 2,155 yards and 28 passing touchdowns with one interception. He also had 157 carries for 1,565 yards and 34 rushing touchdowns, 131 tackles (85 solo), five interceptions, five fumble recoveries, and four defensive touchdowns. In the state's final 53-38 win against Lighthouse Christian School, he collected more than 500 yards of total offense and scored all five of his team's offensive touchdowns. He led SRHS to a 1A, Div. II state championship and was named All-Idaho 1A Division II Player of the Year.
In basketball, he averaged 29.4 points and 11.1 rebounds per game as a senior and led Salmon River to consecutive 1A, Div. II state championships.
College career
Vander Esch walked on at Boise State University, 150 miles (240 km) south of Riggins. As a redshirt freshman assigned to the role of backup linebacker in 2015, he appeared in all twelve games and registered 20 tackles (14 solo), one sack, one fumble recovery, and a first down on a fake punt.
As a sophomore in 2016, he was limited to six games due to a neck injury, returning in the twelfth game where the Broncos faced the Air Force Falcons; Vander Esch tallied 27 tackles (23 solo), 3.5 tackles-for-loss, one sack, and one interception.
As a junior in 2017, Vander Esch became a starter at weak-side linebacker and had a breakout season. He was named the Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year after making 141 tackles (fifth in the FBS), four sacks, two interceptions, and four forced fumbles (led the team).
After the season, Vander Esch opted not to play as a fifth-year senior for the Broncos in 2018 and entered the 2018 NFL draft. He finished his collegiate career with 188 tackles, five sacks and three interceptions.
Professional career
Pre-draft
On December 21, 2017, Vander Esch announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis in late February and completed all of the combine and positional drills. Vander Esch's overall combine performance impressed scouts; he finished tied for second among all linebackers in the vertical jump and short shuttle. He also tied for fifth among his position group in the broad jump, as well as fifth among linebackers in the three-cone drill.
External videos Vander Esch's NFL Combine Workout Leighton Vander Esch runs the 40-yard dash
Vander Esch participated in Boise State's pro day on April 3, 2018, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He attended pre-draft visits with multiple teams, including the New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, and Buffalo Bills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Vander Esch was projected to be a first-round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the third-best linebacker prospect in the draft by Sports Illustrated, the third-best outside linebacker by DraftScout.com, the fourth-best linebacker by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and the sixth-best outside linebacker in the draft by ESPN analyst Mel Kiper Jr.
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
6 ft 4+1⁄4 in(1.94 m)
256 lb(116 kg)
33+7⁄8 in(0.86 m)
9+3⁄4 in(0.25 m)
4.65 s
1.56 s
2.69 s
4.15 s
6.88 s
39+1⁄2 in(1.00 m)
10 ft 4 in(3.15 m)
20 reps
All values from NFL Combine
2018
Vander Esch with the Cowboys in 2018
The Cowboys selected Vander Esch in the first round (19th overall) of the 2018 NFL draft. He was the third linebacker selected.
External videos Cowboys draft Vander Esch 19th overall Vander Esch celebrates NFL draft with family
On May 11, the Cowboys signed Vander Esch to a fully guaranteed four-year $11.84 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $6.69 million.
Throughout training camp, Vander Esch competed to be the starting middle linebacker against Jaylon Smith. Head coach Jason Garrett named Vander Esch the backup middle linebacker, behind Smith, to start the regular season.
He made his professional regular season debut in the Cowboys' season-opener at the Carolina Panthers and recorded three combined tackles in their 16–8 loss. On September 30, Vander Esch earned his first career start after Sean Lee sustained a hamstring injury and was inactive for three games (Weeks 4–6). He made six combined tackles as the Cowboys defeated the Lions 26–24. The following week, he collected 14 combined tackles (11 solo) during their 19–16 loss at the Houston Texans in Week 5. On November 11, Vander Esch recorded a season-high 13 solo tackles and made his first career interception during a 27–20 win over the Eagles, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He intercepted a pass by Eagles' quarterback Carson Wentz, that was intended for tight end Zach Ertz, during the first quarter. The following week, Vander Esch recorded eight combined tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Atlanta Falcons' quarterback Matt Ryan during a 22–19 win at the Falcons in Week 11. In Week 16, he collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (11 solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27–20.
He finished his first season in 2018 with a franchise rookie-record 140 combined tackles (102 solo), seven deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 11 starts. Vander Esch finished with the third most tackles among all players in 2018, behind Indianapolis Colts linebacker Shaquille Leonard (163 tackles) and Green Bay Packers linebacker Blake Martinez (144 tackles). He received an overall grade of 87.5 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked fourth among all qualifying linebackers.
The Cowboys finished first in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 5, 2019, Vander Esch started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (six solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Seattle Seahawks 24–22 in the NFC Wildcard Game.
2019
In week 4 against the New Orleans Saints, Vander Esch recorded a team-high 11 tackles in the 12–10 loss. He missed weeks 12–16 with a nerve issue in his neck before deciding to undergo surgery to correct the issue. He was placed on injured reserve on December 24, 2019. Across nine games, Vander Esch recorded 72 tackles (43 solo, 29 assisted), 0.5 sacks, three passes defended, and one forced fumble.
2020
In the week 1 season opener against the Los Angeles Rams, Vander Esch recorded two combined tackles in the first half before leaving the game with a broken collarbone. The next day it was announced that he would undergo another surgery and was placed on injured reserve on September 15. He was designated to return from injured reserve on October 7 and began practicing with the team again. He was activated on October 19, 2020. Across 10 games, Vander Esch recorded 60 tackles (32 solo, 28 assisted), one sack, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery.
2021
On May 3, 2021, the Cowboys declined the fifth-year option of Vander Esch's contract, which would make him a free agent in the 2022 offseason. Across 17 games, Vander Esch recorded 77 tackles (48 solo, 29 assisted), one sack, two passes defended, and one interception.
2022
On March 18, 2022, Vander Esch re-signed with the Cowboys on a one-year contract. In 14 games, Vander Esch recorded 90 tackles (54 solo, 36 assisted), one sack, one pass deflection, and one forced fumble. Vander Esch missed the final four regular season games with a neck stinger he suffered in Week 14 against the Houston Texans.
Vander Esch returned in time for the playoffs, recording nine tackles in the Cowboys' 31–14 wild card round victory against the Buccaneers and 11 in their 19–12 divisional round loss to the San Francisco 49ers.
2023
On March 14, 2023, Vander Esch re-signed with the Dallas Cowboys on a two-year deal. Vander Esch scored his NFL first career touchdown on an 11-yard fumble return in Week 4 against the New England Patriots. On October 8, 2023, Vander Esch suffered a neck injury in the 42–10 loss against the 49ers. He was placed on injured reserve on October 16. On November 14, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones confirmed Vander Esch would miss the rest of the 2023 season.
Retirement
On March 15, 2024, Vander Esch was released by the Cowboys after six seasons with the team. Three days later, he announced his retirement from football for medical reasons.
NFL career statistics
Legend
Bold
Career high
Regular season
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Interceptions
Fumbles
GP
GS
Cmb
Solo
Ast
Sck
PD
Int
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
FF
FR
2018
DAL
16
11
140
102
38
0.0
7
2
56
28.0
28
0
0
0
2019
DAL
9
9
72
43
29
0.5
3
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
0
2020
DAL
10
10
60
32
28
1.0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
1
2021
DAL
17
16
77
48
29
1.0
2
1
7
7.0
7
0
0
0
2022
DAL
14
14
90
54
36
1.0
1
0
0
0.0
0
0
1
0
2023
DAL
5
5
30
17
13
0.0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
1
Career
71
65
469
296
173
3.5
13
3
63
21.0
28
0
3
2
Postseason
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Interceptions
Fumbles
GP
GS
Cmb
Solo
Ast
Sck
PD
Int
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
FF
FR
2018
DAL
2
2
14
9
5
0.0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2021
DAL
1
1
13
5
8
0.0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2022
DAL
2
2
20
8
12
0.0
2
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2023
DAL
0
0
Did not play due to injury
Career
5
5
47
22
25
0.0
2
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
Personal life
Vander Esch is a Christian. He is married to Madalynn Vander Esch. They have one daughter.
Vander Esch's younger cousin, Caleb Vander Esch, played college football as a wide receiver at South Dakota and professionally for the Arlington Renegades.
References
^ Kirshner, Alex (March 4, 2018). "How 8-man football brought Leighton Vander Esch to Dallas". SBNation.com. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
^ Cooper, Brittany (March 1, 2019). "Vander Esch on state basketball and loyalty to Salmon River". KVMT. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
^ "Leighton Vander Esch went from small-town star to NFL prospect". NFL.com. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
^ Rains, B.J. (April 16, 2016). "Idaho native Vander Esch continuing to improve for Boise State". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Southorn, Dave (September 21, 2017). "Vander Esch's rise at Boise State has a whole Idaho community cheering — and busing". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ "Boise State linebacker named Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year". Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ "Boise State LB Leighton Vander Esch declares for draft". Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ "Boise State linebacker Leighton Vander Esch declares for NFL Draft: "there was nothing holding me back"". Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ Hiatt, Kevin (December 21, 2017). "Leighton Vander Esch Announces He's Leaving For NFL". 247sports.com. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^ "Sources Tell Us: NFL Combine standout not just workout warrior". NFL.com. March 9, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "2018 NFL Combine: Top Performers". NFL.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Gowton, Brandon Lee (March 19, 2018). "Eagles reportedly hosted Leighton Vander Esch on pre-draft visit". bleedinggreennation.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Brady, Kevin (March 22, 2018). "DRAFTREPORT: BOISE STATE LB LEIGHTON VANDER ESCH VISITING COWBOYS". insidethestar.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "BSU LB Leighton Vander Esch scheduled to visit Detroit Lions next week". prideofdetroit.com. April 6, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "*Leighton Vander Esch, DS #3 OLB, Boise State". DraftScout.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Mayock, Mike (April 20, 2018). "Mike Mayock's 2018 NFL Draft position rankings 3.0". NFL.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Kiper Jr., Mel (March 2, 2018). "Mel Kiper's Big Board and position rankings: Top 2018 NFL draft prospects". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "The 2018 NFL Draft Big Board, 2.0". si.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "NFL Draft Prospect Profile - Leighton Vander Esch". NFL.com. March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ "Boise State OLB Leighton Vander Esch : 2018 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile". NFLDraftScout.com. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
^ "2018 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
^ Sessler, Marc (April 26, 2018). "Cowboys pass on WR, draft LB Leighton Vander Esch". NFL.com.
^ "Cowboys sign Leighton Vander Esch to rookie deal". NFL. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
^ "Is Leighton Vander Esch another Brian Urlacher in the making? Or the Cowboys' insurance for Jaylon Smith and Sean Lee?". sportsday.dallasnews.com. July 26, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Walker, Patrik (September 5, 2018). "Cowboys release depth chart for season opener vs. Panthers". 247Sports.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "Film Room: Why Cowboys defense will be just fine with Leighton Vander Esch replacing Sean Lee". sportsday.dallasnews.com. September 27, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ "NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)". NFL.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
^ Bergman, Jeremy (November 14, 2018). "Ben Roethlisberger, Mitch Trubisky among Players of the Week". NFL.com.
^ a b "NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)". NFL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ "NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (career)". NFL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ "Pro Football Focus: Leighton Vander Esch". profootballfocus.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ "Saints top Cowboys in 12-10 defensive struggle". www.espn.com. September 29, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
^ "Dallas Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch out with injured collarbone". www.espn.com. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
^ "Dallas Cowboys lose starting LB Leighton Vander Esch for 6-8 weeks, TE Blake Jarwin for season". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
^ Phillips, Rob (September 15, 2020). "Brandon Carr, LB, OT Signed To Roster; 3 To IR". DallasCowboys.com.
^ Phillips, Rob (October 7, 2020). "Practice Report: Gregory Returns; LVE Closer?". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ Alper, Josh (October 19, 2020). "Cowboys activate Leighton Vander Esch, put Dak Prescott on IR". NBCSports.com. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^ Phillips, Rob (May 3, 2021). "Cowboys Decline 5th-Year Option For Vander Esch". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^ Patra, Kevin (March 18, 2022). "Cowboys re-signing LB Leighton Vander Esch to one-year contract". NFL.com. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ Trotta, Jerry. "Cowboys catch major break with Leighton Vander Esch injury update". TheLandyHat.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
^ Walker, Patrik (March 14, 2023). "Vander Esch Returns to Cowboys on 2-Year Deal". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
^ "Dante Fowler Strip Sack, Leighton Vander Esch Scores". www.dallascowboys.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
^ Harris, Nick (October 16, 2023). "Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF". DallasCowboys.com.
^ "Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch (neck) to miss remainder of 2023 season". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
^ Walker, Patrik. "Cowboys, LVE part ways following 2023 season". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
^ "LVE retires from NFL, Cowboys issue statement". DallasCowboys.com. March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Mercer, Kevin. "Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch retires, trusts in God's 'unwavering love and guidance'". Sports Spectrum. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ Engel, Mac (April 14, 2023). "Another Vander Esch plays football in Arlington, and he eyes a shot at the NFL". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leighton Vander Esch.
Official website
Boise State Broncos bio
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Boise State Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos_football"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"2018 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_draft"}],"text":"American football playerLeighton Vander Esch (born February 8, 1996) is an American former professional football linebacker. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos, and was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 2018 NFL draft, for whom he spent his entire six-year career.","title":"Leighton Vander Esch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riggins, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riggins,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Dutch descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Americans"},{"link_name":"eight-man football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-man_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_basketball"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"middle linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_linebacker"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"1A, Div. II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_High_School_Activities_Association#Classification"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Vander Esch was born and raised in Riggins, Idaho. He is of Dutch descent. He attended Salmon River High School in Riggins, and competed in eight-man football, basketball, and track.[1][2] His graduating class of 2014 had eleven students.In football, Vander Esch played quarterback and middle linebacker. As a senior, he completed 121 of 199 attempts (60.8 percent) for 2,155 yards and 28 passing touchdowns with one interception. He also had 157 carries for 1,565 yards and 34 rushing touchdowns, 131 tackles (85 solo), five interceptions, five fumble recoveries, and four defensive touchdowns. In the state's final 53-38 win against Lighthouse Christian School, he collected more than 500 yards of total offense and scored all five of his team's offensive touchdowns. He led SRHS to a 1A, Div. II state championship and was named All-Idaho 1A Division II Player of the Year.[citation needed]In basketball, he averaged 29.4 points and 11.1 rebounds per game as a senior and led Salmon River to consecutive 1A, Div. II state championships.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"walked on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-on_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Boise State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"Air Force Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"weak-side linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebacker#Weakside_linebacker"},{"link_name":"Mountain West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"2018 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Vander Esch walked on at Boise State University,[4][5] 150 miles (240 km) south of Riggins. As a redshirt freshman assigned to the role of backup linebacker in 2015, he appeared in all twelve games and registered 20 tackles (14 solo), one sack, one fumble recovery, and a first down on a fake punt.As a sophomore in 2016, he was limited to six games due to a neck injury, returning in the twelfth game where the Broncos faced the Air Force Falcons; Vander Esch tallied 27 tackles (23 solo), 3.5 tackles-for-loss, one sack, and one interception.As a junior in 2017, Vander Esch became a starter at weak-side linebacker and had a breakout season. He was named the Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year after making 141 tackles (fifth in the FBS), four sacks, two interceptions, and four forced fumbles (led the team).[6]After the season, Vander Esch opted not to play as a fifth-year senior for the Broncos in 2018 and entered the 2018 NFL draft.[7][8] He finished his collegiate career with 188 tackles, five sacks and three interceptions.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NFL Scouting Combine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Scouting_Combine"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"vertical jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_jump"},{"link_name":"short shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Scouting_Combine#20-yard_shuttle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"broad jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"three-cone drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-cone_drill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"pro day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_day"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Mike Mayock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mayock"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Mel Kiper Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Kiper_Jr."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Pre-draft","text":"On December 21, 2017, Vander Esch announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL draft.[9] He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis in late February and completed all of the combine and positional drills. Vander Esch's overall combine performance impressed scouts; he finished tied for second among all linebackers in the vertical jump and short shuttle.[10] He also tied for fifth among his position group in the broad jump, as well as fifth among linebackers in the three-cone drill.[11]Vander Esch participated in Boise State's pro day on April 3, 2018, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He attended pre-draft visits with multiple teams, including the New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, and Buffalo Bills.[12][13][14] At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Vander Esch was projected to be a first-round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts.[15] He was ranked as the third-best linebacker prospect in the draft by Sports Illustrated, the third-best outside linebacker by DraftScout.com, the fourth-best linebacker by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and the sixth-best outside linebacker in the draft by ESPN analyst Mel Kiper Jr.[16][17][18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leighton_Vander_Esch_(45433440412)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft-22"},{"link_name":"signing bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_bonus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Jaylon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaylon_Smith"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jason Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Garrett"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Sean Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Lee"},{"link_name":"hamstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Carson Wentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_Wentz"},{"link_name":"Zach Ertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Ertz"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Matt Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Ryan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats18-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Shaquille Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaquille_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Blake Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Focus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"NFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC_East"},{"link_name":"playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NFL_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats18-29"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"Vander Esch with the Cowboys in 2018The Cowboys selected Vander Esch in the first round (19th overall) of the 2018 NFL draft.[21] He was the third linebacker selected.[22]On May 11, the Cowboys signed Vander Esch to a fully guaranteed four-year $11.84 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $6.69 million.[23]Throughout training camp, Vander Esch competed to be the starting middle linebacker against Jaylon Smith.[24] Head coach Jason Garrett named Vander Esch the backup middle linebacker, behind Smith, to start the regular season.[25]He made his professional regular season debut in the Cowboys' season-opener at the Carolina Panthers and recorded three combined tackles in their 16–8 loss. On September 30, Vander Esch earned his first career start after Sean Lee sustained a hamstring injury and was inactive for three games (Weeks 4–6).[26] He made six combined tackles as the Cowboys defeated the Lions 26–24. The following week, he collected 14 combined tackles (11 solo) during their 19–16 loss at the Houston Texans in Week 5.[27] On November 11, Vander Esch recorded a season-high 13 solo tackles and made his first career interception during a 27–20 win over the Eagles, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He intercepted a pass by Eagles' quarterback Carson Wentz, that was intended for tight end Zach Ertz, during the first quarter.[28] The following week, Vander Esch recorded eight combined tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Atlanta Falcons' quarterback Matt Ryan during a 22–19 win at the Falcons in Week 11. In Week 16, he collected a season-high 15 combined tackles (11 solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27–20.[29]He finished his first season in 2018 with a franchise rookie-record 140 combined tackles (102 solo), seven deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 11 starts.[30] Vander Esch finished with the third most tackles among all players in 2018, behind Indianapolis Colts linebacker Shaquille Leonard (163 tackles) and Green Bay Packers linebacker Blake Martinez (144 tackles). He received an overall grade of 87.5 from Pro Football Focus in 2018, which ranked fourth among all qualifying linebackers.[31]The Cowboys finished first in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 5, 2019, Vander Esch started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles (six solo) as the Cowboys defeated the Seattle Seahawks 24–22 in the NFC Wildcard Game.[29]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"In week 4 against the New Orleans Saints, Vander Esch recorded a team-high 11 tackles in the 12–10 loss.[32] He missed weeks 12–16 with a nerve issue in his neck before deciding to undergo surgery to correct the issue. He was placed on injured reserve on December 24, 2019. Across nine games, Vander Esch recorded 72 tackles (43 solo, 29 assisted), 0.5 sacks, three passes defended, and one forced fumble.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"In the week 1 season opener against the Los Angeles Rams, Vander Esch recorded two combined tackles in the first half before leaving the game with a broken collarbone.[33] The next day it was announced that he would undergo another surgery and was placed on injured reserve on September 15.[34][35] He was designated to return from injured reserve on October 7 and began practicing with the team again.[36] He was activated on October 19, 2020.[37] Across 10 games, Vander Esch recorded 60 tackles (32 solo, 28 assisted), one sack, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"On May 3, 2021, the Cowboys declined the fifth-year option of Vander Esch's contract, which would make him a free agent in the 2022 offseason.[38] Across 17 games, Vander Esch recorded 77 tackles (48 solo, 29 assisted), one sack, two passes defended, and one interception.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"On March 18, 2022, Vander Esch re-signed with the Cowboys on a one-year contract.[39] In 14 games, Vander Esch recorded 90 tackles (54 solo, 36 assisted), one sack, one pass deflection, and one forced fumble. Vander Esch missed the final four regular season games with a neck stinger he suffered in Week 14 against the Houston Texans.[40]Vander Esch returned in time for the playoffs, recording nine tackles in the Cowboys' 31–14 wild card round victory against the Buccaneers and 11 in their 19–12 divisional round loss to the San Francisco 49ers.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jones"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"On March 14, 2023, Vander Esch re-signed with the Dallas Cowboys on a two-year deal.[41] Vander Esch scored his NFL first career touchdown on an 11-yard fumble return in Week 4 against the New England Patriots.[42] On October 8, 2023, Vander Esch suffered a neck injury in the 42–10 loss against the 49ers. He was placed on injured reserve on October 16.[43] On November 14, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones confirmed Vander Esch would miss the rest of the 2023 season.[44]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"On March 15, 2024, Vander Esch was released by the Cowboys after six seasons with the team.[45] Three days later, he announced his retirement from football for medical reasons.[46]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Postseason","title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Coyotes_football"},{"link_name":"Arlington Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Renegades"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Vander Esch is a Christian. He is married to Madalynn Vander Esch. They have one daughter.[47]Vander Esch's younger cousin, Caleb Vander Esch, played college football as a wide receiver at South Dakota and professionally for the Arlington Renegades.[48]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vander Esch with the Cowboys in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Leighton_Vander_Esch_%2845433440412%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leighton_Vander_Esch_%2845433440412%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Kirshner, Alex (March 4, 2018). \"How 8-man football brought Leighton Vander Esch to Dallas\". SBNation.com. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2018/3/4/17076704/leighton-vander-esch-cowboys-draft-lb","url_text":"\"How 8-man football brought Leighton Vander Esch to Dallas\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Brittany (March 1, 2019). \"Vander Esch on state basketball and loyalty to Salmon River\". KVMT. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kmvt.com/content/sports/Vander-Esch-on-state-basketball-and-loyalty-to-Salmon-River-506536661.html","url_text":"\"Vander Esch on state basketball and loyalty to Salmon River\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leighton Vander Esch went from small-town star to NFL prospect\". NFL.com. Retrieved October 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/leighton-vander-esch-went-from-small-town-star-to-nfl-prospect-0ap3000000928236","url_text":"\"Leighton Vander Esch went from small-town star to NFL prospect\""}]},{"reference":"Rains, B.J. (April 16, 2016). \"Idaho native Vander Esch continuing to improve for Boise State\". Idaho Statesman. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154558/https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/football/idaho-native-vander-esch-continuing-to-improve-for-boise-state/article_031e2677-3662-5f2b-a5d0-635e4ac1aa32.html","url_text":"\"Idaho native Vander Esch continuing to improve for Boise State\""},{"url":"https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/football/idaho-native-vander-esch-continuing-to-improve-for-boise-state/article_031e2677-3662-5f2b-a5d0-635e4ac1aa32.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Southorn, Dave (September 21, 2017). \"Vander Esch's rise at Boise State has a whole Idaho community cheering — and busing\". Idaho Statesman. 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Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2017/12/21/boise-state-lb-leighton-vander-esch-declares-for-draft/","url_text":"\"Boise State LB Leighton Vander Esch declares for draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boise State linebacker Leighton Vander Esch declares for NFL Draft: \"there was nothing holding me back\"\". Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/boise-state-linebacker-leighton-vander-esch-declares-for-nfl-draft/article_92667e24-e667-11e7-9e55-df750c241ad2.html","url_text":"\"Boise State linebacker Leighton Vander Esch declares for NFL Draft: \"there was nothing holding me back\"\""}]},{"reference":"Hiatt, Kevin (December 21, 2017). \"Leighton Vander Esch Announces He's Leaving For NFL\". 247sports.com. Retrieved October 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/boise-state/Article/Boise-State-Middle-Linebacker-Leighton-Vander-Esch-Declares-For-NFL-Draft-After-Dominating-Junior-Campaign-112597659/","url_text":"\"Leighton Vander Esch Announces He's Leaving For NFL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sources Tell Us: NFL Combine standout not just workout warrior\". NFL.com. March 9, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/sources-tell-us-nfl-combine-standout-not-just-workout-warrior-0ap3000000920375","url_text":"\"Sources Tell Us: NFL Combine standout not just workout warrior\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 NFL Combine: Top Performers\". NFL.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/combine/top-performers","url_text":"\"2018 NFL Combine: Top Performers\""}]},{"reference":"Gowton, Brandon Lee (March 19, 2018). \"Eagles reportedly hosted Leighton Vander Esch on pre-draft visit\". bleedinggreennation.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bleedinggreennation.com/2018/3/19/17139928/eagles-leighton-vander-esch-pre-draft-visit-philadelphia-linebacker-boise-state-tracker-nfl-2018","url_text":"\"Eagles reportedly hosted Leighton Vander Esch on pre-draft visit\""}]},{"reference":"Brady, Kevin (March 22, 2018). \"DRAFTREPORT: BOISE STATE LB LEIGHTON VANDER ESCH VISITING COWBOYS\". insidethestar.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidethestar.com/report-boise-state-lb-leighton-vander-esch-visiting-cowboys/The","url_text":"\"DRAFTREPORT: BOISE STATE LB LEIGHTON VANDER ESCH VISITING COWBOYS\""}]},{"reference":"\"BSU LB Leighton Vander Esch scheduled to visit Detroit Lions next week\". prideofdetroit.com. April 6, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prideofdetroit.com/2018/4/6/17204420/bsu-lb-leighton-vander-esch-scheduled-to-visit-detroit-lions-next-week","url_text":"\"BSU LB Leighton Vander Esch scheduled to visit Detroit Lions next week\""}]},{"reference":"\"*Leighton Vander Esch, DS #3 OLB, Boise State\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.draftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=1006897&draftyear=2018&genpos=OLB","url_text":"\"*Leighton Vander Esch, DS #3 OLB, Boise State\""}]},{"reference":"Mayock, Mike (April 20, 2018). \"Mike Mayock's 2018 NFL Draft position rankings 3.0\". NFL.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422060134/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000927595/article/mike-mayocks-2018-nfl-draft-position-rankings-30","url_text":"\"Mike Mayock's 2018 NFL Draft position rankings 3.0\""},{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000927595/article/mike-mayocks-2018-nfl-draft-position-rankings-30","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kiper Jr., Mel (March 2, 2018). \"Mel Kiper's Big Board and position rankings: Top 2018 NFL draft prospects\". abcnews.go.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/mel-kipers-big-board-position-rankings-top-2018/story?id=53475544","url_text":"\"Mel Kiper's Big Board and position rankings: Top 2018 NFL draft prospects\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2018 NFL Draft Big Board, 2.0\". si.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/nfl/2018/03/07/nfl-draft-top-prospects-big-board-top-100","url_text":"\"The 2018 NFL Draft Big Board, 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Draft Prospect Profile - Leighton Vander Esch\". NFL.com. March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/leighton-vander%20esch?id=32462018-0002-5602-32a6-0b4e5b5e883e","url_text":"\"NFL Draft Prospect Profile - Leighton Vander Esch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL.com","url_text":"NFL.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Boise State OLB Leighton Vander Esch : 2018 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile\". NFLDraftScout.com. Retrieved May 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.draftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=1006897&draftyear=2018&genpos=OLB","url_text":"\"Boise State OLB Leighton Vander Esch : 2018 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2018/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2018 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Sessler, Marc (April 26, 2018). \"Cowboys pass on WR, draft LB Leighton Vander Esch\". NFL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-pass-on-wr-draft-lb-leighton-vander-esch-0ap3000000929091","url_text":"\"Cowboys pass on WR, draft LB Leighton Vander Esch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cowboys sign Leighton Vander Esch to rookie deal\". NFL. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-sign-first-round-pick-leighton-vander-esch-0ap3000000932536","url_text":"\"Cowboys sign Leighton Vander Esch to rookie deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is Leighton Vander Esch another Brian Urlacher in the making? Or the Cowboys' insurance for Jaylon Smith and Sean Lee?\". sportsday.dallasnews.com. July 26, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2018/07/26/isleighton-vander-esch-anotherbrian-urlacher-making-cowboys-insurance-forjaylon-smith-andsean-lee","url_text":"\"Is Leighton Vander Esch another Brian Urlacher in the making? Or the Cowboys' insurance for Jaylon Smith and Sean Lee?\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Patrik (September 5, 2018). \"Cowboys release depth chart for season opener vs. Panthers\". 247Sports.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/nfl/dallas-cowboys/ContentGallery/Cowboys-depth-chart-vs-Panthers-121451664/","url_text":"\"Cowboys release depth chart for season opener vs. Panthers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film Room: Why Cowboys defense will be just fine with Leighton Vander Esch replacing Sean Lee\". sportsday.dallasnews.com. September 27, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2018/09/27/film-room-cowboys-defense-will-just-fine-leighton-vander-esch-replacing-sean-lee","url_text":"\"Film Room: Why Cowboys defense will be just fine with Leighton Vander Esch replacing Sean Lee\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\". NFL.com. Retrieved October 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/gamelogs","url_text":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\""}]},{"reference":"Bergman, Jeremy (November 14, 2018). \"Ben Roethlisberger, Mitch Trubisky among Players of the Week\". NFL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/ben-roethlisberger-mitch-trubisky-among-players-of-the-week-0ap3000000988095","url_text":"\"Ben Roethlisberger, Mitch Trubisky among Players of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\". NFL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/gamelogs","url_text":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (career)\". NFL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/careerstats","url_text":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (career)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Football Focus: Leighton Vander Esch\". profootballfocus.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profootballfocus.com/nfl/players/leighton-vander-esch/50950","url_text":"\"Pro Football Focus: Leighton Vander Esch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saints top Cowboys in 12-10 defensive struggle\". www.espn.com. September 29, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=401128102","url_text":"\"Saints top Cowboys in 12-10 defensive struggle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch out with injured collarbone\". www.espn.com. Retrieved September 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29881527/dallas-cowboys-lb-leighton-vander-esch-injured-collarbone","url_text":"\"Dallas Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch out with injured collarbone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dallas Cowboys lose starting LB Leighton Vander Esch for 6-8 weeks, TE Blake Jarwin for season\". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved September 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/cowboys/2020/09/14/dallas-cowboys-injuries-leighton-vander-esch-blake-jarwin/5794221002/","url_text":"\"Dallas Cowboys lose starting LB Leighton Vander Esch for 6-8 weeks, TE Blake Jarwin for season\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Rob (September 15, 2020). \"Brandon Carr, LB, OT Signed To Roster; 3 To IR\". DallasCowboys.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/brandon-carr-lb-ot-signed-to-roster-3-to-ir","url_text":"\"Brandon Carr, LB, OT Signed To Roster; 3 To IR\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Rob (October 7, 2020). \"Practice Report: Gregory Returns; LVE Closer?\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/practice-report-gregory-returns-lve-closer","url_text":"\"Practice Report: Gregory Returns; LVE Closer?\""}]},{"reference":"Alper, Josh (October 19, 2020). \"Cowboys activate Leighton Vander Esch, put Dak Prescott on IR\". NBCSports.com. Retrieved November 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/10/19/cowboys-activate-leighton-vander-esch-put-dak-prescott-on-ir/","url_text":"\"Cowboys activate Leighton Vander Esch, put Dak Prescott on IR\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Rob (May 3, 2021). \"Cowboys Decline 5th-Year Option For Vander Esch\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved May 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/no-option-expected-for-leighton-vander-esch","url_text":"\"Cowboys Decline 5th-Year Option For Vander Esch\""}]},{"reference":"Patra, Kevin (March 18, 2022). \"Cowboys re-signing LB Leighton Vander Esch to one-year contract\". NFL.com. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/leighton-vander-esch-cowboys-re-signing-lb-to-one-year-contract","url_text":"\"Cowboys re-signing LB Leighton Vander Esch to one-year contract\""}]},{"reference":"Trotta, Jerry. \"Cowboys catch major break with Leighton Vander Esch injury update\". TheLandyHat.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thelandryhat.com/2022/12/19/cowboys-catch-major-break-leighton-vander-esch-injury-update-neck/","url_text":"\"Cowboys catch major break with Leighton Vander Esch injury update\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Patrik (March 14, 2023). \"Vander Esch Returns to Cowboys on 2-Year Deal\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved March 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/vander-esch-returns-to-cowboys-on-2-year-deal","url_text":"\"Vander Esch Returns to Cowboys on 2-Year Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dante Fowler Strip Sack, Leighton Vander Esch Scores\". www.dallascowboys.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/video/dante-fowler-strip-sack-leighton-vander-esch-scores","url_text":"\"Dante Fowler Strip Sack, Leighton Vander Esch Scores\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Nick (October 16, 2023). \"Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF\". DallasCowboys.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-six-roster-moves-ahead-of-mnf","url_text":"\"Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch (neck) to miss remainder of 2023 season\". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-lb-leighton-vander-esch-neck-to-miss-remainder-of-2023-season","url_text":"\"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch (neck) to miss remainder of 2023 season\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Patrik. \"Cowboys, LVE part ways following 2023 season\". DallasCowboys.com. Retrieved March 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-lve-part-ways-following-2023-season","url_text":"\"Cowboys, LVE part ways following 2023 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"LVE retires from NFL, Cowboys issue statement\". DallasCowboys.com. March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/lve-retires-from-nfl-cowboys-issue-statement","url_text":"\"LVE retires from NFL, Cowboys issue statement\""}]},{"reference":"Mercer, Kevin. \"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch retires, trusts in God's 'unwavering love and guidance'\". Sports Spectrum. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/football/2024/03/19/cowboys-leighton-vander-esch-retires-gods-love-guidance/","url_text":"\"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch retires, trusts in God's 'unwavering love and guidance'\""}]},{"reference":"Engel, Mac (April 14, 2023). \"Another Vander Esch plays football in Arlington, and he eyes a shot at the NFL\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/mac-engel/article274275980.html","url_text":"\"Another Vander Esch plays football in Arlington, and he eyes a shot at the NFL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"}]}]
|
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prospect\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029154558/https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/football/idaho-native-vander-esch-continuing-to-improve-for-boise-state/article_031e2677-3662-5f2b-a5d0-635e4ac1aa32.html","external_links_name":"\"Idaho native Vander Esch continuing to improve for Boise State\""},{"Link":"https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/football/idaho-native-vander-esch-continuing-to-improve-for-boise-state/article_031e2677-3662-5f2b-a5d0-635e4ac1aa32.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.idahostatesman.com/sports/college/mountain-west/boise-state-university/boise-state-football/article174720066.html","external_links_name":"\"Vander Esch's rise at Boise State has a whole Idaho community cheering — and busing\""},{"Link":"http://www.idahostatesman.com/sports/college/mountain-west/boise-state-university/boise-state-football/article187084463.html","external_links_name":"\"Boise State linebacker named Mountain West Defensive Player of the Year\""},{"Link":"http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2017/12/21/boise-state-lb-leighton-vander-esch-declares-for-draft/","external_links_name":"\"Boise State LB Leighton Vander Esch declares for draft\""},{"Link":"https://www.idahopress.com/blueturfsports/boise-state-linebacker-leighton-vander-esch-declares-for-nfl-draft/article_92667e24-e667-11e7-9e55-df750c241ad2.html","external_links_name":"\"Boise State linebacker Leighton Vander Esch declares for NFL Draft: \"there was nothing holding me back\"\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/college/boise-state/Article/Boise-State-Middle-Linebacker-Leighton-Vander-Esch-Declares-For-NFL-Draft-After-Dominating-Junior-Campaign-112597659/","external_links_name":"\"Leighton Vander Esch Announces He's Leaving For NFL\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/sources-tell-us-nfl-combine-standout-not-just-workout-warrior-0ap3000000920375","external_links_name":"\"Sources Tell Us: NFL Combine standout not just workout warrior\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/combine/top-performers","external_links_name":"\"2018 NFL Combine: Top Performers\""},{"Link":"https://www.bleedinggreennation.com/2018/3/19/17139928/eagles-leighton-vander-esch-pre-draft-visit-philadelphia-linebacker-boise-state-tracker-nfl-2018","external_links_name":"\"Eagles reportedly hosted Leighton Vander Esch on pre-draft visit\""},{"Link":"https://insidethestar.com/report-boise-state-lb-leighton-vander-esch-visiting-cowboys/The","external_links_name":"\"DRAFTREPORT: BOISE STATE LB LEIGHTON VANDER ESCH VISITING COWBOYS\""},{"Link":"https://www.prideofdetroit.com/2018/4/6/17204420/bsu-lb-leighton-vander-esch-scheduled-to-visit-detroit-lions-next-week","external_links_name":"\"BSU LB Leighton Vander Esch scheduled to visit Detroit Lions next week\""},{"Link":"http://www.draftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=1006897&draftyear=2018&genpos=OLB","external_links_name":"\"*Leighton Vander Esch, DS #3 OLB, Boise State\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180422060134/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000927595/article/mike-mayocks-2018-nfl-draft-position-rankings-30","external_links_name":"\"Mike Mayock's 2018 NFL Draft position rankings 3.0\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000927595/article/mike-mayocks-2018-nfl-draft-position-rankings-30","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/mel-kipers-big-board-position-rankings-top-2018/story?id=53475544","external_links_name":"\"Mel Kiper's Big Board and position rankings: Top 2018 NFL draft prospects\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/nfl/2018/03/07/nfl-draft-top-prospects-big-board-top-100","external_links_name":"\"The 2018 NFL Draft Big Board, 2.0\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/leighton-vander%20esch?id=32462018-0002-5602-32a6-0b4e5b5e883e","external_links_name":"\"NFL Draft Prospect Profile - Leighton Vander Esch\""},{"Link":"http://www.draftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=1006897&draftyear=2018&genpos=OLB","external_links_name":"\"Boise State OLB Leighton Vander Esch : 2018 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2018/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"2018 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-pass-on-wr-draft-lb-leighton-vander-esch-0ap3000000929091","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys pass on WR, draft LB Leighton Vander Esch\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-sign-first-round-pick-leighton-vander-esch-0ap3000000932536","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys sign Leighton Vander Esch to rookie deal\""},{"Link":"https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2018/07/26/isleighton-vander-esch-anotherbrian-urlacher-making-cowboys-insurance-forjaylon-smith-andsean-lee","external_links_name":"\"Is Leighton Vander Esch another Brian Urlacher in the making? Or the Cowboys' insurance for Jaylon Smith and Sean Lee?\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/nfl/dallas-cowboys/ContentGallery/Cowboys-depth-chart-vs-Panthers-121451664/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys release depth chart for season opener vs. Panthers\""},{"Link":"https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2018/09/27/film-room-cowboys-defense-will-just-fine-leighton-vander-esch-replacing-sean-lee","external_links_name":"\"Film Room: Why Cowboys defense will be just fine with Leighton Vander Esch replacing Sean Lee\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/gamelogs","external_links_name":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/ben-roethlisberger-mitch-trubisky-among-players-of-the-week-0ap3000000988095","external_links_name":"\"Ben Roethlisberger, Mitch Trubisky among Players of the Week\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/gamelogs","external_links_name":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (2018)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/player/leightonvanderesch/2560908/careerstats","external_links_name":"\"NFL Player stats: Leighton Vander Esch (career)\""},{"Link":"https://www.profootballfocus.com/nfl/players/leighton-vander-esch/50950","external_links_name":"\"Pro Football Focus: Leighton Vander Esch\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=401128102","external_links_name":"\"Saints top Cowboys in 12-10 defensive struggle\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29881527/dallas-cowboys-lb-leighton-vander-esch-injured-collarbone","external_links_name":"\"Dallas Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch out with injured collarbone\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/cowboys/2020/09/14/dallas-cowboys-injuries-leighton-vander-esch-blake-jarwin/5794221002/","external_links_name":"\"Dallas Cowboys lose starting LB Leighton Vander Esch for 6-8 weeks, TE Blake Jarwin for season\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/brandon-carr-lb-ot-signed-to-roster-3-to-ir","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Carr, LB, OT Signed To Roster; 3 To IR\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/practice-report-gregory-returns-lve-closer","external_links_name":"\"Practice Report: Gregory Returns; LVE Closer?\""},{"Link":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2020/10/19/cowboys-activate-leighton-vander-esch-put-dak-prescott-on-ir/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys activate Leighton Vander Esch, put Dak Prescott on IR\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/no-option-expected-for-leighton-vander-esch","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys Decline 5th-Year Option For Vander Esch\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/leighton-vander-esch-cowboys-re-signing-lb-to-one-year-contract","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys re-signing LB Leighton Vander Esch to one-year contract\""},{"Link":"https://thelandryhat.com/2022/12/19/cowboys-catch-major-break-leighton-vander-esch-injury-update-neck/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys catch major break with Leighton Vander Esch injury update\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/vander-esch-returns-to-cowboys-on-2-year-deal","external_links_name":"\"Vander Esch Returns to Cowboys on 2-Year Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/video/dante-fowler-strip-sack-leighton-vander-esch-scores","external_links_name":"\"Dante Fowler Strip Sack, Leighton Vander Esch Scores\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-announce-six-roster-moves-ahead-of-mnf","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys announce six roster moves ahead of MNF\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/news/cowboys-lb-leighton-vander-esch-neck-to-miss-remainder-of-2023-season","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch (neck) to miss remainder of 2023 season\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/cowboys-lve-part-ways-following-2023-season","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys, LVE part ways following 2023 season\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallascowboys.com/news/lve-retires-from-nfl-cowboys-issue-statement","external_links_name":"\"LVE retires from NFL, Cowboys issue statement\""},{"Link":"https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/football/2024/03/19/cowboys-leighton-vander-esch-retires-gods-love-guidance/","external_links_name":"\"Cowboys LB Leighton Vander Esch retires, trusts in God's 'unwavering love and guidance'\""},{"Link":"https://www.star-telegram.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/mac-engel/article274275980.html","external_links_name":"\"Another Vander Esch plays football in Arlington, and he eyes a shot at the NFL\""},{"Link":"https://www.officiallve.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.broncosports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/leighton_vander_esch_913507.html","external_links_name":"Boise State Broncos bio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasbora_atranus
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Rasbora atranus
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["1 References"]
|
Species of fish
Rasbora atranus
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Genus:
Rasbora
Species:
R. atranus
Binomial name
Rasbora atranusKottelat & H. H. Tan, 2011
Rasbora atranus is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Rasbora. It is found in Borneo in Indonesia.
References
^ Lumbantobing, D. (2019). "Rasbora atranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T91071231A91071237. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Rasbora atranus" in FishBase. April 2013 version.
Taxon identifiersRasbora atranus
Wikidata: Q14252508
CoL: 4RLDL
FishBase: 66357
GBIF: 6167423
iNaturalist: 613478
IUCN: 91071231
Open Tree of Life: 3627184
WoRMS: 1007763
This Rasbora article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyprinid fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid_fish"},{"link_name":"Rasbora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasbora"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishBase-2"}],"text":"Rasbora atranus is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus Rasbora. It is found in Borneo in Indonesia.[2]","title":"Rasbora atranus"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lumbantobing, D. (2019). \"Rasbora atranus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T91071231A91071237. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/91071231/91071237","url_text":"\"Rasbora atranus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/91071231/91071237","external_links_name":"\"Rasbora atranus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T91071231A91071237.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Rasbora&speciesname=atranus","external_links_name":"\"Rasbora atranus\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4RLDL","external_links_name":"4RLDL"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/66357","external_links_name":"66357"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6167423","external_links_name":"6167423"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/613478","external_links_name":"613478"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/91071231","external_links_name":"91071231"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3627184","external_links_name":"3627184"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1007763","external_links_name":"1007763"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasbora_atranus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Timmins
|
Harold Timmins
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Canadian politician
Harold TimminsTimmins between 1939 and 1945.Member of Parliamentfor ParkdaleIn officeOctober 1946 – June 1949Preceded byHerbert Alexander BruceSucceeded byJohn Hunter
Personal detailsBornHarold Aberdeen Watson Timmins(1896-04-14)April 14, 1896Alliston, OntarioDiedJuly 29, 1966(1966-07-29) (aged 70)Long Point, Balsam Lake, OntarioPolitical partyProgressive ConservativeSpouseAmy M. FlemingProfessionLawyer, lecturer, judge
Harold Aberdeen Watson Timmins (April 14, 1895 – July 29, 1966) was a Canadian politician and jurist.
Timmins was born in Alliston, Ontario, the son of James S. Timmins and Charlotte Amelia Watson, and raised in the Toronto neighbourhood of Parkdale where he attended Parkdale Collegiate Institute before studying at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall Law School. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1920. Timmins was named a King's Counsel in 1942.
He served with the Canadian Army as a gunner during World War I and was wounded at the Battle of Arras.
A lawyer by profession who also lectured at Osgoode Hall Law School on contract law and liens, Timmins was a popular alderman on Toronto City Council representing Parkdale's Ward Six from 1944 until 1946 when he ran in a federal by-election in Parkdale. He was elected as a Progressive Conservative MP and sat in the House of Commons of Canada until his defeat in the 1949 federal election by John Hunter of the Liberals in what was considered an upset victory as Parkdale had been a safe Tory seat since its creation in the 1917 federal election.
During his time in the House of Commons, Timmins was an advocate for building housing for veteran's and for the creation of a national health plan.
In 1958, Timmins was appointed as a judge on the County Court of York. Prior to that he'd been a magistrate-at-large in Ontario and an official arbitrator for Toronto for three years.
References
^ Ontario Birth Registration, Harold Aberdeen Watson, date of return March 19, 1926, file 902759-1926.
^ Attestation Papers, Canadian Over-Seas Expeditionary Force, no. 337910 (Timmins, Harold Watson)
^ a b Johnson, J.K. (1968). The Canadian Directory of Parliament 1867-1967. Public Archives of Canada.
^ a b c d e f "H.W. Timmins: Toronto judge was alderman, Parkdale MP", Globe and Mail, July 30, 1966
^ "Canada: POLITICS: To the Right". Time. 28 October 1946. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
External links
Harold Timmins – Parliament of Canada biography
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Johnson, J.K. (1968). The Canadian Directory of Parliament 1867-1967. Public Archives of Canada.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Canada: POLITICS: To the Right\". Time. 28 October 1946. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110219223947/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804013,00.html","url_text":"\"Canada: POLITICS: To the Right\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804013,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110219223947/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804013,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada: POLITICS: To the Right\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804013,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=10191","external_links_name":"Harold Timmins – Parliament of Canada biography"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandiala_Guru
|
Jandiala Guru
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Politics","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 31°33′41″N 75°1′36″E / 31.56139°N 75.02667°E / 31.56139; 75.02667For a village in Jalandhar district, see Jandiala.
Town in Punjab, IndiaJandiala GuruTownNickname: City of Seven GatesJandiala GuruLocation in Punjab, IndiaShow map of PunjabJandiala GuruJandiala Guru (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 31°33′41″N 75°1′36″E / 31.56139°N 75.02667°E / 31.56139; 75.02667Country IndiaStatePunjabRegionMajhaDistrictAmritsarPopulation (2011) • Total29,232Languages • OfficialPunjabiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN143115Vehicle registrationPB-02Nearest cityAmritsarWebsitewww.jandialaguru.com
Jandiala Guru, commonly known as Jandiala, is a town in the Amritsar district of Punjab, India. It is located on the Grand Trunk Road, and has an altitude of 229 m (754 ft).
History
Jandiala Guru is named after Jand, the son of the founder. The municipality was created in 1867 during the colonial period of British rule and formed part of Amritsar Tehsil. The town was situated on the route of the North-Western Railway. The population according to the 1901 census was 7,750, and the revenue of the town in 1903-4 was Rs. 8,400, mainly from octroi taxes.
Previously, it was surrounded by a mud wall and had seven gates. Some of these gates, at least their ramparts are still intact.
At the turn of the 21st century the population was estimated at 100,000. Large communities are Ghangas (Jatts), Majhbi Sikh SC, Jains (mainly jewelers, grain Merchants, and businessmen), Malhotras (Khatri), Kamboj & Thatheras (utensil makers), and Christians. Large concentration of these skillful artisans make Jandiala Guru the hub for jewelry and utensils for the surrounding areas.
Previously, it was surrounded by a mud wall and had seven gates. Some of these gates or their outside remains can still be seen.
The town has religious diversity. A number of popular and well visited religious places for Sikhs, Hindus, Jains and Muslims exist in and around the town.
A historical Gurudwara of Baba Hundal (Baba Hundal Tap Asthan) is well known and well visited religious place.
A crafts colony of Thatheras was established during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the great 19th Century Sikh Monarch, who encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle here.
In 2014, the traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. After the listing, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar launched Project Virasat to revive this craft.
Demographics
The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Jandiala Guru city and their gender ratio, as of 2011 census.
Population by religious groups in Jandiala Guru city, 2011 census
Religion
Total
Female
Male
Gender ratio
Sikh
18,495
8,707
9,788
889
Hindu
9,814
4,444
5,370
827
Jain
578
265
313
846
Christian
168
79
89
887
Muslim
142
66
76
868
Buddhist
1
0
1
--
Other religions
15
5
10
500
Not stated
19
11
8
1375
Total
29,232
13,577
15,655
867
Politics
The city is part of the Jandiala Assembly Constituency.
References
^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
^ "Jandiāla Gurū – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 55". Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ "Location of Jandiala Guru – Falling Rain Genomics". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ "City of Seven Gates". Tribune India. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ "Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making from Punjab gets inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO, 2014". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ "UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ Rana, Yudhvir (24 June 2018). "Jandiala utensils: Age-old craft of thatheras to get new life". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
^ https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Jandiala (M Cl)
vteCities and towns in Amritsar districtAmritsar district
Ajnala
Amritsar
Amritsar Cantonment
Bharariwal
Budha Theh
Buttar Sivia
Jandiala Guru
Majitha
Rajasansi
Ramdass
Rayya
Baba Bakala
Other districts
Ajitgarh
Barnala
Bathinda
Faridkot
Fatehgarh Sahib
Firozpur
Gurudaspur
Hoshiarpur
Jalandhar
Kapurthala
Ludhiana
Mansa
Moga
Sri Muktsar Sahib
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar
Patiala
Rupnagar
Sangrur
Tarn Taran
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jandiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandiala"},{"link_name":"Amritsar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_district"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGI-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For a village in Jalandhar district, see Jandiala.Town in Punjab, IndiaJandiala Guru, commonly known as Jandiala, is a town in the Amritsar district of Punjab, India. It is located on the Grand Trunk Road,[2] and has an altitude of 229 m (754 ft).[3]","title":"Jandiala Guru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Amritsar Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_Tahsil"},{"link_name":"North-Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railway_(British_India)"},{"link_name":"octroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octroi"},{"link_name":"Majhbi Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majhbi_Sikh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sikh Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Thatheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thathera"},{"link_name":"List of Intangible Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Deputy Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_commissioner_(India)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jandiala Guru is named after Jand, the son of the founder.[4] The municipality was created in 1867 during the colonial period of British rule and formed part of Amritsar Tehsil. The town was situated on the route of the North-Western Railway. The population according to the 1901 census was 7,750, and the revenue of the town in 1903-4 was Rs. 8,400, mainly from octroi taxes.Previously, it was surrounded by a mud wall and had seven gates. Some of these gates, at least their ramparts are still intact.At the turn of the 21st century the population was estimated at 100,000. Large communities are Ghangas (Jatts), Majhbi Sikh SC, Jains (mainly jewelers, grain Merchants, and businessmen), Malhotras (Khatri), Kamboj & Thatheras (utensil makers), and Christians. Large concentration of these skillful artisans make Jandiala Guru the hub for jewelry and utensils for the surrounding areas.Previously, it was surrounded by a mud wall and had seven gates. Some of these gates or their outside remains can still be seen.The town has religious diversity. A number of popular and well visited religious places for Sikhs, Hindus, Jains and Muslims exist in and around the town. \nA historical Gurudwara of Baba Hundal (Baba Hundal Tap Asthan) is well known and well visited religious place.A crafts colony of Thatheras was established during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the great 19th Century Sikh Monarch, who encouraged skilled metal crafters from Kashmir to settle here.[5]In 2014, the traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru got enlisted on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.[6] After the listing, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar launched Project Virasat to revive this craft.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gender ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"}],"text":"The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Jandiala Guru city and their gender ratio, as of 2011 census.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jandiala Assembly Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandiala_Assembly_Constituency"}],"text":"The city is part of the Jandiala Assembly Constituency.","title":"Politics"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_METRICS
|
STAR METRICS
|
["1 Pilot","2 History","3 Outcomes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the EffecT of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) was a partnership (STAR METRICS Consortium) between United States federal science agencies and research institutions to document the return on investment, research impact, and social outcomes of federally funded research and development. The federal consortium comprised the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation, (NSF), the US Department of Agriculture, (USDA), and the US Environmental Protection Agency,(EPA). NIH was the host agency for the consortium, which was governed by an Executive Committee and an advisory interagency working group.
It was announced by OSTP on 28 May 2010 in a press release titled "STAR METRICS: New Way to Measure the Impact of Federally Funded Research".
Pilot
A pilot was undertaken by the following seven institutions in a Federal Demonstration Partnership:
University of Texas at Austin
University of Delaware
George Mason University
California Institute of Technology
University of Alabama
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
History
The imperative for the launch of STAR METRICS was the passing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), which included a stimulus package for research and development because it was widely believed that investments in science and research would stimulate economic growth. Part of the bill required recipients to report quarterly on job creation. The ARRA reporting requirements are distinct from STAR METRICS. The latter was established to provide evidence that investment in research had a positive effect on the economy, because there is little thoroughly conclusive evidence that this is actually the case - even though it is a generally accepted assumption.
In 2010 STAR METRICS was given a five-year commitment from agencies, and NIH and NSF committed $1 million (~$1.36 million in 2023) combined. Other federal funders that have joined are the United States Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, and Department of Agriculture. Research institutions voluntarily join the consortium. Subsequent funding from federal agencies continued until 2022.
The formal governance was put in place in January 2012, with NIH hosting the project.
The goal of the program was set to develop measures for the impact of federal investments on science, society, the workforce and the economy. To this end, a database was set up of all federally funded researchers and cleaned to ensure no confusions of people with the same or similar names etc. were made. This database was then used to match with other accessible databases such as public records of patents, institutional financial records, payroll data, as well as more traditional scientific output indicators such as scientific citations.
Outcomes
An attraction of STAR METRICS project was that it would scrape data from existing reports, databases, and the internet for the information it needed, much like the Lattes Platform in Brazil.
STAR METRICS quickly started tracking job creation from ARRA and non-ARRA research grants at 70 universities, and subsequently moved on to tracking other outcomes of investment in research.
STAR METRICS also developed Federal RePORTER, a database that consolidated information from several extant databases--eRA databases, Medline, and PubMed Central -- using linkages among these disparate data sources. This centralized database allowed for research into science funding across federal agencies and linkages to subsequent downstream impacts and outcomes. The database was discontinued on March 1, 2022, but served as the inspiration for other efforts to track and link federal science investments to outcomes, such as the University of Michigan's Institute for Research On Innovation and Science (IRIS) program. The following agencies contributed data to Federal RePORTER:
DOD (Department of Defense)
Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM)
Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP)
Combat Care Casualty Research Program (CCCRP)
Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)
ED (Department of Education)
Institute of Education Sciences (IES)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
HHS (Department of Health and Human Services)
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)
Agriculture Research Service (ARS)
Forest Service (FS)
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
See also
Comparison of Research Networking Tools and Research Profiling Systems
References
^ STAR METRICS: New Way to Measure the Impact of Federally Funded Research, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
^ FDP, STAR METRICS page
^ Julia Lane (25 March 2010). "Let's make science metrics more scientific". Nature. 464 (7288): 488–489. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..488L. doi:10.1038/464488a. hdl:10419/43597. PMID 20336116. S2CID 9563303.
^ a b c Colin Macilwain (9 June 2010). "Science economics: What science is really worth". Nature. 465 (7299): 682–684. doi:10.1038/465682a. PMID 20535177.
^ a b Colin Macilwain (28 September 2011). "A multi-billion dollar injection: Stimulus—response". Nature. 477 (7366): 524–525. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..524M. doi:10.1038/477524a. PMID 21956310.
^ Halevi, Gali (March 2012). "Scientific Evaluation and Metrics – an Interview with Julia Lane". Research Trends (27).
^ a b David Kramer (August 2010). "Initiative aims to quantify the paybacks from basic research". Physics Today. 63 (8): 20. Bibcode:2010PhT....63h..20K. doi:10.1063/1.3480067.
^ a b "Open Government at HHS". 26 January 2015.
^ Julia Lane, Stefano Bertuzzi (11 February 2011). "Measuring the Results of Science Investments". Science. 331 (6018): 678–680. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..678L. doi:10.1126/science.1201865. PMID 21310987. S2CID 206531958.
^ "EU looks to US model for measuring R&D impact". EurActiv. 16 April 2010.
External links
Official website
Amstat News Letter
Working group, Federal Demonstration Partnership
Original website
|
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Part of the bill required recipients to report quarterly on job creation.[3][4][5][6] The ARRA reporting requirements are distinct from STAR METRICS. The latter was established to provide evidence that investment in research had a positive effect on the economy, because there is little thoroughly conclusive evidence that this is actually the case - even though it is a generally accepted assumption.[4]In 2010 STAR METRICS was given a five-year commitment from agencies, and NIH and NSF committed $1 million (~$1.36 million in 2023) combined.[7][8] Other federal funders that have joined are the United States Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, and Department of Agriculture. Research institutions voluntarily join the consortium. Subsequent funding from federal agencies continued until 2022.The formal governance was put in place in January 2012, with NIH hosting the project.[8]The goal of the program was set to develop measures for the impact of federal investments on science, society, the workforce and the economy. To this end, a database was set up of all federally funded researchers and cleaned to ensure no confusions of people with the same or similar names etc. were made. This database was then used to match with other accessible databases such as public records of patents, institutional financial records, payroll data, as well as more traditional scientific output indicators such as scientific citations.[4][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lattes Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattes_Platform"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pt2010-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature2011-5"}],"text":"An attraction of STAR METRICS project was that it would scrape data from existing reports, databases, and the internet for the information it needed, much like the Lattes Platform in Brazil.[7][10]STAR METRICS quickly started tracking job creation from ARRA and non-ARRA research grants at 70 universities, and subsequently moved on to tracking other outcomes of investment in research.[5]STAR METRICS also developed Federal RePORTER, a database that consolidated information from several extant databases--eRA databases, Medline, and PubMed Central -- using linkages among these disparate data sources. This centralized database allowed for research into science funding across federal agencies and linkages to subsequent downstream impacts and outcomes. The database was discontinued on March 1, 2022, but served as the inspiration for other efforts to track and link federal science investments to outcomes, such as the University of Michigan's Institute for Research On Innovation and Science (IRIS) program. The following agencies contributed data to Federal RePORTER:DOD (Department of Defense)\nCenter for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM)\nCongressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP)\nCombat Care Casualty Research Program (CCCRP)\nDefense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)\nED (Department of Education)\nInstitute of Education Sciences (IES)\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)\nHHS (Department of Health and Human Services)\nAdministration for Children and Families (ACF)\nAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\nFood and Drug Administration (FDA)\nNational Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR)\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH)\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\nNational Science Foundation (NSF)\nUSDA (United States Department of Agriculture)\nAgriculture Research Service (ARS)\nForest Service (FS)\nNational Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)\nU.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)","title":"Outcomes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Comparison of Research Networking Tools and Research Profiling Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Research_Networking_Tools_and_Research_Profiling_Systems"}]
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[{"reference":"Julia Lane (25 March 2010). \"Let's make science metrics more scientific\". Nature. 464 (7288): 488–489. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..488L. doi:10.1038/464488a. hdl:10419/43597. PMID 20336116. S2CID 9563303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464..488L","url_text":"2010Natur.464..488L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F464488a","url_text":"10.1038/464488a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F43597","url_text":"10419/43597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20336116","url_text":"20336116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9563303","url_text":"9563303"}]},{"reference":"Colin Macilwain (9 June 2010). \"Science economics: What science is really worth\". Nature. 465 (7299): 682–684. doi:10.1038/465682a. PMID 20535177.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F465682a","url_text":"\"Science economics: What science is really worth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F465682a","url_text":"10.1038/465682a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20535177","url_text":"20535177"}]},{"reference":"Colin Macilwain (28 September 2011). \"A multi-billion dollar injection: Stimulus—response\". Nature. 477 (7366): 524–525. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..524M. doi:10.1038/477524a. PMID 21956310.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F477524a","url_text":"\"A multi-billion dollar injection: Stimulus—response\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.477..524M","url_text":"2011Natur.477..524M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F477524a","url_text":"10.1038/477524a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21956310","url_text":"21956310"}]},{"reference":"Halevi, Gali (March 2012). \"Scientific Evaluation and Metrics – an Interview with Julia Lane\". Research Trends (27).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.researchtrends.com/issue-27-march-2012/scientific-evaluation-and-metrics-an-interview-with-julia-lane/","url_text":"\"Scientific Evaluation and Metrics – an Interview with Julia Lane\""}]},{"reference":"David Kramer (August 2010). \"Initiative aims to quantify the paybacks from basic research\". Physics Today. 63 (8): 20. Bibcode:2010PhT....63h..20K. doi:10.1063/1.3480067.","urls":[{"url":"http://ptonline.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_63/iss_8/20_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1","url_text":"\"Initiative aims to quantify the paybacks from basic research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today","url_text":"Physics Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhT....63h..20K","url_text":"2010PhT....63h..20K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3480067","url_text":"10.1063/1.3480067"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Government at HHS\". 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://dhhs.gov/open/plan/planv2/metrics_development.html","url_text":"\"Open Government at HHS\""}]},{"reference":"Julia Lane, Stefano Bertuzzi (11 February 2011). \"Measuring the Results of Science Investments\". Science. 331 (6018): 678–680. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..678L. doi:10.1126/science.1201865. PMID 21310987. S2CID 206531958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..678L","url_text":"2011Sci...331..678L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201865","url_text":"10.1126/science.1201865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310987","url_text":"21310987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206531958","url_text":"206531958"}]},{"reference":"\"EU looks to US model for measuring R&D impact\". EurActiv. 16 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euractiv.com/science/eu-looks-to-us-model-for-measuring-rd-impact-news-448950","url_text":"\"EU looks to US model for measuring R&D impact\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIW_Berlin
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German Institute for Economic Research
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["1 Leadership and organisation","1.1 Executive board","1.2 Research departments","2 Graduate Center","3 Co-operations","4 Financing","5 Publications","5.1 Economic situation forecasts","5.2 Publications","5.3 Events","6 History","6.1 Presidents","7 Literature","8 References","9 See also"]
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Coordinates: 52°30′44″N 13°23′19.32″E / 52.51222°N 13.3887000°E / 52.51222; 13.3887000Research institute
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DIW BerlinDIW building on Mohrenstraße 58, BerlinEstablished1925FounderErnst WagemannLocationBerlinPresidentMarcel FratzscherStaff 360Websitewww.diw.de
The German Institute for Economic Research (German: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung), or, more commonly DIW Berlin, is a economic research institute in Germany, involved in basic research and policy advice. It is a non-profit academic institution, financed with public grants from the Berlin Senate Department for Economics, Technology and Research and the Federal Department for Economics and Technology. DIW Berlin was founded in 1925 as the Institute for Business Cycle Research and took its current name in 1943.
DIW Berlin presents its research results in science journals, within the scope of national and international scientific events as well as at workshops, symposia and colloquia. Current economic and structural data, forecasts and advice as well as services in the area of quantitative economics are provided to decision makers in economics and policy and the broad public. Furthermore, the research results often meet with a major response in the news media.
Leadership and organisation
The legal status of DIW Berlin is that of a registered association. The association's bodies are the Members, the Board of Trustees, the Executive Board and the Scientific Advisory Board. To date, there are 185 employees, 102 of them being researchers.
Executive board
Marcel Fratzscher
Angelica E. Röhr
Stefan Liebig
Research departments
The institute is divided into ten research departments, which are:
The Department of Macroeconomics focuses on the empirical and theoretical analysis of aggregate economic developments as well as national and international economic policy.
The Department Forecasting and Economic Policy uses modern macroeconomic methods to analyze economic policy issues. Economic forecasting is a key component of the department's work.
The Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy. It concentrates on two key activities: examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries.
The Department of Energy, Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy, transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations.
The Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europe's transition to sustainable energy—for example, by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable, climate-friendly power production.
The Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function. Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics, thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions, market allocations, and human behavior.
The Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency, productivity, and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate.
The Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial, fiscal, and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals, households, and companies.
The Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective. One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a country's economy.
The Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and state governments. The SOEP is one of the world's largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households. Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources.
Service departments
Communications
Information Technology
Library
Management Services
Office Management
Legal Department and Human Resources
Graduate Center
Since 2006 the Graduate Center (GC) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlin's largest universities: Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, and Technical University of Berlin. The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin. The academic research of students focuses on applied topics. The four-year program is divided into two parts: while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year, in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses. The application period is between January and March.
Co-operations
A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors, Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin. They co-operate for a specific time, perform cross sectional tasks, care about scientific surveys (such as diploma thesis, dissertations) and release important pulses for the institute.
The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association, (Leibniz-Gemeinschaft), a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany. Along with five other leading institutes, the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy, the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose (Joint Economic Forecast).
Financing
More than half of the Institute's budget is derived from public grants, which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts. This sum is supplemented by income from projects, research contracts with third parties, trustee memberships and donations. Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association (WGL).
In 2022, news media reported critically about payments made by Uber to prominent academics and highlighted the role of a consultancy arm of DIW. DIW, in collaboration with Justus Haucap, had agreed to produce a study on “consumer benefits from a liberalisation of the German taxi market”, for what a news leak suggested was a fee of €48,000 plus VAT. Haucap launched the report at events for influencers and politicians in Berlin.
Publications
Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin. As a leading economic research institute, it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data, forecasts, research reports, and services in the field of quantitative economics. Research results are presented in the Institute's own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute.
Economic situation forecasts
Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany, EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin.
Publications
Wochenbericht
Readily available, condensed information on current economic policy issues. Published weekly in German (Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin).
DIW Economic Bulletin
The DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication. At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English..
Quarterly Journal of Economic Research
Each issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate. It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis.
Discussion papers
The papers are presenting pre-publications of research results.
DIW Berlin: Policy Advice Compact
DIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany, the Commission of the European Union, the Ministries of Federal and State Governments, political parties, interest groups and associations, and the social partners. In the series “DIW Berlin: Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published.
Applied Economics Quarterly (Konjunkturpolitik)
Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy. AEQ is published four times a year in English.
Events
Industrial Conference
The Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector. Since October 1960, the forum has met twice a year - May and November.
Approximately one hundred representatives of enterprises, business associations and economic sciences participate regularly. Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin, the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics. The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions.
Lunchtime Meetings
The Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), the DIW, and the IZA Institute of Labor Economics. The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues, and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers, policy makers and the private sector.
History
1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann founds DIW Berlin, which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research, and becomes the first President.
1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation "The phenomenon of cyclical development" and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany. Using his concept of the "pork cycle" is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply.
1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime, Wagemann is removed from his office. He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942. By the end of 1943, the Institute for Business Cycle Research, renamed in German Institute for Economic Research, is partially relocated to Feldberg, Mecklenburg.
1945 Postwar Berlin political leader Ferdinand Friedensburg
takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968. Following the war, the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin.
1950 The first Wochenbericht (Weekly Report) after the war is published, covering a detailed report about "Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945".
1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into a new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße.
1960 For the first time, the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung”, forecasts about current and future trends in Germany, EU and world economy, are published. They are referring to the year of 1961.
1968 Klaus Dieter Arndt becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research.
1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation, the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets.
1975 Karl Koenig takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research.
1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“, proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany. Taking this report into account, the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980, one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates. Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research.
1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research. The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services. The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study. The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research, the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments.
1990 The German Institute for Economic Research disapproves of a monetary union with the former GDR. In the case of a monetary union, the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level. A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns. The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany.
1994 On behalf of Greenpeace, the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform. The model of ecotax, short for ecological taxation, has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years.
2000 Klaus F. Zimmermann becomes new President of the DIW. From now on, there are seven Research Departments. Thus, the DIW is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics. Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition, public economics and innovation. The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide.
2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose (Economic Barometer), an up-to-date indicator of Germany's economic trends.
2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center, the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists.
2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte, marking a return to the city's government district.
2013 Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the DIW.
2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine (BERA), a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists, is established at DIW Berlin.
Presidents
1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann
1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg
1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt
1975–1979 Karl Koenig
1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp
1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann
2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann
2011–2013 Gert G. Wagner
2013–present Marcel Fratzscher
Literature
Silke Anger. Overtime Work in Germany. The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours, Shaker 2006.
Rainer Winkelmann, Klaus F. Zimmermann, Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition? Duncker und Humblot 2005.
Klaus F. Zimmermann, European Migration: What Do We Know? Oxford University Press. Oxford/New York 2005.
Marco Caliendo, Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies, Springer, 2005.
Brigitte Preissl, Harry Bouwman, and Charles Steinfield, E-Life after the Dot Com Bust, Physica-Verlag, 2004.
Janet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst: Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies (Advances in Life Course Research). 2003.
References
^ Homepage of DIW Graduate Center
^ The HWWA was dissolved as of December 31, 2006. Some of its work will be continued by the German National Library of Economics (HWWI).
^ Felicity Lawrence (12 July 2022), Uber paid academics six-figure sums for research to feed to the media The Guardian.
^ Tooze, J. Adam (2001). Statistics and the German State, 1900-1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. p. 104.
^ Hanah, Arthur (1928). "Die Prognose der Schweinepreise" (PDF). Vierteljahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung.
^ "80 Jahre DIW Berlin". DIW.
^ Berlin, DIW (1 March 2007). "DIW Berlin: Marcel Fratzscher neuer Präsident des DIW Berlin". www.diw.de (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Berlin, DIW. "BERA - Berlin Economics Research Associates". www.berlin-econ.de. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Berlin, D. I. W. (1 March 2007). "DIW Berlin: Institutsleiter". www.diw.de (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
See also
Homepage of DIW Berlin
52°30′44″N 13°23′19.32″E / 52.51222°N 13.3887000°E / 52.51222; 13.3887000
vteLeibniz AssociationResearch museums and collections
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
German Maritime Museum
German Mining Museum
Museum für Naturkunde
Museum Koenig
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
Senckenberg Nature Research Society
Other research institutions
Centre for Contemporary History
Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology
Dagstuhl
Ferdinand-Braun-Institut
German Institute for Economic Research
German Institute for Global and Area Studies
German Research Institute for Public Administration
GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences
Ifo Institute for Economic Research
Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics
Institut für Kristallzüchtung
Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research
Leibniz Institute for Educational Media | Georg Eckert Institute
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology
Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel
Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe
Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung
Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie
Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach
German National Library of Economics
Research Center Borstel
RWI Essen
Socio-Economic Panel
WZB Berlin Social Science Center
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
2
Other
IdRef
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Economic forecasting is a key component of the department's work.\nThe Department of International Economics focuses on monetary and financial issues affecting the global economy. It concentrates on two key activities: examining international financial markets in terms of their economic functionality and analyzing the contribution of financial development to the goal of shared growth in developing and emerging countries.\nThe Department of Energy, Transportation and Environment researches different strategies of sustainable development in energy, transportation and the environment in order to formulate sound policy recommendations.\nThe Department Climate Policy uses empirical and theoretical methods to explore Germany and Europe's transition to sustainable energy—for example, by analyzing policies related to energy efficiency in buildings as well as the shift to sustainable, climate-friendly power production.\nThe Department of Competition and Consumers aims to produce robust evidence of how society and markets function. Its research combines approaches from industrial economics with behavioral and experimental economics, thus enabling a comprehensive analysis of strategic interactions, market allocations, and human behavior.\nThe Department of Firms and Markets analyzes firms’ strategic behavior and its impact on efficiency, productivity, and growth as well as the institutional and political environment in which firms operate.\nThe Department of Public Economics analyzes how financial, fiscal, and social policies influence economic decisions made by individuals, households, and companies.\nThe Department of Education and Family explores education and family-related issues primarily from a microeconomic perspective. One key question is the extent to which it is possible to fully develop the human potential of a country's economy.\nThe Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) is a research-based infrastructure facility at DIW Berlin funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and state governments. The SOEP is one of the world's largest and longest-running surveys of individuals and private households. Numerous studies based on SOEP data examine mechanisms behind the distribution of social resources.Service departmentsCommunications\nInformation Technology\nLibrary\nManagement Services\nOffice Management\nLegal Department and Human Resources","title":"Leadership and organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Since 2006 the Graduate Center (GC) of DIW Berlin offers about 15 scholarships per year for PhD positions in economics in cooperation with Berlin's largest universities: Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, and Technical University of Berlin. The Graduate Center is located within the DIW building in the center of Berlin. The academic research of students focuses on applied topics. The four-year program is divided into two parts: while students receive academic training in economics and related social sciences during the first year, in years two to four on-the-job training in DIW research projects leads them to complete their doctoral theses. The application period is between January and March.[1]","title":"Graduate Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leibniz Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A broad range of predominantly external Research Directors, Research Professors and Research Affiliates research along with the employees of DIW Berlin. They co-operate for a specific time, perform cross sectional tasks, care about scientific surveys (such as diploma thesis, dissertations) and release important pulses for the institute.The DIW is also part of the Leibniz Association, (Leibniz-Gemeinschaft), a collection of non-university research institutes in Germany. Along with five other leading institutes, the DIW publishes a joint report on the state of the German economy, the Gemeinschaftsdiagnose (Joint Economic Forecast).[2]","title":"Co-operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leibniz Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"Justus Haucap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Haucap"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"More than half of the Institute's budget is derived from public grants, which DIW Berlin receives as research funding from the State of Berlin and the Federal Government in equal parts. This sum is supplemented by income from projects, research contracts with third parties, trustee memberships and donations. Because of its financial structure DIW Berlin is member of the Leibniz Association (WGL).In 2022, news media reported critically about payments made by Uber to prominent academics and highlighted the role of a consultancy arm of DIW. DIW, in collaboration with Justus Haucap, had agreed to produce a study on “consumer benefits from a liberalisation of the German taxi market”, for what a news leak suggested was a fee of €48,000 plus VAT. Haucap launched the report at events for influencers and politicians in Berlin.[3]","title":"Financing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dissemination of information is fundamental to DIW Berlin. As a leading economic research institute, it seeks to supply the wider public with up-to-date economic and structural data, forecasts, research reports, and services in the field of quantitative economics. Research results are presented in the Institute's own publications and in publications edited in co-operation with the Institute.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Economic situation forecasts","text":"Forecasts about current and future trends in Germany, EU and world economy are published on a regular basis by DIW Berlin.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"WochenberichtReadily available, condensed information on current economic policy issues. Published weekly in German (Wochenbericht des DIW Berlin).DIW Economic BulletinThe DIW Economic Bulletin is a DIW Berlin online publication. At irregular intervals selected articles of the Wochenbericht are being published online in English..Quarterly Journal of Economic ResearchEach issue concentrates on a topic relevant to the current economic policy debate. It includes detailed information on research findings and their methodological basis.Discussion papersThe papers are presenting pre-publications of research results.DIW Berlin: Policy Advice CompactDIW Berlin furnishes opinions for the Federal Government of Germany, the Commission of the European Union, the Ministries of Federal and State Governments, political parties, interest groups and associations, and the social partners. In the series “DIW Berlin: Policy Advice Compact” these research reports will be published.Applied Economics Quarterly (Konjunkturpolitik)Applied Economics Quarterly is an international journal publishing empirical research on issues with relevance for all areas of economic policy. AEQ is published four times a year in English.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research"},{"link_name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Industrial ConferenceThe Industrial Conference is the traditional institutionalised forum for exchange between the DIW Berlin and the business sector. Since October 1960, the forum has met twice a year - May and November.\nApproximately one hundred representatives of enterprises, business associations and economic sciences participate regularly. Since the Federal Government moved to Berlin, the conference has been attracting increasing numbers of participants from politics. The conference understands itself to be a platform for dialogs on different viewpoints and opinions.[citation needed]Lunchtime MeetingsThe Berlin Lunchtime Meetings are a joint series of monthly expert talks hosted by the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), the DIW, and the IZA Institute of Labor Economics. The seminars serve as a platform for leading European and international researchers to address important policy issues, and as a forum for debate and discussion among researchers, policy makers and the private sector.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Wagemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Wagemann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Wagemann"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pork cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_cycle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Feldberg, Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldberger_Seenlandschaft"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Friedensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg"},{"link_name":"Klaus Dieter Arndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Dieter_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Dieter_Arndt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Krupp"},{"link_name":"Socio-Economic Panel Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-Economic_Panel"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"ecotax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotax"},{"link_name":"Klaus F. Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Zimmermann_(economist)"},{"link_name":"economic trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_indicator"},{"link_name":"Marcel Fratzscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Fratzscher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Berlin Economics Research Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.berlin-econ.de/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180307041854/http://berlin-econ.de/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1925 In July 1925 Ernst Wagemann [de] founds DIW Berlin, which is originally called Institute for Business Cycle Research, and becomes the first President.[4]1928 In the context of the Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, Arthur Hanau publishes his dissertation \"The phenomenon of cyclical development\" and becomes head of the agricultural market research in Germany. Using his concept of the \"pork cycle\" is still a popular way of explaining students of economics the relationship between demand and supply.[5]1933–1945 During the Nazi Regime, Wagemann is removed from his office. He is questioned several times by the Gestapo and even arrested for a while in 1942. By the end of 1943, the Institute for Business Cycle Research, renamed in German Institute for Economic Research, is partially relocated to Feldberg, Mecklenburg.1945 Postwar Berlin political leader Ferdinand Friedensburg\ntakes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research until 1968. Following the war, the main focus of economic research lies upon economic issues within the city of Berlin.1950 The first Wochenbericht (Weekly Report) after the war is published, covering a detailed report about \"Germany´ s economic situation at the end of 1945\".1956 The German Institute for Economic Research moves into a new building in Koenigin-Luise-Straße.1960 For the first time, the so-called “Grundlinien der Wirtschaftsentwicklung”, forecasts about current and future trends in Germany, EU and world economy, are published. They are referring to the year of 1961.1968 Klaus Dieter Arndt [de] becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research.[6]1972 Newly established departments are the Department of Transportation, the Department of Public Finance and the Department of Money and Capital Markets.1975 Karl Koenig takes on being the President of the German Institute for Economic Research.1979 The German Institute for Economic Research publishes the Wochenbericht „Eine mittelfristige Strategie zur Wiedergewinnung der Vollbeschaeftigung“, proposing strategies for re-establishing full employment in Germany. Taking this report into account, the federal government derives a programme for future investment in year 1977-1980, one of the very few programmes which consequence is a noticeable drop in German unemployment rates. Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Krupp becomes new President of the German Institute for Economic Research.1989 The Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) is now part of the German Institute for Economic Research. The main focus of the service institution SOEP is on basic research and scientific services. The Socio-Economic Panel regularly surveys 10,000 private households in a representative longitudinal study. The data acquired is analysed within and outside the German Institute for Economic Research, the results are then used for the analysis of income and labour force developments.1990 The German Institute for Economic Research disapproves of a monetary union with the former GDR. In the case of a monetary union, the only way for the GDR to compensate their difference in productivity would be a significant decrease of the wage level. A unification of wage levels would lead to mass dismissals and enormous business shutdowns. The GDR people would become welfare recipients of the Federal Republic of Germany.1994 On behalf of Greenpeace, the German Institute for Economic Research analyses the economic consequences of an ecological fiscal reform. The model of ecotax, short for ecological taxation, has been enacted in Germany by means of three laws in the following years.2000 Klaus F. Zimmermann becomes new President of the DIW. From now on, there are seven Research Departments. Thus, the DIW is able to react flexible to new respective current economic and social political topics. Main focus of economic research is now lying upon information society and competition, public economics and innovation. The Institute also aims at increasing its number of international cooperations and its participation in research networks worldwide.2003 DIW Berlin publishes its first Konjunkturprognose (Economic Barometer), an up-to-date indicator of Germany's economic trends.2006 With the founding of the DIW Graduate Center, the Institute dedicates itself to furthering the careers of young scientists.2007 DIW Berlin relocates from Berlin-Dahlem to Mohrenstraße in Berlin-Mitte, marking a return to the city's government district.2013 Marcel Fratzscher becomes new President of the DIW.[7]2016 The Berlin Economics Research Associates Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine[8] (BERA), a postdoctoral program funded by the Leibniz Association to promote the careers of young scientists, is established at DIW Berlin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Friedensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Krupp"},{"link_name":"Klaus Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Zimmermann_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Marcel Fratzscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Fratzscher"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"1925–1945 Ernst Wagemann[9]\n1945–1968 Ferdinand Friedensburg\n1968–1974 Klaus-Dieter Arndt\n1975–1979 Karl Koenig\n1979–1988 Hans-Jürgen Krupp\n1988–1999 Lutz Hoffmann\n2000–2011 Klaus Zimmermann\n2011–2013 Gert G. Wagner\n2013–present Marcel Fratzscher","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Bouwman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bouwman"},{"link_name":"Janet Zollinger Giele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Zollinger_Giele"}],"text":"Silke Anger. Overtime Work in Germany. The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours, Shaker 2006.\nRainer Winkelmann, Klaus F. Zimmermann, Can Germany Stand up to International Locational Competition? Duncker und Humblot 2005.\nKlaus F. Zimmermann, European Migration: What Do We Know? Oxford University Press. Oxford/New York 2005.\nMarco Caliendo, Microeconometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies, Springer, 2005.\nBrigitte Preissl, Harry Bouwman, and Charles Steinfield, E-Life after the Dot Com Bust, Physica-Verlag, 2004.\nJanet Zollinger Giele and Elke Holst: Changing Life Patterns in Western Industrial Societies (Advances in Life Course Research). 2003.","title":"Literature"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Tooze, J. Adam (2001). Statistics and the German State, 1900-1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. p. 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hanah, Arthur (1928). \"Die Prognose der Schweinepreise\" (PDF). Vierteljahreshefte zur Konjunkturforschung.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diw.de/documents/dokumentenarchiv/17/43353/viertel_1928.pdf","url_text":"\"Die Prognose der Schweinepreise\""}]},{"reference":"\"80 Jahre DIW Berlin\". DIW.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.29395.de/bio_arndt.html","url_text":"\"80 Jahre DIW Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Berlin, DIW (1 March 2007). \"DIW Berlin: Marcel Fratzscher neuer Präsident des DIW Berlin\". www.diw.de (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.415093.de","url_text":"\"DIW Berlin: Marcel Fratzscher neuer Präsident des DIW Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Berlin, DIW. \"BERA - Berlin Economics Research Associates\". www.berlin-econ.de. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180307041854/http://berlin-econ.de/","url_text":"\"BERA - Berlin Economics Research Associates\""},{"url":"http://www.berlin-econ.de/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berlin, D. I. W. (1 March 2007). \"DIW Berlin: Institutsleiter\". www.diw.de (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=diw_01.c.388556.de","url_text":"\"DIW Berlin: Institutsleiter\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_beat_(disambiguation)
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Big beat (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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Big beat is an electronic music genre.
Big beat may also refer to:
Big beat, in the 1950s, later to be known as beat music
Big-beat (Eastern Bloc), a name for rock and roll and relative genres in Central Europe in 1960s
Big Beat (film), a 1993 Czech musical comedy film
Big Beat (album), by Sparks, 1976
Big Beat Records (British record label), specializing in garage rock
Big Beat Records (American record label), specializing in electronic and dance music
Big Beat from Badsville, an album by the Cramps, 1997
See also
The Big Beat (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Big beat.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_(Cussler_novel)
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Clive Cussler
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Literary career","2.2 NUMA","3 Adaptations","4 Personal life","5 Bibliography","5.1 Dirk Pitt Adventures","5.2 The NUMA Files","5.3 The Oregon Files","5.4 Isaac Bell Adventures","5.5 Fargo Adventures","5.6 Non-fiction","5.7 Children's books","6 References","7 External links"]
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American novelist and underwater explorer (1931–2020)
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Clive CusslerCussler in 2011BornClive Eric Cussler(1931-07-15)July 15, 1931Aurora, Illinois, U.S.DiedFebruary 24, 2020(2020-02-24) (aged 88)Paradise Valley, Arizona, U.S.OccupationNovelistAlma materPasadena City CollegePeriod1973–2020GenreAdventureNotable worksDirk Pitt seriesSpouse
Barbara Knight
(m. 1955; died 2003)
Janet Horvath
Children
Teri Cussler
Dirk Cussler
Dayna Cussler
Military ServiceAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1950–1953RankSergeant
Websitewww.cusslerbooks.com
Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer. His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have been listed on The New York Times fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. Cussler was the founder and chairman of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), which has discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites and numerous other notable underwater wrecks. He was the sole author or main author of more than 80 books.
His novels have inspired various other works of fiction.
Early life
Clive Cussler was born in Aurora, Illinois, the son of Eric Edward Cussler and Amy Adeline (née Hunnewell), and grew up in Alhambra, California. His father was from Germany and his mother's ancestors were from England.
In his memoir The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks, Cussler revealed that his father served in the Imperial German Army on the Western Front during World War I. Furthermore, one of Cussler's uncles served in the Imperial German Air Service and became a flying ace, shooting down 14 Allied aeroplanes.
He was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout when he was 14 years old. He attended Pasadena City College for two years and then enlisted in the United States Air Force during the Korean War. During his service with the Air Force, he was promoted to sergeant and worked as an aircraft mechanic and flight engineer for the Military Air Transport Service (MATS).
Career
After his discharge from the military, Cussler went to work for the advertising industry, first as a copywriter and later as a creative director for two of the nation's most successful advertising agencies. As part of his duties, Cussler produced radio and television commercials, many of which won international awards including an award at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival.
After the publication in 1996 of Cussler's first nonfiction work, The Sea Hunters, he was awarded a Doctor of Letters degree in 1997 by the Board of Governors of the State University of New York Maritime College who accepted the work in lieu of a Ph.D. thesis. This was the first time in the college's 123-year history that such a degree had been awarded.
In 2002, Cussler was awarded the Naval Heritage Award from the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation for his efforts concerning marine exploration.
Cussler was a fellow of the Explorers Club of New York, the Royal Geographical Society in London, and the American Society of Oceanographers.
Literary career
Clive Cussler began writing in 1965 when his wife took a job working nights for the local police department where they lived in California. After making dinner for the children and putting them to bed, he had no one to talk to and nothing much to do, so he decided to start writing. His most famous character is marine engineer, government agent and adventurer Dirk Pitt. The Dirk Pitt novels frequently have an alternative history premise—such as "what if Atlantis were real?" or "what if Abraham Lincoln wasn't assassinated but was kidnapped?"
The first two Pitt novels, The Mediterranean Caper and Iceberg, were relatively conventional maritime thrillers. The third, Raise the Titanic!, made Cussler's reputation and established the pattern that subsequent Pitt novels would follow: a blend of adventure and advanced technology, generally involving megalomaniacal villains, lost ships, beautiful women, and sunken treasure.
Cussler's novels almost always begin with a chapter set in the past. These contain none of the novel's main characters and often seem disconnected from the plot until the main characters discover a mystery or secret relating the events of the first chapter to the rest of the story. This is almost always in the form of a long-lost artifact that is important to the villain's or hero's objectives. Often in the first chapter, a ship or airplane carrying a top-secret, important, or dangerous cargo is lost and never found, until it is recovered by a modern character later in the book.
Cussler's novels, like those of Michael Crichton, are examples of techno-thrillers that do not use military plots and settings. Where Crichton strove for scrupulous realism, however, Cussler prefers fantastic spectacles and outlandish plot devices. The Pitt novels, in particular, have the improbable quality of the James Bond or Indiana Jones movies, while also sometimes borrowing from Alistair MacLean's novels. Pitt himself is a super-hero reminiscent of Doc Savage and other characters from pulp magazines.
Cussler had seventeen consecutive titles listed on The New York Times fiction best seller list. In 2014, McFarland Publishing released The Clive Cussler Adventures: A Critical Review by Steven Philip Jones, the first critical review textbook of Cussler's novels.
NUMA
As an underwater explorer, Cussler discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites and wrote non-fiction books about his findings. He was also the initiator of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), a non-profit organization with the same name as the fictional government agency that employs Dirk Pitt.
Important finds by NUMA include:
RMS Carpathia, the ship famed for being the first to come to the aid of RMS Titanic survivors.
CSS Manassas, the first ironclad of the civil war, formerly the icebreaker Enoch Train.
A visual and interactive depiction of Cussler's NUMA Foundation Expeditions has been made available as an extension of NUMA's original website that has since been deleted.
Finds formerly believed to be important include:
Mary Celeste, the famed ghost ship that was found abandoned with cargo intact (the identification of this wreck as the Mary Celeste has since been placed into a state of question after one researcher disputed the claim's authenticity).
Adaptations
The first movie of a Clive Cussler novel was Raise The Titanic! (1980), featuring Richard Jordan as Dirk Pitt, Jason Robards as Admiral James Sandecker, David Selby as Gene Seagram, and Anne Archer as Dana Seagram.
Paramount Pictures released the movie Sahara on April 8, 2005, featuring Matthew McConaughey as Dirk Pitt, Steve Zahn as Al Giordino, William H. Macy as Admiral Sandecker, and Penélope Cruz as Eva Rojas. It grossed $122 million with $241 million in production and distribution expenses.
Personal life
Clive Cussler married Barbara Knight in 1955, and they remained married for nearly 50 years until her death in 2003. Together they had three children—Teri, Dirk, and Dayna—four grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren. Cussler's daughter Teri is the creator and manager of the Cussler Museum in Arvada, Colorado, where Cussler's collection of classic automobiles is on display. Cussler also married Janet Horvath, who survived him. Clive Cussler was a part-time resident of both Arizona and Colorado.
Cussler died at his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, on February 24, 2020, at age 88 of undisclosed causes.
Bibliography
Dirk Pitt Adventures
#
Title
Publication date
1
The Mediterranean Caper
1973
2
Iceberg
1975
3
Raise the Titanic!
1976
4
Vixen 03
1978
5
Night Probe
1981
6
Pacific Vortex!
1983
7
Deep Six
1984
8
Cyclops
1986
9
Treasure
1988
10
Dragon
1990
11
Sahara
1992
12
Inca Gold
1994
13
Shock Wave
1996
14
Flood Tide
1997
15
Atlantis Found
1999
16
Valhalla Rising
2001
17
Trojan Odyssey
2003
18
Black Wind
2004
19
Treasure of Khan
2006
20
Arctic Drift
2008
21
Crescent Dawn
2010
22
Poseidon's Arrow
2012
23
Havana Storm
2014
24
Odessa Sea
2016
25
Celtic Empire
2019
26
Clive Cussler's The Devil's Sea
2021
27
Clive Cussler's The Corsican Shadow
2023
The NUMA Files
This series of books is based on the character Kurt Austin, Team Leader of NUMA's Special Assignments division and his adventures. Some characters from the Pitt novels appear such as Sandecker, Al Giordino, Rudi Gunn, Hiram Yaeger and St. Julien Perlmutter. Pitt makes brief appearances in the books Serpent, White Death, Polar Shift, Devil's Gate, The Storm, Zero Hour, and Ghost Ship and is mentioned in Lost City. Juan Cabrillo, the captain of the ship Oregon, also made a brief appearance in The Pharaoh's Secret.
#
Title
Publication date
1
Serpent *
1999, Jun 1
2
Blue Gold *
2000, Aug 1
3
Fire Ice *
2002, Jun 3
4
White Death *
2003, Jun 23
5
Lost City *
2004, Jul 22
6
Polar Shift *
2005, Aug 30
7
The Navigator *
2007, Jun 5
8
Medusa *
2009, Jul 2
9
Devil's Gate †
2011, Nov 14
10
The Storm †
2012, May 29
11
Zero Hour †
2013, May 28
12
Ghost Ship †
2014, May 27
13
The Pharaoh's Secret †
2015, Nov 17
14
Nighthawk †
2017, Jun 19
15
The Rising Sea †
2018, Mar 13
16
Sea of Greed †
2018, Nov 6
17
Journey of the Pharaohs †
2020, Mar 10
18
Fast Ice †
2021, Mar 9
19
Clive Cussler's Dark Vector ††
2022, May 24
20
Clive Cussler's Condor's Fury ††
2023, September
The Oregon Files
This series of books features a ship named the Oregon, which Cussler introduced in the Dirk Pitt Adventures novel Flood Tide (1997). While appearing to be a decrepit freighter, it is actually a high-tech advanced ship used by an unnamed and mysterious "Corporation" under the leadership of Juan Cabrillo. The ship is run like a business, with its crew being shareholders, taking jobs for the CIA and other agencies to help stop crime and terrorism. The crew is adept at disguises, combat, computer hacking and more to aid them in their missions. Kurt Austin, Joe Zavala, and Dirk Pitt all make cameo appearances in the fourth volume, Skeleton Coast (Cabrillo speaks to Pitt on the telephone; and Austin and Zavala appear at the end).
#
Title
Publication date
1
Golden Buddha
2003
2
Sacred Stone
2004
3
Dark Watch
2005
4
Skeleton Coast
2006
5
Plague Ship
2008
6
Corsair
2009
7
The Silent Sea
2010
8
The Jungle
2011
9
Mirage
2013
10
Piranha
2015
11
The Emperor's Revenge
2016
12
Typhoon Fury
2017
13
Shadow Tyrants
2018
14
Final Option
2019
15
Marauder
2020
16
Clive Cussler's Hellburner
2022
17
Clive Cussler's Fire Strike
2023
18
Clive Cussler's Ghost Soldier
2024
Isaac Bell Adventures
These books are set mostly in the U.S. in the early part of the 20th century. They center around Isaac Bell, a brilliant investigator for the Van Dorn Detective Agency, which appears to be modeled after the real-life Pinkerton Agency. Like Pitt, Bell has an affinity for automobiles and is a crack shot. The first book reveals that Bell survives into 1950 with a wife and grown children. Though the setting is a century ago, the books still qualify as techno-thrillers, since they feature the advanced technology of that time such as private express trains, telegraphs, telephones, dreadnought battleships and early airplanes. Isaac Bell also is a principal character of the background story in the Fargo Adventures novel The Gray Ghost.
#
Title
Publication date
1
The Chase
2007
2
The Wrecker ‖
2009
3
The Spy ‖
2010
4
The Race ‖
2011
5
The Thief ‖
2012
6
The Striker ‖
2013
7
The Bootlegger ‖
2014
8
The Assassin‖
2015
9
The Gangster ‖
2016
10
The Cutthroat ‖
2017
11
The Titanic Secret §
2019
12
The Saboteurs §
2021
13
Clive Cussler's The Sea Wolves §§
2022
14
Clive Cussler's The Heist §§
2024
Fargo Adventures
The series focuses on Sam and Remi Fargo, a married couple who are professional treasure hunters.
#
Title
Publication date
1
Spartan Gold ^
2009
2
Lost Empire ^
2010
3
The Kingdom ^
2011
4
The Tombs +
2012
5
The Mayan Secrets +
2013
6
The Eye of Heaven ×
2014
7
The Solomon Curse ×
2015
8
Pirate **
2016
9
The Romanov Ransom **
2017
10
The Gray Ghost **
2018
11
The Oracle **
2019
12
Wrath of Poseidon **
2020
13
Clive Cussler's The Serpent's Eye ***
2024
Non-fiction
Title
Publication date
The Sea Hunters: True Adventures With Famous Shipwrecks ‡
1996
Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed ‡
1998
The Sea Hunters II: Diving the World's Seas for Famous Shipwrecks ‡
2002
Built for Adventure: The Classic Automobiles of Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt
2011
Built to Thrill: More Classic Automobiles from Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt
2016
Children's books
Title
Publication date
The Adventures of Vin Fiz
2006
The Adventures of Hotsy Totsy
2010
(*) indicates books co-authored with Paul Kemprecos.
(†) indicates books co-authored with Graham Brown.
(††) indicates books authored by Graham Brown.
(‡) indicates books co-authored with Craig Dirgo.
(§) indicates books co-authored with Jack Du Brul.
(§§) indicates books authored by Jack Du Brul.
(‖) indicates books co-authored with Justin Scott.
(^) indicates books co-authored with Grant Blackwood.
(+) indicates books co-authored with Thomas Perry.
(×) indicates books co-authored with Russell Blake.
(≠) indicates books co-authored with Boyd Morrison.
(**) indicates books co-authored with Robin Burcell.
(***) indicates books authored by Robin Burcell.
(╛) indicates books authored by Mike Maden.
References
^ Tall, Kevin (February 26, 2020). "Clive Cussler Dead, Bestselling Author Of 'Sahara' Dies At Age 88". Inquisitr. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ a b c d "NUMA.Net Clive Cussler Biography". NUMA. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
^ Who's Who in Finance and Industry (19th ed.). Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 164. ISBN 9780837903194. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Cussler, Clive; Dirgo, Craig (October 1, 1998). Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780671026226 – via Google Books.
^ Clive Cussler (1996),The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks, pages 274-275.
^ Cussler, Clive; Dirgo, Craig (October 1998). Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-02622-4.
^ a b Cain, Sian (February 26, 2020). "Clive Cussler, bestselling adventure novelist, dies aged 88". The Guardian. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ "Bestselling author Clive Cussler no more". The Times of India. February 27, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
^ Arnold, Helen Ruth (December 1, 2017). "The historic novels, true adventures of Clive Cussler". McCook Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ "Naval Heritage Award Recipients". The US Navy Memorial. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ "Simon Says.com Clive Cussler Biography". Archived from the original (Web Article) on June 29, 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
^ "Bookreporter.com Clive Cussler Biography" (Web Article). Retrieved February 22, 2007.
^ Ayers, Jeff (June 30, 2014). "The Clive Cussler Adventures: A Critical Review by Steven Philip Jones". The Big Thrill. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Cussler, Clive (October 26, 2004). Valhalla Rising. Berkley Trade. Inside dust jacket flap. ISBN 978-0-425-20404-7. 039914787X.
^ Jonathan Thompson (January 23, 2005). "Dating of wreck's timbers puts wind in sails of the 'Mary Celeste' mystery". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
^ Glenn F. Bunting, $78 million of red ink?, Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2007.
^ "Clive Cussler Biography". TV.Com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
^ a b McFadden, Robert D. (February 26, 2020). "Clive Cussler, Best-Selling Author and Adventurer, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
^ Cussler, Clive (2016). Built to Thrill. Putnam. p. 198.
^ "About the Author". Clive Cussler Books. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clive Cussler.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Clive Cussler.
Official website
NUMA website
Clive Cussler at Find a Grave
Audio interview with Clive Cussler Talking about The Chase
Clive Cussler Fans Website
The Cussler Museum
clivecussler.com.au
Cussler Down Under newsletter
Clive Cussler discography at Discogs
vteWorks by Clive CusslerDirk Pitt Adventures
The Mediterranean Caper (1973)
Iceberg (1975)
Raise the Titanic! (1976)
Vixen 03 (1978)
Night Probe! (1981)
Pacific Vortex! (1983)
Deep Six (1984)
Cyclops (1986)
Treasure (1988)
Dragon (1990)
Sahara (1992)
Inca Gold (1994)
Shock Wave (1996)
Flood Tide (1997)
Atlantis Found (1999)
Valhalla Rising (2001)
Trojan Odyssey (2003)
Black Wind (2004)
Treasure of Khan (2006)
Arctic Drift (2008)
Crescent Dawn (2010)
Poseidon's Arrow (2012)
Havana Storm (2014)
Odessa Sea (2016)
Celtic Empire (2018)
The NUMA Files
Serpent (1999)
Fire Ice (2002)
White Death (2003)
Lost City (2004)
Polar Shift (2005)
The Navigator (2007)
Medusa (2009)
Devil's Gate (2011)
The Storm (2012)
Zero Hour (2013)
Ghost Ship (2014)
The Pharaoh's Secret (2015)
Nighthawk (2017)
The Rising Sea (2018)
Oregon Files
Golden Buddha (2003)
Sacred Stone (2004)
Dark Watch (2005)
Skeleton Coast (2006)
Plague Ship (2008)
Corsair (2009)
The Silent Sea (2010)
The Jungle (2011)
Mirage (2013)
Piranha (2015)
The Emperor's Revenge (2016)
Typhoon Fury (2017)
Shadow Tyrants (2018)
Isaac Bell Adventures
The Chase (2007)
The Wrecker (2009)
The Spy (2010)
The Race (2011)
The Thief (2012)
The Striker (2013)
The Bootlegger (2014)
The Assassin (2015)
The Gangster (2016)
The Cutthroat (2017)
The Titanic Secret (2019)
The Saboteurs (2020)
Fargo Adventures
Spartan Gold (2009)
Lost Empire (2010)
The Kingdom (2011)
The Tombs (2012)
The Mayan Secrets (2013)
The Eye of Heaven (2014)
The Solomon Curse (2015)
Pirate (2016)
The Romanov Ransom (2017)
The Gray Ghost (2018)
Non-fiction
The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks (1996)
The Sea Hunters II: Diving the World's Seas for Famous Shipwrecks (2002)
vteUnderwater diving
Diving activities
Diving modes
Atmospheric pressure diving
Freediving
Saturation diving
Scuba diving
Snorkeling
Surface oriented diving
Surface-supplied diving
Unmanned diving
Diving equipment
Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment
Human factors in diving equipment design
Basic equipment
Diving mask
Snorkel
Swimfin
Breathing gas
Bailout gas
Bottom gas
Breathing air
Decompression gas
Emergency gas supply
Heliox
Hydreliox
Hydrox
Nitrox
Oxygen
Travel gas
Trimix
Buoyancy andtrim equipment
Buoyancy compensator
Power inflator
Dump valve
Variable buoyancy pressure vessel
Diving weighting system
Ankle weights
Integrated weights
Trim weights
Weight belt
Decompressionequipment
Decompression buoy
Decompression chamber
Decompression cylinder
Decompression trapeze
Dive computer
Diving bell
Diving shot
Diving stage
Jersey upline
Jonline
Diving suit
Atmospheric diving suit
JIM suit
Newtsuit
Dry suit
Sladen suit
Standard diving suit
Rash vest
Wetsuit
Dive skins
Hot-water suit
Helmetsand masks
Anti-fog
Diving helmet
Free-flow helmet
Lightweight demand helmet
Orinasal mask
Reclaim helmet
Shallow water helmet
Standard diving helmet
Diving mask
Band mask
Full-face mask
Half mask
Instrumentation
Bottom timer
Depth gauge
Dive computer
Dive timer
Diving watch
Helium release valve
Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
Pneumofathometer
Submersible pressure gauge
Mobilityequipment
Diver propulsion vehicle
Diving bell
Closed bell
Wet bell
Diving stage
Swimfin
Monofin
PowerSwim
Towboard
Wet sub
Safetyequipment
Alternative air source
Octopus regulator
Pony bottle
Bolt snap
Buddy line
Dive light
Diver's cutting tool
Diver's knife
Diver's telephone
Through-water communications
Underwater acoustic communication
Diving bell
Diving safety harness
Emergency gas supply
Bailout block
Bailout bottle
Lifeline
Screw gate carabiner
Emergency locator beacon
Rescue tether
Safety helmet
Shark-proof cage
Snoopy loop
Navigation equipment
Distance line
Diving compass
Dive reel
Line marker
Surface marker buoy
Silt screw
Underwaterbreathingapparatus
Atmospheric diving suit
Diving cylinder
Burst disc
Scuba cylinder valve
Diving helmet
Reclaim helmet
Diving regulator
Mechanism of diving regulators
Regulator malfunction
Regulator freeze
Single-hose regulator
Twin-hose regulator
Full-face diving mask
Open-circuitscuba
Scuba set
Bailout bottle
Decompression cylinder
Independent doubles
Manifolded twin set
Scuba manifold
Pony bottle
Scuba configuration
Sidemount
Sling cylinder
Diving rebreathers
Carbon dioxide scrubber
Carleton CDBA
Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment
Cryogenic rebreather
CUMA
DSEA
Dolphin
Halcyon PVR-BASC
Halcyon RB80
IDA71
Interspiro DCSC
LAR-5
LAR-6
LAR-V
LARU
Mark IV Amphibian
Porpoise
Ray
Siebe Gorman CDBA
Salvus
Siva
Surface-supplieddiving equipment
Air line
Diver's umbilical
Diving air compressor
Gas panel
Hookah
Scuba replacement
Snuba
Standard diving dress
Divingequipmentmanufacturers
AP Diving
Apeks
Aqua Lung America
Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique
Beuchat
René Cavalero
Cis-Lunar
Cressi-Sub
Dacor
DESCO
Dive Xtras
Divex
Diving Unlimited International
Drägerwerk
Fenzy
Maurice Fernez
Technisub
Oscar Gugen
Heinke
HeinrichsWeikamp
Johnson Outdoors
Mares
Morse Diving
Nemrod
Oceanic Worldwide
Porpoise
Shearwater Research
Siebe Gorman
Submarine Products
Suunto
Diving support equipmentAccess equipment
Boarding stirrup
Diver lift
Diving bell
Diving ladder
Diving platform (scuba)
Diving stage
Downline
Jackstay
Launch and recovery system
Messenger line
Moon pool
Breathing gashandling
Air filtration
Activated carbon
Hopcalite
Molecular sieve
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Booster pump
Carbon dioxide scrubber
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Diver's pump
Diving air compressor
Diving air filter
Water separator
High pressure breathing air compressor
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Gas blending
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Gas reclaim system
Gas storage bank
Gas storage quad
Gas storage tube
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Nitrox production
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Oxygen analyser
Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
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Decompressionequipment
Air-lock
Built-in breathing system
Decompression tables
Diving bell
Bell cursor
Closed bell
Clump weight
Launch and recovery system
Wet bell
Diving chamber
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Saturation system
Platforms
Dive boat
Canoe and kayak diving
Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
Liveaboard
Subskimmer
Diving support vessel
HMS Challenger (K07)
Underwaterhabitat
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Continental Shelf Station Two
Helgoland Habitat
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SEALAB
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ABISMO
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CURV
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Épaulard
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Kaşif ROUV
Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System
Mini Rover ROV
OpenROV
ROV KIEL 6000
ROV PHOCA
Scorpio ROV
Sea Dragon-class ROV
Seabed tractor
Seafox drone
SeaPerch
SJT-class ROUV
T1200 Trenching Unit
VideoRay UROVs
Safety equipment
Diver down flag
Diving shot
ENOS Rescue-System
Hyperbaric lifeboat
Hyperbaric stretcher
Jackstay
Jonline
Reserve gas supply
General
Diving spread
Air spread
Saturation spread
Hot water system
Sonar
Underwater acoustic positioning system
Underwater acoustic communication
FreedivingActivities
Aquathlon
Apnoea finswimming
Freediving
Haenyeo
Pearl hunting
Ama
Snorkeling
Spearfishing
Underwater football
Underwater hockey
Underwater rugby
Underwater target shooting
Competitions
Nordic Deep
Vertical Blue
Disciplines
Constant weight (CWT)
Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB)
Constant weight without fins (CNF)
Dynamic apnea (DYN)
Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF)
Free immersion (FIM)
No-limits apnea (NLT)
Static apnea (STA)
Skandalopetra diving
Variable weight apnea (VWT)
Variable weight apnea without fins
Equipment
Diving mask
Diving suit
Hawaiian sling
Polespear
Snorkel (swimming)
Speargun
Swimfins
Monofin
Water polo cap
Freedivers
Deborah Andollo
Simone Arrigoni
Peppo Biscarini
Michael Board
Sara Campbell
Derya Can Göçen
Goran Čolak
Carlos Coste
Robert Croft
Mandy-Rae Cruickshank
Yasemin Dalkılıç
Leonardo D'Imporzano
Flavia Eberhard
Şahika Ercümen
Emma Farrell
Francisco Ferreras
Pierre Frolla
Flavia Eberhard
Mehgan Heaney-Grier
Elisabeth Kristoffersen
Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych
Loïc Leferme
Enzo Maiorca
Jacques Mayol
Audrey Mestre
Karol Meyer
Kate Middleton
Stéphane Mifsud
Alexey Molchanov
Natalia Molchanova
Dave Mullins
Patrick Musimu
Guillaume Néry
Herbert Nitsch
Umberto Pelizzari
Liv Philip
Annelie Pompe
Stig Severinsen
Tom Sietas
Aharon Solomons
Martin Štěpánek
Walter Steyn
Tanya Streeter
William Trubridge
Devrim Cenk Ulusoy
Fatma Uruk
Danai Varveri
Alessia Zecchini
Nataliia Zharkova
Hazards
Barotrauma
Drowning
Freediving blackout
Deep-water blackout
Shallow-water blackout
Hypercapnia
Hypothermia
Historical
Ama
Octopus wrestling
Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming
Organisations
AIDA International
Scuba Schools International
Australian Underwater Federation
British Freediving Association
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
Performance Freediving International
Professional divingOccupations
Ama
Commercial diver
Commercial offshore diver
Hazmat diver
Divemaster
Diving instructor
Diving safety officer
Diving superintendent
Diving supervisor
Haenyeo
Media diver
Police diver
Public safety diver
Scientific diver
Underwater archaeologist
Militarydiving
Army engineer diver
Canadian Armed Forces Divers
Clearance diver
Frogman
Minentaucher
Royal Navy ships diver
United States military divers
U.S. Navy diver
U.S.Navy master diver
Militarydivingunits
Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)
Commando Hubert
Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)
Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei
Decima Flottiglia MAS
Frogman Corps (Denmark)
Fuerzas Especiales
Fukuryu
GRUMEC
Grup Gerak Khas
Jagdkommando
JW Formoza
JW GROM
JW Komandosów
Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine
KOPASKA
MARCOS
Marine Commandos
Marinejegerkommandoen
Marine Raider Regiment
Minedykkerkommandoen
Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit
Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)
Naval Service Diving Section
Naval Special Operations Command
Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)
Royal Engineers
Russian commando frogmen
Sappers Divers Group
Shayetet 13
Special Air Service
Special Air Service Regiment
Special Actions Detachment
Special Boat Service
Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
Special Forces Command (Turkey)
Special Forces Group (Belgium)
Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)
Special Service Group (Navy)
Special Warfare Diving and Salvage
Tactical Divers Group
US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
US Navy SEALs
Underwater Construction Teams
Underwater Demolition Command
Underwater Demolition Team
Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
UNGERIN
Underwaterwork
Commercial offshore diving
Dive leader
Diver training
Recreational diver training
Hazmat diving
Hyperbaric welding
Marine construction
Offshore construction
Underwater construction
Media diving
Nondestructive testing
Pearl hunting
Police diving
Potable water diving
Public safety diving
Scientific diving
Ships husbandry
Sponge diving
Submarine pipeline
Underwater archaeology
Archaeology of shipwrecks
Underwater cutting and welding
Underwater demolition
Underwater inspection
Underwater logging
Underwater photography
Underwater search and recovery
Underwater searches
Underwater videography
Underwater survey
Salvage diving
SS Egypt
Kronan
La Belle
SS Laurentic
RMS Lusitania
Mars
Mary Rose
USS Monitor
HMS Royal George
Vasa
Divingcontractors
COMEX
Helix Energy Solutions Group
International Marine Contractors Association
Tools andequipment
Abrasive waterjet
Airlift
Baited remote underwater video
In-water surface cleaning
Brush cart
Cavitation cleaning
Pressure washing
Pigging
Lifting bag
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Thermal lance
Tremie
Water jetting
Underwaterweapons
Limpet mine
Speargun
Hawaiian sling
Polespear
Underwaterfirearm
Gyrojet
Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun
Powerhead
Underwater pistols
Heckler & Koch P11
SPP-1 underwater pistol
Underwater revolvers
AAI underwater revolver
Underwater rifles
ADS amphibious rifle
APS underwater rifle
ASM-DT amphibious rifle
QBS-06
Recreational diving
Recreational dive sites
Index of recreational dive sites
List of wreck diving sites
Outline of recreational dive sites
Specialties
Altitude diving
Cave diving
Deep diving
Ice diving
Muck diving
Open-water diving
Rebreather diving
Sidemount diving
Solo diving
Technical diving
Underwater photography
Wreck diving
Diverorganisations
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
Cave Diving Group (CDG)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)
Diving tourismindustry
Dive center
Diving in East Timor
Diving in the Maldives
Environmental impact of recreational diving
Scuba diving tourism
Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands
Shark tourism
Sinking ships for wreck diving sites
Underwater diving on Guam
Diving eventsand festivals
Diversnight
Underwater Bike Race
Diving safety
Human factors in diving equipment design
Human factors in diving safety
Life-support system
Safety-critical system
Scuba diving fatalities
Underwater diving emergency
Water safety
Water surface searches
Divinghazards
List of diving hazards and precautions
Environmental
Current
Delta-P
Entanglement hazard
Overhead
Silt out
Wave action
Equipment
Freeflow
Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment
Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus
Single point of failure
Physiological
Cold shock response
Decompression
Nitrogen narcosis
Oxygen toxicity
Seasickness
Uncontrolled decompression
Diver behaviour and competence
Lack of competence
Overconfidence effect
Panic
Task loading
Trait anxiety
Willful violation
Consequences
Barotrauma
Decompression sickness
Drowning
Hypothermia
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Hyperthermia
Non-freezing cold injury
Divingprocedures
Ascending and descending
Emergency ascent
Boat diving
Canoe and kayak diving
Buddy diving
buddy check
Decompression
Decompression practice
Pyle stop
Ratio decompression
Dive briefing
Dive log
Dive planning
Rule of thirds
Scuba gas planning
Diver communications
Diver rescue
Diver training
Doing It Right
Drift diving
Gas blending for scuba diving
Night diving
Rebreather diving
Scuba gas management
Solo diving
Riskmanagement
Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Hazard analysis
Job safety analysis
Risk assessment
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Risk control
Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout–tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness
Diving team
Bellman
Chamber operator
Diver medical technician
Diver's attendant
Diving supervisor
Diving systems technician
Gas man
Life support technician
Stand-by diver
Equipmentsafety
Breathing gas quality
Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
Hydrostatic test
Sustained load cracking
Diving regulator
Breathing performance of regulators
Occupationalsafety andhealth
Association of Diving Contractors International
International Marine Contractors Association
Code of practice
Contingency plan
Diving regulations
Emergency response plan
Diving safety officer
Diving superintendent
Diving supervisor
Operations manual
Standard operating procedure
Diving medicineDivingdisorders
List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
Cramp
Motion sickness
Surfer's ear
Pressurerelated
Alternobaric vertigo
Barostriction
Barotrauma
Air embolism
Aerosinusitis
Barodontalgia
Dental barotrauma
Middle ear barotrauma
Pulmonary barotrauma
Compression arthralgia
Decompression illness
Dysbarism
Oxygen
Freediving blackout
Hyperoxia
Hypoxia
Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases
Avascular necrosis
Decompression sickness
Dysbaric osteonecrosis
Inner ear decompression sickness
Isobaric counterdiffusion
Taravana
High-pressure nervous syndrome
Hydrogen narcosis
Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide
Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia
Breathing gascontaminants
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Immersionrelated
Asphyxia
Drowning
Hypothermia
Immersion diuresis
Instinctive drowning response
Laryngospasm
Salt water aspiration syndrome
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
Treatment
Demand valve oxygen therapy
First aid
Hyperbaric medicine
Hyperbaric treatment schedules
In-water recompression
Oxygen therapy
Therapeutic recompression
Personnel
Diving Medical Examiner
Diving Medical Practitioner
Diving Medical Technician
Hyperbaric nursing
Screening
Atrial septal defect
Effects of drugs on fitness to dive
Fitness to dive
Psychological fitness to dive
ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine
Arthur J. Bachrach
Albert R. Behnke
Peter B. Bennett
Paul Bert
George F. Bond
Robert Boyle
Alf O. Brubakk
Albert A. Bühlmann
John R. Clarke
Guybon Chesney Castell Damant
Kenneth William Donald
William Paul Fife
John Scott Haldane
Robert William Hamilton Jr.
Henry Valence Hempleman
Leonard Erskine Hill
Brian Andrew Hills
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Christian J. Lambertsen
Simon Mitchell
Charles Momsen
Neal W. Pollock
John Rawlins
Charles Wesley Shilling
Edward D. Thalmann
Jacques Triger
Diving medicalresearchorganisations
Aerospace Medical Association
Divers Alert Network (DAN)
Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC)
European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
Rubicon Foundation
South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA)
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)
Law
Civil liability in recreational diving
Diving regulations
Duty of care
List of legislation regulating underwater diving
Investigation of diving accidents
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
History of underwater diving
History of decompression research and development
History of Diving Museum
History of scuba diving
List of researchers in underwater diving
Lyons Maritime Museum
Man in the Sea Museum
Timeline of diving technology
Pearling in Western Australia
US Navy decompression models and tables
Archeologicalsites
SS Commodore
USS Monitor
Queen Anne's Revenge
Whydah Gally
Underwater artand artists
The Diver
Jason deCaires Taylor
Engineersand inventors
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
William Beebe
Georges Beuchat
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
Joseph-Martin Cabirol
John R. Clarke
Jacques Cousteau
Charles Anthony Deane
John Deane
Louis de Corlieu
Auguste Denayrouze
Ted Eldred
Henry Fleuss
Émile Gagnan
Karl Heinrich Klingert
Peter Kreeft
Christian J. Lambertsen
Yves Le Prieur
John Lethbridge
Ernest William Moir
Joseph Salim Peress
Auguste Piccard
Joe Savoie
Willard Franklyn Searle
Gordon Smith
Augustus Siebe
Pierre-Marie Touboulic
Jacques Triger
Historicalequipment
Aqua-Lung
RV Calypso
SP-350 Denise
Magnesium torch
Nikonos
Porpoise regulator
Standard diving dress
Sub Marine Explorer
Vintage scuba
Diverpropulsionvehicles
Advanced SEAL Delivery System
Cosmos CE2F series
Dry Combat Submersible
Human torpedo
Motorised Submersible Canoe
Necker Nymph
R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
SEAL Delivery Vehicle
Shallow Water Combat Submersible
Siluro San Bartolomeo
Welfreighter
Wet Nellie
Military andcovert operations
Raid on Alexandria (1941)
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
Scientific projects
1992 cageless shark-diving expedition
Mission 31
Awards and events
Hans Hass Award
International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures
NOGI Awards
Women Divers Hall of Fame
IncidentsDive boat incidents
Sinking of MV Conception
Diver rescues
Alpazat cave rescue
Tham Luang cave rescue
Early diving
John Day (carpenter)
Charles Spalding
Ebenezer Watson
Freediving fatalities
Loïc Leferme
Audrey Mestre
Nicholas Mevoli
Natalia Molchanova
Offshorediving incidents
Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
Drill Master diving accident
Star Canopus diving accident
Stena Seaspread diving accident
Venture One diving accident
Waage Drill II diving accident
Wildrake diving accident
Professionaldiving fatalities
Roger Baldwin
John Bennett
Victor F. Guiel Jr.
Francis P. Hammerberg
Craig M. Hoffman
Peter Henry Michael Holmes
Johnson Sea Link accident
Edwin Clayton Link
Gerard Anthony Prangley
Per Skipnes
Robert John Smyth
Albert D. Stover
Richard A. Walker
Lothar Michael Ward
Joachim Wendler
Bradley Westell
Arne Zetterström
Scuba divingfatalities
1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident
Ricardo Armbruster
Allan Bridge
David Bright
Berry L. Cannon
Cotton Coulson
Cláudio Coutinho
E. Yale Dawson
Deon Dreyer
Milan Dufek
Sheck Exley
Maurice Fargues
Fernando Garfella Palmer
Guy Garman
Steve Irwin
death
Jim Jones
Henry Way Kendall
Artur Kozłowski
Yuri Lipski
Kirsty MacColl
Agnes Milowka
François de Roubaix
Chris and Chrissy Rouse
Dave Shaw
Wesley C. Skiles
Dewey Smith
Rob Stewart
Esbjörn Svensson
Josef Velek
PublicationsManuals
NOAA Diving Manual
U.S. Navy Diving Manual
Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
Underwater Handbook
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
The new science of skin and scuba diving
Professional Diver's Handbook
Basic Scuba
Standards andCodes of Practice
Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)
DIN 7876
IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
General non-fiction
The Darkness Beckons
Goldfinder
The Last Dive
Shadow Divers
The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
Research
List of Divers Alert Network publications
Dive guides
Training and registrationDivertraining
Competence and assessment
Competency-based learning
Refresher training
Skill assessment
Diver training standard
Diving instructor
Diving school
Occupational diver training
Commercial diver training
Military diver training
Public safety diver training
Scientific diver training
Recreational diver training
Introductory diving
Teaching method
Muscle memory
Overlearning
Stress exposure training
Skills
Combat sidestroke
Diver navigation
Diver trim
Ear clearing
Frenzel maneuver
Valsalva maneuver
Finning techniques
Scuba skills
Buddy breathing
Low impact diving
Diamond Reef System
Surface-supplied diving skills
Underwater searches
RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills
Advanced Open Water Diver
Autonomous diver
CMAS* scuba diver
CMAS** scuba diver
Introductory diving
Low Impact Diver
Master Scuba Diver
Open Water Diver
Supervised diver
Leadership skills
Dive leader
Divemaster
Diving instructor
Master Instructor
Specialist skills
Rescue Diver
Solo diver
Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations
European Underwater Federation (EUF)
International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF)
International Diving Schools Association (IDSA)
International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA)
List of diver certification organizations
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Nautical Archaeology Society
Universal Referral Program
World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC)
Commercial divercertificationauthorities
Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS)
Commercial diver registration in South Africa
Divers Institute of Technology
Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
Department of Employment and Labour
Commercial divingschools
Divers Academy International
Norwegian diver school
Free-divingcertificationagencies
AIDA International (AIDA)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Performance Freediving International (PI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
Recreationalscubacertificationagencies
American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
International Life Saving Federation (ILS)
Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
Scuba Diving International (SDI)
Scuba Educators International (SEI)
Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
United Diving Instructors (UDI)
YMCA SCUBA Program
Scientific divercertificationauthorities
American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS)
CMAS Scientific Committee
Technical divercertificationagencies
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
Technical Extended Range (TXR)
Cavediving
Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
Cave Diving Group (CDG)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Technical Diving International (TDI)
Military divertraining centres
Defence Diving School
Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center
Underwater Escape Training Unit
Military divertraining courses
United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course
Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling
Finswimming
Snorkeling/breath-hold
Spearfishing
Underwater football
Underwater hockey
Australia
Turkey
Underwater rugby
Colombia
United States
Underwater target shooting
Breath-hold
Aquathlon
Apnoea finswimming
Freediving
Open Circuit Scuba
Immersion finswimming
Sport diving
Underwater cycling
Underwater orienteering
Underwater photography
Rebreather
Underwater photography
Sports governingorganisations and federations
International
AIDA International
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques)
National
AIDA Hellas
Australian Underwater Federation
British Freediving Association
British Octopush Association
British Underwater Sports Association
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins
South African Underwater Sports Federation
Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu
Underwater Society of America)
Competitions
14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship
Underwater Hockey World Championships
Underwater Orienteering World Championships
Underwater Rugby World Championships
Underwater diversPioneersof diving
Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro
Aquanaut
Mary Bonnin
Amelia Behrens-Furniss
James F. Cahill
Jacques Cousteau
Billy Deans
Dottie Frazier
Trevor Hampton
Hans Hass
Dick Rutkowski
Teseo Tesei
Arne Zetterström
Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists
Michael Arbuthnot
Robert Ballard
George Bass
Mensun Bound
Louis Boutan
Hugh Bradner
Cathy Church
Eugenie Clark
James P. Delgado
Sylvia Earle
John Christopher Fine
George R. Fischer
Anders Franzén
Honor Frost
Fernando Garfella Palmer
David Gibbins
Graham Jessop
Swietenia Puspa Lestari
Pilar Luna
Robert F. Marx
Anna Marguerite McCann
Innes McCartney
Charles T. Meide
Mark M. Newell
Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova
John Peter Oleson
Mendel L. Peterson
Richard Pyle
Andreas Rechnitzer
William R. Royal
Margaret Rule
Gunter Schöbel
Stephanie Schwabe
Myriam Seco
E. Lee Spence
Robert Sténuit
Peter Throckmorton
Cristina Zenato
Scuba recordholders
Pascal Bernabé
Jim Bowden
Mark Ellyatt
Sheck Exley
Nuno Gomes
Claudia Serpieri
Krzysztof Starnawski
Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters
Samir Alhafith
David Attenborough
Ramón Bravo
Jean-Michel Cousteau
Richie Kohler
Paul Rose
Andy Torbet
Ivan Tors
Andrew Wight
Underwaterphotographers
Doug Allan
Tamara Benitez
Georges Beuchat
Adrian Biddle
Jonathan Bird
Eric Cheng
Neville Coleman
Jacques Cousteau
John D. Craig
Ben Cropp
Bernard Delemotte
David Doubilet
Candice Farmer
John Christopher Fine
Rodney Fox
Ric Frazier
Stephen Frink
Peter Gimbel
Monty Halls
Hans Hass
Henry Way Kendall
Rudie Kuiter
Joseph B. MacInnis
Luis Marden
Agnes Milowka
Noel Monkman
Pete Oxford
Steve Parish
Zale Parry
Pierre Petit
Leni Riefenstahl
Peter Scoones
Brian Skerry
Wesley C. Skiles
E. Lee Spence
Philippe Tailliez
Ron Taylor
Valerie Taylor
Albert Tillman
John Veltri
Stan Waterman
Michele Westmorland
John Ernest Williamson
J. Lamar Worzel
Underwaterexplorers
Caves
Graham Balcombe
Sheck Exley
Martyn Farr
Jochen Hasenmayer
Jill Heinerth
Jarrod Jablonski
William Hogarth Main
Tom Mount
Jack Sheppard
Bill Stone
Reefs
Arthur C. Clarke
Wrecks
Leigh Bishop
John Chatterton
Clive Cussler
Bill Nagle
Valerie van Heest
Aristotelis Zervoudis
Aquanauts
Andrew Abercromby
Joseph M. Acaba
Clayton Anderson
Richard R. Arnold
Serena Auñón-Chancellor
Michael Barratt (astronaut)
Robert A. Barth
Robert L. Behnken
Randolph Bresnik
Timothy J. Broderick
Justin Brown
Berry L. Cannon
Scott Carpenter
Gregory Chamitoff
Steve Chappell
Catherine Coleman
Robin Cook
Craig B. Cooper
Fabien Cousteau
Philippe Cousteau
Timothy Creamer
Jonathan Dory
Pedro Duque
Sylvia Earle
Jeanette Epps
Sheck Exley
Albert Falco
Andrew J. Feustel
Michael Fincke
Satoshi Furukawa
Ronald J. Garan Jr.
Michael L. Gernhardt
Christopher E. Gerty
David Gruber
Chris Hadfield
Jeremy Hansen
José M. Hernández
John Herrington
Paul Hill
Akihiko Hoshide
Mark Hulsbeck
Emma Hwang
Norishige Kanai
Les Kaufman
Scott Kelly
Karen Kohanowich
Timothy Kopra
Dominic Landucci
Jon Lindbergh
Kjell N. Lindgren
Michael López-Alegría
Joseph B. MacInnis
Sandra Magnus
Thomas Marshburn
Matthias Maurer
K. Megan McArthur
Craig McKinley
Jessica Meir
Simone Melchior
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
Andreas Mogensen
Karen Nyberg
John D. Olivas
Takuya Onishi
Luca Parmitano
Nicholas Patrick
Tim Peake
Thomas Pesquet
Marc Reagan
Garrett Reisman
Kathleen Rubins
Dick Rutkowski
Tara Ruttley
David Saint-Jacques
Josef Schmid
Robert Sheats
Dewey Smith
Steve Squyres
Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
Robert Sténuit
Hervé Stevenin
Nicole Stott
James Talacek
Daniel M. Tani
Robert Thirsk
Bill Todd
Mark T. Vande Hei
Koichi Wakata
Rex J. Walheim
Shannon Walker
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_fiction"},{"link_name":"underwater explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Dirk Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Pitt"},{"link_name":"The New York Times fiction best-seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numanet-2"},{"link_name":"National Underwater and Marine Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Underwater_and_Marine_Agency"},{"link_name":"shipwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"}],"text":"Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer.[1] His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have been listed on The New York Times fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. Cussler was the founder and chairman[2] of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), which has discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites and numerous other notable underwater wrecks. He was the sole author or main author of more than 80 books.His novels have inspired various other works of fiction.","title":"Clive Cussler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alhambra, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_California"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Hunters:_True_Adventures_with_Famous_Shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"aeroplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eagle Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pasadena City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_City_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numanet-2"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sian-7"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Clive Cussler was born in Aurora, Illinois, the son of Eric Edward Cussler and Amy Adeline (née Hunnewell),[3] and grew up in Alhambra, California. His father was from Germany and his mother's ancestors were from England.[4]In his memoir The Sea Hunters: True Adventures with Famous Shipwrecks, Cussler revealed that his father served in the Imperial German Army on the Western Front during World War I. Furthermore, one of Cussler's uncles served in the Imperial German Air Service and became a flying ace, shooting down 14 Allied aeroplanes.[5]He was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout when he was 14 years old.[6] He attended Pasadena City College[2] for two years and then enlisted in the United States Air Force during the Korean War.[7] During his service with the Air Force, he was promoted to sergeant and worked as an aircraft mechanic and flight engineer for the Military Air Transport Service (MATS).[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numanet-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Sea Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Hunters:_True_Adventures_With_Famous_Shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"State University of New York Maritime College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Maritime_College"},{"link_name":"in lieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_lieu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numanet-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Explorers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorers_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Oceanographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After his discharge from the military, Cussler went to work for the advertising industry, first as a copywriter and later as a creative director for two of the nation's most successful advertising agencies.[2] As part of his duties, Cussler produced radio and television commercials, many of which won international awards including an award at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival.[9]After the publication in 1996 of Cussler's first nonfiction work, The Sea Hunters, he was awarded a Doctor of Letters degree in 1997 by the Board of Governors of the State University of New York Maritime College who accepted the work in lieu of a Ph.D. thesis. This was the first time in the college's 123-year history that such a degree had been awarded.[2]In 2002, Cussler was awarded the Naval Heritage Award from the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation for his efforts concerning marine exploration.[10]Cussler was a fellow of the Explorers Club of New York, the Royal Geographical Society in London, and the American Society of Oceanographers.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dirk Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Mediterranean Caper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mediterranean_Caper"},{"link_name":"Iceberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg_(Cussler_novel)"},{"link_name":"Raise the Titanic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_the_Titanic!"},{"link_name":"megalomaniacal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megalomania"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"techno-thrillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-thriller"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones"},{"link_name":"Alistair MacLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_MacLean"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazines"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"best seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sian-7"},{"link_name":"McFarland Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Steven Philip Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Philip_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Literary career","text":"Clive Cussler began writing in 1965 when his wife took a job working nights for the local police department where they lived in California. After making dinner for the children and putting them to bed, he had no one to talk to and nothing much to do, so he decided to start writing.[12] His most famous character is marine engineer, government agent and adventurer Dirk Pitt. The Dirk Pitt novels frequently have an alternative history premise—such as \"what if Atlantis were real?\" or \"what if Abraham Lincoln wasn't assassinated but was kidnapped?\"[citation needed]The first two Pitt novels, The Mediterranean Caper and Iceberg, were relatively conventional maritime thrillers. The third, Raise the Titanic!, made Cussler's reputation and established the pattern that subsequent Pitt novels would follow: a blend of adventure and advanced technology, generally involving megalomaniacal villains, lost ships, beautiful women, and sunken treasure.Cussler's novels almost always begin with a chapter set in the past. These contain none of the novel's main characters and often seem disconnected from the plot until the main characters discover a mystery or secret relating the events of the first chapter to the rest of the story. This is almost always in the form of a long-lost artifact that is important to the villain's or hero's objectives. Often in the first chapter, a ship or airplane carrying a top-secret, important, or dangerous cargo is lost and never found, until it is recovered by a modern character later in the book.Cussler's novels, like those of Michael Crichton, are examples of techno-thrillers that do not use military plots and settings. Where Crichton strove for scrupulous realism, however, Cussler prefers fantastic spectacles and outlandish plot devices. The Pitt novels, in particular, have the improbable quality of the James Bond or Indiana Jones movies, while also sometimes borrowing from Alistair MacLean's novels. Pitt himself is a super-hero reminiscent of Doc Savage and other characters from pulp magazines.Cussler had seventeen consecutive titles listed on The New York Times fiction best seller list.[7] In 2014, McFarland Publishing released The Clive Cussler Adventures: A Critical Review by Steven Philip Jones, the first critical review textbook of Cussler's novels.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_explorers"},{"link_name":"shipwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ValhallaRising-14"},{"link_name":"National Underwater and Marine Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Underwater_and_Marine_Agency"},{"link_name":"RMS Carpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"CSS Manassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Manassas"},{"link_name":"Mary Celeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Celeste"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"NUMA","text":"As an underwater explorer, Cussler discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites[14] and wrote non-fiction books about his findings. He was also the initiator of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), a non-profit organization with the same name as the fictional government agency that employs Dirk Pitt.Important finds by NUMA include:RMS Carpathia, the ship famed for being the first to come to the aid of RMS Titanic survivors.\nCSS Manassas, the first ironclad of the civil war, formerly the icebreaker Enoch Train.A visual and interactive depiction of Cussler's NUMA Foundation Expeditions has been made available as an extension of NUMA's original website that has since been deleted.Finds formerly believed to be important include:Mary Celeste, the famed ghost ship that was found abandoned with cargo intact (the identification of this wreck as the Mary Celeste has since been placed into a state of question after one researcher disputed the claim's authenticity).[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raise The Titanic!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_the_Titanic_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Dirk Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Jason Robards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robards"},{"link_name":"James Sandecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sandecker"},{"link_name":"David Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Selby"},{"link_name":"Anne Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Archer"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Matthew McConaughey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_McConaughey"},{"link_name":"Dirk Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Steve Zahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zahn"},{"link_name":"William H. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Macy"},{"link_name":"Penélope Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATBunting041507-16"}],"text":"The first movie of a Clive Cussler novel was Raise The Titanic! (1980), featuring Richard Jordan as Dirk Pitt, Jason Robards as Admiral James Sandecker, David Selby as Gene Seagram, and Anne Archer as Dana Seagram.\nParamount Pictures released the movie Sahara on April 8, 2005, featuring Matthew McConaughey as Dirk Pitt, Steve Zahn as Al Giordino, William H. Macy as Admiral Sandecker, and Penélope Cruz as Eva Rojas. It grossed $122 million with $241 million in production and distribution expenses.[16]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Cussler"},{"link_name":"Dayna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayna_Cussler"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Arvada, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Paradise Valley, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"}],"text":"Clive Cussler married Barbara Knight in 1955, and they remained married for nearly 50 years until her death in 2003.[17] Together they had three children—Teri, Dirk, and Dayna—four grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.[18] Cussler's daughter Teri is the creator and manager of the Cussler Museum[19] in Arvada, Colorado, where Cussler's collection of classic automobiles is on display. Cussler also married Janet Horvath, who survived him. Clive Cussler was a part-time resident of both Arizona and Colorado.[20]Cussler died at his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, on February 24, 2020, at age 88 of undisclosed causes.[18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dirk Pitt Adventures","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The NUMA Files","text":"This series of books is based on the character Kurt Austin, Team Leader of NUMA's Special Assignments division and his adventures. Some characters from the Pitt novels appear such as Sandecker, Al Giordino, Rudi Gunn, Hiram Yaeger and St. Julien Perlmutter. Pitt makes brief appearances in the books Serpent, White Death, Polar Shift, Devil's Gate, The Storm, Zero Hour, and Ghost Ship and is mentioned in Lost City. Juan Cabrillo, the captain of the ship Oregon, also made a brief appearance in The Pharaoh's Secret.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Cabrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cabrillo_(character)"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"}],"sub_title":"The Oregon Files","text":"This series of books features a ship named the Oregon, which Cussler introduced in the Dirk Pitt Adventures novel Flood Tide (1997). While appearing to be a decrepit freighter, it is actually a high-tech advanced ship used by an unnamed and mysterious \"Corporation\" under the leadership of Juan Cabrillo. The ship is run like a business, with its crew being shareholders, taking jobs for the CIA and other agencies to help stop crime and terrorism. The crew is adept at disguises, combat, computer hacking and more to aid them in their missions. Kurt Austin, Joe Zavala, and Dirk Pitt all make cameo appearances in the fourth volume, Skeleton Coast (Cabrillo speaks to Pitt on the telephone; and Austin and Zavala appear at the end).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pinkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency"}],"sub_title":"Isaac Bell Adventures","text":"These books are set mostly in the U.S. in the early part of the 20th century. They center around Isaac Bell, a brilliant investigator for the Van Dorn Detective Agency, which appears to be modeled after the real-life Pinkerton Agency. Like Pitt, Bell has an affinity for automobiles and is a crack shot. The first book reveals that Bell survives into 1950 with a wife and grown children. Though the setting is a century ago, the books still qualify as techno-thrillers, since they feature the advanced technology of that time such as private express trains, telegraphs, telephones, dreadnought battleships and early airplanes. Isaac Bell also is a principal character of the background story in the Fargo Adventures novel The Gray Ghost.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fargo Adventures","text":"The series focuses on Sam and Remi Fargo, a married couple who are professional treasure hunters.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Kemprecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kemprecos"},{"link_name":"Graham Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graham_Brown_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Craig Dirgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Dirgo"},{"link_name":"Jack Du Brul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Du_Brul"},{"link_name":"Jack Du Brul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Du_Brul"},{"link_name":"Justin Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Scott_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Grant Blackwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Blackwood"},{"link_name":"Thomas Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perry_(author)"},{"link_name":"Russell Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Blake_(author)"},{"link_name":"Boyd Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Morrison"}],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"(*) indicates books co-authored with Paul Kemprecos.\n(†) indicates books co-authored with Graham Brown.\n(††) indicates books authored by Graham Brown.\n(‡) indicates books co-authored with Craig Dirgo.\n(§) indicates books co-authored with Jack Du Brul.\n(§§) indicates books authored by Jack Du Brul.\n(‖) indicates books co-authored with Justin Scott.\n(^) indicates books co-authored with Grant Blackwood.\n(+) indicates books co-authored with Thomas Perry.\n(×) indicates books co-authored with Russell Blake.\n(≠) indicates books co-authored with Boyd Morrison.\n(**) indicates books co-authored with Robin Burcell.\n(***) indicates books authored by Robin Burcell.\n(╛) indicates books authored by Mike Maden.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Tall, Kevin (February 26, 2020). \"Clive Cussler Dead, Bestselling Author Of 'Sahara' Dies At Age 88\". Inquisitr. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquisitr.com/5912291/clive-cussler-dead/","url_text":"\"Clive Cussler Dead, Bestselling Author Of 'Sahara' Dies At Age 88\""}]},{"reference":"\"NUMA.Net Clive Cussler Biography\". NUMA. Retrieved October 6, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numa.net/clive-cussler-2/","url_text":"\"NUMA.Net Clive Cussler Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Who's Who in Finance and Industry (19th ed.). Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 164. ISBN 9780837903194. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bFmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Eric+Edward+and+Amy+Adeline+%28Hunnewell%29+C%3B%22","url_text":"Who's Who in Finance and Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837903194","url_text":"9780837903194"}]},{"reference":"Cussler, Clive; Dirgo, Craig (October 1, 1998). Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780671026226 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxBMJjQA_WsC&q=amy+eric+Cussler&pg=PA20","url_text":"Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671026226","url_text":"9780671026226"}]},{"reference":"Cussler, Clive; Dirgo, Craig (October 1998). Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-02622-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clivecusslerdirk00cuss_0","url_text":"Clive Cussler and Dirk Pitt Revealed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-02622-4","url_text":"0-671-02622-4"}]},{"reference":"Cain, Sian (February 26, 2020). \"Clive Cussler, bestselling adventure novelist, dies aged 88\". The Guardian. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/feb/26/clive-cussler-novelist-dies-88","url_text":"\"Clive Cussler, bestselling adventure novelist, dies aged 88\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bestselling author Clive Cussler no more\". The Times of India. February 27, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/bestselling-author-clive-cussler-no-more/articleshow/74335219.cms","url_text":"\"Bestselling author Clive Cussler no more\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Helen Ruth (December 1, 2017). \"The historic novels, true adventures of Clive Cussler\". McCook Gazette. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mccookgazette.com/story/2465258.html","url_text":"\"The historic novels, true adventures of Clive Cussler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Heritage Award Recipients\". The US Navy Memorial. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navymemorial.org/previous-lone-sailor-award-recipients","url_text":"\"Naval Heritage Award Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Says.com Clive Cussler Biography\". Archived from the original (Web Article) on June 29, 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060629232050/http://simonsays.com/content/destination.cfm?tab=1&pid=329146&agid=13","url_text":"\"Simon Says.com Clive Cussler Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.simonsays.com/content/destination.cfm?tab=1&pid=329146&agid=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bookreporter.com Clive Cussler Biography\" (Web Article). Retrieved February 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-cussler-clive.asp","url_text":"\"Bookreporter.com Clive Cussler Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Ayers, Jeff (June 30, 2014). \"The Clive Cussler Adventures: A Critical Review by Steven Philip Jones\". The Big Thrill. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebigthrill.org/2014/06/the-clive-cussler-adventures-a-critical-review-by-steven-philip-jones/","url_text":"\"The Clive Cussler Adventures: A Critical Review by Steven Philip Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Cussler, Clive (October 26, 2004). Valhalla Rising. Berkley Trade. Inside dust jacket flap. ISBN 978-0-425-20404-7. 039914787X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-20404-7","url_text":"978-0-425-20404-7"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Thompson (January 23, 2005). \"Dating of wreck's timbers puts wind in sails of the 'Mary Celeste' mystery\". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130114033931/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article16409.ece","url_text":"\"Dating of wreck's timbers puts wind in sails of the 'Mary Celeste' mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article16409.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clive Cussler Biography\". TV.Com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121001/http://www.tv.com/clive-cussler/person/292212/biography.html","url_text":"\"Clive Cussler Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/clive-cussler/person/292212/biography.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Robert D. (February 26, 2020). \"Clive Cussler, Best-Selling Author and Adventurer, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/books/clive-cussler-dead.html","url_text":"\"Clive Cussler, Best-Selling Author and Adventurer, Is Dead at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Cussler, Clive (2016). Built to Thrill. Putnam. p. 198.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About the Author\". Clive Cussler Books. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cusslerbooks.com/clive-cussler.php","url_text":"\"About the Author\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Frances_Andrews
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Margaret Frances Andrews
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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American show dog breeder (1894–1945)
Margaret Frances AndrewsAndrews at the Newport Dog ShowBorn1894 (1894)Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.DiedNovember 2, 1945(1945-00-00) (aged 50–51)NationalityAmericanOccupationDog breeder
Margaret Frances Andrews (1894 – November 2, 1945) was a Newport, Rhode Island, socialite and prize-winning show dog breeder.
Biography
She was born in 1894 to Paul A. Andrews in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1915 she married Morgan Belmont (1892–1953), the son of August Belmont, at her parents' home, Rockry Hall. "The occasion marked the union of members of two of the oldest families in Newport's social history, and a representative gathering of the Summer colony was present. Owing to the bride's family being in mourning, the number of guests was limited to 150." Her daughter, Margaret Andrews Morgan Belmont, was born in August 1917. Margaret Frances Andrews died on November 2, 1945.
Andrews had a small role in the film Way Down East (1920) where she was credited as Mrs. Morgan Belmont.
References
^ a b "Mrs. Morgan Belmont. Wife of Ex-Investment Banker Owned Prize-Winning Dogs". New York Times. November 3, 1945. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
^ "Morgan Belmont To Wed Miss Andrews. Son of August Belmont Engaged to Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Andrews". New York Times. April 25, 1915. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
^ "Newport Plans" (PDF). New York Times. August 8, 1915. Retrieved August 28, 2009. The marriage of Miss Margaret Frances Andrews, only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Andrews, and Morgan Belmont, youngest son of August Belmont, will be celebrated a week from today at the residence of the bride's parents. Rockry Hall.
^ "Daughter of the Morgan Belmonts Christened Margaret Andrews". New York Times. August 20, 1917. Retrieved September 11, 2009. The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Belmont w as christened Margaret Andrews Morgan, after her mother, this afternoon by the Rev. James T. Ward, pastor of St. Mary's Catholic Church. Miss Hannah Randolph of Philadelphia, one
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margaret Frances Andrews.
Mrs. Morgan Belmont at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This United States biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye_force
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Intermolecular force
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["1 Hydrogen bonding","2 Salt bridge","3 Dipole–dipole and similar interactions","3.1 Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces","4 Van der Waals forces","4.1 Keesom force (permanent dipole – permanent dipole)","4.2 Debye force (permanent dipoles–induced dipoles)","4.3 London dispersion force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole interaction)","5 Relative strength of forces","6 Effect on the behavior of gases","7 Quantum mechanical theories","8 See also","9 References"]
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Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules and neighboring particles
An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction
or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular forces – the forces which hold a molecule together. For example, the covalent bond, involving sharing electron pairs between atoms, is much stronger than the forces present between neighboring molecules. Both sets of forces are essential parts of force fields frequently used in molecular mechanics.
The first reference to the nature of microscopic forces is found in Alexis Clairaut's work Théorie de la figure de la Terre, published in Paris in 1743. Other scientists who have contributed to the investigation of microscopic forces include: Laplace, Gauss, Maxwell, Boltzmann and Pauling.
Attractive intermolecular forces are categorized into the following types:
Hydrogen bonding
Ion–dipole forces and ion–induced dipole force
Cation–π, σ–π and π–π bonding
Van der Waals forces – Keesom force, Debye force, and London dispersion force
Cation–cation bonding
Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
Information on intermolecular forces is obtained by macroscopic measurements of properties like viscosity, pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) data. The link to microscopic aspects is given by virial coefficients and intermolecular pair potentials, such as the Mie potential, Buckingham potential or Lennard-Jones potential.
In the broadest sense, it can be understood as such interactions between any particles (molecules, atoms, ions and molecular ions) in which the formation of chemical, that is, ionic, covalent or metallic bonds does not occur. In other words, these interactions are significantly weaker than covalent ones and do not lead to a significant restructuring of the electronic structure of the interacting particles. (This is only partially true. For example, all enzymatic and catalytic reactions begin with a weak intermolecular interaction between a substrate and an enzyme or a molecule with a catalyst, but several such weak interactions with the required spatial configuration of the active center of the enzyme lead to significant restructuring changes the energy state of molecules or substrate, which ultimately leads to the breaking of some and the formation of other covalent chemical bonds. Strictly speaking, all enzymatic reactions begin with intermolecular interactions between the substrate and the enzyme, therefore the importance of these interactions is especially great in biochemistry and molecular biology, and is the basis of enzymology).
Hydrogen bonding
Main article: Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals force interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a kind of valence. The number of Hydrogen bonds formed between molecules is equal to the number of active pairs. The molecule which donates its hydrogen is termed the donor molecule, while the molecule containing lone pair participating in H bonding is termed the acceptor molecule. The number of active pairs is equal to the common number between number of hydrogens the donor has and the number of lone pairs the acceptor has.
Hydrogen bonding in water
Though both not depicted in the diagram, water molecules have four active bonds. The oxygen atom’s two lone pairs interact with a hydrogen each, forming two additional hydrogen bonds, and the second hydrogen atom also interacts with a neighbouring oxygen. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides, which have little capability to hydrogen bond. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.
Salt bridge
Main article: Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
The attraction between cationic and anionic sites is a noncovalent, or intermolecular interaction which is usually referred to as ion pairing or salt bridge.
It is essentially due to electrostatic forces, although in aqueous medium the association is driven by entropy and often even endothermic. Most salts form crystals with characteristic distances between the ions; in contrast to many other noncovalent interactions, salt bridges are not directional and show in the solid state usually contact determined only by the van der Waals radii of the ions.
Inorganic as well as organic ions display in water at moderate ionic strength I similar salt bridge as association ΔG values around 5 to 6 kJ/mol for a 1:1 combination of anion and cation, almost independent of the nature (size, polarizability, etc.) of the ions. The ΔG values are additive and approximately a linear function of the charges, the interaction of e.g. a doubly charged phosphate anion with a single charged ammonium cation accounts for about 2x5 = 10 kJ/mol. The ΔG values depend on the ionic strength I of the solution, as described by the Debye-Hückel equation, at zero ionic strength one observes ΔG = 8 kJ/mol.
Dipole–dipole and similar interactions
Dipole–dipole interactions (or Keesom interactions) are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipoles. This interaction is stronger than the London forces but is weaker than ion-ion interaction because only partial charges are involved. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipole–dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform (CHCl3).
H
δ
+
−
Cl
δ
−
⋯
H
δ
+
−
Cl
δ
−
{\displaystyle {\overset {\color {Red}\delta +}{{\ce {H}}}}-{\overset {\color {Red}\delta -}{{\ce {Cl}}}}\cdots {\overset {\color {Red}\delta +}{{\ce {H}}}}-{\overset {\color {Red}\delta -}{{\ce {Cl}}}}}
Often molecules contain dipolar groups of atoms, but have no overall dipole moment on the molecule as a whole. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane and carbon dioxide. The dipole–dipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.
The Keesom interaction is a van der Waals force. It is discussed further in the section "Van der Waals forces".
Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces
Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are similar to dipole–dipole and dipole–induced dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non-polar molecules. Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole–dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment. Ion–dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding.
An ion–dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting. They align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another, allowing maximum attraction. An important example of this interaction is hydration of ions in water which give rise to hydration enthalpy. The polar water molecules surround themselves around ions in water and the energy released during the process is known as hydration enthalpy. The interaction has its immense importance in justifying the stability of various ions (like Cu2+) in water.
An ion–induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting. Like a dipole–induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule.
Van der Waals forces
Main article: van der Waals force
The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules, leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical absorption of gases, but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies.
Keesom force (permanent dipole – permanent dipole)
The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between rotating permanent dipoles, quadrupoles (all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and multipoles. It is termed the Keesom interaction, named after Willem Hendrik Keesom. These forces originate from the attraction between permanent dipoles (dipolar molecules) and are temperature dependent.
They consist of attractive interactions between dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles. It is assumed that the molecules are constantly rotating and never get locked into place. This is a good assumption, but at some point molecules do get locked into place. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the distance. The Keesom interaction can only occur among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments, i.e., two polar molecules. Also Keesom interactions are very weak van der Waals interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:
−
d
1
2
d
2
2
24
π
2
ε
0
2
ε
r
2
k
B
T
r
6
=
V
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {-d_{1}^{2}d_{2}^{2}}{24\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}^{2}\varepsilon _{r}^{2}k_{\text{B}}Tr^{6}}}=V,}
where d = electric dipole moment,
ε
0
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
= permittivity of free space,
ε
r
{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}}
= dielectric constant of surrounding material, T = temperature,
k
B
{\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}}
= Boltzmann constant, and r = distance between molecules.
Debye force (permanent dipoles–induced dipoles)
The second contribution is the induction (also termed polarization) or Debye force, arising from interactions between rotating permanent dipoles and from the polarizability of atoms and molecules (induced dipoles). These induced dipoles occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule's electrons. A molecule with permanent dipole can induce a dipole in a similar neighboring molecule and cause mutual attraction. Debye forces cannot occur between atoms. The forces between induced and permanent dipoles are not as temperature dependent as Keesom interactions because the induced dipole is free to shift and rotate around the polar molecule. The Debye induction effects and Keesom orientation effects are termed polar interactions.
The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also termed polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole) 31 on another. This interaction is called the Debye force, named after Peter J. W. Debye.
One example of an induction interaction between permanent dipole and induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar. In this system, Ar experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted (to the H side of HCl) or repelled (from the Cl side) by HCl. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:
−
d
1
2
α
2
16
π
2
ε
0
2
ε
r
2
r
6
=
V
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {-d_{1}^{2}\alpha _{2}}{16\pi ^{2}\varepsilon _{0}^{2}\varepsilon _{r}^{2}r^{6}}}=V,}
where
α
2
{\displaystyle \alpha _{2}}
= polarizability.
This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far weaker than dipole–dipole interaction, but stronger than the London dispersion force.
London dispersion force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole interaction)
Main article: London dispersion force
The third and dominant contribution is the dispersion or London force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole), which arises due to the non-zero instantaneous dipole moments of all atoms and molecules. Such polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules. Thus, London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud. An atom with a large number of electrons will have a greater associated London force than an atom with fewer electrons. The dispersion (London) force is the most important component because all materials are polarizable, whereas Keesom and Debye forces require permanent dipoles. The London interaction is universal and is present in atom-atom interactions as well. For various reasons, London interactions (dispersion) have been considered relevant for interactions between macroscopic bodies in condensed systems. Hamaker developed the theory of van der Waals between macroscopic bodies in 1937 and showed that the additivity of these interactions renders them considerably more long-range.
Relative strength of forces
Bond type
Dissociation energy(kcal/mol)
Dissociation energy
(kJ/mol)
Note
Ionic lattice
250–4000
1100–20000
Covalent bond
30–260
130–1100
Hydrogen bond
1–12
4–50
About 5 kcal/mol (21 kJ/mol) in water
Dipole–dipole
0.5–2
2–8
London dispersion forces
<1 to 15
<4 to 63
Estimated from the enthalpies of vaporization of hydrocarbons
This comparison is approximate. The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. For instance, the presence of water creates competing interactions that greatly weaken the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds. We may consider that for static systems, Ionic bonding and covalent bonding will always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance. But it is not so for big moving systems like enzyme molecules interacting with substrate molecules. Here the numerous intramolecular (most often - hydrogen bonds) bonds form an active intermediate state where the intermolecular bonds cause some of the covalent bond to be broken, while the others are formed, in this way proceeding the thousands of enzymatic reactions, so important for living organisms.
Effect on the behavior of gases
Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances (see the Lennard-Jones potential). In a gas, the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume. This gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see compressibility factor).
In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect. The attractive force is not overcome by the repulsive force, but by the thermal energy of the molecules. Temperature is the measure of thermal energy, so increasing temperature reduces the influence of the attractive force. In contrast, the influence of the repulsive force is essentially unaffected by temperature.
When a gas is compressed to increase its density, the influence of the attractive force increases. If the gas is made sufficiently dense, the attractions can become large enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to disperse. Then the gas can condense to form a solid or liquid, i.e., a condensed phase. Lower temperature favors the formation of a condensed phase. In a condensed phase, there is very nearly a balance between the attractive and repulsive forces.
Quantum mechanical theories
Main article: Covalent bond § Quantum mechanical description
Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals force and dipole–dipole interactions. Typically, this is done by applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to molecules, and Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory has been especially effective in this regard. When applied to existing quantum chemistry methods, such a quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions provides an array of approximate methods that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions. One of the most helpful methods to visualize this kind of intermolecular interactions, that we can find in quantum chemistry, is the non-covalent interaction index, which is based on the electron density of the system. London dispersion forces play a big role with this.
Concerning electron density topology, recent methods based on electron density gradient methods have emerged recently, notably with the development of IBSI (Intrinsic Bond Strength Index), relying on the IGM (Independent Gradient Model) methodology.
See also
Ionic bonding
Salt bridges
Coomber's relationship
Force field (chemistry)
Hydrophobic effect
Intramolecular force
Molecular solid
Polymer
Quantum chemistry computer programs
van der Waals force
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Non-covalent interactions
Solvation
References
^ Margenau H, Kestner NR (1969). Theory of Intermolecular Forces. International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy. Vol. 18 (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-016502-8.
^ "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Paperback - Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott - Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "hydrogen bond". doi:10.1351/goldbook.H02899
^ Lindh U (2013), "Biological functions of the elements", in Selinus O (ed.), Essentials of Medical Geology (Revised ed.), Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 129–177, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_7, ISBN 978-94-007-4374-8
^ Ciferri A, Perico A, eds. (2012). Ionic Interactions in Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-52927-0.
^ Biedermann F, Schneider HJ (May 2016). "Experimental Binding Energies in Supramolecular Complexes". Chemical Reviews. 116 (9): 5216–5300. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00583. PMID 27136957.
^ Tro N (2011). Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 466. ISBN 978-0-321-65178-5.
^ Blaber M (1996). "Intermolecular Forces". mikeblaber.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ a b c d Leite FL, Bueno CC, Da Róz AL, Ziemath EC, Oliveira ON (October 2012). "Theoretical models for surface forces and adhesion and their measurement using atomic force microscopy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (10): 12773–12856. doi:10.3390/ijms131012773. PMC 3497299. PMID 23202925.
^ Keesom WH (1915). "The second virial coefficient for rigid spherical molecules whose mutual attraction is equivalent to that of a quadruplet placed at its center" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 18: 636–646.
^ a b Blustin PH (1978). "A Floating Gaussian Orbital calculation on argon hydrochloride (Ar·HCl)". Theoretica Chimica Acta. 47 (3): 249–257. doi:10.1007/BF00577166. S2CID 93104668.
^ a b Roberts JK, Orr WJ (1938). "Induced dipoles and the heat of adsorption of argon on ionic crystals". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 34: 1346. doi:10.1039/TF9383401346.
^ Sapse AM, Rayez-Meaume MT, Rayez JC, Massa LJ (1979). "Ion-induced dipole H−n clusters". Nature. 278 (5702): 332–333. Bibcode:1979Natur.278..332S. doi:10.1038/278332a0. S2CID 4304250.
^ Eğe SN (2004). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 30–33, 67. ISBN 978-0-618-31809-4.
^ "Lattice Energies". Division of Chemical Education. Purdue University. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
^ Majer V, Svoboda V (1985). Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 978-0-632-01529-0.
^ Alberts, Bruce; et al. (2015). Molecular biology of the cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science - Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2. OCLC 887605755.
^ Savir Y, Tlusty T (May 2007). "Conformational proofreading: the impact of conformational changes on the specificity of molecular recognition". PLOS ONE. 2 (5): e468. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..468S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000468. PMC 1868595. PMID 17520027.
^ Arunan E, Desiraju GR, Klein RA, Sadlej J, Scheiner S, Alkorta I, et al. (2011-07-08). "Definition of the hydrogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 83 (8): 1637–1641. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-01-02. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 97688573.
^ Landau LD, Lifshitz EM (1960). Electrodynamics of Continuous Media. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 368–376.
^ King M (1976). "Theory of the Chemical Bond". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 98 (12): 3415–3420. doi:10.1021/ja00428a004.
^ Klein J, Khartabil H, Boisson JC, Contreras-García J, Piquemal JP, Hénon E (March 2020). "New Way for Probing Bond Strength" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 124 (9): 1850–1860. Bibcode:2020JPCA..124.1850K. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09845. PMID 32039597. S2CID 211070812.
^ Lefebvre C, Rubez G, Khartabil H, Boisson JC, Contreras-García J, Hénon E (July 2017). "Accurately extracting the signature of intermolecular interactions present in the NCI plot of the reduced density gradient versus electron density" (PDF). Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (27): 17928–17936. Bibcode:2017PCCP...1917928L. doi:10.1039/C7CP02110K. PMID 28664951.
^ Lefebvre C, Khartabil H, Boisson JC, Contreras-García J, Piquemal JP, Hénon E (March 2018). "The Independent Gradient Model: A New Approach for Probing Strong and Weak Interactions in Molecules from Wave Function Calculations" (PDF). ChemPhysChem. 19 (6): 724–735. doi:10.1002/cphc.201701325. PMID 29250908.
^ Ponce-Vargas M, Lefebvre C, Boisson JC, Hénon E (January 2020). "Atomic Decomposition Scheme of Noncovalent Interactions Applied to Host-Guest Assemblies". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 60 (1): 268–278. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01016. PMID 31877034. S2CID 209488458.
vteChemical bondsIntramolecular(strong)Covalent
Electron deficiency
3c–2e
4c–2e
8c–2e
Hypervalence
3c–4e
Agostic
Bent
Coordinate (dipolar)
Pi backbond
Metal–ligand multiple bond
Charge-shift
Hapticity
Conjugation
Hyperconjugation
Aromaticity
homo
bicyclo
Metallic
Metal aromaticity
Ionic
Intermolecular(weak)Van der Waalsforces
London dispersion
Hydrogen
Low-barrier
Resonance-assisted
Symmetric
Dihydrogen bonds
C–H···O interaction
Noncovalentother
Mechanical
Halogen
Chalcogen
Metallophilic (aurophilic)
Intercalation
Stacking
Cation–pi
Anion–pi
Salt bridge
Bond cleavage
Heterolysis
Homolysis
Electron counting rules
Aromaticity
Hückel's rule
Baird's rule
Möbius
spherical
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
Jemmis mno rules
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electromagnetic forces of attraction\nor repulsion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"intramolecular forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_force"},{"link_name":"covalent bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"force fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_field_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"molecular mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Alexis Clairaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Laplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace"},{"link_name":"Gauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann"},{"link_name":"Pauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"Cation–π","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation%E2%80%93%CF%80_interaction"},{"link_name":"Van der Waals forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"link_name":"Keesom force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keesom_force"},{"link_name":"Debye force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye_force"},{"link_name":"London dispersion force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force"},{"link_name":"Cation–cation bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation%E2%80%93cation_bond"},{"link_name":"Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_(protein_and_supramolecular)"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"pressure, volume, temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVT_(physics)"},{"link_name":"virial coefficients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_coefficient"},{"link_name":"pair potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_potential"},{"link_name":"Mie potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_potential"},{"link_name":"Buckingham potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_potential"},{"link_name":"Lennard-Jones potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"molecular ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_ion"},{"link_name":"covalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"electronic structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_structure"},{"link_name":"enzymatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalytic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst:_Agents_of_Change"},{"link_name":"enzymatic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"}],"text":"An intermolecular force (IMF) (or secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction\nor repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular forces – the forces which hold a molecule together. For example, the covalent bond, involving sharing electron pairs between atoms, is much stronger than the forces present between neighboring molecules. Both sets of forces are essential parts of force fields frequently used in molecular mechanics.The first reference to the nature of microscopic forces is found in Alexis Clairaut's work Théorie de la figure de la Terre, published in Paris in 1743.[1] Other scientists who have contributed to the investigation of microscopic forces include: Laplace, Gauss, Maxwell, Boltzmann and Pauling.Attractive intermolecular forces are categorized into the following types:Hydrogen bonding\nIon–dipole forces and ion–induced dipole force\nCation–π, σ–π and π–π bonding\nVan der Waals forces – Keesom force, Debye force, and London dispersion force\nCation–cation bonding\nSalt bridge (protein and supramolecular)Information on intermolecular forces is obtained by macroscopic measurements of properties like viscosity, pressure, volume, temperature (PVT) data. The link to microscopic aspects is given by virial coefficients and intermolecular pair potentials, such as the Mie potential, Buckingham potential or Lennard-Jones potential.In the broadest sense, it can be understood as such interactions between any particles (molecules, atoms, ions and molecular ions) in which the formation of chemical, that is, ionic, covalent or metallic bonds does not occur. In other words, these interactions are significantly weaker than covalent ones and do not lead to a significant restructuring of the electronic structure of the interacting particles. (This is only partially true. For example, all enzymatic and catalytic reactions begin with a weak intermolecular interaction between a substrate and an enzyme or a molecule with a catalyst, but several such weak interactions with the required spatial configuration of the active center of the enzyme lead to significant restructuring changes the energy state of molecules or substrate, which ultimately leads to the breaking of some and the formation of other covalent chemical bonds. Strictly speaking, all enzymatic reactions begin with intermolecular interactions between the substrate and the enzyme, therefore the importance of these interactions is especially great in biochemistry and molecular biology,[2] and is the basis of enzymology).","title":"Intermolecular force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"electronegativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldBook-H02899-3"},{"link_name":"van der Waals force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"link_name":"van der Waals radii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius"},{"link_name":"valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.svg"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"group 16 hydrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_structure"},{"link_name":"tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"quaternary structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_structure"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"nucleic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.[3] The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional, stronger than a van der Waals force interaction, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a kind of valence. The number of Hydrogen bonds formed between molecules is equal to the number of active pairs. The molecule which donates its hydrogen is termed the donor molecule, while the molecule containing lone pair participating in H bonding is termed the acceptor molecule. The number of active pairs is equal to the common number between number of hydrogens the donor has and the number of lone pairs the acceptor has.Hydrogen bonding in waterThough both not depicted in the diagram, water molecules have four active bonds. The oxygen atom’s two lone pairs interact with a hydrogen each, forming two additional hydrogen bonds, and the second hydrogen atom also interacts with a neighbouring oxygen. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides, which have little capability to hydrogen bond. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.[4]","title":"Hydrogen bonding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The attraction between cationic and anionic sites is a noncovalent, or intermolecular interaction which is usually referred to as ion pairing or salt bridge.[5]\nIt is essentially due to electrostatic forces, although in aqueous medium the association is driven by entropy and often even endothermic. Most salts form crystals with characteristic distances between the ions; in contrast to many other noncovalent interactions, salt bridges are not directional and show in the solid state usually contact determined only by the van der Waals radii of the ions.\nInorganic as well as organic ions display in water at moderate ionic strength I similar salt bridge as association ΔG values around 5 to 6 kJ/mol for a 1:1 combination of anion and cation, almost independent of the nature (size, polarizability, etc.) of the ions.[6] The ΔG values are additive and approximately a linear function of the charges, the interaction of e.g. a doubly charged phosphate anion with a single charged ammonium cation accounts for about 2x5 = 10 kJ/mol. The ΔG values depend on the ionic strength I of the solution, as described by the Debye-Hückel equation, at zero ionic strength one observes ΔG = 8 kJ/mol.","title":"Salt bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"},{"link_name":"hydrogen chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride"},{"link_name":"hydrogen chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride"},{"link_name":"chloroform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform"},{"link_name":"dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"tetrachloromethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloromethane"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"}],"text":"Dipole–dipole interactions (or Keesom interactions) are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipoles. This interaction is stronger than the London forces but is weaker than ion-ion interaction because only partial charges are involved. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). An example of a dipole–dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride (HCl): the positive end of a polar molecule will attract the negative end of the other molecule and influence its position. Polar molecules have a net attraction between them. Examples of polar molecules include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chloroform (CHCl3).H\n \n \n δ\n +\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n Cl\n \n \n δ\n −\n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n H\n \n \n δ\n +\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n Cl\n \n \n δ\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overset {\\color {Red}\\delta +}{{\\ce {H}}}}-{\\overset {\\color {Red}\\delta -}{{\\ce {Cl}}}}\\cdots {\\overset {\\color {Red}\\delta +}{{\\ce {H}}}}-{\\overset {\\color {Red}\\delta -}{{\\ce {Cl}}}}}Often molecules contain dipolar groups of atoms, but have no overall dipole moment on the molecule as a whole. This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane and carbon dioxide. The dipole–dipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole.The Keesom interaction is a van der Waals force. It is discussed further in the section \"Van der Waals forces\".","title":"Dipole–dipole and similar interactions "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hydration enthalpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration_energy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael-Blaber-1996-8"}],"sub_title":"Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces","text":"Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are similar to dipole–dipole and dipole–induced dipole interactions but involve ions, instead of only polar and non-polar molecules. Ion–dipole and ion–induced dipole forces are stronger than dipole–dipole interactions because the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole moment. Ion–dipole bonding is stronger than hydrogen bonding.[7]An ion–dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule interacting. They align so that the positive and negative groups are next to one another, allowing maximum attraction. An important example of this interaction is hydration of ions in water which give rise to hydration enthalpy. The polar water molecules surround themselves around ions in water and the energy released during the process is known as hydration enthalpy. The interaction has its immense importance in justifying the stability of various ions (like Cu2+) in water.An ion–induced dipole force consists of an ion and a non-polar molecule interacting. Like a dipole–induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes distortion of the electron cloud on the non-polar molecule.[8]","title":"Dipole–dipole and similar interactions "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-9"}],"text":"The van der Waals forces arise from interaction between uncharged atoms or molecules, leading not only to such phenomena as the cohesion of condensed phases and physical absorption of gases, but also to a universal force of attraction between macroscopic bodies.[9]","title":"Van der Waals forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willem Hendrik Keesom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hendrik_Keesom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-9"},{"link_name":"ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_ensemble"}],"sub_title":"Keesom force (permanent dipole – permanent dipole)","text":"The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between rotating permanent dipoles, quadrupoles (all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and multipoles. It is termed the Keesom interaction, named after Willem Hendrik Keesom.[10] These forces originate from the attraction between permanent dipoles (dipolar molecules) and are temperature dependent.[9]They consist of attractive interactions between dipoles that are ensemble averaged over different rotational orientations of the dipoles. It is assumed that the molecules are constantly rotating and never get locked into place. This is a good assumption, but at some point molecules do get locked into place. The energy of a Keesom interaction depends on the inverse sixth power of the distance, unlike the interaction energy of two spatially fixed dipoles, which depends on the inverse third power of the distance. The Keesom interaction can only occur among molecules that possess permanent dipole moments, i.e., two polar molecules. Also Keesom interactions are very weak van der Waals interactions and do not occur in aqueous solutions that contain electrolytes. The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:−\n \n d\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 24\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n ε\n \n r\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n T\n \n r\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n V\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {-d_{1}^{2}d_{2}^{2}}{24\\pi ^{2}\\varepsilon _{0}^{2}\\varepsilon _{r}^{2}k_{\\text{B}}Tr^{6}}}=V,}where d = electric dipole moment, \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{0}}\n \n = permittivity of free space, \n \n \n \n \n ε\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varepsilon _{r}}\n \n = dielectric constant of surrounding material, T = temperature, \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n B\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{\\text{B}}}\n \n = Boltzmann constant, and r = distance between molecules.","title":"Van der Waals forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-9"},{"link_name":"polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipolar_polarization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blustin-1978-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-Orr-1938-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sapse-et-al-1979-13"},{"link_name":"Peter J. W. Debye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._W._Debye"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blustin-1978-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-Orr-1938-12"},{"link_name":"London dispersion force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force"}],"sub_title":"Debye force (permanent dipoles–induced dipoles)","text":"The second contribution is the induction (also termed polarization) or Debye force, arising from interactions between rotating permanent dipoles and from the polarizability of atoms and molecules (induced dipoles). These induced dipoles occur when one molecule with a permanent dipole repels another molecule's electrons. A molecule with permanent dipole can induce a dipole in a similar neighboring molecule and cause mutual attraction. Debye forces cannot occur between atoms. The forces between induced and permanent dipoles are not as temperature dependent as Keesom interactions because the induced dipole is free to shift and rotate around the polar molecule. The Debye induction effects and Keesom orientation effects are termed polar interactions.[9]The induced dipole forces appear from the induction (also termed polarization), which is the attractive interaction between a permanent multipole on one molecule with an induced (by the former di/multi-pole) 31 on another.[11][12][13] This interaction is called the Debye force, named after Peter J. W. Debye.One example of an induction interaction between permanent dipole and induced dipole is the interaction between HCl and Ar. In this system, Ar experiences a dipole as its electrons are attracted (to the H side of HCl) or repelled (from the Cl side) by HCl.[11][12] The angle averaged interaction is given by the following equation:−\n \n d\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n π\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ε\n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n ε\n \n r\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n V\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {-d_{1}^{2}\\alpha _{2}}{16\\pi ^{2}\\varepsilon _{0}^{2}\\varepsilon _{r}^{2}r^{6}}}=V,}where \n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha _{2}}\n \n = polarizability.This kind of interaction can be expected between any polar molecule and non-polar/symmetrical molecule. The induction-interaction force is far weaker than dipole–dipole interaction, but stronger than the London dispersion force.","title":"Van der Waals forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaker_theory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-9"}],"sub_title":"London dispersion force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole interaction)","text":"The third and dominant contribution is the dispersion or London force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole), which arises due to the non-zero instantaneous dipole moments of all atoms and molecules. Such polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules. Thus, London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud. An atom with a large number of electrons will have a greater associated London force than an atom with fewer electrons. The dispersion (London) force is the most important component because all materials are polarizable, whereas Keesom and Debye forces require permanent dipoles. The London interaction is universal and is present in atom-atom interactions as well. For various reasons, London interactions (dispersion) have been considered relevant for interactions between macroscopic bodies in condensed systems. Hamaker developed the theory of van der Waals between macroscopic bodies in 1937 and showed that the additivity of these interactions renders them considerably more long-range.[9]","title":"Van der Waals forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ionic bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding"},{"link_name":"covalent bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"covalent bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"enzymatic reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis"},{"link_name":"living organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"}],"text":"This comparison is approximate. The actual relative strengths will vary depending on the molecules involved. For instance, the presence of water creates competing interactions that greatly weaken the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds.[17] We may consider that for static systems, Ionic bonding and covalent bonding will always be stronger than intermolecular forces in any given substance. But it is not so for big moving systems like enzyme molecules interacting with substrate molecules.[18] Here the numerous intramolecular (most often - hydrogen bonds) bonds form an active intermediate state where the intermolecular bonds cause some of the covalent bond to be broken, while the others are formed, in this way proceeding the thousands of enzymatic reactions, so important for living organisms.","title":"Relative strength of forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lennard-Jones potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential"},{"link_name":"real gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_gas"},{"link_name":"ideal gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas"},{"link_name":"compressibility factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor"},{"link_name":"thermal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy"},{"link_name":"Temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature"}],"text":"Intermolecular forces are repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances (see the Lennard-Jones potential). In a gas, the repulsive force chiefly has the effect of keeping two molecules from occupying the same volume. This gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a larger volume than an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see compressibility factor).In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect. The attractive force is not overcome by the repulsive force, but by the thermal energy of the molecules. Temperature is the measure of thermal energy, so increasing temperature reduces the influence of the attractive force. In contrast, the influence of the repulsive force is essentially unaffected by temperature.When a gas is compressed to increase its density, the influence of the attractive force increases. If the gas is made sufficiently dense, the attractions can become large enough to overcome the tendency of thermal motion to cause the molecules to disperse. Then the gas can condense to form a solid or liquid, i.e., a condensed phase. Lower temperature favors the formation of a condensed phase. In a condensed phase, there is very nearly a balance between the attractive and repulsive forces.","title":"Effect on the behavior of gases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrogen bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"van der Waals force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LD-20"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory"},{"link_name":"quantum chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"non-covalent interaction index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-covalent_interactions_index"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Intermolecular forces observed between atoms and molecules can be described phenomenologically as occurring between permanent and instantaneous dipoles, as outlined above. Alternatively, one may seek a fundamental, unifying theory that is able to explain the various types of interactions such as hydrogen bonding,[19] van der Waals force[20] and dipole–dipole interactions. Typically, this is done by applying the ideas of quantum mechanics to molecules, and Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory has been especially effective in this regard. When applied to existing quantum chemistry methods, such a quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions provides an array of approximate methods that can be used to analyze intermolecular interactions.[21] One of the most helpful methods to visualize this kind of intermolecular interactions, that we can find in quantum chemistry, is the non-covalent interaction index, which is based on the electron density of the system. London dispersion forces play a big role with this.Concerning electron density topology, recent methods based on electron density gradient methods have emerged recently, notably with the development of IBSI (Intrinsic Bond Strength Index),[22] relying on the IGM (Independent Gradient Model) methodology.[23][24][25]","title":"Quantum mechanical theories"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hydrogen bonding in water","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.svg/220px-Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Ionic bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding"},{"title":"Salt bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_(protein_and_supramolecular)"},{"title":"Coomber's relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coomber%27s_relationship"},{"title":"Force field (chemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_field_(chemistry)"},{"title":"Hydrophobic effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect"},{"title":"Intramolecular force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_force"},{"title":"Molecular solid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_solid"},{"title":"Polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"title":"Quantum chemistry computer programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry_computer_programs"},{"title":"van der Waals force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force"},{"title":"Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_software_for_molecular_mechanics_modeling"},{"title":"Non-covalent interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-covalent_interactions"},{"title":"Solvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation"}]
|
[{"reference":"Margenau H, Kestner NR (1969). Theory of Intermolecular Forces. International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy. Vol. 18 (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-016502-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-016502-8","url_text":"978-0-08-016502-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Paperback - Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott - Oxford University Press\". global.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/ukhe/product/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology-9780198768111","url_text":"\"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Paperback - Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, William H. Elliott, Daphne C. Elliott - Oxford University Press\""}]},{"reference":"Lindh U (2013), \"Biological functions of the elements\", in Selinus O (ed.), Essentials of Medical Geology (Revised ed.), Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 129–177, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_7, ISBN 978-94-007-4374-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4375-5_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4374-8","url_text":"978-94-007-4374-8"}]},{"reference":"Ciferri A, Perico A, eds. (2012). Ionic Interactions in Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-52927-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52927-0","url_text":"978-0-470-52927-0"}]},{"reference":"Biedermann F, Schneider HJ (May 2016). \"Experimental Binding Energies in Supramolecular Complexes\". Chemical Reviews. 116 (9): 5216–5300. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00583. PMID 27136957.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.chemrev.5b00583","url_text":"10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136957","url_text":"27136957"}]},{"reference":"Tro N (2011). Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 466. ISBN 978-0-321-65178-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-65178-5","url_text":"978-0-321-65178-5"}]},{"reference":"Blaber M (1996). \"Intermolecular Forces\". mikeblaber.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2011-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205131/http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm","url_text":"\"Intermolecular Forces\""},{"url":"http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leite FL, Bueno CC, Da Róz AL, Ziemath EC, Oliveira ON (October 2012). \"Theoretical models for surface forces and adhesion and their measurement using atomic force microscopy\". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (10): 12773–12856. doi:10.3390/ijms131012773. PMC 3497299. PMID 23202925.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497299","url_text":"\"Theoretical models for surface forces and adhesion and their measurement using atomic force microscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms131012773","url_text":"10.3390/ijms131012773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497299","url_text":"3497299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23202925","url_text":"23202925"}]},{"reference":"Keesom WH (1915). \"The second virial coefficient for rigid spherical molecules whose mutual attraction is equivalent to that of a quadruplet placed at its center\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_King
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William King (bishop)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Philosophical works","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Irish religious leader
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The Most ReverendWilliam KingD.D.Archbishop of DublinPrimate of IrelandChurchChurch of IrelandSeeDublinAppointed11 March 1703In office1703-1729PredecessorNarcissus MarshSuccessorJohn HoadlyOrdersOrdination12 April 1674by John ParkerConsecration25 January 1691by Francis MarshPersonal detailsBorn1 May 1650Antrim, County Antrim, Kingdom of IrelandDied8 May 1729(1729-05-08) (aged 79)Dublin, Kingdom of IrelandBuriedSt Mary's Church, DonnybrookNationalityIrishDenominationAnglicanPrevious post(s)Bishop of Derry (1691-1703)
Christianity portal
William King (1 May 1650 – 8 May 1729) was an Anglican divine in the Church of Ireland, who was Archbishop of Dublin from 1703 to 1729. He was an author and supported the Glorious Revolution. He had considerable political influence in Ireland, including an effective veto on judicial appointments.
Early life
King was born in May 1650 in County Antrim, to James King and his wife; his parents were recent immigrants from Aberdeen. He was educated at The Royal School, Dungannon, County Tyrone, and thereafter at Trinity College Dublin, graduating BA on 23 February 1670 and MA in 1673.
Career
On 25 October 1671, King was ordained a deacon as chaplain to John Parker, Archbishop of Tuam, and on 14 July 1673 Parker gave him the prebend of Kilmainmore, County Mayo. King, who lived as part of Parker's household, was ordained a priest on 12 April 1674.
His support of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 served to advance his position. He became Bishop of Derry in 1691. He was advanced to the position of Archbishop of Dublin in 1703, a post he would hold until his death. He gave £1,000 for the founding of "Archbishop King's Professorship of Divinity" at Trinity College in 1718. Much of his correspondence survives and provides a historic resource for the study of the Ireland of his time. He died in May 1729.
King's years as a bishop were marked by reform and the building of churches and glebe houses, and by the dispensing of charity. He was generally regarded as a man of sense and good judgment, and his political influence was considerable: he was always consulted on judicial appointments and at times seems to have had an effective veto over candidates he considered unsuitable. His influence declined after the appointment of Hugh Boulter as Archbishop of Armagh in 1724, as Boulter was also consulted on judicial appointments, and the two could rarely agree on a suitable candidate.
Boulter's preferment to the See of Armagh, passing over his own more obvious claims, was a bitter disappointment to King. He took petty revenge at their first meeting by refusing to get up from his chair, saying that he was too old to stand; he might reasonably have pointed out instead that he was a martyr to gout, from which he had suffered for forty years and from which he died five
years later. He was a vocal opponent of Wood's halfpence during the 1720s.
After King's death, Bishop Theophilus Bolton purchased 6,000 of King's books to establish the Bolton Library in Cashel, County Tipperary.
Philosophical works
As a man of letters and philosopher, he wrote The State of the Protestants in Ireland under King James's Government in 1691 and De Origine Mali in 1702. The latter book was translated into English with extensive notes by Edmund Law in 1731 as An Essay on the Origin of Evil. It was also subject to discussion by Pierre Bayle as well as an influential critical discussion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, published as an appendix to Leibniz's Théodicée.
De Origine Mali contains a provocative and original philosophical account of free will that has recently started to attract philosophers' attention. In the context of the debate on free will, King argues that human beings, like God, are endowed with a distinctive faculty of free choice (electio in Latin). This faculty, criticized by Leibniz as an unfounded magical power ("puissance magique"), can, for King, generate value in the world. Recently, scholars have been debating the details of the process that leads to the generation of value through choice in King's philosophy. While some argue that there is a lacuna in King's explanation between election and action, others claim that King gives an account of how desires can provide such a connection.
References
^ a b c Connolly, S. J. "King, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15605. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "The rescue of Cashel's magical but mouldering library". The Irish Times.
^ Harris, James A. Of Liberty and Necessity: The Free Will Debate in Eighteenth-Century British Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
^ Pearce, Kenneth. “William King on Free Will”. Philosophers' Imprint, 19, no: 21 (2019): 1-15.
^ Greenberg, Sean. “Leibniz on King: Freedom and the Project of the ‘Theodicy’”. Studia Leibnitiana, 40, no. 2 (2008): 205-222, p. 219
^ Pearce, Kenneth. “William King on Free Will”. Philosophers' Imprint, 19, no: 21 (2019): 1-15.
^ Galvagni, Enrico. “William King on election, reason, and desire: a reply to Kenneth Pearce”. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, online first, (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2023.2214187
Further reading
C. S. King, ed. A great Archbishop of Dublin, William King, D.D., 1650-1729: His autobiography, family, and a selection from his correspondence; 1906, Longman,Green.
Philip O'Regan; Archbishop William King, 1650-1729 and the Constitution in Church and State; 2000, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-464-2.
Robert S. Matteson, A large private park: the collection of Archbishop William King 1650–1729. Cambridge: LP Publications, 2003. (Libri Pertinentes, no. 7) 2 vols ISBN 0-9518811-6-7; co-published with Tempe (Arizona): Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2003. ISBN 0-86698-304-X
Fauske, Christopher, ed. Archbishop William King and the Anglican Irish Context, 1688-1729; 2004, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-681-5.
Fauske, Christopher, A Political Biography of William King; 2011, Chatto and Pickering, ISBN 978-1-84893-010-0.
Church of Ireland titles
Preceded byEzekiel Hopkins
Bishop of Derry 1691–1703
Succeeded byCharles Hickman
Preceded byNarcissus Marsh
Archbishop of Dublin 1703–1729
Succeeded byJohn Hoadly
vteAnglican Archbishops of Dublin
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Hugh Curwen
Adam Loftus
Thomas Jones
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William King
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Charles Cobbe
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George Montgomery
Brutus Babington
John Tanner
George Downham
John Bramhall
George Wilde
Robert Mossom
Michael Ward
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William King
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John Hartstonge
St George Ashe
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Henry Downes
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Carew Reynell
George Stone
William Barnard
Frederick Hervey (later Earl of Bristol)
William Knox
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Derry & Raphoe
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William Higgin
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George Chadwick
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism#Anglican_divines"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"}],"text":"Christianity portalWilliam King (1 May 1650 – 8 May 1729) was an Anglican divine in the Church of Ireland, who was Archbishop of Dublin from 1703 to 1729. He was an author and supported the Glorious Revolution. He had considerable political influence in Ireland, including an effective veto on judicial appointments.","title":"William King (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Dungannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungannon"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"}],"text":"King was born in May 1650 in County Antrim, to James King and his wife; his parents were recent immigrants from Aberdeen. He was educated at The Royal School, Dungannon, County Tyrone, and thereafter at Trinity College Dublin, graduating BA on 23 February 1670 and MA in 1673.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain"},{"link_name":"John Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parker_(archbishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"Kilmainmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilmainmore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"glebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glebe"},{"link_name":"veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"Hugh Boulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Boulter"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"See of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"Wood's halfpence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%27s_halfpence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Bolton"},{"link_name":"Bolton Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Library"},{"link_name":"Cashel, County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On 25 October 1671, King was ordained a deacon as chaplain to John Parker, Archbishop of Tuam, and on 14 July 1673 Parker gave him the prebend of Kilmainmore, County Mayo. King, who lived as part of Parker's household, was ordained a priest on 12 April 1674.[1]His support of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 served to advance his position. He became Bishop of Derry in 1691. He was advanced to the position of Archbishop of Dublin in 1703, a post he would hold until his death. He gave £1,000 for the founding of \"Archbishop King's Professorship of Divinity\" at Trinity College in 1718. Much of his correspondence survives and provides a historic resource for the study of the Ireland of his time. He died in May 1729.King's years as a bishop were marked by reform and the building of churches and glebe houses, and by the dispensing of charity. He was generally regarded as a man of sense and good judgment, and his political influence was considerable: he was always consulted on judicial appointments and at times seems to have had an effective veto over candidates he considered unsuitable. His influence declined after the appointment of Hugh Boulter as Archbishop of Armagh in 1724, as Boulter was also consulted on judicial appointments, and the two could rarely agree on a suitable candidate.Boulter's preferment to the See of Armagh, passing over his own more obvious claims, was a bitter disappointment to King. He took petty revenge at their first meeting by refusing to get up from his chair, saying that he was too old to stand; he might reasonably have pointed out instead that he was a martyr to gout, from which he had suffered for forty years and from which he died five \nyears later. He was a vocal opponent of Wood's halfpence during the 1720s.[1]After King's death, Bishop Theophilus Bolton purchased 6,000 of King's books to establish the Bolton Library in Cashel, County Tipperary.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Law"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bayle"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"Théodicée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odic%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As a man of letters and philosopher, he wrote The State of the Protestants in Ireland under King James's Government in 1691 and De Origine Mali in 1702. The latter book was translated into English with extensive notes by Edmund Law in 1731 as An Essay on the Origin of Evil. It was also subject to discussion by Pierre Bayle as well as an influential critical discussion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, published as an appendix to Leibniz's Théodicée.De Origine Mali contains a provocative and original philosophical account of free will that has recently started to attract philosophers' attention.[3][4] In the context of the debate on free will, King argues that human beings, like God, are endowed with a distinctive faculty of free choice (electio in Latin). This faculty, criticized by Leibniz as an unfounded magical power (\"puissance magique\"[5]), can, for King, generate value in the world. Recently, scholars have been debating the details of the process that leads to the generation of value through choice in King's philosophy. While some argue that there is a lacuna in King's explanation between election and action,[6] others claim that King gives an account of how desires can provide such a connection.[7]","title":"Philosophical works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85182-464-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-464-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9518811-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518811-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86698-304-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86698-304-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85182-681-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-681-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84893-010-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-010-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anglican_Archbishops_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_Archbishops_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_Archbishops_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Anglican Archbishops of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"George Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Browne_(archbishop_of_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Curwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Curwen"},{"link_name":"Adam Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Loftus_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Lancelot Bulkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Bulkeley"},{"link_name":"James Margetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Margetson"},{"link_name":"Michael Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Boyle_(archbishop_of_Armagh)"},{"link_name":"John Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parker_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Francis Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Narcissus Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_Marsh"},{"link_name":"William King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John Hoadly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hoadly"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"William Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carmichael_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Smyth"},{"link_name":"John Cradock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cradock"},{"link_name":"Robert Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fowler_(archbishop_of_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"The Viscount Somerton/The Earl of Normanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Agar,_1st_Earl_of_Normanton"},{"link_name":"Euseby Cleaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euseby_Cleaver"},{"link_name":"Lord John Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Beresford"},{"link_name":"William Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Magee_(archbishop_of_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Richard Whately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whately"},{"link_name":"Richard Chenevix Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_Trench"},{"link_name":"The Lord Plunket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Plunket,_4th_Baron_Plunket"},{"link_name":"Joseph Peacocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Peacocke_(archbishop_of_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"John Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bernard_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Charles D'Arcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D%27Arcy"},{"link_name":"John Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gregg_(archbishop_of_Armagh)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"George Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Simms"},{"link_name":"Alan Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Buchanan_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Henry McAdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McAdoo"},{"link_name":"Donald Caird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Caird"},{"link_name":"Walton Empey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Empey"},{"link_name":"John Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neill_(archbishop_of_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Derry and Raphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Derry_and_Raphoe"},{"link_name":"George Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montgomery_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Brutus Babington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_Babington"},{"link_name":"John Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tanner_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"George Downham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Downham"},{"link_name":"John Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bramhall"},{"link_name":"George Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wilde_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mossom_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Michael Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ward_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"William King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Charles Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hickman"},{"link_name":"John Hartstonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hartstonge"},{"link_name":"St George Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Ashe"},{"link_name":"William Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"Henry Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Downes_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rundle"},{"link_name":"Carew Reynell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carew_Reynell_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"George Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stone_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"William Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barnard_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hervey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hervey,_4th_Earl_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"William Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Knox_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Richard Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"Richard Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ponsonby"},{"link_name":"William Higgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Higgin"},{"link_name":"William Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"George Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chadwick_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Peacocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Peacocke_(bishop_of_Derry_and_Raphoe)"},{"link_name":"Robert Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Charles Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tyndall"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Peacocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Peacocke"},{"link_name":"Robin Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Eames"},{"link_name":"James Mehaffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mehaffey"},{"link_name":"Ken Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Good"},{"link_name":"Andrew Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Forster"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3568762#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/145790/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000081463891"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/66618347"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRDpxC9TT7KfJBDByjmd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485501v"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13485501v"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/100302203"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV055150"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280761005171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14335421"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84233001"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2012710755&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36075948"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069485496"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/207722"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500210865"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3318/dib.004573.v1"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100302203.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1207562"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k65xzs"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/088958361"}],"text":"C. S. King, ed. A great Archbishop of Dublin, William King, D.D., 1650-1729: His autobiography, family, and a selection from his correspondence; 1906, Longman,Green.\nPhilip O'Regan; Archbishop William King, 1650-1729 and the Constitution in Church and State; 2000, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-464-2.\nRobert S. Matteson, A large private park: the collection of Archbishop William King 1650–1729. Cambridge: LP Publications, 2003. (Libri Pertinentes, no. 7) 2 vols ISBN 0-9518811-6-7; co-published with Tempe (Arizona): Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2003. ISBN 0-86698-304-X\nFauske, Christopher, ed. Archbishop William King and the Anglican Irish Context, 1688-1729; 2004, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-681-5.\nFauske, Christopher, A Political Biography of William King; 2011, Chatto and Pickering, ISBN 978-1-84893-010-0.vteAnglican Archbishops of Dublin\nGeorge Browne\nHugh Curwen\nAdam Loftus\nThomas Jones\nLancelot Bulkeley\nJames Margetson\nMichael Boyle\nJohn Parker\nFrancis Marsh\nNarcissus Marsh\nWilliam King\nJohn Hoadly\nCharles Cobbe\nWilliam Carmichael\nArthur Smyth\nJohn Cradock\nRobert Fowler\nThe Viscount Somerton/The Earl of Normanton\nEuseby Cleaver\nLord John Beresford\nWilliam Magee\nRichard Whately\nRichard Chenevix Trench\nThe Lord Plunket\nJoseph Peacocke\nJohn Bernard\nCharles D'Arcy\nJohn Gregg\nArthur Barton\nGeorge Simms\nAlan Buchanan\nHenry McAdoo\nDonald Caird\nWalton Empey\nJohn Neill\nMichael JacksonvteBishops of Derry and of Derry and RaphoeDerry\nGeorge Montgomery\nBrutus Babington\nJohn Tanner\nGeorge Downham\nJohn Bramhall\nGeorge Wilde\nRobert Mossom\nMichael Ward\nEzekiel Hopkins\nWilliam King\nCharles Hickman\nJohn Hartstonge\nSt George Ashe\nWilliam Nicolson\nHenry Downes\nThomas Rundle\nCarew Reynell\nGeorge Stone\nWilliam Barnard\nFrederick Hervey (later Earl of Bristol)\nWilliam Knox\nRichard Ponsonby (became Bishop of Derry and Raphoe)\nDerry & Raphoe\nRichard Ponsonby\nWilliam Higgin\nWilliam Alexander\nGeorge Chadwick\nJoseph Peacocke\nRobert Boyd\nCharles Tyndall\nCuthbert Peacocke\nRobin Eames\nJames Mehaffey\nKen Good\nAndrew ForsterAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nVatican\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nIreland\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Connolly, S. J. \"King, William\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15605","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15605"}]},{"reference":"\"The rescue of Cashel's magical but mouldering library\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-rescue-of-cashel-s-magical-but-mouldering-library-1.2532666","url_text":"\"The rescue of Cashel's magical but mouldering library\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boje
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David Boje
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["1 See also","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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David M. Boje is Professor and Bill Daniels Ethics Fellow, a past endowed Bank of America professor of management at New Mexico State University (NMSU) in Las Cruces. He has published over 120 journal articles, seventeen books, including Narrative Methods for Organization and Communication Research (Sage, 2001); Storytelling Organizations, 2008; Critical Theory Ethics in Business and Public Administration, 2008. His newest books are: Dancing to the Music of Story (with Ken Baskin), and The Future of Storytelling and Organization: An Antenarrative Handbook (Routledge, 2011).
He is known for his 1991 Administrative Science Quarterly and 1995 Academy of Management Journal articles on 'storytelling organization' in relation to currency of sensemaking in organisations as Tamara (play)-Land. He is also founder of the Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry.
He invented the term antenarrative which is defined as the double move of a bet (ante) or a before (ante) of story on its way to narrative (Boje, 2011a) and is a part of the triadic theory of storytelling developed by Boje. His handbook on the subject claims to be the first volume to offer a systematic examination of non-traditional narrative inquiry in the management realm, organizing and developing its approach
He is known to teach barefoot as a protest against sweatshops of multinational corporations in developing countries.
See also
Organizational storytelling
Storytelling
Fabula
Tamara (play)
Bibliography
Boje, D.M. (2001a). Narrative Methods for Organizational and Communication Research, London: Sage.
Boje, D. M. (2001b). Flight of Antenarrative in Phenomenal Complexity Theory, Tamara, Storytelling Organization Theory. 20 September, paper to honor Professor Hugo Letiche and his work on Phenomenal Complexity Theory, for the 24 and 25 September Conference on Complexity and Consciousness at Huize Molenaar (Korte Nieuwstraat 6) in the old center of Utrecht, Netherlands. http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/papers/ante/flight_of_antenarrative.htm
Boje, D. M. (2001c). "Antenarrating, Tamara, and Nike Storytelling". Paper prepared for presentation at "Storytelling Conference" at the School of Management; Imperial College, 53 Prince’s Gate, Exhibition Road, London, 9 July 2001. On line at http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/papers/ethnostorytelling.htm
Boje, D. M. (2002). "Critical Dramaturgical Analysis of Enron Antenarratives and Metatheatre". Plenary presentation to 5th International Conference on Organizational Discourse: From Micro-Utterances to Macro-Inferences, Wednesday 24th - Friday 26 July (London).
Boje. D. M. 2005. Empire Reading of Manet's Execution of Maximilian: Critical Visual Aesthetics and Antenarrative Spectrality. Tamara Journal. Vol 4 (4): 118–134. http://peaceaware.com/388/articles/20052.pdf
Boje, D. M. (2007a). Chapter 13 Living Story: From Wilda to Disney, pp. 330–354. Handbook of Narrative Inquiry: Mapping a New Methodology. Edited by Jean Clandinin, London: Sage.
Boje, D. M. (2007b). "The Antenarrative Cultural Turn in Narrative Studies" in Mark Zachry & Charlotte Thralls (Eds.) Communicative Practices in Workplaces and the Professions: Cultural Perspectives on the Regulation of Discourse and Organizations.
Boje, D. M. 2007c. Globalization Antenarratives. pp. 505–549, Chapter 17 in Albert Mills, Jeannie C. Helms-Mills & Carolyn Forshaw (Eds). Organizational Behavior in a Global Context. Toronto: Garamond Press.
Boje, D. M. (2008a). Storytelling Organizations, London: Sage.
Boje, D. M. (2010). Towards a postcolonial storytelling theory that interrogates tribal peoples' Material-Agential-Storytelling ignored in management and organization studies. Under review, and working paper available from dboje at nmsu.edu
Boje, D.M. (2011). Storytelling and the future of organizations, Routledge Taylor & Francis group.
Boje (forthcoming). Antenarrative in management research. The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research: London (2,500 words). Accepted 2006. Draft available at http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/690/papers/Antenarrative%20in%20Management%0research%20May%2014%2005.pdf
Boje, D. M. & Baskin, K. (2010). Dancing to the Music of Story. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Press. See Chapter 1 on complexity.
Boje, D. M. (2011). Shaping the Future of Storytelling in Organizations: An Antenarrative Handbook. London: Routledge (release date is March 2011).
Boje, D. M. & Grace Ann Rosile (2002). Enron Whodunit? Ephemera. Vol 2(4), pp. 315–327.
Boje, D. M. & Grace Ann Rosile (2003). Life Imitates Art: Enron’s Epic and Tragic Narration. Management Communication Quarterly. Vol. 17 (1): 85–125.
Boje, D. M., Rosile, G.A., Durant, R.A. & Luhman, J.T. 2004 "Enron Spectacles: A Critical Dramaturgical Analysis". Special Issue on Theatre and Organizations edited by Georg Schreyögg and Heather Höpfl, Organization Studies, 25(5):751-774.
Boje, D. M.; Rosile, G. A.; & Gardner, C. L. 2007. "Antenarratives, Narratives and Anaemic Stories" Chapter 4, pp. 30–45, Storytelling in Management, Editors: Ms. Nasreen Taher and Ms. Swapna Gopalan, Publisher: The Icfai University Press, India, First Edition: 2007 (Note: was based upon Paper presented in Showcase Symposium, Academy of Management,. Mon 9 Aug 2004 in New Orleans).
References
^ Boje, David M. (2011). Storytelling and the Future of Organizations: An Antenarrative Handbook. ISBN 978-0415873918.
^ "HTTP". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
Further reading
Smith, William L.; Boje, David M.; & Melendrez, Kevin D, (2010) "The financial crisis and mark-to-market accounting: An analysis of cascading media rhetoric and storytelling", Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, Vol. 7 Iss: 3, pp. 281–303.
Yolles, Maurice (2007), "The dynamics of narrative and antenarrative and their relation to story", Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(1)74–94
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
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(2001a). Narrative Methods for Organizational and Communication Research, London: Sage.\nBoje, D. M. (2001b). Flight of Antenarrative in Phenomenal Complexity Theory, Tamara, Storytelling Organization Theory. 20 September, paper to honor Professor Hugo Letiche and his work on Phenomenal Complexity Theory, for the 24 and 25 September Conference on Complexity and Consciousness at Huize Molenaar (Korte Nieuwstraat 6) in the old center of Utrecht, Netherlands. http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/papers/ante/flight_of_antenarrative.htm\nBoje, D. M. (2001c). \"Antenarrating, Tamara, and Nike Storytelling\". Paper prepared for presentation at \"Storytelling Conference\" at the School of Management; Imperial College, 53 Prince’s Gate, Exhibition Road, London, 9 July 2001. On line at http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/papers/ethnostorytelling.htm\nBoje, D. M. (2002). \"Critical Dramaturgical Analysis of Enron Antenarratives and Metatheatre\". Plenary presentation to 5th International Conference on Organizational Discourse: From Micro-Utterances to Macro-Inferences, Wednesday 24th - Friday 26 July (London).\nBoje. D. M. 2005. Empire Reading of Manet's Execution of Maximilian: Critical Visual Aesthetics and Antenarrative Spectrality. Tamara Journal. Vol 4 (4): 118–134. http://peaceaware.com/388/articles/20052.pdf\nBoje, D. M. (2007a). Chapter 13 Living Story: From Wilda to Disney, pp. 330–354. Handbook of Narrative Inquiry: Mapping a New Methodology. Edited by Jean Clandinin, London: Sage.\nBoje, D. M. (2007b). \"The Antenarrative Cultural Turn in Narrative Studies\" in Mark Zachry & Charlotte Thralls (Eds.) Communicative Practices in Workplaces and the Professions: Cultural Perspectives on the Regulation of Discourse and Organizations.\nBoje, D. M. 2007c. Globalization Antenarratives. pp. 505–549, Chapter 17 in Albert Mills, Jeannie C. Helms-Mills & Carolyn Forshaw (Eds). Organizational Behavior in a Global Context. Toronto: Garamond Press.\nBoje, D. M. (2008a). Storytelling Organizations, London: Sage.\nBoje, D. M. (2010). Towards a postcolonial storytelling theory that interrogates tribal peoples' Material-Agential-Storytelling ignored in management and organization studies. Under review, and working paper available from dboje at nmsu.edu\nBoje, D.M. (2011). Storytelling and the future of organizations, Routledge Taylor & Francis group.\nBoje (forthcoming). Antenarrative in management research. The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research: London (2,500 words). Accepted 2006. Draft available at http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/690/papers/Antenarrative%20in%20Management%0research%20May%2014%2005.pdf[permanent dead link]\nBoje, D. M. & Baskin, K. (2010). Dancing to the Music of Story. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Press. See Chapter 1 on complexity.\nBoje, D. M. (2011). Shaping the Future of Storytelling in Organizations: An Antenarrative Handbook. London: Routledge (release date is March 2011).\nBoje, D. M. & Grace Ann Rosile (2002). Enron Whodunit? Ephemera. Vol 2(4), pp. 315–327.\nBoje, D. M. & Grace Ann Rosile (2003). Life Imitates Art: Enron’s Epic and Tragic Narration. Management Communication Quarterly. Vol. 17 (1): 85–125.\nBoje, D. M., Rosile, G.A., Durant, R.A. & Luhman, J.T. 2004 \"Enron Spectacles: A Critical Dramaturgical Analysis\". Special Issue on Theatre and Organizations edited by Georg Schreyögg and Heather Höpfl, Organization Studies, 25(5):751-774.\nBoje, D. M.; Rosile, G. A.; & Gardner, C. L. 2007. \"Antenarratives, Narratives and Anaemic Stories\" Chapter 4, pp. 30–45, Storytelling in Management, Editors: Ms. Nasreen Taher and Ms. Swapna Gopalan, Publisher: The Icfai University Press, India, First Edition: 2007 (Note: was based upon Paper presented in Showcase Symposium, Academy of Management,. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Gar
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Hung Ga
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["1 Historical origins","2 The Hung Ga curriculum of Wong Fei-hung","3 Branches of Hung Kuen","4 The dissemination of Hung Kuen","5 Wong Fei-Hung lineages","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 General and cited references"]
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Chinese martial art
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Hung Ga Kuen洪家拳Also known asHung Ga, Hung Gar, Hung Kuen, Hung Ga Kuen, Hung Gar KuenFocusStrikingCountry of originChinaCreatorHung Hei-gunFamous practitioners(see below)ParenthoodShaolin Kung Fu styles such as 5 animals, Mok Gar (additional influence for Wong Fei Hung lineage)Descendant artsChoy ga, Fut Gar, Hung Fut, Jow-Ga Kung FuOlympic sportNoChinese nameChinese洪家Literal meaningHung familyTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHóng JiāWade–GilesHung2 Chia1Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHùhng GārAlternative nameChinese洪拳Literal meaningimmense fistTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHóng QuánWade–GilesHung2 Ch'üan2Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHùhng Kyùhn
Hung Ga (洪家), Hung Kuen (洪拳), or Hung Ga Kuen (洪家拳) is a southern Chinese martial art belonging to the southern Shaolin styles. The hallmarks of Hung Ga are strong stances, notably the horse stance, or "si ping ma" (四平馬), and strong hand techniques, notably the bridge hand and the versatile tiger claw. Traditionally, students spent anywhere from several months to three years in stance training, often sitting only in horse stance from half an hour to several hours at a time, before learning any forms. Each form could then take a year or so to learn, with weapons learned last. In current times, this mode of instruction is generally considered impractical for students, who have other concerns beyond practicing kung fu. However, some instructors still follow traditional guidelines and make stance training the majority of their beginner training. Hung Ga is sometimes mischaracterized as solely external—that is, reliant on brute physical force rather than the cultivation of qi—even though the student advances progressively toward an internal focus.
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vte
Historical origins
Hung Ga's earliest beginnings have been traced to the 17th century in southern China. More specifically, legend has it that a Shaolin monk, Jee Sin Sim See (”sim see” = zen teacher) was at the heart of Hung Ga's emergence. Jee Sin Sim See was alive during a time of fighting in the Qing dynasty. He practiced the arts during an era when the Shaolin Temple had become a refuge for those that opposed the ruling class (the Manchus), allowing him to practice in semi-secrecy. When the Shaolin temple was burned down, many fled to the Southern affiliated Shaolin temple in the Fukien Province of Southern China along with him. There it is believed Jee Sin Sim See trained several people, including non-Buddhist monks, also called Shaolin Layman Disciples, in the art of Shaolin Kung Fu.
Of course, Jee Sin Sim See was hardly the only person of significance that had fled to the temple and opposed the Manchus. Along with this, Hung Hei-gun also took refuge there, where he trained under Jee Sin Sim See. Eventually, Hung Hei-gun became Jee Sin Sim See's number one student.
That said, legend has it that Jee Sin Sim See also taught four others, whom in their entirety became the founding fathers of the five southern Shaolin styles: Hung Ga, Choy Ga, Mok Ga, Li Ga and Lau Ga. Luk Ah-choi was one of these students.
Because the character "Hung" (洪) was used in the reign name of the emperor who overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty to establish the Han Chinese Ming dynasty, opponents of the Manchu Qing dynasty made frequent use of the character in their imagery.
(Ironically, Luk Ah-choi 陸阿采 was the son of a Manchu stationed in Guangdong.)
Hung Hei-gun is itself an assumed name intended to honor that first Ming Emperor.
Anti-Qing rebels named the most far reaching of the secret societies they formed the "Hung Mun" (洪門).
The Hung Mun claimed to be founded by survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple, and the martial arts its members practiced came to be called "Hung Ga" and "Hung Kuen".
Its popularity in modern times is mainly associated with the Cantonese folk hero Wong Fei-hung, a Hung Ga master.
The Hung Ga curriculum of Wong Fei-hung
The Hung Ga curriculum that Wong Fei-hung learned from his father consisted of
Single Hard Fist, Double Hard Fist, Taming the Tiger Fist (伏虎拳), Black Tiger Fist (黑虎拳), Angry Tiger Fist (狂虎拳), and Arhat Fist (羅漢拳),
Fifth Brother Eight Trigram Pole (五郎八卦棍), Mother & Son Butterfly Swords (子母雙刀), and the
Flying Hook (飛鉤).
Wong distilled his father's empty-hand material along with the material he learned from other masters into the "pillars" of Hung Ga, four empty-hand routines that constitute the core of Hung Ga instruction in the Wong Fei-hung lineage: Taming the Tiger Fist, Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist, Five Animal Fist, and Iron Wire Fist. Each of those routines is described in the sections below.
"工" Taming the Tiger Fist 工字伏虎拳
pinyin: gōng zì fú hǔ quán; Yale Cantonese: gung ji fuk fu kuen.
The long routine Taming the Tiger trains the student in the basic techniques of Hung Ga while building endurance. It is said to go at least as far back as Jee Sin Sim See, who is said to have taught Taming the Tiger—or at least an early version of it—to both Hung Hei-gun and Luk Ah-choi.
The "工" Character in Taming the Tiger Fist is so called because its footwork traces a path resembling the character "工".
Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist 虎鶴雙形拳
pinyin: hǔ hè shuāng xíng quán; Yale Cantonese: fu hok seung ying kuen.
Tiger Crane builds on Taming the Tiger, adding "vocabulary" to the Hung Ga practitioner's repertoire. Wong Fei-hung choreographed the version of Tiger Crane handed down in the lineages that descend from him. He is said to have added to Tiger Crane the bridge hand techniques and rooting of the master Tit Kiu Saam as well as long arm techniques, attributed variously to the Fat Ga, Lo Hon, and Lama styles. Tiger Crane Paired Form routines from outside Wong Fei-hung Hung Ga still exist.
Five Animal Fist 五形拳 / Five Animal Five Element Fist 五形五行拳
pinyin: wǔ xíng quán; Yale Cantonese: ng ying keun / pinyin: wǔ xíng wǔ háng quán; Yale Cantonese: ng ying ng haang keun; Ng Ying Kungfu, Five Animal Kung Fu (Chinese: 五形功夫)
This routine serve as a bridge between the external force of Tiger Crane and the internal focus of Iron Wire. "Five Animals" (literally "Five Forms") refers to the characteristic Five Animals of the Southern Chinese martial arts: Dragon, Snake, Tiger, Leopard, and Crane. "Five Elements" refers to the five classical Chinese elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Metal, and Wood.
The Hung Ga Five Animal Fist was choreographed by Wong Fei-hung and expanded by Lam Sai-wing (林世榮), a senior student and teaching assistant of Wong Fei-hung, into the Five Animal Five Element Fist (also called the "Ten Form Fist"). In the Lam Sai-wing branch of Hung Ga, the Five Animal Five Element Fist has largely, but not entirely, superseded the Five Animal Fist, which has become associated with Dang Fong and others who were not around when the Five Animal Five Element Fist was modified.
Iron Wire Fist 鐵線拳
pinyin: tiě xiàn quán; Yale Cantonese: Tit Sin Keun.
Iron Wire builds internal power and is attributed to the martial arts master Leung Kwan (梁坤; Liáng Kūn; 1815–1887), better known as Tit Kiuh-saam (鐵橋三; tiěqiáosān). Like Wong Fei-hng's father Wong Kei-Ying, Tit Sin-saam was one of the Ten Tigers of Canton. As a teenager, Wong Fei Hung learned Iron Wire from Lam Fuk-sing (林福成; Línfúchéng)
a student of Tit Sin-saam. The routine has been enhanced and thus lengthened by his students. The Iron Wire form is essentially a combination of Hei Gung (气功; qigong) or meditative breathing with isometric exercise, particularly dynamic tension, although weights were also used in traditional practice in the form of iron rings worn on the wrists. If properly practiced, it can increase strength considerably and promote a stable root. However, as with both most forms of qigong and most forms of isometric exercise, it must be practiced regularly or the benefits are quickly lost.
Wong Fei-hung weapon of choice was primarily the Fifth Brother Eight Trigram Pole (五郎八卦棍), which is a very popular routine in southern styles as its origins is linked to a famous patriot hero. The Mother & Son Butterfly Swords (子母雙刀) is also a primary weapon found in all Southern styles. Other weapons credited to having been taught in Wong Fei-hung curriculum were the Spring & Autumn Guandao (春秋大刀), and the Yu Family Tiger Fork (瑤家大扒) broadsword (刀), the spear (槍), the fan (扇). Experiences of generations of practitioners has seen the curriculum grow extensively in all areas.
Branches of Hung Kuen
The curricula of different branches of Hung Ga differ tremendously with regard to routines and the selection of weapons, even within the Wong Fei-hung lineage.
Just as those branches that do not descend from Lam Sai-wing do not practice the
Five Animal Five Element Fist. Those branches that do not descend from Wong Fei-hung, are sometimes called "old Hung Kuen" or "village" Hung Kuen, do not practice the routines he choreographed, nor do the branches that do not descend from Tit Kiu Saam practice Iron Wire.
Conversely, the curricula of some branches have grown through the addition of further routines by creation or acquisition.
Nevertheless, the various branches of the Wong Fei-hung lineage still share the Hung Ga foundation he systematized. Lacking such a common point of reference, the "village" styles of Hung Kuen show even greater variation.
The curriculum which Jee Sin Sim See taught Hung Hei-gun is said to have comprised Tiger style, Luohan style, and Taming the Tiger routine.
Exchanging material with other martial artists allowed Hung to develop or acquire
Tiger Crane Paired Form routine, a combination animal routine, Southern Flower Fist, and several weapons.
According to Hung Ga tradition, the martial arts that Jee Sin Sim See originally taught Hung Hei-gun were short range and the more active footwork, wider stances, and long range techniques commonly associated with Hung Ga were added later. It is said to have featured "a two-foot horse," that is, narrow stances, and routines whose footwork typically took up no more than four tiles' worth of space.
Hasayfu Hung Ga 下四虎洪家
The Ha Sei Fu (下四虎) is said to fit this description, though the implied link to the legendary Jee Sin Sim See is more speculative than most because of its poorly documented genealogy.
The Hasayfu Hung Kuen of Leung Wah-chew is a Five Animal style with a separate routine for each animal. Other Branches of Hasayfu Hung Kuen also contain combined animal sets, like Tiger & Crane, Dragon & Leopard, etc.
Five-Pattern Hung Kuen 五形洪拳
Similar to Ha Sei Fu Hung Ga, the Ng Ying Hung Kuen (五形洪拳) fits the description of Jee Sin Sim See's martial arts, but traces its ancestry to Ng Mui and Miu Hin (苗顯) who, like Jee Sin Sim See, were both survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Monastery.
From Miu Hin, the Five-Pattern Hung Kuen passed to his daughter Miu Tsui-fa (苗翠花), and from his daughter to his grandson Fong Sai-yuk (方世玉), both Chinese folk heroes like Jee Sin Sim See, Ng Mui, and their forebear Miu Hin.
Yuen Yik-kai's books introduced this branch to the Western/European venue. while conventionally translated as "Five-Pattern Hung Fist" rather than "Five Animal Hung Fist", it is a Five-Animal style, one with a single routine for all Five Animals but also has other sets as well.
Tiger Crane Paired Form 虎鶴雙形
The Tiger-Crane Combination style has been found in almost every Hung style. While not as long as the Wong Fei-hung version, it is typically seen as containing 108 movements/techniques.
Ang Lian-huat attributes the art to Hung Hei-gun's combination of the Tiger style he learned from Jee Sin Sim See with the Crane style he learned from his wife, whose name is given in Hokkien as Tee Eng-choon. Like other martial arts that trace their origins to Fujian (e.g. Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors), this style uses San Chian as its foundation.
Wong Kiew-kit trace their version of the Tiger Crane routine, not to Hung Hei-gun or Luk Ah-choi, but to their senior classmate Harng Yein.
Northern Hung Kuen 洪拳
There are northern styles that use the name "Hung Kuen" (洪拳; pinyin: hóng quán), though these predate the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Other northern styles use the character for "Red Fist" (紅拳).
The dissemination of Hung Kuen
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The dissemination of Hung Kuen in Southern China, and its Guangdong and Fujian Provinces in particular, is due to the concentration of anti-Qing activity there.
The Hung Mun began life in the 1760s as the Heaven and Earth Society, whose founders came from the prefecture of Zhangzhou in Fujian Province, on its border with Guangdong, where one of its founders organized a precursor to the Heaven and Earth Society in Huizhou.
Guangdong and Fujian remained a stronghold of sympathizers and recruits for the Hung Mun, even as it spread elsewhere in the decades that followed.
Though the members of the Hung Clan almost certainly practiced a variety of martial arts styles, the composition of its membership meant that it was the characteristics of Fujianese and Cantonese martial arts that came to be associated with the names "Hung Kuen" and "Hung Ga".
Regardless of their differences, the Hung Kuen lineages of Wong Fei-hung, Yuen Yik-kai, Leung Wah-chew, and Jeung Kei-ji (張克治) nonetheless all trace their origins to this area and this time period, are all Five Animal styles, and all claim Shaolin origins.
Northern Hung Kuen (洪拳), by contrast, is not a Five Animal style and dates to the 16th century.
Cantonese and Fujianese are also predominant among Overseas Chinese, accounting for the widespread dissemination of Hung Kuen outside of China.
Wong Fei-Hung lineages
Lam Sai-wings Lineage mainly descends from Wong Fei-hung.
- Chan Hon-chung (陳漢宗), who was very famous in Hong Kong and represented what was best in his generation of masters. He held incredible knowledge and had the full Hung Kuen system passed down from Lam Sai-wing. In 1938, he established the Chan Hon Chung Gymnasium to teach Hung Gar (Hung Family) kung fu. At the same time he had a chiropractic clinic. In 1970, he formed The Hong Kong Chinese Martial Arts Association with the intention of coordinating and promoting Chinese martial arts in Hong Kong, and held the position of chairman for many years.
- Lau Jaam Hung Kuen (劉湛家傳) family lineage (Learn From Lam Sai-wing). One of the more famous teachers of Hung Kuen today was the Shaw Brothers movie director/actor, Lau Kar-leung (劉家良), who has many students in Hong Kong. One of Lau Kar-leung's notable disciples is Mark Ho (Ho Mai, 何麥), also known as Mark Houghton, an Englishman who has lived in Hong Kong for 20 years. Mark Ho, with the blessing of Lau Kar-Leung, has opened a unique Hung Kuen school in Fanling. The school itself looks like a scene from a Shaw Brothers movie; it has many training chambers, wooden dummies, and hanging logs. There are now Lau Family Hung Kuen schools in China and England. Lau Kar-yung / Lau Ga-yung (劉家勇) He is the grandson of Lau Cham (劉湛) (Lau Jaam). Kar-yung is the son of Lau Cham's (劉湛) second daughter Lau Shiu-yee and His uncle is Lau Kar-leung (劉家良) and also he is Lau Kar-wing's nephew. Kar-yung was followed by Lau Shiu-yee (Mother) to learn Lau's Family Hung Ga kung fu and, Chinese herbal medicine at Lau Cham's martial arts school in Hong Kong. Then he became a member of the Lau Kar Ban (Liu Jiaban) / Lau's brothers and made some of the best Kung Fu movies ever seen. After 50 years of training and profession, he is currently the Grandmaster of Lau's family Hung Kuen Branch and he continues spreading his family lineage across the globe. Also, become President of Hung Gar Association Lau Kar Yung Hung Kuen Kung Fu Association. Additional Lau family disciples were added for the 6th generation apprentice, representing Germany: Master Jau-chi Hang, Mexico: Master James Valentino Santi, and United States Lau Martial Club Hung Kuen Lion Dance Association: Master Chun Sun Ho(Chris Ho){son of Kar Yung}, Master Jaelynn Mae Ho {Daughter of Chun Sun} and Master Ken Chow (周學禮).
- Lam Cho (林祖) (Lam Sai-wing's adopted nephew) was an icon in the Hong Kong martial arts scene. He succeeded in successful innovations and creative additions of various Hand and Weapon Routines. Lam Cho has taught many well known masters that now have students around the world. - Y.C. Wong (黃耀楨) (San Francisco), Bucksam Kong (江北山) (Los Angeles and Hawaii), Kwong Tit-fu (鄺鐵夫) and Tang Kwok-wah (鄧國華) (Boston) . Lam Cho's children, Anthony Lam Chun-fai (林鎮輝), (林鎮忠) and Lam Chun-sing (林鎮成), now carry on his Hung Ga teaching in Hong Kong. Anthony Lam Chun-fai, his eldest son, has also done much to spread Hung Kuen in Europe, while Simon Lam Chun-chung, his third son, continues to teach his father's students and new students at Lam Cho's renowned studio in Mong Kok, Hong Kong.
(Among Tang Kwok-wah's students currently teaching in the area are Winchell Ping Chiu-woo (胡炳超) (Chiu Mo Kwoon, Boston), Yon Lee (李健遠) (who is also the master instructor for the Harvard Tai Chi Tiger Crane kung fu Club at Harvard University since 1985), and Sik Y. Hum. Calvin Chin of Newton Highlands, Massachusetts, carries on Kwong's legacy.)
- Chiu Kau (趙教) began learning Hung Kuen in Singapore then became a student of Lam Sai-wing. He later married Wong Siu-ying (黃邵英), who began learning Hung Ga from her husband. The couple eventually settled down in Hong Kong, where they continued their Hung Ga training at the Lam Sai-wing National Art Association Second Branch. Their sons Chiu Chi-ling (趙志淩) of Alameda, California, and Chiu Wai (趙威) of Calgary, Alberta, Canada are the inheritors of this lineage. Kwong-wing Lam (Lam Kwong-wing, 林光榮) of Sunnyvale, California, studied with Chiu Kau, Chiu Wai, and Lam Jo, and learned the Ha Sei Fu style of Hung Ga from Leung Wah-chew. In Hong Kong, the original Chiu Wai Hung Kuen school continues under the teaching of Chiu Wah (趙華), and in 1996 another branch, Hung Kuen Academy Hong Kong, (洪拳學社) was established in Hong Kong by Gam Bok-yin (金博賢), as its Founder, Chairman and Chief Instructor. Some years later Hung Kuen Academy Hong Kong appointed Chi Fai Leung (梁志輝) as Vice-Chairman and Senior Instructor, and Lam Siu Fung (林少峰) as Instructor. As of 2021, Chi Fai Leung (梁志輝) has founded a new branch in London, known as the Hung Kuen Academy UK, where he continues to teach traditional Hung Gar and lion dance, both of which are significant elements of the Chiu Wai lineage.
Dang Fong (鄧芳) lineage students consists of such notables as: Ho Lap Tien - Represented in the U.S. by Philadelphia's Master Cheurng Shu Pui.(張樹培), Yuen Ling - Represented in the U.S. by Master Frank Yee (余志偉; Yee Chi-wai), Lau Kai Ton - Represented in the U.S. by New Mexico's Master Frank Rivera., Luk Gan Wing - Represented in Ontario, Canada by his son., Cheung Tai Hing - Represented in the U.S. by New York's Master Wan Chi Ming., Jao/Chow Wing Duk - Represented in Spain by Master Lam Chuen Ping, Wong Jo, Kwan Kei Tin & Won Lei
See also
The five major family styles of southern Chinese martial arts
Jee Sin Sim See
Wong Kei-ying
Wong Fei-hung
Lam Sai-wing
Tang Fung
Fu Jow Pai - Tiger Claw System
Cantonese culture
Hak Fu Mun - Black Tiger System
References
Citations
^ Ashley Martin (2013). The Complete Martial Arts Training Manual: An Integrated Approach. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0555-3.
^ Sei Ping Ma
^ Bridge Hand
^ Tiger Claw
^ Vinh-Hoi Ngo (1996). Martial Arts Masters: The Greatest Teachers, Fighters, and Performers. Lowell House Juvenile. ISBN 1-5656-5559-1.
General and cited references
Kennedy, Brian; Guo, Elizabeth (2005). Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. 152–153. ISBN 1-55643-557-6. Fujian province was reputed to be home to one of the Shaolin temples that figure so prominently in martial arts folklore. As a result, Fujian province and the adjacent province of Guangdong were the birthplace and home of many southern Shaolin systems, at least according to the oral folklore. A military historian might be of the opinion that the reason those two southern provinces had so many different systems of martial arts had more to do with the fact that, during the Qing Dynasty, rebel armies were constantly being formed and disbanded in those provinces, resulting in a wide variety of people who had some training and interest in martial arts.
Rene Ritchie, Robert Chu and Hendrik Santo. "Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies". Wingchunkuen.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2005.
Wing Lam (2003). Southern Shaolin Kung Fu Ling Nam Hung Gar. Copyright 2003 Wing Lam Enterprises. p. 241. ISBN 1-58657-361-6.
Hagen Bluck "Hung Gar Kuen - Im Zeichen des Tigers und des Kranichs"; 1998/2006 MV-Verlag, Edition Octopus, ISBN 978-3-86582-427-1
Lam Sai-wing. "Iron Thread. Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kung Fu Classics Series". Second Edition, 2007. Paperback, 188 pages. ISBN 978-1-84799-192-8 / Original edition: Hong Kong, 1957; translated from Chinese in 2002 - 2007
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"southern Chinese martial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Chinese_martial_art"},{"link_name":"Shaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu"},{"link_name":"horse stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_stance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tiger claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jow_Pai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi"}],"text":"Hung Ga (洪家), Hung Kuen (洪拳), or Hung Ga Kuen (洪家拳) is a southern Chinese martial art belonging to the southern Shaolin styles. The hallmarks of Hung Ga are strong stances, notably the horse stance, or \"si ping ma\" (四平馬),[2] and strong hand techniques, notably the bridge hand[3] and the versatile tiger claw.[4] Traditionally, students spent anywhere from several months to three years in stance training, often sitting only in horse stance from half an hour to several hours at a time, before learning any forms. Each form could then take a year or so to learn, with weapons learned last. In current times, this mode of instruction is generally considered impractical for students, who have other concerns beyond practicing kung fu. However, some instructors still follow traditional guidelines and make stance training the majority of their beginner training. Hung Ga is sometimes mischaracterized as solely external—that is, reliant on brute physical force rather than the cultivation of qi—even though the student advances progressively toward an internal focus.","title":"Hung Ga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Shaolin Kung Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"reign name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_name"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"Hung Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Mun"},{"link_name":"Shaolin Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Temple"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_people"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"}],"text":"Hung Ga's earliest beginnings have been traced to the 17th century in southern China. More specifically, legend has it that a Shaolin monk, Jee Sin Sim See (”sim see” = zen teacher) was at the heart of Hung Ga's emergence. Jee Sin Sim See was alive during a time of fighting in the Qing dynasty. He practiced the arts during an era when the Shaolin Temple had become a refuge for those that opposed the ruling class (the Manchus), allowing him to practice in semi-secrecy. When the Shaolin temple was burned down, many fled to the Southern affiliated Shaolin temple in the Fukien Province of Southern China along with him. There it is believed Jee Sin Sim See trained several people, including non-Buddhist monks, also called Shaolin Layman Disciples, in the art of Shaolin Kung Fu.Of course, Jee Sin Sim See was hardly the only person of significance that had fled to the temple and opposed the Manchus. Along with this, Hung Hei-gun also took refuge there, where he trained under Jee Sin Sim See. Eventually, Hung Hei-gun became Jee Sin Sim See's number one student.That said, legend has it that Jee Sin Sim See also taught four others, whom in their entirety became the founding fathers of the five southern Shaolin styles: Hung Ga, Choy Ga, Mok Ga, Li Ga and Lau Ga. Luk Ah-choi was one of these students.[5]Because the character \"Hung\" (洪) was used in the reign name of the emperor who overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty to establish the Han Chinese Ming dynasty, opponents of the Manchu Qing dynasty made frequent use of the character in their imagery.\n(Ironically, Luk Ah-choi 陸阿采 was the son of a Manchu stationed in Guangdong.)\nHung Hei-gun is itself an assumed name intended to honor that first Ming Emperor.\nAnti-Qing rebels named the most far reaching of the secret societies they formed the \"Hung Mun\" (洪門).The Hung Mun claimed to be founded by survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple, and the martial arts its members practiced came to be called \"Hung Ga\" and \"Hung Kuen\".Its popularity in modern times is mainly associated with the Cantonese folk hero Wong Fei-hung, a Hung Ga master.","title":"Historical origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Eight Trigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagua"},{"link_name":"Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_(staff)"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_sword"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yale Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yale Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yale Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yale Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Five Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Animals"},{"link_name":"five classical Chinese elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese)"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Dang Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_Fong"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yale Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Leung Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leung_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wong_Fei-hng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wong Kei-Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kei-Ying"},{"link_name":"Ten Tigers of Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tigers_of_Canton"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei Hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei_Hung"},{"link_name":"isometric exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_exercise"},{"link_name":"dynamic tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_tension"},{"link_name":"iron rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_rings"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Eight Trigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguazhang"},{"link_name":"Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_(staff)"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Guandao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guandao"},{"link_name":"broadsword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao_(Chinese_sword)"}],"text":"The Hung Ga curriculum that Wong Fei-hung learned from his father consisted of \nSingle Hard Fist, Double Hard Fist, Taming the Tiger Fist (伏虎拳), Black Tiger Fist (黑虎拳), Angry Tiger Fist (狂虎拳), and Arhat Fist (羅漢拳),\nFifth Brother Eight Trigram Pole (五郎八卦棍), Mother & Son Butterfly Swords (子母雙刀), and the\nFlying Hook (飛鉤).Wong distilled his father's empty-hand material along with the material he learned from other masters into the \"pillars\" of Hung Ga, four empty-hand routines that constitute the core of Hung Ga instruction in the Wong Fei-hung lineage: Taming the Tiger Fist, Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist, Five Animal Fist, and Iron Wire Fist. Each of those routines is described in the sections below.\"工\" Taming the Tiger Fist 工字伏虎拳pinyin: gōng zì fú hǔ quán; Yale Cantonese: gung ji fuk fu kuen.The long routine Taming the Tiger trains the student in the basic techniques of Hung Ga while building endurance. It is said to go at least as far back as Jee Sin Sim See, who is said to have taught Taming the Tiger—or at least an early version of it—to both Hung Hei-gun and Luk Ah-choi.The \"工\" Character in Taming the Tiger Fist is so called because its footwork traces a path resembling the character \"工\".Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist 虎鶴雙形拳pinyin: hǔ hè shuāng xíng quán; Yale Cantonese: fu hok seung ying kuen.Tiger Crane builds on Taming the Tiger, adding \"vocabulary\" to the Hung Ga practitioner's repertoire. Wong Fei-hung choreographed the version of Tiger Crane handed down in the lineages that descend from him. He is said to have added to Tiger Crane the bridge hand techniques and rooting of the master Tit Kiu Saam as well as long arm techniques, attributed variously to the Fat Ga, Lo Hon, and Lama styles. Tiger Crane Paired Form routines from outside Wong Fei-hung Hung Ga still exist.Five Animal Fist 五形拳 / Five Animal Five Element Fist 五形五行拳pinyin: wǔ xíng quán; Yale Cantonese: ng ying keun / pinyin: wǔ xíng wǔ háng quán; Yale Cantonese: ng ying ng haang keun; Ng Ying Kungfu, Five Animal Kung Fu (Chinese: 五形功夫)This routine serve as a bridge between the external force of Tiger Crane and the internal focus of Iron Wire. \"Five Animals\" (literally \"Five Forms\") refers to the characteristic Five Animals of the Southern Chinese martial arts: Dragon, Snake, Tiger, Leopard, and Crane. \"Five Elements\" refers to the five classical Chinese elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Metal, and Wood.\nThe Hung Ga Five Animal Fist was choreographed by Wong Fei-hung and expanded by Lam Sai-wing (林世榮), a senior student and teaching assistant of Wong Fei-hung, into the Five Animal Five Element Fist (also called the \"Ten Form Fist\"). In the Lam Sai-wing branch of Hung Ga, the Five Animal Five Element Fist has largely, but not entirely, superseded the Five Animal Fist, which has become associated with Dang Fong and others who were not around when the Five Animal Five Element Fist was modified.Iron Wire Fist 鐵線拳pinyin: tiě xiàn quán; Yale Cantonese: Tit Sin Keun.Iron Wire builds internal power and is attributed to the martial arts master Leung Kwan (梁坤; Liáng Kūn; 1815–1887), better known as Tit Kiuh-saam (鐵橋三; tiěqiáosān). Like Wong Fei-hng's father Wong Kei-Ying, Tit Sin-saam was one of the Ten Tigers of Canton. As a teenager, Wong Fei Hung learned Iron Wire from Lam Fuk-sing (林福成; Línfúchéng)\na student of Tit Sin-saam. The routine has been enhanced and thus lengthened by his students. The Iron Wire form is essentially a combination of Hei Gung (气功; qigong) or meditative breathing with isometric exercise, particularly dynamic tension, although weights were also used in traditional practice in the form of iron rings worn on the wrists. If properly practiced, it can increase strength considerably and promote a stable root. However, as with both most forms of qigong and most forms of isometric exercise, it must be practiced regularly or the benefits are quickly lost.Wong Fei-hung weapon of choice was primarily the Fifth Brother Eight Trigram Pole (五郎八卦棍), which is a very popular routine in southern styles as its origins is linked to a famous patriot hero. The Mother & Son Butterfly Swords (子母雙刀) is also a primary weapon found in all Southern styles. Other weapons credited to having been taught in Wong Fei-hung curriculum were the Spring & Autumn Guandao (春秋大刀), and the Yu Family Tiger Fork (瑤家大扒) broadsword (刀), the spear (槍), the fan (扇). Experiences of generations of practitioners has seen the curriculum grow extensively in all areas.","title":"The Hung Ga curriculum of Wong Fei-hung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"old Hung Kuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=/wiki/Hasayfu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"Tiger style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Kung_Fu"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"Ha Sei Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasayfu"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Ng Mui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Mui"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Shaolin Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Fong Sai-yuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong_Sai-yuk"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_(dialect)"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Fujian White Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_White_Crane"},{"link_name":"Five Ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ancestors"},{"link_name":"San Chian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Chian"},{"link_name":"Hung Hei-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hei-gun"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"}],"text":"The curricula of different branches of Hung Ga differ tremendously with regard to routines and the selection of weapons, even within the Wong Fei-hung lineage.\nJust as those branches that do not descend from Lam Sai-wing do not practice theFive Animal Five Element Fist. Those branches that do not descend from Wong Fei-hung, are sometimes called \"old Hung Kuen\" or \"village\" Hung Kuen, do not practice the routines he choreographed, nor do the branches that do not descend from Tit Kiu Saam practice Iron Wire.\nConversely, the curricula of some branches have grown through the addition of further routines by creation or acquisition.Nevertheless, the various branches of the Wong Fei-hung lineage still share the Hung Ga foundation he systematized. Lacking such a common point of reference, the \"village\" styles of Hung Kuen show even greater variation.The curriculum which Jee Sin Sim See taught Hung Hei-gun is said to have comprised Tiger style, Luohan style, and Taming the Tiger routine.\nExchanging material with other martial artists allowed Hung to develop or acquire \nTiger Crane Paired Form routine, a combination animal routine, Southern Flower Fist, and several weapons.According to Hung Ga tradition, the martial arts that Jee Sin Sim See originally taught Hung Hei-gun were short range and the more active footwork, wider stances, and long range techniques commonly associated with Hung Ga were added later. It is said to have featured \"a two-foot horse,\" that is, narrow stances, and routines whose footwork typically took up no more than four tiles' worth of space.Hasayfu Hung Ga 下四虎洪家\nThe Ha Sei Fu (下四虎) is said to fit this description, though the implied link to the legendary Jee Sin Sim See is more speculative than most because of its poorly documented genealogy.\nThe Hasayfu Hung Kuen of Leung Wah-chew is a Five Animal style with a separate routine for each animal. Other Branches of Hasayfu Hung Kuen also contain combined animal sets, like Tiger & Crane, Dragon & Leopard, etc.Five-Pattern Hung Kuen 五形洪拳\nSimilar to Ha Sei Fu Hung Ga, the Ng Ying Hung Kuen (五形洪拳) fits the description of Jee Sin Sim See's martial arts, but traces its ancestry to Ng Mui and Miu Hin (苗顯) who, like Jee Sin Sim See, were both survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Monastery.\nFrom Miu Hin, the Five-Pattern Hung Kuen passed to his daughter Miu Tsui-fa (苗翠花), and from his daughter to his grandson Fong Sai-yuk (方世玉), both Chinese folk heroes like Jee Sin Sim See, Ng Mui, and their forebear Miu Hin.\nYuen Yik-kai's books introduced this branch to the Western/European venue. while conventionally translated as \"Five-Pattern Hung Fist\" rather than \"Five Animal Hung Fist\", it is a Five-Animal style, one with a single routine for all Five Animals but also has other sets as well.Tiger Crane Paired Form 虎鶴雙形\nThe Tiger-Crane Combination style has been found in almost every Hung style. While not as long as the Wong Fei-hung version, it is typically seen as containing 108 movements/techniques.Ang Lian-huat attributes the art to Hung Hei-gun's combination of the Tiger style he learned from Jee Sin Sim See with the Crane style he learned from his wife, whose name is given in Hokkien as Tee Eng-choon. Like other martial arts that trace their origins to Fujian (e.g. Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors), this style uses San Chian as its foundation.Wong Kiew-kit trace their version of the Tiger Crane routine, not to Hung Hei-gun or Luk Ah-choi, but to their senior classmate Harng Yein.Northern Hung Kuen 洪拳\nThere are northern styles that use the name \"Hung Kuen\" (洪拳; pinyin: hóng quán), though these predate the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Other northern styles use the character for \"Red Fist\" (紅拳).","title":"Branches of Hung Kuen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Hung Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Mun"},{"link_name":"Heaven and Earth Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_and_Earth_Society"},{"link_name":"Zhangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangzhou"},{"link_name":"Huizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huizhou"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Five Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Animal"},{"link_name":"Overseas Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"}],"text":"The dissemination of Hung Kuen in Southern China, and its Guangdong and Fujian Provinces in particular, is due to the concentration of anti-Qing activity there.\nThe Hung Mun began life in the 1760s as the Heaven and Earth Society, whose founders came from the prefecture of Zhangzhou in Fujian Province, on its border with Guangdong, where one of its founders organized a precursor to the Heaven and Earth Society in Huizhou.\nGuangdong and Fujian remained a stronghold of sympathizers and recruits for the Hung Mun, even as it spread elsewhere in the decades that followed.\nThough the members of the Hung Clan almost certainly practiced a variety of martial arts styles, the composition of its membership meant that it was the characteristics of Fujianese and Cantonese martial arts that came to be associated with the names \"Hung Kuen\" and \"Hung Ga\".\nRegardless of their differences, the Hung Kuen lineages of Wong Fei-hung, Yuen Yik-kai, Leung Wah-chew, and Jeung Kei-ji (張克治) nonetheless all trace their origins to this area and this time period, are all Five Animal styles, and all claim Shaolin origins.\nNorthern Hung Kuen (洪拳), by contrast, is not a Five Animal style and dates to the 16th century.\nCantonese and Fujianese are also predominant among Overseas Chinese, accounting for the widespread dissemination of Hung Kuen outside of China.","title":"The dissemination of Hung Kuen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"link_name":"Chan Hon-chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Hon-chung"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Lau Jaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lau_Jaam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Lau Kar-leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau_Kar-leung"},{"link_name":"Lau Kar-yung / Lau Ga-yung (劉家勇)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lau_ga-yung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lau Cham (劉湛) (Lau Jaam)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lau_Cham_(%E5%8A%89%E6%B9%9B)_(Lau_Jaam)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lam Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Cho"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Lam Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Cho"},{"link_name":"Chiu Kau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiu_Kau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"link_name":"Chiu Chi-ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiu_Chi-ling"},{"link_name":"Dang Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_Fong"}],"text":"Lam Sai-wings Lineage mainly descends from Wong Fei-hung.- Chan Hon-chung (陳漢宗), who was very famous in Hong Kong and represented what was best in his generation of masters. He held incredible knowledge and had the full Hung Kuen system passed down from Lam Sai-wing. In 1938, he established the Chan Hon Chung Gymnasium to teach Hung Gar (Hung Family) kung fu. At the same time he had a chiropractic clinic. In 1970, he formed The Hong Kong Chinese Martial Arts Association with the intention of coordinating and promoting Chinese martial arts in Hong Kong, and held the position of chairman for many years.- Lau Jaam Hung Kuen (劉湛家傳) family lineage (Learn From Lam Sai-wing). One of the more famous teachers of Hung Kuen today was the Shaw Brothers movie director/actor, Lau Kar-leung (劉家良), who has many students in Hong Kong. One of Lau Kar-leung's notable disciples is Mark Ho (Ho Mai, 何麥), also known as Mark Houghton, an Englishman who has lived in Hong Kong for 20 years. Mark Ho, with the blessing of Lau Kar-Leung, has opened a unique Hung Kuen school in Fanling. The school itself looks like a scene from a Shaw Brothers movie; it has many training chambers, wooden dummies, and hanging logs. There are now Lau Family Hung Kuen schools in China and England. Lau Kar-yung / Lau Ga-yung (劉家勇) He is the grandson of Lau Cham (劉湛) (Lau Jaam). Kar-yung is the son of Lau Cham's (劉湛) second daughter Lau Shiu-yee and His uncle is Lau Kar-leung (劉家良) and also he is Lau Kar-wing's nephew. Kar-yung was followed by Lau Shiu-yee (Mother) to learn Lau's Family Hung Ga kung fu and, Chinese herbal medicine at Lau Cham's martial arts school in Hong Kong. Then he became a member of the Lau Kar Ban (Liu Jiaban) / Lau's brothers and made some of the best Kung Fu movies ever seen. After 50 years of training and profession, he is currently the Grandmaster of Lau's family Hung Kuen Branch and he continues spreading his family lineage across the globe. Also, become President of Hung Gar Association Lau Kar Yung Hung Kuen Kung Fu Association. Additional Lau family disciples were added for the 6th generation apprentice, representing Germany: Master Jau-chi Hang, Mexico: Master James Valentino Santi, and United States Lau Martial Club Hung Kuen Lion Dance Association: Master Chun Sun Ho(Chris Ho){son of Kar Yung}, Master Jaelynn Mae Ho {Daughter of Chun Sun} and Master Ken Chow (周學禮).- Lam Cho (林祖) (Lam Sai-wing's adopted nephew) was an icon in the Hong Kong martial arts scene. He succeeded in successful innovations and creative additions of various Hand and Weapon Routines. Lam Cho has taught many well known masters that now have students around the world. - Y.C. Wong (黃耀楨) (San Francisco), Bucksam Kong (江北山) (Los Angeles and Hawaii), Kwong Tit-fu (鄺鐵夫) and Tang Kwok-wah (鄧國華) (Boston) . Lam Cho's children, Anthony Lam Chun-fai (林鎮輝), (林鎮忠) and Lam Chun-sing (林鎮成), now carry on his Hung Ga teaching in Hong Kong. Anthony Lam Chun-fai, his eldest son, has also done much to spread Hung Kuen in Europe, while Simon Lam Chun-chung, his third son, continues to teach his father's students and new students at Lam Cho's renowned studio in Mong Kok, Hong Kong.(Among Tang Kwok-wah's students currently teaching in the area are Winchell Ping Chiu-woo (胡炳超) (Chiu Mo Kwoon, Boston), Yon Lee (李健遠) (who is also the master instructor for the Harvard Tai Chi Tiger Crane kung fu Club at Harvard University since 1985), and Sik Y. Hum. Calvin Chin of Newton Highlands, Massachusetts, carries on Kwong's legacy.)- Chiu Kau (趙教) began learning Hung Kuen in Singapore then became a student of Lam Sai-wing. He later married Wong Siu-ying (黃邵英), who began learning Hung Ga from her husband. The couple eventually settled down in Hong Kong, where they continued their Hung Ga training at the Lam Sai-wing National Art Association Second Branch. Their sons Chiu Chi-ling (趙志淩) of Alameda, California, and Chiu Wai (趙威) of Calgary, Alberta, Canada are the inheritors of this lineage. Kwong-wing Lam (Lam Kwong-wing, 林光榮) of Sunnyvale, California, studied with Chiu Kau, Chiu Wai, and Lam Jo, and learned the Ha Sei Fu style of Hung Ga from Leung Wah-chew. In Hong Kong, the original Chiu Wai Hung Kuen school continues under the teaching of Chiu Wah (趙華), and in 1996 another branch, Hung Kuen Academy Hong Kong, (洪拳學社) was established in Hong Kong by Gam Bok-yin (金博賢), as its Founder, Chairman and Chief Instructor. Some years later Hung Kuen Academy Hong Kong appointed Chi Fai Leung (梁志輝) as Vice-Chairman and Senior Instructor, and Lam Siu Fung (林少峰) as Instructor. As of 2021, Chi Fai Leung (梁志輝) has founded a new branch in London, known as the Hung Kuen Academy UK, where he continues to teach traditional Hung Gar and lion dance, both of which are significant elements of the Chiu Wai lineage.Dang Fong (鄧芳) lineage students consists of such notables as: Ho Lap Tien - Represented in the U.S. by Philadelphia's Master Cheurng Shu Pui.(張樹培), Yuen Ling - Represented in the U.S. by Master Frank Yee (余志偉; Yee Chi-wai), Lau Kai Ton - Represented in the U.S. by New Mexico's Master Frank Rivera., Luk Gan Wing - Represented in Ontario, Canada by his son., Cheung Tai Hing - Represented in the U.S. by New York's Master Wan Chi Ming., Jao/Chow Wing Duk - Represented in Spain by Master Lam Chuen Ping, Wong Jo, Kwan Kei Tin & Won Lei","title":"Wong Fei-Hung lineages"}]
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[{"title":"The five major family styles of southern Chinese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Elders#The_Five_Family_Elders"},{"title":"Jee Sin Sim See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jee_Sin_Sim_See"},{"title":"Wong Kei-ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kei-ying"},{"title":"Wong Fei-hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung"},{"title":"Lam Sai-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Sai-wing"},{"title":"Tang Fung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Fung"},{"title":"Fu Jow Pai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jow_Pai#Influences"},{"title":"Cantonese culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_culture"},{"title":"Hak Fu Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_Fu_Mun"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ashley Martin (2013). The Complete Martial Arts Training Manual: An Integrated Approach. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0555-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0555-3","url_text":"978-1-4629-0555-3"}]},{"reference":"Vinh-Hoi Ngo (1996). Martial Arts Masters: The Greatest Teachers, Fighters, and Performers. Lowell House Juvenile. ISBN 1-5656-5559-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/martialartsmaste00ngov","url_text":"Martial Arts Masters: The Greatest Teachers, Fighters, and Performers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5656-5559-1","url_text":"1-5656-5559-1"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Brian; Guo, Elizabeth (2005). Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. 152–153. ISBN 1-55643-557-6. [quote] Fujian province was reputed to be home to one of the Shaolin temples that figure so prominently in martial arts folklore. As a result, Fujian province and the adjacent province of Guangdong were the birthplace and home of many southern Shaolin systems, at least according to the oral folklore. A military historian might be of the opinion that the reason those two southern provinces had so many different systems of martial arts had more to do with the fact that, during the Qing Dynasty, rebel armies were constantly being formed and disbanded in those provinces, resulting in a wide variety of people who had some training and interest in martial arts.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55643-557-6","url_text":"1-55643-557-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies\". Wingchunkuen.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved August 14, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316221458/http://www.wingchunkuen.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10","url_text":"\"Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies\""},{"url":"http://www.wingchunkuen.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wing Lam (2003). Southern Shaolin Kung Fu Ling Nam Hung Gar. Copyright 2003 Wing Lam Enterprises. p. 241. ISBN 1-58657-361-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58657-361-6","url_text":"1-58657-361-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Iron Thread. Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kung Fu Classics Series\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kungfulibrary.com/qi-gong-tiet-sin.htm","url_text":"\"Iron Thread. Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kung Fu Classics Series\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_Ga&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_Ga&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/martialartsmaste00ngov","external_links_name":"Martial Arts Masters: The Greatest Teachers, Fighters, and Performers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060316221458/http://www.wingchunkuen.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10","external_links_name":"\"Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies\""},{"Link":"http://www.wingchunkuen.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kungfulibrary.com/qi-gong-tiet-sin.htm","external_links_name":"\"Iron Thread. Southern Shaolin Hung Gar Kung Fu Classics Series\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_VII
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Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania
|
["1 Life","2 Ancestors","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
|
Wartislaw VII, Duke of PomeraniaWartislaw VII and his wife Maria von Mecklenburg on the picture family tree of the griffins by Cornelius Krommeny (1598)Bornc. 1363–1365Diedc. 1394–1395Noble familyHouse of GriffinSpouse(s)Maria of Mecklenburg-SchwerinIssueEric of PomeraniaCatherine of PomeraniaFatherBogislaw V, Duke of PomeraniaMotherAdelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
Wartislaw VII (Polish: Warcisław VII) (1363/1365 – 1394/1395) was one of the Dukes of Pomerania. His full name was Henry Wartislaw.
Life
He was the son of Bogislaw V, brother of Casimir IV and Bogislaw VIII. He married Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (daughter of Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg) and was the father of Eric of Pomerania and Catherine of Pomerania.
In 1377, he became Duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp; at times he was its coruler with his brother, Bogislaw VIII. He maneuvered between two local powers, the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1386 he allied himself with the Knights; but in 1390, by the Treaty of Pyzdry, he allied himself with Poland, and pledged vassalage to the king of Poland, Władysław Jagiełło. In return, he received the territory of Nakło from the Polish king.
In 1392–1393, he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. According to some sources, the pilgrimage started already in 1391, yet he is also reported to have stayed in Vordingborg in July 1392. On 1 August 1392, Wartislaw, his brother Bogislaw VIII and some clergy of the Bishopric of Cammin met with Johann, the bishop of Lebus, and Johann of Görlitz, a prince of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, in Brandenburgian Landsberg an der Warthe (now Gorzów). Bogislaw returned to Pomerania, and Wartislaw travelled southwards to meet with Wartislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania. Both Wartislaws then travelled through Hungary. In Smederevo, a town southeast of Belgrad (then part of Hungary, now part of Serbia) Wartislaw VII fell ill, and in 1393 returned to Pomerania while Wartislaw VIII continued the pilgrimage alone.
During Wartislaw VII's absence, the Pomeranian noble Matzke von Borcke auf Stramehl had led a holdup in Pomerania-Stolp, where Bohemian komtur Johann von Mühlheim was robbed on his way to the Teutonic Order state in late 1392. Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, protested at Wartislaw VII's and Bogislaw VIII's court and demanded satisfaction. Wartislaw and Bogislaw then granted him permission to destroy Matzke's residence Stramehl, which eventually was razed.
Wartislaw died between November 1394 and 23 February 1395.
Ancestors
Ancestors of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania 16. Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania 8. Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania 17. Margaret of Adenoys 4. Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania 18. Wizlaw II, Prince of Rügen 9. Margaret of Rugia 19. Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2. Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania 20. Günther I, Count of Lindow 10. Ulrich I, Count of Lindow-Ruppin 21. Euphemia of Rugia 5. Elisabeth of Lindow-Ruppin 22. Meinhard, Count of Schladen 11. Adelaide of Schaden 23. Adelaide of Werberg 1. Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania 24. Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 12. Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 25. Adelaide of Montferrat 6. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 26. Albert II, Margrave of Meissen 13. Agnes of Meissen 27. Margaret of Sicily 3. Adelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 28. Otto V, Count of Everstein-Polle 14. Herman III, Count of Everstein-Polle 29. Luitgard of Schladen 7. Adelheid of Everstein-Polle 30. Simon I, Lord of Lippe 15. Adelaide of Lippe 31. Adelaide of Waldeck
See also
List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes
Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages
Notes
^ Smederevo, also Semengrin or Senderow, in primary sources also spelled Zeuderin, Zenderin, Zuderin, Zanderini, Senendria, Senderin. Zdrenka (1995), p.12.
References
^ a b c Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). "Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 10–11.
^ The King Who Became a Pirate, Story by Anja Klemp Vilgaard · Illustrations by Darya Malikova · Edited by Shawna Kenney · April 20, 2020, narratively.com.
^ Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). "Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 10.
^ Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). "Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 11–13.
^ Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. p. 30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.
Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. pp. 29–30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.
Juliusz Bardach, Historia państwa i prawa Polski, Volume 1, Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1964, p. 589
Władysław Czapliński, Tadeusz Ładogórski, Atlas historyczny polski, Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych, 1970, p. 12
William Urban, Terry Jones, Medieval mercenaries: the business of war, MBI Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 1-85367-697-7, Google Print, p.206
Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania House of GriffinsBorn: c. 1363-1365 Died: c. 1394-1395
Preceded byCasimir IV
Duke of Pomerania-Stolp 1377–1395
Succeeded byBogislaw VIII
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zdrenka1011-1"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-article_4-2020-2"}],"text":"Wartislaw VII (Polish: Warcisław VII) (1363/1365 – 1394/1395)[1] was one of the Dukes of Pomerania. His full name was Henry Wartislaw.[2]","title":"Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogislaw V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_V,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Casimir IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_IV,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_VIII,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Eric of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Pyzdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry"},{"link_name":"vassalage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassalage"},{"link_name":"Władysław Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Nakło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nak%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zdrenka1011-1"},{"link_name":"Vordingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vordingborg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zdrenka10-3"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Cammin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin"},{"link_name":"bishop of Lebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Lebus"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Landsberg an der Warthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsberg_an_der_Warthe"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_VIII,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smederevo"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smederevo-4"},{"link_name":"Belgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrad"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zdrenka1113-5"},{"link_name":"komtur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komtur"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order_state"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Stramehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramehl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branig30-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zdrenka1011-1"}],"text":"He was the son of Bogislaw V, brother of Casimir IV and Bogislaw VIII. He married Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (daughter of Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg) and was the father of Eric of Pomerania and Catherine of Pomerania.In 1377, he became Duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp; at times he was its coruler with his brother, Bogislaw VIII. He maneuvered between two local powers, the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. In 1386 he allied himself with the Knights; but in 1390, by the Treaty of Pyzdry, he allied himself with Poland, and pledged vassalage to the king of Poland, Władysław Jagiełło. In return, he received the territory of Nakło from the Polish king.In 1392–1393, he went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[1] According to some sources, the pilgrimage started already in 1391, yet he is also reported to have stayed in Vordingborg in July 1392.[3] On 1 August 1392, Wartislaw, his brother Bogislaw VIII and some clergy of the Bishopric of Cammin met with Johann, the bishop of Lebus, and Johann of Görlitz, a prince of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, in Brandenburgian Landsberg an der Warthe (now Gorzów). Bogislaw returned to Pomerania, and Wartislaw travelled southwards to meet with Wartislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania. Both Wartislaws then travelled through Hungary. In Smederevo,[nb 1] a town southeast of Belgrad (then part of Hungary, now part of Serbia) Wartislaw VII fell ill, and in 1393 returned to Pomerania while Wartislaw VIII continued the pilgrimage alone.[4]During Wartislaw VII's absence, the Pomeranian noble Matzke von Borcke auf Stramehl had led a holdup in Pomerania-Stolp, where Bohemian komtur Johann von Mühlheim was robbed on his way to the Teutonic Order state in late 1392. Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, protested at Wartislaw VII's and Bogislaw VIII's court and demanded satisfaction. Wartislaw and Bogislaw then granted him permission to destroy Matzke's residence Stramehl, which eventually was razed.[5]Wartislaw died between November 1394 and 23 February 1395.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnim_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_IV,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_IV,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wizlaw II, Prince of Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizlaw_II,_Prince_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_V,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen"},{"link_name":"Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen"},{"link_name":"Albert II, Margrave of Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Margrave_of_Meissen"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Meissen"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Simon I, Lord of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I,_Lord_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Adelaide of Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Waldeck"}],"text":"Ancestors of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania 16. Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania 8. Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania 17. Margaret of Adenoys 4. Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania 18. Wizlaw II, Prince of Rügen 9. Margaret of Rugia 19. Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2. Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania 20. Günther I, Count of Lindow 10. Ulrich I, Count of Lindow-Ruppin 21. Euphemia of Rugia 5. Elisabeth of Lindow-Ruppin 22. Meinhard, Count of Schladen 11. Adelaide of Schaden 23. Adelaide of Werberg 1. Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania 24. Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 12. Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 25. Adelaide of Montferrat 6. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 26. Albert II, Margrave of Meissen 13. Agnes of Meissen 27. Margaret of Sicily 3. Adelheid of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 28. Otto V, Count of Everstein-Polle 14. Herman III, Count of Everstein-Polle 29. Luitgard of Schladen 7. Adelheid of Everstein-Polle 30. Simon I, Lord of Lippe 15. Adelaide of Lippe 31. Adelaide of Waldeck","title":"Ancestors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Smederevo_4-0"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smederevo"}],"text":"^ Smederevo, also Semengrin or Senderow, in primary sources also spelled Zeuderin, Zenderin, Zuderin, Zanderini, Senendria, Senderin. Zdrenka (1995), p.12.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"title":"Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages"}]
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[{"reference":"Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). \"Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407\". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 10–11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). \"Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407\". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zdrenka, Joachim (1995). \"Die Pilgerfahrten der pommerschen Herzöge ins Heilige Land in den Jahren 1392/1393 und 1406/1407\". Baltische Studien. 81 (127). Marburg: Elwert: 11–13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. p. 30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-07189-7","url_text":"3-412-07189-7"}]},{"reference":"Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. pp. 29–30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-07189-7","url_text":"3-412-07189-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://narratively.com/the-king-who-became-a-pirate/","external_links_name":"The King Who Became a Pirate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt-GEGz1r0MC&dq=Stolp+fief&pg=PA206","external_links_name":"Google Print, p.206"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27962733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122800591","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122800591.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoKi_Naiset
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RoKi Naiset
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["1 History","2 Season-by-season results","3 Players and personnel","3.1 2023–24 roster","3.2 Team captains","3.3 Head coaches","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"]
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Naisten Liiga ice hockey team in Rovaniemi, Finland
Rovaniemen Kiekko NaisetCityRovaniemi, FinlandLeagueNaisten LiigaFounded2012 (2012)Home arenaLappi AreenaColoursBlue, yellow, white Owner(s)Rovaniemen Kiekko ryGeneral managerJuuso ToivolaHead coachOona ParviainenWebsiteOfficial website Current season
Rovaniemen Kiekko Naiset ('Rovaniemi's Puck Women'), abbreviated RoKi Naiset, are an ice hockey team in the Naisten Liiga. They play at Lappi Areena in Rovaniemi, the capital city of Finnish Lapland.
History
The team was founded as the women's representative team of the ice hockey club Rovaniemen Kiekko (RoKi) in 2012. RoKi Naiset quickly established themselves as perennially successful competitors in the Naisten Mestis, the second-tier women's ice hockey league in Finland. In December 2019, RoKi earned promotion to the Lower Division (Finnish: Alempi jatkosarja) of the Naisten Liiga, Finland's premier women's ice hockey league.
RoKi first played a full regular season in the Naisten Liiga during the 2020–21 season. They successfully defended their place in the Naisten Liiga during the post-season qualification series in 2021, 2022, and 2023.
Season-by-season results
This is a partial list of seasons completed by RoKi Naiset.Note: Finish = Rank at end of series; GP = Games played, W = Wins (3 points), OTW = Overtime wins (2 points), OTL = Overtime losses (1 point), L = Losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points, Top scorer: Points (Goals+Assists)
Season
League
Regular season
Post season results
Finish
GP
W
OTW
OTL
L
GF
GA
Pts
Top scorer
2018–19
Naisten Mestis Q
1stLohko 2
16
14
0
0
2
123
25
42
S. Kontiosalo 47 (23+24)
Naisten Mestis
2nd
10
7
0
0
3
34
17
21
I. Lukkarila 13 (5+8)
Did not earn promotion to Naisten Liiga
2019–20
Naisten Mestis Q
1stLohko 3
12
10
2
0
0
118
28
34
E. Jaako 61 (31+30)
Naisten Mestis XQ
2nd
3
2
0
0
1
10
8
6
E. Pekkala 4 (4+0)
Naisten Liiga
10th
10
3
1
2
4
35
36
13
J. Pirttijärvi 16 (9+7)
Promotion/relegation series cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
2020–21
Naisten Liiga
9th
29
13
1
1
14
65
103
42
J. Pirttijärvi 28 (14+14)
Saved in relegation
2021–22
Naisten Liiga
9th
30
10
1
3
16
89
124
51
J. Hietala 41 (29+12)
Saved in relegation
2022–23
Naisten Liiga
10th
36
2
0
4
30
44
193
10
A. Kalová 18 (8+10)
Saved in relegation
2023–24
Naisten Liiga
9th
32
2
1
1
28
55
209
9
A. Kalová 27 (15+12)
Relegation series cancelled
Players and personnel
2023–24 roster
As of 16 February 2024
No.
Nat
Player
Pos
S/G
Age
Acquired
Birthplace
15
Magdaléna Felcmanová
F
L
17
2021
Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové Region, Czechia
5
Maria Heinonen
D
L
32
2020
Pyhäjärvi, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
19
Viivi Hihnala
F
L
17
2022
Kalajoki, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
49
Janina Jatkola
F
L
31
2022
Kittilä, Lapland, Finland
13
Anna Kalová (A)
F
L
21
2022
31
Iina Kankaanpää
G
L
17
2023
Oulainen, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
29
Moona Keskisarja
F
L
19
2023
Nivala, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
26
Oona Koski
D
–
18
2021
Oulu, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
10
Monica Koukkula
F
–
23
2022
Ranua, Lapland, Finland
9
Emma Lappalainen (A)
F
L
19
2021
Ivalo, Inari, Lapland, Finland
18
Iida Lappalainen (A)
F
L
19
2021
Ivalo, Inari, Lapland, Finland
24
Jemina Lepola
F
L
17
2022
Haapajärvi, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
98
Alexandra Mateičková
D
L
17
2023
Ružinov, Bratislava, Bratislava Region, Slovakia
14
Rianna Mustonen
F
–
17
2023
Kemijärvi, Lapland, Finland
25
Maisa Nikka
D
–
20
2022
Salla, Lapland, Finland
21
Eveliina Ollila (C)
F
L
35
2013
Sodankylä, Lapland, Finland
16
Matilda Penttilä
D
L
22
2023
Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
28
Aada Pietilä
D
L
17
2022
Rovaniemi, Lapland, Finland
68
Iina Pohjamo
F
L
19
2023
Ruokolahti, South Karelia, Finland
1
Annika Saastamoinen
G
L
17
2023
Kokkola, Central Ostrobothnia, Finland
3
Emma Salpakari
D
R
24
2022
Suonenjoki, North Savo, Finland
11
Sina-Safira Säily
F
L
19
2023
Ylivieska, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
7
Iida Tokola
F
–
16
2023
Raahe, North Ostrobothnia, Finland
35
Alexandra Väyrynen
G
L
25
2023
Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa
Coaching staff and team personnel
Head coach: Teemu Koivula
Assistant coach: Ville-Veikko Kykyri
Assistant coach: Alexi Salonen
Assistant coach: Kalle Tuovila
Goaltending coach: Niko Mäki
Equipment managers: Antti Karjalainen, Jasmin Karjalainen & Juha Haarakangas
Team captains
Arja Oja, 2014–2016
Janina Jatkola, 2016–2019
Ella Lahtela, 2019–20
Jenna Pirttijärvi, 2020–21
Emmi Mourujärvi, 2021–22
Eveliina Ollila, 2022–
Head coaches
Sofia Pohjanen, 2016–2018
Tuomas Liitola, 2018–2023
Teemu Koivula, 2023–24
Oona Parviainen, 2024–
Notable alumni
Years active with RoKi listed alongside player name.
Sini Karjalainen, 2013–2015
Aino Karppinen, 2013–2018 & 2020–2022
Ines Lukkarila, 2015–2019
Oona Parviainen, 2012–2015 & 2018–2021
Jenna Pirttijärvi, 2018–2021
Inna Sirviö, 2014–2019
International players
Liv Fjordbak Hansen, 2020–2022
Olivia Last, 2019–2023
Paula Mandelíková, 2021
Lucie Velinská, 2021–2023
Julia Zielińska (L), 2019–20
References
^ Torikka, Raimo (18 August 2020). "Historiallinen syksy Rovaniemen lätkäfaneille: kausi alkaa liigajääkiekolla ensimmäistä kertaa ikinä" (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ "ROKI Naiset – Joukkue". Rovaniemen Kiekko (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
^ "RoKi, 2023-2024 Roster – Naisten Liiga (W)". Elite Prospects. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ "2023-2024, Naisten Liiga – Kookoonpano RoKi". Finnish Ice Hockey Association (in Finnish). September 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ a b RoKi Naiset (7 September 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Viivi Hihnala jatkaa RoKin paidassa, kun taas Iida Tokola pukee ensimmäistä kertaa RoKipaidan tällä kaudella!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ a b RoKi Naiset (8 September 2023). "Livessä 30 katsojaa paikalla, joten SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Nuoret maalivahdit Annika Saastamoinen ja Iina Kankaanpää RoKi -paitaan!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (7 September 2023). "JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Oona Koski ja Emma Salpakari jatkavat RoKin puolustuksessa!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ a b RoKi Naiset (8 September 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää lappilaisia RoKiin, hyökkääjä Monica Koukkula jatkaa ja uutena joukkueeseen Kemijärveltä saapuu Rianna Mustonen" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (9 August 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Jemina Lepola jatkaa RoKissa kaudella 2023 - 2024!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (8 September 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää Lappilaista osaamista kokoonpanoon!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (1 September 2023). "LISÄÄ JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Pyörähaaste jatkuu ja pelaajasopimusjulkistukset myös! Aada Pietilä jatkaa myös ensi kaudella!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (8 September 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjät Ida-Sofia Kangas ja Iina Pohjamo nähdään myös ensi kaudella RoKissa!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ RoKi Naiset (8 September 2023). "SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjä Sina-Safira Säily palaa RoKiin!" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.
^ "RoKin naisten kapteenisto kaudella 2020-21". Rovaniemen Kiekko (in Finnish). 1 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
^ Pirkkiö, Jaarli (5 June 2023). "Teemu Koivulasta RoKin naisten liigajoukkueen päävalmentaja – seura on uudelle päävalmentajalle tuttu juniorijoukkueiden kautta". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ Pirkkiö, Jaarli (28 March 2024). "Teemu Koivula siirtyy Kärppien naisten liigajoukkueen valmentajaksi". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
^ Hyötylä, Ville (28 March 2024). "Liigakonkari Oona Parviainen ottaa RoKin naiset komentoonsa – liigajoukkueelle perustetaan myös akatemiajoukkue". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^ "Liiga (W) - All Time Regular Season Player Stats for RoKi". Elite Prospects. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
External links
Team information and statistics from EliteProspects.com or EuroHockey.com or HockeyArchives.info (in French)
vteNaisten LiigaSeasons
1982–83
1983–84
...
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Current teams
HIFK
HPK
Ilves
KalPa
Kiekko-Espoo
Kärpät
RoKi
Team Kuortane
TPS
Former teams
APV
Ässät
EVU
HJK
IHK
JYP
Ketterä
KJT Haukat
KS Noux
LoKV
Lukko
Salo HT
Shakers
Sport
Team China
Y-Ilves
Trophies and awards
Aurora Borealis Cup
Riikka Nieminen Award
Tuula Puputti Award
Päivi Halonen Award
Katja Riipi Award
Marianne Ihalainen Award
Tiia Reima Award
Sari Fisk Award
Karoliina Rantamäki Award
Noora Räty Award
Emma Laaksonen Award
Hannu Saintula Award
All-Stars
Other
Naisten Mestis
Naisten Suomi-sarja
Finland women's national ice hockey team
Finland women's national under-18 ice hockey team
Liiga
Mestis
Finland men's national ice hockey team
Finnish Ice Hockey Association • IIHF European Women's Champions Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Naisten Liiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Liiga_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Lappi Areena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappi_Areena"},{"link_name":"Rovaniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemi"},{"link_name":"Finnish Lapland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)"}],"text":"Rovaniemen Kiekko Naiset ('Rovaniemi's Puck Women'), abbreviated RoKi Naiset, are an ice hockey team in the Naisten Liiga. They play at Lappi Areena in Rovaniemi, the capital city of Finnish Lapland.","title":"RoKi Naiset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rovaniemen Kiekko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovaniemen_Kiekko"},{"link_name":"Naisten Mestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Mestis"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"2020–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Naisten_Liiga_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Naisten_Liiga_season#Qualification_series"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Naisten_Liiga_season#Qualification_series"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Naisten_Liiga_season#Qualification"}],"text":"The team was founded as the women's representative team of the ice hockey club Rovaniemen Kiekko (RoKi) in 2012. RoKi Naiset quickly established themselves as perennially successful competitors in the Naisten Mestis, the second-tier women's ice hockey league in Finland. In December 2019, RoKi earned promotion to the Lower Division (Finnish: Alempi jatkosarja) of the Naisten Liiga, Finland's premier women's ice hockey league.RoKi first played a full regular season in the Naisten Liiga during the 2020–21 season.[1] They successfully defended their place in the Naisten Liiga during the post-season qualification series in 2021, 2022, and 2023.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Games played","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"Goals for","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_for"},{"link_name":"Goals against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_statistics"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"This is a partial list of seasons completed by RoKi Naiset.Note: Finish = Rank at end of series; GP = Games played, W = Wins (3 points), OTW = Overtime wins (2 points), OTL = Overtime losses (1 point), L = Losses, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points, Top scorer: Points (Goals+Assists)","title":"Season-by-season results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Teemu Koivula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teemu_Koivula&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2023–24 roster","text":"As of 16 February 2024[2][3][4]Coaching staff and team personnelHead coach: Teemu Koivula\nAssistant coach: Ville-Veikko Kykyri\nAssistant coach: Alexi Salonen\nAssistant coach: Kalle Tuovila\nGoaltending coach: Niko Mäki\nEquipment managers: Antti Karjalainen, Jasmin Karjalainen & Juha Haarakangas","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jenna Pirttijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Pirttij%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Team captains","text":"Arja Oja, 2014–2016\nJanina Jatkola, 2016–2019\nElla Lahtela, 2019–20\nJenna Pirttijärvi,[14] 2020–21\nEmmi Mourujärvi, 2021–22\nEveliina Ollila, 2022–","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sofia Pohjanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Pohjanen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tuomas Liitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuomas_Liitola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pirkki%C3%B620230605-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pirkki%C3%B620240328-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hy%C3%B6tyl%C3%A420240328-17"}],"sub_title":"Head coaches","text":"Sofia Pohjanen, 2016–2018\nTuomas Liitola, 2018–2023\nTeemu Koivula, 2023–24[15][16]\nOona Parviainen, 2024[17]–","title":"Players and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sini Karjalainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sini_Karjalainen"},{"link_name":"Aino Karppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino_Karppinen"},{"link_name":"Ines Lukkarila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ines_Lukkarila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oona Parviainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oona_Parviainen"},{"link_name":"Jenna Pirttijärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Pirttij%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Inna Sirviö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inna_Sirvi%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Liv Fjordbak Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liv_Fjordbak_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Olivia Last","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Last&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Paula Mandelíková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Mandel%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lucie Velinská","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Velinsk%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Julia Zielińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Zieli%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"}],"text":"Years active with RoKi listed alongside player name.[18]Sini Karjalainen, 2013–2015\nAino Karppinen, 2013–2018 & 2020–2022\nInes Lukkarila, 2015–2019\nOona Parviainen, 2012–2015 & 2018–2021\nJenna Pirttijärvi, 2018–2021\nInna Sirviö, 2014–2019International playersLiv Fjordbak Hansen, 2020–2022\n Olivia Last, 2019–2023\n Paula Mandelíková, 2021\n Lucie Velinská, 2021–2023\n Julia Zielińska (L), 2019–20","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Torikka, Raimo (18 August 2020). \"Historiallinen syksy Rovaniemen lätkäfaneille: kausi alkaa liigajääkiekolla ensimmäistä kertaa ikinä\" (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11498255","url_text":"\"Historiallinen syksy Rovaniemen lätkäfaneille: kausi alkaa liigajääkiekolla ensimmäistä kertaa ikinä\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle","url_text":"Yle"}]},{"reference":"\"ROKI Naiset – Joukkue\". Rovaniemen Kiekko (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rovaniemenkiekko.fi/joukkueet/8168","url_text":"\"ROKI Naiset – Joukkue\""}]},{"reference":"\"RoKi, 2023-2024 Roster – Naisten Liiga (W)\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/20212/roki/2023-2024","url_text":"\"RoKi, 2023-2024 Roster – Naisten Liiga (W)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023-2024, Naisten Liiga – Kookoonpano RoKi\". Finnish Ice Hockey Association (in Finnish). September 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://tulospalvelu.leijonat.fi/serierosterlist/?stgid=7753&season=2024&tid=219418126&sid=1707&lang=fi&pdf=1","url_text":"\"2023-2024, Naisten Liiga – Kookoonpano RoKi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Ice_Hockey_Association","url_text":"Finnish Ice Hockey Association"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (7 September 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Viivi Hihnala jatkaa RoKin paidassa, kun taas Iida Tokola pukee ensimmäistä kertaa RoKipaidan tällä kaudella!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw5LNAJoXrZ/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Viivi Hihnala jatkaa RoKin paidassa, kun taas Iida Tokola pukee ensimmäistä kertaa RoKipaidan tällä kaudella!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (8 September 2023). \"Livessä 30 katsojaa paikalla, joten SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Nuoret maalivahdit Annika Saastamoinen ja Iina Kankaanpää RoKi -paitaan!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cwrl56Qse8G/","url_text":"\"Livessä 30 katsojaa paikalla, joten SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Nuoret maalivahdit Annika Saastamoinen ja Iina Kankaanpää RoKi -paitaan!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (7 September 2023). \"JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Oona Koski ja Emma Salpakari jatkavat RoKin puolustuksessa!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw4rBLwMEvX/","url_text":"\"JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Oona Koski ja Emma Salpakari jatkavat RoKin puolustuksessa!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (8 September 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää lappilaisia RoKiin, hyökkääjä Monica Koukkula jatkaa ja uutena joukkueeseen Kemijärveltä saapuu Rianna Mustonen\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw8RSqUMI2o/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää lappilaisia RoKiin, hyökkääjä Monica Koukkula jatkaa ja uutena joukkueeseen Kemijärveltä saapuu Rianna Mustonen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (9 August 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Jemina Lepola jatkaa RoKissa kaudella 2023 - 2024!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CvupHPfoky7/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Jemina Lepola jatkaa RoKissa kaudella 2023 - 2024!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (8 September 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää Lappilaista osaamista kokoonpanoon!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw71P_xIHX8/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Lisää Lappilaista osaamista kokoonpanoon!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (1 September 2023). \"LISÄÄ JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Pyörähaaste jatkuu ja pelaajasopimusjulkistukset myös! Aada Pietilä jatkaa myös ensi kaudella!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CwqE8N5sKfv/","url_text":"\"LISÄÄ JATKOSOPIMUKSIA! Pyörähaaste jatkuu ja pelaajasopimusjulkistukset myös! Aada Pietilä jatkaa myös ensi kaudella!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (8 September 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjät Ida-Sofia Kangas ja Iina Pohjamo nähdään myös ensi kaudella RoKissa!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw8V1MJLkTQ/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjät Ida-Sofia Kangas ja Iina Pohjamo nähdään myös ensi kaudella RoKissa!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"RoKi Naiset [@rokinaiset] (8 September 2023). \"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjä Sina-Safira Säily palaa RoKiin!\" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 September 2023 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw8WtEXrqPo/","url_text":"\"SOPIMUSUUTISIA! Hyökkääjä Sina-Safira Säily palaa RoKiin!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"\"RoKin naisten kapteenisto kaudella 2020-21\". Rovaniemen Kiekko (in Finnish). 1 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://rovaniemenkiekko.fi/uutiset/41945/rokin-naisten-kapteenisto-kaudella-2020-21","url_text":"\"RoKin naisten kapteenisto kaudella 2020-21\""}]},{"reference":"Pirkkiö, Jaarli (5 June 2023). \"Teemu Koivulasta RoKin naisten liigajoukkueen päävalmentaja – seura on uudelle päävalmentajalle tuttu juniorijoukkueiden kautta\". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapinkansa.fi/teemu-koivulasta-rokin-naisten-liigajoukkueen-paav/5603594","url_text":"\"Teemu Koivulasta RoKin naisten liigajoukkueen päävalmentaja – seura on uudelle päävalmentajalle tuttu juniorijoukkueiden kautta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapin_Kansa","url_text":"Lapin Kansa"}]},{"reference":"Pirkkiö, Jaarli (28 March 2024). \"Teemu Koivula siirtyy Kärppien naisten liigajoukkueen valmentajaksi\". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 28 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapinkansa.fi/teemu-koivula-siirtyy-karppien-naisten-liigajoukku/6279377","url_text":"\"Teemu Koivula siirtyy Kärppien naisten liigajoukkueen valmentajaksi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapin_Kansa","url_text":"Lapin Kansa"}]},{"reference":"Hyötylä, Ville (28 March 2024). \"Liigakonkari Oona Parviainen ottaa RoKin naiset komentoonsa – liigajoukkueelle perustetaan myös akatemiajoukkue\". Lapin Kansa (in Finnish). Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapinkansa.fi/liigakonkari-oona-parviainen-ottaa-rokin-naiset-ko/6279642","url_text":"\"Liigakonkari Oona Parviainen ottaa RoKin naiset komentoonsa – liigajoukkueelle perustetaan myös akatemiajoukkue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapin_Kansa","url_text":"Lapin Kansa"}]},{"reference":"\"Liiga (W) - All Time Regular Season Player Stats for RoKi\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/20212/roki/stats/all-time","url_text":"\"Liiga (W) - All Time Regular Season Player Stats for RoKi\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSK_Neugablonz
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BSK Olympia Neugablonz
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 BSK Neugablonz","1.3 BSK Olympia Neugablonz","2 Honours","2.1 League","2.2 Cup","3 Recent seasons","4 DFB-Pokal appearances","5 References","6 External links"]
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German football club
Football clubBSK Olympia NeugablonzFounded21 October 1950GroundWaldstadionLeagueBezirksliga Schwaben-Süd (VII)2015–163rd
Home colours
Away colours
The BSK Olympia Neugablonz is a German association football club from the Neugablonz suburb of the city of Kaufbeuren, Bavaria.
The suburb of Neugablonz in Kaufbeuren was formed after the Second World War, when refugees from the former German speaking territories in the Czech Republic, mainly from the region around the city of Gablonz, now Jablonec nad Nisou, settled there. While the name Neugablonz quickly became the common name for the suburb, it was not until August 1952, that it was officially recognised, almost two years after the football club BSK Neugablonz was formed by the former residents of Gablonz.
During the Second World War, the area that was to become Neugablonz was an ammunition factory operated by the Dynamit-Aktiengesellschaft. The factory was notorious for its inhuman treatment of the forced labour employed there.
History
Origins
Coat of arms of Gablonz.
The club was formed on 21 October 1950 under the name of BSK Neugablonz and took up play in the local C-Klasse the lowest possible level, in 1951. Formed by refugees from the city of Gablonz, it saw its roots in the ethnic German sport clubs of that city. The club's current crest still bears a lot of similarity with the coat of arms of modern-day Jablonec nad Nisou, specifically the apple tree. A club under the name of BSK Gablonz had last played in the Gauliga Sudetenland in 1938–39. The crest of this old BSK Gablonz is almost identical to the crest of the new club. In 1939, BSK merged with two other local sides to form NSTG Gablonz, a club controlled by the Nazis, NTSG standing for Nationalsozialistische Turngemeinde.
BSK Neugablonz
The new BSK quickly rose through the ranks of local football, rising through the B-Klasse to the A-Klasse. The clubs first great success came in 1964, when it won its first Schwaben Cup, beating TSV Gersthofen 5–2. The year after, it won the Bezirksliga Schwaben and earned promotion to the tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Süd. It also made another appearance in the Schwaben Cup final, losing to BC Augsburg.
In the Landesliga, the team finished eighth in 1965–66, followed by a sixth place the season after. It took out the Cup once more in 1966.
The 1967–68 season saw the team compete against newly promoted local rival SpVgg Kaufbeuren in the Landesliga. SpVgg won the league and earned promotion to the Bayernliga while BSK finished fourth. After a fifth place in 1969, the team had a terrible 1969–70 season, finishing second-last with an eight-point gap to a non-relegation rank, and had to return to the Bezirksliga.
BSK Olympia Neugablonz
In the Bezirksliga, now divided into a northern and a southern group, with BSK playing in the later, the club started under a new name, BSK Olympia Neugablonz, after a merger with local side TSV Olympia Kaufbeuren. It spent four seasons at this level, earning another cup win in 1973 and winning the league in 1974.
Upon return to the Landesliga, the team established itself as an upper-table side, finishing seventh and fourth in its first two seasons there. In 1976–77, rival SpVgg Kaufbeuren returned to the league from the Bayernliga and BSK Olympia managed only an eleventh place, troubled by relegation worries. The season after, the club improved by a place but finished ahead of SpVgg. The 1978–79 season became the club's best ever. Winning the Schwaben Cup for a fourth time, defeating SV Salamander Türkheim in the final, and qualifying for the first round of the German Cup by doing so, it came third in the Landesliga, only two points short of the two teams ahead of it. It played Eintracht Frankfurt in the first round of the German Cup in August 1979, losing 6–1.
The team slipped to eighth place in the following season and finished last in the league in 1981, making a permanent departure from the Landesliga. The club had to sell its stadium to the city of Kaufbeuren for financial reasons in the 1980s.
BSK Olympia declined from then on, at first playing in the Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd again, then dropping to the A-Klasse Schwaben-Süd and finally, in 1994, to the B-Klasse Ostallgäu. It moved between the B-Klasse and the A-Klasse in the following years, the later being renamed Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd in 1998, The club finished runners-up in this league in 2002, the best result in over a decade.
In 2006, the club finally won the Kreisliga and made a return to the Bezirksliga, where it finished a respectable fifth in its first year back. It however suffered another relegation in the following season, back to the Kreisliga, which had become the ninth tier of the German football league system because of the introduction of the 3. Liga.
In 2009, the club returned to the Bezirksliga on the strength of a title in the Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte (IX).
In 2009, a friendly was planned between the BSK and FK Baumit Jablonec in an attempt to improve contacts between Neugablonz and Jablonec nad Nisou.
Honours
The club's honours:
League
Bezirksliga Schwaben (V)
Champions: 1964
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd (V)
Champions: 1974
Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd (VIII)
Champions: 2006
Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte (IX)
Champions: 2009
B-Klasse Ostallgäu (IX)
Champions: 1995
Cup
Schwaben Cup
Winners: (4) 1964, 1966, 1973, 1979
Runners-up: 1965
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
Season
Division
Tier
Position
1999–2000
Kreisklasse Ostallgäu
IX
4th
2000–01
Kreisklasse Ostallgäu
2nd
2001–02
Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd
VIII
2nd
2002–03
Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd
11th
2003–04
Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd
14th ↓
2004–05
Kreisklasse Ostallgäu
IX
1st ↑
2005–06
Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd
VIII
1st ↑
2006–07
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
VII
5th
2007–08
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
14th ↓
2008–09
Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte
IX
1st ↑
2009–10
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
VIII
9th
2010–11
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
9th
2011–12
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
13th
2012–13
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
VII
12th
2013–14
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
9th
2014–15
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
7th
2015–16
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
3rd
2016–17
Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd
With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.
↑ Promoted
↓ Relegated
DFB-Pokal appearances
The club qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:
Season
Round
Date
Home
Away
Result
Attendance
DFB-Pokal 1979–80
First round
25 August 1979
Eintracht Frankfurt
BSK Olympia Neugablonz
6–1
3,000
Source:"DFB-Pokal" (in German). Weltfussball.de. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
References
^ Namensverleihung Neugablonz 8 August 1952 Archived 21 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Website on the history of Neugablonz, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ a b c d Historie – Chronik des BSK Olympia Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) BSK Neugablonz website – History, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Plannung und Auswahl des Gelandes Archived 21 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Website on the history of Neugablonz, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ 1945 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Website on the history of Neugablonz – The year 1945, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Crests of the Gablonz football clubs accessed: 10 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1965/66 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1967/68 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1969/70 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1976/77 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1978/79 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Landesliga Süd Bayern 1980/81 Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Das Waldstadion Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) BSK Neugablonz website – Stadium, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Bezirksliga Schwaben Süd 2006/07 Archived 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Bayliga.de, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Kreisliga Mitte 2008–09 BFV website, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Freundschaftliche Bande Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Kreisbote -Local newspaper, published: 5 June 2009, accessed: 9 July 2009
^ Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv (in German) Historical German domestic league tables
^ Fussball.de – Ergebnisse Archived 7 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German) Tables and results of all German football leagues
^ Spielstatistik Eintracht Frankfurt – BSK Neugablonz 6:1 (4:0) (in German) Fussballdaten.de, accessed: 30 July 2011
External links
Official team site
Website on the history of Neugablonz (in German)
Historie německé kopané v Čechách (in Czech) History of German football competitions in the Czech Republic
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables (in German)
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While the name Neugablonz quickly became the common name for the suburb, it was not until August 1952,[1] that it was officially recognised, almost two years after the football club BSK Neugablonz was formed by the former residents of Gablonz.[2]During the Second World War, the area that was to become Neugablonz was an ammunition factory operated by the Dynamit-Aktiengesellschaft.[3] The factory was notorious for its inhuman treatment of the forced labour employed there.[4]","title":"BSK Olympia Neugablonz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jablonec-znak.svg"},{"link_name":"Gablonz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gablonz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Coat of arms of Gablonz.The club was formed on 21 October 1950 under the name of BSK Neugablonz and took up play in the local C-Klasse the lowest possible level, in 1951.[2] Formed by refugees from the city of Gablonz, it saw its roots in the ethnic German sport clubs of that city.[2] The club's current crest still bears a lot of similarity with the coat of arms of modern-day Jablonec nad Nisou, specifically the apple tree. A club under the name of BSK Gablonz had last played in the Gauliga Sudetenland in 1938–39. The crest of this old BSK Gablonz is almost identical to the crest of the new club.[5] In 1939, BSK merged with two other local sides to form NSTG Gablonz, a club controlled by the Nazis, NTSG standing for Nationalsozialistische Turngemeinde.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schwaben Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaben_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bezirksliga Schwaben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirksliga_Schwaben-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Landesliga Bayern-Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"BC Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Kaufbeuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Kaufbeuren"},{"link_name":"Bayernliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Bayern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"BSK Neugablonz","text":"The new BSK quickly rose through the ranks of local football, rising through the B-Klasse to the A-Klasse. The clubs first great success came in 1964, when it won its first Schwaben Cup, beating TSV Gersthofen 5–2. The year after, it won the Bezirksliga Schwaben and earned promotion to the tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Süd. It also made another appearance in the Schwaben Cup final, losing to BC Augsburg.In the Landesliga, the team finished eighth in 1965–66,[6] followed by a sixth place the season after. It took out the Cup once more in 1966.The 1967–68 season saw the team compete against newly promoted local rival SpVgg Kaufbeuren in the Landesliga. SpVgg won the league and earned promotion to the Bayernliga while BSK finished fourth.[7] After a fifth place in 1969, the team had a terrible 1969–70 season, finishing second-last with an eight-point gap to a non-relegation rank, and had to return to the Bezirksliga.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"SV Salamander Türkheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Salamander_T%C3%BCrkheim"},{"link_name":"German Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eintracht Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisliga_Schwaben-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"German football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"3. 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In 1976–77, rival SpVgg Kaufbeuren returned to the league from the Bayernliga and BSK Olympia managed only an eleventh place, troubled by relegation worries.[9] The season after, the club improved by a place but finished ahead of SpVgg. The 1978–79 season became the club's best ever. Winning the Schwaben Cup for a fourth time, defeating SV Salamander Türkheim in the final, and qualifying for the first round of the German Cup by doing so, it came third in the Landesliga, only two points short of the two teams ahead of it.[10] It played Eintracht Frankfurt in the first round of the German Cup in August 1979, losing 6–1.The team slipped to eighth place in the following season and finished last in the league in 1981, making a permanent departure from the Landesliga.[11] The club had to sell its stadium to the city of Kaufbeuren for financial reasons in the 1980s.[12]BSK Olympia declined from then on, at first playing in the Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd again, then dropping to the A-Klasse Schwaben-Süd and finally, in 1994, to the B-Klasse Ostallgäu. It moved between the B-Klasse and the A-Klasse in the following years, the later being renamed Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd in 1998, The club finished runners-up in this league in 2002, the best result in over a decade.In 2006, the club finally won the Kreisliga and made a return to the Bezirksliga, where it finished a respectable fifth in its first year back.[13] It however suffered another relegation in the following season, back to the Kreisliga, which had become the ninth tier of the German football league system because of the introduction of the 3. Liga.In 2009, the club returned to the Bezirksliga on the strength of a title in the Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte (IX).[14]In 2009, a friendly was planned between the BSK and FK Baumit Jablonec in an attempt to improve contacts between Neugablonz and Jablonec nad Nisou.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSK_Olympia_Neugablonz&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Bezirksliga Schwaben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirksliga_Schwaben-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirksliga_Schwaben-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Kreisliga Schwaben-Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisliga_Schwaben-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisliga_Schwaben-Mitte"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSK_Olympia_Neugablonz&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"Schwaben Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaben_Cup"}],"text":"The club's honours:League[edit]\nBezirksliga Schwaben (V)\nChampions: 1964\nBezirksliga Schwaben-Süd (V)\nChampions: 1974\nKreisliga Schwaben-Süd (VIII)\nChampions: 2006\nKreisliga Schwaben-Mitte (IX)\nChampions: 2009\nB-Klasse Ostallgäu (IX)\nChampions: 1995\n\n\nCup[edit]\nSchwaben Cup\nWinners: (4) 1964, 1966, 1973, 1979\nRunners-up: 1965","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bezirksoberligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirksoberligen_Bayern"},{"link_name":"Landesligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga_Bayern"},{"link_name":"Regionalligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Bayern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Bayern"},{"link_name":"Bayernliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayernliga"}],"text":"The recent season-by-season performance of the club:[16][17]With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.","title":"Recent seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cup"},{"link_name":"\"DFB-Pokal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.weltfussball.de/wettbewerb/dfb-pokal/"}],"text":"The club qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:Source:\"DFB-Pokal\" (in German). Weltfussball.de. Retrieved 9 July 2009.","title":"DFB-Pokal appearances"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Gablonz.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jablonec-znak.svg/115px-Jablonec-znak.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/wettbewerb/dfb-pokal/","external_links_name":"\"DFB-Pokal\""},{"Link":"http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/namen.htm","external_links_name":"Namensverleihung Neugablonz 8 August 1952"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100521024610/http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/namen.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bsk-olympia.de/index.php?pg=historie.php","external_links_name":"Historie – Chronik des BSK Olympia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203947/http://www.bsk-olympia.de/index.php?pg=historie.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/truemmergelaende1.htm","external_links_name":"Plannung und Auswahl des Gelandes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100521024648/http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/truemmergelaende1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/1945.htm","external_links_name":"1945"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718231454/http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/1945.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://odznaky.wz.cz/katalog/nemecke/g/gablonz.htm","external_links_name":"Crests of the Gablonz football clubs"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1965/66"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1967/68"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1969/70"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1976/77"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1978/79"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Landesliga Süd Bayern 1980/81"},{"Link":"http://www.bsk-olympia.de/index.php?pg=das_stadion.php","external_links_name":"Das Waldstadion"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718204006/http://www.bsk-olympia.de/index.php?pg=das_stadion.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bayliga.de/archiv/tabellen/lmo.php?todo=&file=Bz_Sw_Sued_0607.l98","external_links_name":"Bezirksliga Schwaben Süd 2006/07"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100424031349/http://www.bayliga.de/archiv/tabellen/lmo.php?todo=&file=Bz_Sw_Sued_0607.l98","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ergebnisse.bfv.de/ligaPublicArchivErgebnisse.do?reqCode=showDetails&liga_id=15431&reset=1&saison=2008","external_links_name":"Kreisliga Mitte 2008–09"},{"Link":"http://www.kreisbote.de/lokal_nachrichten/kreisbote/1/1/Freundschaftliche+Bande-1243945926/","external_links_name":"Freundschaftliche Bande"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053336/http://www.kreisbote.de/lokal_nachrichten/kreisbote/1/1/Freundschaftliche+Bande-1243945926/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv"},{"Link":"http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","external_links_name":"Fussball.de – Ergebnisse"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111207123137/http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/dfb/1980/runde1/frankfurt-bskneugablonz/","external_links_name":"Spielstatistik Eintracht Frankfurt – BSK Neugablonz 6:1 (4:0)"},{"Link":"http://www.bsk-olympia.de/","external_links_name":"Official team site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521114714/http://www.dittert-online.de/neugablonz/","external_links_name":"Website on the history of Neugablonz"},{"Link":"http://www.nemeckyfotbal.cz/","external_links_name":"Historie německé kopané v Čechách"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begonia_domingensis
|
Begonia domingensis
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of plant in the genus Begonia
Begonia domingensis
Flowers
Begonia domingensis is shrubby, and tends to spread wider than it is tall
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Cucurbitales
Family:
Begoniaceae
Genus:
Begonia
Species:
B. domingensis
Binomial name
Begonia domingensisA.DC.
Synonyms
Begonia domingensis var. oligostemon Urb.
Begonia domingensis, the peanut-brittle begonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae, native to the Dominican Republic. A bush or shrub begonia, it is occasionally cultivated, more for its well-behaved growth form than for its flowers or foliage.
References
^ a b "Begonia domingensis A.DC". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
^ "Begonia domingensis A. Dc. peanut-brittle begonia". The Royal Horticultural Society. 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
^ Tebbitt, Mark C. (2005). Begonias: Cultivation, Identification, and Natural History. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927337.
Taxon identifiersBegonia domingensis
Wikidata: Q5724611
Wikispecies: Begonia domingensis
BioLib: 1130900
CoL: 7SFFY
GBIF: 7303254
GRIN: 425606
IPNI: 104572-1
NCBI: 1977208
Open Tree of Life: 5749986
Plant List: kew-361459
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:104572-1
Tropicos: 50222682
WFO: wfo-0000823861
This Cucurbitales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Begoniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begoniaceae"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104572-1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Begonia domingensis, the peanut-brittle begonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae, native to the Dominican Republic.[1][2] A bush or shrub begonia, it is occasionally cultivated, more for its well-behaved growth form than for its flowers or foliage.[3]","title":"Begonia domingensis"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Begonia domingensis A.DC\". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:104572-1","url_text":"\"Begonia domingensis A.DC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Begonia domingensis A. Dc. peanut-brittle begonia\". The Royal Horticultural Society. 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/153352/i-Begonia-domingensis-i-A-DC/Details","url_text":"\"Begonia domingensis A. Dc. peanut-brittle begonia\""}]},{"reference":"Tebbitt, Mark C. (2005). Begonias: Cultivation, Identification, and Natural History. Timber Press. ISBN 9780881927337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881927337","url_text":"9780881927337"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:104572-1","external_links_name":"\"Begonia domingensis A.DC\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/153352/i-Begonia-domingensis-i-A-DC/Details","external_links_name":"\"Begonia domingensis A. Dc. peanut-brittle begonia\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1130900","external_links_name":"1130900"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7SFFY","external_links_name":"7SFFY"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7303254","external_links_name":"7303254"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=425606","external_links_name":"425606"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/104572-1","external_links_name":"104572-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1977208","external_links_name":"1977208"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5749986","external_links_name":"5749986"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-361459","external_links_name":"kew-361459"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A104572-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:104572-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50222682","external_links_name":"50222682"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000823861","external_links_name":"wfo-0000823861"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begonia_domingensis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_for_Night_(Tragically_Hip_album)
|
Day for Night (The Tragically Hip album)
|
["1 Commercial performance","2 Saturday Night Live","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 Credits","5.1 The Tragically Hip","5.2 Additional personnel","6 References"]
|
1994 studio album by The Tragically HipDay for NightStudio album by The Tragically HipReleasedSeptember 24, 1994Studio
Kingsway, New Orleans
Le Cave de Dave, Kingston, Ontario
GenreAlternative rockLength59:26LabelMCAProducer
Mark Howard
Mark Vreeken
The Tragically Hip
The Tragically Hip chronology
Fully Completely(1992)
Day for Night(1994)
Trouble at the Henhouse(1996)
Singles from Day for Night
"Grace, Too"Released: September 1994
"Greasy Jungle"Released: November 1994
"Nautical Disaster"Released: February 1995
"So Hard Done By"Released: May 1995
"Scared"Released: September 1995
"Thugs"Released: 1996
Day for Night is the fourth studio album by the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It is named for the film of the same name.
Commercial performance
The album was very successful in Canada, with domestic sales of 300,000 units within four days of its release. It was the band's first album to debut at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album has been certified 6× platinum in Canada. Promotional tours for the album included stints touring with The Rolling Stones and Page and Plant. In the Netherlands, Day for Night peaked at #70.
Saturday Night Live
The band appeared on Saturday Night Live in 1995, thanks in large part to the finagling of fellow Canadian and Kingston-area resident Dan Aykroyd. A fan of the band, Aykroyd appeared on the show just to introduce them, despite John Goodman being the host of the episode. The band performed two songs from Day for Night, "Grace, Too" and "Nautical Disaster".
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone(favourable)
In Have Not Been the Same, the authors note that "the initial response was mixed" due to the "darkness" of the album and its stemming "from the unconscious.". Although AllMusic.com's rating is a lukewarm 3 out of 5, the review calls the album's "signature lyrical mysteries... lush, but much more dark-spirited" than previous albums. "Day for Night stands on the minimalism of Downie's poignancy -- nothing is overproduced and the songs themselves are left alone to arrive on their own." In Chart, Jason Schneider wrote that this was the album that made The Tragically Hip more than "just a rock 'n' roll band... miraculously, the vast distances they had been absorbing for the previous five years merged with the equally limitless vistas of Gord Downie's imagination via a Daniel Lanois-inspired sonic canvas. Day For Night got inside the Canadian psyche in a terrifying way that simple nationalistic tall tales never could. The songs remain gloriously impenetrable, but their landscapes feel like home."
In ChartAttack's three Top 50 Canadian Albums of All Time polls, the album placed #37 in 1996, #13 in 2000 and #21 in 2005.
Track listing
All songs were written by The Tragically Hip.
No.TitleLength1."Grace, Too"5:342."Daredevil"3:463."Greasy Jungle"4:274."Yawning or Snarling"4:545."Fire in the Hole"3:166."So Hard Done By"3:297."Nautical Disaster"4:438."Thugs"4:439."Inevitability of Death"3:5210."Scared"5:0811."An Inch an Hour"3:2112."Emergency"3:3413."Titanic Terrarium"4:3414."Impossibilium"4:05Total length:59:26
Credits
The Tragically Hip
Gord Downie – lead vocals
Rob Baker – lead guitar
Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar
Gord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals
Johnny Fay – drums
Additional personnel
Greg Calbi – mastering
Jim Herrington – photography
Mark Howard – producer, engineer, mixing
Andrew McLachlan – design
Simon Andrew – drawing
Mark Vreeken – producer, engineer, mixing
References
^ "A Breakthrough Year For Canadian Acts". Billboard. 24 December 1994. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 60, No. 11, October 03 1994". RPM. Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ "Gold Platinum Database: The Tragically Hip - Day For Night". Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
^ Have Not Been the Same: The CanRock Renaissance 1985-1995, by Michael Barclay, Ian A. D. Jack, Jason Schneider
^ "The Tragically Hip - Day For Night". Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ Usinger, Mike (July 17, 2016). "The Tragically Hip's most fabled failure made it Canada's greatest-ever band". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "Allmusic review".
^ "Rolling Stone review". Rolling Stone.
^ Have Not Been the Same: The CanRock Renaissance 1985-1995 By Michael Barclay, Ian A. D. Jack, Jason Schneider
^ "Day for Night - the Tragically Hip | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Chart Attack - Best Magazine 2021". Archived from the original on March 1, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
vteThe Tragically Hip
Gord Downie
Rob Baker
Johnny Fay
Paul Langlois
Gord Sinclair
Davis Manning
Studio albums
Up to Here
Road Apples
Fully Completely
Day for Night
Trouble at the Henhouse
Phantom Power
Music @ Work
In Violet Light
In Between Evolution
World Container
We Are the Same
Now for Plan A
Man Machine Poem
Live albums
Live Between Us
Live at the Roxy
EPs
The Tragically Hip
Saskadelphia
Compilations
Hipeponymous
Yer Favourites
DVDs
Heksenketel
That Night in Toronto
A National Celebration
Singles
"Blow at High Dough"
"New Orleans Is Sinking"
"Boots or Hearts"
"38 Years Old"
"Little Bones"
"Three Pistols"
"Twist My Arm"
"Locked in the Trunk of a Car"
"Fifty Mission Cap"
"Courage (for Hugh MacLennan)"
"At the Hundredth Meridian"
"Land"
"Grace, Too"
"Greasy Jungle"
"Nautical Disaster"
"So Hard Done By"
"Scared"
"Ahead by a Century"
"Gift Shop"
"700 Ft. Ceiling"
"Flamenco"
"Springtime in Vienna"
"Poets"
"Fireworks"
"Bobcaygeon"
"My Music at Work"
"In View"
"At Transformation"
Gord Downie solo
Coke Machine Glow
Battle of the Nudes
The Grand Bounce
And the Conquering Sun
Secret Path
Introduce Yerself
Away Is Mine
Lustre Parfait
Related articles
Discography
Another Roadside Attraction
Man Machine Poem Tour
Bathouse Recording Studio
Long Time Running
Daredevil
Stripper's Union
Kasador
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Canadian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_rock"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_for_Night_(film)"}],"text":"Day for Night is the fourth studio album by the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It is named for the film of the same name.","title":"Day for Night (The Tragically Hip album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Certifcations-3"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Page and Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_and_Plant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The album was very successful in Canada, with domestic sales of 300,000 units within four days of its release.[1] It was the band's first album to debut at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart.[2] The album has been certified 6× platinum in Canada.[3] Promotional tours for the album included stints touring with The Rolling Stones and Page and Plant.[4] In the Netherlands, Day for Night peaked at #70.[5]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Dan Aykroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd"},{"link_name":"John Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Grace, Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace,_Too"},{"link_name":"Nautical Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Disaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The band appeared on Saturday Night Live in 1995, thanks in large part to the finagling of fellow Canadian and Kingston-area resident Dan Aykroyd. A fan of the band, Aykroyd appeared on the show just to introduce them, despite John Goodman being the host of the episode. The band performed two songs from Day for Night, \"Grace, Too\" and \"Nautical Disaster\".[6]","title":"Saturday Night Live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Have Not Been the Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Not_Been_the_Same"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Gord Downie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_Downie"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ChartAttack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChartAttack"}],"text":"In Have Not Been the Same, the authors note that \"the initial response was mixed\" due to the \"darkness\" of the album and its stemming \"from the unconscious.\".[9] Although AllMusic.com's rating is a lukewarm 3 out of 5, the review calls the album's \"signature lyrical mysteries... lush, but much more dark-spirited\" than previous albums. \"Day for Night stands on the minimalism of Downie's poignancy -- nothing is overproduced and the songs themselves are left alone to arrive on their own.\"[10] In Chart, Jason Schneider wrote that this was the album that made The Tragically Hip more than \"just a rock 'n' roll band... miraculously, the vast distances they had been absorbing for the previous five years merged with the equally limitless vistas of Gord Downie's imagination via a Daniel Lanois-inspired sonic canvas. Day For Night got inside the Canadian psyche in a terrifying way that simple nationalistic tall tales never could. The songs remain gloriously impenetrable, but their landscapes feel like home.\"[11]In ChartAttack's three Top 50 Canadian Albums of All Time polls, the album placed #37 in 1996, #13 in 2000 and #21 in 2005.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grace, Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace,_Too"},{"link_name":"Greasy Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasy_Jungle"},{"link_name":"So Hard Done By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Hard_Done_By"},{"link_name":"Nautical Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_Disaster"},{"link_name":"Scared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scared_(The_Tragically_Hip_song)"}],"text":"All songs were written by The Tragically Hip.No.TitleLength1.\"Grace, Too\"5:342.\"Daredevil\"3:463.\"Greasy Jungle\"4:274.\"Yawning or Snarling\"4:545.\"Fire in the Hole\"3:166.\"So Hard Done By\"3:297.\"Nautical Disaster\"4:438.\"Thugs\"4:439.\"Inevitability of Death\"3:5210.\"Scared\"5:0811.\"An Inch an Hour\"3:2112.\"Emergency\"3:3413.\"Titanic Terrarium\"4:3414.\"Impossibilium\"4:05Total length:59:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gord Downie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_Downie"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"Rob Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Baker_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"}],"sub_title":"The Tragically Hip","text":"Gord Downie – lead vocals\nRob Baker – lead guitar\nPaul Langlois – rhythm guitar\nGord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals\nJohnny Fay – drums","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"},{"link_name":"Mark Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Howard_(producer)"}],"sub_title":"Additional personnel","text":"Greg Calbi – mastering\nJim Herrington – photography\nMark Howard – producer, engineer, mixing\nAndrew McLachlan – design\nSimon Andrew – drawing\nMark Vreeken – producer, engineer, mixing","title":"Credits"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"A Breakthrough Year For Canadian Acts\". Billboard. 24 December 1994. Retrieved June 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=Canadian+album+sales&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"A Breakthrough Year For Canadian Acts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Albums/CDs - Volume 60, No. 11, October 03 1994\". RPM. Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2011-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033043/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2612&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","url_text":"\"Top Albums/CDs - Volume 60, No. 11, October 03 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2612&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Platinum Database: The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\". Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2011-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060841/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Day%20For%20Night&ica=False&sa=The%20Tragically%20Hip&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist","url_text":"\"Gold Platinum Database: The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\""},{"url":"http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Day%20For%20Night&ica=False&sa=The%20Tragically%20Hip&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\". Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Tragically+Hip&titel=Day+For+Night&cat=a","url_text":"\"The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\""}]},{"reference":"Usinger, Mike (July 17, 2016). \"The Tragically Hip's most fabled failure made it Canada's greatest-ever band\". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/music/738106/tragically-hips-most-fabled-failure-made-it-canadas-greatest-ever-band","url_text":"\"The Tragically Hip's most fabled failure made it Canada's greatest-ever band\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r210021/review","url_text":"\"Allmusic review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rolling Stone review\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/227939/review/5945059/day_for_night","url_text":"\"Rolling Stone review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Day for Night - the Tragically Hip | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/day-for-night-mw0000627518","url_text":"\"Day for Night - the Tragically Hip | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Attack - Best Magazine 2021\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301183359/http://www.chartattack.com/news/2000/06/30/top-50-canadian-albums-of-all-time-20-to-11/","url_text":"\"Chart Attack - Best Magazine 2021\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=Canadian+album+sales&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"\"A Breakthrough Year For Canadian Acts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033043/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2612&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","external_links_name":"\"Top Albums/CDs - Volume 60, No. 11, October 03 1994\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2612&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060841/http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Day%20For%20Night&ica=False&sa=The%20Tragically%20Hip&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist","external_links_name":"\"Gold Platinum Database: The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\""},{"Link":"http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=Day%20For%20Night&ica=False&sa=The%20Tragically%20Hip&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Tragically+Hip&titel=Day+For+Night&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"The Tragically Hip - Day For Night\""},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/music/738106/tragically-hips-most-fabled-failure-made-it-canadas-greatest-ever-band","external_links_name":"\"The Tragically Hip's most fabled failure made it Canada's greatest-ever band\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r210021/review","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic review\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/227939/review/5945059/day_for_night","external_links_name":"\"Rolling Stone review\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/day-for-night-mw0000627518","external_links_name":"\"Day for Night - the Tragically Hip | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170301183359/http://www.chartattack.com/news/2000/06/30/top-50-canadian-albums-of-all-time-20-to-11/","external_links_name":"\"Chart Attack - Best Magazine 2021\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/230cd115-10a4-3ac1-bb36-9bd9d3e2575a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bayliss
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Bill Bayliss
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["1 References"]
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British trade unionist
William Bayliss (19 December 1886 – 12 February 1963) was a British trade unionist.
Born in Leicestershire, Bayliss left school at the age of twelve to work at a colliery. He joined the Leicestershire Miners' Association, but after becoming involved in industrial action, he was sacked and, a year later, moved to Nottinghamshire to find work. There, he became active in the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association, and also in the Labour Party.
Bayliss became his union branch delegate in 1915, and served a year as vice-president of the union in 1927, and a year as president in 1929. In 1932, he became the union's full-time financial secretary. In this role he worked with Herbert Booth to promote reunification with the rival Nottinghamshire Miners' Industrial Union, which was achieved in 1937, whereupon he became an agent for the merged Nottinghamshire Miners' Federated Union (NMFU).
In 1943, Bayliss was chosen as one of the Trades Union Congress' two representatives to the American Federation of Labour.
Bayliss was elected to Nottinghamshire County Council, becoming an alderman, and serving as its chairman from 1945. In 1946, he was elected as President of the Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers, successor of the NMFU; he served until 1952, when he retired and joined the National Coal Board.
References
^ a b c "Report of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor" (1943), p.325
^ Bernard Taylor, Uphill all the way, pp.78, 84
^ "Bayliss, William", Who Was Who
Trade union offices
Preceded byFrank Varley
President of the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association 1929
Succeeded byVal Coleman
Preceded byBryn Roberts and Jack Tanner
Trades Union Congress representative to the American Federation of Labour 1943 With: Harry N. Harrison
Succeeded byJohn Brown and Arthur Horner
Preceded byGeorge Alfred Spencer
President of the Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers 1945–1952
Succeeded byE. J. Lee
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"trade unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionist"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Miners' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_Miners%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire Miners' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Miners%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afl-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afl-1"},{"link_name":"Herbert Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Booth_(trade_unionist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afl-1"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_Area_of_the_National_Union_of_Mineworkers"},{"link_name":"National Coal Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coal_Board"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"William Bayliss (19 December 1886 – 12 February 1963) was a British trade unionist.Born in Leicestershire, Bayliss left school at the age of twelve to work at a colliery. He joined the Leicestershire Miners' Association, but after becoming involved in industrial action, he was sacked and, a year later, moved to Nottinghamshire to find work. There, he became active in the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association, and also in the Labour Party.[1]Bayliss became his union branch delegate in 1915, and served a year as vice-president of the union in 1927, and a year as president in 1929. In 1932, he became the union's full-time financial secretary.[1] In this role he worked with Herbert Booth to promote reunification with the rival Nottinghamshire Miners' Industrial Union, which was achieved in 1937,[2] whereupon he became an agent for the merged Nottinghamshire Miners' Federated Union (NMFU).In 1943, Bayliss was chosen as one of the Trades Union Congress' two representatives to the American Federation of Labour.[1]Bayliss was elected to Nottinghamshire County Council, becoming an alderman, and serving as its chairman from 1945. In 1946, he was elected as President of the Nottinghamshire Area of the National Union of Mineworkers, successor of the NMFU; he served until 1952, when he retired and joined the National Coal Board.[3]","title":"Bill Bayliss"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U53781/BAYLISS_William","external_links_name":"Bayliss, William"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Muslim_High_School
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Government Muslim High School
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["1 History","2 Notable alumni","3 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Government Muslim High School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Secondary high school in Chattogram, Kotwali, BangladeshGovernment Muslim High Schoolসরকারি মুসলিম হাই স্কুলLogo of Govt. Muslim High SchoolLocationCourt Road, ChattogramChattogram, KotwaliBangladeshInformationTypeSecondary high schoolMottoজ্ঞানই শক্তি(Knowledge is Power)Established1909; 115 years ago (1909)School districtChattogramHeadmasterMorsheduz ZamanFaculty3Grades10Enrollment2500Campus size20 AcresColour(s) Blue,GreenDemonymMuslimiansWebsitegmhsctg.tsmts.com
Government Muslim High School (Bengali: গভ. মুসলিম হাই স্কুল, চট্টগ্রাম) is a public secondary boys-only school in the court hill area of Kotwali Thana, Chittagong, Bangladesh. It was established in 1874 as the Chittagong Madrasah and was separated in 1909. The school's enrollment is currently 2,501 students.
History
Chittagong Government Madrasah's Anglo-Persian Department was split off to form the school in 1909. Originally it operated out of part of the local Registration Office building. The school opened at first with madrasah and Bengali departments. The first headmaster, from 1910 to 1915, was Khan Shaheb Wahaidun Nabi. It moved to a permanent site in 1916, and was renamed Chittagong Government Muslim High School. In 1953, the Urdu department was also established. In 1970 the school expanded into a new building. There was also a small mosque, which was subsequently enlarged. In 2005 the government established another two buildings, a science lab building and an administration building.
Students participating in a Wikipedia education program organised by Wikimedia Bangladesh in 2015.
The school has a hostel and headmaster's cottage. In front of the school building, there is a large playground. The school has a library which contains more than 2000 books.
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (November 2022)
Ayub Bachchu, Bengali musician
Sultan Ahmed, Burmese Rohingya longest serving legislator and member of parliament
Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, Bangladeshi Politician and Mayor of Chittagong
Piplu Khan, (b. ?) Bangladeshi filmmaker
Hasan Mahmud, Foreign Minister,Bangladesh. ex-Minister of Information.
Sarwar Jahan Nizam, former Navy chief Vice Admiral
A J M Nasir Uddin, Bangladeshi Politician, former Mayor of Chittagong and Vice President of Bangladesh Cricket Board
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government Muslim High School.
^ "'Chittagong Collegiate School made me what I am today'". The Daily Star. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ a b Rizvi, S. N. H., ed. (1970). East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Chittagong (PDF). Government of East Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This Bangladesh school–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Kotwali Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotwali_Thana_(Chittagong)"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds1-1"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Madrasah"}],"text":"Secondary high school in Chattogram, Kotwali, BangladeshGovernment Muslim High School (Bengali: গভ. মুসলিম হাই স্কুল, চট্টগ্রাম) is a public secondary boys-only school in the court hill area of Kotwali Thana, Chittagong, Bangladesh.[1] It was established in 1874 as the Chittagong Madrasah and was separated in 1909. The school's enrollment is currently 2,501 students.","title":"Government Muslim High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazetteer-2"},{"link_name":"madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazetteer-2"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangla_Wikipedia_School_Program_at_Govt._Muslim_High_School,_Chittagong_(16).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Chittagong Government Madrasah's Anglo-Persian Department was split off to form the school in 1909. Originally it operated out of part of the local Registration Office building.[2] The school opened at first with madrasah and Bengali departments. The first headmaster, from 1910 to 1915, was Khan Shaheb Wahaidun Nabi.[citation needed] It moved to a permanent site in 1916, and was renamed Chittagong Government Muslim High School.[2] In 1953, the Urdu department was also established. In 1970 the school expanded into a new building. There was also a small mosque, which was subsequently enlarged. In 2005 the government established another two buildings, a science lab building and an administration building.[citation needed]Students participating in a Wikipedia education program organised by Wikimedia Bangladesh in 2015.The school has a hostel and headmaster's cottage. In front of the school building, there is a large playground. The school has a library which contains more than 2000 books.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayub Bachchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Bachchu"},{"link_name":"Sultan Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_(Burmese_politician)"},{"link_name":"Rohingya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya"},{"link_name":"legislator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislator"},{"link_name":"member of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Rezaul Karim Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezaul_Karim_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Piplu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piplu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Hasan Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Mahmud_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Sarwar Jahan Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarwar_Jahan_Nizam"},{"link_name":"A J M Nasir Uddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_J_M_Nasir_Uddin"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Cricket_Board"}],"text":"Ayub Bachchu, Bengali musician\nSultan Ahmed, Burmese Rohingya longest serving legislator and member of parliament\nRezaul Karim Chowdhury, Bangladeshi Politician and Mayor of Chittagong\nPiplu Khan, (b. ?) Bangladeshi filmmaker\nHasan Mahmud, Foreign Minister,Bangladesh. ex-Minister of Information.\nSarwar Jahan Nizam, former Navy chief Vice Admiral\nA J M Nasir Uddin, Bangladeshi Politician, former Mayor of Chittagong and Vice President of Bangladesh Cricket Board","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Students participating in a Wikipedia education program organised by Wikimedia Bangladesh in 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bangla_Wikipedia_School_Program_at_Govt._Muslim_High_School%2C_Chittagong_%2816%29.jpg/220px-Bangla_Wikipedia_School_Program_at_Govt._Muslim_High_School%2C_Chittagong_%2816%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"'Chittagong Collegiate School made me what I am today'\". The Daily Star. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=215511","url_text":"\"'Chittagong Collegiate School made me what I am today'\""}]},{"reference":"Rizvi, S. N. H., ed. (1970). East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Chittagong (PDF). Government of East Pakistan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073104/http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf","url_text":"East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Chittagong"},{"url":"http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception:_The_Gift_of_Love
|
Conception: The Gift of Love
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
|
1979 studio album by Bobby HutchersonConception: The Gift of LoveStudio album by Bobby HutchersonReleased1979RecordedMarch 15–16, 1979StudioA&R Recording Studios, NYC and Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLength37:52LabelColumbiaJC 35814ProducerCedar WaltonBobby Hutcherson chronology
Highway One(1978)
Conception: The Gift of Love(1979)
Un Poco Loco(1979)
Conception: The Gift of Love is an album by American jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, recorded in 1979 and released on the Columbia label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz
The Bay State Banner wrote that "Hutcherson plays such forceful, intense and rhythmic vibes, that he breathes life into the ho-hum compositions."
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "This is one of his lesser efforts... Although well played and reasonably challenging, nothing all that memorable occurs".
Track listing
All compositions by Bobby Hutcherson except where noted
"No Siree Bob" - 7:00
"Clockwise" (Cedar Walton) - 6:39
"Remember to Smile" (James Leary) - 5:38
"Dark Side, Light Side" (George Cables) - 4:06
"Hold My Hand" (Leary) - 3:58
"Dreamin'" (Eddie Marshall) - 6:07
"Quiet Fire" (Cables) - 4:24
Personnel
Bobby Hutcherson - vibes
George Cables - piano
Jon Faddis, Danny Moore, Anthony Tooley, Joseph B. Wilder - trumpet
Robert Alexander, John Gale, Urbie Green - tenor trombone
Hubert Laws - flute
Romeo Pinque - bassoon, bass clarinet
Lenny Hambro - alto saxophone
Daniel Trimboli, Frank Wess - tenor saxophone
James Leary - bass
Eddie Marshall - drums
Bill Summers, Kenneth Nash - percussion
References
^ "Bobby Hutcherson Catalog". JazzDisco. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^ Bobby Hutcherson discography accessed January 28, 2011
^ "Bobby Hutcherson - Conception: The Gift of Love". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
^ a b Yanow, S. AllMusic Review accessed January 28, 2011
^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (2004). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz. Virgin Books. p. 432.
^ Lane, George (19 July 1979). "Shades of Blue". Bay State Banner. No. 41. p. 19.
vteBobby HutchersonThe year(s) indicated apply to the recording(s),not the first release.Studio albums
The Kicker (1963)
Dialogue (1965)
Components (1965)
Happenings (1966)
Stick-Up! (1966)
Oblique (1967)
Patterns (1968)
Total Eclipse (1968)
Spiral (1968)
Medina (1969)
Now! (1969)
San Francisco (1970)
Head On (1971)
Natural Illusions (1972)
Cirrus (1974)
Linger Lane (1974)
Inner Glow (1975)
Montara (1975)
Waiting (1976)
The View from the Inside (1976)
Knucklebean (1977)
Highway One (1978)
Conception: The Gift of Love (1979)
Un Poco Loco (1979)
Solo / Quartet (1982)
Four Seasons (1983)
Good Bait (1984)
Color Schemes (1985)
Cruisin' the 'Bird (1988)
Ambos Mundos (1989)
Mirage (1991)
Enjoy the View (2014)
Livealbums
Blow Up (1969)
Bobby Hutcherson Live at Montreux (1973)
Farewell Keystone (1982)
In the Vanguard (1986)
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1970s jazz album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Caselli
|
Paola Caselli
|
["1 Education and career","2 References"]
|
Italian astrochemist
Paola Caselli (born 1966) is an Italian astronomer and astrochemist known for her research on molecular clouds, star formation and planet formation, and the astrochemistry behind the materials found within the Solar System. She is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics near Munich in Germany. She also holds an honorary professorship at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Education and career
Caselli was born on 26 July 1966 in Follonica, Italy, and as a teenager was inspired to work in space science and molecular clouds by a teacher who gave her Fred Hoyle's 1957 science fiction novel The Black Cloud to read. She earned a laurea in astronomy and physics in 1990, from the University of Bologna, and completed her Ph.D. there in 1994.
After postdoctoral research at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, she became a researcher at the Arcetri Observatory in Florence, Italy, in 1996, and remained there until 2005. For the next two years, she was a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and at Harvard University. In 2007 she became a professor of astronomy at the University of Leeds, and in 2011 became head of astrophysics at Leeds. She joined the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics as its director in 2014.
While continuing at the Max Planck Institute, she has also held temporary positions as Hasselblad Guest Professor at the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden and as Blaauw Professor at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.
References
^ a b de los Reyes, Mia (27 May 2020), "Meet the AAS Keynote Speakers: Prof. Paola Caselli", Astrobites, American Astronomical Society, retrieved 2022-04-23
^ a b c d "Prof. Dr. Paola Caselli", Scientific members, Max Planck Society, retrieved 2022-04-23
^ a b c d Prof. Dr. Paola Caselli, The International Max Planck Research School on Astrophysics at the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, retrieved 2022-04-23
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Academics
ORCID
Scopus
Other
IdRef
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Paula
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João da Paula
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Portuguese rower (1930–2021)
João da PaulaPersonal informationNationalityPortugueseBorn(1930-06-20)20 June 1930Died28 October 2021(2021-10-28) (aged 91)Aveiro, PortugalSportSportRowing
João da Paula (20 June 1930 – 28 October 2021) was a Portuguese rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Da Paula died in Aveiro on 28 October 2021, at the age of 91.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "João da Paula Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
^ "Faleceu antigo remador olímpico João Ventura da Paula". Terranova.pt. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
External links
João da Paula at World Rowing
João da Paula at Olympedia
This biographical article relating to Portuguese rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1963
|
August 1963
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["1 August 1, 1963 (Thursday)","2 August 2, 1963 (Friday)","3 August 3, 1963 (Saturday)","4 August 4, 1963 (Sunday)","5 August 5, 1963 (Monday)","6 August 6, 1963 (Tuesday)","7 August 7, 1963 (Wednesday)","8 August 8, 1963 (Thursday)","9 August 9, 1963 (Friday)","10 August 10, 1963 (Saturday)","11 August 11, 1963 (Sunday)","12 August 12, 1963 (Monday)","13 August 13, 1963 (Tuesday)","14 August 14, 1963 (Wednesday)","15 August 15, 1963 (Thursday)","16 August 16, 1963 (Friday)","17 August 17, 1963 (Saturday)","18 August 18, 1963 (Sunday)","19 August 19, 1963 (Monday)","20 August 20, 1963 (Tuesday)","21 August 21, 1963 (Wednesday)","22 August 22, 1963 (Thursday)","23 August 23, 1963 (Friday)","24 August 24, 1963 (Saturday)","25 August 25, 1963 (Sunday)","26 August 26, 1963 (Monday)","27 August 27, 1963 (Tuesday)","28 August 28, 1963 (Wednesday)","29 August 29, 1963 (Thursday)","30 August 30, 1963 (Friday)","31 August 31, 1963 (Saturday)","32 References"]
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August 28, 1963: 250,000 March on Washington
Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his "I Have a Dream" speech
August 30, 1963: Philips introduces the cassette tape recorder
The following events occurred in August 1963:
August 1, 1963 (Thursday)
The "Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929", commonly known as the Hague Protocol, came into effect.
The first Design Engineering Inspection of the full-scale test vehicle of the Gemini Paraglider Landing System Program was done by North American Aviation and resulted in 30 requests for alterations.
The United States amended its Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) for nuclear war for the first time, altering the original plan that had been in place since July 1, 1962.
George Harrison and Paul McCartney sang a duet on a Beatles tape recording of the Goffin-King song "Don't Ever Change" for later broadcast on BBC radio.
The 11th World Scout Jamboree began, in Marathon, Greece.
The Banque du Liban was established in Lebanon.
Born: Coolio (stage name for Artis Ivey, Jr.) American rapper (d. 2022); in Monessen, Pennsylvania
Died: Theodore Roethke, 55, American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet; of a heart attack
August 2, 1963 (Friday)
The Sino-Soviet split widened as the People's Republic of China, in its strongest condemnation to that time of the Soviet Union, criticized the Soviets as being "freaks and monsters" for making "unconditional concessions and capitulation to the imperialists" after the USSR had agreed to a partial nuclear test ban treaty with the United States and the United Kingdom. The statement came in an editorial in the Chinese Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily.
The NFL champion Green Bay Packers were upset, 20–17, by the College All-Stars in the annual Chicago College All-Star Game. It would be the last time that the All-Stars would win the series, which would be discontinued after the 1976 contest.
José de Jesús García Ayala was consecrated as Auxiliary Bishop of Campeche. He would go on to become the oldest bishop in the Mexican church, living beyond his 100th birthday.
A tropical storm off Bermuda intensified and was classified as Hurricane Arlene, though it would degenerate into a tropical depression the following day.
August 3, 1963 (Saturday)
The U.S.-launched Syncom 2, launched on July 26, was successfully lifted to an altitude of 22,500 miles (36,200 km) and achieved a speed of 6,880 miles per hour (11,070 km/h) in order to keep pace with the Earth's equatorial rotational movement of 1,040 miles per hour (1,670 km/h), becoming the first Earth-made object to achieve geosynchronous orbit. Syncom 2 remained fixed at a point near the equator and over Brazil.
The Beatles performed at The Cavern Club in Liverpool for the 275th, and final time, nearly 18 months after their first appearance on the club's stage on February 9, 1961.
Born:
James Hetfield, American singer/songwriter and founder of the rock band Metallica; in Downey, California
Tasmin Archer, English singer; in Bradford, Yorkshire
Died:
Stephen Ward, 50, English osteopath and a central figure in the Profumo affair, died three days after taking an overdose of barbiturates. In his suicide note, he wrote, "It's a wish not to let them get me. I'd rather get myself."
Phil Graham, 48, publisher of The Washington Post newspaper and Newsweek magazine; by suicide
August 4, 1963 (Sunday)
At 5:00 in the morning, Haiti was invaded from the Dominican Republic by an army of 500 Haitian rebels seeking to overthrow the dictatorship of President Francois Duvalier, commonly referred to as "Papa Doc". The rebel forces crossed the border from the Dominican town of Dajabón to strike at Ouanaminthe, moving across the Rivière du Massacre/Rio Dajabón.
The 1963 German Grand Prix was held at the Nürburgring and won by John Surtees, with Jim Clark finishing second. Clark remained well in first place in the world auto-driving championship standings, with 42 points, while Surtees was second at 22.
The African Development Bank (AfDB) was created by agreement of the leaders of 33 African nations meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.
Born: Keith Ellison, U.S. Representative for Minnesota from 2007 to 2019, the first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress; in Detroit
August 5, 1963 (Monday)
August 5, 1963: NASA astronauts dressed for survival in the Nevada desert
All members of NASA Astronaut Group 2 and two of the Mercury astronauts began a five-day desert survival course at Stead Air Force Base in Nevada. The course, oriented toward Project Gemini missions, had (1) one and one-half days of academic presentations on characteristics of world desert areas and survival techniques; (2) one day of field demonstrations on use and care of survival equipment and use of the parachute in construction of clothing, shelters, and signals; and (3) two days of remote site training, when two-man teams were left alone in the desert to apply what they had learned from the academic and demonstration phases of the program.
In Moscow, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the first Nuclear Test Ban treaty. The ceremony took place at the Kremlin with U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko signing on behalf of their respective nations.
Craig Breedlove set the record for fastest driver in the world, reaching 428.37 miles per hour (689.39 km/h) "for a measured mile" in a jet-powered vehicle, Spirit of America, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. His average for two runs was 407.45 miles per hour (655.73 km/h).
The trial of Stephen Ward was formally closed with no sentence pronounced, two days after Ward's suicide.
Born: Mark Strong, English actor; in London
Died: Salvador Bacarisse, 64, Spanish composer
August 6, 1963 (Tuesday)
The United States Senate voted, 84 to 0, for a pay increase to nearly all members of the United States Armed Services, whether active or on reserve, three months after the House of Representatives had passed a "somewhat similar, but less generous bill".
Died:
Lina Ruz González y Castro, 60, mother of Cuban leaders Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro
Sophus Nielsen, 75, Danish soccer player and manager
August 7, 1963 (Wednesday)
A freak escalator accident at the Garden State Park Racetrack in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, killed a man and his daughter. John Patrick Sweeney and 8-year-old Peggy Sweeney, of Maple Shade, New Jersey, were touring the closed park with a friend when they stepped over a box of tools that had been blocking the moving stairway, unaware that a protective plate at the top had been removed for maintenance. The two fell into the moving machinery and were crushed to death.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 181 was passed, calling for a voluntary arms embargo of South Africa because of its racial discrimination. The United States and the United Kingdom abstained from the vote.
Test pilot Jim Eastham made the first flight of the Lockheed YF-12 jet fighter over Nevada's Groom Dry Lake.
The beach party film genre began with the release of AIP's Beach Party.
Born: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, by emergency caesarean section, five and a half weeks early, at the Otis Air Force Base Hospital in Bourne, Massachusetts. He was quickly transferred to the Children's Hospital Boston, and would die 39 hours later of respiratory problems.
Died: Ramon Vila Capdevila, 55, nicknamed Caraquemada, Spanish rebel who was killed in a gun battle with Spanish Civil Guards
August 8, 1963 (Thursday)
The Great Train Robbery of 1963 took place at Ledburn, Buckinghamshire, England, when a gang of bandits halted a train ferrying mail between Glasgow and London. At 3:00 a.m., the group caused the train's engineer to stop by activating the red signal and covering the green signal. When the train came to a halt, engineer Jack Mills and his assistant were overpowered, while others in the group boarded the first two coaches hauling mail and tied up the four employees on board. The group then uncoupled the engine and two coaches from the other ten cars on the train, and forced the engineer and assistant to move one mile down the line to the Bridego Bridge, where the mail bags were dropped into automobiles waiting beneath. The haul was estimated at £2,600,000 (at the time worth about $7,300,000; equivalent to £70 million or $87,500,000 in 2023).
Ndabaningi Sithole, future Zimbabwean prime minister (and later, president) Robert Mugabe, and other members of the Zimbabwe African People's Union formed the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) after being dissatisfied with the leadership of Joshua Nkomo.
Qualification testing of the Gemini parachute recovery system demonstrated water-impact accelerations low enough to make water landing safe.
August 9, 1963 (Friday)
Oswald distributing leaflets in New Orleans on August 16, 1963
American dissident Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested in New Orleans while distributing leaflets for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee at the corner of Canal Street and Baronne Street, after getting into a scuffle with three Cuban men (Carlos Bringuier, Celso Macario and Miguel Mariano), who were also arrested. Oswald spent the night in jail, and was then released. A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the International Trade Mart.
Representatives of Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Arnold Engineering Development Center, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, and Thiokol met to analyze problems in the Gemini retrorocket abort system. Several components, including retrorocket nozzle exit cones and mounting structure, had failed in recent tests at Arnold. After improvements, a retesting in October was successful.
Hurricane Arlene passed directly over Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h). The storm continued to intensify after passing the island, with a barometric pressure of 969 mbar (969 hPa; 28.6 inHg) and winds reaching 105 mph (169 km/h). The hurricane weakened and was downgraded to an extratropical cyclone, while as it moved out to sea.
1963 Great Hai River flood, a torrential heavy massive rain, resulting to many dam collapse, levee collapse on Hai river and flooding, mainly, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province, China, killing total 5,154 persons, according to Chinese government official document figures report.
The British rock music show Ready Steady Go! premiered on Associated-Rediffusion in London, part of Britain's ITV network, and would later be shown on the other ITV stations. It would run until December 7, 1966.
Born: Whitney Houston, American pop singer (d. 2012); in Newark, New Jersey
Died: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, two-day-old son of President John F. Kennedy, of infant respiratory distress syndrome. A funeral mass for the child was held the next day in the private chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston.
August 10, 1963 (Saturday)
A new record was set for latest ending to a Major League Baseball game, when the second game of a doubleheader between the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the visiting Houston Colt .45s (now the Astros lasted until 2:30 in the morning. The first game had been delayed for an hour by rain. Only 300 of the original 9,420 fans stayed to watch Pittsburgh win 7–6 after 11 innings. The record would be broken on June 13, 1967, when a Washington Senators 6–5 win over the Chicago White Sox at 2:44 a.m.
Giovanni Colombo became Archbishop of Milan, replacing Pope Paul VI, who had been elected to the papacy two months earlier.
Born: Phoolan Devi, Indian bandit and politician (d. 2001); in Ghura Ka Purwa, Uttar Pradesh state
Died: Estes Kefauver, 60, American politician who almost won the 1952 Democratic presidential nomination and then served as running-mate for nominee Adlai Stevenson II in 1956.
August 11, 1963 (Sunday)
Four of the defendants who had been arrested on July 11, at the Liliesleaf Farm near Johannesburg, were able to escape their South African jail after a bribe was promised to their guard by the ANC. Harold Wolpe and Arthur Goldreich, who were both white, were confined at Johannesburg's Marshall Square Police Station, in the same cell with Indian South Africans Abdulhay Jassat and Moosa Moolla, separate from the black South African defendants. Their white guard, Johannes Greeff, served three years of a six-year sentence, and later received 2,000 African pounds. Wolpe and Goldreich would elude a nationwide search and, "disguised as priests", make it to Swaziland (which was surrounded by South Africa), and on September 8, would charter a plane to fly to Tanganyika.
Lieutenant General Song Yo-Chang, former Prime Minister of South Korea, was arrested on orders of the President and his former superior officer, General Park Chung-hee. On August 8, General Song had published a letter in the nation's newspapers, calling on General Park not to run in the October elections.
Two teams of surgeons, at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, carried out the successful separation of a pair of conjoined twins, Daniel Bartley and David Bartley, 27 hours after their birth. The two were joined at the abdomen. Daniel died three days later, on August 14.
Food poisoning struck about 150 of 800 women who had attended a dinner at which the Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, was the guest speaker.
Benoni Beheyt won the 1963 UCI Road World Championships bicycle race at Renaix, Belgium.
Jim Clark won the 1963 Kanonloppet motor race at Karlskoga Circuit in Sweden.
Died:
Clem Bevans, 83, American vaudeville star and film actor
Charles Seymour, 78, American academician
August 12, 1963 (Monday)
Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya, spoke to 300 white farmers at Nakuru, and reassured them that the new black African government would look after their interests if they remained. "To the chagrin of many freedom fighters, his prophecy turned out to be accurate", one commentator would observe later about the former Mau Mau Uprising leader.
Fifteen of the 16 people on board an Air-Inter flight were killed when the Viscount airplane they were on crashed while attempting a landing in a thunderstorm at Lyon. The airplane, which was stopping at Lille on the way to Nice, struck a barn as it descended, and debris from the wreckage killed the farm owner. The sole survivor was a three-year-old girl.
Born: Kōji Kitao, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2019); in Mie
August 13, 1963 (Tuesday)
The "Trois Glorieuses" uprising began in Congo-Brazzaville (formerly the French Congo), as political rallies degenerated into violent clashes. Striking workers in the capital, Brazzaville, stormed the city prison and released all of the inmates.
Born:
Sridevi, Indian actress cited as the "first female superstar" of Indian cinema; as Shree Amma Ayyapan in Meenampatti, Madras State (died of cardiac arrest, 2018)
Édouard Michelin, managing partner and co-chief executive of the Michelin Group in 1999; in Clermont-Ferrand (died by drowning, 2006)
Valerie Plame, American CIA Operations Officer who was identified after a leak from a U.S. State Department official; in Anchorage, Alaska
August 14, 1963 (Wednesday)
A forest fire in Brazil killed 110 people and caused damage in 128 villages and towns in the state of Paraná. The fire, which broke out in four districts around the city of Londrina, started when local farmers were clearing their land by setting small blazes that grew out of control. Eventually, two million hectares or 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) were burned by the blaze before it was brought under control. Besides the 110 known dead, another 1,000 were injured and 5,700 families were left homeless. The death toll may have been as high as 250 people, more than twice the official report.
British police arrested five people believed to have been members of the gang that had carried out the robbery of the Glasgow-London mail train the previous week and recovered £100,000 of the loot that had been stolen.
The first of the Yirrkala bark petitions, created by Aboriginal leaders in the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory of Australia, were presented to Australian governmental leaders at the capital in Canberra.
Hamburger SV won the 1962–63 DFB-Pokal, the second-most important national competition in German football.
Died: Clifford Odets, 57, American playwright
August 15, 1963 (Thursday)
Fulbert Youlou was forced to resign as president of the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital. A delegation of military leaders, led by Colonel David Mountsaka and Major Felix Mouzabakani, refused to obey President Youlou's order for the Congolese Army to shoot at the protesters, and demanded his resignation. Youlou was replaced the next day by Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who was designated by the title "chief of government", rather than president. He would be imprisoned until being freed by his supporters on February 7, 1964.
The last of the American nuclear Thor missiles, located in the United Kingdom at the 144th Strategic Missile Squadron at North Luffenham, was taken off of alert, ending a process that had started on November 29. The missiles were removed by September 27, and the missile facilities closed by December 20.
A team of scientists from Yale University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory announced their discovery of what was believed at the time to be the last class of subatomic particle, the hyperon referred to as "anti-xi-zero".
Born: Simon Brown, Jamaican boxer, IBF welterweight champion (1988–1991), and WBC light middleweight champion (1993–1994); in Clarendon
Died:
Eddie Mays, 34, the last person to be executed in the state of New York; in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison
Karl Drews, 43, former American MLB pitcher from 1946 to 1954; by a drunk driver
John Powell, 80, American pianist, ethnomusicologist and composer
Vsevolod Ivanov, 68, Soviet novelist
August 16, 1963 (Friday)
August 16, 1963: NASA M2-F1 in flight
Test pilot Milton Orville Thompson made the first flight of the NASA M2-F1, a wingless lifting body glider nicknamed the "flying bathtub". The lifting body design, which permitted a spacecraft to descend horizontally through the atmosphere, would be put into service through the U.S. Space Shuttle.
Former President of Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez was extradited from the United States back to Venezuela, eight months after his arrest and confinement in the Dade County Jail in Miami. Perez Jimenez had been dictator from 1952 to 1958, then fled to the U.S., where he lived in luxury until being jailed in Miami on December 12, 1962.
Two people walking in Dorking Woods discovered a briefcase, a holdall and a camel-skin bag, all containing money. The evidence would lead to the arrest of Brian Field, a member of the gang who had carried out the Great Train Robbery a few days earlier. The discovery raised the total amount of money recovered to £141,000 ($394,800).
Canada's new Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, reversed the policy of his predecessor, John G. Diefenbaker, and announced that his government had agreed with the United States to arm American-deployed missiles with nuclear warheads.
Born: Christine Cavanaugh, American voice actress known for voicing Chuckie Finster in the cartoon series Rugrats (d. 2014); in Layton, Utah
August 17, 1963 (Saturday)
Fifty-five people were drowned when the Japanese ferry boat Midori Maru capsized in heavy waves as it sailed from the Okinawan capital to Kumejima Island. Another 185 of the passengers and crew were rescued by fishing boats and U.S. military aircraft.
Died:
Richard Barthelmess, 68, American silent film actor who was nominated for Best Actor in the first Academy Award ceremony
Ed Gardner, 62, American radio comedian who starred in the series Duffy's Tavern
August 18, 1963 (Sunday)
James Meredith became the first African-American to graduate from the University of Mississippi in its 115 years of existence. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, having majored in political science and minored in French. The cost of Meredith's protection by federal marshals was more than $5,000,000. His graduation day was without incident; Meredith would later earn a law degree from Columbia University.
The last match in the third round of the 1963 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was played at the Estadio Nacional in Costa Rica. The final, scheduled to be played the following month, would eventually be scratched, and Racing Club Haïtien would eventually be declared champion.
August 19, 1963 (Monday)
Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol agreed to allow American observers to visit the Negev Nuclear Research Center at Dimona, where Israel was working on developing a nuclear weapon.
Born:
Monday Michiru, Japanese "acid jazz" musician and actress; in Tokyo, to jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi and jazz saxophonist Charlie Mariano
John Stamos, American TV actor and producer; in Cypress, California
Died:
Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, 74, Pakistani politician, President (speaker) of Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly
Jay Meuser, 51, American abstract expressionist painter
August 20, 1963 (Tuesday)
In the case of Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, former University of Georgia football coach Wally Butts won a $3,060,000 judgment in his libel lawsuit against the Saturday Evening Post magazine. The March 19, 1963 issue of the magazine alleged in an article that Butts and University of Alabama coach Bear Bryant had conspired to fix the outcome of the game between their schools. The jury verdict would later be reduced to $460,000 by the trial court, but would be upheld by the United States Supreme Court.
In the Bristol South East by-election, Tony Benn regained his seat in the House of Commons. Benn had been forced to resign Commons in 1960, when he inherited a peerage, becoming the 2nd Viscount Stansgate (and a member of the House of Lords) on his father's death. Benn had won the by-election on May 4 but had been disqualified by law. When the Peerage Act 1963 took effect, Benn renounced his peerage, ran again and received 79.7% of the vote.
The Israeli government informed the United Nations Special Committee on Apartheid that it had taken all necessary steps to ensure that no arms, ammunition, or strategic materials would be exported from Israel to South Africa in any form, directly or indirectly.
The Royal Shakespeare Company introduced its performance cycle of Shakespeare's history plays under the title The Wars of the Roses, adapted and directed by John Barton and Peter Hall, at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.
Rocketdyne began testing its new thrust chamber assembly (TCA) design for the Gemini reentry control system (RCS) and the orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS). Design verification testing was completed in October.
August 21, 1963 (Wednesday)
Victor Mostovoy, the pilot of a disabled Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-124 airliner, successfully made an emergency landing in the Neva River at Leningrad after the jet developed engine trouble. The Tu-124 remained afloat, and all 52 people on board were able to escape without injury.
The first of five flight tests in the Gemini malfunction detection system (MDS) piggyback series was made with the Titan II rocket. Because of a short circuit, all MDS parameter data was lost 81 seconds after liftoff. Performance would be verified by the final test on March 23, 1964.
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces, on orders of President Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, arrested thousands of monks and nuns (some of whom would die in prison or disappear entirely), and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam.
Lee Harvey Oswald, identifying himself as New Orleans representative of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, debated against Cuban exile Carlos Bringuier in a live radio program on the New Orleans station WDSU-AM.
U.S. President Kennedy issued a Presidential Memorandum establishing the National Communications System.
MSC ordered the procurement of eight Atlas rockets for the Gemini program, at a cost of $40,000,000.
The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Jordan for the first time.
Born: King Mohammed VI of Morocco, son of King Hassan II of Morocco and Lalla Latifa Hammou; in Rabat
Died: Gladys Dick, 81, American physician and co-developer of the vaccine against scarlet fever
August 22, 1963 (Thursday)
Lloyd Miller Jr., convicted in 1956 of the murder and rape of an 8-year-old girl, was given a stay of execution seven hours before he was scheduled to die in the electric chair at the Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois. U.S. District Court Judge Bernard M. Decker issued a writ of habeas corpus to halt proceedings while Miller's attorneys continued to pursue an appeal. Three-and-a-half years later, on February 13, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court would reverse Miller's conviction after it was determined that the prosecutor in Fulton County, Illinois, had presented faked evidence at Miller's trial, and Miller would be set free on March 20 after more than ten years behind bars.
American test pilot Joe Walker made a second sub-orbital spaceflight, according to the international standard of 100 kilometers, piloting an X-15 rocket plane to an altitude of 354,200 feet (67.08 mi; 108.0 km). The record was unofficial, because the X-15 did not take off from the ground under its own power, and was sent up by an air launch. Walker's flight would remain the highest ever achieved by an airplane for more than fifty years, until broken on October 4, 2004, when Brian Binnie would pilot SpaceShipOne to an altitude of 367,500 feet (112,000 m; 112.0 km).
Died: Eric Johnston, 66, American motion picture executive who had served as president of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1945
August 23, 1963 (Friday)
Einar Gerhardsen resigned as Prime Minister of Norway after losing a motion of no confidence by a two-vote margin. The 76–74 vote came about when two deputies in the Storting (Finn Gustavsen and Asbjørn Holm) broke with the ruling Labor Party to vote against Gerhardsen.
Born:
Stephanie Biddle, Canadian jazz musician; in LaSalle, Quebec
Glória Pires, Brazilian actress; in Rio de Janeiro
August 24, 1963 (Saturday)
August 24, 1963: The Gladiators
Newspaper photographer John O'Gready took the iconic photograph The Gladiators, showing opposing players Norm Provan and Arthur Summons embracing at the end of the 1963 NSW Rugby League Premiership Grand Final at Sydney Cricket Ground.
The very first games of the Bundesliga, composed of the 16 best professional soccer football teams in West Germany, were played, with all eight matches starting at 5:00 p.m. In Bremen, Timo Konietzka of Borussia Dortmund scored the first goal in league history, 59 seconds into the match against SV Werder Bremen, although Bremen would win 3–2. In other contests, Meidericher SV beat Karlsruher SC, 4–1; FC Schalke 04 defeated VfB Stuttgart, 2–0; 1. FC Köln won 2–0 over FC Saarbrücken. The other four games ended in 1–1 draws.
With conditional approval by President Kennedy, the U.S. Department of State sent what would later become known as "Cable 243" to Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge in South Vietnam. The wording of the message, which was dispatched after the violent Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, included the statement that the Ambassador should "make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary", and implied support for a coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.
John Pennel, who had broken the world record in the pole vault on August 5, became the first person to vault more than 17 feet (5.2 m), vaulting 17 feet 0.75 inches (5.2007 m) in a meet near his hometown, at the University of Miami.
August 25, 1963 (Sunday)
All 26 people aboard the Greek freighter MV Donald (formerly the U.S. Navy cargo ship USS Cabell) disappeared shortly after the captain reported by radio that he was encountering bad weather in the Indian Ocean. The ship had been en route to Indonesia with a cargo of 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of iron, and was never found after being reported as missing a month later by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Marine.
McDonnell completed the fabrication and assembly of Gemini spacecraft No. 1 with the mating of the spacecraft's major modules. The spacecraft passed its final roll-out inspection on October 1 and was shipped to Atlantic Missile Range October 4.
Nearly three years after the December 15, 1960 decision by King Mahendra of Nepal to abolish the nation's short-lived elected legislature, the King held the first meeting of the new "National Guidance Council" as an advisory body.
Died: Karl Probst, 79, American automobile engineer who, in 1940, designed the U.S. Army's "G.P." (general purpose) vehicle, which would become known as the "jeep"
August 26, 1963 (Monday)
In a meeting with U.S. President Kennedy, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin told Kennedy that all Soviet combat troops had been removed from Cuba. In actuality, one brigade of Soviet troops had remained after the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, at the request of Fidel Castro. The existence of the brigade would not be discovered by U.S. intelligence until 1979.
Born: Cristina Favre-Moretti and Isabella Crettenand-Moretti, twin sisters Swiss ski mountaineers who both won gold medals in the 2004 World Championships
August 27, 1963 (Tuesday)
Singaporean bar waitress Jenny Cheok disappeared at sea during a scuba diving trip near Sisters' Islands, Singapore. Initially considered as a missing persons case, it was found that Cheok was killed by her boyfriend, Sunny Ang, for her insurance money, which amounted to $450,000 in total. Despite the circumstantial evidence and lack of a body, Ang would be convicted on May 19, 1965 for murder, making the case one of the most sensational murder cases in Singapore's legal history. Ang would be executed in Changi Prison on February 6, 1967. Till this day, Cheok's body has never been found.
Less than six hours before the railroads of the United States were scheduled to be shut down by a walkout of railway employees, President Kennedy signed anti-strike legislation that had been passed minutes earlier by the U.S. House of Representatives. The vote in the House, finished at 4:42 p.m., was 286–66 on a bill that had passed the U.S. Senate on August 22. President Kennedy signed the bill into law at 6:14 p.m., ending the strike that had been scheduled for one minute after midnight.
Japanese Construction Minister Ichirō Kōno announced that the government would construct a new city on undeveloped land in "a very suitable place near Mount Tsukuba". The "Tsukuba Science City", located 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Tokyo and intended as a community for researchers and scientists, would be ready for its first residents after ten years of construction, and would have over 200,000 residents within 50 years.
Eighteen miners were killed in an explosion at an underground potash mine near Moab, Utah, but five men were able to survive the carbon monoxide by finding an air pocket, 2,712 feet (827 m) below the surface, and were lifted to safety by rescue workers.
Born: Greg Daniels, former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1986
Du Bois
Died:
W. E. B. Du Bois, 95, African-American professor and civil rights activist, who later became a citizen of Ghana; of health problems
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, 75, Indian mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement
Werner Kuhn, 64, Swiss physical chemist
August 28, 1963 (Wednesday)
August 28, 1963: Marchers at the Lincoln Memorial
At the "March on Washington" (officially, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom), Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000 people.
The "Career Girls Murders" were committed as Janice Wylie, a 21-year-old researcher for Newsweek magazine, and her roommate, 22-year-old schoolteacher Emily Hoffert, were stabbed to death in their luxury apartment on New York's Upper East Side. An innocent man would be convicted of the murders and was imprisoned until the discovery of the actual killer, Richard Robles.
John Lyng became Prime Minister of Norway, forming the first government in 28 years not to be led by the Norwegian Labour Party. Lyng's government would last for only one month.
Two U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotankers collided over the Atlantic Ocean and crashed.
August 29, 1963 (Thursday)
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, sent a top secret cable to the White House, reporting that "We are launched on a course from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the Diem government." At noon in Washington, D.C., President Kennedy held a conference with his Secretaries of State, Defense and the Treasury, as well as with the CIA Director, after which Kennedy authorized a reply to Lodge, which included the statement that "The USG will support a coup which has good chance of succeeding but plans no direct involvement of U.S. Armed Forces."
The Policlínico Bancario bank in Argentina was robbed by members of Tacuara Nationalist Movement, who stole 14,000,000 Argentine pesos (equivalent to US$100,000), and killed two bank employees in the process.
Gulzarilal Nanda replaced Lal Bahadur Shastri as India's Minister for Home Affairs.
August 30, 1963 (Friday)
The original hot line, at the Johnson Presidential Library
The Moscow–Washington hotline began operations, as the U.S. Department of Defense made a one-sentence announcement to the world press: "The direct communication link between Washington and Moscow is now operational." Because the spoken word could be misunderstood, the hot line was actually a link of teletype machines rather than the red telephone commonly depicted in television and film.
The standard for cassette tapes
The modern audio cassette tape and the tape recorder that used it were both introduced to the public by the Philips Company, at the annual Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin, an exhibition of the latest consumer technology, in West Germany. For the next 30 years, the "cassette" would be the standard form of portable recorded music.
Kansas City Chiefs rookie Stone Johnson, a former United States Olympic sprinter, sustained a fractured vertebra in his neck during a kickoff return in a preseason game against the Houston Oilers in Wichita, Kansas. Johnson would die on September 8 as a result of the injury.
Born:
Paul Oakenfold, British record producer and DJ; in Mile End, London
John King, American journalist; in Dorchester, Massachusetts
Died:
Eddie Mannix, 72, American film executive
Axel Stordahl, 50, American bandleader
Guy Burgess, 52, British spy
August 31, 1963 (Saturday)
Proposed Gemini parasail landing system
Gemini Project Office (GPO) reported that it was investigating the use of a parasail and landing rocket system to enable the Gemini spacecraft to make ground landings rather than splashing down at sea. Major system components were the parasail, drogue parachute, retrorocket, control system, and landing rocket. Unlike the conventional parachute, the parasail was capable of controlled gliding and turning. Landing rockets, fired just before touchdown, reduced the spacecraft rate of descent to less than 11 feet (3.4 m) per second or 7.5 miles per hour (12.1 km/h). After a briefing by GPO to NASA Headquarters on September 6, no further action was taken on the parasail and landings of U.S. spacecraft would continue to be in the ocean until the first space shuttle flight in 1981.
Singapore declared its independence from the United Kingdom, with Yusof bin Ishak as the head of state (Yang di-Pertuan Negara) and Lee Kuan Yew as prime minister. Sixteen days later, Singapore would join the Federation of Malaysia, but would declare independence again on August 9, 1965.
John Dalgleish Donaldson and his first wife, Henrietta Clark Horne, married at Port Seton, Scotland. One of their daughters, Mary Donaldson (born 1972), would marry Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark in 2010 and become Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark.
GPO reported that the Gemini Guidance Computer was in its final factory testing phase and would be ready for inertial guidance system integration testing on September 6.
British North Borneo became the self-governing territory known as Sabah, pending the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia later in the year.
The National Museum of Malaysia opened, on the sixth anniversary of the independence of Malaya.
Winston P. Wilson became chief of the U.S. National Guard Bureau.
Died: Georges Braque, 81, French painter and sculptor
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^ Surviving month-old Siamese twin goes home today
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^ "Brazzaville Rioters Free All Prison Inmates", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 12, 1963, p2
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^ Jacob Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945–1960 (Government Printing Office, 1998) pp232-233
^ "Scientists Find Anti-Xi-Zero As A Matter Of Fact", Miami News, August 15, 1963, p2
^ "Car Kills Ex-Pitcher Karl Drews", Miami News, August 15, 1963, p2
^ Tonia Moxley, "White supremacist's name removed from RU building", The Roanoke Times, 18 September 2010, accessed 26 August 2011
^ Reed, R. Dale; Lister, Darlene (2002). Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 50–53.
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^ "Warhead Okay— Cabinet Approves". Windsor Star. August 16, 1963. p. 1.
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^ attribution: Thegreenj
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vteEvents by month1967
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in Monessen, Pennsylvania[4]\nDied: Theodore Roethke, 55, American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet; of a heart attack[5]","title":"August 1, 1963 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Chicago College All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_College_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"José de Jesús García Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Garc%C3%ADa_Ayala"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Arlene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Arlene_(1963)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-9"}],"text":"The Sino-Soviet split widened as the People's Republic of China, in its strongest condemnation to that time of the Soviet Union, criticized the Soviets as being \"freaks and monsters\" for making \"unconditional concessions and capitulation to the imperialists\" after the USSR had agreed to a partial nuclear test ban treaty with the United States and the United Kingdom. The statement came in an editorial in the Chinese Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily.[6]\nThe NFL champion Green Bay Packers were upset, 20–17, by the College All-Stars in the annual Chicago College All-Star Game.[7] It would be the last time that the All-Stars would win the series, which would be discontinued after the 1976 contest.[8]\nJosé de Jesús García Ayala was consecrated as Auxiliary Bishop of Campeche. He would go on to become the oldest bishop in the Mexican church, living beyond his 100th birthday.\nA tropical storm off Bermuda intensified and was classified as Hurricane Arlene, though it would degenerate into a tropical depression the following day.[9]","title":"August 2, 1963 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syncom 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncom_2"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Cavern Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cavern_Club"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"February 9, 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1961"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Hetfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hetfield"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Downey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downey,_California"},{"link_name":"Tasmin Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmin_Archer"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ward"},{"link_name":"Profumo affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profumo_affair"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Phil Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Graham"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The U.S.-launched Syncom 2, launched on July 26, was successfully lifted to an altitude of 22,500 miles (36,200 km) and achieved a speed of 6,880 miles per hour (11,070 km/h) in order to keep pace with the Earth's equatorial rotational movement of 1,040 miles per hour (1,670 km/h), becoming the first Earth-made object to achieve geosynchronous orbit. Syncom 2 remained fixed at a point near the equator and over Brazil.[10]\nThe Beatles performed at The Cavern Club in Liverpool for the 275th, and final time, nearly 18 months after their first appearance on the club's stage on February 9, 1961.[11]\nBorn:\nJames Hetfield, American singer/songwriter and founder of the rock band Metallica; in Downey, California\nTasmin Archer, English singer; in Bradford, Yorkshire\nDied:\nStephen Ward, 50, English osteopath and a central figure in the Profumo affair, died three days after taking an overdose of barbiturates. In his suicide note, he wrote, \"It's a wish not to let them get me. I'd rather get myself.\"[12]\nPhil Graham, 48, publisher of The Washington Post newspaper and Newsweek magazine; by suicide[13]","title":"August 3, 1963 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Francois Duvalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Duvalier"},{"link_name":"Dajabón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajab%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ouanaminthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1963 German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"John Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surtees"},{"link_name":"Jim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"African Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Keith Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"}],"text":"At 5:00 in the morning, Haiti was invaded from the Dominican Republic by an army of 500 Haitian rebels seeking to overthrow the dictatorship of President Francois Duvalier, commonly referred to as \"Papa Doc\". The rebel forces crossed the border from the Dominican town of Dajabón to strike at Ouanaminthe, moving across the Rivière du Massacre/Rio Dajabón.[14]\nThe 1963 German Grand Prix was held at the Nürburgring and won by John Surtees, with Jim Clark finishing second. Clark remained well in first place in the world auto-driving championship standings, with 42 points, while Surtees was second at 22.[15]\nThe African Development Bank (AfDB) was created by agreement of the leaders of 33 African nations meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.[16]\nBorn: Keith Ellison, U.S. Representative for Minnesota from 2007 to 2019, the first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress; in Detroit","title":"August 4, 1963 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Next_Nine_Desert_Survival_Training.jpg"},{"link_name":"NASA Astronaut Group 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2"},{"link_name":"Mercury astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_astronauts"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"Stead Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stead_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Project Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Test Ban treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Banning_Nuclear_Weapon_Tests_in_the_Atmosphere,_in_Outer_Space,_and_Under_Water"},{"link_name":"Dean Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Rusk"},{"link_name":"Alec Douglas-Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home"},{"link_name":"Andrei Gromyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Craig Breedlove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Breedlove"},{"link_name":"Spirit of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_America_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Bonneville Salt Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ward"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mark Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Strong"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Salvador Bacarisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Bacarisse"}],"text":"August 5, 1963: NASA astronauts dressed for survival in the Nevada desertAll members of NASA Astronaut Group 2 and two of the Mercury astronauts began a five-day desert survival course at Stead Air Force Base in Nevada. The course, oriented toward Project Gemini missions, had (1) one and one-half days of academic presentations on characteristics of world desert areas and survival techniques; (2) one day of field demonstrations on use and care of survival equipment and use of the parachute in construction of clothing, shelters, and signals; and (3) two days of remote site training, when two-man teams were left alone in the desert to apply what they had learned from the academic and demonstration phases of the program.[2]\nIn Moscow, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the first Nuclear Test Ban treaty. The ceremony took place at the Kremlin with U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, British Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home, and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko signing on behalf of their respective nations.[17]\nCraig Breedlove set the record for fastest driver in the world, reaching 428.37 miles per hour (689.39 km/h) \"for a measured mile\" in a jet-powered vehicle, Spirit of America, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. His average for two runs was 407.45 miles per hour (655.73 km/h).[18]\nThe trial of Stephen Ward was formally closed with no sentence pronounced, two days after Ward's suicide.[19]\nBorn: Mark Strong, English actor; in London\nDied: Salvador Bacarisse, 64, Spanish composer","title":"August 5, 1963 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Raúl Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro"},{"link_name":"Sophus Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Nielsen"}],"text":"The United States Senate voted, 84 to 0, for a pay increase to nearly all members of the United States Armed Services, whether active or on reserve, three months after the House of Representatives had passed a \"somewhat similar, but less generous bill\".[20]\nDied:\nLina Ruz González y Castro, 60, mother of Cuban leaders Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro\nSophus Nielsen, 75, Danish soccer player and manager","title":"August 6, 1963 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"escalator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalator"},{"link_name":"Garden State Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Park_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Cherry Hill, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Maple Shade, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Shade,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_181"},{"link_name":"arms embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_embargo"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Test pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot"},{"link_name":"Lockheed YF-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_YF-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"beach party film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_party_film"},{"link_name":"AIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Beach Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Party"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bouvier Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"Otis Air Force Base Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Air_Force_Base_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Bourne, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-Musgrove1-27"},{"link_name":"Children's Hospital Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ramon Vila Capdevila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Vila_Capdevila"}],"text":"A freak escalator accident at the Garden State Park Racetrack in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, killed a man and his daughter. John Patrick Sweeney and 8-year-old Peggy Sweeney, of Maple Shade, New Jersey, were touring the closed park with a friend when they stepped over a box of tools that had been blocking the moving stairway, unaware that a protective plate at the top had been removed for maintenance. The two fell into the moving machinery and were crushed to death.[21]\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 181 was passed, calling for a voluntary arms embargo of South Africa because of its racial discrimination. The United States and the United Kingdom abstained from the vote.[22]\nTest pilot Jim Eastham made the first flight of the Lockheed YF-12 jet fighter over Nevada's Groom Dry Lake.[23]\nThe beach party film genre began with the release of AIP's Beach Party.[24][25]\nBorn: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, by emergency caesarean section, five and a half weeks early, at the Otis Air Force Base Hospital in Bourne, Massachusetts.[26][27] He was quickly transferred to the Children's Hospital Boston, and would die 39 hours later of respiratory problems.[28]\nDied: Ramon Vila Capdevila, 55, nicknamed Caraquemada, Spanish rebel who was killed in a gun battle with Spanish Civil Guards","title":"August 7, 1963 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Train Robbery of 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_of_1963"},{"link_name":"Ledburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledburn"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ndabaningi Sithole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndabaningi_Sithole"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African People's Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe African National Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union"},{"link_name":"Joshua Nkomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"accelerations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"}],"text":"The Great Train Robbery of 1963 took place at Ledburn, Buckinghamshire, England, when a gang of bandits halted a train ferrying mail between Glasgow and London. At 3:00 a.m., the group caused the train's engineer to stop by activating the red signal and covering the green signal. When the train came to a halt, engineer Jack Mills and his assistant were overpowered, while others in the group boarded the first two coaches hauling mail and tied up the four employees on board. The group then uncoupled the engine and two coaches from the other ten cars on the train, and forced the engineer and assistant to move one mile down the line to the Bridego Bridge, where the mail bags were dropped into automobiles waiting beneath. The haul was estimated at £2,600,000 (at the time worth about $7,300,000; equivalent to £70 million or $87,500,000 in 2023).[29][30]\nNdabaningi Sithole, future Zimbabwean prime minister (and later, president) Robert Mugabe, and other members of the Zimbabwe African People's Union formed the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) after being dissatisfied with the leadership of Joshua Nkomo.[31]\nQualification testing of the Gemini parachute recovery system demonstrated water-impact accelerations low enough to make water landing safe.[2]","title":"August 8, 1963 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Fair Play for Cuba Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Play_for_Cuba_Committee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"International Trade Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Mart"},{"link_name":"Manned Spacecraft Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center"},{"link_name":"Arnold Engineering Development Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Engineering_Development_Center"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Thiokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiokol"},{"link_name":"retrorocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrorocket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-9"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-9"},{"link_name":"1963 Great Hai River flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_River"},{"link_name":"torrential heavy massive rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrential_rain"},{"link_name":"many dam collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_collapse"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Hebei Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei_Province"},{"link_name":"Chinese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ready Steady Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Steady_Go!"},{"link_name":"Associated-Rediffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vogue-36"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bouvier Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"infant respiratory distress syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Richard Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cushing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Oswald distributing leaflets in New Orleans on August 16, 1963American dissident Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested in New Orleans while distributing leaflets for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee at the corner of Canal Street and Baronne Street, after getting into a scuffle with three Cuban men (Carlos Bringuier, Celso Macario and Miguel Mariano), who were also arrested. Oswald spent the night in jail, and was then released.[32][33] A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the International Trade Mart.\nRepresentatives of Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), Arnold Engineering Development Center, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, and Thiokol met to analyze problems in the Gemini retrorocket abort system. Several components, including retrorocket nozzle exit cones and mounting structure, had failed in recent tests at Arnold. After improvements, a retesting in October was successful.[2]\nHurricane Arlene passed directly over Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (137 km/h).[9] The storm continued to intensify after passing the island, with a barometric pressure of 969 mbar (969 hPa; 28.6 inHg) and winds reaching 105 mph (169 km/h).[9] The hurricane weakened and was downgraded to an extratropical cyclone, while as it moved out to sea.[9]\n1963 Great Hai River flood, a torrential heavy massive rain, resulting to many dam collapse, levee collapse on Hai river and flooding, mainly, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province, China, killing total 5,154 persons, according to Chinese government official document figures report.[citation needed]\nThe British rock music show Ready Steady Go! premiered on Associated-Rediffusion in London, part of Britain's ITV network, and would later be shown on the other ITV stations. It would run until December 7, 1966.[34][35]\nBorn: Whitney Houston, American pop singer (d. 2012); in Newark, New Jersey[36]\nDied: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, two-day-old son of President John F. Kennedy, of infant respiratory distress syndrome. A funeral mass for the child was held the next day in the private chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston.[37]","title":"August 9, 1963 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Houston Colt .45s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Colt_.45s"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Phoolan Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoolan_Devi"},{"link_name":"Ghura Ka Purwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaun_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Estes Kefauver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver"},{"link_name":"Adlai Stevenson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II"}],"text":"A new record was set for latest ending to a Major League Baseball game, when the second game of a doubleheader between the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the visiting Houston Colt .45s (now the Astros lasted until 2:30 in the morning. The first game had been delayed for an hour by rain. Only 300 of the original 9,420 fans stayed to watch Pittsburgh win 7–6 after 11 innings. The record would be broken on June 13, 1967, when a Washington Senators 6–5 win over the Chicago White Sox at 2:44 a.m.[38]\nGiovanni Colombo became Archbishop of Milan, replacing Pope Paul VI, who had been elected to the papacy two months earlier.\nBorn: Phoolan Devi, Indian bandit and politician (d. 2001); in Ghura Ka Purwa, Uttar Pradesh state\nDied: Estes Kefauver, 60, American politician who almost won the 1952 Democratic presidential nomination and then served as running-mate for nominee Adlai Stevenson II in 1956.","title":"August 10, 1963 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1963"},{"link_name":"Liliesleaf Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliesleaf_Farm"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Harold Wolpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wolpe"},{"link_name":"Arthur Goldreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich"},{"link_name":"Moosa Moolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosa_Moolla"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Park Chung-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chung-hee"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"conjoined twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Food poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoning"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Richard Cardinal Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cardinal_Cushing"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Benoni Beheyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoni_Beheyt"},{"link_name":"1963 UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Renaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaix"},{"link_name":"Jim Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clark"},{"link_name":"1963 Kanonloppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Kanonloppet"},{"link_name":"Karlskoga Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskoga_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Clem Bevans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Bevans"},{"link_name":"Charles Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour"}],"text":"Four of the defendants who had been arrested on July 11, at the Liliesleaf Farm near Johannesburg, were able to escape their South African jail after a bribe was promised to their guard by the ANC. Harold Wolpe and Arthur Goldreich, who were both white, were confined at Johannesburg's Marshall Square Police Station, in the same cell with Indian South Africans Abdulhay Jassat and Moosa Moolla, separate from the black South African defendants. Their white guard, Johannes Greeff, served three years of a six-year sentence, and later received 2,000 African pounds.[39] Wolpe and Goldreich would elude a nationwide search and, \"disguised as priests\", make it to Swaziland (which was surrounded by South Africa), and on September 8, would charter a plane to fly to Tanganyika.[40]\nLieutenant General Song Yo-Chang, former Prime Minister of South Korea, was arrested on orders of the President and his former superior officer, General Park Chung-hee. On August 8, General Song had published a letter in the nation's newspapers, calling on General Park not to run in the October elections.[41]\nTwo teams of surgeons, at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, carried out the successful separation of a pair of conjoined twins, Daniel Bartley and David Bartley, 27 hours after their birth. The two were joined at the abdomen.[42] Daniel died three days later, on August 14.[43]\nFood poisoning struck about 150 of 800 women who had attended a dinner at which the Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, was the guest speaker.[44]\nBenoni Beheyt won the 1963 UCI Road World Championships bicycle race at Renaix, Belgium.\nJim Clark won the 1963 Kanonloppet motor race at Karlskoga Circuit in Sweden.\nDied:\nClem Bevans, 83, American vaudeville star and film actor\nCharles Seymour, 78, American academician","title":"August 11, 1963 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"President of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru"},{"link_name":"Mau Mau Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Kōji Kitao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Kitao"},{"link_name":"Mie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie,_%C5%8Cita"}],"text":"Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya, spoke to 300 white farmers at Nakuru, and reassured them that the new black African government would look after their interests if they remained. \"To the chagrin of many freedom fighters, his prophecy turned out to be accurate\", one commentator would observe later about the former Mau Mau Uprising leader.[45]\nFifteen of the 16 people on board an Air-Inter flight were killed when the Viscount airplane they were on crashed while attempting a landing in a thunderstorm at Lyon. The airplane, which was stopping at Lille on the way to Nice, struck a barn as it descended, and debris from the wreckage killed the farm owner. The sole survivor was a three-year-old girl.[46]\nBorn: Kōji Kitao, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2019); in Mie","title":"August 12, 1963 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trois Glorieuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridevi"},{"link_name":"Indian cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"},{"link_name":"Meenampatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenampatti"},{"link_name":"Madras State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_State"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxena-49"},{"link_name":"Édouard Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Michelin_(born_1963)"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ferrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand"},{"link_name":"Valerie Plame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Plame"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Operations Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Officer"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"}],"text":"The \"Trois Glorieuses\" uprising began in Congo-Brazzaville (formerly the French Congo), as political rallies degenerated into violent clashes.[47] Striking workers in the capital, Brazzaville, stormed the city prison and released all of the inmates.[48]\nBorn:\nSridevi, Indian actress cited as the \"first female superstar\" of Indian cinema; as Shree Amma Ayyapan in Meenampatti, Madras State (died of cardiac arrest, 2018)[49]\nÉdouard Michelin, managing partner and co-chief executive of the Michelin Group in 1999; in Clermont-Ferrand (died by drowning, 2006)\nValerie Plame, American CIA Operations Officer who was identified after a leak from a U.S. State Department official; in Anchorage, Alaska","title":"August 13, 1963 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Londrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londrina"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Yirrkala bark petitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirrkala_bark_petitions"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"1962–63 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Clifford Odets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets"}],"text":"A forest fire in Brazil killed 110 people and caused damage in 128 villages and towns in the state of Paraná.[50] The fire, which broke out in four districts around the city of Londrina, started when local farmers were clearing their land by setting small blazes that grew out of control. Eventually, two million hectares or 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) were burned by the blaze before it was brought under control. Besides the 110 known dead, another 1,000 were injured and 5,700 families were left homeless. The death toll may have been as high as 250 people, more than twice the official report.[51][52]\nBritish police arrested five people believed to have been members of the gang that had carried out the robbery of the Glasgow-London mail train the previous week and recovered £100,000 of the loot that had been stolen.[53]\nThe first of the Yirrkala bark petitions, created by Aboriginal leaders in the Arnhem Land region of the Northern Territory of Australia, were presented to Australian governmental leaders at the capital in Canberra.[54]\nHamburger SV won the 1962–63 DFB-Pokal, the second-most important national competition in German football.\nDied: Clifford Odets, 57, American playwright","title":"August 14, 1963 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulbert Youlou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou"},{"link_name":"Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"three-day uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Massamba-Débat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"February 7, 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1964"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Thor missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-17_Thor"},{"link_name":"North Luffenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Luffenham"},{"link_name":"November 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1962"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"subatomic particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle"},{"link_name":"hyperon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperon"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Simon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brown_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Parish,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Eddie Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mays"},{"link_name":"Karl Drews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Drews"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"John Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Powell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moxley-62"},{"link_name":"Vsevolod Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Ivanov"}],"text":"Fulbert Youlou was forced to resign as president of the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.[55] A delegation of military leaders, led by Colonel David Mountsaka and Major Felix Mouzabakani, refused to obey President Youlou's order for the Congolese Army to shoot at the protesters, and demanded his resignation.[56] Youlou was replaced the next day by Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who was designated by the title \"chief of government\", rather than president.[57] He would be imprisoned until being freed by his supporters on February 7, 1964.[58]\nThe last of the American nuclear Thor missiles, located in the United Kingdom at the 144th Strategic Missile Squadron at North Luffenham, was taken off of alert, ending a process that had started on November 29. The missiles were removed by September 27, and the missile facilities closed by December 20.[59]\nA team of scientists from Yale University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory announced their discovery of what was believed at the time to be the last class of subatomic particle, the hyperon referred to as \"anti-xi-zero\".[60]\nBorn: Simon Brown, Jamaican boxer, IBF welterweight champion (1988–1991), and WBC light middleweight champion (1993–1994); in Clarendon\nDied:\nEddie Mays, 34, the last person to be executed in the state of New York; in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison\nKarl Drews, 43, former American MLB pitcher from 1946 to 1954; by a drunk driver[61]\nJohn Powell, 80, American pianist, ethnomusicologist and composer[62]\nVsevolod Ivanov, 68, Soviet novelist","title":"August 15, 1963 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_M2-F1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milton Orville Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Orville_Thompson"},{"link_name":"NASA M2-F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_M2-F1"},{"link_name":"lifting body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_body"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"President of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Marcos Pérez Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"extradited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"December 12, 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1962"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Brian Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Field"},{"link_name":"the Great Train Robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_of_1963"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Lester B. Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson"},{"link_name":"John G. Diefenbaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Diefenbaker"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Christine Cavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Cavanaugh"},{"link_name":"Rugrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats_(1991_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Layton, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layton,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"August 16, 1963: NASA M2-F1 in flightTest pilot Milton Orville Thompson made the first flight of the NASA M2-F1, a wingless lifting body glider nicknamed the \"flying bathtub\". The lifting body design, which permitted a spacecraft to descend horizontally through the atmosphere, would be put into service through the U.S. Space Shuttle.[63]\nFormer President of Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez was extradited from the United States back to Venezuela, eight months after his arrest and confinement in the Dade County Jail in Miami. Perez Jimenez had been dictator from 1952 to 1958, then fled to the U.S., where he lived in luxury until being jailed in Miami on December 12, 1962.[64]\nTwo people walking in Dorking Woods discovered a briefcase, a holdall and a camel-skin bag, all containing money. The evidence would lead to the arrest of Brian Field, a member of the gang who had carried out the Great Train Robbery a few days earlier. The discovery raised the total amount of money recovered to £141,000 ($394,800).[65]\nCanada's new Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, reversed the policy of his predecessor, John G. Diefenbaker, and announced that his government had agreed with the United States to arm American-deployed missiles with nuclear warheads.[66][67]\nBorn: Christine Cavanaugh, American voice actress known for voicing Chuckie Finster in the cartoon series Rugrats (d. 2014); in Layton, Utah[68]","title":"August 16, 1963 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumejima Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumejima_Island"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Richard Barthelmess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barthelmess"},{"link_name":"Ed Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Duffy's Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy%27s_Tavern"}],"text":"Fifty-five people were drowned when the Japanese ferry boat Midori Maru capsized in heavy waves as it sailed from the Okinawan capital to Kumejima Island. Another 185 of the passengers and crew were rescued by fishing boats and U.S. military aircraft.[69]\nDied:\nRichard Barthelmess, 68, American silent film actor who was nominated for Best Actor in the first Academy Award ceremony\nEd Gardner, 62, American radio comedian who starred in the series Duffy's Tavern","title":"August 17, 1963 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Meredith"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"1963 CONCACAF Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_CONCACAF_Champions%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Racing Club Haïtien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Club_Ha%C3%AFtien"}],"text":"James Meredith became the first African-American to graduate from the University of Mississippi in its 115 years of existence. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, having majored in political science and minored in French. The cost of Meredith's protection by federal marshals was more than $5,000,000.[70] His graduation day was without incident; Meredith would later earn a law degree from Columbia University.[71]\nThe last match in the third round of the 1963 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was played at the Estadio Nacional in Costa Rica. The final, scheduled to be played the following month, would eventually be scratched, and Racing Club Haïtien would eventually be declared champion.","title":"August 18, 1963 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levi Eshkol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Eshkol"},{"link_name":"Negev Nuclear Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Monday Michiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Michiru"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Akiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi"},{"link_name":"Charlie Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Mariano"},{"link_name":"John Stamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stamos"},{"link_name":"Cypress, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_California"},{"link_name":"Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan"},{"link_name":"Jay Meuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Meuser"}],"text":"Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol agreed to allow American observers to visit the Negev Nuclear Research Center at Dimona, where Israel was working on developing a nuclear weapon.[72]\nBorn:\nMonday Michiru, Japanese \"acid jazz\" musician and actress; in Tokyo, to jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi and jazz saxophonist Charlie Mariano\nJohn Stamos, American TV actor and producer; in Cypress, California\nDied:\nMaulvi Tamizuddin Khan, 74, Pakistani politician, President (speaker) of Pakistan's first Constituent Assembly\nJay Meuser, 51, American abstract expressionist painter","title":"August 19, 1963 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts"},{"link_name":"Wally Butts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Butts"},{"link_name":"Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"March 19, 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1963"},{"link_name":"Bear Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Bristol South East by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Bristol_South_East_by-election"},{"link_name":"Tony Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn"},{"link_name":"Viscount Stansgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Stansgate"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1963"},{"link_name":"Peerage Act 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Israeli government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"strategic materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_material"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"history plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_history"},{"link_name":"The Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Roses_(adaptation)"},{"link_name":"John Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barton_(director)"},{"link_name":"Peter Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Rocketdyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketdyne"},{"link_name":"orbit attitude and maneuver system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_attitude_and_maneuver_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"}],"text":"In the case of Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, former University of Georgia football coach Wally Butts won a $3,060,000 judgment in his libel lawsuit against the Saturday Evening Post magazine. The March 19, 1963 issue of the magazine alleged in an article that Butts and University of Alabama coach Bear Bryant had conspired to fix the outcome of the game between their schools.[73] The jury verdict would later be reduced to $460,000 by the trial court, but would be upheld by the United States Supreme Court.\nIn the Bristol South East by-election, Tony Benn regained his seat in the House of Commons. Benn had been forced to resign Commons in 1960, when he inherited a peerage, becoming the 2nd Viscount Stansgate (and a member of the House of Lords) on his father's death. Benn had won the by-election on May 4 but had been disqualified by law. When the Peerage Act 1963 took effect, Benn renounced his peerage, ran again and received 79.7% of the vote.[74]\nThe Israeli government informed the United Nations Special Committee on Apartheid that it had taken all necessary steps to ensure that no arms, ammunition, or strategic materials would be exported from Israel to South Africa in any form, directly or indirectly.\nThe Royal Shakespeare Company introduced its performance cycle of Shakespeare's history plays under the title The Wars of the Roses, adapted and directed by John Barton and Peter Hall, at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.\nRocketdyne began testing its new thrust chamber assembly (TCA) design for the Gemini reentry control system (RCS) and the orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS). Design verification testing was completed in October.[2]","title":"August 20, 1963 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124"},{"link_name":"successfully made an emergency landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_124_ditching_in_Neva_River"},{"link_name":"Neva River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_River"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Titan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"Ngô Đình Diệm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m"},{"link_name":"Ngô Đình Nhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu"},{"link_name":"arrested thousands of monks and nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Carlos Bringuier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Bringuier"},{"link_name":"WDSU-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WODT"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-32"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"National Communications System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Communications_System"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"Gemini program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_program"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Mohammed VI of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Hassan II of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Lalla Latifa Hammou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Latifa_Hammou"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassy-83"},{"link_name":"Gladys Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Dick"},{"link_name":"scarlet fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever"}],"text":"Victor Mostovoy, the pilot of a disabled Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-124 airliner, successfully made an emergency landing in the Neva River at Leningrad after the jet developed engine trouble. The Tu-124 remained afloat, and all 52 people on board were able to escape without injury.[75][76]\nThe first of five flight tests in the Gemini malfunction detection system (MDS) piggyback series was made with the Titan II rocket. Because of a short circuit, all MDS parameter data was lost 81 seconds after liftoff. Performance would be verified by the final test on March 23, 1964.[2]\nThe Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces, on orders of President Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, arrested thousands of monks and nuns (some of whom would die in prison or disappear entirely), and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across South Vietnam.[77][78][79]\nLee Harvey Oswald, identifying himself as New Orleans representative of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, debated against Cuban exile Carlos Bringuier in a live radio program on the New Orleans station WDSU-AM.[32][80]\nU.S. President Kennedy issued a Presidential Memorandum establishing the National Communications System.[81]\nMSC ordered the procurement of eight Atlas rockets for the Gemini program, at a cost of $40,000,000.[2]\nThe Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Jordan for the first time.[82]\nBorn: King Mohammed VI of Morocco, son of King Hassan II of Morocco and Lalla Latifa Hammou; in Rabat[83]\nDied: Gladys Dick, 81, American physician and co-developer of the vaccine against scarlet fever","title":"August 21, 1963 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chair"},{"link_name":"Stateville Correctional Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateville_Correctional_Center"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Bernard M. Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_M._Decker"},{"link_name":"writ of habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"Fulton County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Joe Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker"},{"link_name":"X-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"air launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_launch"},{"link_name":"October 4, 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2004"},{"link_name":"Brian Binnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Binnie"},{"link_name":"SpaceShipOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipOne"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Eric Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"}],"text":"Lloyd Miller Jr., convicted in 1956 of the murder and rape of an 8-year-old girl, was given a stay of execution seven hours before he was scheduled to die in the electric chair at the Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois.[84] U.S. District Court Judge Bernard M. Decker issued a writ of habeas corpus to halt proceedings while Miller's attorneys continued to pursue an appeal. Three-and-a-half years later, on February 13, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court would reverse Miller's conviction after it was determined that the prosecutor in Fulton County, Illinois, had presented faked evidence at Miller's trial, and Miller would be set free on March 20 after more than ten years behind bars.[85]\nAmerican test pilot Joe Walker made a second sub-orbital spaceflight, according to the international standard of 100 kilometers, piloting an X-15 rocket plane to an altitude of 354,200 feet (67.08 mi; 108.0 km).[86][87] The record was unofficial, because the X-15 did not take off from the ground under its own power, and was sent up by an air launch. Walker's flight would remain the highest ever achieved by an airplane for more than fifty years, until broken on October 4, 2004, when Brian Binnie would pilot SpaceShipOne to an altitude of 367,500 feet (112,000 m; 112.0 km).[88][89][90]\nDied: Eric Johnston, 66, American motion picture executive who had served as president of the Motion Picture Association of America since 1945","title":"August 22, 1963 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einar Gerhardsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"motion of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Finn Gustavsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Gustavsen"},{"link_name":"Asbjørn Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Holm"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Biddle"},{"link_name":"LaSalle, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Glória Pires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%B3ria_Pires"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"}],"text":"Einar Gerhardsen resigned as Prime Minister of Norway after losing a motion of no confidence by a two-vote margin.[91] The 76–74 vote came about when two deputies in the Storting (Finn Gustavsen and Asbjørn Holm) broke with the ruling Labor Party to vote against Gerhardsen.[92]\nBorn:\nStephanie Biddle, Canadian jazz musician; in LaSalle, Quebec\nGlória Pires, Brazilian actress; in Rio de Janeiro","title":"August 23, 1963 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Gladiators-Photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gladiators_(photograph)"},{"link_name":"Norm Provan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Provan"},{"link_name":"Arthur Summons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Summons"},{"link_name":"1963 NSW Rugby League Premiership Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_Football_League_season_1963#Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Sydney Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Timo Konietzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Konietzka"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"SV Werder Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen"},{"link_name":"Meidericher SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meidericher_SV"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_SC"},{"link_name":"FC Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"VfB Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfB_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"1. FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"FC Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Cable 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_243"},{"link_name":"Henry Cabot Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Xá Lợi Pagoda raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids"},{"link_name":"Ngo Dinh Diem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"John Pennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pennel"},{"link_name":"pole vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"August 24, 1963: The GladiatorsNewspaper photographer John O'Gready took the iconic photograph The Gladiators, showing opposing players Norm Provan and Arthur Summons embracing at the end of the 1963 NSW Rugby League Premiership Grand Final at Sydney Cricket Ground.[93]\nThe very first games of the Bundesliga, composed of the 16 best professional soccer football teams in West Germany, were played, with all eight matches starting at 5:00 p.m. In Bremen, Timo Konietzka of Borussia Dortmund scored the first goal in league history, 59 seconds into the match against SV Werder Bremen, although Bremen would win 3–2. In other contests, Meidericher SV beat Karlsruher SC, 4–1; FC Schalke 04 defeated VfB Stuttgart, 2–0; 1. FC Köln won 2–0 over FC Saarbrücken. The other four games ended in 1–1 draws.[94]\nWith conditional approval by President Kennedy, the U.S. Department of State sent what would later become known as \"Cable 243\" to Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge in South Vietnam. The wording of the message, which was dispatched after the violent Xá Lợi Pagoda raids, included the statement that the Ambassador should \"make detailed plans as to how we might bring about Diem's replacement if this should become necessary\", and implied support for a coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.[95][96]\nJohn Pennel, who had broken the world record in the pole vault on August 5, became the first person to vault more than 17 feet (5.2 m), vaulting 17 feet 0.75 inches (5.2007 m) in a meet near his hometown, at the University of Miami.[97]","title":"August 24, 1963 (Saturday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MV Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cabell_(AK-166)"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Gemini spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Missile Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Missile_Range"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"December 15, 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1960"},{"link_name":"Mahendra of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"National Guidance Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Karl Probst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Probst"},{"link_name":"jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_MB"}],"text":"All 26 people aboard the Greek freighter MV Donald (formerly the U.S. Navy cargo ship USS Cabell) disappeared shortly after the captain reported by radio that he was encountering bad weather in the Indian Ocean. The ship had been en route to Indonesia with a cargo of 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of iron, and was never found after being reported as missing a month later by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Marine.[98][99]\nMcDonnell completed the fabrication and assembly of Gemini spacecraft No. 1 with the mating of the spacecraft's major modules. The spacecraft passed its final roll-out inspection on October 1 and was shipped to Atlantic Missile Range October 4.[2]\nNearly three years after the December 15, 1960 decision by King Mahendra of Nepal to abolish the nation's short-lived elected legislature, the King held the first meeting of the new \"National Guidance Council\" as an advisory body.[100]\nDied: Karl Probst, 79, American automobile engineer who, in 1940, designed the U.S. Army's \"G.P.\" (general purpose) vehicle, which would become known as the \"jeep\"","title":"August 25, 1963 (Sunday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatoly Dobrynin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Cristina Favre-Moretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Favre-Moretti"},{"link_name":"Isabella Crettenand-Moretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Crettenand-Moretti"},{"link_name":"2004 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Championship_of_Ski_Mountaineering"}],"text":"In a meeting with U.S. President Kennedy, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin told Kennedy that all Soviet combat troops had been removed from Cuba. In actuality, one brigade of Soviet troops had remained after the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, at the request of Fidel Castro. The existence of the brigade would not be discovered by U.S. intelligence until 1979.[101]\nBorn: Cristina Favre-Moretti and Isabella Crettenand-Moretti, twin sisters Swiss ski mountaineers who both won gold medals in the 2004 World Championships","title":"August 26, 1963 (Monday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean"},{"link_name":"Jenny Cheok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Cheok"},{"link_name":"Sisters' Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters%27_Islands"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sunny Ang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Ang"},{"link_name":"convicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convicted"},{"link_name":"Changi Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Prison"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Ichirō Kōno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dno"},{"link_name":"Mount Tsukuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba"},{"link_name":"Tsukuba Science City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Eighteen miners were killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab_potash_mine"},{"link_name":"potash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash"},{"link_name":"Moab, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Greg Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Daniels_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi"},{"link_name":"Werner Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Kuhn_(chemist)"}],"text":"Singaporean bar waitress Jenny Cheok disappeared at sea during a scuba diving trip near Sisters' Islands, Singapore. Initially considered as a missing persons case, it was found that Cheok was killed by her boyfriend, Sunny Ang, for her insurance money, which amounted to $450,000 in total. Despite the circumstantial evidence and lack of a body, Ang would be convicted on May 19, 1965 for murder, making the case one of the most sensational murder cases in Singapore's legal history. Ang would be executed in Changi Prison on February 6, 1967. Till this day, Cheok's body has never been found.[102]\nLess than six hours before the railroads of the United States were scheduled to be shut down by a walkout of railway employees, President Kennedy signed anti-strike legislation that had been passed minutes earlier by the U.S. House of Representatives. The vote in the House, finished at 4:42 p.m., was 286–66 on a bill that had passed the U.S. Senate on August 22. President Kennedy signed the bill into law at 6:14 p.m., ending the strike that had been scheduled for one minute after midnight.[103]\nJapanese Construction Minister Ichirō Kōno announced that the government would construct a new city on undeveloped land in \"a very suitable place near Mount Tsukuba\". The \"Tsukuba Science City\", located 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Tokyo and intended as a community for researchers and scientists, would be ready for its first residents after ten years of construction, and would have over 200,000 residents within 50 years.[104]\nEighteen miners were killed in an explosion at an underground potash mine near Moab, Utah, but five men were able to survive the carbon monoxide by finding an air pocket, 2,712 feet (827 m) below the surface, and were lifted to safety by rescue workers.[105]\nBorn: Greg Daniels, former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1986[106]Du BoisDied:\nW. E. B. Du Bois, 95, African-American professor and civil rights activist, who later became a citizen of Ghana; of health problems[107]\nInayatullah Khan Mashriqi, 75, Indian mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement\nWerner Kuhn, 64, Swiss physical chemist","title":"August 27, 1963 (Tuesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IhaveadreamMarines.jpg"},{"link_name":"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"I Have A Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_A_Dream"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Career Girls Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Girls_Murders"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"John Lyng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lyng"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"KC-135 Stratotankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"August 28, 1963: Marchers at the Lincoln MemorialAt the \"March on Washington\" (officially, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom), Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his \"I Have A Dream\" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000 people.[108]\nThe \"Career Girls Murders\" were committed as Janice Wylie, a 21-year-old researcher for Newsweek magazine, and her roommate, 22-year-old schoolteacher Emily Hoffert, were stabbed to death in their luxury apartment on New York's Upper East Side.[109] An innocent man would be convicted of the murders and was imprisoned until the discovery of the actual killer, Richard Robles.[110]\nJohn Lyng became Prime Minister of Norway, forming the first government in 28 years not to be led by the Norwegian Labour Party. Lyng's government would last for only one month.\nTwo U.S. Air Force KC-135 Stratotankers collided over the Atlantic Ocean and crashed.[111][112]","title":"August 28, 1963 (Wednesday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr."},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Tacuara Nationalist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Gulzarilal Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda"},{"link_name":"Lal Bahadur Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri"},{"link_name":"Minister for Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Home_Affairs_(India)"}],"text":"Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, sent a top secret cable to the White House, reporting that \"We are launched on a course from which there is no turning back: the overthrow of the [Ngo Dinh] Diem government.\"[113] At noon in Washington, D.C., President Kennedy held a conference with his Secretaries of State, Defense and the Treasury, as well as with the CIA Director, after which Kennedy authorized a reply to Lodge, which included the statement that \"The USG [United States Government] will support a coup which has good chance of succeeding but plans no direct involvement of U.S. Armed Forces.\"[114]\nThe Policlínico Bancario bank in Argentina was robbed by members of Tacuara Nationalist Movement, who stole 14,000,000 Argentine pesos (equivalent to US$100,000), and killed two bank employees in the process.[115]\nGulzarilal Nanda replaced Lal Bahadur Shastri as India's Minister for Home Affairs.","title":"August 29, 1963 (Thursday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ITT_Intelex_Teletype_L015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow–Washington hotline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"teletype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compactcassette.jpg"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"modern audio cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"tape recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Stone Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"Mile End, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End,_London"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"John King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_King_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Dorchester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Eddie Mannix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mannix"},{"link_name":"Axel Stordahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Stordahl"},{"link_name":"Guy Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess"}],"text":"The original hot line, at the Johnson Presidential LibraryThe Moscow–Washington hotline began operations, as the U.S. Department of Defense made a one-sentence announcement to the world press: \"The direct communication link between Washington and Moscow is now operational.\"[116] Because the spoken word could be misunderstood, the hot line was actually a link of teletype machines rather than the red telephone commonly depicted in television and film.[117]The standard for cassette tapes[118]The modern audio cassette tape and the tape recorder that used it were both introduced to the public by the Philips Company, at the annual Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin, an exhibition of the latest consumer technology, in West Germany. For the next 30 years, the \"cassette\" would be the standard form of portable recorded music.[119]\nKansas City Chiefs rookie Stone Johnson, a former United States Olympic sprinter, sustained a fractured vertebra in his neck during a kickoff return in a preseason game against the Houston Oilers in Wichita, Kansas. Johnson would die on September 8 as a result of the injury.[120]\nBorn:\nPaul Oakenfold, British record producer and DJ; in Mile End, London[121]\nJohn King, American journalist; in Dorchester, Massachusetts\nDied:\nEddie Mannix, 72, American film executive\nAxel Stordahl, 50, American bandleader\nGuy Burgess, 52, British spy","title":"August 30, 1963 (Friday)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proposed_Gemini_parasail_landing_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"parasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasail"},{"link_name":"drogue parachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue_parachute"},{"link_name":"NASA Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"first space shuttle flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Yusof bin Ishak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusof_bin_Ishak"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"John Dalgleish Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalgleish_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_X"},{"link_name":"Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Crown_Princess_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Gemini Guidance Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Guidance_Computer"},{"link_name":"inertial guidance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimwood_2-2"},{"link_name":"British North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Winston P. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_P._Wilson"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Georges Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"}],"text":"Proposed Gemini parasail landing systemGemini Project Office (GPO) reported that it was investigating the use of a parasail and landing rocket system to enable the Gemini spacecraft to make ground landings rather than splashing down at sea. Major system components were the parasail, drogue parachute, retrorocket, control system, and landing rocket. Unlike the conventional parachute, the parasail was capable of controlled gliding and turning. Landing rockets, fired just before touchdown, reduced the spacecraft rate of descent to less than 11 feet (3.4 m) per second or 7.5 miles per hour (12.1 km/h). After a briefing by GPO to NASA Headquarters on September 6, no further action was taken on the parasail and landings of U.S. spacecraft would continue to be in the ocean until the first space shuttle flight in 1981.[2]\nSingapore declared its independence from the United Kingdom, with Yusof bin Ishak as the head of state (Yang di-Pertuan Negara) and Lee Kuan Yew as prime minister. Sixteen days later, Singapore would join the Federation of Malaysia, but would declare independence again on August 9, 1965.[122]\nJohn Dalgleish Donaldson and his first wife, Henrietta Clark Horne, married at Port Seton, Scotland. One of their daughters, Mary Donaldson (born 1972), would marry Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark in 2010 and become Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark.\nGPO reported that the Gemini Guidance Computer was in its final factory testing phase and would be ready for inertial guidance system integration testing on September 6.[2]\nBritish North Borneo became the self-governing territory known as Sabah, pending the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia later in the year.\nThe National Museum of Malaysia opened, on the sixth anniversary of the independence of Malaya.\nWinston P. Wilson became chief of the U.S. National Guard Bureau.\nDied: Georges Braque, 81, French painter and sculptor","title":"August 31, 1963 (Saturday)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"August 28, 1963: 250,000 March on Washington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom%2C_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Joachim_Prinz_1963.jpg/320px-March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom%2C_Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Joachim_Prinz_1963.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his \"I Have a Dream\" speech","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 30, 1963: Philips introduces the cassette tape recorder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philips_EL3302.jpg/220px-Philips_EL3302.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 5, 1963: NASA astronauts dressed for survival in the Nevada desert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Next_Nine_Desert_Survival_Training.jpg/220px-Next_Nine_Desert_Survival_Training.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oswald distributing leaflets in New Orleans on August 16, 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg/220px-Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 16, 1963: NASA M2-F1 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/NASA_M2-F1.jpg/220px-NASA_M2-F1.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 24, 1963: The Gladiators","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The-Gladiators-Photo.jpg/220px-The-Gladiators-Photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Du Bois","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/100px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 28, 1963: Marchers at the Lincoln Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IhaveadreamMarines.jpg/200px-IhaveadreamMarines.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original hot line, at the Johnson Presidential Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ITT_Intelex_Teletype_L015.jpg/130px-ITT_Intelex_Teletype_L015.jpg"},{"image_text":"The standard for cassette tapes[118]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Compactcassette.jpg/130px-Compactcassette.jpg"},{"image_text":"Proposed Gemini parasail landing system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Proposed_Gemini_parasail_landing_system.jpg/180px-Proposed_Gemini_parasail_landing_system.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cheng, Chia-Jui (1990). Basic Documents on International Trade Law. BRILL. p. 366.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. \"PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963\". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4002/p2a.htm","url_text":"\"PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"Nuclear Notebook\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 48. June 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists","url_text":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"}]},{"reference":"\"The rapper Coolio has died at 59\". MUSIC NEWS. NPR. The Associated Press. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/28/1125843390/coolio-rapper-dead","url_text":"\"The rapper Coolio has died at 59\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Gale, Cengage Learning. A Study Guide for Theodore Roethke's \"Dolor\". Gale, Cengage Learning. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-5358-4544-1 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale, Cengage Learning"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9LVSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5","url_text":"A Study Guide for Theodore Roethke's \"Dolor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5358-4544-1","url_text":"978-1-5358-4544-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Hurricane Specialists Division (2009). \"Easy to Read HURDAT 2008\". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100413163306/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html","url_text":"\"Easy to Read HURDAT 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syncom 2 Orbits\". Miami News. July 26, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miles, Barry (1998). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. Macmillan. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Miles","url_text":"Miles, Barry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney:_Many_Years_from_Now","url_text":"Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now"}]},{"reference":"\"Ward Dies, Leaves Note: 'I'd Rather Get Myself'\". Miami News. August 4, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Washington Post Chief Killed\". Miami News. August 4, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Big 3 Sign Ban Pact In Kremlin Ceremony\". Miami News. August 5, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"American Driver Sets Speed Mark-- 407 MPH\". Miami News. August 5, 1963. p. 1B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Ludovic (1964). The Trial of Stephen Ward. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-575-01035-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, Ludovic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01035-2","url_text":"978-0-575-01035-2"}]},{"reference":"\"MILITARY PAY RAISE OK'D — Senate Approves by 84-0 Margin\". Chicago Tribune. August 7, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Father, Daughter Crushed to Death Under Escalator\". Long Beach Press Telegram. Long Beach, California. August 8, 1963. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Press_Telegram","url_text":"Long Beach Press Telegram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California","url_text":"Long Beach, California"}]},{"reference":"Cock, Jacklyn; Nathan, Laurie (1989). War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa. New Africa Books. p. 233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Africa_Books","url_text":"New Africa Books"}]},{"reference":"Crickmore, Paul (2004). Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond The Secret Missions. Osprey Publishing. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"IT'S A BOY FOR THE KENNEDYS\". Pittsburgh Press. August 7, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L.; Kanterand, Sanford (1995). America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"KENNEDYS MOURN DEATH OF BABY\". Pittsburgh Press. August 9, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Train Robbery Nets $2.8 Million\". Miami News. August 8, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haugen, Brenda (2010). The Great Train Robbery: History-Making Heist. Capstone Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstone_Press","url_text":"Capstone Press"}]},{"reference":"Norman, Andrew (2004). Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe. McFarland. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland"}]},{"reference":"Warren Commission (2007) [Originally published by Associated Press in 1964]. The Warren Commission Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Filiquarian Publishing. pp. 407–408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission","url_text":"Warren Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filiquarian_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Filiquarian Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Newman, John (2008). Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 328–329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Newman","url_text":"Newman, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing","url_text":"Skyhorse Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Inglis, Ian (2010). Popular Music And Television In Britain. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 71–72.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing","url_text":"Ashgate Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Horace (2014). Encyclopedia of Television. Routledge. p. 1895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Newcomb","url_text":"Newcomb, Horace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"}]},{"reference":"\"11 of Whitney Houston's Most Dazzling Beauty Looks\". Vogue. August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/whitney-houston-best-beauty-looks","url_text":"\"11 of Whitney Houston's Most Dazzling Beauty Looks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children's Mass for JFK's Son\". Miami News. August 9, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saxena, Poonam (26 February 2018). \"Sridevi: the rough diamond who transformed into India's first female superstar\". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1391756","url_text":"\"Sridevi: the rough diamond who transformed into India's first female superstar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180427104428/https://www.dawn.com/news/1391756","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Faria, Vivian (August 28, 2019). \"Quando o Paraná virou um inferno\" [When 2 million hectares burned in 128 cities: the country's worst fire was in Paraná]. Gazeta do Pavo (in Portuguese). Curitiba, Brazil.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-e-cidadania/quando-o-parana-virou-um-inferno-cek86t5u466b3ztyk8vor6jim/#ancora","url_text":"\"Quando o Paraná virou um inferno\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazeta_do_Pavo&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Gazeta do Pavo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba","url_text":"Curitiba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil","url_text":"Brazil"}]},{"reference":"\"Fire Toll in Brazil Set at 250\". Spokane Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. September 7, 1963. p. 2 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=0klj8wIChNAC&dat=19630907&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Fire Toll in Brazil Set at 250\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"Spokane Spokesman-Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington","url_text":"Spokane, Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"250 Dead, 250,000 Homeless in Forest Fire\". The Age. Melbourne. September 9, 1963. p. 1 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19630909&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"250 Dead, 250,000 Homeless in Forest Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne","url_text":"Melbourne"}]},{"reference":"\"Yard Nabs 5; $280,000\". Miami News. August 15, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, John (2010). Australia's Writers and Poets. Exisle Publishing. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exisle_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Exisle Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Reed, R. Dale; Lister, Darlene (2002). Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 50–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Dale_Reed","url_text":"Reed, R. Dale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"}]},{"reference":"\"P.J. Cools Heels In Air-Conditioned Venezuelan Cell\". Miami News. August 17, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"5 Charged In Train Robbery; Net Grows\". Miami News. August 16, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Warhead Okay— Cabinet Approves\". Windsor Star. August 16, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Star","url_text":"Windsor Star"}]},{"reference":"Lennox, Patrick (2009). At Home and Abroad: The Canada-US Relationship and Canada's Place in the World. University of British Columbia Press. p. 65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press","url_text":"University of British Columbia Press"}]},{"reference":"Moret, Jim (August 7, 1995). \"'Babe' the Pig Really Sizzles\". CNN Showbiz News. CNN. Archived from the original on May 26, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/Babe/index.html","url_text":"\"'Babe' the Pig Really Sizzles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100526183045/http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/Babe/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Butts Wins $3 Million Suit\". Miami News. August 20, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The House of Lords: Reform. Crown Copyright. 2007. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Copyright","url_text":"Crown Copyright"}]},{"reference":"\"Prepare to Ditch\". Flight International. 13 August 1964. p. 241. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822070554/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202230.html","url_text":"\"Prepare to Ditch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202230.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khurana, K. C. (2009). Aviation Management: Global Perspectives. Global India Publications. p. 141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_India_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Global India Publications"}]},{"reference":"\"Diem Seizes Pagodas; U.S. Denounces S. Viet\". Miami News. August 21, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Leary, Bradley (2003). Triangle of Death: The Shocking Truth About the Role of South Vietnam and the French Mafia in the Assassination of JFK. Thomas Nelson Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Inc","url_text":"Thomas Nelson Inc"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). \"Xa Loi Pagoda Raids\". The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1351.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker","url_text":"Tucker, Spencer C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"}]},{"reference":"\"N.O. Official of 'Fair Play for Cuba' Admits He Was Marxist, Lived in USSR\". Alexandria Daily Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. August 22, 1963. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandria_Daily_Town_Talk&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Alexandria Daily Town Talk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana","url_text":"Alexandria, Louisiana"}]},{"reference":"Cavelty, Myriam Dunn (2007). Cyber-Security and Threat Politics: US Efforts to Secure the Information Age. Routledge. pp. 41–42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kreutz, Andrej (2007). Russia in the Middle East: Friend Or Foe?. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"King Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan\". Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100407120638/http://dcusa.themoroccanembassy.com/moroccan_embassy_political_system_the_king.aspx","url_text":"\"King Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan\""},{"url":"http://dcusa.themoroccanembassy.com/moroccan_embassy_political_system_the_king.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seeks a Writ in Bid to Save Doomed Killer\". Chicago Tribune. August 22, 1963. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"10 Yrs. in Death Row; Free— Cabbie Held in Slaying of Girl, 8\". Chicago Tribune. March 21, 1967. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"X-15 Pilot Rockets 66.5 Miles Into Space\". Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, Connecticut. August 23, 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport_Telegram","url_text":"Bridgeport Telegram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Bridgeport, Connecticut"}]},{"reference":"Launius, Roger D.; Johnston, Andrew K. (2009). Smithsonian Atlas of Space Exploration. HarperCollins. p. 56.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_D._Launius","url_text":"Launius, Roger D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"}]},{"reference":"Pace, Steve (1995). X-Planes at Edwards. Zenith Imprint. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Imprint","url_text":"Zenith Imprint"}]},{"reference":"\"Combined White Knight/ SpaceShipOne Flight Tests\". Scaled.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 2013-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822194232/http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/combined_white_knight_spaceshipone_flight_tests","url_text":"\"Combined White Knight/ SpaceShipOne Flight Tests\""},{"url":"http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/combined_white_knight_spaceshipone_flight_tests","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Pelt, Michel (2012). Rocketing Into the Future: The History and Technology of Rocket Planes. Springer. p. 230.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Gladiators (Norm Provan and Arthur Summons)\". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portrait.gov.au/portraits/2009.46/the-gladiators-norm-provan-and-arthur-summons","url_text":"\"The Gladiators (Norm Provan and Arthur Summons)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(Australia)","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery"}]},{"reference":"\"Der 1.Spieltag der Bundesliga 1963/1964\" [The 1st matchday of the Bundesliga 1963/1964]. Fussballdaten.de (in German).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/bundesliga/1964/1/","url_text":"\"Der 1.Spieltag der Bundesliga 1963/1964\""}]},{"reference":"Bill, James A. (1998). George Ball: Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. pp. 154–155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Our John Pennel Goes Over 17 Feet!\". Miami News. August 25, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship Missing, 26 Aboard\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"USS Cabell (AK-166)\". NavSource Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/13/130166.htm","url_text":"\"USS Cabell (AK-166)\""}]},{"reference":"Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E. (1966). Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation. University of California Press. p. 412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Guilty As Charged: Sunny Ang found guilty of girlfriend's murder though body was never found\". The Straits Times. Singapore. 16 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/guilty-as-charged-sunny-ang-found-guilty-of-girlfriends-murder-though-body","url_text":"\"Guilty As Charged: Sunny Ang found guilty of girlfriend's murder though body was never found\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160516050602/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/guilty-as-charged-sunny-ang-found-guilty-of-girlfriends-murder-though-body","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trains Roll As Strike Is Blocked\". Miami News. August 28, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dearing, James W. (2012). Growing a Japanese Science City: Communication in Scientific Research. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, David Levering (1993). W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919. New York City: Henry Holt and Co. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4668-4151-2. [Du Bois] would unfailingly insist upon the 'correct' pronunciation of his surname. 'The pronunciation of my name is Due Boyss, with the accent on the last syllable,' he would patiently explain to the uninformed.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoFQEbmhyMC&pg=PA11","url_text":"W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-4151-2","url_text":"978-1-4668-4151-2"}]},{"reference":"\"200,000 March On Washington\". Miami News. August 28, 1963. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sadist Sought In Killing Of Two N.Y. Career Girls\". Miami News. August 30, 1963. p. 4A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gado, Mark. \"The Career Girls Murders\". trutv.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2013-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121210114207/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/career_girls/1.html","url_text":"\"The Career Girls Murders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trutv.com","url_text":"trutv.com"},{"url":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/career_girls/1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Hot Line' Ready For Use In East-West Crisis\". Miami News. August 31, 1963. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joseph, Paul; Rosenblum, Simon (1984). Search for Sanity: The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Disarmament. South End Press. p. 169.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Damon, Bob (August 30, 2013). \"Happy 50th birthday, Compact Cassette: How it struck a chord for millions\". The Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/30/50_years_of_the_compact_cassette/","url_text":"\"Happy 50th birthday, Compact Cassette: How it struck a chord for millions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stone Johnson dies of broken neck\". The Baltimore Afro-American. September 14, 1963. p. 23. Retrieved July 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2205&dat=19630914&id=7wknAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2gIGAAAAIBAJ&pg=626,5381609&hl=en","url_text":"\"Stone Johnson dies of broken neck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Afro-American","url_text":"The Baltimore Afro-American"}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. 27 May 2011. ISBN 9780857125958.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&dq=paul+oakenfold+1963&pg=RA6-PA1966","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857125958","url_text":"9780857125958"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Stephen (2006). The Political Theory of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma: Aristotle and the Rhetoric of Benevolent Despotism. Taylor & Francis. pp. 68–69.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryka_Krzywonos
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Henryka Krzywonos
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["1 References"]
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Henryka Krzywonos (2015)
Henryka Krystyna Krzywonos-Strycharska was the former head of the Gdańsk transport workers. She is noted for playing a role in strikes and protests in 1980 Gdańsk. The authorities later beat her causing her to miscarry, as she had been pregnant at the time. Afterward she became involved in "family orphanages" and adopted 12 orphans with her third husband.
References
^ Benj DeMott (31 December 2011). First of the Year: 2008. Transaction Publishers. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-1-4128-1218-4.
^ THE SATURDAY PROFILE; Public Fame on a Tram, Now Private Reward as Mom by RICHARD BERNSTEINJAN. 15, 2005 in "The New York Times
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This Polish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Football_League_play-offs
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2002 Football League play-offs
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["1 Background","2 First Division","2.1 Semi-finals","2.2 Final","3 Second Division","3.1 Semi-finals","3.2 Final","4 Third Division","4.1 Semi-finals","4.2 Final","5 External links"]
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Football league seasonFootball League play-offsSeason2001–02ChampionsBirmingham City(First Division)Stoke City(Second Division)Cheltenham Town(Third Division)Matches played15Goals scored35 (2.33 per match)Biggest home winNorwich 3–1 Wolves(First Division)Biggest away winCardiff 0–2 Stoke(Second Division)Highest scoringNorwich 3–1 WolvesRushden & Diamonds 2–2 RochdaleCheltenham 3–1 Rushden & Diamonds(4 goals)Highest attendance71,597 – Birmingham v Norwich(First Division final)Lowest attendance6,015 – Rushden & Diamonds v Rochdale(Third Division semi-final)Average attendance21,859← 2001 2003 →
The Football League play-offs for the 2001–02 season were held in May 2002, with the finals taking place at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. The play-off semi-finals will be played over two legs and will be contested by the teams who finish in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th place in the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division and the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th placed teams in the Football League Third Division table. The winners of the semi-finals will go through to the finals, with the winner of the matches gaining promotion for the following season.
Background
The Football League play-offs have been held every year since 1987. They take place for each division following the conclusion of the regular season and are contested by the four clubs finishing below the automatic promotion places.
In the First Division, Wolverhampton Wanderers, who were aiming to return to the top flight after nearly 20 years, finished 3 points behind their Black Country rivals West Bromwich Albion, who finished second and thus gained automatic promotion. Albion ended the season 10 points behind champions Manchester City, who returned to the Premier League after being relegated the previous season.
Millwall who were aiming for a place in the top flight for the first time since 1990, finished in fourth place in the table.
Birmingham City, who were aiming to return to the top flight for the first time since 1986, finished in fifth place.
Norwich City finished 1 point behind Birmingham City and were looking for a place back in the Premiership for the first time since 1995.
First Division
Main article: 2001–02 Football League First Division
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
3
Wolverhampton Wanderers
46
25
11
10
76
43
+33
86
4
Millwall
46
22
11
13
69
48
+21
77
5
Birmingham City
46
21
13
12
70
49
+21
76
6
Norwich City
46
22
9
15
60
51
0+9
75
Semi-finals
First leg
28 April 200212:00
Birmingham City1–1Millwall
Hughes 56'
Report
Dublin 80'
St Andrew's, BirminghamAttendance: 28,282Referee: Anthony Bates
28 April 200214:30
Norwich City3–1Wolverhampton Wanderers
Rivers 56'McVeigh 73'Mackay 90'
Report
Sturridge 22'
Carrow Road, NorwichAttendance: 20,127Referee: Roger Furnandiz
Second leg
1 May 200219:45
Wolverhampton Wanderers1–0Norwich City
Cooper 77'
Report
Molineux, WolverhamptonAttendance: 27,418Referee: Tony Leake
Norwich City won 3–2 on aggregate.
2 May 200219:45
Millwall0–1Birmingham City
Report
John 90'
The New Den, LondonAttendance: 16,391Referee: Graham Laws
Birmingham City won 2–1 on aggregate.
Final
Main article: 2002 Football League First Division play-off final
12 May 200215:30
Birmingham City1–1 (a.e.t.)Norwich City
Horsfield 102'
Report
Roberts 91'
Penalties
John Devlin Lazaridis Carter
4–2
Roberts Mulryne Sutch Easton
Millennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 71,597Referee: Graham Barber
Second Division
Main article: 2001–02 Football League Second Division
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
3
Brentford
46
24
11
11
77
43
+34
83
4
Cardiff City
46
23
14
9
75
50
+25
83
5
Stoke City
46
23
11
12
67
40
+27
80
6
Huddersfield Town
46
21
15
10
65
47
+18
78
Semi-finals
First leg
28 April 200214:00
Stoke City1–2Cardiff City
Burton 84'
Report
Earnshaw 12'Fortune-West 59'
Britannia Stadium, StokeAttendance: 21,245Referee: Tony Leake
28 April 200215:00
Huddersfield Town0–0Brentford
Report
Alfred McAlpine Stadium, HuddersfieldAttendance: 16,523Referee: Graham Laws
Second leg
1 May 200219:45
Brentford2–1Huddersfield Town
Powell 14'Owusu 46'
Report
Booth 2'
Griffin Park, BrentfordAttendance: 11,191Referee: Graham Barber
Brentford won 2–1 on aggregate.
1 May 200219:45
Cardiff City0–2 (a.e.t.)Stoke City
Report
O'Connor 90'Oularé 115'
Ninian Park, CardiffAttendance: 19,367Referee: Mike Dean
Stoke City won 3–2 on aggregate.
Final
Main article: 2002 Football League Second Division play-off final
11 May 200213:30
Brentford0–2Stoke City
Report
Burton 16'Burgess 45' (o.g.)
Millennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 42,523Referee: Graham Laws
Third Division
Main article: 2001–02 Football League Third Division
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
4
Cheltenham Town
46
21
15
10
66
49
+17
78
5
Rochdale
46
21
15
10
65
52
+13
78
6
Rushden & Diamonds
46
20
13
13
69
53
+16
73
7
Hartlepool United
46
20
11
15
74
48
+26
71
Semi-finals
First leg
27 April 200215:00
Hartlepool United1–1Cheltenham Town
Williams 45'
Report
Grayson 89'
Victoria Park, HartlepoolAttendance: 7,135Referee: Mike Dean
27 April 200215:00
Rushden & Diamonds2–2Rochdale
Wardley 34' Butterworth 73'
Report
McEvilly 8' Simpson 57'
Nene Park, IrthlingboroughAttendance: 6,015Referee: Graham Barber
Second leg
30 April 200219:45
Cheltenham Town1–1 (a.e.t.)Hartlepool United
Williams 26'
Report
Arnison 17'
Penalties
Grayson Lee Yates Duff Finnigan Alsop
5–4
Smith Stephenson Arnison Henderson Watson Humphreys
Whaddon Road, CheltenhamAttendance: 7,165Referee: Andy Hall
Cheltenham Town 2–2 Hartlepool United on aggregate. Cheltenham Town won 5–4 on penalties.
30 April 200219:45
Rochdale1–2Rushden & Diamonds
Peters 65' (o.g.)
Report
Lowe 67'Hall 76'
Spotland, RochdaleAttendance: 8,547Referee: Roger Furnandiz
Rushden & Diamonds won 4–3 on aggregate.
Final
Main article: 2002 Football League Third Division play-off final
6 May 200215:00
Cheltenham Town3–1Rushden & Diamonds
Devaney 27'Alsop 49' Finnigan 80'
Report
Hall 28'
Millennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 24,368Referee: Tony Leake
External links
Football League website
vteEnglish Football League play-offsCompetitions
EFL Championship play-offs
EFL League One play-offs
EFL League Two play-offs
Play-offs
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FinalsChampionship
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League One
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League Two
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vteEnglish Football League play-offsCompetitions
EFL Championship play-offs
EFL League One play-offs
EFL League Two play-offs
Play-offs
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FinalsChampionship
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League One
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League Two
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vteEnglish Football League play-offsCompetitions
EFL Championship play-offs
EFL League One play-offs
EFL League Two play-offs
Play-offs
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1989
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1991
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FinalsChampionship
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League One
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League Two
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vte2001–02 in English football « 2000–01 2002–03 » National teams
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (Group 9)
Sven-Göran Eriksson
League competitionsLevel 1
Premier League
Levels 2–4
Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, play-offs)
Level 5
Football Conference
Levels 6–7
Isthmian League (Premier, One)
Northern Premier League (Premier, One)
Southern League (Premier, Eastern, Western)
Levels 8–9
Isthmian League (Two, Three)
Combined Counties League (level 8 only)
Eastern Counties League (Premier, One)
Essex Senior League (level 9 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One East, One West)
Kent League (level 8 only)
Midland Alliance (level 8 only)
Midland Football Combination (level 9 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One)
Northern League (One, Two)
Spartan South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
Wessex League (level 8 only)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 9 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
Cup competitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Charity Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Football League Trophy (Final)
European competitions
Champions League
UEFA Cup
Intertoto Cup
Club seasonsPremier League
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Charlton Athletic
Chelsea
Derby County
Everton
Fulham
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Southampton
Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
First Division
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Bradford City
Burnley
Coventry City
Crewe Alexandra
Crystal Palace
Gillingham
Grimsby Town
Manchester City
Millwall
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Portsmouth
Preston North End
Rotherham United
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Stockport County
Walsall
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Wimbledon
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Second Division
Blackpool
Bournemouth
Brentford
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol City
Bury
Cambridge United
Cardiff City
Chesterfield
Colchester United
Huddersfield Town
Northampton Town
Notts County
Oldham Athletic
Peterborough United
Port Vale
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Stoke City
Swindon Town
Tranmere Rovers
Wigan Athletic
Wrexham
Wycombe Wanderers
Third Division
Bristol Rovers
Carlisle United
Cheltenham Town
Darlington
Exeter City
Halifax Town
Hartlepool United
Hull City
Kidderminster Harriers
Leyton Orient
Lincoln City
Luton Town
Macclesfield Town
Mansfield Town
Oxford United
Plymouth Argyle
Rochdale
Rushden & Diamonds
Scunthorpe United
Shrewsbury Town
Southend United
Swansea City
Torquay United
York City
2001–02 transfers
Summer 2002 transfers
|
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The play-off semi-finals will be played over two legs and will be contested by the teams who finish in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th place in the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division and the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th placed teams in the Football League Third Division table. The winners of the semi-finals will go through to the finals, with the winner of the matches gaining promotion for the following season.","title":"2002 Football League play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Black Country rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Country_derby"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."}],"text":"The Football League play-offs have been held every year since 1987. They take place for each division following the conclusion of the regular season and are contested by the four clubs finishing below the automatic promotion places.In the First Division, Wolverhampton Wanderers, who were aiming to return to the top flight after nearly 20 years, finished 3 points behind their Black Country rivals West Bromwich Albion, who finished second and thus gained automatic promotion. Albion ended the season 10 points behind champions Manchester City, who returned to the Premier League after being relegated the previous season.\nMillwall who were aiming for a place in the top flight for the first time since 1990, finished in fourth place in the table.\nBirmingham City, who were aiming to return to the top flight for the first time since 1986, finished in fifth place.\nNorwich City finished 1 point behind Birmingham City and were looking for a place back in the Premiership for the first time since 1995.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1951115.stm"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Dublin"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Anthony Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bates"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rivers"},{"link_name":"McVeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McVeigh"},{"link_name":"Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malky_Mackay"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1951114.stm"},{"link_name":"Sturridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Sturridge"},{"link_name":"Carrow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrow_Road"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Roger Furnandiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Furnandiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cooper_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1959203.stm"},{"link_name":"Molineux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molineux_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Tony Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Leake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1962328.stm"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_John"},{"link_name":"The New Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Den"},{"link_name":"Graham Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Laws"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"First leg28 April 200212:00\nBirmingham City1–1Millwall\nHughes 56'\nReport\nDublin 80'\nSt Andrew's, BirminghamAttendance: 28,282Referee: Anthony Bates28 April 200214:30\nNorwich City3–1Wolverhampton Wanderers\nRivers 56'McVeigh 73'Mackay 90'\nReport\nSturridge 22'\nCarrow Road, NorwichAttendance: 20,127Referee: Roger FurnandizSecond leg1 May 200219:45\nWolverhampton Wanderers1–0Norwich City\nCooper 77'\nReport\n\nMolineux, WolverhamptonAttendance: 27,418Referee: Tony LeakeNorwich City won 3–2 on aggregate.2 May 200219:45\nMillwall0–1Birmingham City\n\nReport\nJohn 90'\nThe New Den, LondonAttendance: 16,391Referee: Graham LawsBirmingham City won 2–1 on aggregate.","title":"First Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Horsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Horsfield"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1979806.stm"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_John"},{"link_name":"Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Devlin_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Lazaridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lazaridis"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Carter"},{"link_name":"Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Mulryne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mulryne"},{"link_name":"Sutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Sutch"},{"link_name":"Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Easton"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Graham Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"12 May 200215:30\nBirmingham City1–1 (a.e.t.)Norwich City\nHorsfield 102'\nReport\nRoberts 91'\nPenalties\nJohn Devlin Lazaridis Carter \n4–2\n Roberts Mulryne Sutch Easton\nMillennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 71,597Referee: Graham Barber","title":"First Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deon_Burton"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1951111.stm"},{"link_name":"Earnshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earnshaw"},{"link_name":"Fortune-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Fortune-West"},{"link_name":"Britannia Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"Tony Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Leake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield 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Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Powell"},{"link_name":"Owusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Owusu"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1959569.stm"},{"link_name":"Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Booth"},{"link_name":"Griffin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Park"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford"},{"link_name":"Graham Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1959318.stm"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(footballer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Oularé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Oular%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ninian Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninian_Park"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Mike Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dean_(referee)"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"First leg28 April 200214:00\nStoke City1–2Cardiff City\nBurton 84'\nReport\nEarnshaw 12'Fortune-West 59'\nBritannia Stadium, StokeAttendance: 21,245Referee: Tony Leake28 April 200215:00\nHuddersfield Town0–0Brentford\n\nReport\n\nAlfred McAlpine Stadium, HuddersfieldAttendance: 16,523Referee: Graham LawsSecond leg1 May 200219:45\nBrentford2–1Huddersfield Town\nPowell 14'Owusu 46'\nReport\nBooth 2'\nGriffin Park, BrentfordAttendance: 11,191Referee: Graham BarberBrentford won 2–1 on aggregate.1 May 200219:45\nCardiff City0–2 (a.e.t.)Stoke City\n\nReport\nO'Connor 90'Oularé 115'\nNinian Park, CardiffAttendance: 19,367Referee: Mike DeanStoke City won 3–2 on aggregate.","title":"Second Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/1979286.stm"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deon_Burton"},{"link_name":"Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Burgess"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Millennium 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Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Williams_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/1958347.stm"},{"link_name":"Arnison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arnison"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Lee_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Yates_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Duff_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Finnigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnigan"},{"link_name":"Alsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alsop"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Paul_Smith"},{"link_name":"Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stephenson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Arnison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arnison"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Henderson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Watson_(footballer,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Whaddon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaddon_Road"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"Andy Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Hall_(referee)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Rushden & Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Peters_(footballer,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/1958309.stm"},{"link_name":"Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onandi_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hall_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Spotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotland_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale"},{"link_name":"Roger Furnandiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Furnandiz&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Semi-finals","text":"First leg27 April 200215:00\nHartlepool United1–1Cheltenham Town\nWilliams 45'\nReport\nGrayson 89'\nVictoria Park, HartlepoolAttendance: 7,135Referee: Mike Dean27 April 200215:00\nRushden & Diamonds2–2Rochdale\nWardley 34' Butterworth 73'\nReport\nMcEvilly 8' Simpson 57'\nNene Park, IrthlingboroughAttendance: 6,015Referee: Graham BarberSecond leg30 April 200219:45\nCheltenham Town1–1 (a.e.t.)Hartlepool United\nWilliams 26'\nReport\nArnison 17'\nPenalties\nGrayson Lee Yates Duff Finnigan Alsop \n5–4\n Smith Stephenson Arnison Henderson Watson Humphreys\nWhaddon Road, CheltenhamAttendance: 7,165Referee: Andy HallCheltenham Town 2–2 Hartlepool United on aggregate. Cheltenham Town won 5–4 on penalties.30 April 200219:45\nRochdale1–2Rushden & Diamonds\nPeters 65' (o.g.)\nReport\nLowe 67'Hall 76'\nSpotland, RochdaleAttendance: 8,547Referee: Roger FurnandizRushden & Diamonds won 4–3 on aggregate.","title":"Third Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheltenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rushden & Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C."},{"link_name":"Devaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Devaney"},{"link_name":"Alsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alsop"},{"link_name":"Finnigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnigan"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/1967943.stm"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hall_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Tony Leake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Leake&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"6 May 200215:00\nCheltenham Town3–1Rushden & Diamonds\nDevaney 27'Alsop 49' Finnigan 80'\nReport\nHall 28'\nMillennium Stadium, CardiffAttendance: 24,368Referee: Tony Leake","title":"Third Division"}]
|
[]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi_Te_Kanawa
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Rangi Te Kanawa
|
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
|
New Zealand textile conservator, museum professional and weaver
Rangi Te KanawaMNZMTe Kanawa in 2024BornRangituatahi Te KanawaNationalityNew ZealandOther namesRangi WarnesOccupation(s)Museum professional, weaverKnown forMāori textile research and conservationParentDiggeress Te Kanawa (mother)
Rangituatahi Te Kanawa MNZM (married name Warnes) is a New Zealand textile conservator and weaver. She is affiliated with the Ngāti Maniapoto iwi.
Biography
Te Kanawa received a scholarship from the Department of Internal Affairs to train in conservation of textiles. The committee of the Aotearoa Moananui a Kiwa Weavers were keen for Māori to be involved in the conservation of Māori textile artefacts held by museums and other cultural institutions. Her introductory training on conservation of cultural material was in Canberra, after which she completed a year of pre-training at the conservation unit of the National Museum in Wellington. As a prerequisite of the three-year Conservation in Cultural Materials course at Canberra University, she also had to pass sixth-form chemistry, which she did through a Wellington secondary school. The degree was followed by a six-month internship at the Textile Conservation Centre, Hampton Court Palace, and time at the British Museum.
Te Kanawa works at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa) and specialises in the conservation of and research about Māori textiles. She has been collaborating with a GNS forensic scientist on a project called the 'Whakapapa of Paru' to identify the provenance of cloaks in Te Papa's archives. Weaving by Te Kanawa has also been collected by Te Papa. Te Kanawa is a member of the New Zealand conservators of cultural materials association.
In the 2023 King's Birthday and Coronation Honours, Te Kanawa was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Māori art and heritage preservation.
Family
Te Kanawa is the daughter of Diggeress Te Kanawa and the granddaughter of Dame Rangimarie Hetet.
Publications
Blair, K. & Te Kanawa, R., The Conservation of Māori Textiles in Aotearoa New Zealand. Surface Design Journal, (2020) Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 40–44
Hartnup, K., Huynen, L.,Te Kanawa, R., Shepherd, L.D., Millar, C.D., Lambert, D.M. & Ancient, DNA Recovers the Origins of Māori Feather Cloaks Molecular Biology and Evolution (October 2011) vol. 28 issue 10 pp. 2741–2750
Te Kanawa, Rangituatahi (2021). Mana Taonga Kākahu: Exploring Approaches to Reconnecting Taonga Kākahu to Tangatawhenua (PhD thesis). Open Access Repository Victoria University of Wellington. doi:10.26686/wgtn.17204069.v2.
References
^ a b "Rangi Te Kanawa – Conserving textiles". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Rangi Warnes – Conservator". Aotearoa Moananui a Kiwa Weavers. 16: 8. September 1992.
^ "Black is back". Science Learning Hub. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Textile symposium gets back to nature". www.massey.ac.nz. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Unlocking mysteries". Heritage New Zealand: 25–27. Winter 2017.
^ "Rangituatahi Te Kanawa". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "Rangi Te Kanawa". New Zealand Conservators of Cultural Materials. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
^ "The King's Birthday and Coronation honours list 2023". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ Collins, Simon (9 September 2002). "Traditional Maori know-how key to exciting future". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
External links
Film on conserving cloaks starring Te Kanawa.
Interview with Te Kanawa on the challenges of preserving different Māori textiles.
Authority control databases
Te Papa (New Zealand)
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower
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Shower
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["1 History","1.1 Modern showers","2 Types","2.1 Domestic","2.2 Public","2.3 Wet room","3 Other","4 Types of shower heads","5 Use and ecology","6 Cultural significance","7 Structure and design","7.1 Installation","7.2 Drainage","7.3 Shower head","7.4 Shower and bathtub curtains","7.5 Shower and bathtub doors","8 Equipment","9 See also","10 Citations","11 Cited works and general references"]
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Place in which a person bathes under a spray of water
This article is about the bathing facility. For other uses, see Shower (disambiguation).
"Showering" redirects here. For the English brewer, see Francis Showering.
"Hot Shower" redirects here. For the song, see Hot Shower (song).
A typical stall shower with height-adjustable nozzle and folding doors
A combination shower and bathtub, with movable screen
A shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aiming down on the user, while more complex showers have a showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting bracket. This allows the showerer to hold the showerhead by hand to spray the water onto different parts of their body. A shower can be installed in a small shower stall or bathtub with a plastic shower curtain or door. Showering is common due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.
History
The original showers were neither indoor structures nor human-made but were common natural formations: waterfalls. The falling water rinsed the bathers completely clean and was more efficient than bathing in a traditional basin, which required manual transport of both fresh and waste water. Ancient people began to reproduce these natural phenomena by pouring jugs of water, often very cold, over themselves after washing. There has been evidence of early upper class Egyptian and Mesopotamians having indoor shower rooms where servants would bathe them in the privacy of their own homes. However, these were rudimentary by modern standards, having rudimentary drainage systems and water was carried, not pumped, into the room.
The ancient Greeks were the first people to have showers. Their aqueducts and sewage systems made of lead pipes allowed water to be pumped both into and out of large communal shower rooms used by elites and common citizens alike. These rooms have been discovered at the site of the city Pergamum and can also be found represented in pottery of the era. The depictions are very similar to modern locker room showers, and even included bars to hang up clothing.
The ancient Romans also followed this convention; their famous bathhouses (Thermae) can be found all around the Mediterranean and as far out as modern-day England. The Romans not only had these showers but also believed in bathing multiple times a week, if not every day. The water and sewage systems developed by the Greeks and Romans broke down and fell out of use after the fall of the Roman Empire.
Modern showers
Illustration of showers from Traité sur l'aliénation mentale et sur les hospices des aliénés (Treatise on insanity and on the hospices of the insane) by Joseph Guislain (1826). At the time it was thought cold water showers could alleviate mental illness
The first known mechanical shower, operated by a hand pump, was patented in England in 1767 by William Feetham, a stove maker from Ludgate Hill in London. His shower contraption used a pump to force the water into a vessel above the user's head and a chain would then be pulled to release the water from the vessel. Although the system dispensed with the servant labour of filling up and pouring out buckets of water, the showers failed to catch on with the rich as a method for piping hot water through the system was not available. The system would also recycle the same dirty water through every cycle.
This early start was greatly improved in the anonymously invented English Regency shower design of c. 1810 (there is some ambiguity among the sources). The original design was over 10 feet (3 m) tall, and was made of several metal pipes painted to look like bamboo. A basin suspended above the pipes fed water into a nozzle that distributed the water over the user's shoulders. The water on the ground was drained and pumped back through the pipes into the basin, where the cycle would repeat itself. The original prototype was steadily improved upon in the following decades until it began to approximate the shower of today in its mode of operation. Hand-pumped models became fashionable at one point as well as the use of adjustable sprayers for different water flow. The reinvention of reliable indoor plumbing around 1850 allowed free-standing showers to be connected to a running water source, supplying a renewable flow of water.
Modern showers were installed in the barracks of the French army in the 1870s as an economic hygiene measure, under the guidance of François Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor. As surgeon-general at Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, Delabost had previously replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economical and hygienic. First six, then eight shower stalls were installed. The water was heated by a steam engine and in less than five minutes, up to eight prisoners could wash simultaneously with only twenty litres of water. The French system of communal showers was adopted by other armies, the first being that of Prussia in 1879, and by prisons in other jurisdictions. They were also adopted by boarding schools, before being installed in public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was in 1887 in Vienna. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet, firstly in Bordeaux in 1893 and then in Paris in 1899.
Types
Domestic
Domestic showers are most commonly stall showers or showers combined with a bathtub. A stall shower is a dedicated shower area which uses a door or curtain to contain water spray. The shower/tub format saves bathroom space and enables the area to be used for either a bath or a shower and commonly uses a sliding shower curtain or door to contain the water spray. Showers may also be in a wet room, in which there is no contained shower area, or in a dedicated shower room, which does not require containment of water spray. Domestic showers can have a single shower head, multiple shower heads, handheld shower head(s) or other variations, all which may be adjustable as needed to varying degrees.
Public
Public shower room
Many modern athletic and aquatic facilities provide showers for use by patrons, commonly in gender segregated changing rooms. These can be in the form of individual stalls shielded by curtains or a door or communal shower rooms. The latter are generally large open rooms with any number of shower heads installed either directly into the walls or on posts throughout the shower area. Open showers are often provided at public swimming pools and at popular beaches. Military forces around the world set up field showers to enable the washing away of dangerous residue from modern weapons such as caustic chemicals, deadly biological agents, and radioactive materials, which can harm forces on both sides of a conflict.
Wet room
A wet room often refers to a bathroom without internal dedicated or raised areas which has an open shower. Structurally, a wet room requires the bathroom to have a gradient or slope towards a drain hole, and a foul air trap connecting the floor to the waste pipes. Depending on region, the term wet room can also encompass other rooms such as laundry rooms. In Norway, for example, any room with tap water and a drain in the floor is considered a wet room. Different jurisdictions often have special regulations concerning the design and construction of wet rooms to prevent damage from damp air or water leakage, e.g. mold.
There are also often special regulations concerning electrical installations in wet rooms. For example, since water supplies often have their own electrical grounding, there can be an added risk of injury associated with ground faults, and some jurisdictions therefore require the installation of residual-current devices in wet rooms.
Other
Rib shower
Brazilian electric shower
Air shower, a type of bathing where high pressure air is used to blow off excess dust particles from cleanroom personnel.
Digital shower, a shower system that works in a similar way to mixer or power showers, but provides more control over the temperature of the water with the use of a digital control panel.
Eco shower, a shower system that comes in mixer or electric variations, but also features a regulator to regulate the flow of water with a view to saving water.
Electric shower, a shower stall device to locally heat shower water with electrical power.
Emergency showers, installed in laboratories and other facilities that use hazardous chemicals, are required by law in the United States; designed to deluge continuously at around 30–60 US gallons (110–230 L) per minute for at least 15 minutes and should be located at most 10 seconds away from potential users.
Mixer shower, a shower system that takes water from existing hot and cold water supplies and combines them within the unit.
Navy shower, a method of showering that allows for significant conservation of water and energy.
Power shower, a shower stall device that works similarly to a mixer shower by mixing existing hot and cold water feeds, but locally increases the water pressure available to the shower head by means of an electric booster pump.
Roman shower, a shower that does not use a door or curtain.
Steam shower, a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces steam that is dispersed around a person's body.
Vichy shower, a shower where large quantities of warm water are poured over a spa patron while the user lies within a shallow (wet) bed, similar to a massage table, but with drainage for the water.
Types of shower heads
Fixed shower heads: Traditional fixed shower-heads are mostly common shower-faucets because they can easily connect to the plumbing fixtures without any additional hardware.
Shower handsets/bidet shower: Hand-set shower-faucets are connected by a flexible hose, and can also be mounted and used like a fixed shower-head.
Ceiling-mounted faucets: Ceiling-mounted shower-faucets are typically rain-drop shower-heads mounted in the ceiling of the shower. Water rains down, at low or medium pressure, using gravity to shower on one from directly above.
Adjustable shower heads: Adjustable shower faucets often have numerous settings, including pulsating massage and low/medium/high-pressure flow settings.
Shower panels: Unlike a single showerhead, these are wall-mounted with sprayers aimed horizontally at various parts of the body.
Use and ecology
Hydro-massage on Lake Moynaki, Yevpatoria, Crimea
Shower usage in the latter half of the 20th century skyrocketed. Personal hygiene became a primary concern, and bathing every day or multiple times a day is common among Western cultures. Showering is generally faster than bathing and can use less water. In an average home, showers are typically the third largest water use after toilets and clothes washers. The average American shower uses 17.2 US gallons (65 L; 14.3 imp gal) and lasts for 8.2 minutes at an average flow rate of 2.1 US gallons (7.9 L; 1.7 imp gal) per minute.
Showering is one of the leading ways people use water in the home, accounting for nearly 17 percent of residential indoor water use, which roughly equals to 1,200,000,000 US gallons (4.5×109 L; 1.00×109 imp gal) of water annually just for showering. The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends to retrofit home showers with a shower head that uses less than 2 US gallons (7.6 L; 1.7 imp gal) to conserve water. However, many have hypothesized reducing flow rates of showerheads might cause users to take much longer showers. Other options to save water include using extra high pressure mist flow or design in sensors and valves to shut off or reduce water flow while people are not actively using the shower water.
Various measures can be taken to increase safety for those, especially elderly people, taking showers or baths. Some people take more than one shower each day, normally at their normal shower time, and after exercising. People also shower to cool off in hot weather, especially those unaccustomed to the climate. Used shower water can be employed as greywater.
Cultural significance
Showering is mostly part of a daily routine primarily to promote cleanliness and prevent odor, disease and infection. Advances in science and medicine in the 19th century began to realize the benefit of regular bathing to an individual's health. As a result, most modern cultures encourage a daily personal hygiene regimen. Showering has also developed the reputation as a relaxing and generally therapeutic activity.
Structure and design
Designs for shower facilities vary by location and purpose. There are free-standing showers, but also showers which are integrated into a bathtub. Showers are separated from the surrounding area through watertight curtains (shower curtain), sliding doors, or folding doors, or shower blinds, in order to protect the space from spraying water. Showers with a level entry wet room are becoming very popular, especially due to improvements in waterproofing systems and prefabricated components.
Places such as a swimming pool, a locker room, or a military facility have multiple showers. There may be communal shower rooms without divisions, or shower stalls (typically open at the top). Many types of showers are available, including complete shower units which are all encompassing showers that include the pan, walls, and often the shower head, as well as pieced together units in which the pan, shower head, and doors are purchased separately. Each type of shower poses different installation issues.
Installation
Though the installation requirements of each of shower will differ, the installation of a shower in general requires the laying of several water transportation pipes, including a pipe for hot water and for cold water, and a drainage pipe. It is important that the wet areas of a bathroom be waterproof, and multiple layers of waterproofing can be employed. Grout is used to fill gaps between tiles, but grout and tile setting materials are generally porous. Tiles are generally waterproof, though a shower pan must be installed beneath them as a safety to prevent water leakage. Thus small mosaic tiles offer less of a defense than large format tiles. Sub-tile waterproofing is important when tiles are being used. Best practice requires a waterproofing material to cover the walls and floor of the shower area that are then covered with tile, or in some countries with a sheet material like vinyl.
Repairing damaged tile in a shower stall with a caulking gun
Shower repair showing drain piping with trap
Diverter valve about to be installed behind a shower
Drainage
A shower may be equipped with a second emergency drain outside of the shower in case of overflow. An emergency overflow drain is required in Australia and some European countries.
Shower head
A shower head
A shower head is a perforated nozzle that distributes water over solid angle a focal point of use, generally overhead the bather. A shower uses less water than a full immersion in a bath. Some shower heads can be adjusted to spray different patterns of water, such as massage, gentle spray, strong spray, and intermittent pulse or combination modes.
Hard water may result in calcium and magnesium deposits clogging the head, reducing the flow and changing the spray pattern. For descaling, various acidic chemicals or brushes can be used or some heads have rubber-like jets that can be manually descaled. A homemade remedy is to immerse it in a solution of water and vinegar for a while, since the vinegar is able to dissolve limescale.
Some governments around the world set standards for water usage and regulate shower heads. For example, in the United States, residential and most commercial shower heads must flow no more than 9.5 litres (2.1 imp gal; 2.5 US gal) per minute per the Department of Energy ruling 10 CFR 430. Low-flow shower heads that have a water flow of equal or less than 7.6 litres (1.7 imp gal; 2.0 US gal) per minute (2.0 gallons per minute), can use water more efficiently by aerating the water stream, altering nozzles through advanced flow principles or by high-speed oscillation of the spray stream. The US EPA administers a voluntary water saving program, WaterSense, which can certify low-flow shower heads.
Shower and bathtub curtains
"Shower curtain" redirects here. For the physical phenomenon, see shower-curtain effect.
Curtains can be used in shower or bathtub enclosures with two main purposes: to provide privacy and to prevent water from flooding or spraying outside the shower or bathtub area. Shower and bathtub curtains usually surround the bath inside the tub or shower area and are held up with railings or curtain rods high on the wall or ceiling. To accommodate the different types of bathtub shapes, railings can come in different sizes and are flexible in their design. The curtains are usually made from vinyl, cloth, or plastic.
Some people use two shower curtains: one that is inside the tub, which is mainly functional or decorative as well, and an outer shower curtain, which is purely decorative. The bottom portion of the inner curtain often comes with magnetic discs or suction cups which adhere to the bathtub itself.
Shower and bathtub doors
Shower or bathtub doors are doors (also called screens) used in bathrooms that help keep water inside a shower or bathtub and are alternatives to shower curtains. They are available in many different styles such as framed or frameless, sliding or swing. They are usually constructed of aluminium, clear glass, plexiglass or tempered glass. Shower doors can come in many different hardware finishes and glass patterns that can match other bathroom hardware such as faucets and shower heads. There are also shower doors that are in a neo angle design for use on shower pans that have the neo design as well. The design of the shower pan is extremely important as the shower door must be the type required for the pan in order to work. A shower door requires plastic lining along the edges of the door to protect against water leaking out.
Bathtub curtain
Shower curtain
Raisable shower door
Bathtub door
Equipment
Pressure-balanced valve, a device to provide constant shower water pressure and prevent temperature fluctuations
Shampoo
Shower caddy, a storage system inside the shower, typically for shampoo, conditioner, soap and other related things
Shower cap, a cap worn while showering or bathing, to protect hair from becoming wet
Shower radio, a radio that is waterproofed to allow it to be used in a bathroom or other wet environment
Shower speaker, a Bluetooth speaker designed to play music while the shower is running
Soap
Washing mitt, a tool for applying soap to the body
Water heat recycling units to reclaim much of the waste water's heat and recycle it to the shower head and minimize heat lost to the drain
See also
Bathing
Bathroom
Bathtub
Douche
Navy shower
Solar heated shower
Steam shower
Transfer bench
Water recycling shower
Citations
^ a b c Shove 2004.
^ a b "The Stand-Up Bath". theplumber.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ James & Thorpe 1995, p. 460.
^ Humphrey, Olsen & Sherwood 1998, p. 280.
^ James & Thorpe 1995.
^ Smith, Matthew (9 October 2015). "The Healing Waters: Psychology Today United Kingdom". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
^ "History of Plumbing in America". Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine. July 1987. ISSN 8750-6041. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2011. by 1845, the installation of sanitary sewers began to pay off ... In 1874, ... an unknown plumber solved the problem of venting.
^ Biot, Roger (2005). Fameux Rouennais, Rouennais fameux. Rouen: PTC-Normandie. ISBN 9782350380117.
^ Hervé Dajon, La douche, une invention d'un médecin des prisons, le docteur Merry Delabost, Criminocorpus, 2010 Online text - in French
^ Feltgen, Dr. (8 November 2000). "Dr. Merry Delabost, inventor of the shower?" (PDF). Hopitaux de Rouen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
^ Jones 2004.
^ "Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17) med veiledning: VI Fukt, våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner § 13-15. Våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner". Norwegian Building Authority (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^ "1910.151: Occupational Safety and Health Standards — Medical services and first aid". Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
^ Mayer 1995, p. 155.
^ Vincoli 2000, p. 343.
^ Brauer 2006, p. 533.
^ Rowan, Gerald; Sanford, Steve (2013). Compact Houses: 50 Creative Floor Plans for Efficient, Well-Designed Small Homes. North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781612121024.
^ "Indoor Water Use". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ "Showerheads". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ "Indoor Water Use". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ Mullick 2005.
^ Take A Cold Shower To Cool Off This Summer Archived 8 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, John Westenhaver, Energy Watcher, 20 June 2009
^ "Curbless Showers - An Installation Guide" (PDF). NC State University. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Cited works and general references
Books
Brauer, Roger L B (2006). "Personal protective equipment". Safety and health for engineers (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29189-3.
Humphrey, John W; Olsen, John P; Sherwood, Andrew N (1998). Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06136-0.
James, Peter; Thorpe, Nick (1995). Ancient Inventions. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-345-40102-1.
Mayer, Leonard (1995). "Emergency systems". Design and planning of research and clinical laboratory facilities. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-30623-8.
"Shower". Oxford New Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus (3rd ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 978-0-425-22862-3. OCLC 276819901.
Shove, Elizabeth (2004). Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience The Social Organization of Normality (New Technologies/New Cultures). New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-630-2.
Vincoli, Jeffrey W (2000). Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-399-4.
Web pages
Jones, Jerry (29 October 2004). "Decontamination shower system revamped". Reporter. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
Mullick, Abir (2005). "Bathing for Older people with Disabilities". UB School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shower (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Francis Showering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Showering"},{"link_name":"Hot Shower (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shower_(song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dusche-cut-w025-h025.jpg"},{"link_name":"nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"folding doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_screen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badewanne_(fcm).jpg"},{"link_name":"bathes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathing"},{"link_name":"spray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)"},{"link_name":"warm or hot water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heating"},{"link_name":"bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"link_name":"hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShove2004-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Place in which a person bathes under a spray of waterThis article is about the bathing facility. For other uses, see Shower (disambiguation).\"Showering\" redirects here. For the English brewer, see Francis Showering.\"Hot Shower\" redirects here. For the song, see Hot Shower (song).A typical stall shower with height-adjustable nozzle and folding doorsA combination shower and bathtub, with movable screenA shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aiming down on the user, while more complex showers have a showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting bracket. This allows the showerer to hold the showerhead by hand to spray the water onto different parts of their body. A shower can be installed in a small shower stall or bathtub with a plastic shower curtain or door. Showering is common due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.[1][page needed]","title":"Shower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stand-upbath-2"},{"link_name":"jugs of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jug_(container)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesThorpe1995460-3"},{"link_name":"ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greeks"},{"link_name":"aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)"},{"link_name":"sewage systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_system"},{"link_name":"communal shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_shower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreyOlsenSherwood1998280-4"},{"link_name":"Pergamum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesThorpe1995-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ancient Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"bathhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bathing"},{"link_name":"Thermae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermae"},{"link_name":"fall of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The original showers were neither indoor structures nor human-made but were common natural formations: waterfalls.[2] The falling water rinsed the bathers completely clean and was more efficient than bathing in a traditional basin, which required manual transport of both fresh and waste water. Ancient people began to reproduce these natural phenomena by pouring jugs of water, often very cold, over themselves after washing. There has been evidence of early upper class Egyptian and Mesopotamians having indoor shower rooms where servants would bathe them in the privacy of their own homes.[3] However, these were rudimentary by modern standards, having rudimentary drainage systems and water was carried, not pumped, into the room.The ancient Greeks were the first people to have showers. Their aqueducts and sewage systems made of lead pipes allowed water to be pumped both into and out of large communal shower rooms used by elites and common citizens alike.[4] These rooms have been discovered at the site of the city Pergamum and can also be found represented in pottery of the era. The depictions are very similar to modern locker room showers, and even included bars to hang up clothing.[5][page needed]The ancient Romans also followed this convention; their famous bathhouses (Thermae) can be found all around the Mediterranean and as far out as modern-day England. The Romans not only had these showers but also believed in bathing multiple times a week, if not every day. The water and sewage systems developed by the Greeks and Romans broke down and fell out of use after the fall of the Roman Empire[citation needed].","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Douche._Wellcome_L0003967.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Guislain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Guislain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stove"},{"link_name":"Ludgate Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludgate_Hill"},{"link_name":"English Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stand-upbath-2"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"indoor plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_plumbing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"water source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_source"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_army"},{"link_name":"François Merry Delabost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Merry_Delabost"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Modern showers","text":"Illustration of showers from Traité sur l'aliénation mentale et sur les hospices des aliénés (Treatise on insanity and on the hospices of the insane) by Joseph Guislain (1826). At the time it was thought cold water showers could alleviate mental illness[6]The first known mechanical shower, operated by a hand pump, was patented in England in 1767 by William Feetham,[citation needed] a stove maker from Ludgate Hill in London. His shower contraption used a pump to force the water into a vessel above the user's head and a chain would then be pulled to release the water from the vessel. Although the system dispensed with the servant labour of filling up and pouring out buckets of water, the showers failed to catch on with the rich as a method for piping hot water through the system was not available. The system would also recycle the same dirty water through every cycle.This early start was greatly improved in the anonymously invented English Regency shower design of c. 1810 (there is some ambiguity among the sources).[2] The original design was over 10 feet (3 m) tall, and was made of several metal pipes painted to look like bamboo. A basin suspended above the pipes fed water into a nozzle that distributed the water over the user's shoulders. The water on the ground was drained and pumped back through the pipes into the basin, where the cycle would repeat itself.[citation needed] The original prototype was steadily improved upon in the following decades until it began to approximate the shower of today in its mode of operation. Hand-pumped models became fashionable at one point as well as the use of adjustable sprayers for different water flow. The reinvention of reliable indoor plumbing around 1850[7] allowed free-standing showers to be connected to a running water source, supplying a renewable flow of water.[citation needed]Modern showers were installed in the barracks of the French army in the 1870s as an economic hygiene measure, under the guidance of François Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor.[8] As surgeon-general at Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, Delabost had previously replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economical and hygienic.[9] First six, then eight shower stalls were installed. The water was heated by a steam engine and in less than five minutes, up to eight prisoners could wash simultaneously with only twenty litres of water. The French system of communal showers was adopted by other armies, the first being that of Prussia in 1879, and by prisons in other jurisdictions. They were also adopted by boarding schools, before being installed in public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was in 1887 in Vienna. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet, firstly in Bordeaux in 1893 and then in Paris in 1899.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Domestic showers are most commonly stall showers or showers combined with a bathtub. A stall shower is a dedicated shower area which uses a door or curtain to contain water spray. The shower/tub format saves bathroom space and enables the area to be used for either a bath or a shower and commonly uses a sliding shower curtain or door to contain the water spray. Showers may also be in a wet room, in which there is no contained shower area, or in a dedicated shower room, which does not require containment of water spray. Domestic showers can have a single shower head, multiple shower heads, handheld shower head(s) or other variations, all which may be adjustable as needed to varying degrees.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-40wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public"},{"link_name":"gender segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_segregation"},{"link_name":"changing rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing_room"},{"link_name":"field showers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_shower"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2004-11"}],"sub_title":"Public","text":"Public shower roomMany modern athletic and aquatic facilities provide showers for use by patrons, commonly in gender segregated changing rooms. These can be in the form of individual stalls shielded by curtains or a door or communal shower rooms. The latter are generally large open rooms with any number of shower heads installed either directly into the walls or on posts throughout the shower area. Open showers are often provided at public swimming pools and at popular beaches. Military forces around the world set up field showers to enable the washing away of dangerous residue from modern weapons such as caustic chemicals, deadly biological agents, and radioactive materials, which can harm forces on both sides of a conflict.[11]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laundry rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_room"},{"link_name":"drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"damp air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damp_(structural)"},{"link_name":"water leakage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_damage"},{"link_name":"mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold"},{"link_name":"residual-current devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-current_device"}],"sub_title":"Wet room","text":"A wet room often refers to a bathroom without internal dedicated or raised areas which has an open shower. Structurally, a wet room requires the bathroom to have a gradient or slope towards a drain hole, and a foul air trap connecting the floor to the waste pipes. Depending on region, the term wet room can also encompass other rooms such as laundry rooms. In Norway, for example, any room with tap water and a drain in the floor is considered a wet room.[12] Different jurisdictions often have special regulations concerning the design and construction of wet rooms to prevent damage from damp air or water leakage, e.g. mold.There are also often special regulations concerning electrical installations in wet rooms. For example, since water supplies often have their own electrical grounding, there can be an added risk of injury associated with ground faults, and some jurisdictions therefore require the installation of residual-current devices in wet rooms.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rib_shower_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuveiro_eletrico_brasileiro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Air shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_shower_(room)"},{"link_name":"Electric shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shower"},{"link_name":"Emergency showers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_shower"},{"link_name":"laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1995155-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincoli2000343-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2006533-16"},{"link_name":"Navy shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_shower"},{"link_name":"Roman shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_shower"},{"link_name":"Steam shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shower"},{"link_name":"Vichy shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_shower"}],"text":"Rib showerBrazilian electric showerAir shower, a type of bathing where high pressure air is used to blow off excess dust particles from cleanroom personnel.\nDigital shower, a shower system that works in a similar way to mixer or power showers, but provides more control over the temperature of the water with the use of a digital control panel.\nEco shower, a shower system that comes in mixer or electric variations, but also features a regulator to regulate the flow of water with a view to saving water.\nElectric shower, a shower stall device to locally heat shower water with electrical power.\nEmergency showers, installed in laboratories and other facilities that use hazardous chemicals, are required by law in the United States;[13] designed to deluge continuously at around 30–60 US gallons (110–230 L) per minute [14] for at least 15 minutes [15] and should be located at most 10 seconds away from potential users.[16]\nMixer shower, a shower system that takes water from existing hot and cold water supplies and combines them within the unit.\nNavy shower, a method of showering that allows for significant conservation of water and energy.\nPower shower, a shower stall device that works similarly to a mixer shower by mixing existing hot and cold water feeds, but locally increases the water pressure available to the shower head by means of an electric booster pump.\nRoman shower, a shower that does not use a door or curtain.\nSteam shower, a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces steam that is dispersed around a person's body.\nVichy shower, a shower where large quantities of warm water are poured over a spa patron while the user lies within a shallow (wet) bed, similar to a massage table, but with drainage for the water.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bidet shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidet_shower"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Fixed shower heads: Traditional fixed shower-heads are mostly common shower-faucets because they can easily connect to the plumbing fixtures without any additional hardware.\nShower handsets/bidet shower: Hand-set shower-faucets are connected by a flexible hose, and can also be mounted and used like a fixed shower-head.\nCeiling-mounted faucets: Ceiling-mounted shower-faucets are typically rain-drop shower-heads mounted in the ceiling of the shower. Water rains down, at low or medium pressure, using gravity to shower on one from directly above.[17]\nAdjustable shower heads: Adjustable shower faucets often have numerous settings, including pulsating massage and low/medium/high-pressure flow settings.\nShower panels: Unlike a single showerhead, these are wall-mounted with sprayers aimed horizontally at various parts of the body.","title":"Types of shower heads"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jugadu%C5%A1%C5%A1_(%C5%A1arko)_Moinaki_limaani_k%C3%B5rgsoolase_veega..jpg"},{"link_name":"Yevpatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevpatoria"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShove2004-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullick2005-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"greywater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywater"}],"text":"Hydro-massage on Lake Moynaki, Yevpatoria, CrimeaShower usage in the latter half of the 20th century skyrocketed. Personal hygiene became a primary concern, and bathing every day or multiple times a day is common among Western cultures.[1][page needed] Showering is generally faster than bathing and can use less water. In an average home, showers are typically the third largest water use after toilets and clothes washers. The average American shower uses 17.2 US gallons (65 L; 14.3 imp gal) and lasts for 8.2 minutes at an average flow rate of 2.1 US gallons (7.9 L; 1.7 imp gal) per minute.[18]Showering is one of the leading ways people use water in the home, accounting for nearly 17 percent of residential indoor water use, which roughly equals to 1,200,000,000 US gallons (4.5×109 L; 1.00×109 imp gal) of water annually just for showering.[19] The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends to retrofit home showers with a shower head that uses less than 2 US gallons (7.6 L; 1.7 imp gal) to conserve water. However, many have hypothesized reducing flow rates of showerheads might cause users to take much longer showers.[20] Other options to save water include using extra high pressure mist flow or design in sensors and valves to shut off or reduce water flow while people are not actively using the shower water.Various measures can be taken to increase safety for those, especially elderly people, taking showers or baths.[21] Some people take more than one shower each day, normally at their normal shower time, and after exercising. People also shower to cool off in hot weather, especially those unaccustomed to the climate.[22][better source needed] Used shower water can be employed as greywater.","title":"Use and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShove2004-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Showering is mostly part of a daily routine primarily to promote cleanliness and prevent odor, disease and infection. Advances in science and medicine in the 19th century began to realize the benefit of regular bathing to an individual's health. As a result, most modern cultures encourage a daily personal hygiene regimen. Showering has also developed the reputation as a relaxing and generally therapeutic activity.[1][page needed]","title":"Cultural significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shower curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shower_and_bathtub_curtains"},{"link_name":"sliding doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_door"},{"link_name":"folding doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_door"},{"link_name":"wet room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wet_room"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"locker room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locker_room"}],"text":"Designs for shower facilities vary by location and purpose. There are free-standing showers, but also showers which are integrated into a bathtub. Showers are separated from the surrounding area through watertight curtains (shower curtain), sliding doors, or folding doors, or shower blinds, in order to protect the space from spraying water. Showers with a level entry wet room are becoming very popular, especially due to improvements in waterproofing systems and prefabricated components.Places such as a swimming pool, a locker room, or a military facility have multiple showers. There may be communal shower rooms without divisions, or shower stalls (typically open at the top). Many types of showers are available, including complete shower units which are all encompassing showers that include the pan, walls, and often the shower head, as well as pieced together units in which the pan, shower head, and doors are purchased separately. Each type of shower poses different installation issues.","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water transportation pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"},{"link_name":"Grout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grout"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Repairing_shower_stall_with_grout_applicator.jpg"},{"link_name":"caulking gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulking_gun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shower_Repair.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shower_project_new_diverter_valve_with_connector_about_to_be_added.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Installation","text":"Though the installation requirements of each of shower will differ, the installation of a shower in general requires the laying of several water transportation pipes, including a pipe for hot water and for cold water, and a drainage pipe. It is important that the wet areas of a bathroom be waterproof, and multiple layers of waterproofing can be employed. Grout is used to fill gaps between tiles, but grout and tile setting materials are generally porous. Tiles are generally waterproof, though a shower pan must be installed beneath them as a safety to prevent water leakage.[23] Thus small mosaic tiles offer less of a defense than large format tiles. Sub-tile waterproofing is important when tiles are being used. Best practice requires a waterproofing material to cover the walls and floor of the shower area that are then covered with tile, or in some countries with a sheet material like vinyl.Repairing damaged tile in a shower stall with a caulking gun\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShower repair showing drain piping with trap\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiverter valve about to be installed behind a shower","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Drainage","text":"A shower may be equipped with a second emergency drain outside of the shower in case of overflow. An emergency overflow drain is required in Australia and some European countries.[citation needed]","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Showerhead.JPG"},{"link_name":"nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"solid angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_angle"},{"link_name":"bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"link_name":"Hard water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"descaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descaling"},{"link_name":"water usage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_usage"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"aerating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerating"},{"link_name":"oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"},{"link_name":"WaterSense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterSense"}],"sub_title":"Shower head","text":"A shower headA shower head is a perforated nozzle that distributes water over solid angle a focal point of use, generally overhead the bather. A shower uses less water than a full immersion in a bath. Some shower heads can be adjusted to spray different patterns of water, such as massage, gentle spray, strong spray, and intermittent pulse or combination modes.Hard water may result in calcium and magnesium deposits clogging the head, reducing the flow and changing the spray pattern. For descaling, various acidic chemicals or brushes can be used or some heads have rubber-like jets that can be manually descaled. A homemade remedy is to immerse it in a solution of water and vinegar for a while, since the vinegar is able to dissolve limescale.Some governments around the world set standards for water usage and regulate shower heads. For example, in the United States, residential and most commercial shower heads must flow no more than 9.5 litres (2.1 imp gal; 2.5 US gal) per minute per the Department of Energy ruling 10 CFR 430. Low-flow shower heads that have a water flow of equal or less than 7.6 litres (1.7 imp gal; 2.0 US gal) per minute (2.0 gallons per minute), can use water more efficiently by aerating the water stream, altering nozzles through advanced flow principles or by high-speed oscillation of the spray stream. The US EPA administers a voluntary water saving program, WaterSense, which can certify low-flow shower heads.","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shower-curtain effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower-curtain_effect"},{"link_name":"Curtains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain"},{"link_name":"railings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/railing"},{"link_name":"curtain rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_rod"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vinyl"}],"sub_title":"Shower and bathtub curtains","text":"\"Shower curtain\" redirects here. For the physical phenomenon, see shower-curtain effect.Curtains can be used in shower or bathtub enclosures with two main purposes: to provide privacy and to prevent water from flooding or spraying outside the shower or bathtub area. Shower and bathtub curtains usually surround the bath inside the tub or shower area and are held up with railings or curtain rods high on the wall or ceiling. To accommodate the different types of bathtub shapes, railings can come in different sizes and are flexible in their design. The curtains are usually made from vinyl, cloth, or plastic.Some people use two shower curtains: one that is inside the tub, which is mainly functional or decorative as well, and an outer shower curtain, which is purely decorative. The bottom portion of the inner curtain often comes with magnetic discs or suction cups which adhere to the bathtub itself.","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door"},{"link_name":"bathrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom"},{"link_name":"tempered glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempered_glass"},{"link_name":"leaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BernheimerHouseTub.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_typical_American_bathroom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raisable_shower_door.JPG"},{"link_name":"Raisable shower door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up-N-Away_(down-sliding_shower_door)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lygon_Arms,_bathroom.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Shower and bathtub doors","text":"Shower or bathtub doors are doors (also called screens) used in bathrooms that help keep water inside a shower or bathtub and are alternatives to shower curtains. They are available in many different styles such as framed or frameless, sliding or swing. They are usually constructed of aluminium, clear glass, plexiglass or tempered glass. Shower doors can come in many different hardware finishes and glass patterns that can match other bathroom hardware such as faucets and shower heads. There are also shower doors that are in a neo angle design for use on shower pans that have the neo design as well. The design of the shower pan is extremely important as the shower door must be the type required for the pan in order to work. A shower door requires plastic lining along the edges of the door to protect against water leaking out.Bathtub curtain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShower curtain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaisable shower door\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBathtub door","title":"Structure and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pressure-balanced valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve"},{"link_name":"Shampoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo"},{"link_name":"caddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caddy#Etymology_1"},{"link_name":"Shower cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_cap"},{"link_name":"Shower radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_radio"},{"link_name":"Shower speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_speaker"},{"link_name":"Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap"},{"link_name":"Washing mitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_mitt"},{"link_name":"Water heat recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heat_recycling"}],"text":"Pressure-balanced valve, a device to provide constant shower water pressure and prevent temperature fluctuations\nShampoo\nShower caddy, a storage system inside the shower, typically for shampoo, conditioner, soap and other related things\nShower cap, a cap worn while showering or bathing, to protect hair from becoming wet\nShower radio, a radio that is waterproofed to allow it to be used in a bathroom or other wet environment\nShower speaker, a Bluetooth speaker designed to play music while the shower is running\nSoap\nWashing mitt, a tool for applying soap to the body\nWater heat recycling units to reclaim much of the waste water's heat and recycle it to the shower head and minimize heat lost to the drain","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShove2004_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShove2004_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShove2004_1-2"},{"link_name":"Shove 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShove2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stand-upbath_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stand-upbath_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Stand-Up Bath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101130180409/http://theplumber.com/standup.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theplumber.com/standup.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesThorpe1995460_3-0"},{"link_name":"James & Thorpe 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJamesThorpe1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreyOlsenSherwood1998280_4-0"},{"link_name":"Humphrey, Olsen & Sherwood 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumphreyOlsenSherwood1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesThorpe1995_5-0"},{"link_name":"James & Thorpe 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJamesThorpe1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Healing Waters: Psychology Today United Kingdom\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/short-history-mental-health/201510/the-healing-waters"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"History of Plumbing in America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081106210134/http://www.plumbingworld.com/historyamerica.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8750-6041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/8750-6041"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.plumbingworld.com/historyamerica.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Fameux Rouennais, Rouennais fameux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eN5ZzmTeZDEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782350380117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350380117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Online text - in French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article420.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. Merry Delabost, inventor of the shower?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120112085519/http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/NR/rdonlyres/A49A08FD-BA50-4B11-AA92-ECE9492BC247/0/2000_feltgen.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.chu-rouen.fr/NR/rdonlyres/A49A08FD-BA50-4B11-AA92-ECE9492BC247/0/2000_feltgen.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2004_11-0"},{"link_name":"Jones 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJones2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17) med veiledning: VI Fukt, våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner § 13-15. Våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dibk.no/regelverk/byggteknisk-forskrift-tek17/13/vi/13-15/"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Building Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Building_Authority"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"1910.151: Occupational Safety and Health Standards — Medical services and first aid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9806"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1995155_14-0"},{"link_name":"Mayer 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMayer1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincoli2000343_15-0"},{"link_name":"Vincoli 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVincoli2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauer2006533_16-0"},{"link_name":"Brauer 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrauer2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Compact Houses: 50 Creative Floor Plans for Efficient, Well-Designed Small Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WUGrAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781612121024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612121024"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Indoor Water Use\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181024170532/https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Water Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Water_Efficiency"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Showerheads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.epa.gov/watersense/showerheads"},{"link_name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Indoor Water Use\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181024170532/https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Water Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Water_Efficiency"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullick2005_21-0"},{"link_name":"Mullick 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMullick2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Take A Cold Shower To Cool Off This Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.energywatcher.com/2009/06/take-cold-shower-to-cool-off-this.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121108074705/http://www.energywatcher.com/2009/06/take-cold-shower-to-cool-off-this.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Curbless Showers - An Installation Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/pubs_p/docs/Curbless.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c Shove 2004.\n\n^ a b \"The Stand-Up Bath\". theplumber.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.\n\n^ James & Thorpe 1995, p. 460.\n\n^ Humphrey, Olsen & Sherwood 1998, p. 280.\n\n^ James & Thorpe 1995.\n\n^ Smith, Matthew (9 October 2015). \"The Healing Waters: Psychology Today United Kingdom\". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.\n\n^ \"History of Plumbing in America\". Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine. July 1987. ISSN 8750-6041. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2011. by 1845, the installation of sanitary sewers began to pay off ... In 1874, ... an unknown plumber solved the problem of venting.\n\n^ Biot, Roger (2005). Fameux Rouennais, Rouennais fameux. Rouen: PTC-Normandie. ISBN 9782350380117.\n\n^ Hervé Dajon, La douche, une invention d'un médecin des prisons, le docteur Merry Delabost, Criminocorpus, 2010 Online text - in French\n\n^ Feltgen, Dr. (8 November 2000). \"Dr. Merry Delabost, inventor of the shower?\" (PDF). Hopitaux de Rouen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.\n\n^ Jones 2004.\n\n^ \"Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17) med veiledning: VI Fukt, våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner § 13-15. Våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner\". Norwegian Building Authority (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 21 July 2022.\n\n^ \"1910.151: Occupational Safety and Health Standards — Medical services and first aid\". Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 1 June 2010.\n\n^ Mayer 1995, p. 155.\n\n^ Vincoli 2000, p. 343.\n\n^ Brauer 2006, p. 533.\n\n^ Rowan, Gerald; Sanford, Steve (2013). Compact Houses: 50 Creative Floor Plans for Efficient, Well-Designed Small Homes. North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781612121024.\n\n^ \"Indoor Water Use\". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Showerheads\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Indoor Water Use\". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.\n\n^ Mullick 2005.\n\n^ Take A Cold Shower To Cool Off This Summer Archived 8 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, John Westenhaver, Energy Watcher, 20 June 2009\n\n^ \"Curbless Showers - An Installation Guide\" (PDF). NC State University. Retrieved 18 January 2017.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-29189-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29189-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-06136-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06136-0"},{"link_name":"Ancient Inventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-345-40102-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40102-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-30623-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-30623-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-425-22862-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-22862-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"276819901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/276819901"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85973-630-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-630-2"},{"link_name":"Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lewisdictionaryo00jeff"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56670-399-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-399-4"},{"link_name":"\"Decontamination shower system revamped\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=3590"},{"link_name":"\"Bathing for Older people with Disabilities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ap.buffalo.edu/idea/Publications/Bathing%20for%20Older%20People.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Plumbing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"},{"link_name":"Plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"},{"link_name":"Air gap (plumbing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"Backflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow"},{"link_name":"Compatibility (chemical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)"},{"link_name":"Corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"Drain (plumbing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"Drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"Fuel gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gas"},{"link_name":"Friction loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_loss"},{"link_name":"Grade (slope)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"link_name":"Greywater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywater"},{"link_name":"Heat trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_trap"},{"link_name":"Hydrostatic loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop"},{"link_name":"Leak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak"},{"link_name":"Neutral axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_axis"},{"link_name":"Onsite sewage facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility"},{"link_name":"Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"Sanitary sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"Sewer gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer_gas"},{"link_name":"Sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage"},{"link_name":"Sewerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage"},{"link_name":"Siphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon"},{"link_name":"Storm sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_sewer"},{"link_name":"Stormwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater"},{"link_name":"Surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"Tap water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water"},{"link_name":"Thermal expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"Thermal insulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"Thermosiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon"},{"link_name":"Trap (plumbing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"Venturi effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect"},{"link_name":"Wastewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater"},{"link_name":"Water hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer"},{"link_name":"Water supply network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network"},{"link_name":"Water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well"},{"link_name":"Brazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing"},{"link_name":"British Standard Pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe"},{"link_name":"Cast iron pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe"},{"link_name":"Chemical drain cleaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners"},{"link_name":"Compression fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fitting"},{"link_name":"Copper tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_tubing"},{"link_name":"Crimp (joining)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)"},{"link_name":"Drain-waste-vent system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system"},{"link_name":"Ductile iron pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe"},{"link_name":"Flare fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_fitting"},{"link_name":"Garden Hose Thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_hose_thread"},{"link_name":"Gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasket"},{"link_name":"Hydronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronics"},{"link_name":"Leak detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak_detection"},{"link_name":"National Pipe Thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread"},{"link_name":"Nominal Pipe Size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size"},{"link_name":"O-ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"Oakum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakum"},{"link_name":"Pipe (fluid conveyance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)"},{"link_name":"Pipe dope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_dope"},{"link_name":"Pipe support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_support"},{"link_name":"Plastic pipework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pipework"},{"link_name":"Push-to-pull compression fittings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings"},{"link_name":"Putty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putty"},{"link_name":"Sealant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealant"},{"link_name":"Sewage pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_pumping"},{"link_name":"Soldering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering"},{"link_name":"Solvent welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_welding"},{"link_name":"Swaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaging"},{"link_name":"Thread seal tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_seal_tape"},{"link_name":"Threaded pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threaded_pipe"},{"link_name":"Tube bending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_bending"},{"link_name":"Water heat recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heat_recycling"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric vacuum breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker"},{"link_name":"Automatic bleeding valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve"},{"link_name":"Automatic faucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_faucet"},{"link_name":"Backflow prevention device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device"},{"link_name":"Ball valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve"},{"link_name":"Bleed screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed_screw"},{"link_name":"Booster pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_pump"},{"link_name":"Butterfly valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve"},{"link_name":"Check valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve"},{"link_name":"Chemigation valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemigation_valve"},{"link_name":"Chopper pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_pump"},{"link_name":"Circulator pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulator_pump"},{"link_name":"Cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern"},{"link_name":"Closet flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closet_flange"},{"link_name":"Concentric reducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_reducer"},{"link_name":"Condensate pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensate_pump"},{"link_name":"Coupling (piping)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(piping)"},{"link_name":"Diaphragm valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_valve"},{"link_name":"Dielectric union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_union"},{"link_name":"Double check valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_check_valve"},{"link_name":"Eccentric reducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_reducer"},{"link_name":"Expansion tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_tank"},{"link_name":"Faucet aerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucet_aerator"},{"link_name":"Float switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_switch"},{"link_name":"Float valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_valve"},{"link_name":"Floor drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_drain"},{"link_name":"Flow limiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_limiter"},{"link_name":"Flushing trough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_trough"},{"link_name":"Flushometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushometer"},{"link_name":"Gate valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valve"},{"link_name":"Globe valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valve"},{"link_name":"Grease trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_trap"},{"link_name":"Grinder pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinder_pump"},{"link_name":"Hose coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_coupling"},{"link_name":"Manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Needle valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_valve"},{"link_name":"Nipple (plumbing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)"},{"link_name":"Pinch valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_valve"},{"link_name":"Piping and plumbing fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting"},{"link_name":"Plug (sanitation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)"},{"link_name":"Pressure regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_regulator"},{"link_name":"Pressure vacuum breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker"},{"link_name":"Pressure-balanced valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve"},{"link_name":"Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"Radiator (heating)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(heating)"},{"link_name":"Reduced pressure zone device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device"},{"link_name":"Reducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducer"},{"link_name":"Relief valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valve"},{"link_name":"Riser clamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riser_clamp"},{"link_name":"Rooftop water tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower"},{"link_name":"Safety valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve"},{"link_name":"Sewage pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_pump"},{"link_name":"Street elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_elbow"},{"link_name":"Submersible pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible_pump"},{"link_name":"Tap (valve)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)"},{"link_name":"Thermostatic mixing valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve"},{"link_name":"Trench drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_drain"},{"link_name":"Vacuum breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_breaker"},{"link_name":"Vacuum ejector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_ejector"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"Water tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tank"},{"link_name":"Zone valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_valve"},{"link_name":"Plumbing fixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixture"},{"link_name":"Accessible bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible_bathtub"},{"link_name":"Bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"link_name":"Bidet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidet"},{"link_name":"Dehumidifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumidifier"},{"link_name":"Dishwasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishwasher"},{"link_name":"Drinking fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_fountain"},{"link_name":"Electric water boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_water_boiler"},{"link_name":"Evaporative cooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_cooler"},{"link_name":"Flush toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_toilet"},{"link_name":"Garbage disposal unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit"},{"link_name":"Hot water storage tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank"},{"link_name":"Humidifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidifier"},{"link_name":"Icemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icemaker"},{"link_name":"Instant hot water dispenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser"},{"link_name":"Laundry tub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_tub"},{"link_name":"Shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink"},{"link_name":"Storage water heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_water_heater"},{"link_name":"Sump pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump_pump"},{"link_name":"Tankless water heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankless_water_heater"},{"link_name":"Urinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinal"},{"link_name":"Washing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine"},{"link_name":"Washlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washlet"},{"link_name":"Water dispenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_dispenser"},{"link_name":"Water filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filter"},{"link_name":"Water heater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heater"},{"link_name":"Water softener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softener"},{"link_name":"Basin wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_wrench"},{"link_name":"Blowtorch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowtorch"},{"link_name":"Borescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borescope"},{"link_name":"Core drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_drill"},{"link_name":"Drain cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_cleaner"},{"link_name":"Driving cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_cap"},{"link_name":"Flare-nut wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench"},{"link_name":"Pipecutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipecutter"},{"link_name":"Pipe wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_wrench"},{"link_name":"Plumber's snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake"},{"link_name":"Plumber wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber_wrench"},{"link_name":"Plunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger"},{"link_name":"Strap wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strap_wrench"},{"link_name":"Tap and die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_and_die"},{"link_name":"Control valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_valve"},{"link_name":"Flow sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_sensor"},{"link_name":"Pressure sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensor"},{"link_name":"Water detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_detector"},{"link_name":"Water metering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_metering"},{"link_name":"Hydronic balancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronic_balancing"},{"link_name":"Hydrostatic testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing"},{"link_name":"Leak detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak_detection"},{"link_name":"Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing"},{"link_name":"Pipe marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_marking"},{"link_name":"Pipefitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefitter"},{"link_name":"Pipelayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelayer"},{"link_name":"Plumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber"},{"link_name":"International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials"},{"link_name":"NSF International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSF_International"},{"link_name":"Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute"},{"link_name":"Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code"},{"link_name":"World Plumbing Council (WPC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council"},{"link_name":"Plumbing code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_code"},{"link_name":"Scalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalding"},{"link_name":"Waterborne disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_disease"},{"link_name":"Fire sprinkler system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system"},{"link_name":"Piping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping"},{"link_name":"Template:HVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HVAC"},{"link_name":"Template:Public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_health"},{"link_name":"Template:Sewerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sewerage"},{"link_name":"Template:Toilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Toilets"},{"link_name":"Template:Wastewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wastewater"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7863#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4442449-8"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541204605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122115"}],"text":"Books\nBrauer, Roger L B (2006). \"Personal protective equipment\". Safety and health for engineers (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29189-3.\nHumphrey, John W; Olsen, John P; Sherwood, Andrew N (1998). Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06136-0.\nJames, Peter; Thorpe, Nick (1995). Ancient Inventions. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-345-40102-1.\nMayer, Leonard (1995). \"Emergency systems\". Design and planning of research and clinical laboratory facilities. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-30623-8.\n\"Shower\". Oxford New Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus (3rd ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 978-0-425-22862-3. OCLC 276819901.\nShove, Elizabeth (2004). Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience The Social Organization of Normality (New Technologies/New Cultures). New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-630-2.\nVincoli, Jeffrey W (2000). Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-399-4.\nWeb pages\nJones, Jerry (29 October 2004). \"Decontamination shower system revamped\". Reporter. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Retrieved 5 December 2010.\nMullick, Abir (2005). \"Bathing for Older people with Disabilities\". UB School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved 5 December 2010.vtePlumbingFundamentalconcepts\nAir gap (plumbing)\nBackflow\nCompatibility (chemical)\nCorrosion\nDrain (plumbing)\nDrinking water\nFuel gas\nFriction loss\nGrade (slope)\nGreywater\nHeat trap\nHydrostatic loop\nLeak\nNeutral axis\nOnsite sewage facility\nPressure\nSanitary sewer\nSewer gas\nSewage\nSewerage\nSiphon\nStorm sewer\nStormwater\nSurface tension\nTap water\nThermal expansion\nThermal insulation\nThermosiphon\nTrap (plumbing)\nVenturi effect\nWastewater\nWater hammer\nWater supply network\nWater table\nWell\nTechnology\nBrazing\nBritish Standard Pipe (BSP)\nCast iron pipe\nChemical drain cleaners\nCompression fitting\nCopper tubing\nCrimp (joining)\nDrain-waste-vent system\nDuctile iron pipe\nFlare fitting\nGarden Hose Thread (GHT)\nGasket\nHydronics\nLeak detection\nNational Pipe Thread (NPT)\nNominal Pipe Size (NPS)\nO-ring\nOakum\nPipe (fluid conveyance)\nPipe dope\nPipe support\nPlastic pipework\nPush-to-pull compression fittings\nPutty\nSealant\nSewage pumping\nSoldering\nSolvent welding\nSwaging\nThread seal tape\nThreaded pipe\nTube bending\nWater heat recycling\nComponents\nAtmospheric vacuum breaker\nAutomatic bleeding valve\nAutomatic faucet\nBackflow prevention device\nBall valve\nBleed screw\nBooster pump\nButterfly valve\nCheck valve\nChemigation valve\nChopper pump\nCirculator pump\nCistern\nCloset flange\nConcentric reducer\nCondensate pump\nCoupling (piping)\nDiaphragm valve\nDielectric union\nDouble check valve\nEccentric reducer\nExpansion tank\nFaucet aerator\nFloat switch\nFloat valve\nFloor drain\nFlow limiter\nFlushing trough\nFlushometer\nGate valve\nGlobe valve\nGrease trap\nGrinder pump\nHose coupling\nManifold\nNeedle valve\nNipple (plumbing)\nPinch valve\nPiping and plumbing fitting\nPlug (sanitation)\nPressure regulator\nPressure vacuum breaker\nPressure-balanced valve\nPump\nRadiator (heating)\nReduced pressure zone device\nReducer\nRelief valve\nRiser clamp\nRooftop water tower\nSafety valve\nSewage pump\nStreet elbow\nSubmersible pump\nTap (valve)\nThermostatic mixing valve\nTrench drain\nVacuum breaker\nVacuum ejector\nValve\nWater tank\nZone valve\nPlumbing fixtures\nAccessible bathtub\nBathtub\nBidet\nDehumidifier\nDishwasher\nDrinking fountain\nElectric water boiler\nEvaporative cooler\nFlush toilet\nGarbage disposal unit\nHot water storage tank\nHumidifier\nIcemaker\nInstant hot water dispenser\nLaundry tub\nShower\nSink\nStorage water heater\nSump pump\nTankless water heater\nUrinal\nWashing machine\nWashlet\nWater dispenser\nWater filter\nWater heater\nWater softener\nSpecialized tools\nBasin wrench\nBlowtorch\nBorescope\nCore drill\nDrain cleaner\nDriving cap\nFlare-nut wrench\nPipecutter\nPipe wrench\nPlumber's snake\nPlumber wrench\nPlunger\nStrap wrench\nTap and die\nMeasurementand control\nControl valve\nFlow sensor\nPressure sensor\nWater detector\nWater metering\nProfessions,trades,and services\nHydronic balancing\nHydrostatic testing\nLeak detection\nMechanical, electrical, and plumbing\nPipe marking\nPipefitter\nPipelayer\nPlumber\nIndustry organizations and standards\nInternational Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)\nNSF International\nPlumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)\nUniform Plumbing Code (UPC)\nWorld Plumbing Council (WPC)\nHealth and safety\nPlumbing code\nScalding\nWaterborne disease\nSee also\nFire sprinkler system\nPiping\nTemplate:HVAC\nTemplate:Public health\nTemplate:Sewerage\nTemplate:Toilets\nTemplate:WastewaterAuthority control databases: National \nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Cited works and general references"}]
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[{"image_text":"A typical stall shower with height-adjustable nozzle and folding doors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dusche-cut-w025-h025.jpg/170px-Dusche-cut-w025-h025.jpg"},{"image_text":"A combination shower and bathtub, with movable screen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Badewanne_%28fcm%29.jpg/170px-Badewanne_%28fcm%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of showers from Traité sur l'aliénation mentale et sur les hospices des aliénés (Treatise on insanity and on the hospices of the insane) by Joseph Guislain (1826). At the time it was thought cold water showers could alleviate mental illness[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Douche._Wellcome_L0003967.jpg/220px-The_Douche._Wellcome_L0003967.jpg"},{"image_text":"Public shower room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/-40wiki.jpg/220px--40wiki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rib shower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rib_shower_1.JPG/170px-Rib_shower_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brazilian electric shower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Chuveiro_eletrico_brasileiro.jpg/170px-Chuveiro_eletrico_brasileiro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hydro-massage on Lake Moynaki, Yevpatoria, Crimea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jugadu%C5%A1%C5%A1_%28%C5%A1arko%29_Moinaki_limaani_k%C3%B5rgsoolase_veega..jpg/250px-Jugadu%C5%A1%C5%A1_%28%C5%A1arko%29_Moinaki_limaani_k%C3%B5rgsoolase_veega..jpg"},{"image_text":"A shower head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Showerhead.JPG/220px-Showerhead.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Bathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathing"},{"title":"Bathroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom"},{"title":"Bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub"},{"title":"Douche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douche"},{"title":"Navy shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_shower"},{"title":"Solar heated shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_heating"},{"title":"Steam shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shower"},{"title":"Transfer bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_bench"},{"title":"Water recycling shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_recycling_shower"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Stand-Up Bath\". theplumber.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130180409/http://theplumber.com/standup.html","url_text":"\"The Stand-Up Bath\""},{"url":"http://theplumber.com/standup.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Matthew (9 October 2015). \"The Healing Waters: Psychology Today United Kingdom\". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/short-history-mental-health/201510/the-healing-waters","url_text":"\"The Healing Waters: Psychology Today United Kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Plumbing in America\". Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine. July 1987. ISSN 8750-6041. Archived from the original on 6 November 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2011. by 1845, the installation of sanitary sewers began to pay off ... In 1874, ... an unknown plumber solved the problem of venting.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081106210134/http://www.plumbingworld.com/historyamerica.html","url_text":"\"History of Plumbing in America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/8750-6041","url_text":"8750-6041"},{"url":"http://www.plumbingworld.com/historyamerica.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Biot, Roger (2005). Fameux Rouennais, Rouennais fameux. Rouen: PTC-Normandie. ISBN 9782350380117.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eN5ZzmTeZDEC","url_text":"Fameux Rouennais, Rouennais fameux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350380117","url_text":"9782350380117"}]},{"reference":"Feltgen, Dr. (8 November 2000). \"Dr. Merry Delabost, inventor of the shower?\" (PDF). Hopitaux de Rouen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120112085519/http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/NR/rdonlyres/A49A08FD-BA50-4B11-AA92-ECE9492BC247/0/2000_feltgen.pdf","url_text":"\"Dr. Merry Delabost, inventor of the shower?\""},{"url":"http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/NR/rdonlyres/A49A08FD-BA50-4B11-AA92-ECE9492BC247/0/2000_feltgen.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17) med veiledning: VI Fukt, våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner § 13-15. Våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner\". Norwegian Building Authority (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dibk.no/regelverk/byggteknisk-forskrift-tek17/13/vi/13-15/","url_text":"\"Byggteknisk forskrift (TEK17) med veiledning: VI Fukt, våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner § 13-15. Våtrom og rom med vanninstallasjoner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Building_Authority","url_text":"Norwegian Building Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"1910.151: Occupational Safety and Health Standards — Medical services and first aid\". Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 1 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9806","url_text":"\"1910.151: Occupational Safety and Health Standards — Medical services and first aid\""}]},{"reference":"Rowan, Gerald; Sanford, Steve (2013). Compact Houses: 50 Creative Floor Plans for Efficient, Well-Designed Small Homes. North Adams, Mass.: Storey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781612121024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WUGrAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Compact Houses: 50 Creative Floor Plans for Efficient, Well-Designed Small Homes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612121024","url_text":"9781612121024"}]},{"reference":"\"Indoor Water Use\". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024170532/https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers","url_text":"\"Indoor Water Use\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Water_Efficiency","url_text":"Alliance for Water Efficiency"},{"url":"https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Showerheads\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/showerheads","url_text":"\"Showerheads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency","url_text":"United States Environmental Protection Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Indoor Water Use\". Alliance for Water Efficiency. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024170532/https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers","url_text":"\"Indoor Water Use\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Water_Efficiency","url_text":"Alliance for Water Efficiency"},{"url":"https://www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/showers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Curbless Showers - An Installation Guide\" (PDF). NC State University. Retrieved 18 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/pubs_p/docs/Curbless.pdf","url_text":"\"Curbless Showers - An Installation Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Brauer, Roger L B (2006). \"Personal protective equipment\". Safety and health for engineers (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29189-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29189-3","url_text":"978-0-471-29189-3"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, John W; Olsen, John P; Sherwood, Andrew N (1998). Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06136-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06136-0","url_text":"978-0-415-06136-0"}]},{"reference":"James, Peter; Thorpe, Nick (1995). Ancient Inventions. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-345-40102-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame","url_text":"Ancient Inventions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40102-1","url_text":"978-0-345-40102-1"}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Leonard (1995). \"Emergency systems\". Design and planning of research and clinical laboratory facilities. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-30623-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-30623-8","url_text":"978-0-471-30623-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Shower\". Oxford New Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus (3rd ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 978-0-425-22862-3. OCLC 276819901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-22862-3","url_text":"978-0-425-22862-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276819901","url_text":"276819901"}]},{"reference":"Shove, Elizabeth (2004). Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience The Social Organization of Normality (New Technologies/New Cultures). New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-630-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-630-2","url_text":"978-1-85973-630-2"}]},{"reference":"Vincoli, Jeffrey W (2000). Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-399-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lewisdictionaryo00jeff","url_text":"Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-399-4","url_text":"978-1-56670-399-4"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Jerry (29 October 2004). \"Decontamination shower system revamped\". Reporter. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/reporter/index.html?ID=3590","url_text":"\"Decontamination shower system revamped\""}]},{"reference":"Mullick, Abir (2005). \"Bathing for Older people with Disabilities\". UB School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ap.buffalo.edu/idea/Publications/Bathing%20for%20Older%20People.htm","url_text":"\"Bathing for Older people with Disabilities\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambara_Chandrasekaran
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Chidambara Chandrasekaran
|
["1 Professional career","2 Research","3 Sources","4 External links"]
|
Indian demographer
Chidambara Chandrasekaran (1911–2000) was noted Indian demographer and statistician, was educated in India, UK and the US. He graduated from Morris College, Nagpur, with a B.Sc. degree, followed by a M.Sc. degree from the Nagpur University, and a PhD degree in Statistics from University College London in 1938. He was also awarded an MPH degree from Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1947.
Note that in some publications his name is spelled as "Chandra Sekar".
He was related to two Nobel Prize winners: C. V. Raman was his uncle and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was his cousin.
Professional career
He worked for the United Nations and World Bank in various capacities. He was elected as the President of International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and served in this position from 1969–73.
He held academic position at various Indian universities. He was a Professor of Biostatistics at the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, (then a part of the University of Calcutta), from 1941-8 and 1954-8. This was followed by a stint as the Director of the Demographic Training and Research Centre, Mumbai (later renamed as the International Institute for Population Sciences) from 1959-64.
Research
One of his most important contributions to the field of demography was in developing a technique to estimate the number of vital events by comparing results from two different systems (such as a sample survey and a vital registration system). This technique is commonly known as Chandra-Deming formula (also known as Dual Record System) and was first proposed in an article in 1949 "On a method of estimating birth and death rates and the extent of registration." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44(245): 101-115 (co-authored with W. Edwards Deming). Various improvements and adaptations of this method are now commonly used in developing countries, including India, to estimate birth and death rates.
Chandrasekaran was the lead investigator of the Mysore Population Study, funded by the United Nations and the Indian Government, which was a pioneering survey in collecting fertility related information, including contraceptive use, in a developing country and in demonstrating that such data could be used for analyses of fertility determinants. He also investigated the population change of the Parsis in India and the reproduction patterns of Bengali women.
Chandrasekaran was active promoter of family planning policies in India and at least on one occasion advised Jawaharlal Nehru, former Prime minister of India, on matters of demographic transition.
Sources
The Life and Works of a Demographer: An Autobiography. 1999. by Chidambara Chandrasekaran. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
See also John C. Caldwell review of the book published in Population Studies, vol. 54 no. 3, pg. 354-5.
External links
IUSSP: Chandrasekaran obituary
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"demographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographer"},{"link_name":"statistician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistician"},{"link_name":"Morris College, Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_College,_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Nagpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_University"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Hygiene_and_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"C. V. Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman"},{"link_name":"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar"}],"text":"Chidambara Chandrasekaran (1911–2000) was noted Indian demographer and statistician, was educated in India, UK and the US. He graduated from Morris College, Nagpur, with a B.Sc. degree, followed by a M.Sc. degree from the Nagpur University, and a PhD degree in Statistics from University College London in 1938. He was also awarded an MPH degree from Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1947.\nNote that in some publications his name is spelled as \"Chandra Sekar\". \nHe was related to two Nobel Prize winners: C. V. Raman was his uncle and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was his cousin.","title":"Chidambara Chandrasekaran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Biostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics"},{"link_name":"All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Hygiene_and_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Population Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Institute_for_Population_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He worked for the United Nations and World Bank in various capacities. He was elected as the President of International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and served in this position from 1969–73.\nHe held academic position at various Indian universities. He was a Professor of Biostatistics at the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, (then a part of the University of Calcutta), from 1941-8 and 1954-8. This was followed by a stint as the Director of the Demographic Training and Research Centre, Mumbai (later renamed as the International Institute for Population Sciences) from 1959-64.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"W. Edwards Deming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"Parsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsi_people"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"demographic transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_transition"}],"text":"One of his most important contributions to the field of demography was in developing a technique to estimate the number of vital events by comparing results from two different systems (such as a sample survey and a vital registration system). This technique is commonly known as Chandra-Deming formula (also known as Dual Record System) and was first proposed in an article in 1949 \"On a method of estimating birth and death rates and the extent of registration.\" Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44(245): 101-115 (co-authored with W. Edwards Deming). Various improvements and adaptations of this method are now commonly used in developing countries, including India, to estimate birth and death rates.Chandrasekaran was the lead investigator of the Mysore Population Study, funded by the United Nations and the Indian Government, which was a pioneering survey in collecting fertility related information, including contraceptive use, in a developing country and in demonstrating that such data could be used for analyses of fertility determinants. He also investigated the population change of the Parsis in India and the reproduction patterns of Bengali women.Chandrasekaran was active promoter of family planning policies in India and at least on one occasion advised Jawaharlal Nehru, former Prime minister of India, on matters of demographic transition.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Life and Works of a Demographer: An Autobiography. 1999. by Chidambara Chandrasekaran. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.\nSee also John C. Caldwell review of the book published in Population Studies, vol. 54 no. 3, pg. 354-5.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma_Zone
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Jimma Zone
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["1 Demographics","2 Notes"]
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Coordinates: 7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000Zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
Jimma is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Jimma is named after former Kingdom of Jimma, which was absorbed into the former province of Kaffa in 1932. Jimma is bordered on the south by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, the northwest by Illubabor Zone, on the north by East Welega Zone and on the northeast by West Shewa Zone; part of the boundary with West Shewa Zone is defined by the Gibe River. The highest point in this zone is Mount Maigudo (2,386 m). Towns and cities in Jimma include Agaro, Limmu Inariya and Saqqa. The town of Jimma was separated from Jimma Zone and is a special zone now.
The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 26,743 tons of coffee were produced in this zone in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 23.2% of the Region's output and 11.8% of Ethiopia's total output, and makes Jimma one of the three top producers of these goods, along with the Sidama and Gedeo Zones.
Historically, Jimma has been considered one of the food-exporting areas of Ethiopia, but beginning in 1997 poor crops harvests and the appearance of crop diseases such as Grey leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeaemaydis (not previously common in Ethiopia) led to a deterioration in conditions. By 1999, signs of the seriousness of the situation included empty household granaries, people begging and committing crimes in the hope they will be fed in jail, sending children to live with relatives or friends, and reduced student enrollment in schools.
Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this Zone has a total population of 3,486,155, an increase of 26.76% over the 1994 census, of whom 1,750,527 are men and 1,735,628 women; with an area of 15,568.58 square kilometers, Jimma has a population density of 159.69. While 137,668 or 11.31% are urban inhabitants, a further 858 or 0.03% are pastoralists. A total of 521,506 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.77 persons to a household, and 500,374 housing units. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Jimma were the Oromo (89.6%), the Amhara (3.05%) and the Yem (2.12%); all other ethnic groups made up 5.23% of the population. Oromo was spoken as a first language by 90.43% and 5.33% spoke Amharic; the remaining 4.24% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 85.65% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 11.18% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 2.97% professed Protestantism.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 1,961,262 in 432,101 households, of whom 979,708 were men and 981,554 women; 190,395 or 9.71% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The five largest ethnic groups reported in Jimma were the Oromo (81.57%), the Yem (5.28%), the Amhara (4.95%), the Kullo (2.9%), and the Kafficho (1.78%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.52% of the population. (Based on research performed in the early 1990s, as many as 500,000 inhabitants may be members of the Yem.) Oromo was spoken as a first language by 85.96%, 7.86% Amharic, 1.95% spoke Kullo, 1.45% spoke Yemsa, and 1.19% spoke Kafa; the remaining 1.59% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 82.57% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 15.78% of the population said they professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 1.47% were Protestant.
According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 9% of the inhabitants of Jimma have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 77.0 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers), the average rural household has 0.9 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 1.14 for the Oromia) and the equivalent of 0.5 heads of livestock. 15.1% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 24%. Concerning education, 57% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. Concerning health, 29% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 63% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 298.
Notes
^ CSA 2005 National Statistics Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Table D.2
^ Dechassa Lemessa, "Prosperity Fades: Jimma and Illubabor Zones of Oromia Region", UN-OCHA report November 1999 (accessed 3 April 2009)
^ Census 2007 Tables: Oromia Region Archived 2011-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.
^ a b 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2009-11-15 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.12, 2.15, 2.17 (accessed 6 April 2009)
^ Aklilu Yilma, "Pilot Survey of Bilingualism in Yem" SILESR 2002-052, p.4 (accessed 1 June 2006)
^ "Ethiopia - Second Road Sector Development Program Project", p.3 (World Bank Project Appraisal Document, published 19 May 2003)
^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, Klaus Deininger et al. "Tenure Security and Land Related Investment", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006).
^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006).
7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000
vteZones and Districts of the Oromia Region List of districts in the Oromia RegionArsi Zone
Aminya
Aseko
Asella Town
Bale Gasegar
Batu Dugda
Chole
Digeluna Tijo
Diksis
Dodota
Enkelo Wabe
Gololcha
Guna
Hitosa
Jeju
Limuna Bilbilo
Lude Hitosa
Merti
Munesa
Robe
Seru
Sire
Sherka
Sude
Tena
Tiyo
Bale Zone
Agarfa
Berbere
Dawe Kachen
Dawe Serara
Delo Menna
Dinsho
Gasera
Ginir
Goba
Goba Town
Gololcha
Goro
Guradamole
Harena Buluk
Legehida
Meda Welabu
Raytu
Robe Town
Seweyna
Sinana
Borena Zone
Abaya
Arero
Bule Hora
Dillo
Dire
Dugda Dawa
Gelana
Gomole
Malka Soda
Miyu
Moyale
Teltele
Yabelo
Buno Bedele Zone
Bedele Zuria
Bedele Town
Borecha
Chewaka
Chora
Dabo Hana
Dega
Didessa
Gechi
Mako
East Hararghe Zone
Babile
Badeno
Chinaksen
Dadar
Fedis
Girawa
Gola Oda
Goro Gutu
Gursum
Haro Maya
Jarso
Kersa
Kombolcha
Kurfa Chele
Malka Balo
Meyumuluke
Meta
Midega Tola
East Shewa Zone
Ada'a
Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha
Batu town
Bishoftu
Bora
Boset
Dugda
Fentale
Gimbichu
Liben
Lome
Nannawa Adama
East Welega Zone
Bonaya Boshe
Diga
Gida Kiremu
Gobu Seyo
Gudeya Bila
Guto Gida
Haro Limmu
Ibantu
Jimma Arjo
Leka Dulecha
Limmu
Nekemte
Nunu Kumba
Sasiga
Sibu Sire
Wama Hagalo
Wayu Tuka
Guji Zone
Adola
Adola Town
Ana Sora
Bore
Dima
Girja
Hambela Wamena
Harenfema
Kercha
Liben
Negele Borana
Odo Shakiso
Uraga
Wadera
Horo Guduru Welega Zone
Abay Chomen
Abe Dongoro
Amuru
Guduru
Hababo Guduru
Horo
Jardega Jarte
Jimma Genete
Jimma Rare
Shambu Town
Illubabor Zone
Ale
Alge Sache
Bicho
Bilo Nopha
Bure
Darimu
Didu
Doreni
Huka Halu
Hurumu
Metu Zuria
Metu Town
Nono Sele
Supena Sodo
Yayu
Jimma Zone
Agaro Town
Chora Botor
Dedo
Gera
Gomma
Guma
Kersa
Limmu Sakka
Limmu Kosa
Mana
Omo Nada
Seka Chekorsa
Setema
Shebe Senbo
Sigmo
Sokoru
Tiro Afeta
Kelam Welega Zone
Anfillo
Dale Sedi
Dale Wabera
Dembidolo Town
Gawo Kebe
Gidami
Hawa Gelan
Jimma Horo
Lalo Kile
Sayo
Yemalogi Welele
North Shewa Zone
Abichu
Aleltu
Degem
Dera
Fiche Town
Gerar Jarso
Hidabu Abote
Jido
Kembibit
Kuyu
Liban
Wara Jarso
Wuchale
Yaya Gulele
Southwest Shewa Zone
Amaya
Becho
Dawo
Elu
Goro
Kersana Malima
Seden Sodo
Sodo Dacha
Tole
Waliso
Waliso Town
Wanchi
West Arsi Zone
Adaba
Arsi Negele
Dodola
Gedeb Asasa
Kofele
Kokosa
Kore
Naannawa Shashamane
Nensebo
Seraro
Shala
Shashamane Town
West Guji Zone
Bule Hora
West Hararghe Zone
Badessa Town
Boke
Char char
Chiro Town
Daru labu
Doba
Gamachis
Guba Koricha
Habro
Kuni
Masela
Mieso
Nannawa Chiro
Tulo
West Shewa Zone
Abuna Ginde Beret
Adda Berga
Ambo Town
Bako Tibe
Cheliya
Dano
Dendi
Dire Enchini
Ejerie
Elfata
Ginde Beret
Gurraacha Enchini
Jeldu
Jibat
Meta Robi
Midakegn
Naannawa Ambo
Nono
Toke Kutaye
West Welega Zone
Ayra
Babo Gambela
Begi
Boji Chokorsa
Boji Dirmaji
Genji
Gimbi
Gimbi Town
Guliso
Haru
Homa
Jarso
Kondala
Kiltu Kara
Lalo Asabi
Mana Sibu
Nejo
Nole Kaba
Sayo Nole
Yubdo
Jimma Zone
Jimma
Oromia Special ZoneSurrounding Finfinne
Akaki
Bereh
Burayu Town
Holeta Town
Koye Feche
Mulo
Sebeta Hawas
Sendafa Town
Sululta
Walmara
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg"},{"link_name":"zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma"},{"link_name":"Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffa_Province,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities_and_Peoples_Region"},{"link_name":"Illubabor Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illubabor_Zone"},{"link_name":"East Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Welega_Zone"},{"link_name":"West Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Shewa_Zone"},{"link_name":"West Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Shewa_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gibe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibe_River"},{"link_name":"Mount Maigudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Maigudo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaro"},{"link_name":"Limmu Inariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmu_Inariya"},{"link_name":"Saqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqa"},{"link_name":"Jimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Sidama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_Zone"},{"link_name":"Gedeo Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeo_Zone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grey leaf spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_leaf_spot"},{"link_name":"Cercospora zeaemaydis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercospora_zeaemaydis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zone in Oromia Region of EthiopiaMap of the regions and zones of EthiopiaJimma is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Jimma is named after former Kingdom of Jimma, which was absorbed into the former province of Kaffa in 1932. Jimma is bordered on the south by the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, the northwest by Illubabor Zone, on the north by East Welega Zone and on the northeast by West Shewa Zone; part of the boundary with West Shewa Zone is defined by the Gibe River. The highest point in this zone is Mount Maigudo (2,386 m). Towns and cities in Jimma include Agaro, Limmu Inariya and Saqqa. The town of Jimma was separated from Jimma Zone and is a special zone now.[citation needed]The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 26,743 tons of coffee were produced in this zone in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 23.2% of the Region's output and 11.8% of Ethiopia's total output, and makes Jimma one of the three top producers of these goods, along with the Sidama and Gedeo Zones.[1]Historically, Jimma has been considered one of the food-exporting areas of Ethiopia, but beginning in 1997 poor crops harvests and the appearance of crop diseases such as Grey leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeaemaydis (not previously common in Ethiopia) led to a deterioration in conditions. By 1999, signs of the seriousness of the situation included empty household granaries, people begging and committing crimes in the hope they will be fed in jail, sending children to live with relatives or friends, and reduced student enrollment in schools.[2]","title":"Jimma Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Yem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem_people"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27ent%27ay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"Yem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem_people"},{"link_name":"Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people"},{"link_name":"Kullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullo_people"},{"link_name":"Kafficho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafficho_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-part1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language"},{"link_name":"Amharic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"Kullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullo_language"},{"link_name":"Yemsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemsa_language"},{"link_name":"Kafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafa_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27ent%27ay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-part1-4"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Tsetse fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this Zone has a total population of 3,486,155, an increase of 26.76% over the 1994 census, of whom 1,750,527 are men and 1,735,628 women; with an area of 15,568.58 square kilometers, Jimma has a population density of 159.69. While 137,668 or 11.31% are urban inhabitants, a further 858 or 0.03% are pastoralists. A total of 521,506 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.77 persons to a household, and 500,374 housing units. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Jimma were the Oromo (89.6%), the Amhara (3.05%) and the Yem (2.12%); all other ethnic groups made up 5.23% of the population. Oromo was spoken as a first language by 90.43% and 5.33% spoke Amharic; the remaining 4.24% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 85.65% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 11.18% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 2.97% professed Protestantism.[3]The 1994 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 1,961,262 in 432,101 households, of whom 979,708 were men and 981,554 women; 190,395 or 9.71% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The five largest ethnic groups reported in Jimma were the Oromo (81.57%), the Yem (5.28%), the Amhara (4.95%), the Kullo (2.9%), and the Kafficho (1.78%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.52% of the population.[4] (Based on research performed in the early 1990s, as many as 500,000 inhabitants may be members of the Yem.[5]) Oromo was spoken as a first language by 85.96%, 7.86% Amharic, 1.95% spoke Kullo, 1.45% spoke Yemsa, and 1.19% spoke Kafa; the remaining 1.59% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 82.57% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 15.78% of the population said they professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 1.47% were Protestant.[4]According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 9% of the inhabitants of Jimma have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 77.0 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers),[6] the average rural household has 0.9 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 1.14 for the Oromia)[7] and the equivalent of 0.5 heads of livestock. 15.1% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 24%. Concerning education, 57% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 12% in secondary schools. Concerning health, 29% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and 63% to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 298.[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"CSA 2005 National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061123121716/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Prosperity Fades: Jimma and Illubabor Zones of Oromia Region\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/orom1099.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111113202722/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-part1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-part1_4-1"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1, part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck04%5Ck04_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091115040247/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck04%5Ck04_partI.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Aklilu Yilma, \"Pilot Survey of Bilingualism in Yem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-052"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia - Second Road Sector Development Program Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000112742_20030530104124&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf"},{"link_name":"7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jimma_Zone¶ms=7_45_N_37_00_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Districts_of_the_Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_the_Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_the_Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woredas_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"List of districts in the Oromia Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_the_Oromia_Region"},{"link_name":"Arsi Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Aminya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminya"},{"link_name":"Aseko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseko_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Asella Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asella"},{"link_name":"Bale Gasegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Gasegar"},{"link_name":"Batu Dugda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Dugda"},{"link_name":"Chole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chole_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Digeluna Tijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digeluna_Tijo"},{"link_name":"Diksis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diksis"},{"link_name":"Dodota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodota"},{"link_name":"Enkelo Wabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelo_Wabe"},{"link_name":"Gololcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gololcha"},{"link_name":"Guna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Hitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitosa"},{"link_name":"Jeju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Limuna Bilbilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limuna_Bilbilo"},{"link_name":"Lude Hitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lude_Hitosa"},{"link_name":"Merti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merti"},{"link_name":"Munesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munesa"},{"link_name":"Robe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Seru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seru_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Sire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Sherka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherka"},{"link_name":"Sude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sude,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Tena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tena_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Tiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyo_(District)"},{"link_name":"Bale Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Zone"},{"link_name":"Agarfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarfa"},{"link_name":"Berbere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbere_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dawe Kachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawe_Kachen"},{"link_name":"Dawe Serara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawe_Serara"},{"link_name":"Delo Menna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delo_Menna"},{"link_name":"Dinsho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinsho_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gasera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasera_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Ginir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginir_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Goba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goba_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Goba Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goba"},{"link_name":"Gololcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gololcha_(Bale)"},{"link_name":"Goro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Guradamole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guradamole,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Harena Buluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harena_Buluk"},{"link_name":"Legehida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legehida"},{"link_name":"Meda Welabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meda_Welabu"},{"link_name":"Raytu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytu"},{"link_name":"Robe Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Robe"},{"link_name":"Seweyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweyna"},{"link_name":"Sinana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinana"},{"link_name":"Borena Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borena_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaya_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Arero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arero"},{"link_name":"Bule Hora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bule_Hora"},{"link_name":"Dillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Dugda Dawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugda_Dawa"},{"link_name":"Gelana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelana"},{"link_name":"Gomole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomole_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Malka Soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malka_Soda"},{"link_name":"Miyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Moyale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyale,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Teltele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teltele_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Yabelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabelo_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Buno Bedele Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buno_Bedele_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bedele Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedele_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Bedele Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedele"},{"link_name":"Borecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borecha"},{"link_name":"Chewaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewaka"},{"link_name":"Chora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dabo Hana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabo_Hana"},{"link_name":"Dega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dega_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Didessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didessa_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gechi_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Mako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"East Hararghe Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hararghe_Zone"},{"link_name":"Babile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babile,_Oromia_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Badeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeno_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Chinaksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinaksen_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Dadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Fedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedis"},{"link_name":"Girawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girawa_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Gola Oda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gola_Oda"},{"link_name":"Goro Gutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_Gutu"},{"link_name":"Gursum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gursum,_Oromia_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Haro Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro_Maya_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Jarso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarso_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kersa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersa_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Kombolcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombolcha_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Kurfa Chele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurfa_Chele_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Malka Balo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malka_Balo"},{"link_name":"Meyumuluke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyumuluke"},{"link_name":"Meta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(district)"},{"link_name":"Midega Tola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midega_Tola_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"East Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Shewa_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ada'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%27a"},{"link_name":"Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adami_Tullu_and_Jido_Kombolcha"},{"link_name":"Batu town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_(town)"},{"link_name":"Bishoftu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishoftu"},{"link_name":"Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_(District)"},{"link_name":"Boset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boset"},{"link_name":"Dugda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugda_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Fentale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentale"},{"link_name":"Gimbichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbichu"},{"link_name":"Liben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liben,_East_Shewa,_Oromia"},{"link_name":"Lome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lome_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Nannawa Adama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannawa_Adama"},{"link_name":"East Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Welega_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bonaya Boshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaya_Boshe"},{"link_name":"Diga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diga_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gida Kiremu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gida_Kiremu"},{"link_name":"Gobu Seyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobu_Seyo"},{"link_name":"Gudeya Bila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudeya_Bila"},{"link_name":"Guto Gida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guto_Gida"},{"link_name":"Haro Limmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro_Limmu"},{"link_name":"Ibantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibantu"},{"link_name":"Jimma Arjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma_Arjo"},{"link_name":"Leka Dulecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka_Dulecha"},{"link_name":"Limmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmu_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Nekemte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekemte"},{"link_name":"Nunu Kumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunu_Kumba"},{"link_name":"Sasiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasiga"},{"link_name":"Sibu Sire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibu_Sire"},{"link_name":"Wama Hagalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wama_Hagalo"},{"link_name":"Wayu Tuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayu_Tuka"},{"link_name":"Guji Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guji_Zone"},{"link_name":"Adola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adola"},{"link_name":"Adola Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adola_Town"},{"link_name":"Ana Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Sora"},{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Dima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dima_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Girja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girja"},{"link_name":"Hambela Wamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambela_Wamena"},{"link_name":"Harenfema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harenfema"},{"link_name":"Kercha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kercha"},{"link_name":"Liben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liben,_Guji,_Oromia"},{"link_name":"Negele Borana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negele_Borana"},{"link_name":"Odo Shakiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_Shakiso"},{"link_name":"Uraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraga_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Wadera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadera_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Horo Guduru Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horo_Guduru_Welega_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abay Chomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abay_Chomen"},{"link_name":"Abe Dongoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Dongoro"},{"link_name":"Amuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuru_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Guduru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guduru_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Hababo Guduru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hababo_Guduru"},{"link_name":"Horo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horo_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Jardega Jarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardega_Jarte"},{"link_name":"Jimma Genete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma_Genete"},{"link_name":"Jimma Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma_Rare"},{"link_name":"Shambu Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambu"},{"link_name":"Illubabor Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illubabor_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Alge Sache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alge_Sache"},{"link_name":"Bicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicho_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Bilo Nopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilo_Nopha"},{"link_name":"Bure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bure,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Darimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darimu"},{"link_name":"Didu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Doreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreni"},{"link_name":"Huka Halu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huka_Halu"},{"link_name":"Hurumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurumu"},{"link_name":"Metu Zuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metu_Zuria"},{"link_name":"Metu Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metu,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Nono Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nono_Sele"},{"link_name":"Supena Sodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supena_Sodo"},{"link_name":"Yayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Jimma Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Agaro Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaro"},{"link_name":"Chora Botor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Botor"},{"link_name":"Dedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomma_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Guma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guma_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Kersa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersa,_Jimma"},{"link_name":"Limmu Sakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmu_Sakka"},{"link_name":"Limmu Kosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmu_Kosa"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Omo Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_Nada"},{"link_name":"Seka Chekorsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seka_Chekorsa_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Setema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setema"},{"link_name":"Shebe Senbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebe_Senbo"},{"link_name":"Sigmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Sokoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoru"},{"link_name":"Tiro Afeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_Afeta"},{"link_name":"Kelam Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelam_Welega_Zone"},{"link_name":"Anfillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfillo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dale Sedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Sedi"},{"link_name":"Dale Wabera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wabera"},{"link_name":"Dembidolo Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembidolo"},{"link_name":"Gawo Kebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawo_Kebe"},{"link_name":"Gidami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidami_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Hawa Gelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Gelan"},{"link_name":"Jimma Horo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma_Horo,_Kelem_Welega"},{"link_name":"Lalo Kile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Kile"},{"link_name":"Sayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Yemalogi Welele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemalogi_Welele"},{"link_name":"North Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shewa_Zone_(Oromia)"},{"link_name":"Abichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abichu(Aanaa)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleltu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleltu"},{"link_name":"Degem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degem"},{"link_name":"Dera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Fiche Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiche,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gerar Jarso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerar_Jarso"},{"link_name":"Hidabu Abote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidabu_Abote"},{"link_name":"Jido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jido"},{"link_name":"Kembibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembibit"},{"link_name":"Kuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyu"},{"link_name":"Liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liban_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Wara Jarso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wara_Jarso"},{"link_name":"Wuchale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchale_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Yaya Gulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaya_Gulele"},{"link_name":"Southwest Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Shewa_Zone"},{"link_name":"Amaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Becho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becho"},{"link_name":"Dawo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawo"},{"link_name":"Elu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Goro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Kersana Malima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersana_Malima"},{"link_name":"Seden Sodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seden_Sodo"},{"link_name":"Sodo Dacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodo_Dacha"},{"link_name":"Tole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tole_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Waliso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliso_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Waliso Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliso"},{"link_name":"Wanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchi"},{"link_name":"West Arsi Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Arsi_Zone"},{"link_name":"Adaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaba_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Arsi Negele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsi_Negele_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dodola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodola_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Gedeb Asasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeb_Asasa"},{"link_name":"Kofele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofele_(District)"},{"link_name":"Kokosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosa_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Kore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Naannawa Shashamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naannawa_Shashamane_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Nensebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nensebo_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Seraro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraro"},{"link_name":"Shala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shala_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Shashamane Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashamane"},{"link_name":"West Guji Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Guji_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bule Hora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bule_Hora"},{"link_name":"West Hararghe Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hararghe_Zone"},{"link_name":"Badessa Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badessa,_Oromia"},{"link_name":"Boke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boke_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Char char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_char"},{"link_name":"Chiro Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiro_(town)"},{"link_name":"Daru labu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daru_labu"},{"link_name":"Doba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gamachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamachis"},{"link_name":"Guba Koricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guba_Koricha"},{"link_name":"Habro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habro"},{"link_name":"Kuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuni_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Masela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masela_(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Mieso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieso,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Nannawa Chiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannawa_Chiro"},{"link_name":"Tulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulo"},{"link_name":"West Shewa Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Shewa_Zone"},{"link_name":"Abuna Ginde Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuna_Ginde_Beret"},{"link_name":"Adda Berga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adda_Berga"},{"link_name":"Ambo Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambo,_Oromia"},{"link_name":"Bako Tibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bako_Tibe"},{"link_name":"Cheliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheliya"},{"link_name":"Dano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendi_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Dire Enchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Enchini"},{"link_name":"Ejerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejerie"},{"link_name":"Elfata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfata"},{"link_name":"Ginde Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginde_Beret"},{"link_name":"Gurraacha Enchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurraacha_Enchini"},{"link_name":"Jeldu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeldu"},{"link_name":"Jibat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibat"},{"link_name":"Meta Robi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Robi"},{"link_name":"Midakegn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midakegn"},{"link_name":"Naannawa Ambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naannawa_Ambo"},{"link_name":"Nono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nono(Aanaa)"},{"link_name":"Toke Kutaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toke_Kutaye"},{"link_name":"West Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Welega_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ayra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayra_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Babo Gambela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babo_Gambela"},{"link_name":"Begi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begi,_Oromia_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Boji Chokorsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boji_Chokorsa"},{"link_name":"Boji Dirmaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boji_Dirmaji"},{"link_name":"Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genji_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbi_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Gimbi Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbi"},{"link_name":"Guliso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guliso"},{"link_name":"Haru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haru_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Homa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Jarso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarso_(Welega)"},{"link_name":"Kondala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondala"},{"link_name":"Kiltu Kara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltu_Kara_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Lalo Asabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Asabi"},{"link_name":"Mana Sibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Sibu"},{"link_name":"Nejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Nole Kaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nole_Kaba"},{"link_name":"Sayo Nole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayo_Nole"},{"link_name":"Yubdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yubdo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Jimma Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma"},{"link_name":"Jimma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma"},{"link_name":"Oromia Special ZoneSurrounding Finfinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Special_Zone_Surrounding_Finfinne"},{"link_name":"Akaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaki"},{"link_name":"Bereh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereh"},{"link_name":"Burayu Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burayu"},{"link_name":"Holeta Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holeta"},{"link_name":"Koye Feche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koye_Feche"},{"link_name":"Mulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulo_(woreda)"},{"link_name":"Sebeta Hawas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebeta_Hawas"},{"link_name":"Sendafa Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendafa"},{"link_name":"Sululta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sululta"},{"link_name":"Walmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmara"}],"text":"^ CSA 2005 National Statistics Archived 2006-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Table D.2\n\n^ Dechassa Lemessa, \"Prosperity Fades: Jimma and Illubabor Zones of Oromia Region\", UN-OCHA report November 1999 (accessed 3 April 2009)\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Oromia Region Archived 2011-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.\n\n^ a b 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1, part 1 Archived 2009-11-15 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.12, 2.15, 2.17 (accessed 6 April 2009)\n\n^ Aklilu Yilma, \"Pilot Survey of Bilingualism in Yem\" SILESR 2002-052, p.4 (accessed 1 June 2006)\n\n^ \"Ethiopia - Second Road Sector Development Program Project\", p.3 (World Bank Project Appraisal Document, published 19 May 2003)\n\n^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006).\n\n^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006).7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000vteZones and Districts of the Oromia Region List of districts in the Oromia RegionArsi Zone\nAminya\nAseko\nAsella Town\nBale Gasegar\nBatu Dugda\nChole\nDigeluna Tijo\nDiksis\nDodota\nEnkelo Wabe\nGololcha\nGuna\nHitosa\nJeju\nLimuna Bilbilo\nLude Hitosa\nMerti\nMunesa\nRobe\nSeru\nSire\nSherka\nSude\nTena\nTiyo\nBale Zone\nAgarfa\nBerbere\nDawe Kachen\nDawe Serara\nDelo Menna\nDinsho\nGasera\nGinir\nGoba\nGoba Town\nGololcha\nGoro\nGuradamole\nHarena Buluk\nLegehida\nMeda Welabu\nRaytu\nRobe Town\nSeweyna\nSinana\nBorena Zone\nAbaya\nArero\nBule Hora\nDillo\nDire\nDugda Dawa\nGelana\nGomole\nMalka Soda\nMiyu\nMoyale\nTeltele\nYabelo\nBuno Bedele Zone\nBedele Zuria\nBedele Town\nBorecha\nChewaka\nChora\nDabo Hana\nDega\nDidessa\nGechi\nMako\nEast Hararghe Zone\nBabile\nBadeno\nChinaksen\nDadar\nFedis\nGirawa\nGola Oda\nGoro Gutu\nGursum\nHaro Maya\nJarso\nKersa\nKombolcha\nKurfa Chele\nMalka Balo\nMeyumuluke\nMeta\nMidega Tola\nEast Shewa Zone\nAda'a\nAdami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha\nBatu town\nBishoftu\nBora\nBoset\nDugda\nFentale\nGimbichu\nLiben\nLome\nNannawa Adama\nEast Welega Zone\nBonaya Boshe\nDiga\nGida Kiremu\nGobu Seyo\nGudeya Bila\nGuto Gida\nHaro Limmu\nIbantu\nJimma Arjo\nLeka Dulecha\nLimmu\nNekemte\nNunu Kumba\nSasiga\nSibu Sire\nWama Hagalo\nWayu Tuka\nGuji Zone\nAdola\nAdola Town\nAna Sora\nBore\nDima\nGirja\nHambela Wamena\nHarenfema\nKercha\nLiben\nNegele Borana\nOdo Shakiso\nUraga\nWadera\nHoro Guduru Welega Zone\nAbay Chomen\nAbe Dongoro\nAmuru\nGuduru\nHababo Guduru\nHoro\nJardega Jarte\nJimma Genete\nJimma Rare\nShambu Town\nIllubabor Zone\nAle\nAlge Sache\nBicho\nBilo Nopha\nBure\nDarimu\nDidu\nDoreni\nHuka Halu\nHurumu\nMetu Zuria\nMetu Town\nNono Sele\nSupena Sodo\nYayu\nJimma Zone\nAgaro Town\nChora Botor\nDedo\nGera\nGomma\nGuma\nKersa\nLimmu Sakka\nLimmu Kosa\nMana\nOmo Nada\nSeka Chekorsa\nSetema\nShebe Senbo\nSigmo\nSokoru\nTiro Afeta\nKelam Welega Zone\nAnfillo\nDale Sedi\nDale Wabera\nDembidolo Town\nGawo Kebe\nGidami\nHawa Gelan\nJimma Horo\nLalo Kile\nSayo\nYemalogi Welele\nNorth Shewa Zone\nAbichu\nAleltu\nDegem\nDera\nFiche Town\nGerar Jarso\nHidabu Abote\nJido\nKembibit\nKuyu\nLiban\nWara Jarso\n Wuchale\nYaya Gulele\nSouthwest Shewa Zone\nAmaya\nBecho\nDawo\nElu\nGoro\nKersana Malima\nSeden Sodo\nSodo Dacha\nTole\nWaliso\nWaliso Town\nWanchi\nWest Arsi Zone\nAdaba\nArsi Negele\nDodola\nGedeb Asasa\nKofele\nKokosa\nKore\nNaannawa Shashamane\nNensebo\nSeraro\nShala\nShashamane Town\nWest Guji Zone\nBule Hora\nWest Hararghe Zone\nBadessa Town\nBoke\nChar char\nChiro Town\nDaru labu\nDoba\nGamachis\nGuba Koricha\nHabro\nKuni\nMasela\nMieso\nNannawa Chiro\nTulo\nWest Shewa Zone\nAbuna Ginde Beret\nAdda Berga\nAmbo Town\nBako Tibe\nCheliya\nDano\nDendi\nDire Enchini\nEjerie\nElfata\nGinde Beret\nGurraacha Enchini\nJeldu\nJibat\nMeta Robi\nMidakegn\nNaannawa Ambo\nNono\nToke Kutaye\nWest Welega Zone\nAyra\nBabo Gambela\nBegi\nBoji Chokorsa\nBoji Dirmaji\nGenji\nGimbi\nGimbi Town\nGuliso\nHaru\nHoma\nJarso\nKondala\nKiltu Kara\nLalo Asabi\nMana Sibu\nNejo\nNole Kaba\nSayo Nole\nYubdo\nJimma Zone\nJimma\nOromia Special ZoneSurrounding Finfinne\nAkaki\nBereh\nBurayu Town\nHoleta Town\nKoye Feche\nMulo\nSebeta Hawas\nSendafa Town\nSululta\nWalmara","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jimma_Zone¶ms=7_45_N_37_00_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm","external_links_name":"CSA 2005 National Statistics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061123121716/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/orom1099.htm","external_links_name":"\"Prosperity Fades: Jimma and Illubabor Zones of Oromia Region\""},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Oromia Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113202722/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck04%5Ck04_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1, part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091115040247/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck04%5Ck04_partI.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-052","external_links_name":"Aklilu Yilma, \"Pilot Survey of Bilingualism in Yem\""},{"Link":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000112742_20030530104124&searchMenuPK=64187283&theSitePK=523679","external_links_name":"Ethiopia - Second Road Sector Development Program Project"},{"Link":"http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf","external_links_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jimma_Zone¶ms=7_45_N_37_00_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"7°45′N 37°00′E / 7.750°N 37.000°E / 7.750; 37.000"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Przemy%C5%9Bl)
|
Old Synagogue (Przemyśl)
|
["1 History","2 Destruction","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 49°47′02″N 22°46′19″E / 49.784°N 22.772°E / 49.784; 22.772Przemyśl Old SynagogueReligionAffiliationOrthodox JudaismStatusDestroyed (1941)LocationLocation Przemyśl, PolandArchitectureStyleRenaissanceGroundbreaking1592Completed1594
The Old Synagogue (Polish: Stara Synagoga w Przemyślu) was a large structure in Przemyśl, Poland. It was completed in 1594. It was burned down in 1939 when the Germans were retreating from the eastern bank of the San River and the ruins were destroyed by the Nazis in 1941.
The stone building was rectangular in shape, typical of the renaissance style of the time. The rectangular main hall remained the only section of the original building after a range of outhouses were added in later years. They included a yeshiva, two additional halls of prayer and offices.
History
The first legal regulation regarding the Jewish community of Przemyśl dates from March 20, 1559. The privilege, granted by King Zygmunt August, stipulates that "Jews have been living on the Jewish street in Przemyśl for a long time" have the right to settle permanently in Przemyśl and grants them trading rights. Jews were now considered under the royal jurisdiction, i.e. the waywode's court, (which is mentioned in acts of the year 1576 as the "Jews' court"). It appears from a lawsuit of the year 1560 that the Jews then possessed a wooden synagogue, said to have been founded by two wealthy Spanish immigrants. In 1561 the synagogue was attacked by the burghers. A year later in 1592, permission to build a Fortress synagogue from stone in place of the old synagogue was granted by the chapter. The new building was designed by Bononi, an Italian builder of fortifications. It was completed in 1594 and situated within the city, close to its defensive walls and made up part of the city's defence structures.
The entire ghetto including "Jewish Street" in Przemyśl was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1637. The synagogue however remained unscathed. In 1661 the king issued a decree allowing the Jewish community to use the synagogue as collateral to borrow money. This illustrates the desperate economic situation of the Przemyśl Jewish community.
In 1746 Jesuit students attacked the Jewish quarter, looting Jewish homes. They plundered the synagogue and demolished its interior. The Holy Ark was destroyed and the Torah scrolls were torn up into pieces which were scattered in the streets. They also destroyed the greater part of the valuable archives, which contained priceless documents of the waywode's court. Only a few of the original copies of the privileges were saved. The extent of the damage is indicated by the fact that after tedious negotiations the Jesuits finally paid an indemnity of 15,000 Polish gulden. According to statistics of the year 1765, there were at that time about 2,418 Jews in Przemyśl.
During the years 1910-1914 the building was restored under direction of architect Tadeusz Mokłowski. At the end of March 1919, a festive prayer service was held at the synagogue in honour of the Paris Peace Conference and its decision regarding Land of Israel. Many people took part in the prayer.
In 1934 the building was listed on the register of historical buildings and in 1936 a special committee, led by H. Klagsbald, was established to renew and renovate the "Great Synagogue".
Destruction
In September 1939, after the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, Przemyśl was divided by the German-Soviet border which ran through the middle of the city along the San River. When the Red Army entered the city on 26 September, the town centre found itself in the Soviet Union while the Zasanie district, on the western bank of the San River, was within the borders of the Nazi empire. In accordance with the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact, the Germans left the eastern bank on 28 September 1939. Before their withdrawal the Germans burned down the Old Synagogue.
In 1956 the city authorities ordered the demolition of the synagogue which had laid in ruins since 1941 when the Nazis destroyed what remained after their earlier attempt to obliterate the building. The demolition was carried out despite objections from conservationists who had plans to rebuild the synagogue.
See also
Zasanie Synagogue
New Synagogue (Przemyśl)
Tempel Synagogue (Przemyśl)
References
^ a b c Deutsch, Gotthard; Mojzesz Schorr. "Przemysl". Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Yeager, Barbara U.; Sheila Schneider (1998). "Przemysl Synagogues". ShtetLinks. Archived from the original on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
^ Altbauer, Yosef (May 1964). "Przemysl Passes Under Polish Rule". PART III PRZEMYSL JEWS (1918-1939); chapter 1. Przemysl Memorial Book.
^ Altbauer, Yosef (May 1964). "The Nation, City and Community". PART III PRZEMYSL JEWS (1918-1939); chapter 4. Przemysl Memorial Book.
External links
Przemyśl Jewish history timeline at www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org
Remembering Przemysl - Photographs 2006
49°47′02″N 22°46′19″E / 49.784°N 22.772°E / 49.784; 22.772
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"San River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_River"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"rectangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular"},{"link_name":"renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"outhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"}],"text":"The Old Synagogue (Polish: Stara Synagoga w Przemyślu) was a large structure in Przemyśl, Poland. It was completed in 1594. It was burned down in 1939 when the Germans were retreating from the eastern bank of the San River and the ruins were destroyed by the Nazis in 1941.The stone building was rectangular in shape, typical of the renaissance style of the time. The rectangular main hall remained the only section of the original building after a range of outhouses were added in later years. They included a yeshiva, two additional halls of prayer and offices.","title":"Old Synagogue (Przemyśl)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_August"},{"link_name":"acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE-1"},{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"burghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Fortress synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_synagogue"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"defensive walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_walls"},{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE-1"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Holy Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ark"},{"link_name":"Torah scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_scroll"},{"link_name":"archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"privileges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)"},{"link_name":"indemnity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity"},{"link_name":"Polish gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_gulden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE-1"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The first legal regulation regarding the Jewish community of Przemyśl dates from March 20, 1559. The privilege, granted by King Zygmunt August, stipulates that \"Jews have been living on the Jewish street in Przemyśl for a long time\" have the right to settle permanently in Przemyśl and grants them trading rights. Jews were now considered under the royal jurisdiction, i.e. the waywode's court, (which is mentioned in acts of the year 1576 as the \"Jews' court\").[1] It appears from a lawsuit of the year 1560 that the Jews then possessed a wooden synagogue, said to have been founded by two wealthy Spanish immigrants. In 1561 the synagogue was attacked by the burghers. A year later in 1592, permission to build a Fortress synagogue from stone in place of the old synagogue was granted by the chapter. The new building was designed by Bononi, an Italian builder of fortifications.[2] It was completed in 1594 and situated within the city, close to its defensive walls and made up part of the city's defence structures.The entire ghetto including \"Jewish Street\" in Przemyśl was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1637. The synagogue however remained unscathed. In 1661 the king issued a decree allowing the Jewish community to use the synagogue as collateral to borrow money. This illustrates the desperate economic situation of the Przemyśl Jewish community.[1]In 1746 Jesuit students attacked the Jewish quarter, looting Jewish homes. They plundered the synagogue and demolished its interior. The Holy Ark was destroyed and the Torah scrolls were torn up into pieces which were scattered in the streets. They also destroyed the greater part of the valuable archives, which contained priceless documents of the waywode's court. Only a few of the original copies of the privileges were saved. The extent of the damage is indicated by the fact that after tedious negotiations the Jesuits finally paid an indemnity of 15,000 Polish gulden. According to statistics of the year 1765, there were at that time about 2,418 Jews in Przemyśl.[1]During the years 1910-1914 the building was restored under direction of architect Tadeusz Mokłowski. At the end of March 1919, a festive prayer service was held at the synagogue in honour of the Paris Peace Conference and its decision regarding Land of Israel. Many people took part in the prayer.[3]In 1934 the building was listed on the register of historical buildings and in 1936 a special committee, led by H. Klagsbald, was established to renew and renovate the \"Great Synagogue\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"},{"link_name":"San River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_River"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Zasanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zasanie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Ribbentrop-Molotov pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbentrop-Molotov_pact"},{"link_name":"demolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"conservationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement"}],"text":"In September 1939, after the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, Przemyśl was divided by the German-Soviet border which ran through the middle of the city along the San River. When the Red Army entered the city on 26 September, the town centre found itself in the Soviet Union while the Zasanie district, on the western bank of the San River, was within the borders of the Nazi empire. In accordance with the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact, the Germans left the eastern bank on 28 September 1939. Before their withdrawal the Germans burned down the Old Synagogue.In 1956 the city authorities ordered the demolition of the synagogue which had laid in ruins since 1941 when the Nazis destroyed what remained after their earlier attempt to obliterate the building. The demolition was carried out despite objections from conservationists who had plans to rebuild the synagogue.","title":"Destruction"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Zasanie Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasanie_Synagogue"},{"title":"New Synagogue (Przemyśl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Przemy%C5%9Bl)"},{"title":"Tempel Synagogue (Przemyśl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_Synagogue_(Przemy%C5%9Bl)"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQLJ
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WQLJ
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 34°12′46″N 89°44′55″W / 34.21278°N 89.74861°W / 34.21278; -89.74861For the Oxford, Mississippi radio station that held the call sign WQLJ at 93.7 FM from 1992 to 2015, see WTNM.
Radio station in Water Valley, MississippiWQLJWater Valley, MississippiBroadcast areaBatesville, MississippiOxford, MississippiFrequency105.5 MHzBrandingQ105ProgrammingFormatHot adult contemporaryOwnershipOwnerTelesouth Communications IncSister stationsWOXFHistoryFirst air date1997 (as WLPX)Former call signsWYCG (1993–1996, CP)WLPX (1996–2000)WTNM (2000–2015)Technical informationFacility ID6200ClassAERP4,700 wattsHAAT113 meters (371 ft)Transmitter coordinates34°12′46″N 89°44′55″W / 34.21278°N 89.74861°W / 34.21278; -89.74861LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitetheq105.com
WQLJ (105.5 FM, "Q105") is a radio station in Water Valley, Mississippi and is owned by Telesouth Communications Inc and airs a hot adult contemporary format.
History
On May 28, 2015 the then-WTNM changed its format from talk (branded as "Super Talk Mississippi") to hot adult contemporary, branded as "Q105". On June 4, 2015, WTNM changed its call letters to WQLJ.
References
^ Telesouth Swaps Frequencies in Northern Mississippi
External links
WQLJ in the FCC FM station database
WQLJ in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in Oxford, Mississippi (Lafayette County)by AM frequency
560
1110
1290
by FM frequency
88.9
90.3
90.7
91.5
92.1
93.3
93.7
95.5
95.9
97.5
98.5
100.5
102.1
103.5
105.1
105.5
106.7
by call sign
W214BL
WAVI
WBLE
WCNA
WHBQ (AM)
WJBI
WKFF
WKRA (AM)
WMAV-FM
WMSB
WOXD
WOXF
WQLJ
WRBO
WSYE
WTNM
WUMS
WWMS
WWZD
WZLQ
Nearby radio markets
Clarksdale
Columbus-Starkville-West Point
Greenville-Greenwood
Memphis
Tupelo
See also
List of radio stations in Mississippi
vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of MississippiStations
WCNA - Potts Camp
WJKK – Vicksburg
WKZW - Sandersville
WLIN-FM – Durant
WLSM-FM – Louisville
WMJY – Biloxi
WOXF - Oxford
WQLJ – Water Valley
WSYE – Houston
WWSL – Philadelphia
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Mississippi
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Ravier
|
Maisie Ravier
|
["1 Background","2 Film","2.1 Films in the series","3 Radio","4 Television","5 References"]
|
Fictional character played by Ann Sothern
Maisie Ravier is a fictional character, best known as the leading character of ten American films (1939–1947), the Maisie films, and the radio show The Adventures of Maisie (broadcast 1945–1947, 1949–1953). In these, she was played by actress Ann Sothern.
A 1960 telemovie called Maisie reprised the character, with Janis Paige playing the role of the title character.
Background
The concept for the original Maisie film came from the novel Dark Dame by Wilson Collison, and Collison is credited as original writer or creator of the character on many of the other Maisie films. Some sources credit the inspiration for the character as the "Maisie" short stories by Nell Martin, published in Top Notch Magazine in 1927–1928.
Sothern said in an interview that the series was originally planned with Jean Harlow as the star.
Film
After a string of other films failed to attract audiences, Sothern left RKO Radio Pictures and signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making her first film for MGM in 1939. She was cast in Maisie as Mary Anastasia O'Connor, a brassy but kindhearted Brooklyn burlesque dancer who went by the stage name of Maisie Ravier.
Maisie brought Sothern her first real success. A string of sequels followed, beginning with Congo Maisie (1940) and continuing until Undercover Maisie (1947). Reviewing Swing Shift Maisie (1943), Time praised Sothern and described her as "one of the smartest comediennes in the business".
Films in the series
Eight of the ten Maisie films were written by Mary C. McCall Jr. Unusually, there was no continuity from one picture to the next. For example, the first film ends with her marrying the leading man and inheriting a ranch, but in the next one she is single and footloose again.
Maisie (1939)
Congo Maisie (1940)
Gold Rush Maisie (1940)
Maisie Was a Lady (1941)
Ringside Maisie (1941)
Maisie Gets Her Man (1942)
Swing Shift Maisie (1943)
Maisie Goes to Reno (1944)
Up Goes Maisie (1946)
Undercover Maisie (1947)
Radio
On November 24, 1941, Sothern appeared in the Lux Radio Theater adaptation of Maisie Was a Lady, and the popularity of the film series led to her own radio program, The Adventures of Maisie, broadcast on CBS Radio from 1945 to 1947, on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1952, and in syndication from 1949 to 1953.
Television
In 1960 Janis Paige took the role of Maisie Ravier in the telemovie Maisie, directed by Edward Ludwig, based on Wilson Collison's Dark Dame novel.
References
^ a b Bawden, James (Fall 2016). "Ann Sothern: Smartest Girl in Town". Films of the Golden Age (86): 18–27.
^ Wilson Collison at IMDb
^ Publication details are from Yesterday's Faces: Dangerous Horizons, Robert Sampson.
^ Dashiell Hammett links her stories to the movie version of Maisie in letters collected in Selected Letters of Dashiell Hammett: 1921-1960.
^ "The New Pictures" Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. Time. October 18, 1943.
^ Collison, Wilson (1935). Dark Dame. New York City: Claude Kendall & Willoughby Sharp Inc. ASIN B000LIUVBO.
^ Maisie (1960) at IMDb
vteMaisieFilms
Maisie
Congo Maisie
Gold Rush Maisie
Maisie Was a Lady
Ringside Maisie
Maisie Gets Her Man
Swing Shift Maisie
Maisie Goes to Reno
Up Goes Maisie
Undercover Maisie
Other
Ann Sothern (portrayer of Maisie)
The Adventures of Maisie (radio series)
Mary C. McCall Jr. (screenwriter or co-screenwriter for the first eight films)
This article about a film character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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In these, she was played by actress Ann Sothern.A 1960 telemovie called Maisie reprised the character, with Janis Paige playing the role of the title character.","title":"Maisie Ravier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilson Collison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Collison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bawden-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nell Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Martin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bawden-1"}],"text":"The concept for the original Maisie film came from the novel Dark Dame by Wilson Collison,[1] and Collison is credited as original writer or creator of the character on many of the other Maisie films.[2] Some sources credit the inspiration for the character as the \"Maisie\" short stories by Nell Martin, published in Top Notch Magazine in 1927–1928.[3][4]Sothern said in an interview that the series was originally planned with Jean Harlow as the star.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RKO Radio Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After a string of other films failed to attract audiences, Sothern left RKO Radio Pictures and signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, making her first film for MGM in 1939. She was cast in Maisie as Mary Anastasia O'Connor, a brassy but kindhearted Brooklyn burlesque dancer who went by the stage name of Maisie Ravier.[citation needed]Maisie brought Sothern her first real success. A string of sequels followed, beginning with Congo Maisie (1940) and continuing until Undercover Maisie (1947). Reviewing Swing Shift Maisie (1943), Time praised Sothern and described her as \"one of the smartest comediennes in the business\".[5]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary C. McCall Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_C._McCall_Jr."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Congo Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Maisie"},{"link_name":"Gold Rush Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Rush_Maisie"},{"link_name":"Maisie Was a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Was_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Ringside Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringside_Maisie"},{"link_name":"Maisie Gets Her Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Gets_Her_Man"},{"link_name":"Swing Shift Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Shift_Maisie"},{"link_name":"Maisie Goes to Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Goes_to_Reno"},{"link_name":"Up Goes Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Goes_Maisie"},{"link_name":"Undercover Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_Maisie"}],"sub_title":"Films in the series","text":"Eight of the ten Maisie films were written by Mary C. McCall Jr. Unusually, there was no continuity from one picture to the next. For example, the first film ends with her marrying the leading man and inheriting a ranch, but in the next one she is single and footloose again.[citation needed]Maisie (1939)\nCongo Maisie (1940)\nGold Rush Maisie (1940)\nMaisie Was a Lady (1941)\nRingside Maisie (1941)\nMaisie Gets Her Man (1942)\nSwing Shift Maisie (1943)\nMaisie Goes to Reno (1944)\nUp Goes Maisie (1946)\nUndercover Maisie (1947)","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theater"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Maisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Maisie"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Mutual Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"}],"text":"On November 24, 1941, Sothern appeared in the Lux Radio Theater adaptation of Maisie Was a Lady, and the popularity of the film series led to her own radio program, The Adventures of Maisie, broadcast on CBS Radio from 1945 to 1947, on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1952, and in syndication from 1949 to 1953.","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janis Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Paige#Television"},{"link_name":"telemovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemovie"},{"link_name":"Edward Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Wilson Collison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Collison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1960 Janis Paige took the role of Maisie Ravier in the telemovie Maisie, directed by Edward Ludwig, based on Wilson Collison's Dark Dame novel.[6][7]","title":"Television"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Adams_(actor)
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Tom Adams (actor)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 TV and filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
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English actor
For other people named Tom Adams, see Tom Adams (disambiguation).
Tom AdamsAdams in The Avengers episode Take-Over (1969)BornAnthony Frederick Charles Adams(1938-03-09)9 March 1938Poplar, London, EnglandDied11 December 2014(2014-12-11) (aged 76)Slough, Berkshire, EnglandOccupationActorYears active1961–2002PartnerLettice Coutte- Campbell (1975–1980)
Anthony Frederick Charles "Tom" Adams (9 March 1938 – 11 December 2014) was an English actor with roles in adventure, horror and mystery films, and several TV shows. He was well known for his appearance in The Great Escape (1963) and as Daniel Fogarty in several series of The Onedin Line.
Early life
Adams was born in Poplar, London and his father was a commercial chauffeur. After school he did national service in the British Army, then joined the Unity Theatre, London. He adopted the stage name of Tom Adams and taught English and drama at the Cardinal Griffin secondary modern school, Poplar, in the 1960s between acting jobs with repertory companies.
Career
He appeared in television series such as The Avengers, Maigret and Ghost Squad as well as films from 1961 and made his West End debut, supporting Anton Walbrook and Peter Sallis, in Masterpiece at the Royalty in 1961. He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1962 as one of an infusion of new actors into Michael Elliott’s production of As You Like It at the Aldwych Theatre. His first big screen break was a role as Nimmo in The Great Escape (1963), in which the salary from the film allowed him to buy his first car.
He starred as the lead of a film series featuring a low budget imitation James Bond named Charles Vine in three films beginning with Licensed to Kill (aka The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World, 1965) and the sequels Where the Bullets Fly (1966) and Somebody's Stolen Our Russian Spy (aka "O.K. Yevtushenko" 1967) that was shot in Spain. He was the second male lead in the 1966 Disney film The Fighting Prince of Donegal after he replaced Mark Eden who broke his ankle during the film's shooting and menaced Raquel Welch in Fathom.
Adams' television credits include Emergency Ward 10 where he played Dr Guy Marshall from 1964 to 1967 and later the similar Dr Guy Wallman in General Hospital between 1975 and 1978; starred as Major Sullivan in the BBC counter-espionage drama Spy Trap from 1973 to 1975, The Onedin Line as Daniel Fogarty (1977–79); Doctor Who as Vorshak in Warriors of the Deep (1984); and Emmerdale Farm (1987) as Malcolm Bates. He took the lead in The Enigma Files in 1980.
During the late 1970s, he appeared in TV commercials for Dixons, and for many years in the 1980s and 1990s he was the face of the furniture store chain DFS/Northern Upholstery. In 2011, he was seen in a series of commercials advertising the Aero Biscuit, and he later appeared in an ad for Stannah Stairlifts and Hyundai. He was noted as a voice-over artist, and became the continuity announcer for UK television channel, E4.
A keen golfer, he authored a 1996 book of short stories Shakespeare Was a Golfer: A Collection of Golfing Shorts.
Death
Adams died on 11 December 2014 at the age of 76 at Wexham Park Hospital in Berkshire, of cancer.
TV and filmography
A Chance of Thunder (1961, TV series) .... Evans
The Avengers (1961–1969, TV Series) .... PC Butterworth / Rayner / Grenville
A Pair of Briefs (1962) .... Wheelchair attendant (uncredited)
Play It Cool (1962) .... Reporter #2 (uncredited)
A Prize of Arms (1962) .... Corporal Glenn
The Great Escape (1963) .... Dai Nimmo, "Diversions"
This Is My Street (1964) .... Paul
Emergency Ward 10 (1964, TV Series) .... Mr. Guy Marshall
The Peaches (1964, British short subject) .... The Boy
Z-Cars (1965, TV Series) .... Steve
R3 (1965,TV Series) .... John Rawlins
Licensed to Kill (1965) .... Charles Vine
The Spies (1966, TV Series) .... Stefan
Where the Bullets Fly (1966) .... Charles Vine
The Fighting Prince of Donegal (1966) .... Henry O'Neill
Fathom (1967) .... Mike
Subterfuge (1968) .... Peter Langley
O.K. Yevtushenko (1968) .... Charles Vine
Journey to Midnight (1968) .... Jerry Crown (segment "The Indian Spirit Guide")
Strange Report (1969, TV Series) .... Clinton
UFO (1970, Episode: "The Psychobombs") .... Captain Lauritzen
The House That Dripped Blood (1970) .... Richard / Dominic (segment 1 "Method for Murder")
Von Richthofen and Brown aka The Red Baron (1971) .... Owen
The Persuaders! , ('The Time and the Place', episode) (1971, TV Series) .... Piers Emerson
The Fast Kill (1972) .... Max Stein
The Daredevil Men (1972, British short subject) .... Unidentified leading man
Dixon of Dock Green (1972–1976, TV Series) .... Charlie Mann / Johnny Orwell / Jack Montelbetti
Madigan (1972–1973, TV Series) .... Detective Jaqueta
Spy Trap (1973) .... Major Sullivan
General Hospital (1975–1978, TV Series) .... Dr. Guy Wallman
The Onedin Line (1977–1979, TV Series) .... Daniel Fogarty
The Enigma Files (1980, TV Series) .... Det Chief Insp Nick Lewis
Doctor Who (1984, TV Series) .... Commander Vorshak
Remington Steele (1984, TV Series) .... Richard Moreland
Strike It Rich! (1986–1987, TV Series) .... Ken Stevenson
Pyrates (1991) .... Calico Jack (uncredited)
Focus North (1999, TV Series) .... Tom Whitelamb
Day of the Sirens (2002) .... Chat Show Host (final film role)
References
^ "Tom Adams". BFI. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012.
^ "Tom Adams movies, photos, movie reviews, filmography, and biography – AllMovie". AllMovie.
^ "Great Escape actor Tom Adams dies aged 76", The Guardian, 13 December 2014. Accessed 14 December 2014
^ Tom Adams obituary at Daily Express. Retrieved 20 December 2014
^ Tom Adams obituary The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2014
^ "Tom Adams – obituary". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ "Tom Adams: Actor best known for 'The Great Escape' who was touted to". Independent.co.uk. 26 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.
^ "The Great Escape: 50th anniversary", The Telegraph, 19 February 2013, Accessed 14 December 2014
^ Page 37 The Kokomo Morning Times 16 October 1966
^ Banned Hyundai Commercial, retrieved 28 February 2022
^ "The Great Escape actor Tom Adams dies aged 76", The Independent, 13 December 2014. Accessed 14 December 2014
^ "Tom Adams – obituary". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
^ "ISBN 9780952962809 – Shakespeare was a golfer: A collection of golfing shorts". isbnsearch.org. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^ "Great Escape actor Tom Adams dies". news.com.au. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
External links
Tom Adams at IMDb
Tom Adams; Aveleyman.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
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He adopted the stage name of Tom Adams and taught English and drama at the Cardinal Griffin secondary modern school, Poplar, in the 1960s between acting jobs with repertory companies.[4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maigret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maigret_(1960_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ghost Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Squad_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Anton Walbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Walbrook"},{"link_name":"Peter Sallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sallis"},{"link_name":"Royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Michael Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Elliott_(director)"},{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Aldwych Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_series"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Licensed to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Where the Bullets Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Bullets_Fly"},{"link_name":"Somebody's Stolen Our Russian Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%27s_Stolen_Our_Russian_Spy"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Prince of Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Prince_of_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Mark Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Eden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Raquel Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_Welch"},{"link_name":"Fathom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Emergency Ward 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Ward_10"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spy Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Trap"},{"link_name":"The Onedin Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onedin_Line"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Warriors of the Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors_of_the_Deep"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"The Enigma Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enigma_Files"},{"link_name":"Dixons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixons_Retail"},{"link_name":"DFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFS_(British_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Northern Upholstery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Upholstery"},{"link_name":"Aero Biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_(biscuit)"},{"link_name":"Stannah Stairlifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannah_Lifts"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"He appeared in television series such as The Avengers, Maigret and Ghost Squad as well as films from 1961 and made his West End debut, supporting Anton Walbrook and Peter Sallis, in Masterpiece at the Royalty in 1961.[6] He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1962 as one of an infusion of new actors into Michael Elliott’s production of As You Like It at the Aldwych Theatre.[7] His first big screen break was a role as Nimmo in The Great Escape (1963),[8] in which the salary from the film allowed him to buy his first car.He starred as the lead of a film series featuring a low budget imitation James Bond named Charles Vine in three films beginning with Licensed to Kill (aka The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World, 1965) and the sequels Where the Bullets Fly (1966) and Somebody's Stolen Our Russian Spy (aka \"O.K. Yevtushenko\" 1967) that was shot in Spain. He was the second male lead in the 1966 Disney film The Fighting Prince of Donegal after he replaced Mark Eden who broke his ankle during the film's shooting[9] and menaced Raquel Welch in Fathom.Adams' television credits include Emergency Ward 10 where he played Dr Guy Marshall from 1964 to 1967 and later the similar Dr Guy Wallman in General Hospital between 1975 and 1978; starred as Major Sullivan in the BBC counter-espionage drama Spy Trap from 1973 to 1975, The Onedin Line as Daniel Fogarty (1977–79); Doctor Who as Vorshak in Warriors of the Deep (1984); and Emmerdale Farm (1987) as Malcolm Bates. He took the lead in The Enigma Files in 1980.During the late 1970s, he appeared in TV commercials for Dixons, and for many years in the 1980s and 1990s he was the face of the furniture store chain DFS/Northern Upholstery. In 2011, he was seen in a series of commercials advertising the Aero Biscuit, and he later appeared in an ad for Stannah Stairlifts and Hyundai.[10] He was noted as a voice-over artist,[11] and became the continuity announcer for UK television channel, E4.[12]A keen golfer, he authored a 1996 book of short stories Shakespeare Was a Golfer: A Collection of Golfing Shorts.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wexham Park Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexham_Park_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"}],"text":"Adams died on 11 December 2014[14] at the age of 76 at Wexham Park Hospital in Berkshire, of cancer.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Chance of Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Chance_of_Thunder"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"A Pair of Briefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pair_of_Briefs"},{"link_name":"Play It Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_It_Cool_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Prize of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Prize_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"This Is My Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Street"},{"link_name":"Emergency Ward 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Ward_10"},{"link_name":"The Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peaches"},{"link_name":"Z-Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Cars"},{"link_name":"R3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R3_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Licensed to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_to_Kill_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"The Spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spies_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Where the Bullets Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Bullets_Fly"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Prince of Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Prince_of_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Henry O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Fathom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Subterfuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterfuge_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"O.K. Yevtushenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.K._Yevtushenko"},{"link_name":"Journey to Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Strange Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Report"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Psychobombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychobombs"},{"link_name":"The House That Dripped Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_That_Dripped_Blood"},{"link_name":"Von Richthofen and Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Richthofen_and_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Persuaders!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persuaders!"},{"link_name":"The Daredevil Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daredevil_Men"},{"link_name":"Dixon of Dock Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_of_Dock_Green"},{"link_name":"Madigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madigan_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Spy Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Trap"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Onedin Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onedin_Line"},{"link_name":"The Enigma Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enigma_Files"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Remington Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Steele"},{"link_name":"Pyrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrates"}],"text":"A Chance of Thunder (1961, TV series) .... Evans\nThe Avengers (1961–1969, TV Series) .... PC Butterworth / Rayner / Grenville\nA Pair of Briefs (1962) .... Wheelchair attendant (uncredited)\nPlay It Cool (1962) .... Reporter #2 (uncredited)\nA Prize of Arms (1962) .... Corporal Glenn\nThe Great Escape (1963) .... Dai Nimmo, \"Diversions\"\nThis Is My Street (1964) .... Paul\nEmergency Ward 10 (1964, TV Series) .... Mr. Guy Marshall\nThe Peaches (1964, British short subject) .... The Boy\nZ-Cars (1965, TV Series) .... Steve\nR3 (1965,TV Series) .... John Rawlins\nLicensed to Kill (1965) .... Charles Vine\nThe Spies (1966, TV Series) .... Stefan\nWhere the Bullets Fly (1966) .... Charles Vine\nThe Fighting Prince of Donegal (1966) .... Henry O'Neill\nFathom (1967) .... Mike\nSubterfuge (1968) .... Peter Langley\nO.K. Yevtushenko (1968) .... Charles Vine\nJourney to Midnight (1968) .... Jerry Crown (segment \"The Indian Spirit Guide\")\nStrange Report (1969, TV Series) .... Clinton\nUFO (1970, Episode: \"The Psychobombs\") .... Captain Lauritzen\nThe House That Dripped Blood (1970) .... Richard / Dominic (segment 1 \"Method for Murder\")\nVon Richthofen and Brown aka The Red Baron (1971) .... Owen\nThe Persuaders! , ('The Time and the Place', episode) (1971, TV Series) .... Piers Emerson\nThe Fast Kill (1972) .... Max Stein\nThe Daredevil Men (1972, British short subject) .... Unidentified leading man\nDixon of Dock Green (1972–1976, TV Series) .... Charlie Mann / Johnny Orwell / Jack Montelbetti\nMadigan (1972–1973, TV Series) .... Detective Jaqueta\nSpy Trap (1973) .... Major Sullivan\nGeneral Hospital (1975–1978, TV Series) .... Dr. Guy Wallman\nThe Onedin Line (1977–1979, TV Series) .... Daniel Fogarty\nThe Enigma Files (1980, TV Series) .... Det Chief Insp Nick Lewis\nDoctor Who (1984, TV Series) .... Commander Vorshak\nRemington Steele (1984, TV Series) .... Richard Moreland\nStrike It Rich! (1986–1987, TV Series) .... Ken Stevenson\nPyrates (1991) .... Calico Jack (uncredited)\nFocus North (1999, TV Series) .... Tom Whitelamb\nDay of the Sirens (2002) .... Chat Show Host (final film role)","title":"TV and filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tom Adams\". BFI. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721031846/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba1179e34","url_text":"\"Tom Adams\""},{"url":"http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2ba1179e34","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Adams movies, photos, movie reviews, filmography, and biography – AllMovie\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/tom-adams-p326","url_text":"\"Tom Adams movies, photos, movie reviews, filmography, and biography – AllMovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Adams – obituary\". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141228231348/http://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/tom-adams-obituary/ar-BBgPVhV","url_text":"\"Tom Adams – obituary\""},{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/tom-adams-obituary/ar-BBgPVhV","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Adams: Actor best known for 'The Great Escape' who was touted to\". Independent.co.uk. 26 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/tom-adams-actor-best-known-for-the-great-escape-who-was-touted-to-play-james-bond-but-had-to-settle-for-lesser-spy-films-9945936.html","url_text":"\"Tom Adams: Actor best known for 'The Great Escape' who was touted to\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/tom-adams-actor-best-known-for-the-great-escape-who-was-touted-to-play-james-bond-but-had-to-settle-for-lesser-spy-films-9945936.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Banned Hyundai Commercial, retrieved 28 February 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UH7VsywKvw","url_text":"Banned Hyundai Commercial"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Adams – obituary\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11294797/Tom-Adams-obituary.html","url_text":"\"Tom Adams – obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISBN 9780952962809 – Shakespeare was a golfer: A collection of golfing shorts\". isbnsearch.org. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780952962809","url_text":"\"ISBN 9780952962809 – Shakespeare was a golfer: A collection of golfing shorts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Escape actor Tom Adams dies\". news.com.au. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141213234907/http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/great-escape-actor-tom-adams-dies/story-e6frfkui-1227155329417","url_text":"\"Great Escape actor Tom Adams dies\""},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/great-escape-actor-tom-adams-dies/story-e6frfkui-1227155329417","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line
|
Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
|
["1 Operational use","2 History","2.1 Planning","2.2 Construction","2.3 Opening and start-up","3 Route","3.1 Construction on the approach to Cologne","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
High-speed rail line in Germany
Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail lineOverviewNative nameNeubaustrecke Köln-Rhein/MainLine number
2651 Köln-Deutz (h)–Köln Steinstr
2660 Köln-Deutz (t)–Köln Gummersbacher Str
2690 Köln Steinstr–Frankfurt (Main) Stadion
3509 Breckenheim–Wiesbaden-Kinzenberg
3656 Frankfurt (Main) Flughfn–Zeppelinheim
LocaleNorth Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse, GermanyServiceTypeHigh-speed railRoute number472Rolling stockICE 3, ICE 4HistoryCompleted2002TechnicalLine length180 km (110 mi)Number of tracks2Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeMinimum radius3,320 m (3,630 yd)Electrification15 kV/16.7 Hz AC Overhead catenaryOperating speedMajority:300 km/h (190 mph)Parts of the line:200 km/h (125 mph)SignallingLZBMaximum incline4%
Route map
Legend
km
West Lower Rhine Railway to Neuss& S-Bahn S6S11
Cologne–Aachen HSR to AachenS-Bahn S12S13S19
West Rhine Railway to Bonn
00.0
00.0
Köln Hansaring
Köln Hauptbahnhof
Hohenzollernbrücke
0.0
Köln Messe/Deutzto Köln-Mülheim
Köln Posthof junctionto Köln-Mülheim Cologne–Duisburg RailwayS-Bahn S6S11
1.2
Köln Gummersbacher Straße junction
Köln-Trimbornstraße
freight line
Cologne freight railway bypassto the south bridge
2.2
Köln-Kalk
freight line to Köln-Kalk North
Troisdorf–Mülheim-Speldorf Railwayfreight line to Köln-Kalk North
connecting line to Köln-Kalk North
A 4 / B 14
3.9
Vingst junction
Airport NE junction Cologne–Kalk–Overath Ry& Cologne Airport Loop S13S19
4.5
Airport NW junctionCologne Airport Loop (long distance)
Köln-Airport Business Park
A 559 / B 2
Köln-Steinstraße
Cologne freight railway bypassto the south bridge
9.2 7.8
Köln Steinstraße junction (start of HSL)
Gremberg Süd junctionFreight line to Gremberg
9.6
Porz (Rhein)
Cologne Airport Loop long distanceS-Bahn S13S19
12.4
Porz-Wahn
15.6
Porz-Wahn south junction
A 59 / B 36
16.9
Spich
Troisdorf Tunnel (627 m)
18.0
Troisdorf Vorbf
Troisdorf north junction
19.7
Troisdorf ↑S13
East Rhine Railway& former connecting curve
Agger
26.0 24.3
Siegburg/Bonn
Sieg Railway to Siegen S12
27.4
Siegauen Tunnel (2,502 m)
Hasenpohl Viaduct (127 m)
39.2
Ittenbach Tunnel (1,145 m)
Landschafts Bridgecut and cover (255 m)
Logebach Viaduct (173 m)
41.3
Aegidienberg Tunnel (1,240 m)
Kluse cut and cover (200 m)
Kochenbachtalbrücke (150 m)
44.5
Rottbitze Tunnel (990 m)
Windhagen Fly-over (400 m)
Fischerhaus Viaduct (344 m)
48.6
Günterscheid Tunnel (1,130 m)
Hallerbach Viaduct (992 m)
Wied Viaduct (387 m)
53.0
Ammerich Tunnel (755 m)
53.8
Fernthal Tunnel (1,555 m)
58.8
Dasbach Viaduct (218 m)
61.7
Willroth crossover
75.6
Kutscheid Viaduct (67 m)
76.4
Deesen Tunnel (338 m)
78.2
Deesener-Wald Tunnel (1,270 m)
83.8
Dernbach Tunnel (3,305 m)
Limburg-Staffel–Siershahn Railwayto Siershahn
89.1
Montabaur original│present
Limburg-Staffel–Siershahn Railwayto Limburg
89.9
Himmelberg Tunnel (2,395 m)
92.5
Wahnscheid Tunnel (735 m)
93.3
Dickheck Tunnel (570 m)
Eisenbach Viaduct (138 m)
94.1
Eichheide Tunnel (1,750 m)
Wiesengrund Viaduct (338 m)
Eichen-Diekenscheid Tunnel (400 m)
97.5
Lange-Issel Tunnel (1,015 m)
100.4
Elzer-Berg Tunnel (1,110 m)
106.8
Limburger Tunnel (2,395 m)
Lahn viaduct (438 m)
110.5
Limburg Süd
113.0
Lindenholzhausen crossover
Wörsbach Viaduct (528 m)
Hessenweiler overpass (368 m)
Roter-Graben Viaduct (132 m)
Wallbach Viaduct (534 m)
130.6
Wörsdorf Flyover (525 m)
133.8
Idsteiner Tunnel (2,069 m)
137.0
Idstein crossover
138.0
Niedernhausener Tunnel (2,765 m)
141.6
Theiß Viaduct (484 m)
142.9
Hellenberg Tunnel (552 m)
145.4
Schulwald Tunnel (4,500 m)
151.4
Breckenheimer Tunnel (1,150 m)
152.6
Breckenheim junction
Breckenheim–Wiesbaden railwayto Wiesbaden
future Wiesbaden–Frankfurt Airport link
Taunus Railwayto Wiesbaden│to Frankfurt
Main bridge, Eddersheim (324 m)
Ticona bridge (167 m)
161.5
Raunheim Caltex junction
Mainz–Frankfurt Caltex Bridge (351 m)Main Railway
163.4
Raunheim-Mönchhof connecting curve
167.1
Kelsterbacher Spange Tunnel (994 m)
Frankfurt Airport loop to Main Railway
0.0 168.8
start of Zeppelinheim branch
0.5 169.3
Frankfurt Airportregional │long-distance
Frankfurt Airport loop to Main Railway
1.5 170.3
Frankfurt Cross Tunnel(1,559 m│1,883 m)
A 3
A 5
171.4
Frankfurter Kreuz crossover
4.8 000.0
Mannheim–Frankfurt railwayto Zeppelinheim & Mannheim
173.6
Mannheim–Frankfurt railway to Frankfurt
km
This diagram: viewtalkedit
The Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line (German: Schnellfahrstrecke Köln–Rhein/Main) is a 180-kilometre-long (110 mi) railway line in Germany, connecting the cities of Cologne and Frankfurt. Its route follows the Bundesautobahn 3 for the greater part, and currently the travel time is about 62 minutes. The line's grades of up to four percent require trains with a high power-to-weight ratio which is currently only met by third-generation and fourth-generation Intercity-Express trains, with the latter operating at reduced speeds. It was constructed between 1995 and 2002 at a total cost of six billion Euro according to Deutsche Bahn.
Operational use
The line starts in Cologne at the Abzweig Köln-Steinstrasse in the Cologne borough of Porz. Whilst the connection loop to Cologne-Bonn Airport, the Cologne Airport loop, is technically not a part of the high-speed line, it was built as a part of the general refurbishments in the Cologne area due to the line, and hence is generally regarded as part of the project. The line has four stations, Siegburg/Bonn, Montabaur, Limburg Süd and Frankfurt Airport.
The line is equipped for speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph) between Siegburg and Frankfurt, closely following the A3 autobahn.
History
Köln Hauptbahnhof
Six track section near Porz
Wied viaduct
Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof
The former Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) began planning for a network of high-speed lines for both passenger and freight trains in the 1960s. The 1973 federal transport plan included a high-speed line between Cologne and Groß-Gerau (near Frankfurt), as well as between Hanover and Würzburg and between Mannheim and Stuttgart. This plan envisaged that mixed traffic would require:
maximum grade of 1.25% (occasionally 2.0%)
curves with small superelevation and minimum radii of 4.8 to 7.0 kilometres (3.0 to 4.3 mi)
maximum line speed of 250 to 300 km/h (160 to 190 mph)
These specifications would be difficult to achieve either near the traditional Rhine valley route, which follows an entrenched meander, or along DB's preferred route next to the A3, which has long and steep climbs and descents. The second federal transport plan in 1985 (which was drawn up when the first TGV line had been operating for four years) included a passenger train-only railway, which meant that much steeper grades would be acceptable. The technical standards adopted were:
maximum grade : 4.0%
minimum radius : 3.35 kilometres (2.08 mi)
maximum speed : 300 km/h (190 mph)
DB negotiated with the states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse over the route. Each state had objections to the bypassing of the cities on the Rhine, particularly Bonn, Andernach, Koblenz, Mainz and Wiesbaden and four other routes were examined that passed through some of these. No agreement was reached and the Federal Cabinet agreed on 20 December 1989 to a recommendation of the Transport Minister to adopt the A3 route and, among other things, to include a station at Limburg.
DB then consulted with the states and community groups over the details of the route. In North Rhine-Westphalia there was considerable debate over the location of the station to serve the Bonn area and on how to serve the Cologne-Bonn Airport. DB decided that the station would be built at Siegburg and that a separate, double line would connect Cologne and the high-speed line to the south with Cologne-Bonn airport for the S-Bahn and ICE traffic. In Rhineland-Palatinate, DB decided that a station would be built north of Montabaur only 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Limburg Sud, partly to serve Koblenz via the A48, and to reroute a local railway through it.
In Hesse, DB decided to build the Limburg station south of the town at its current location on cost grounds, even though this prevented a connection to the Lahn valley line, which would have provided a connection to Koblenz and Gießen. Options for connections to Wiesbaden were examined in detail, including routing the line through its eastern outskirts. DB eventually agreed to a double-line spur to Wiesbaden along the A66. Options for connections to Frankfurt Airport, the line to Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and to the Riedbahn (the line to Mannheim). It was decided that routing the line into the existing Frankfurt Airport station (now known as the regional train station) with two 400-metre-long (440 yd) tracks and a 200-metre-long (220 yd) track would not be adequate, even if expanded to four or five tracks. DB decided that a separate station across the A3 from the old station would be required and that the line would go on to connect to the Riedbahn both northbound (towards Frankfurt) and southbound (towards Mannheim).
Planning
Although the route as set out above was adopted under the federal railway development law on 15 November 1993, the last legal challenge to the project was not resolved until September 1998. In the meantime DB decided to reduce the minimum radius of curves to 3.320 kilometres (2.063 mi) and increased the maximum super-elevation of the track to 180 millimetres (7+1⁄16 in) (to follow the A3 more closely), reduced the spacing between tracks from 4.70 to 4.50 metres (15 ft 5 in to 14 ft 9 in) (to save space) and increased the area of tunnel cross-sections from 82 to 92 square metres (880 to 990 sq ft) (to allow higher speeds for converging trains). The route as finally designed was intended to allow trains to cover the distance between Cologne and Frankfurt in 58 minutes, although the fastest time in 2023 is 66 minutes served by an ICE Sprinter service, and only supposed to be reduced to 64 minutes by the Deutschlandtakt.
Construction
The construction of the route began on 13 December 1995 with the turning of the first sod at the Frankfurter Kreuz autobahn junction and the last dispute over the route was settled in May 1997. On 13 May Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann in Siegburg turned the first sod in North Rhine-Westphalia. The last section to commence construction was the Schloss-Röttgen tunnel on the Cologne-Bonn airport loop, which was required in the settlement of a law case: work on it commenced in December 2000. The first section completed was the new Frankfurt airport station, which went into operation on 30 May 1999.
The opening of the whole route, which had originally been planned for 1999, took place after numerous court challenges and geological problems, at the end of July 2002. The last tracks of the route in the Schulwald tunnel were installed on 10 July 2001. In the same month the first trips with diesel locomotives were run to adjust the height of the overhead electric lines on the southern section. On 22 October 2001 for the first time an ICE 3 ran on the line, on a 37-kilometre-long (23 mi) section between Frankfurt airport and Idstein.
During construction, traffic on the neighbouring A3 was significantly affected and up to 48 building sites with a reduced maximum speed of 100 km/h (60 mph) were operating simultaneously on the autobahn. Up to 15,000 people were employed on the construction of the railway line. 7.5 million m3 (9.8 million cu yd) of earth was removed during the tunnel construction and approximately 3 million m3 (3.9 million cu yd) of concrete were poured. 1,400 miners were hired and 13 people died in accidents during construction of the tunnels.
Opening and start-up
The symbolic opening of the line took place on 25 July 2002 with a special train carrying approximately 700 honoured guests. On 1 August 2002, the first passenger services commenced, originally with a two-hourly service and later with an hourly service. In December 2002, the full service commenced, integration into the European timetable, although there were many disruptions to services in the first few months due to technical failures.
On 13 June 2004 the Cologne Bonn Airport loop was put into service. At the end of September 2004 the Siegburg/Bonn station was finally completed.
Route
In Cologne ICE trains follow three paths to reach the high-speed line:
from the north (Düsseldorf or Wuppertal), running via the low level of Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (tracks 11 and 12)
from the west (Aachen) through Cologne main station and over the Hohenzollern Bridge or from the north to the main station and then reversing to re-cross the Hohenzollern Bridge
from the north over the Hohenzollern Bridge to the main station and continuing around the western bypass of central Cologne and over the Cologne south bridge
The first two routes allow trains to run via Cologne–Bonn airport loop line, rejoining the main route at Cologne-Porz-Wahn.
The high-speed line's dedicated track begins in Cologne-Porz and is located between the Sieg Railway and the line from Gremberg yard and the Cologne south bridge, which, in effect, becomes the Right Rhine line when it separates at Troisdorf. Between Porz and Troisdorf there are six parallel lines and the speed limit on the HSL is 200 km/h (125 mph). At Troisdorf the HSL runs through a 627-metre (686 yd) tunnel under connecting lines that allow passenger trains running on the Sieg line to transfer to the Right Rhine line and freight trains on the freight lines to transfer to the Sieg line (and vice versa for northbound trains).
In Troisdorf the Right Rhine line leaves the high-speed line and runs through Bonn-Beuel towards Koblenz. The HSL follows the Siegstrecke to the rebuilt Siegburg/Bonn station and then heads south to run through the Siegauen Tunnel under the Sieg. At that very point it joins the A3, which it parallels south bound towards Frankfurt Airport. Between the Siegauen Tunnel and the Main Bridge (near Frankfurt) the speed limit is 300 km/h (190 mph) and from there to the airport station trains run at 160 to 220 km/h (100 to 140 mph).
In the Wiesbaden suburb of Breckenheim a double line connects to Wiesbaden, partly next to the A66 and then next to the Ländches Railway. Trains run into the Wiesbaden terminal station and can then reverse out to go to Mainz and Mannheim. The 13.2-kilometre-long (8.2 mi) Wiesbaden branch has a maximum speed of about 160 km/h (100 mph).
Construction on the approach to Cologne
Parts of this article (those related to 2008 is over) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2015)
Work is being carried out to create separate tracks for the high-speed line through the heavily used Cologne rail junction from its provisional connection to the conventional line at Köln Steinstraße, where trains are limited to 130 km/h (80 mph) through the points. The line is being extended to Cologne-Mülheim station through Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (low level). This work was intended to be part of the original high-speed line project, but was dropped to reduce costs. When completed in 2008 this work will reduce the time between Frankfurt and Düsseldorf by 10 minutes.
See also
High-speed rail in Germany
References
^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (in German) (Updated ed.). Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2020. pp. 63–65, 76, 148–149. ISBN 978-3-89494-149-9.
^ a b Gough, John (February 2003). "Neubaustrecke Köln–Rhein/Main". Modern Railways. 60 (653). Ian Allan: 33–47.
^ Ein Jahrzehnt für 58 Minuten in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of 12 July 2001 (in German)
^ Letzte Gleise der neuen ICE-Strecke verlegt in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of 11 July 2001 (in German)
^ Based on winter timetable 2022/23
^ "Datenbanksuche - Datenbank Fernverkehr" . fernbahn.de (in German). Retrieved 12 April 2023.
^ "Realisierung der Neubaustrecke kommt voran". Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau (in German) (46): 313. June 1997.
^ a b c "Ein Jahrzehnt für 58 Minuten" (in German). Frankfurter lgemeine Zeitung. 12 July 2001.
^ "ICE startet zur Jungfernfahrt Richtung Köln" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 23 October 2001.
^ Siedenbiedel, Christian (31 August 2006). "Mehr ICE-Züge nach Köln". FAZ.net. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
Official Video – showing an entire journey from Frankfurt to Cologne in one continuous shot from the rear of the train, 388 MiB)
vteCologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line (KBS 472)Stations
Köln Hbf
Köln Messe/Deutz
Cologne Bonn Airport
Siegburg/Bonn
Montabaur
Limburg Süd
Branch to Wiesbaden
Frankfurt Airport
Frankfurt Hbf
vteHigh-speed railway lines
High-speed rail
High-speed rail by country
Commons
AfricaMorocco
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AsiaChina
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Hohhot–Nanning
Beijing–Kunming
Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou
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Beijing–Lanzhou*
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Lianyungang–Ürümqi
Shanghai–Chengdu
Shanghai–Kunming
Guangzhou–Kunming
Indonesia
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Japan
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South Korea
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Taiwan
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Turkey
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Ankara–Sivas
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Konya–Karaman*
Uzbekistan
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Samarkand–Bukhara
EuropeBelgium
HSL 1
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Denmark
Copenhagen–Ringsted
Finland
Kerava-Lahti*
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France
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LGV Est
LGV Interconnexion Est
LGV Méditerranée
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LGV Perpignan–Barcelona*
Germany
Cologne–Düren*
Cologne–Frankfurt
Erfurt–Leipzig
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Mannheim–Stuttgart*
Nuremberg–Ingolstadt
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Wendlingen–Ulm
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Greece
Athens–Thessaloniki*
Italy
Bologna–Florence
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Milan–Bologna
Milan–Verona
Naples–Salerno
Rome–Naples
Turin–Milan
Netherlands
HSL-Zuid
Norway
Gardermoen Line
PolandGrodzisk–Zawiercie*Russia
Moscow–St.Petersburg*
St. Petersburg-Helsinki*
Spain
Atlantic Axis
Madrid–Galicia
Madrid–Extremadura
Barcelona–Perpignan*
Madrid–Barcelona
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Madrid–Malaga
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Madrid–Levante
SwedenBothnia LineUnited Kingdom
High Speed 1
North AmericaUnited StatesNortheast Corridor*OceaniaNoneSouth AmericaNone
* An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
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Its route follows the Bundesautobahn 3 for the greater part, and currently the travel time is about 62 minutes. The line's grades of up to four percent require trains with a high power-to-weight ratio which is currently only met by third-generation and fourth-generation Intercity-Express trains, with the latter operating at reduced speeds. 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Whilst the connection loop to Cologne-Bonn Airport, the Cologne Airport loop, is technically not a part of the high-speed line, it was built as a part of the general refurbishments in the Cologne area due to the line, and hence is generally regarded as part of the project. The line has four stations, Siegburg/Bonn, Montabaur, Limburg Süd and Frankfurt Airport.\nThe line is equipped for speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph) between Siegburg and Frankfurt, closely following the A3 autobahn.","title":"Operational use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Hauptbahnhof_-_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_-_Musical_Dome.jpg"},{"link_name":"Köln Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Hauptbahnhof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sechsgleisig_bei_Porz_mit_ICE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Porz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiedtalbr%C3%BCcke.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hauptbahnhof_Frankfurt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundesbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbahn"},{"link_name":"Groß-Gerau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau"},{"link_name":"Hanover and Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover-W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Mannheim and Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim-Stuttgart_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"superelevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)"},{"link_name":"Rhine valley route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Rhine_Railway"},{"link_name":"meander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander"},{"link_name":"first TGV line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Andernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andernach"},{"link_name":"Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Federal Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr-2"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Bonn Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne/Bonn_Airport_station"},{"link_name":"Siegburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegburg"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Ruhr_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Montabaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montabaur"},{"link_name":"A48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_48"},{"link_name":"Lahn valley line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahntalbahn"},{"link_name":"Gießen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"A66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_66"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Riedbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim%E2%80%93Frankfurt_railway"},{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"regional train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport_Regional_Train_Station"}],"text":"Köln HauptbahnhofSix track section near PorzWied viaductFrankfurt HauptbahnhofThe former Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) began planning for a network of high-speed lines for both passenger and freight trains in the 1960s. The 1973 federal transport plan included a high-speed line between Cologne and Groß-Gerau (near Frankfurt), as well as between Hanover and Würzburg and between Mannheim and Stuttgart. This plan envisaged that mixed traffic would require:maximum grade of 1.25% (occasionally 2.0%)\ncurves with small superelevation and minimum radii of 4.8 to 7.0 kilometres (3.0 to 4.3 mi)\nmaximum line speed of 250 to 300 km/h (160 to 190 mph)These specifications would be difficult to achieve either near the traditional Rhine valley route, which follows an entrenched meander, or along DB's preferred route next to the A3, which has long and steep climbs and descents. The second federal transport plan in 1985 (which was drawn up when the first TGV line had been operating for four years) included a passenger train-only railway, which meant that much steeper grades would be acceptable. The technical standards adopted were:maximum grade : 4.0%\nminimum radius : 3.35 kilometres (2.08 mi)\nmaximum speed : 300 km/h (190 mph)DB negotiated with the states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse over the route. Each state had objections to the bypassing of the cities on the Rhine, particularly Bonn, Andernach, Koblenz, Mainz and Wiesbaden and four other routes were examined that passed through some of these. No agreement was reached and the Federal Cabinet agreed on 20 December 1989 to a recommendation of the Transport Minister to adopt the A3 route and, among other things, to include a station at Limburg.[2]DB then consulted with the states and community groups over the details of the route. In North Rhine-Westphalia there was considerable debate over the location of the station to serve the Bonn area and on how to serve the Cologne-Bonn Airport. DB decided that the station would be built at Siegburg and that a separate, double line would connect Cologne and the high-speed line to the south with Cologne-Bonn airport for the S-Bahn and ICE traffic. In Rhineland-Palatinate, DB decided that a station would be built north of Montabaur only 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Limburg Sud, partly to serve Koblenz via the A48, and to reroute a local railway through it.In Hesse, DB decided to build the Limburg station south of the town at its current location on cost grounds, even though this prevented a connection to the Lahn valley line, which would have provided a connection to Koblenz and Gießen. Options for connections to Wiesbaden were examined in detail, including routing the line through its eastern outskirts. DB eventually agreed to a double-line spur to Wiesbaden along the A66. Options for connections to Frankfurt Airport, the line to Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof and to the Riedbahn (the line to Mannheim). It was decided that routing the line into the existing Frankfurt Airport station (now known as the regional train station) with two 400-metre-long (440 yd) tracks and a 200-metre-long (220 yd) track would not be adequate, even if expanded to four or five tracks. DB decided that a separate station across the A3 from the old station would be required and that the line would go on to connect to the Riedbahn both northbound (towards Frankfurt) and southbound (towards Mannheim).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ICE Sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_Sprinter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandtakt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutschlandtakt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Planning","text":"Although the route as set out above was adopted under the federal railway development law on 15 November 1993, the last legal challenge to the project was not resolved until September 1998.[3] In the meantime DB decided to reduce the minimum radius of curves to 3.320 kilometres (2.063 mi) and increased the maximum super-elevation of the track to 180 millimetres (7+1⁄16 in) (to follow the A3 more closely), reduced the spacing between tracks from 4.70 to 4.50 metres (15 ft 5 in to 14 ft 9 in) (to save space) and increased the area of tunnel cross-sections from 82 to 92 square metres (880 to 990 sq ft) (to allow higher speeds for converging trains). The route as finally designed was intended to allow trains to cover the distance between Cologne and Frankfurt in 58 minutes,[4] although the fastest time in 2023 is 66 minutes served by an ICE Sprinter service,[5] and only supposed to be reduced to 64 minutes by the Deutschlandtakt.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankfurter Kreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Kreuz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001-07-12-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001-07-12-8"},{"link_name":"Idstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idstein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001-07-12-8"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The construction of the route began on 13 December 1995 with the turning of the first sod at the Frankfurter Kreuz autobahn junction and the last dispute over the route was settled in May 1997. On 13 May Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann in Siegburg turned the first sod in North Rhine-Westphalia.[7] The last section to commence construction was the Schloss-Röttgen tunnel on the Cologne-Bonn airport loop, which was required in the settlement of a law case: work on it commenced in December 2000. The first section completed was the new Frankfurt airport station, which went into operation on 30 May 1999.The opening of the whole route, which had originally been planned for 1999, took place after numerous court challenges and geological problems, at the end of July 2002.[8] The last tracks of the route in the Schulwald tunnel were installed on 10 July 2001.[8] In the same month the first trips with diesel locomotives were run to adjust the height of the overhead electric lines on the southern section. On 22 October 2001 for the first time an ICE 3 ran on the line, on a 37-kilometre-long (23 mi) section between Frankfurt airport and Idstein.[9]During construction, traffic on the neighbouring A3 was significantly affected and up to 48 building sites with a reduced maximum speed of 100 km/h (60 mph) were operating simultaneously on the autobahn. Up to 15,000 people were employed on the construction of the railway line. 7.5 million m3 (9.8 million cu yd) of earth was removed during the tunnel construction and approximately 3 million m3 (3.9 million cu yd) of concrete were poured. 1,400 miners were hired and 13 people died in accidents during construction of the tunnels.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr-2"},{"link_name":"Cologne Bonn Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Bonn_Airport"},{"link_name":"Siegburg/Bonn station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegburg/Bonn_station"}],"sub_title":"Opening and start-up","text":"The symbolic opening of the line took place on 25 July 2002 with a special train carrying approximately 700 honoured guests. On 1 August 2002, the first passenger services commenced, originally with a two-hourly service and later with an hourly service. In December 2002, the full service commenced, integration into the European timetable,[2] although there were many disruptions to services in the first few months due to technical failures.On 13 June 2004 the Cologne Bonn Airport loop was put into service. At the end of September 2004 the Siegburg/Bonn station was finally completed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal"},{"link_name":"Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Messe/Deutz_station"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollern Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridge"},{"link_name":"western bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_freight_bypass_railway"},{"link_name":"Cologne south bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bridge_(Cologne)"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Porz-Wahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porz-Wahn_station"},{"link_name":"Cologne-Porz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porz-Wahn_station"},{"link_name":"Sieg Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieg_Railway"},{"link_name":"Right Rhine line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rhine_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bonn-Beuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn-Beuel_station"},{"link_name":"Sieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieg_River"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Main Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainbr%C3%BCcke_Eddersheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a double line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breckenheim%E2%80%93Wiesbaden_railway"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"A66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_66"},{"link_name":"Ländches Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ndches_Railway"}],"text":"In Cologne ICE trains follow three paths to reach the high-speed line:from the north (Düsseldorf or Wuppertal), running via the low level of Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (tracks 11 and 12)\nfrom the west (Aachen) through Cologne main station and over the Hohenzollern Bridge or from the north to the main station and then reversing to re-cross the Hohenzollern Bridge\nfrom the north over the Hohenzollern Bridge to the main station and continuing around the western bypass of central Cologne and over the Cologne south bridgeThe first two routes allow trains to run via Cologne–Bonn airport loop line, rejoining the main route at Cologne-Porz-Wahn.The high-speed line's dedicated track begins in Cologne-Porz and is located between the Sieg Railway and the line from Gremberg yard and the Cologne south bridge, which, in effect, becomes the Right Rhine line when it separates at Troisdorf. Between Porz and Troisdorf there are six parallel lines and the speed limit on the HSL is 200 km/h (125 mph). At Troisdorf the HSL runs through a 627-metre (686 yd) tunnel under connecting lines that allow passenger trains running on the Sieg line to transfer to the Right Rhine line and freight trains on the freight lines to transfer to the Sieg line (and vice versa for northbound trains).In Troisdorf the Right Rhine line leaves the high-speed line and runs through Bonn-Beuel towards Koblenz. The HSL follows the Siegstrecke to the rebuilt Siegburg/Bonn station and then heads south to run through the Siegauen Tunnel under the Sieg. At that very point it joins the A3, which it parallels south bound towards Frankfurt Airport. Between the Siegauen Tunnel and the Main Bridge (near Frankfurt) the speed limit is 300 km/h (190 mph) and from there to the airport station trains run at 160 to 220 km/h (100 to 140 mph).In the Wiesbaden suburb of Breckenheim a double line connects to Wiesbaden, partly next to the A66 and then next to the Ländches Railway. Trains run into the Wiesbaden terminal station and can then reverse out to go to Mainz and Mannheim. The 13.2-kilometre-long (8.2 mi) Wiesbaden branch has a maximum speed of about 160 km/h (100 mph).","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Construction on the approach to Cologne","text":"Work is being carried out to create separate tracks for the high-speed line through the heavily used Cologne rail junction from its provisional connection to the conventional line at Köln Steinstraße, where trains are limited to 130 km/h (80 mph) through the points. The line is being extended to Cologne-Mülheim station through Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (low level). This work was intended to be part of the original high-speed line project, but was dropped to reduce costs. When completed in 2008 this work will reduce the time between Frankfurt and Düsseldorf by 10 minutes.[10]","title":"Route"}]
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[{"image_text":"Köln Hauptbahnhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/K%C3%B6lner_Hauptbahnhof_-_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_-_Musical_Dome.jpg/200px-K%C3%B6lner_Hauptbahnhof_-_Hohenzollernbr%C3%BCcke_-_Musical_Dome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Six track section near Porz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sechsgleisig_bei_Porz_mit_ICE.jpg/200px-Sechsgleisig_bei_Porz_mit_ICE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wied viaduct","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wiedtalbr%C3%BCcke.jpg/200px-Wiedtalbr%C3%BCcke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hauptbahnhof_Frankfurt.jpg/200px-Hauptbahnhof_Frankfurt.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg/75px-ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"High-speed rail in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany"}]
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[{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland [German railway atlas] (in German) (Updated ed.). Cologne: Schweers + Wall. 2020. pp. 63–65, 76, 148–149. ISBN 978-3-89494-149-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-149-9","url_text":"978-3-89494-149-9"}]},{"reference":"Gough, John (February 2003). \"Neubaustrecke Köln–Rhein/Main\". Modern Railways. 60 (653). Ian Allan: 33–47.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Railways","url_text":"Modern Railways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan"}]},{"reference":"\"Datenbanksuche - Datenbank Fernverkehr\" [Database search - database intercity transport]. fernbahn.de (in German). Retrieved 12 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fernbahn.de/datenbank/suche/?fahrplan_jahr=9999&zug_bereich=&zug_gattung2%5B%5D=F&zug_gattung=&zug_nummer=&zug_linie=&zug_name=&laufplan_tfz=&ice_typ=&wagengattung=&wagengattung_suche=AND&bahnhof_name=K%C3%B6ln+Hbf&bahnhof_richtung=Frankfurt%28M%29Hbf&bahnhof_richtung2_modus=1&bahnhof_richtung2=&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=1&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=2&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=3&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=4&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=5&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=6&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=7&reiseplan%5B%5D=1&reiseplan%5B%5D=2&fv_suche_detail=1#fv_suche_detail","url_text":"\"Datenbanksuche - Datenbank Fernverkehr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Realisierung der Neubaustrecke kommt voran\". Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau (in German) (46): 313. June 1997.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ein Jahrzehnt für 58 Minuten\" (in German). Frankfurter lgemeine Zeitung. 12 July 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ICE startet zur Jungfernfahrt Richtung Köln\" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 23 October 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Siedenbiedel, Christian (31 August 2006). \"Mehr ICE-Züge nach Köln\". FAZ.net. Retrieved 9 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/s/Rub8D05117E1AC946F5BB438374CCC294CC/Doc~EF9877139968042E381CD7AF378487908~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html","url_text":"\"Mehr ICE-Züge nach Köln\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.fernbahn.de/datenbank/suche/?fahrplan_jahr=9999&zug_bereich=&zug_gattung2%5B%5D=F&zug_gattung=&zug_nummer=&zug_linie=&zug_name=&laufplan_tfz=&ice_typ=&wagengattung=&wagengattung_suche=AND&bahnhof_name=K%C3%B6ln+Hbf&bahnhof_richtung=Frankfurt%28M%29Hbf&bahnhof_richtung2_modus=1&bahnhof_richtung2=&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=1&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=2&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=3&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=4&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=5&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=6&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=7&reiseplan%5B%5D=1&reiseplan%5B%5D=2&fv_suche_detail=1#fv_suche_detail","external_links_name":"\"Datenbanksuche - Datenbank Fernverkehr\""},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/s/Rub8D05117E1AC946F5BB438374CCC294CC/Doc~EF9877139968042E381CD7AF378487908~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html","external_links_name":"\"Mehr ICE-Züge nach Köln\""},{"Link":"http://atkon.vo.llnwd.net/o10/btvo/podcast/20070611_FrankfurtMainKoeln.m4v","external_links_name":"Official Video"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/10000003","external_links_name":"Structurae"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website
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Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Angiosperm taxonomic classification at Missouri Botanical gardens
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (or APweb) is a website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy.
The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden website and maintained by researchers, Peter F. Stevens and Hilary M. Davis. Peter F. Stevens is a member of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The taxonomy presented is broadly based on the work of the APG, with modifications to incorporate new results.
References
^ Stevens, Peter F. (2006). "The angiosperm phylogeny Website - a tool for reference and teaching in a time of change". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 42: n/a. doi:10.1002/meet.14504201249.
^ "Angiosperm phylogeny: A chart of flowering plant families".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to APWebsite.
Official website, hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden
vteList of systems of plant taxonomyThis is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.Pre-LinnaeanJohn Ray system (1686–1704)
A discourse on the seeds of plants
Methodus plantarum nova
De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-DarwinianLinnaean system (1735–51)
Systema Naturae
Species Plantarum
Genera Plantarum
Philosophia Botanica
Adanson system (1763)Familles naturelles des plantesDe Jussieu system (1789)Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratamDe Candolle system (1819–24)
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823)O Prirozenosti RostlinAgardh system (1825)Classes PlantarumGray system (1821)The Natural Arrangement of British PlantsPerleb system (1826)Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des PflanzenreichsDumortier system (1829)Analyse des familles des plantesLindley system (1830–45)
An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)General History of Dichlamydious Plants.Bentham & Hooker system(1862–83)Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.Baillon system (1867–94)Histoire des plantesPost-Darwinian (Phyletic)Nineteenth centuryEichler system (1875–1886)
Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Das Pflanzenreich
van Tieghem system (1891)Traité de botaniqueTwentieth centuryDalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07)Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscriptaWarming system (1912)Haandbog i den systematiske botanikHallier system (1912)L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermesBessey system (1915)The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plantsWettstein system (1901–35)Handbuch der systematischen BotanikLotsy system (1907–11)Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.Hutchinson system (1926–73)The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogenyCalestani system (1933)Le origini e la classificazione delle AngiospermeKimura system (1956)Système et phylogénie des monocotyledonesEmberger system (1960)Traité de Botanique systématiqueMelchior system (1964)Syllabus der PflanzenfamilienTakhtajan system (1966–97)
A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)
The evolution and classification of flowering plants
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of DicotyledonsDahlgren system (1975–85)The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomyThorne system (1968–2000)An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plantsKubitzki system (1990–)The Families and Genera of Vascular PlantsReveal system (1997)Reveal System of Angiosperm ClassificationAngiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
Chase & Reveal System (2009)
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also
Plantae at Wikispecies •
This botany article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an educational website is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Peter F. Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_F._Stevens"},{"link_name":"Hilary M. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilary_M._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevens2005-1"},{"link_name":"Angiosperm Phylogeny Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (or APweb) is a website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy.[citation needed]The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden website and maintained by researchers, Peter F. Stevens and Hilary M. Davis.[1] Peter F. Stevens is a member of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The taxonomy presented is broadly based on the work of the APG, with modifications to incorporate new results.[2]","title":"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Stevens, Peter F. (2006). \"The angiosperm phylogeny Website - a tool for reference and teaching in a time of change\". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 42: n/a. doi:10.1002/meet.14504201249.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504201249","url_text":"\"The angiosperm phylogeny Website - a tool for reference and teaching in a time of change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504201249","url_text":"10.1002/meet.14504201249"}]},{"reference":"\"Angiosperm phylogeny: A chart of flowering plant families\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~david/flora/links.html","url_text":"\"Angiosperm phylogeny: A chart of flowering plant families\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504201249","external_links_name":"\"The angiosperm phylogeny Website - a tool for reference and teaching in a time of change\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmeet.14504201249","external_links_name":"10.1002/meet.14504201249"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~david/flora/links.html","external_links_name":"\"Angiosperm phylogeny: A chart of flowering plant families\""},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/","external_links_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik
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Kim Kyu-sik
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["1 Life and career","1.1 Early life","1.2 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea","1.3 After Korean Liberation","1.4 Death","2 Other information","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Further reading"]
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Korean politician (1881–1950)
In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
The Right HonourableKim Kyu-sik김규식金奎植Kim in 1946Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of KoreaIn officeOctober 1940 – 3 March 1947
Personal detailsBorn(1881-01-29)January 29, 1881Dongrae District, Busan, JoseonDiedDecember 10, 1950(1950-12-10) (aged 69)Manpo, North KoreaEducationRoanoke CollegeReligionPresbyterianismKorean nameHangul김규식Hanja金奎植Revised RomanizationGim GyusikMcCune–ReischauerKim KyusikArt nameHangul우사, 죽적Hanja尤史, 竹笛Revised RomanizationUsa, JukjeokMcCune–ReischauerUsa, ChukchŏkCourtesy nameHangul변갑Revised RomanizationByeon(-)gapMcCune–ReischauerPyŏn'gap
Kim Kyu-sik (Korean: 김규식; Hanja: 金奎植, January 29, 1881 – December 10, 1950), also spelled Kimm Kiusic, was a Korean politician and academic during the Korean independence movement and a leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim served in various roles in the provisional government, including as foreign minister, ambassador, education minister and finally as the vice president from 1940 until the provisional government's dissolution on March 3, 1947. Kim's art names included Usa (우사), Kummun (금문), Kimsong (김성), and Chukchok (죽적).
Life and career
Early life
Kim Kyu-sik (1890s)
Kim was born in Dongnae, now part of modern-day Busan. Orphaned at an early age, Kim studied with American missionary H.G. Underwood starting from the age of 6, taking the Christian name "Johann". He later traveled to the United States, receiving a bachelor's degree from Roanoke College in 1903 and a master's degree in English literature from Princeton University the following year.
In 1905 Kim returned to Korea, teaching widely. Following the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea Kim fled to China in 1913.
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
In 1919 Kim traveled to Paris for the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for Korean independence from Japan. He was sent by Lyuh Woon-Hyung and Chang Duk-soo, who had organized Sinhan Cheongnyeondang in Shanghai in the summer of 1919. His efforts in Paris proved to be futile.
The Korean National Revolutionary Party was formed in Shanghai in 1935 through a grouping of nationalist Korean parties.
Organizers were Kim Kyu-sik, Kim Won-bong and Cho Soang.
Kim was a leading member of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea based in Shanghai, becoming the Vice-President. He was fluent in English and taught English to the Provisional Government's members.
After Korean Liberation
After the post World War II liberation of Korea in 1945, he returned to his homeland to join in the formation of a newly independent state, which was then under the rule of the United States Army Military Government in Korea in the south and the Soviet Civil Authority in the north. Kim was favored by the American occupation leader John R. Hodge, who saw him and Lyuh Woon-Hyung as moderate leaders on the right and left, respectively. In September 1947, the United States and Syngman Rhee et al. pushed to move the Korean question to the newly created United Nations, which voted to allow for elections in the south despite the objections of southern nationalists such as Kim Kyu-sik and Kim Ku as well as from the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, who were opposed because of the non-participation of the North.
Death
After failed efforts to broker reunification in that year, he retired from politics. After the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, he was kidnapped and taken to the North; he reportedly died near Manpo in the far north on December 10.
In May 1988 he was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation, the most prestigious civil decoration in South Korea. He was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize in 1998.
Other information
Educational career
December 17, 1913 in Shanghai, a professor of Barkdal English School
1923 professor of English at Fudan University
1927–1929 In Tianjin, Northern Sea University Professor of English
1932–1937 Nanjing political instructor School, professor of political.
1937–1940 ShChwan College Professor of English Literature, Foreign Languages and Chair, Head of Foreign Language and Literature
Books
Poems, 《Yangjayugyong》(양자유경)
《Small English grammar》
《Practical English》
《Elizabeth I Age's Introduction to Theatre》
《WonYongSa》
Degrees
1903 Roanoke College(Bachelor of Arts)
1904 Master of English Literature(MA) at Princeton University
1923 Honorary Doctor of Law Roanoke College
Awards and recognition
Order of Merit for National Foundation (1988)
National Reunification Prize (1988)
See also
Korea under Japanese rule
PGOTROK
USAMGIK
Kim Seong-su
Pak Hon-yong
Notes
^ a b Eckert, Carter J., Lee, Ki-baik, Lew, Young Ick, Robinson, Michael & Wagner, Edward W. (1990). Korea old and new. Seoul: Ilchokak.
^ Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard (1999), "Korean National Revolutionary Party", Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, Psychology Press, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4, retrieved 2016-03-20
^ "National Reunification Prize Winners", Korean Central News Agency, 1998-05-07, archived from the original on 2013-06-02, retrieved 2012-09-13
Further reading
In Korean language online encyclopedias:
Doosan Encyclopedia (Naver)
Korean language Britannica (Empas) (Map)
Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (Empas)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Kyu-sik.
Political offices
Preceded byRyu Dong-ryeol
Vice Presidents of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1940–1948
Succeeded byProvisional Government dissolved
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Korea
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_name)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"Korean independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"art names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_name"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Kyu-sik (Korean: 김규식; Hanja: 金奎植, January 29, 1881 – December 10, 1950), also spelled Kimm Kiusic, was a Korean politician and academic during the Korean independence movement and a leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim served in various roles in the provisional government, including as foreign minister, ambassador, education minister and finally as the vice president from 1940 until the provisional government's dissolution on March 3, 1947. Kim's art names included Usa (우사), Kummun (금문), Kimsong (김성), and Chukchok (죽적).","title":"Kim Kyu-sik"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_Kyu-sik%27s_teenage.PNG"},{"link_name":"Dongnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongnae-gu"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"},{"link_name":"H.G. Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G._Underwood"},{"link_name":"Christian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_name"},{"link_name":"Roanoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_College"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Japanese annexation of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Kim Kyu-sik (1890s)Kim was born in Dongnae, now part of modern-day Busan. Orphaned at an early age, Kim studied with American missionary H.G. Underwood starting from the age of 6, taking the Christian name \"Johann\". He later traveled to the United States, receiving a bachelor's degree from Roanoke College in 1903 and a master's degree in English literature from Princeton University the following year.In 1905 Kim returned to Korea, teaching widely. Following the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea Kim fled to China in 1913.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"Lyuh Woon-Hyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-Hyung"},{"link_name":"Chang Duk-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chang_Duk-soo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinhan Cheongnyeondang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinhan_Cheongnyeondang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korea_old_and_new-1"},{"link_name":"Korean National Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Kim Won-bong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Won-bong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea"}],"sub_title":"Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea","text":"In 1919 Kim traveled to Paris for the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for Korean independence from Japan. He was sent by Lyuh Woon-Hyung and Chang Duk-soo, who had organized Sinhan Cheongnyeondang in Shanghai in the summer of 1919.[1] His efforts in Paris proved to be futile.The Korean National Revolutionary Party was formed in Shanghai in 1935 through a grouping of nationalist Korean parties.\nOrganizers were Kim Kyu-sik, Kim Won-bong and Cho Soang.[2]Kim was a leading member of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea based in Shanghai, becoming the Vice-President. He was fluent in English and taught English to the Provisional Government's members.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Military Government in Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea"},{"link_name":"Soviet Civil Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Authority"},{"link_name":"John R. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Hodge"},{"link_name":"Lyuh Woon-Hyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-Hyung"},{"link_name":"Syngman Rhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngman_Rhee"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_election_of_1948"},{"link_name":"Kim Ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ku"},{"link_name":"Provisional People's Committee of North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korea_old_and_new-1"}],"sub_title":"After Korean Liberation","text":"After the post World War II liberation of Korea in 1945, he returned to his homeland to join in the formation of a newly independent state, which was then under the rule of the United States Army Military Government in Korea in the south and the Soviet Civil Authority in the north. Kim was favored by the American occupation leader John R. Hodge, who saw him and Lyuh Woon-Hyung as moderate leaders on the right and left, respectively. In September 1947, the United States and Syngman Rhee et al. pushed to move the Korean question to the newly created United Nations, which voted to allow for elections in the south despite the objections of southern nationalists such as Kim Kyu-sik and Kim Ku as well as from the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, who were opposed because of the non-participation of the North.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Manpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpo"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit for National Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_National_Foundation"},{"link_name":"National Reunification Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reunification_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcna19980507national-3"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"After failed efforts to broker reunification in that year, he retired from politics. After the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, he was kidnapped and taken to the North; he reportedly died near Manpo in the far north on December 10.In May 1988 he was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation, the most prestigious civil decoration in South Korea. He was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize in 1998.[3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roanoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_College"},{"link_name":"Master of English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Roanoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_College"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit for National Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_National_Foundation"},{"link_name":"National Reunification Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reunification_Prize"}],"text":"Educational careerDecember 17, 1913 in Shanghai, a professor of Barkdal English School\n1923 professor of English at Fudan University\n1927–1929 In Tianjin, Northern Sea University Professor of English\n1932–1937 Nanjing political instructor School, professor of political.\n1937–1940 ShChwan College Professor of English Literature, Foreign Languages and Chair, Head of Foreign Language and LiteratureBooksPoems, 《Yangjayugyong》(양자유경)\n《Small English grammar》\n《Practical English》\n《Elizabeth I Age's Introduction to Theatre》\n《WonYongSa》Degrees1903 Roanoke College(Bachelor of Arts)\n1904 Master of English Literature(MA) at Princeton University\n1923 Honorary Doctor of Law Roanoke CollegeAwards and recognitionOrder of Merit for National Foundation (1988)\nNational Reunification Prize (1988)","title":"Other information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Korea_old_and_new_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Korea_old_and_new_1-1"},{"link_name":"Eckert, Carter J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_J._Eckert"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Korean National Revolutionary Party\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=e7pyBEWioLsC&pg=PA236"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7007-0464-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0464-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kcna19980507national_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Reunification Prize Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130602043554/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9805/news05/07.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9805/news05/07.htm"}],"text":"^ a b Eckert, Carter J., Lee, Ki-baik, Lew, Young Ick, Robinson, Michael & Wagner, Edward W. (1990). Korea old and new. Seoul: Ilchokak.\n\n^ Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard (1999), \"Korean National Revolutionary Party\", Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, Psychology Press, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4, retrieved 2016-03-20\n\n^ \"National Reunification Prize Winners\", Korean Central News Agency, 1998-05-07, archived from the original on 2013-06-02, retrieved 2012-09-13","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Doosan Encyclopedia (Naver)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=30520"},{"link_name":"Korean language Britannica (Empas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=119185"},{"link_name":"Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//100.empas.com/dicsearch/pimage.html?i=119185001&en=119185"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (Empas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=245914"},{"link_name":"Kim Kyu-sik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Kyu-sik"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214259#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/66737/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000082403970"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/57927718"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRHGHPFbmc3cK84cp9Dq"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81007220"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201618999"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/234299282"}],"text":"In Korean language online encyclopedias:\nDoosan Encyclopedia (Naver)\nKorean language Britannica (Empas) (Map)\nEncyclopedia of Korean Culture (Empas)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Kyu-sik.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nKorea\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Kim Kyu-sik (1890s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kim_Kyu-sik%27s_teenage.PNG/97px-Kim_Kyu-sik%27s_teenage.PNG"}]
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[{"title":"Korea under Japanese rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"title":"PGOTROK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea"},{"title":"USAMGIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAMGIK"},{"title":"Kim Seong-su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Seong-su_(journalist)"},{"title":"Pak Hon-yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Hon-yong"}]
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[{"reference":"Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard (1999), \"Korean National Revolutionary Party\", Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, Psychology Press, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4, retrieved 2016-03-20","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e7pyBEWioLsC&pg=PA236","url_text":"\"Korean National Revolutionary Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0464-4","url_text":"978-0-7007-0464-4"}]},{"reference":"\"National Reunification Prize Winners\", Korean Central News Agency, 1998-05-07, archived from the original on 2013-06-02, retrieved 2012-09-13","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602043554/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9805/news05/07.htm","url_text":"\"National Reunification Prize Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9805/news05/07.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheik_Steps_Out
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The Sheik Steps Out
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1937 film by Irving Pichel
The Sheik Steps OutTheatrical release posterDirected byIrving PichelScreenplay byAdele BuffingtonGordon KahnProduced byHerman SchlomStarringRamon NovarroLola LaneGene LockhartKathleen BurkeStanley FieldsBilly BevanCinematographyJack A. MartaEdited byErnest J. NimsMurray SeldeenMusic byAlberto ColomboProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date
September 6, 1937 (1937-09-06)
Running time65 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Sheik Steps Out is a 1937 American musical film directed by Irving Pichel and written by Adele Buffington and Gordon Kahn. The film stars Ramon Novarro, Lola Lane, Gene Lockhart, Kathleen Burke, Stanley Fields and Billy Bevan. The film was released on September 6, 1937, by Republic Pictures.
Plot
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cast
Ramon Novarro as Ahmed Ben Nesib
Lola Lane as Phyllis 'Flip' Murdock
Gene Lockhart as Samuel P. Murdock
Kathleen Burke as Gloria Parker
Stanley Fields as Abu Saal
Billy Bevan as Munson
Charlotte Treadway as Polly Parker
Robert Coote as Lord Eustace Byington
Leonid Kinskey as Allusi Ali
Georges Renavent as Count Mario
Jamiel Hasson as Kisub
C. Montague Shaw as Dr. Peabody - Minister
George Sorel as Lt. Bordeaux
References
^ "The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
^ Sandra Brennan. "The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Irving Pichel". AllMovie. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
^ "The Sheik Steps Out". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
External links
The Sheik Steps Out at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Irving Pichel
The Most Dangerous Game (1932)
Before Dawn (1933)
She (1935)
The Gentleman from Louisiana (1936)
Beware of Ladies (1936)
Larceny on the Air (1937)
The Sheik Steps Out (1937)
The Duke Comes Back (1937)
The Great Commandment (1939)
The Man I Married (1940)
Earthbound (1940)
Hudson's Bay (1941)
Dance Hall (1941)
Secret Agent of Japan (1942)
The Pied Piper (1942)
Life Begins at Eight-Thirty (1942)
The Moon Is Down (1943)
Happy Land (1943)
And Now Tomorrow (1944)
A Medal for Benny (1945)
Tomorrow Is Forever (1946)
Colonel Effingham's Raid (1946)
The Bride Wore Boots (1946)
O.S.S. (1946)
Temptation (1946)
They Won't Believe Me (1947)
Something in the Wind (1947)
The Miracle of the Bells (1948)
Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948)
Without Honor (1949)
The Great Rupert (1950)
Quicksand (1950)
Destination Moon (1950)
Santa Fe (1951)
Martin Luther (1953)
Day of Triumph (1954)
This article about a musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Irving Pichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Pichel"},{"link_name":"Adele Buffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Buffington"},{"link_name":"Gordon Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Ramon Novarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Novarro"},{"link_name":"Lola Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Lane_(actress/singer)"},{"link_name":"Gene Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Burke"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fields_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Sheik Steps Out is a 1937 American musical film directed by Irving Pichel and written by Adele Buffington and Gordon Kahn. The film stars Ramon Novarro, Lola Lane, Gene Lockhart, Kathleen Burke, Stanley Fields and Billy Bevan. The film was released on September 6, 1937, by Republic Pictures.[1][2][3]","title":"The Sheik Steps Out"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramon Novarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Novarro"},{"link_name":"Lola Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Lane_(actress/singer)"},{"link_name":"Gene Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Burke"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fields_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Robert Coote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coote"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kinskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kinskey"},{"link_name":"Georges Renavent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Renavent"},{"link_name":"C. Montague Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Montague_Shaw"}],"text":"Ramon Novarro as Ahmed Ben Nesib\nLola Lane as Phyllis 'Flip' Murdock\nGene Lockhart as Samuel P. Murdock\nKathleen Burke as Gloria Parker\nStanley Fields as Abu Saal\nBilly Bevan as Munson\nCharlotte Treadway as Polly Parker\nRobert Coote as Lord Eustace Byington\nLeonid Kinskey as Allusi Ali\nGeorges Renavent as Count Mario\nJamiel Hasson as Kisub\nC. Montague Shaw as Dr. Peabody - Minister\nGeorge Sorel as Lt. Bordeaux","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89890/The-Sheik-Steps-Out/","url_text":"\"The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Sandra Brennan. \"The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Irving Pichel\". AllMovie. Retrieved 2018-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-sheik-steps-out-v109853","url_text":"\"The Sheik Steps Out (1937) - Irving Pichel\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sheik Steps Out\". Afi.com. Retrieved 2015-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=5839","url_text":"\"The Sheik Steps Out\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(disambiguation)
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Mount Nebo (disambiguation)
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["1 Australia","2 Ireland","3 Philippines","4 United States","5 Other uses","6 See also"]
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Mount Nebo is a mountain in the present-day Western Jordan on which, according to the Bible, the prophet Moses died.
Mount Nebo may also refer to:
Australia
Mount Nebo (Queensland), a rural locality, and part of the D'Aguilar Range, Queensland
Mount Nebo (New South Wales), a hill near Wollongong and part of the foothills of Mount Keira
Ireland
Raheencullen or Mount Nebo, an estate of John Hunter Gowan II near Craanford in north County Wexford
Philippines
Mount Nebo, Bukidnon, a barangay of Valencia City, Bukidnon
United States
Mount Nebo (Arkansas), south of the Arkansas River in central Arkansas, home of Mount Nebo State Park
Mount Nebo (Poolesville, Maryland)
Mount Nebo (Minnesota), a large hill in Todd County, central Minnesota
Mount Nebo (New York), a mountain in the Catskills
Mount Nebo Archaeological District, a group of archaeological sites in Ohio
Mount Nebo (Oregon), at the boundary of the Eagle Cap Wilderness
Mount Nebo, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Mount Nebo, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a place in Pennsylvania
Mount Nebo, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, a place in Pennsylvania
Mount Nebo (Utah), the highest point in the Wasatch Range of Utah
Mount Nebo, Nicholas County, West Virginia
Mount Nebo, Preston County, West Virginia
Other uses
Mount Nebo Cemetery, Carlton, Clarke County, Alabama
See also
Naboo, fictional place in Star Wars
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mount Nebo.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mount Nebo may also refer to:","title":"Mount Nebo (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Queensland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (New South Wales)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(New_South_Wales)"}],"text":"Mount Nebo (Queensland), a rural locality, and part of the D'Aguilar Range, Queensland\nMount Nebo (New South Wales), a hill near Wollongong and part of the foothills of Mount Keira","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raheencullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raheencullen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Hunter Gowan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_Gowan_II"}],"text":"Raheencullen or Mount Nebo, an estate of John Hunter Gowan II near Craanford in north County Wexford","title":"Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Bukidnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo,_Bukidnon"}],"text":"Mount Nebo, Bukidnon, a barangay of Valencia City, Bukidnon","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Arkansas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Poolesville, Maryland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Poolesville,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Minnesota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo Archaeological District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_Archaeological_District"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Oregon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Nebo,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"place in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Pennsylvania:_M"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Nebo,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"place in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Pennsylvania:_M"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo (Utah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Nicholas County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo,_Nicholas_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo, Preston County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo,_Preston_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Mount Nebo (Arkansas), south of the Arkansas River in central Arkansas, home of Mount Nebo State Park\nMount Nebo (Poolesville, Maryland)\nMount Nebo (Minnesota), a large hill in Todd County, central Minnesota\nMount Nebo (New York), a mountain in the Catskills\nMount Nebo Archaeological District, a group of archaeological sites in Ohio\nMount Nebo (Oregon), at the boundary of the Eagle Cap Wilderness\nMount Nebo, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania\nMount Nebo, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a place in Pennsylvania\nMount Nebo, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, a place in Pennsylvania\nMount Nebo (Utah), the highest point in the Wasatch Range of Utah\nMount Nebo, Nicholas County, West Virginia\nMount Nebo, Preston County, West Virginia","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Nebo Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo_Cemetery"}],"text":"Mount Nebo Cemetery, Carlton, Clarke County, Alabama","title":"Other uses"}]
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[{"title":"Naboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mount_Nebo_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mount_Nebo_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_Bonnier
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Åke Bonnier
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Views and theological profile","4 Personal life","5 Recognition","6 References","7 External links"]
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The Right ReverendÅke BonnierBishop of SkaraBonnier in 2009 in StockholmChurchChurch of SwedenDioceseSkaraElected2012In office2012–presentPredecessorErik AureliusOrdersOrdinationJune 1984Consecration26 August 2012by Anders WejrydPersonal detailsBorn (1957-12-11) 11 December 1957 (age 66)Stockholm, SwedenNationalitySwedeDenominationLutheranSpouseKristina Gustafsson (since 1981)ChildrenAnnaElinPrevious post(s)Dean of Stockholm Cathedral (2006-2012)MottoGe Jesus äranCoat of arms
Åke Gabriel Bonnier (born 11 December 1957) is Bishop of Skara in the Church of Sweden since September 2012. Through inheritance, he is also the second largest owner of the Bonnier group.
Early life
Bonnier was born and grew up in Stockholm where his father, Gerard Bonnier, belonged to the wealthy Bonnier family. His father was of partly Jewish descent and his mother was a member of the Church of Sweden, while his maternal grandmother converted from the Church of Sweden to Catholicism. He was baptised as child, but did not have a religious upbringing. His interest in Christianity started in his youth: he cites a book by Stockholm's bishop Ingmar Ström as an inspiration which led him choose to be confirmed in the Church of Sweden. He says of his wealth: "It is a great pleasure to belong to the Bonnier family, and at the same time a responsibility to have this money. The managerial responsibility is also an issue for us as Christians".
Career
After having been involved in and leader of the Church's youth organisation Kyrkans unge and volunteering a year in Church of Sweden, he started studying theology and was ordained priest in Storkyrkan in 1984.
He subsequently held various pastoral positions in the Church of Sweden; from 1986 to 2006 in the Congregation of Lidingö. He served as dean of Stockholm from 2006 to 2009.
Bonnier was one of the officiants at the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling in 2009 and at the baptism of Princess Estelle.
He was ordained bishop by Archbishop Anders Wejryd in Uppsala Cathedral in August 2012. Crown Princess Victoria attended the ceremony.
Bonnier is on the Board of Directors of Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota. He also belongs to the Focolare Movement and has been chairman of the Friends of the Thiel Gallery.
Views and theological profile
Bonnier has been a member of the Focolare Movement since 1988. He has attended Stockholm Pride and believes the LGBT movement should have a place in the church.
He became member of the leadership for the yearly march Jesusmanifestationen (English: The Jesus manifestation) in 2008, but left the leadership in 2009 citing concern about his participation among Evangelical Christians who had criticized him for defending the art exhibition Uppenbar(a)—which showed controversial art with Christian motives—and for being liberal on LGBT issues.
Having moved from Stockholm to Skara as a result of being appointed bishop, Bonnier criticized Swedish authorities in 2013 for discriminating against people outside large cities by providing insufficient public services and infrastructure in these areas and offering fewer jobs in the public sector there.
Personal life
Åke Bonnier is married to Kristina Gustafsson Bonnier who is a social worker and has two daughters, one of which is Anna Rantala Bonnier . He is the second biggest owner of the Bonnier Group. He was listed by Veckans Affärer as the 64th richest man in Sweden in 2012 with a fortune of 2.1 billion Swedish kronor (US$345 million as of January 2014). His siblings Eva, Pontus, and Karl-Otto Bonnier, have top positions in the Bonnier group.
Recognition
Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (2008)
References
^ a b Evelina Myrbäck (15 November 2012) Åke Bonnier valde ett annat liv Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 2 January 2013 (in Swedish)
^ Maria Carlsson (22 January 2005) Lillebror slapp gå i pappas fotspår Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 6 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ a b c d e Storstadens son längtar efter att bli biskop Skövde Nyheter. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ a b Annika Sjöqvist Platzer (Han längtar till sitt nya stift Svenska Kyrkan. Retrieved 2 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ Emanuel Karlsten (24 April 2009) Åke Bonnier – arvtagaren som sa nej Dagen. Retrieved 8 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ a b c Curriculum Vitae Svenskakyrkan.se. Retrieved 2 January 2014
^ Marlene W Antonson (21 April 2009)
I dag kan Stockholms nya biskop väljas Dagen. Retrieved 8 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ Thomas Manfredh, Emanuel Karlsten (24 August 2009) Här är prästerna som ska viga Victoria och Daniel Dagen. Retrieved 2 January 2013
^ Kerstin Doyle (26 August 2012) Åke Bonnier har nu blivit biskop i Skara Dagen. Retrieved 2 January 2013 (in Swedish)
^ Bonnier lämnar Jesusmanifestationen Kyrkans Tidning. Retrieved 6 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ Åke Bonnier (18 August 2013) ”Är människorna mer värda i storstaden än på landet?” Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 6 January 2014 (in Swedish)
^ a b Sveriges 119 mmiljardar 60–69 Veckans Affärer. Retrieved 2 January 2013 (in Swedish)
^ Isaac Pineus (1 February 2005) Doldisarna som styr bakom Braun Affärsvärlden. Retrieved 2 January 2014 (in Swedish).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Åke Bonnier den yngre.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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Through inheritance, he is also the second largest owner of the Bonnier group.","title":"Åke Bonnier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Bonnier family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-3"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Ström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Str%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"confirmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sk-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-3"}],"text":"Bonnier was born and grew up in Stockholm where his father, Gerard Bonnier, belonged to the wealthy Bonnier family.[1][2] His father was of partly Jewish descent and his mother was a member of the Church of Sweden, while his maternal grandmother converted from the Church of Sweden to Catholicism. He was baptised as child,[3] but did not have a religious upbringing. His interest in Christianity started in his youth: he cites a book by Stockholm's bishop Ingmar Ström as an inspiration which led him choose to be confirmed in the Church of Sweden.[3][4] He says of his wealth: \"It is a great pleasure to belong to the Bonnier family, and at the same time a responsibility to have this money. The managerial responsibility is also an issue for us as Christians\".[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storkyrkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkyrkan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sk-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lidingö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liding%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"wedding of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Victoria,_Crown_Princess_of_Sweden,_and_Daniel_Westling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Princess Estelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Estelle,_Duchess_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-3"},{"link_name":"Anders Wejryd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Wejryd"},{"link_name":"Uppsala Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Crown Princess Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Princess_Victoria_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Focolare Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focolare_Movement"},{"link_name":"Thiel Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiel_Gallery"}],"text":"After having been involved in and leader of the Church's youth organisation Kyrkans unge and volunteering a year in Church of Sweden, he started studying theology and was ordained priest in Storkyrkan in 1984.[4][5]He subsequently held various pastoral positions in the Church of Sweden; from 1986 to 2006 in the Congregation of Lidingö. He served as dean of Stockholm from 2006 to 2009.[6][7]Bonnier was one of the officiants at the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling in 2009[8] and at the baptism of Princess Estelle.[3]He was ordained bishop by Archbishop Anders Wejryd in Uppsala Cathedral in August 2012. Crown Princess Victoria attended the ceremony.[9]Bonnier is on the Board of Directors of Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota. He also belongs to the Focolare Movement and has been chairman of the Friends of the Thiel Gallery.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Focolare Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focolare_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-6"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Pride"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Skara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skara"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Bonnier has been a member of the Focolare Movement since 1988.[6] He has attended Stockholm Pride and believes the LGBT movement should have a place in the church.[3]He became member of the leadership for the yearly march Jesusmanifestationen (English: The Jesus manifestation) in 2008, but left the leadership in 2009 citing concern about his participation among Evangelical Christians who had criticized him for defending the art exhibition Uppenbar(a)—which showed controversial art with Christian motives—and for being liberal on LGBT issues.[10]Having moved from Stockholm to Skara as a result of being appointed bishop, Bonnier criticized Swedish authorities in 2013 for discriminating against people outside large cities by providing insufficient public services and infrastructure in these areas and offering fewer jobs in the public sector there.[11]","title":"Views and theological profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna Rantala Bonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Rantala_Bonnier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Rantala_Bonnier"},{"link_name":"Bonnier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-va-12"},{"link_name":"Veckans Affärer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veckans_Aff%C3%A4rer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-va-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Åke Bonnier is married to Kristina Gustafsson Bonnier who is a social worker and has two daughters, one of which is Anna Rantala Bonnier [sv]. He is the second biggest owner of the Bonnier Group.[12] He was listed by Veckans Affärer as the 64th richest man in Sweden in 2012 with a fortune of 2.1 billion Swedish kronor[12] (US$345 million as of January 2014). His siblings Eva, Pontus, and Karl-Otto Bonnier, have top positions in the Bonnier group.[1][13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of St. Gregory the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-6"}],"text":"Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (2008)[6]","title":"Recognition"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Kaloum_Star
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AS Kaloum Star
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["1 Achievements","1.1 National","1.2 International","2 Performance in CAF competitions","3 Statistics","4 Current squad","5 Chairmen","6 Managers","7 References"]
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Guinean football club
Football clubAS KaloumFull nameAssociation Sportive KaloumNickname(s)A.S.K.Founded1958GroundStade de la MissionConakry, GuineaCapacity1,000ChairmanAboubacar SampilManagerIvan MinnaertLeagueLigue 1 Pro2022–2310th place
Home colours
Away colours
Association Sportive Kaloum , also known as A.S.K, is a football club based in Conakry, Guinea. In the 1960s A.S.K was known as Conakry I, and won three titles under that name.
Due to the problems in sponsoring in 2008, the club was relegated to Ligue 2.
Achievements
National
Guinée Championnat National: 13
Champion: 1965, 1969, 1970, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2014
Guinée Coupe Nationale: 7
Winner:: 1985, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2015
Guinée Super Coupe: 1
Winner: 2015
Tournoi Ruski Alumini: 2
2003, 2007
International
CAF Cup: 0
Runner-up: 1992
UFOA Cup: 0
Runner-up: 1977
Performance in CAF competitions
Kaloum Star's results in CAF competition
Season
Competition
Qualification method
Round
Opposition
Home
Away
Aggregate
1966
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
Preliminary Round
US Gorée
canc.
canc
w/o1
First round
AS Real Bamako
2–3
2–1
3–5
1970
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
Second Round
ASC Jeanne d'Arc
3–1
2–1
4–3
Quarter-finals
Stade d'Abidjan
4–3
1–1
5–4
Semi-finals
TP Englebert
1–2
3–1
5–2
1971
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First round
Enugu Rangers
3–3
2–1
5–4
1976
CAF Cup Winners' Cup
First round
RC Kadiogo
7–0
1–0
7–1
Second round
Tonnerre Yaoundé
1–2
0–0
1–2
1977
CAF Cup Winners' Cup
First round
Kadiogo FC
1–1
2–1
2–3
1981
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First round
Starlight Banjul
2–1
0–1
3–1
Second round
Asante Kotoko
4–1
1–0
2–4
Quarter-finals
ASEC Mimosas
2–1
1–2
3–3 (a)
Semi-finals
AS Vita Club
0–0
1–0
0–1
1982
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
Preliminary Round
Real Republicans
3–0
1–0
4–0
First round
Enugu Rangers
0–0
1–0
0–1
1985
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First Round
Real Republicans
1–0
2–2
3–2
Second round
Enugu Rangers
2–0
3–1
3–3 (a)
Quarter-finals
FAR Rabat
3–0
3–0
3–3 (1–3 p)
1986
CAF Cup Winners' Cup
Guinean cup winners
First round
Difaa El Jadida
1–0
2–0
1–2
1988
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First round
Africa Sports
0–2
3–1
1–5
1990
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Preliminary Round
Benfica Bissau
2–0
1–0
2–1
First round
FAR Rabat
1–1
4–0
1–5
1992
CAF Cup
First round
ASMO Libreville
3–1
5–1
4–6
1994
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First round
AS Tempête Mocaf
1–0
3–0
1–3
1995
CAF Cup
First round
Africa Sports
0–1
3–4
4–4 (a)
Second round
1º de Maio
0–1
0–1
1–1 (4–2 p)
Quarter-finals
Asante Kotoko
0–0
2–3
2–2 (a)
Semi-finals
Inter Club Brazzaville
1–0
1–0
1–1 (a)
Finals
ES Sahel
0–0
2–0
0–2
1996
African Cup of Champions Clubs
Guinean champions
First round
ASC Diaraf
1–1
0–0
1–1 (a)
1997
CAF Champions League
Guinean champions
First round
Udoji United
1–1
3–1
2–4
1998
CAF Cup Winners' Cup
Guinean cup winners
First round
Mbilinga FC
2–1
1–0
2–2 (a)
1999
CAF Champions League
Guinean champions
Preliminary Round
Real de Bajul
1–1
0–2
3–1
First round
Shooting Stars
3–0
6–0
3–6
2002
CAF Cup Winners' Cup
Guinean cup winners
First round
AS Mangasport
1–1
1–1
1–1 (4–3 pen)
2003
CAF Cup
First round
SONACOS Diourbel
0–0
0–0
0–0 (2–4 p)
2006
CAF Confederation Cup
Guinean Cup winners
First round
Haras El Hodood
0–1
6–0
0–7
2008
CAF Champions League
Guinean champions
Preliminary Round
Invincible Eleven
canc.
canc.
w/o2
First round
ASEC Mimosas
1–1
0–0
1–1 (a)
2015
CAF Champions League
Guinean champions
Preliminary Round
Séwé Sports
1–0
1–2
3–1
First round
ZESCO United
1–1
1–1
1–1 (5–4 p)
Second round
USM Alger
1–1
2–1
2–3
CAF Confederation Cup
Guinean championship runner-up
First round
Orlando Pirates
0–2
4–1
1–6
2016
CAF Confederation Cup
Guinean Cup winners
First round
Stade Gabésien
0–0
2–1
1–2
2017
CAF Confederation Cup
Guinean Cup runner-up–
First round
IR Tanger
1–0
3–0
1–3
1 US Gorée withdrew
2 Invincible Eleven withdrew
Statistics
Best position: Semifinalist (continental)
Best position at cup competitions: Quarterfinals
Appearances at the CAF championship competitions: 14
Appearances at the CAF cup competitions: 10
Best position at the CAF Cup: Finalist
Appearances at the CAF Cup: 3
Total goals scored at the CAF championship competitions: 64
Total matches played at the CAF Cup: 12
Total home matches played at the CAF Cup: 6
Total away matches played at the CAF Cup: 6
Current squad
As of March 2015.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
FW
GUI
Aboubacar Iyanga Sylla
2
GK
GUI
M'Bemba Camara
3
DF
GUI
Abdoul Aziz Keita
4
DF
GUI
Babacar Camara
5
MF
MLI
Mandala Konté
6
DF
SEN
Souleymane Badji
7
MF
MLI
Cheick Oumar Ballo
8
MF
GUI
Ibrahima Sory Soumah
9
DF
GUI
Alseny Camara Cantona
10
FW
GUI
Rachid Toure
11
FW
SEN
Moussa Diawara
12
FW
GUI
Alsény Camara Agogo
13
DF
GUI
Alseny Bangoura
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
14
MF
CIV
Kevin Zougoula
16
DF
BFA
Issa Gouo
17
FW
CIV
Alain Jaques Tano
18
GK
GUI
Youssouf Toure
19
DF
CIV
Ben Adama Banh
20
MF
GUI
Mohamed Thiam
21
MF
GUI
Thomas Bangoura
22
DF
GUI
M'bemba Sylla
23
FW
BFA
Saidou Sow
24
FW
GUI
Malick Soumah
25
MF
MLI
Mamadou Kouyate
Chairmen
Bouba Sampil Camara
Aboubacar Sampil
Managers
Pascal Janin (in 2014)
François Zaoui
References
^ Championnat Ligue 1 : l'AS Kaloum exclue le 13/03/2008 (Championnat Ligue 1: AS Kaloum Excluded on March 13, 2008) (in French)
^ AS Kaloum Star won the first three titles in the (1965, 1969 & 1970) under the name of Conakry I
^ Stage d’Abidjan : l’AS Kaloum fortement remanié va démarrer la nouvelle saison. Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Guineenews.org. (in French)
vte Ligue 1 ProSeasons
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2021–22 teams
Ashanti GB
AS Kaloum
CI Kamsar
Académie SOAR
Eléphant de Coléah
FC Séquence
Fello Star
Flamme Olympique FC
Hafia FC
Horoya AC
Loubha Télimélé
Milo FC
Satellite FC
Wakriya AC
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Football clubAssociation Sportive Kaloum , also known as A.S.K, is a football club based in Conakry, Guinea. In the 1960s A.S.K was known as Conakry I, and won three titles under that name.Due to the problems in sponsoring in 2008, the club was relegated to Ligue 2.[1]","title":"AS Kaloum Star"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinée Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guin%C3%A9e_Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guinée Coupe Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guin%C3%A9e_Coupe_Nationale"},{"link_name":"Guinée Super Coupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guin%C3%A9e_Super_Coupe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tournoi Ruski Alumini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tournoi_Ruski_Alumini&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Guinée Championnat National: 13\nChampion:[2] 1965, 1969, 1970, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2014\nGuinée Coupe Nationale: 7\nWinner:: 1985, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2015\nGuinée Super Coupe: 1\nWinner: 2015\nTournoi Ruski Alumini: 2\n2003, 2007","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAF Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Cup"},{"link_name":"UFOA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Club_Championship"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"CAF Cup: 0\nRunner-up: 1992\nUFOA Cup: 0\nRunner-up: 1977","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1 US Gorée withdrew\n2 Invincible Eleven withdrew","title":"Performance in CAF competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Best position: Semifinalist (continental)\nBest position at cup competitions: Quarterfinals\nAppearances at the CAF championship competitions: 14\nAppearances at the CAF cup competitions: 10\nBest position at the CAF Cup: Finalist\nAppearances at the CAF Cup: 3\nTotal goals scored at the CAF championship competitions: 64\nTotal matches played at the CAF Cup: 12\nTotal home matches played at the CAF Cup: 6\nTotal away matches played at the CAF Cup: 6","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of March 2015.[3]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bouba Sampil Camara\nAboubacar Sampil","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pascal Janin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Janin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"}],"text":"Pascal Janin (in 2014)\n François Zaoui","title":"Managers"}]
|
[]
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[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.aminata.com/politique-mainmenu-44/2485-championnat-ligue-1--las-kaloum-exclue-","external_links_name":"Championnat Ligue 1 : l'AS Kaloum exclue le 13/03/2008 (Championnat Ligue 1: AS Kaloum Excluded on March 13, 2008)"},{"Link":"http://guineenews.org/2013/11/stage-dabidjan-las-kaloum-fortement-remanie-va-demarrer-la-nouvelle-saison/","external_links_name":"Stage d’Abidjan : l’AS Kaloum fortement remanié va démarrer la nouvelle saison."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144426/http://guineenews.org/2013/11/stage-dabidjan-las-kaloum-fortement-remanie-va-demarrer-la-nouvelle-saison/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158588006","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro
|
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro
|
["1 History","2 Electoral performance","2.1 Parliamentary elections","2.2 Presidential elections","3 Positions held","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Political party in Montenegro
Social Democratic Party Socijaldemokratska partijaСоцијалдемократска партијаPresidentIvan VujovićHonorary PresidentRanko KrivokapićFoundersŽarko RakčevićLjubiša StankovićDragiša BurzanFounded12 June 1993HeadquartersPodgoricaYouth wingForum mladih SDP Crne GoreIdeologyMontenegrin nationalismPro-EuropeanismSocial democracyPolitical positionCentre-leftEuropean affiliationParty of European Socialists (associate)International affiliationProgressive AllianceSocialist InternationalParliament0 / 81
Mayors1 / 25
Local Parliaments34 / 847
Websitesdp.co.mePolitics of MontenegroPolitical partiesElections
Not to be confused with Social Democrats of Montenegro.
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Социјалдемократска партија Црне Горе, romanized: Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore; or just the Social Democratic Party, abbr. SDP) is a nationalist and social democratic political party in Montenegro. It is the only party in Montenegro to have full membership in the Socialist International. From 1998 until the 2016 coalition split, it was a minor coalition partner of the Democratic Party of Socialists, that led Montenegro from the introduction of the multi-party system until the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election.
History
On 14 July 1991, members of Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia (SRSJ) from four coastal municipalities in the SR Montenegro, Herceg Novi, Kotor, Tivat and Budva, who were subsequently joined by reformists from Cetinje, formed the first regional Montenegrin political party - the Alliance of Reformists of the Montenegrin Coastline with Miodrag Marović as President. On 7 July 1992, the League united with Žarko Rakčević's Party of Socialists desiring to create a major Montenegrin party, forming the Social Democratic Party of Reformists (SDPR). Finally, on 12 June 1993, the Independent Organization of Communists of Bar, the Alliance of Reform forces of Yugoslavia for Montenegro and the Party of National Tolerance merged into it, forming the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro and uniting the forces that opposed the policies of the Milošević regime during the Yugoslav wars. Eventually, Yugoslav People's Party and Old Yugoslav People's Party also merged into SDP in the following years. Notable founders include Žarko Rakčević, Dragiša Burzan and Ljubiša Stanković.
When the policies of the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) turned towards the goal of full independence for Montenegro, DPS and SDP started working closely together to achieve this goal. Allying itself with the DPS and Đukanović ahead of the 1998 parliamentary elections allowed the SDP to enter the parliament for the first time in its history. Since the 1998 election, SDP has continued to a minor coalition partner of DPS and a part of every Montenegrin government between 1998 and 2015. The goal of restoration of the Montenegrin independence was achieved following the victory in a referendum held on 21 May 2006. President of the Parliament of Montenegro from 2003 to 2016, Ranko Krivokapić, officially proclaimed the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006.
Following the shift of the party towards a more critical and independent political course, in Autumn 2015 the pro-DPS faction of SDP formed a new party named Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD). On 22 January 2016, SDP officially left the ruling coalition with DPS and announced its support for a vote of no confidence against the government of Milo Đukanović on 25 January 2016. In the following 2016 parliamentary election SDP ran independently for the first time since 1996, and retained its parliamentary status, winning 5.23% of votes.
At the 2018 presidential elections, SDP nominated its MP Draginja Vuksanović, who was the first female presidential candidate in the history of Montenegro. Vuksanović finished third, winning 8.2% of the votes. On 29 June 2019, after Krivokapić resignation, Vuksanović was elected new president of the Party, making her the only female president of a Montenegrin political party, at the time. On this occasion, former President Krivokapic has been named honorary president.
Electoral performance
Parliamentary elections
Election
Party leader
Performance
Alliance
Government
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
1992
Miodrag Marović
13.002
4.10%
4 / 85
New
—
Opposition
1996
Žarko Rakčević
16,708
5.66%
0 / 71
4
—
Extra-parliamentary
1998
170,080
48.87%
5 / 78
5
ECG
Coalition
2001
153,946
42.04%
6 / 77
1
ECG
Coalition
2002
Ranko Krivokapić
167,166
48.0%
7 / 75
1
ECG
Coalition
2006
164,737
48.62%
7 / 81
0
ECG
Coalition
2009
168,290
51.9%
9 / 81
2
ECG
Coalition
2012
165,380
45.60%
6 / 81
3
ECG
Coalition 2012–15
Opposition 2015–16
2016
20,011
5.23%
4 / 81
2
—
Opposition
2020
Draginja Vuksanović
12,835
3.14%
2 / 81
2
—
Opposition 2020–22
Coalition 2022
Opposition 2022–23
2023
Raško Konjević
9,010
2.98%
0 / 81
2
—
Extra-parliamentary
^ Formally run as Social Democratic Party of Reformists (SDPR). Shortly after the election, the SDPR merged withextra-parliamentary Socialist Party (SP) to form Social Democratic Party (SDP). SDPR-elected MPs joined thenewly-formed SDP's parliamentary group.
Presidential elections
President of Montenegro
Election year
Candidate
#
1st round votes
%
#
2nd round votes
%
Notes
1997
Milo Đukanović
2nd
145,348
46.71%
1st
174,745
50.79
DPS, support
2003
Filip Vujanović
1st
139,574
64.2%
—
—
—
ECG, support
2008
Filip Vujanović
1st
171,118
51.89%
—
—
—
ECG, support
2018
Draginja Vuksanović
3rd
27,441
8.20%
—
—
—
2023
Draginja Vuksanović
5th
10,669
3.15%
—
—
—
Positions held
Major positions held by Social Democratic Party of Montenegro members:
President of the Parliament of Montenegro
Years
Ranko Krivokapić
2003–2016
References
^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Montenegro". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
^ "Montenegro".
^ "Parties & Organisations". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ "Full list of member parties and organisations". Socialist International. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ SDP Crna Gora - Istorijat
^ Vuksanović poručila da neće odustati od kandidature, Vijesti, 14 April 2018
External links
Official site
vtePolitical parties in Montenegro Parliament
PES (20)
DPS (17)
NSD (9)
DCG (7)
BS (6)
DNP (4)
URA (4)
SD (3)
SNP (2)
Independents (2)
ASh/AA (1)
Civis (1)
HGI (1)
LDsh (1)
UDSh/DUA (1)
FORCA (1)
UCG (1)
Notable parties without seats
DHP
GI 21M
HRS
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PD
DSS
DEMOS
SCG
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LP
PZP
NL
NP
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SDP
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SCG
RP
JKP
Historical/Defunct
Klubaši
Pravaši
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DS
CFS
SK CG
SRSJ
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LSCG
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JUL
OSS
SNS
NS CG
NSS
ZSS
GP
PDP
DCB
DC
PCG
SL
CDU/Cg
DSJ
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of Montenegro
vteParty of European SocialistsEuropean Parliament group: Progressive Alliance of Socialists and DemocratsPartiesMember states
SPÖ
PS
V
BSP/БСП
SDP
EDEK/ΕΔΕΚ
SOCDEM
A
SDE
SDP
PS
SPD
PA.SO.K./ΠΑ.ΣΟ.Κ.
DK
MSZP
Lab
PD
PSI
Saskaņa
LSDP
LSAP
PL
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NL
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SMER-SD
SD
PSOE
SAP
Member parties (non-EU)
AP
Lab
SDLP
Associated parties (EU)
PBSD/БСДП
Hlas-SD
Associated parties (non-EU)
PS
SDP BiH
S
VV
DPS
SDP
SDSM/СДСМ
DS
SP/PS
CHP
HDP
Observer parties (EU)
LSDSP
Observer parties (non-EU)
PS
ARF
ESDP/الديمقراطي
GD
HaAvoda/העבודה
Meretz/מרצ
PDM
USPT
CTP
Fatah/فتح
PSD
SSP
FDTL
Presidents
Wilhelm Dröscher
Robert Pontillon
Joop den Uyl
Vítor Constâncio
Guy Spitaels
Willy Claes
Rudolf Scharping
Robin Cook
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
Sergey Stanishev
Stefan Löfven
Leaders in the European Parliament
Guy Mollet
Hendrik Fayat
Pierre Lapie
Willi Birkelbach
Käte Strobel
Francis Vals
Georges Spénale
Ludwig Spénale
Ernest Glinne
Rudi Arndt
Jean-Pierre Cot
Pauline Green
Enrique Barón
Martin Schulz
Hannes Swoboda
Gianni Pittella
Udo Bullmann
Iratxe García
European Commissioners
Josep Borrell (VP and High Representative of the Union)
Helena Dalli (Equality)
Elisa Ferreira (Cohesion and Reforms)
Paolo Gentiloni (Economy)
Ylva Johansson (Home Affairs)
Nicolas Schmit (Jobs)
Maroš Šefčovič (VP for Interinstitutional Relations)
Frans Timmermans (Executive VP for European Green Deal and Climate Action)
Jutta Urpilainen (International Partnerships)
see Von der Leyen Commission
Heads of government
Olaf Scholz (Germany)
Mette Frederiksen (Denmark)
Robert Abela (Malta)
António Costa (Portugal)
Pedro Sánchez (Spain)
Dimitar Kovačevski (North Macedonia)
Heads of state
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Germany)
George Vella (Malta)
Michael D. Higgins (Ireland)
Zoran Milanović (Croatia)
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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SDP) is a nationalist and social democratic political party in Montenegro. It is the only party in Montenegro to have full membership in the Socialist International. From 1998 until the 2016 coalition split, it was a minor coalition partner of the Democratic Party of Socialists, that led Montenegro from the introduction of the multi-party system until the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election.","title":"Social Democratic Party of Montenegro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Reform_Forces_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"SR Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Herceg Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herceg_Novi"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Tivat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivat"},{"link_name":"Budva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budva"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Žarko Rakčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDarko_Rak%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dragiša Burzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragi%C5%A1a_Burzan"},{"link_name":"Ljubiša Stanković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Stankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"1998 parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"President of the Parliament of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Parliament_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Ranko Krivokapić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranko_Krivokapi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_a_European_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Milo Đukanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2016 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Montenegrin_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"2018 presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Montenegrin_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Draginja Vuksanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draginja_Vuksanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On 14 July 1991, members of Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia (SRSJ) from four coastal municipalities in the SR Montenegro, Herceg Novi, Kotor, Tivat and Budva, who were subsequently joined by reformists from Cetinje, formed the first regional Montenegrin political party - the Alliance of Reformists of the Montenegrin Coastline with Miodrag Marović as President. On 7 July 1992, the League united with Žarko Rakčević's Party of Socialists desiring to create a major Montenegrin party, forming the Social Democratic Party of Reformists (SDPR). Finally, on 12 June 1993, the Independent Organization of Communists of Bar, the Alliance of Reform forces of Yugoslavia for Montenegro and the Party of National Tolerance merged into it, forming the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro and uniting the forces that opposed the policies of the Milošević regime during the Yugoslav wars. Eventually, Yugoslav People's Party and Old Yugoslav People's Party also merged into SDP in the following years. Notable founders include Žarko Rakčević, Dragiša Burzan and Ljubiša Stanković.[5]When the policies of the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) turned towards the goal of full independence for Montenegro, DPS and SDP started working closely together to achieve this goal. Allying itself with the DPS and Đukanović ahead of the 1998 parliamentary elections allowed the SDP to enter the parliament for the first time in its history. Since the 1998 election, SDP has continued to a minor coalition partner of DPS and a part of every Montenegrin government between 1998 and 2015. The goal of restoration of the Montenegrin independence was achieved following the victory in a referendum held on 21 May 2006. President of the Parliament of Montenegro from 2003 to 2016, Ranko Krivokapić, officially proclaimed the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006.Following the shift of the party towards a more critical and independent political course, in Autumn 2015 the pro-DPS faction of SDP formed a new party named Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD). On 22 January 2016, SDP officially left the ruling coalition with DPS and announced its support for a vote of no confidence against the government of Milo Đukanović on 25 January 2016. In the following 2016 parliamentary election SDP ran independently for the first time since 1996, and retained its parliamentary status, winning 5.23% of votes.At the 2018 presidential elections, SDP nominated its MP Draginja Vuksanović, who was the first female presidential candidate in the history of Montenegro. Vuksanović finished third, winning 8.2% of the votes.[6] On 29 June 2019, after Krivokapić resignation, Vuksanović was elected new president of the Party, making her the only female president of a Montenegrin political party, at the time. On this occasion, former President Krivokapic has been named honorary president.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Reformists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Reformists"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Stankovi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Parliamentary elections","text":"^ Formally run as Social Democratic Party of Reformists (SDPR). Shortly after the election, the SDPR merged withextra-parliamentary Socialist Party (SP) to form Social Democratic Party (SDP). SDPR-elected MPs joined thenewly-formed SDP's parliamentary group.","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Major positions held by Social Democratic Party of Montenegro members:","title":"Positions held"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). \"Montenegro\". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html","url_text":"\"Montenegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montenegro\".","urls":[{"url":"https://europeelects.eu/montenegro/","url_text":"\"Montenegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parties & Organisations\". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 22 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/","url_text":"\"Parties & Organisations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full list of member parties and organisations\". Socialist International. Retrieved 22 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socialistinternational.org/about-us/members/","url_text":"\"Full list of member parties and organisations\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.sdp.co.me/","external_links_name":"sdp.co.me"},{"Link":"http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html","external_links_name":"\"Montenegro\""},{"Link":"https://europeelects.eu/montenegro/","external_links_name":"\"Montenegro\""},{"Link":"http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/","external_links_name":"\"Parties & Organisations\""},{"Link":"https://www.socialistinternational.org/about-us/members/","external_links_name":"\"Full list of member parties and organisations\""},{"Link":"http://sdp.co.me/istorijat/","external_links_name":"SDP Crna Gora - Istorijat"},{"Link":"http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/vuksanovic-porucila-da-nece-odustati-od-kandidature-981037","external_links_name":"Vuksanović poručila da neće odustati od kandidature"},{"Link":"http://www.sdp.co.me/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305170976","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview_(disambiguation)
|
Downsview (disambiguation)
|
[]
|
Downsview is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Canada
Downsview may also refer to:
Downsview Park station, a Toronto Transit Commission subway station opened in 2017
Downsview Airport, a testing facility for Bombardier Aerospace
Downsview Park, a federal park in the Downsview neighbourhood of Toronto, Canada
Sheppard West station, a Toronto Transit Commission subway station formerly called Downsview station
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Downsview.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downsview Park station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Downsview Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview_Airport"},{"link_name":"Downsview Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsview_Park"},{"link_name":"Sheppard West station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_West_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Downsview_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Downsview may also refer to:Downsview Park station, a Toronto Transit Commission subway station opened in 2017\nDownsview Airport, a testing facility for Bombardier Aerospace\nDownsview Park, a federal park in the Downsview neighbourhood of Toronto, Canada\nSheppard West station, a Toronto Transit Commission subway station formerly called Downsview stationTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Downsview.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Downsview (disambiguation)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Downsview_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Curtis
|
Edward B. Curtis
|
["1 Life and career","2 Works","3 Sources","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American mathematician
Edward B. Curtis, Seattle 1978
Edward Baldwin Curtis (born 13 March 1933 in Newburyport, Massachusetts, died 2 April 2024 in Seattle, Washington) was an American mathematician.
Life and career
Edward Curtis received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1954. After graduate study from 1958 to 1959 at the University of Oxford, he returned to Harvard and earned a Ph.D. there in 1962. His thesis The Lower Central Series for Free Group Complexes was supervised by Raoul Bott. Curtis became an instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962–1964), assistant professor (1964–1967), and associate professor (1967–1970). In 1970 he became a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he remained until his retirement as professor emeritus.
His research interests included graph theory and flow networks. In 1967 for his studies on algebraic topology he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and in 1972 the Leroy P. Steele Prize for his paper Simplicial homotopy theory.
Works
The Lower Central Series for Free Group Complexes. Thesis (Ph.D.). Harvard University. 1962.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Curtis, Edward B. (1971). "Simplicial homotopy theory". Advances in Mathematics. 6 (2): 107–209. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6. MR 0279808.
with James A. Morrow: Inverse problems for electrical networks. Series on applied mathematics. Vol. 13. Singapore: World Scientific. 2000. ISBN 981-02-4174-7.
Sources
Mary Ellis Woodring and Susan Park Norton (eds.): Reports of the President and the Treasurer 1967 and 1968. New York 1967, ISSN 0190-227X, p. 27 (excerpt)
References
^ "Obituary Edward Baldwin Curtis". Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ "Curtis, Edward Baldwin - Guggenheim Foundation". Retrieved 2013-01-29.
^ "Faculty members given Guggenheim fellowships" (PDF). The MIT Tech. 87. M.I.T.: 5 April 4, 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
^ "Steele Prize for Edward B. Curtis". Archived from the original on 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
External links
Edward B. Curtis at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Edward B. Curtis at the math faculty website of the University of Washington (with photograph)
Website of Edward B. Curtis at the U. of Washington
Photograph of Edward Baldwin Curtis in MIT Museum
Publications by Edward B. Curtis at the website of the AMS
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curtis_Edward.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newburyport, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Edward B. Curtis, Seattle 1978Edward Baldwin Curtis (born 13 March 1933 in Newburyport, Massachusetts, died 2 April 2024 in Seattle, Washington[1]) was an American mathematician.","title":"Edward B. Curtis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Raoul Bott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Bott"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"flow networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_network"},{"link_name":"algebraic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leroy P. Steele Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Edward Curtis received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1954. After graduate study from 1958 to 1959 at the University of Oxford, he returned to Harvard and earned a Ph.D. there in 1962. His thesis The Lower Central Series for Free Group Complexes was supervised by Raoul Bott. Curtis became an instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962–1964), assistant professor (1964–1967), and associate professor (1967–1970). In 1970 he became a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he remained until his retirement as professor emeritus.His research interests included graph theory and flow networks. In 1967 for his studies on algebraic topology he received a Guggenheim Fellowship[2][3] and in 1972 the Leroy P. Steele Prize for his paper Simplicial homotopy theory.[4]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"Simplicial homotopy theory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6"},{"link_name":"Advances in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6"},{"link_name":"MR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0279808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0279808"},{"link_name":"Inverse problems for electrical networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gLnohh95zFIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"981-02-4174-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-4174-7"}],"text":"The Lower Central Series for Free Group Complexes. Thesis (Ph.D.). Harvard University. 1962.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nCurtis, Edward B. (1971). \"Simplicial homotopy theory\". Advances in Mathematics. 6 (2): 107–209. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6. MR 0279808.\nwith James A. Morrow: Inverse problems for electrical networks. Series on applied mathematics. Vol. 13. Singapore: World Scientific. 2000. ISBN 981-02-4174-7.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-227X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0190-227X"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jJDWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Curtis+Edward+Baldwin%22+1933"}],"text":"Mary Ellis Woodring and Susan Park Norton (eds.): Reports of the President and the Treasurer [of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation] 1967 and 1968. New York 1967, ISSN 0190-227X, p. 27 (excerpt)","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Edward B. Curtis, Seattle 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Curtis_Edward.jpg/220px-Curtis_Edward.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Lower Central Series for Free Group Complexes. Thesis (Ph.D.). Harvard University. 1962.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Curtis, Edward B. (1971). \"Simplicial homotopy theory\". Advances in Mathematics. 6 (2): 107–209. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6. MR 0279808.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6","url_text":"\"Simplicial homotopy theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Advances in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6","url_text":"10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0279808","url_text":"0279808"}]},{"reference":"Inverse problems for electrical networks. Series on applied mathematics. Vol. 13. Singapore: World Scientific. 2000. ISBN 981-02-4174-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gLnohh95zFIC","url_text":"Inverse problems for electrical networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-4174-7","url_text":"981-02-4174-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary Edward Baldwin Curtis\". Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://neptunesociety.com/obituaries/lynnwood-wa/edward-curtis-11755120","url_text":"\"Obituary Edward Baldwin Curtis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curtis, Edward Baldwin - Guggenheim Foundation\". Retrieved 2013-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gf.org/fellows/3196-edward-baldwin-curtis","url_text":"\"Curtis, Edward Baldwin - Guggenheim Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty members given Guggenheim fellowships\" (PDF). The MIT Tech. 87. M.I.T.: 5 April 4, 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110625183934/http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_087/TECH_V087_S0168_P005.pdf","url_text":"\"Faculty members given Guggenheim fellowships\""},{"url":"http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_087/TECH_V087_S0168_P005.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steele Prize for Edward B. Curtis\". Archived from the original on 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2013-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160715084756/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Societies/AMSSteelePrize.html","url_text":"\"Steele Prize for Edward B. Curtis\""},{"url":"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Societies/AMSSteelePrize.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6","external_links_name":"\"Simplicial homotopy theory\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2871%2990015-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/0001-8708(71)90015-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0279808","external_links_name":"0279808"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gLnohh95zFIC","external_links_name":"Inverse problems for electrical networks"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0190-227X","external_links_name":"0190-227X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jJDWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Curtis+Edward+Baldwin%22+1933","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"https://neptunesociety.com/obituaries/lynnwood-wa/edward-curtis-11755120","external_links_name":"\"Obituary Edward Baldwin Curtis\""},{"Link":"http://www.gf.org/fellows/3196-edward-baldwin-curtis","external_links_name":"\"Curtis, Edward Baldwin - Guggenheim Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110625183934/http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_087/TECH_V087_S0168_P005.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Faculty members given Guggenheim fellowships\""},{"Link":"http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_087/TECH_V087_S0168_P005.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160715084756/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Societies/AMSSteelePrize.html","external_links_name":"\"Steele Prize for Edward B. Curtis\""},{"Link":"http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Societies/AMSSteelePrize.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=28298","external_links_name":"Edward B. Curtis"},{"Link":"http://math.washington.edu/people/edward-b-curtis","external_links_name":"Edward B. Curtis"},{"Link":"http://sites.math.washington.edu/~curtis/","external_links_name":"Website of Edward B. Curtis at the U. of Washington"},{"Link":"http://webmuseum.mit.edu/detail.php?t=people&type=browse&f=preferred_name&s=Curtis%2C+Edward+Baldwin&record=0","external_links_name":"Photograph of Edward Baldwin Curtis"},{"Link":"https://www.ams.org/mathscinet/search/publications.html?pg1=IID&s1=53485","external_links_name":"Publications by Edward B. Curtis at the website of the AMS"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110488925","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28867114","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCBHg9JCM4Mt6RxRY3wC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/17357808X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007424130305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99254979","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/53485","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=28298","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:curtis.edward-b","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/176428089","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosulfate
|
Borosulfate
|
["1 Formation","2 Reactions","3 List","4 References"]
|
The borosulfates are heteropoly anion compounds which have sulfate groups attached to boron atoms. Other possible terms are sulfatoborates or boron-sulfur oxides. The ratio of sulfate to borate reflects the degree of condensation. With 5- there is no condensation, each ion stands alone. In 3- the anions are linked into a chain, a chain of loops, or as 6− in a cycle. Finally in − the sulfate and borate tetrahedra are all linked into a two or three-dimensional network. These arrangements of oxygen around boron and sulfur can have forms resembling silicates. The first borosulfate to be discovered was K5 in 2012 by the research group of Henning Höppe, although the compound class as such had been postulated already in 1962 by G. Schott and H. U. Kibbel. Over 80 unique compounds are known as of 2024.
They are distinct from the borate sulfates which have separate, uncondensed sulfate and borate ions.
Related compounds include boroselenates, borotellurates, and also boroantimonates, borogallates, borogermanates, borophosphates, boroselenites and borosilicates.
Formation
Borosulfates are formed by heating boric oxide, oleum, or sulfuric acid, with metal carbonates. The degree of condensation is varied with the ratio of oleum to sulfuric acid. Pure oleum is more likely to yield compounds with disulfate groups.
Reactions
When heated to around 500 °C the borosulfates decompose by emitting SO3 vapour and form a metal sulfate and boric oxide.
List
chem
mw
crystal system
space group
unit cell Å
volume
density
comment
references
boron sulfate
B2S2O9
229.74
monoclinic
C2
a=7.7600 b=4.1664 c=8.6134 β=94.785 Z=2
277.51
2.749
no cations; 3D mesh
H
monoclinic
P21/c
a=15.6974, b=11.436, c=8.5557; β=90.334°; Z=8
superacid
H3O
P4/ncc
a=9.1377, c=7.3423; Z=4
H
monoclinic
P21/c
a=15.697 b=11.4362 c=8.5557 β=90.334
Li
Pc
a = 7.635, b = 9.342, c = 8.432, and β = 92.55°
3D network, like tectosilicate
Li
orthorhombic
P212121
a = 10.862, b = 10.877, c = 17.769
Li5
orthorhombic
P21/c
a=8.0191 b=10.2111 c=15.0401
Be
monoclinic
C2/c
a= 23.856, b= 7.3507, c= 12.3235, β= 98.724(2)°, Z=8
2136.1
2.58
colourless
NH4
P4/ncc
a=9.1980 c=7.2458
decompose 320 °C, proton conductor
NH4
monoclinic
Cc
a=11.4403 b=14.9439 c=13.8693 β=93.662
(NH4)2B4SO10
271.38
monoclinic
C2
a=11.3685 b=6.5541 c=12.8328 β=106.247 4
918.0
1.964
SHG 1.1 × KDP; min PM wavelength 252 nm; decompose 300 °C
3
343.12
orthorhombic
Ibca
a=7.2858 b=14.7048 c=22.7052 Z=8
2433.2
1.928
decompose 320 °C chains
Na
monoclinic
P2/c
a=5.434 b=7.570 c=7.766 β=99.74
Na
monoclinic
P21/c
a=10.949, b=8.49, c=12.701; β=110.227°; Z=4
Na5-I
orthorhombic
Pca21
a = 10.730, b = 13.891, c = 18.197
Na5-II
orthorhombic
P212121
a = 8.624, b = 9.275, c = 16.671
α-Mg4
711.22
trigonal
P3
a=8.0165 c=7.4858 Z=1
416.62
2.835
colourless
β-Mg4
711.22
hexagonal
P3
a = 13.9196, c = 7.4854, Z = 3
1253
2.821
colourless
Mg
430.17
monoclinic
C2/c
a = 17.443, b = 5.3145, c = 14.2906 β = 126.323° Z = 4
1067.3
2.677
phyllosilicate structure colourless decompose 550 °C
β-Mg
monoclinic
P21/n
a=7.9100 b=8.0815 c=9.0376 β=111.37° Z=2
269.01
2.667
colourless decompose 550 °C
K
P4/ncc
a=8.9739 c=7.4114
K
monoclinic
Cc
a=11.3368, b=14.66, c=13.6650; β=94.235°; Z=8
K2B4SO10
313.50
monoclinic
C2
a=11.2631 b=6.4339 c=12.649 β=105.707° Z=4
882.4
2.360
colourless
pentapotassium borosulfate
K5
P41
a=9.9023 c=16.1871
1687.2
2.471
first discovered
K3
orthorhombic
Ibca
a = 7.074, b = 14.266, c = 22.58
K4
monoclinic
I2/a
a=14.524 b=7.3916 c=15.7857 β=115.50
CaB2S4O16
monoclinic
P21/c
a=5.5188 b=15.1288 c=13.2660 β=92.88
sheet
Mn
monoclinic
P21/n
a = 8.0435, b = 7.9174, c = 9.3082, β = 110.94° Z=2
553.63
colourless
α-Mn4
833.74
trigonal
P3
a=8.1086 c=7.7509 Z=1
441.3
3.137
colourless
β-Mn4
833.74
trigonal
P3
a=13.9196 c=7.4854
α-Co
monoclinic
C2/c
a=17.4254 b=5.3397 c=14.3214 β=126.03° Z=4
269.40
2.860
pink
β-Co
monoclinic
P21/n
a=7.8892 b=8.1042 c= 9.0409 β=111.29° Z=2
269.29
2.803
pink
α-Co4
849.70
trigonal
P3
a=7.991 c=7.669 Z=1
418.0
3.376
pink
α-Ni4
848.82
trigonal
P3
a=7.9359 c=7.4398 Z=1
405.77
3.474
yellow
Cu
triclinic
P1
a=5.3096 b=7.0752 c=11.1977 α=81.154 β=80.302 γ=80.897
cyclic
Cu
triclinic
P1
a=5.2470 b=7.1371 c=7.9222 α=73.814 β=70.692 γ=86.642
chain
Zn
monoclinic
P21/n
a = 8.0435, b = 7.9174, c = 9.3082, β = 111.26° Z=2
534.36
colourless
α-Zn4
875.46
trigonal
P3
a=7.9971 c=7.4895 Z=1
414.81
3.505
colourless
Rb2B4SO10
406.24
monoclinic
C2
a=11.3127 b=6.5152 c=12.971 β=105.411° Z=4
921.6
2.928
colourless
Rb3
orthorhombic
Ibca
a = 7.2759, b = 14.794, c = 22.637
Rb4
orthorhombic
Pnma
a=8.0415 b=10.647 c=20.425
Rb5
tetragonal
P43212
a=10.148 c=16.689 Z=4
band gap 3.99 eV
Rb3HB4S2O14
P63/m
a = 6.502, c = 19.02 Z=2
LiRb4
743.8
monoclinic
a=7.5551, c=14.560, c=7.5517 β=90.2372 Z=2
transparent
LiRb4
743.8
tetragonal
I4
a=7.6128, c=14.631, Z=2
at 500K
Sr
493.48
orthorhombic
Pnma
a=12.574 b=12.421 c=7.319 Z=4
1143.1
2.867
decompose 400 °C
Sr
573.54
monoclinic
P21/n
a = 7.470, b = 15.334, c = 12.220, β = 93.29° Z=4
1397.5
2.726
Sr
orthorhombic
Pnma
a=1657.3 b=12.037 c=4.39484
Sr
617.36
monoclinic
P21/c
a = 11.3309, b= 7.1482, c = 19.355, β = 106.878°, Z = 4
1500.1
2.73
colourless; Sr in 9 coordination by sulfate oxygens
Y2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.5172 b=11.3941 c=10.8994 β=93.447
cyclic
Ag
P4/ncc
a=8.6679 c=7.2897
Ag
monoclinic
P21/c
a = 9.507, b = 9.601, c = 11.730, β = 98.35° Z=4
1059.3
2.953
colourless
Cd
Cd
438.20
orthorhombic
Pnma
a=8.9692 b=11.520 c=8.7275 Z=4
901.8
3.23
colourless
Cd4
trigonal
P3
a=8.2222 c=7.9788 Z=1
467.14
3.78
colourless
(I4)2
triclinic
P1
a = 11.3714 b = 11.5509 c = 12.7811 α = 68.638° β = 68.275° γ = 64.626° Z=2
1366.16
2.999
orange-brown
Cs2B4SO10
501.12
monoclinic
C2
a=11.4012 b=6.5997 c=13.5702 β=103.934° Z=4
919.04
3.359
colourless
Cs2
monoclinic
P2/c
a=14.765 b=6.710 c=12.528 β=104.50
Cs3HB4S2O14
P63/m
a = 6.5648, c = 19.5669 Z=2
Cs
monoclinic
P21/c
a=10.4525, b=11.319, c=8.2760; β=103.206; Z=4
Cs3Li2
monoclinic
P21/n
a=13.7698 c=8.2376 c=13.9066 β=91.778
Cs3Na2
monoclinic
P21/c
a=13.6406 b=7.9475 c=13.9573 β=990.781
CsK4
P43212
a=9.9433 c=16.881
Ba
orthorhombic
Pnna
a = 12.791, b = 12.800, c = 7.317 Z = 4
Ba
orthorhombic
Pnma
a=17.1848 b=12.3805 c=4.4226
Ba2
monoclinic
I2/a
a = 11.6077, b = 8.9144, c = 21.303, β = 104.034° Z = 4
chains
La2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=1379.2 b=1158.9 c=1139.5 β=93.611
cyclic
Ce2
monoclinic
C2/c
13.740 b=11.5371 c=11.3057 β=93.661
cyclic
Pr2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.711 b=11.5305 c=11.2643 β=93.668
cyclic
Nd2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.6775 b=11.51.34 11.2046 β=93.5909
cyclic
Sm2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.633 b=11.492 c=11.112 β=93.567
cyclic
Eu2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.602 b=11.470 c=11.050 β=93.465
cyclic
Gd2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.5697 b=11.4426 c=11.0271 β=
cyclic
Tb2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.5601 b=11.42.48 c=10.9881 β=93.534
cyclic
Dy2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.568 b=11.425 c=10.9703 β=93.540
cyclic
Ho2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.505 b=11.409 c=10.921 β=93.453
cyclic
Er2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.551 b=11.411 c=10.882 β=93.41
cyclic
Tm2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.4981 b=11.3617 10.8327 β=93.4500
cyclic
Yb2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.495 b=11.3452 c=10.7961 β=93.390
cyclic
Lu2
monoclinic
C2/c
a=13.469 b=11.364 c=10.799 β=93.369
cyclic
Pb
613.05
orthorhombic
Pnna
a=12.516 b=12.521 c=7.302 Z=4
114.43
3.558
loop chain
Pb
orthorhombic
P21/m
a=4.4000 b=12.1019 c=8.6043
Bi2
659.08
orthorhombic
C2/c
a = 13.568, b = 11.490, c = 11.106 Z=4
1728.8
3.894
(H3O)Bi4
1039.72
I4
a=11.857, c=8.149 Z=2
1156.84
2.99
colourless; non-linear optical
(UO2)
569.52
triclinic
P1
a=5.448 b=7.021 c=13.522 α =92.248° β =95.347° γ =101.987° Z=2
3.762
green
(UO2)2
1058.23
monoclinic
P21/n
a=10.872 b=11.383 c=14.812 β=92.481 Z=4
3.838
yellow
References
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^ a b c Netzsch, Philip; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-09-30). "Synthesis and Characterization of the Chain Borosulfates (NH 4 ) 3 and Sr". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 646 (18): 1563–1569. doi:10.1002/zaac.202000105. ISSN 0044-2313.
^ Schott, G.; Kibbel, H. U. "Über Sulfatoborate". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 314 (1–2): 104–112. doi:10.1002/zaac.19623140113. ISSN 0044-2313.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Bruns, Jörn; Höppe, Henning A.; Daub, Michael; Hillebrecht, Harald; Huppertz, Hubert (2020-06-26). "Borosulfates—Synthesis and Structural Chemistry of Silicate Analogue Compounds". Chemistry – A European Journal. 26 (36): 7966–7980. doi:10.1002/chem.201905449. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 7384169. PMID 31943390.
^ Kong, Fang; Ma, Yunxiang; Mao, Jianggao (January 2018). "Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations: Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations". Chinese Journal of Chemistry. 36 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1002/cjoc.201700597.
^ a b c d e f g h Netzsch, Philip; Gross, Peter; Takahashi, Hirotaka; Höppe, Henning A. (2018-07-16). "Synthesis and Characterization of the First Borosulfates of Magnesium, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, and Zinc". Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (14): 8530–8539. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01234. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 29957944.
^ Logemann, Christian; Wickleder, Mathias S. (2013-12-23). "B 2 S 2 O 9 : A Boron Sulfate with Phyllosilicate Topology". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (52): 14229–14232. doi:10.1002/anie.201307056. PMID 24214383.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Netzsch, Philip; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-11-26). "Sr: A Borosulfate with an Unprecedented Chain Structure Comprising Disulfate Groups". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (24): 18102–18108. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02560. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 33241934. S2CID 227175679.
^ a b c d e Daub, Michael; Kazmierczak, Karolina; Höppe, Henning A.; Hillebrecht, Harald (2013). "The Borosulfate Story Goes on—From Alkali and Oxonium Salts to Polyacids". Chemistry – A European Journal. 19 (50): 16954–16962. doi:10.1002/chem.201303012. ISSN 1521-3765. PMID 24203813.
^ a b c d e f Daub, Michael; Kazmierczak, Karolina; Gross, Peter; Höppe, Henning; Hillebrecht, Harald (2013-05-20). "Exploring a New Structure Family: Alkali Borosulfates Na 5 , A 3 (A = K, Rb), Li, and Li". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (10): 6011–6020. doi:10.1021/ic400267s. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23656591.
^ Sutorius, Stefan; Hanrath, Michael; Bruns, Jörn (2022-02-09). "Be – A Borosulfate exhibiting Ino- and Phyllosilicate Analogue Topology". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2022 (11): ejic.202200009. doi:10.1002/ejic.202200009. ISSN 1434-1948. S2CID 246719711.
^ Ward, Matthew D.; Chaloux, Brian L.; Johannes, Michelle D.; Epshteyn, Albert (October 2020). "Facile Proton Transport in Ammonium Borosulfate—An Unhumidified Solid Acid Polyelectrolyte for Intermediate Temperatures". Advanced Materials. 32 (42): 2003667. Bibcode:2020AdM....3203667W. doi:10.1002/adma.202003667. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 32924200. S2CID 221672277.
^ Li, Zijian; Jin, Wenqi; Zhang, Fangfang; Chen, Zilong; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2021-10-09). "Achieving Short-Wavelength Phase-Matching Second Harmonic Generation in Boron-Rich Borosulfate with Planar Units". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 61 (4): anie.202112844. doi:10.1002/anie.202112844. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 34626043. S2CID 238528455.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hämmer, Matthias; Bayarjargal, Lkhamsuren; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-11-12). "The First Bismuth Borosulfates Comprising Oxonium and a Tectosilicate-Analogous Anion". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (3): 1503–1506. doi:10.1002/anie.202011786. ISSN 1433-7851. PMC 7839778. PMID 33026134.
^ a b c Netzsch, Philip; Pielnhofer, Florian; Glaum, Robert; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-11-17). "Synthesis-Controlled Polymorphism and Optical Properties of Phyllosilicate-Analogous Borosulfates M ( M =Mg, Co)". Chemistry – A European Journal. 26 (64): 14745–14753. doi:10.1002/chem.202003214. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 7756226. PMID 32744744.
^ a b c Li, Zijian; Jin, Wenqi; Zhang, Fangfang; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie (2022-11-23). "Exploring Short-Wavelength Phase-Matching Nonlinear Optical Crystals by Employing KBe 2 BO 3 F 2 as the Template". ACS Central Science. 8 (11): 1557–1564. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.2c00832. ISSN 2374-7943. PMC 9686211. PMID 36439311.
^ a b Pasqualini, Leonard C.; Huppertz, Hubert; Bruns, Jörn (2019-12-17). "M (M = Mn, Zn)—Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two New Phyllosilicate Analogue Borosulfates". Inorganics. 7 (12): 145. doi:10.3390/inorganics7120145. ISSN 2304-6740.
^ Dong, Lingyun; Pan, Shilie; Wang, Ying; Yu, Hongwei; Lin, Xiaoxia; Han, Shujuan (March 2015). "Synthesis and structural characterization of a new rubidium borosulfate, Rb5BS4O16". Materials Research Bulletin. 63: 93–98. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.11.047.
^ a b c Daub, Michael; Hillebrecht, Harald (September 2015). "Borosulfates Cs 2 B 2 S 3 O 13 , Rb 4 B 2 S 4 O 17 , and A 3 HB 4 S 2 O 14 ( A = Rb, Cs) – Crystalline Approximants for Vitreous B 2 O 3 ?". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2015 (25): 4176–4181. doi:10.1002/ejic.201500603. ISSN 1434-1948.
^ a b Li, Yanqiang; Zhou, Zhengyang; Zhao, Sangen; Liang, Fei; Ding, Qingran; Sun, Junliang; Lin, Zheshuai; Hong, Maochun; Luo, Junhua (2021-03-08). "A Deep-UV Nonlinear Optical Borosulfate with Incommensurate Modulations". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (20): 11457–11463. doi:10.1002/anie.202102107. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 33686736. S2CID 232160602.
^ Pasqualini, Leonard; Huppertz, Hubert; Je, Minyeong; Choi, Heechae; Bruns, Jörn (2021-06-13). "Triple Vertex Linkage of (BO4)-Tetrahedra in a Borosulfate: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Quantum Chemical Investigation of Sr". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (36): 19740–19743. doi:10.1002/anie.202106337. ISSN 1433-7851. PMC 8456809. PMID 34121302.
^ Netzsch, Philip; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-12-29). "Ag: The First Transition Metal Borosulfate Featuring Disulfate Groups". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2021 (11): 1065–1070. doi:10.1002/ejic.202001095. ISSN 1434-1948.
^ a b c Hämmer, Matthias; Höppe, Henning A. (2022-09-02). "The Unconventional Cadmium Borosulfates Cd and Cd4". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 648 (21): zaac.202200197. doi:10.1002/zaac.202200197. ISSN 0044-2313. S2CID 252059729.
^ van Gerven, David; Sutorius, Stefan; Bruns, Jörn; Wickleder, Mathias S. (2022-07-20). "Stabilizing the Homopolycation (I 4 ) 2+ with a Hexasulfate in (I 4 ) and a Borosulfate in (I 4 ) 2". ChemistryOpen. 11 (11): e202200122. doi:10.1002/open.202200122. ISSN 2191-1363. PMC 9630045. PMID 35856862. S2CID 250941699.
^ a b Netzsch, Philip; Pielnhofer, Florian; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-10-19). "From S–O–S to B–O–S to B–O–B Bridges: Ba 2 as a Model System for the Structural Diversity in Borosulfate Chemistry". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (20): 15180–15188. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02156. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 33001636. S2CID 222145994.
^ Schönegger, Sandra; Bruns, Jörn; Gartner, Benjamin; Wurst, Klaus; Huppertz, Hubert (2018-12-31). "Synthesis and Characterization of the First Lead(II) Borosulfate Pb: Synthesis and Characterization of the First Lead(II) Borosulfate Pb". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 644 (24): 1702–1706. doi:10.1002/zaac.201800130.
^ a b Sweet, Teagan F. M.; Felton, Daniel E.; Szymanowski, Jennifer E. S.; Burns, Peter C. (2022-09-01). "Targeting Diverse Bridging Motifs within Actinide Borosulfates and Establishing an Unconventional Structural Hierarchy". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (40): 15953–15960. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02144. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 36047685. S2CID 251977898.
vteBorates
H3BO3
He
Li2B4O7
Be
B
+(CO3)+(C2O4)
(NH4)3BO3+NO3
O
+F
Ne
Na2·8H2ONaBO2NaBO3Na3BO3Na2B8O13
Mg3(BO3)2
AlBO3
Si
-PO4+PO4
+S-SO4+SO4
+Cl
Ar
K2B4O7•4H2OKB5O8•4H2O
Ca3(BO3)2
ScBO3
TiBO3
-VO4
Cr
Mn3(BO3)2
Fe3(BO3)2FeBO3FeB(OH)4
Co3(BO3)2
Ni3(BO3)2
Cu3(BO3)2
Znx(BO3)x
GaBO3-GaO4
-GeO4
-AsO4
-SeO4-SeO3+Se
+Br
Kr
Rb3BO3RbB11O16(OH)2Rb•2H2O
Sr3(BO3)2
YBO3
ZrB2O5
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag3BO3
Cd3(BO3)2
InBO3
Sn
-SbBO4
-TeO4-TeO3
+I
Xe
Cs3BO3CsB5O8•4H2O
BaB2O4
*
Lu3B5O12
HfB2O5
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl3BO3
Pb3(BO3)2
BiBO3
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
LaB3O6
CeB3O6
Pr4B10O21
NdBO3
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy4B6O15Dy2B4O9
Ho4B6O15Ho2B4O9
ErBO3
Tm3B5O12
Yb3B5O12
**
Ac
Th3(BO3)4
Pa
U(BO3)2
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borate sulfates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borate_sulfate"},{"link_name":"boroselenates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroselenates"},{"link_name":"borotellurates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotellurates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-4"},{"link_name":"boroantimonates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroantimonates"},{"link_name":"borogallates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borogallates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"borogermanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borogermanates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"borophosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophosphates"},{"link_name":"boroselenites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroselenites"},{"link_name":"borosilicates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borosilicates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"They are distinct from the borate sulfates which have separate, uncondensed sulfate and borate ions.Related compounds include boroselenates, borotellurates,[4] and also boroantimonates, borogallates, borogermanates, borophosphates, boroselenites and borosilicates.[5]","title":"Borosulfate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_trioxide"},{"link_name":"oleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleum"},{"link_name":"sulfuric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid"},{"link_name":"disulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfate"}],"text":"Borosulfates are formed by heating boric oxide, oleum, or sulfuric acid, with metal carbonates. The degree of condensation is varied with the ratio of oleum to sulfuric acid. Pure oleum is more likely to yield compounds with disulfate groups.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"When heated to around 500 °C the borosulfates decompose by emitting SO3 vapour and form a metal sulfate and boric oxide.[6]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Höppe, Henning A.; Kazmierczak, Karolina; Daub, Michael; Förg, Katharina; Fuchs, Franziska; Hillebrecht, Harald (2012-06-18). \"The First Borosulfate K5[B(SO4)4]\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (25): 6255–6257. doi:10.1002/anie.201109237. PMID 22566359.","urls":[{"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/anie.201109237","url_text":"\"The First Borosulfate K5[B(SO4)4]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201109237","url_text":"10.1002/anie.201109237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566359","url_text":"22566359"}]},{"reference":"Netzsch, Philip; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-09-30). \"Synthesis and Characterization of the Chain Borosulfates (NH 4 ) 3 [B(SO 4 ) 3 ] and Sr[B 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ]\". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 646 (18): 1563–1569. doi:10.1002/zaac.202000105. ISSN 0044-2313.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.202000105","url_text":"\"Synthesis and Characterization of the Chain Borosulfates (NH 4 ) 3 [B(SO 4 ) 3 ] and Sr[B 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.202000105","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.202000105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2313","url_text":"0044-2313"}]},{"reference":"Schott, G.; Kibbel, H. U. \"Über Sulfatoborate\". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 314 (1–2): 104–112. doi:10.1002/zaac.19623140113. ISSN 0044-2313.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19623140113","url_text":"\"Über Sulfatoborate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19623140113","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.19623140113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2313","url_text":"0044-2313"}]},{"reference":"Bruns, Jörn; Höppe, Henning A.; Daub, Michael; Hillebrecht, Harald; Huppertz, Hubert (2020-06-26). \"Borosulfates—Synthesis and Structural Chemistry of Silicate Analogue Compounds\". Chemistry – A European Journal. 26 (36): 7966–7980. doi:10.1002/chem.201905449. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 7384169. PMID 31943390.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384169","url_text":"\"Borosulfates—Synthesis and Structural Chemistry of Silicate Analogue Compounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201905449","url_text":"10.1002/chem.201905449"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539","url_text":"0947-6539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384169","url_text":"7384169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31943390","url_text":"31943390"}]},{"reference":"Kong, Fang; Ma, Yunxiang; Mao, Jianggao (January 2018). \"Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations: Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations\". Chinese Journal of Chemistry. 36 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1002/cjoc.201700597.","urls":[{"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cjoc.201700597","url_text":"\"Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations: Lanthanide Inorganic Solids Based on Main Group Borates and Oxyanions of Lone Pair Cations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcjoc.201700597","url_text":"10.1002/cjoc.201700597"}]},{"reference":"Netzsch, Philip; Gross, Peter; Takahashi, Hirotaka; Höppe, Henning A. (2018-07-16). \"Synthesis and Characterization of the First Borosulfates of Magnesium, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, and Zinc\". Inorganic Chemistry. 57 (14): 8530–8539. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01234. ISSN 0020-1669. 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S2CID 250941699.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9630045","url_text":"\"Stabilizing the Homopolycation (I 4 ) 2+ with a Hexasulfate in (I 4 )[S 6 O 19 ] and a Borosulfate in (I 4 )[B(S 2 O 7 ) 2 ] 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fopen.202200122","url_text":"10.1002/open.202200122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2191-1363","url_text":"2191-1363"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9630045","url_text":"9630045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35856862","url_text":"35856862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250941699","url_text":"250941699"}]},{"reference":"Netzsch, Philip; Pielnhofer, Florian; Höppe, Henning A. (2020-10-19). \"From S–O–S to B–O–S to B–O–B Bridges: Ba[B(S 2 O 7 ) 2 ] 2 as a Model System for the Structural Diversity in Borosulfate Chemistry\". Inorganic Chemistry. 59 (20): 15180–15188. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02156. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 33001636. 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Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 644 (24): 1702–1706. doi:10.1002/zaac.201800130.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.201800130","url_text":"\"Synthesis and Characterization of the First Lead(II) Borosulfate Pb[B 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ]: Synthesis and Characterization of the First Lead(II) Borosulfate Pb[B 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.201800130","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.201800130"}]},{"reference":"Sweet, Teagan F. M.; Felton, Daniel E.; Szymanowski, Jennifer E. S.; Burns, Peter C. (2022-09-01). \"Targeting Diverse Bridging Motifs within Actinide Borosulfates and Establishing an Unconventional Structural Hierarchy\". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (40): 15953–15960. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02144. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 36047685. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_League
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Little Big League
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 MLB personalities as themselves","3 Reception","4 Year-end lists","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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For the band, see Little Big League (band).
1994 American filmLittle Big LeagueTheatrical release posterDirected byAndrew ScheinmanWritten byGregory K. PincusProduced bySteven NicolaidesAndrew BergmanMike LobellStarring
Luke Edwards
Timothy Busfield
John Ashton
Ashley Crow
Kevin Dunn
Jason Robards
CinematographyDonald E. ThorinEdited byMichael JablowMusic byStanley ClarkeProductioncompaniesCastle Rock EntertainmentLobell/Bergman ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date
June 29, 1994 (1994-06-29)
Running time119 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$20 million (US)Box office$12 million (US)
Little Big League is a 1994 American family sports film about a 12-year-old who suddenly becomes the owner and then manager of the Minnesota Twins baseball team. It stars Luke Edwards, Timothy Busfield, and Ashley Crow. The film is director Andrew Scheinman's first and only feature film directorial project.
Plot
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Billy Heywood, the 12-year-old son of widowed Jenny, is a Little League Baseball player. Billy's paternal grandfather, Thomas Heywood, owns the Minnesota Twins.
When Thomas dies, Billy learns that he is now the owner of the Twins. Thomas' will specifies that the team executives are to help Billy until he is old enough to run the team by himself.
Billy quickly runs afoul of the team manager, George O'Farrell. Billy believes O'Farrell is too hard on the players, while O'Farrell despises the idea of working for a kid. After O'Farrell repeatedly insults Billy, Billy fires him.
With no other managers willing to work for a kid, and with his grade-school summer break starting in two days, the baseball-savvy Billy decides to name himself the new manager. He reaches out to the Commissioner of Baseball, who approves after consulting with Jenny.
The players are very skeptical, but Billy promises that if he does not improve the team's last-place position in the standings within a few weeks, he will resign. The team quickly moves up to division race contention. Unfortunately, not all is going smoothly for Billy, as his friend and star first baseman Lou Collins takes a romantic interest in Jenny.
Billy picks up bad habits on the road, and is even ejected from a game and given a one-game "suspension" by his mother for swearing at an umpire because of a call he didn't like. He is troubled when he must release his personal favorite Twins player, Jerry Johnson, who is in the twilight of his career; Billy's awkward handling of the situation ends up making Jerry feel even worse.
The pressures of managing the team wear Billy down and consume his free time. Billy's friends do not like how his managerial responsibilities are keeping him away from being with them. Even when he's physically present (as opposed to on the road with the team), he is typically distracted by team business.
After Jenny spends her birthday with Lou rather than Billy, Billy uses Lou's minor batting-slump as an excuse to bench him, sending the Twins into a losing skid. Billy later tells his mom that he's tired of being a "grown-up" and decides to quit as manager after the end of the season, even reinstating Lou to starter on first base.
With four games left in the season, the Twins trail the Seattle Mariners by four games in the wild card race. The Twins win their last four while the Mariners lose four straight, forcing a One-game playoff at the Twins' Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome to determine who advances to the postseason.
The two teams trade three-run home runs during the course of the game, and extra innings are required. The Mariners eventually take the lead. Down to their final out, and Lou about to go up to bat, he tells Billy that he has asked Jenny to marry him, and that her reply was "Ask Billy". With a runner on base, Billy says if Lou hits the game-winning homer he will give his blessing, but quickly relents and gives Lou his consent whether or not he hits a homer. Facing Randy Johnson, Lou hits a long fly ball to center field, but Ken Griffey Jr. makes a leaping catch at the wall to rob Lou of a homer and end the game.
With their season over, Billy tells the players he is officially stepping down as manager, with pitching coach Mac MacNally taking his place, as well as bringing back Jerry Johnson to be the third base coach and new hitting instructor. The players object to losing Billy, but he reminds the team that he will still be present as the owner, and says that he might come back as manager if junior high doesn't work out. When being informed that none of the fans have left, Billy, along with the rest of the team, returns to the field to receive a standing ovation.
Cast
Luke Edwards as Billy Heywood (manager - #20)
Timothy Busfield as Lou Collins (first base - #4)
John Ashton as Mac Macnally (pitching coach - #56)
Ashley Crow as Jenny Heywood
Kevin Dunn as Arthur Goslin (general manager)
Billy L. Sullivan as Chuck
Miles Feulner as Joey
Jonathan Silverman as Jim Bowers (relief pitcher - #49)
Dennis Farina as George O'Farrell
Jason Robards as Thomas Heywood
Wolfgang Bodison as Spencer Hamilton (center field - #34)
Duane Davis as Jerry Johnson (right field/Designated Hitter - #31)
Leon "Bull" Durham as Leon Alexander (first base - #23)
Kevin Elster as Pat Corning (shortstop - #2)
Joseph Latimore as Lonnie Ritter (left field - #24)
Brad Lesley as John (Blackout) Gatling (relief pitcher - #38)
John Minch as Mark Hodges (catcher - #12)
Michael Papajohn as Tucker Kain (right field - #5)
Scott Patterson as Mike McGrevey (starting pitcher - #19)
Troy Startoni as Larry Hilbert (third base - #15)
Antonio Lewis Todd as Mickey Scales (second base - #11)
John Gordon as Wally Holland (play-by-play)
MLB personalities as themselves
Ken Griffey Jr.
Lou Piniella
Mickey Tettleton
Iván Rodríguez
Sandy Alomar Jr.
Eric Anthony
Carlos Baerga
Alex Fernandez
Randy Johnson
Wally Joyner
Dave Magadan
Lenny Webster
Paul O'Neill
Rafael Palmeiro
Dean Palmer
Tim Raines
Chris Berman
Actor Kevin Elster was an active MLB player when the film was shot, while two of his fictional Twins teammates were played by former MLB players Leon Durham and Brad Lesley. John Gordon, who plays the fictional announcer Wally Holland, was the actual radio announcer for the Twins from 1987 through 2011, and was elected into the club's Hall of Fame in 2016.
Ashley Crow's son, Pete Crow-Armstrong, eventually became a major-leaguer himself for the Chicago Cubs.
Today's Major League Baseball rules prohibit a manager from having any ownership stake in a team. That had happened earlier, when Emil Fuchs owned the Boston Braves and tried to save money by managing the team himself, without any success. The best known example was Connie Mack, who was part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics, but assumed sole ownership after the death of Ben Shibe. Mack served as the manager of the Athletics for fifty years. This record is now deemed unbeatable, since the ownership rule was passed after Mack died. The most recent example was an embarrassing attempt by Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner to manage the team in 1977. He did so for only one game (a 2-1 loss) before being informed that he was not eligible.
Reception
The film has a score of 35% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". In his three-and-a-half star review, Roger Ebert gave the film praise for being a family movie that doesn't dumb down for its audience or feel predictable.
Year-end lists
Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
See also
List of baseball films
References
^ "The forgotten brilliance and influence of 'Little Big League'". The Kansas City Star. July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ Little Big League at Box Office Mojo
^ "Society for American Baseball Research". Retrieved October 7, 2022.
^ "The Minnesota Twins Induct Legendary Broadcaster John Gordon Into Hall Of Fame". July 18, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
^ "Cubs prospect called up for MLB debut decades after his mom starred in 'Little Big League'". September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ "Little Big League (1994)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
^ Little Big League, retrieved 2021-07-06
^ Ebert, Roger (June 29, 1994). "Little Big League". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Elliott, David (December 25, 1994). "On the big screen, color it a satisfying time". The San Diego Union-Tribune (1, 2 ed.). p. E=8.
External links
Little Big League at IMDb
Little Big League at AllMovie
Little Big League at Rotten Tomatoes
vteMinnesota Twins
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Big League (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_League_(band)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_film"},{"link_name":"sports film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_film"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Timothy Busfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Busfield"},{"link_name":"Ashley Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Crow"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scheinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scheinman"}],"text":"For the band, see Little Big League (band).1994 American filmLittle Big League is a 1994 American family sports film about a 12-year-old who suddenly becomes the owner and then manager of the Minnesota Twins baseball team. It stars Luke Edwards, Timothy Busfield, and Ashley Crow. The film is director Andrew Scheinman's first and only feature film directorial project.","title":"Little Big League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"ejected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_(sports)"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Wild_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"One-game playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-game_playoff"},{"link_name":"Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome"},{"link_name":"postseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_postseason"},{"link_name":"extra innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_innings"},{"link_name":"Randy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ken Griffey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Griffey_Jr."}],"text":"Billy Heywood, the 12-year-old son of widowed Jenny, is a Little League Baseball player. Billy's paternal grandfather, Thomas Heywood, owns the Minnesota Twins.When Thomas dies, Billy learns that he is now the owner of the Twins. Thomas' will specifies that the team executives are to help Billy until he is old enough to run the team by himself.Billy quickly runs afoul of the team manager, George O'Farrell. Billy believes O'Farrell is too hard on the players, while O'Farrell despises the idea of working for a kid. After O'Farrell repeatedly insults Billy, Billy fires him.With no other managers willing to work for a kid, and with his grade-school summer break starting in two days, the baseball-savvy Billy decides to name himself the new manager. He reaches out to the Commissioner of Baseball, who approves after consulting with Jenny.The players are very skeptical, but Billy promises that if he does not improve the team's last-place position in the standings within a few weeks, he will resign. The team quickly moves up to division race contention. Unfortunately, not all is going smoothly for Billy, as his friend and star first baseman Lou Collins takes a romantic interest in Jenny.Billy picks up bad habits on the road, and is even ejected from a game and given a one-game \"suspension\" by his mother for swearing at an umpire because of a call he didn't like. He is troubled when he must release his personal favorite Twins player, Jerry Johnson, who is in the twilight of his career; Billy's awkward handling of the situation ends up making Jerry feel even worse.The pressures of managing the team wear Billy down and consume his free time. Billy's friends do not like how his managerial responsibilities are keeping him away from being with them. Even when he's physically present (as opposed to on the road with the team), he is typically distracted by team business.After Jenny spends her birthday with Lou rather than Billy, Billy uses Lou's minor batting-slump as an excuse to bench him, sending the Twins into a losing skid. Billy later tells his mom that he's tired of being a \"grown-up\" and decides to quit as manager after the end of the season, even reinstating Lou to starter on first base.With four games left in the season, the Twins trail the Seattle Mariners by four games in the wild card race. The Twins win their last four while the Mariners lose four straight, forcing a One-game playoff at the Twins' Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome to determine who advances to the postseason.The two teams trade three-run home runs during the course of the game, and extra innings are required. The Mariners eventually take the lead. Down to their final out, and Lou about to go up to bat, he tells Billy that he has asked Jenny to marry him, and that her reply was \"Ask Billy\". With a runner on base, Billy says if Lou hits the game-winning homer he will give his blessing, but quickly relents and gives Lou his consent whether or not he hits a homer. Facing Randy Johnson, Lou hits a long fly ball to center field, but Ken Griffey Jr. makes a leaping catch at the wall to rob Lou of a homer and end the game.With their season over, Billy tells the players he is officially stepping down as manager, with pitching coach Mac MacNally taking his place, as well as bringing back Jerry Johnson to be the third base coach and new hitting instructor. The players object to losing Billy, but he reminds the team that he will still be present as the owner, and says that he might come back as manager if junior high doesn't work out. When being informed that none of the fans have left, Billy, along with the rest of the team, returns to the field to receive a standing ovation.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Busfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Busfield"},{"link_name":"John Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ashley Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Crow"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Silverman"},{"link_name":"Dennis Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Farina"},{"link_name":"Jason Robards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robards"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Bodison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Bodison"},{"link_name":"Duane Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Davis"},{"link_name":"Leon \"Bull\" Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Durham"},{"link_name":"Kevin Elster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Elster"},{"link_name":"Brad Lesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Lesley"},{"link_name":"Michael Papajohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Papajohn"},{"link_name":"Scott Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Patterson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordon_(baseball)"}],"text":"Luke Edwards as Billy Heywood (manager - #20)\nTimothy Busfield as Lou Collins (first base - #4)\nJohn Ashton as Mac Macnally (pitching coach - #56)\nAshley Crow as Jenny Heywood\nKevin Dunn as Arthur Goslin (general manager)\nBilly L. Sullivan as Chuck\nMiles Feulner as Joey\nJonathan Silverman as Jim Bowers (relief pitcher - #49)\nDennis Farina as George O'Farrell\nJason Robards as Thomas Heywood\nWolfgang Bodison as Spencer Hamilton (center field - #34)\nDuane Davis as Jerry Johnson (right field/Designated Hitter - #31)\nLeon \"Bull\" Durham as Leon Alexander (first base - #23)\nKevin Elster as Pat Corning (shortstop - #2)\nJoseph Latimore as Lonnie Ritter (left field - #24)\nBrad Lesley as John (Blackout) Gatling (relief pitcher - #38)\nJohn Minch as Mark Hodges (catcher - #12)\nMichael Papajohn as Tucker Kain (right field - #5)\nScott Patterson as Mike McGrevey (starting pitcher - #19)\nTroy Startoni as Larry Hilbert (third base - #15)\nAntonio Lewis Todd as Mickey Scales (second base - #11)\nJohn Gordon as Wally Holland (play-by-play)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Griffey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Griffey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lou Piniella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Piniella"},{"link_name":"Mickey Tettleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Tettleton"},{"link_name":"Iván Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Sandy Alomar Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Alomar_Jr."},{"link_name":"Eric Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Carlos Baerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Baerga"},{"link_name":"Alex Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fernandez_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Randy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Wally Joyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Joyner"},{"link_name":"Dave Magadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Magadan"},{"link_name":"Lenny Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Webster"},{"link_name":"Paul O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_O%27Neill_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rafael Palmeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Palmeiro"},{"link_name":"Dean Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Tim Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Raines"},{"link_name":"Chris Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Berman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pete Crow-Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Crow-Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"MLB personalities as themselves","text":"Ken Griffey Jr.\nLou Piniella\nMickey Tettleton\nIván Rodríguez\nSandy Alomar Jr.\nEric Anthony\nCarlos Baerga\nAlex Fernandez\nRandy Johnson\nWally Joyner\nDave Magadan\nLenny Webster\nPaul O'Neill\nRafael Palmeiro\nDean Palmer\nTim Raines\nChris BermanActor Kevin Elster was an active MLB player when the film was shot, while two of his fictional Twins teammates were played by former MLB players Leon Durham and Brad Lesley. John Gordon, who plays the fictional announcer Wally Holland, was the actual radio announcer for the Twins from 1987 through 2011,[3] and was elected into the club's Hall of Fame in 2016.[4]Ashley Crow's son, Pete Crow-Armstrong, eventually became a major-leaguer himself for the Chicago Cubs. [5]Today's Major League Baseball rules prohibit a manager from having any ownership stake in a team. That had happened earlier, when Emil Fuchs owned the Boston Braves and tried to save money by managing the team himself, without any success. The best known example was Connie Mack, who was part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics, but assumed sole ownership after the death of Ben Shibe. Mack served as the manager of the Athletics for fifty years. This record is now deemed unbeatable, since the ownership rule was passed after Mack died. The most recent example was an embarrassing attempt by Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner to manage the team in 1977. He did so for only one game (a 2-1 loss) before being informed that he was not eligible.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The film has a score of 35% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews.[6] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[7] In his three-and-a-half star review, Roger Ebert gave the film praise for being a family movie that doesn't dumb down for its audience or feel predictable.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The San Diego Union-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune[9]","title":"Year-end lists"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of baseball films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_films"}]
|
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|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Big_League&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.kansascity.com/opinion/article734699.html","external_links_name":"\"The forgotten brilliance and influence of 'Little Big League'\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlebigleague.htm","external_links_name":"Little Big League"},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/john-gordon/","external_links_name":"\"Society for American Baseball Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.sdpb.org/blogs/sports-and-leisure/the-minnesota-twins-induct-legendary-broadcaster-john-gordon-into-hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"The Minnesota Twins Induct Legendary Broadcaster John Gordon Into Hall Of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2023/09/11/little-big-league-actress-is-pete-crow-armstrong-mom/70828637007/","external_links_name":"\"Cubs prospect called up for MLB debut decades after his mom starred in 'Little Big League'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/little_big_league","external_links_name":"\"Little Big League (1994)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/little-big-league","external_links_name":"Little Big League"},{"Link":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/little-big-league-1994","external_links_name":"\"Little Big League\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110363/","external_links_name":"Little Big League"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v131230","external_links_name":"Little Big League"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/little_big_league","external_links_name":"Little Big League"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_(judge_royal)
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Lawrence (judge royal)
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["1 References","2 Sources"]
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LawrenceJudge royalReign1164–1172PredecessorGabrielSuccessorCumpurdinus Diedafter 1180Duchy of AustriaSpouse(s)Christina NIssueBethlehem
Lawrence (Hungarian: Lőrinc; died after 1180) was a nobleman in the Kingdom of Hungary, who served as Judge royal (Latin: curialis comes) between 1164 and 1172, during the reign of Stephen III of Hungary.
He was loyal to Géza II of Hungary as, according to a royal charter issued in 1212, he held the positions of ispán of Sopron and Vas Counties for at most more than twenty years, from 1141 to 1162. When he was already Judge royal, a non-authentic charter also refers to him as ispán of Sopron County therefore it is conceivable that Lawrence held both ispánates until his end of career and residence in Hungary.
When the civil war broke out between Stephen III, who ascended the throne after the death of his father Géza II, and his uncles (Ladislaus and Stephen IV) in 1162, Lawrence supported the young king. He was mentioned among the great barons in 1162. He was appointed Judge royal in 1164, replacing Gabriel. In 1172, when Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom refused to perform the coronation of Béla III, who had returned from Constantinople, Lawrence and numerous other barons followed the archbishop and supported Prince Géza, the youngest surviving son of the late Géza II.
However Béla III was able to strengthen his power and was crowned by the Archbishop of Kalocsa who was authorized by Pope Alexander III in early 1173. According to a Bohemian chronicle (Continuatio Gerlaci abbatis Milovicensis), Béla imprisoned his younger brother, Géza, who however escaped from prison and fled to Austria in 1174, alongside Lawrence who also had fled the country and died in exile sometime later.
Lawrence and his wife Christina spent their years in exile in Austria around 1180, when received a letter from Stephen, the abbot of Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, who informed them their son Bethlehem, who was sent to the abbey to get higher education, died of illness. The abbot assured them that their son died without leaving a debt, and Stephen thanked the donation sent earlier for the abbey (golds, chasubles, horses and banners).
References
^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 27.
^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 196.
^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 222.
^ Makk 1989, p. 93.
^ a b Markó 2006, p. 285.
^ Makk 1989, p. 108.
^ Makk 1989, p. 111.
^ Györffy 1994, p. 58.
Sources
Györffy, György (1994). "Jób esztergomi érsek kapcsolata III. Béla királlyal és szerepe a magyar egyházi művelődésben ". Aetas. 9 (1). AETAS Könyv- és Lapkiadó Egyesület: 58–63.
Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1.
Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
Political offices
Preceded byGabriel
Judge royal 1164–1172
Succeeded byCumpurdinus
|
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According to a Bohemian chronicle (Continuatio Gerlaci abbatis Milovicensis), Béla imprisoned his younger brother, Géza, who however escaped from prison and fled to Austria in 1174,[5] alongside Lawrence who also had fled the country and died in exile sometime later.[7]Lawrence and his wife Christina spent their years in exile in Austria around 1180, when received a letter from Stephen, the abbot of Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, who informed them their son Bethlehem, who was sent to the abbey to get higher education, died of illness. The abbot assured them that their son died without leaving a debt, and Stephen thanked the donation sent earlier for the abbey (golds, chasubles, horses and banners).[8]","title":"Lawrence (judge royal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-05-5268-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-547-085-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-9627-38-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9627-38-3"}],"text":"Györffy, György (1994). \"Jób esztergomi érsek kapcsolata III. Béla királlyal és szerepe a magyar egyházi művelődésben [The Franco-Hungarian Connections of Job, Archbishop of Esztergom (1185–1201)]\". Aetas. 9 (1). AETAS Könyv- és Lapkiadó Egyesület: 58–63.\nMakk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.\nMarkó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1.\nZsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Györffy, György (1994). \"Jób esztergomi érsek kapcsolata III. Béla királlyal és szerepe a magyar egyházi művelődésben [The Franco-Hungarian Connections of Job, Archbishop of Esztergom (1185–1201)]\". Aetas. 9 (1). AETAS Könyv- és Lapkiadó Egyesület: 58–63.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X","url_text":"963-05-5268-X"}]},{"reference":"Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-547-085-1","url_text":"963-547-085-1"}]},{"reference":"Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9627-38-3","url_text":"978-963-9627-38-3"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Business_Historians
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Association of Business Historians
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["1 Activities","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
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The Association of Business Historians is a British learned society focused on business history and the history of companies, concerned with "the study of all aspects of the historical development of enterprise, businesses and business activity generally and their inter-relationship with the social, cultural, economic and political environment."
In 2009 it was one of The National Archives' partners in the production of a National Strategy for Business Archives (England and Wales) (2009).
Activities
The association organises an annual conference and an annual Tony Slaven Doctoral Workshop, named for Tony Slaven, one of the association's founders. It awards the annual Coleman Prize, named for business historian D. C. Coleman, for a recent Ph.D. thesis in the area of business history, and the Tony Slaven Grant.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Association of Business Historians was founded in 1990 to promote the study of business history, following on from the activities of the Business Archives Council, established in 1934.
The first meeting to establish a British organisation for business history took place on 27 September 1989, in the new premises of the Centre for Business History in Glasgow. A pre-committee was formed at the meeting to develop a constitution, plan elections and launch a new association, consisting of Tony Slaven, Geoff Jones, Terry Gourvish, Derek Oddy and Oliver Westall.
The objective of the Association of Business Historians was "to promote the study, teaching and publication of all aspects of the history of business and industry, and of the environment in which they operate." The first elections were held in September 1990, and the first council was formed of Derek Oddy (President), Geoff Jones (Vice President), Tony Slaven (Secretary Treasurer), Terry Gourvish (Newsletter Editor), Mary Rose (Membership Secretary) and David Jeremy as Council Member.
The first conference took place on 27–28 September 1991 at the Centre for Business History in Scotland, exactly two years after the first meeting, and became a biennial series of meetings until 2000.
The association's Ph.D. prize was introduced in 1997 at the joint British/American conference held in Glasgow. In 2000 the prize became annual and was named the Coleman Prize. Each year the prize winner joins the council to ensure that new researchers become embedded in the networks and practices of the association.
The Association of British Historians also had an early influence on the formation of the European Business History Association. Discussions began in 1993 between Geoff Jones, Tony Slaven and Hans Pohl, and were extended to include Mary Rose, Keetie Sluytermann, Rolv Petter Amdam and Per Boje at a meeting in Glasgow in the autumn of 1993. A series of meetings followed in Bonn, Rotterdam and Reading. The EBHA was formally launched at the business history conference in Rotterdam in October 1994, with its inaugural conference following in Gothenburg in August 1996.
References
^ "Aims and objectives". Association of British Historians. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ "Business archives strategy". The National Archives. 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ "What is the Tony Slaven Grant?". ABH. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ "What is Coleman Prize". ABH. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
External links
Official website
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_character
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Supporting character
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["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Character in a narrative that is not focused on by the primary storyline
For the 1989 Cuban film, see Supporting Roles. For the 2012 American film, see Supporting Characters.
Not to be confused with Supporting actor.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Supporting character" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A supporting character is a character in a narrative that is not the focus of the primary storyline, but is important to the plot/protagonist, and appears or is mentioned in the story enough to be more than just a minor character or a cameo appearance. Sometimes, supporting characters may develop a complex backstory of their own, but this is usually in relation to the main character, rather than entirely independently. In television, supporting characters may appear in more than half of episodes per season. Some examples of well-known supporting characters include Watson in the Sherlock Holmes stories, Donkey in the Shrek films, and Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter series.
In some cases, especially in ongoing material such as comic books and television series, supporting characters themselves may become main characters in a spin-off if they gain sufficient approval from their audience.
See also
Cameo
Bit player
Henchman
Sidekick
References
^ "What is a Supporting Character and why are they Important".
^ "How to Write Stellar Supporting Characters".
^ "6 Characters Who Became the Stars of Their Own Spinoff Films". The Hollywood Reporter. December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supporting Roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Roles"},{"link_name":"Supporting Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Characters"},{"link_name":"Supporting actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_actor"},{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(arts)"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative"},{"link_name":"storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cameo appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"backstory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"main character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode"},{"link_name":"Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_(Shrek)"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Ron Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the 1989 Cuban film, see Supporting Roles. For the 2012 American film, see Supporting Characters.Not to be confused with Supporting actor.A supporting character is a character in a narrative that is not the focus of the primary storyline, but is important to the plot/protagonist,[1] and appears or is mentioned in the story enough to be more than just a minor character or a cameo appearance. Sometimes, supporting characters may develop a complex backstory of their own,[2] but this is usually in relation to the main character, rather than entirely independently. In television, supporting characters may appear in more than half of episodes per season. Some examples of well-known supporting characters include Watson in the Sherlock Holmes stories, Donkey in the Shrek films, and Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter series.In some cases, especially in ongoing material such as comic books and television series, supporting characters themselves may become main characters in a spin-off if they gain sufficient approval from their audience.[3]","title":"Supporting character"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cameo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"title":"Bit player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_player"},{"title":"Henchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henchman"},{"title":"Sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause
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Assistance of Counsel Clause
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["1 Attachment at critical stages","2 Choice of counsel","3 Conflict free counsel","4 Appointment of counsel","5 Ineffective assistance of counsel","6 Self-representation","7 Similar state-law provisions","8 Application to state offenses","9 References"]
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vte
The Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."
The assistance of counsel clause includes five distinct rights: the right to counsel of choice, the right to appointed counsel, the right to conflict-free counsel, the effective assistance of counsel, and the right to represent oneself pro se.
Attachment at critical stages
As stated in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), the right to counsel "means at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, 'whether by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.'" Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversarial proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on warrant before a judge," and "committed by the court to confinement," "here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha been initiated."
Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel because grand juries are not considered by the U.S. Supreme Court to be criminal proceedings which trigger the protections of that constitutional protection.
Choice of counsel
Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest, scheduling, counsel's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction, and counsel's willingness to represent the defendant (whether pro bono or for a fee), criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice. The remedy for erroneous deprivation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal.
Conflict free counsel
Whether counsel is retained or appointed, the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest. If an actual conflict of interest is present, and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation, the result is automatic reversal. The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived, but some conflicts are un-waiveable.
Appointment of counsel
In Powell v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own. However, in Betts v. Brady, the Court declined to extend this requirement to the state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment unless the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel.
In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in Hamilton v. Alabama that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like." Gideon v. Wainwright explicitly overruled Betts v. Brady and found that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases. Under Argersinger v. Hamlin, counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. However, in Scott v. Illinois, the Court ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed if the defendant was not sentenced to any imprisonment.
In the United States, while the right to counsel in trials by the federal government was recognized by the US Bill of Rights, the affirmation that this right extended to cases tried by state courts (i.e. most criminal trials, including for crimes such as murder in most cases) came much later. While some state supreme courts affirmed this right during the 19th century, it was only in the 1963 decision Gideon v. Wainwright that the Supreme Court affirmed the right for defendants to have counsel in felony trials.
Ineffective assistance of counsel
Main article: Ineffective assistance of counsel
The constitutional right to counsel necessarily encompasses a right to effective counsel. Mere formal appointment of counsel does not satisfy Sixth Amendment's constitutional guarantees; instead, a criminal defendant is entitled to reasonably competent representation.
In Strickland v. Washington (1984), the Court held that, on collateral review, a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both (1) that defense counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness (the "performance prong") and (2) that, but for the deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different (the "prejudice prong").
To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, a defendant who pleads guilty must show that, but for counsel's deficient performance, he or she would not have pleaded guilty. In Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), the Court held that counsel's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have pleaded guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea.
Self-representation
Main article: Pro se legal representation in the United States
A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.
In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to pro se representation. However, under Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993), a court can require a defendant to be represented by counsel if it believes the accused is less than fully competent to adequately proceed without counsel. In Martinez v. California Court of Appeals, 528 U.S. 152 (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts. In Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial and yet not competent to represent himself. The Court ultimately concluded that, in light of these rules, a state may require an otherwise competent criminal defendant to proceed to trial with the assistance of counsel. The standard for competency to stand trial presumes that the defendant will have a lawyer to assist him at that trial. Implicit therefore in the Dusky rule is the idea that the standard for competency to stand trial must be lower than the standard for competency to represent oneself. The right to represent oneself at trial is qualified by the trial court's interest in preserving courtroom decorum and promoting the orderly presentation of evidence, questioning of witnesses, and advancement of legal argument. For the Court, it was "common sense" that a defendant's mental illness might impair his ability to accomplish these tasks—tasks that any lawyer must if he is to press his client's case effectively. "A right of self-representation at trial will not affirm the dignity of a defendant who lacks the mental capacity to conduct his defense without the assistance of counsel."
In Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.
Similar state-law provisions
In Louisiana, the state Supreme Court has discussed at what point the right to counsel attached under the state and federal constitutions in State v. Hattaway, 621 So. 2d 796 (La. 1993). In this case, the Court repeated the Brewer condition that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches after the commencement of adverse judicial criminal proceedings, and that the right exists only during pre-trial confrontations that can be considered "critical stages" during adverse judicial criminal proceedings. 621 So.2d at 801. No clear definition of a critical stage was given, but interrogation of a defendant by police officers was offered as an example of a critical stage in that case.
Some states extend the right to counsel to all matters where a defendant's liberty interest is threatened. The New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that, regardless of whether the proceeding is labeled as civil, criminal, or administrative, if a defendant faces a loss of liberty, she or he is entitled to appointed counsel if indigent. Anne Pasqua, et al. v. Hon. Gerald J. Council, et al., 186 N.J. 127 (2006) (March 2006).
Application to state offenses
Until 1963, the right to counsel only applied to criminal defendants accused of federal crimes. However, in Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court held that the right to counsel also applied to state criminal defendants.
References
^ United States Constitution, Amendment VI
^ Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S., 398
^ Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 (1964)
^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. "U. S. v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 581, 96 S. Ct. 1768, 1779, 48 L. Ed. 2d 212 (1976)". Justicia. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
^ Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153 (1988).
^ Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1 (1983).
^ United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140 (2006).
^ Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776 (1987); Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335 (1980); Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475 (1978).
^ See United States v. Curcio, 680 F.2d 881 (2d Cir. 1982).
^ See, e.g., United States v. Schwarz, 283 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2002); United States v. Fulton, 5 F.3d 605 (2d Cir. 1993).
^ Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
^ Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938)
^ Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942)
^ Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961)
^ Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)
^ Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972)
^ Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979)
^ McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970)
^ Avery v. State of Alabama, 308 U.S. 444, 446 (1940)
^ State v. Wissing, 528 N.W.2d 561, 564 (Iowa 1995)
^ Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). See also Casey Scott McKay, Constitutional Law-the Plea-Bargaining Process-Mr. Counsel, Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client's Sixth Amendment Rights, Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing, 82 Miss. L.J. 731 (2013) . Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985).
^ Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010). See also Casey Scott McKay, Constitutional Law-the Plea-Bargaining Process-Mr. Counsel, Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client's Sixth Amendment Rights, Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing, 82 Miss. L.J. 731 (2013) . Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ 2nd Circuit: Having a Lawyer Satisfies Test for Court Access, Law.com, Mark Hamblett, October 8, 2004
^ Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 345 (1963)
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vteUnited States Sixth Amendment case lawSpeedy Trial Clause
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Nix v. Whiteside (1986)
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Lockhart v. Fretwell (1993)
Williams v. Taylor (2000)
Glover v. United States (2001)
Bell v. Cone (2002)
Woodford v. Visciotti (2002)
Wiggins v. Smith (2003)
Holland v. Jackson (2004)
Wright v. Van Patten (2008)
Bobby v. Van Hook (2009)
Wong v. Belmontes (2009)
Porter v. McCollum (2009)
Padilla v. Kentucky (2010)
Sears v. Upton (2010)
Premo v. Moore (2011)
Lafler v. Cooper (2012)
Buck v. Davis (2017)
Garza v. Idaho (2019)
Uncounseled statements
Massiah v. United States (1963)
Brewer v. Williams (1977)
Pro se representation
Faretta v. California (1975)
McKaskle v. Wiggins (1984)
Rock v. Arkansas (1987)
Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California (2000)
Indiana v. Edwards (2008)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"effective assistance of counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counsel"},{"link_name":"pro se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_se"}],"text":"The Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: \"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.\"[1]The assistance of counsel clause includes five distinct rights: the right to counsel of choice, the right to appointed counsel, the right to conflict-free counsel, the effective assistance of counsel, and the right to represent oneself pro se.","title":"Assistance of Counsel Clause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brewer v. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer_v._Williams"},{"link_name":"430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_430"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/387/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"grand jury proceedings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Sixth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As stated in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), the right to counsel \"means at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, 'whether by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.'\"[2] Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversarial proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him[3] and that when a defendant is arrested, \"arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge,\" and \"committed by the court to confinement,\" \"[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated.\"Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel because grand juries are not considered by the U.S. Supreme Court to be criminal proceedings which trigger the protections of that constitutional protection.[4]","title":"Attachment at critical stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflicts of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pro bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_bono"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest,[5] scheduling, counsel's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction, and counsel's willingness to represent the defendant (whether pro bono or for a fee),[6] criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice. The remedy for erroneous deprivation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal.[7]","title":"Choice of counsel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Whether counsel is retained or appointed, the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest. If an actual conflict of interest is present, and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation, the result is automatic reversal.[8] The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived,[9] but some conflicts are un-waiveable.[10]","title":"Conflict free counsel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Powell v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Johnson v. Zerbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_v._Zerbst"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Betts v. Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts_v._Brady"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hamilton v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_v._Alabama_(1961)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gideon v. Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Argersinger v. Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argersinger_v._Hamlin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Scott v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"US Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Bill_of_Rights"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"Gideon v. Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright"},{"link_name":"felony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony"}],"text":"In Powell v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that \"in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him.\"[11] In Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.[12] However, in Betts v. Brady, the Court declined to extend this requirement to the state courts under the Fourteenth Amendment unless the defendant demonstrated \"special circumstances\" requiring the assistance of counsel.[13]In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in Hamilton v. Alabama that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no \"ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like.\"[14] Gideon v. Wainwright explicitly overruled Betts v. Brady and found that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases.[15] Under Argersinger v. Hamlin, counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment.[16] However, in Scott v. Illinois, the Court ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed if the defendant was not sentenced to any imprisonment.[17]In the United States, while the right to counsel in trials by the federal government was recognized by the US Bill of Rights, the affirmation that this right extended to cases tried by state courts (i.e. most criminal trials, including for crimes such as murder in most cases) came much later. While some state supreme courts affirmed this right during the 19th century, it was only in the 1963 decision Gideon v. Wainwright that the Supreme Court affirmed the right for defendants to have counsel in felony trials.","title":"Appointment of counsel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Strickland v. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strickland_v._Washington"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Padilla v. Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padilla_v._Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The constitutional right to counsel necessarily encompasses a right to effective counsel.[18] Mere formal appointment of counsel does not satisfy Sixth Amendment's constitutional guarantees;[19] instead, a criminal defendant is entitled to reasonably competent representation.[20]In Strickland v. Washington (1984), the Court held that, on collateral review, a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both (1) that defense counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness (the \"performance prong\") and (2) that, but for the deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different (the \"prejudice prong\").[21]To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, a defendant who pleads guilty must show that, but for counsel's deficient performance, he or she would not have pleaded guilty.[22] In Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), the Court held that counsel's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have pleaded guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea.[23]","title":"Ineffective assistance of counsel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faretta v. California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faretta_v._California"},{"link_name":"422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_422"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/422/806/"},{"link_name":"pro se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Godinez v. Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godinez_v._Moran"},{"link_name":"509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_509"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/389/"},{"link_name":"Martinez v. California Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez_v._California_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_528"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/528/152/"},{"link_name":"Indiana v. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_v._Edwards"},{"link_name":"Bounds v. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_v._Smith"},{"link_name":"430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_430"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/817/"},{"link_name":"United States courts of appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to pro se representation. However, under Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993), a court can require a defendant to be represented by counsel if it believes the accused is less than fully competent to adequately proceed without counsel. In Martinez v. California Court of Appeals, 528 U.S. 152 (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts. In Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial and yet not competent to represent himself. The Court ultimately concluded that, in light of these rules, a state may require an otherwise competent criminal defendant to proceed to trial with the assistance of counsel. The standard for competency to stand trial presumes that the defendant will have a lawyer to assist him at that trial. Implicit therefore in the Dusky rule is the idea that the standard for competency to stand trial must be lower than the standard for competency to represent oneself. The right to represent oneself at trial is qualified by the trial court's interest in preserving courtroom decorum and promoting the orderly presentation of evidence, questioning of witnesses, and advancement of legal argument. For the Court, it was \"common sense\" that a defendant's mental illness might impair his ability to accomplish these tasks—tasks that any lawyer must if he is to press his client's case effectively. \"A right of self-representation at trial will not affirm the dignity of a defendant who lacks the mental capacity to conduct his defense without the assistance of counsel.\"In Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of \"meaningful access to the courts\" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.[24]","title":"Self-representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court"}],"text":"In Louisiana, the state Supreme Court has discussed at what point the right to counsel attached under the state and federal constitutions in State v. Hattaway, 621 So. 2d 796 (La. 1993). In this case, the Court repeated the Brewer condition that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches after the commencement of adverse judicial criminal proceedings, and that the right exists only during pre-trial confrontations that can be considered \"critical stages\" during adverse judicial criminal proceedings. 621 So.2d at 801. No clear definition of a critical stage was given, but interrogation of a defendant by police officers was offered as an example of a critical stage in that case.Some states extend the right to counsel to all matters where a defendant's liberty interest is threatened. The New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that, regardless of whether the proceeding is labeled as civil, criminal, or administrative, if a defendant faces a loss of liberty, she or he is entitled to appointed counsel if indigent. Anne Pasqua, et al. v. Hon. Gerald J. Council, et al., 186 N.J. 127 (2006) (March 2006).","title":"Similar state-law provisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gideon v. Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Until 1963, the right to counsel only applied to criminal defendants accused of federal crimes. However, in Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court held that the right to counsel also applied to state criminal defendants.[25]","title":"Application to state offenses"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. \"U. S. v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 581, 96 S. Ct. 1768, 1779, 48 L. Ed. 2d 212 (1976)\". Justicia. Retrieved February 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger","url_text":"Warren E. Burger"},{"url":"http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/564/case.html","url_text":"\"U. S. v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 581, 96 S. Ct. 1768, 1779, 48 L. Ed. 2d 212 (1976)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/387/","external_links_name":"387"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/422/806/","external_links_name":"806"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/389/","external_links_name":"389"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/528/152/","external_links_name":"152"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/817/","external_links_name":"817"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/387/case.html#398","external_links_name":"Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S., 398"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/201/","external_links_name":"201"},{"Link":"http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/564/case.html","external_links_name":"\"U. S. v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 581, 96 S. Ct. 1768, 1779, 48 L. Ed. 2d 212 (1976)\""},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/287/45/","external_links_name":"45"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/304/458/","external_links_name":"458"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/316/455/","external_links_name":"455"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/368/52/","external_links_name":"52"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/372/335/","external_links_name":"335"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/407/25/","external_links_name":"25"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/440/367/","external_links_name":"367"},{"Link":"http://mississippilawjournal.org/2013/04/constitutional-law-the-plea-bargaining-process-mr-counsel-please-bargain-effectively-for-your-clients-sixth-amendment-rights-otherwise-the-trial-court-will-be-forced-to-reoffer-the-plea-deal-and/","external_links_name":"See also Casey Scott McKay, Constitutional Law-the Plea-Bargaining Process-Mr. Counsel, Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client's Sixth Amendment Rights, Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing, 82 Miss. L.J. 731 (2013) ."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702102304/http://mississippilawjournal.org/2013/04/constitutional-law-the-plea-bargaining-process-mr-counsel-please-bargain-effectively-for-your-clients-sixth-amendment-rights-otherwise-the-trial-court-will-be-forced-to-reoffer-the-plea-deal-and/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mississippilawjournal.org/2013/04/constitutional-law-the-plea-bargaining-process-mr-counsel-please-bargain-effectively-for-your-clients-sixth-amendment-rights-otherwise-the-trial-court-will-be-forced-to-reoffer-the-plea-deal-and/","external_links_name":"See also Casey Scott McKay, Constitutional Law-the Plea-Bargaining Process-Mr. Counsel, Please Bargain Effectively for Your Client's Sixth Amendment Rights, Otherwise the Trial Court Will Be Forced to Reoffer the Plea Deal and Then Exercise Discretion in Resentencing, 82 Miss. L.J. 731 (2013) ."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190702102304/http://mississippilawjournal.org/2013/04/constitutional-law-the-plea-bargaining-process-mr-counsel-please-bargain-effectively-for-your-clients-sixth-amendment-rights-otherwise-the-trial-court-will-be-forced-to-reoffer-the-plea-deal-and/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.law.com/jsp/law/LawArticleFriendly.jsp?id=900005540691","external_links_name":"2nd Circuit: Having a Lawyer Satisfies Test for Court Access, Law.com, Mark Hamblett, October 8, 2004"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/372/335/#345","external_links_name":"335, 345"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Palmer
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David R. Palmer
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["1 Biography","2 Writing career","3 Bibliography","3.1 Emergence series","3.2 To Halt Armageddon series","3.3 Other novels","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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American science fiction author (born 1941)
David R. PalmerBorn1941 (age 82–83)Northern Chicago suburbsOccupationScience fiction novelistGenreScience FictionYears active1981–presentNotable awards1985 Compton Crook Award
David R. Palmer (born 1941) is an American science fiction author. His works have been nominated three times for Hugo Awards.
Biography
Palmer was born at Chicago and studied at Highland Park High School. He is married and lives in Florida, where he had worked as a court reporter.
Writing career
Palmer's first novel, Emergence, won the Compton Crook Award in 1985. It arose from a novella by the same title featured in the January 1981, issue of Analog. This was followed by the February 1983, Analog publication of the Seeking novella, which ultimately became part two of the novel. Thereafter the Emergence novella appeared in an anthology called Analog's Children of the Future. Both novellas also won reader's choice awards from Analog. Both were nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novella in their respective years, and the novel for Best Novel in 1985.
A sequel to Emergence, Tracking, was serialized in three parts, beginning in the July/August 2008 issue of Analog. Tracking was continued in the September issue and concluded in the October issue of the magazine.
His second novel, Threshold (ISBN 0-553-24878-2), was published as the first book in the To Halt Armageddon trilogy in 1985. The "About the Author" section of Threshold states that David is "currently working on the sequel to Threshold, also to be published by Bantam", to be called Spēcial Education, which was eventually published in 2019 by Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press. He stated in the afterword to the 1990 edition of Emergence that any future writing would depend upon his finances.
Palmer has another completed but unpublished novel, Schrödinger's Frisbee, which is not related to either of his first two novels. After sitting on his desk for almost 13 years, this book was finally released by Ring of Fire Press in 2021.
Wormhole Press had been indicated as a possible publisher for the new novels and for a reprinting of both Emergence and Threshold. The author had stated on Facebook (19 Dec 2014) that cover illustrations were in production and following that Wormhole Press will move into hardcover and e-book publication.
After his works being out of print and hard to find for over a decade, Palmer later made arrangements with Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press in 2018 to have his works reprinted starting with the reissue of Emergence in June 2018.
Bibliography
Emergence series
Emergence (1984), 978-1948818063 (2018 reprint)
Tracking, (2008), published as single volume, 978-1948818391 (2019 reprint)
"Tracking - part 1". Analog. 128 (7&8). July–August 2008.
"Tracking - part 2". Analog. 128 (9): 90–133. September 2008.
"Tracking - part 3". Analog. 128 (10): 86–133. October 2008.
To Halt Armageddon series
Threshold (1985), 978-1948818193 (2018 reprint)
Spēcial Education (2019) 978-1948818513
Other novels
Schrödinger's Frisbee (2021) 978-1953034922
References
^ a b c "David R. Palmer". Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
^ a b Palmer, David R. (1985). "About the Author". Threshold. Bantam Spectra. ISBN 0-553-24878-2.
^ Michael Addison. "Highland Park High School Class Of 1959, Highland Park, IL". Hphs1959.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ "Internet Book List :: Author Information: David R. Palmer". Iblist.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ "Compton Crook Award Winners". Baltimore Science Fiction Society. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
^ Palmer, David R. (November 1990) . Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3. Threshold (Book I of the To Halt Armageddon trilogy)
^ Palmer, David R. (November 1990) . Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3. I'm almost five years overdue on Book II, Spēcial Education
^ Palmer, David R. (November 1990) . Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3.
^ Palmer, David R. (April 4, 2008). "David R. Palmer Message Board". AllReaders.com. p. 3. Hi, people. I hope the webmaster's rules permit this. First, thanks for your enduring loyalty. It's been 25 years since my last book... Thirdly, I just finished "Schrödinger's Frisbee," an unrelated SF novel about a boy and his dog, his girlfriend -- and alien abduction... Thanks again for your enthusiasm and patience -- and for the kind thoughts embodied in the occasional, somewhat premature eulogies I've read here and on other websites. Very truly, David R. Palmer.
^ "April 2008 Amazon.com comment on Emergence by David R. Palmer". Amazon. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
Sources
Jay Kay Kline's "Biolog" for David R. Palmer appeared in the February 1983 Analog Science Fiction and Fact with the novella "Seeking", p 61.
Locus Online's list of awards and nominations
External links
David R. Palmer at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
"David R. Palmer Awards". Science Fiction Awards Database. Mark R. Kelly and the Locus Science Fiction Foundation.
Author profile page
Author page at Ring of Fire Press
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Netherlands
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_author"},{"link_name":"Hugo Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"}],"text":"David R. Palmer (born 1941) is an American science fiction author. His works have been nominated three times for Hugo Awards.","title":"David R. Palmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"Highland Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_High_School_(Highland_Park,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Palmer was born at Chicago[2] and studied at Highland Park High School.[3] He is married and lives in Florida,[4] where he had worked as a court reporter.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)"},{"link_name":"Compton Crook Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compcrk-5"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Analog's Children of the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%27s_Children_of_the_Future"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella"},{"link_name":"Best Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel"},{"link_name":"Threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_(Palmer_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-553-24878-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-24878-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trilogy-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Flint%27s_Ring_of_Fire_Press"},{"link_name":"Emergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"out of print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_print"},{"link_name":"Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Flint%27s_Ring_of_Fire_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rofp-bio-1"}],"text":"Palmer's first novel, Emergence, won the Compton Crook Award in 1985.[5] It arose from a novella by the same title featured in the January 1981, issue of Analog. This was followed by the February 1983, Analog publication of the Seeking novella, which ultimately became part two of the novel. Thereafter the Emergence novella appeared in an anthology called Analog's Children of the Future. Both novellas also won reader's choice awards from Analog. Both were nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novella in their respective years, and the novel for Best Novel in 1985.A sequel to Emergence, Tracking, was serialized in three parts, beginning in the July/August 2008 issue of Analog. Tracking was continued in the September issue and concluded in the October issue of the magazine.His second novel, Threshold (ISBN 0-553-24878-2), was published as the first book in the To Halt Armageddon trilogy[6] in 1985. The \"About the Author\" section of Threshold states that David is \"currently working on the sequel to Threshold, also to be published by Bantam\",[2] to be called Spēcial Education,[7] which was eventually published in 2019 by Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press. He stated in the afterword to the 1990 edition of Emergence that any future writing would depend upon his finances.[8]Palmer has another completed but unpublished novel, Schrödinger's Frisbee, which is not related to either of his first two novels. After sitting on his desk for almost 13 years,[9] this book was finally released by Ring of Fire Press in 2021.Wormhole Press had been indicated as a possible publisher for the new novels and for a reprinting of both Emergence and Threshold.[10] The author had stated on Facebook (19 Dec 2014) that cover illustrations were in production and following that Wormhole Press will move into hardcover and e-book publication.After his works being out of print and hard to find for over a decade, Palmer later made arrangements with Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press in 2018 to have his works reprinted starting with the reissue of Emergence in June 2018.[1]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)"},{"link_name":"978-1948818063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948818063"},{"link_name":"978-1948818391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948818391"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"}],"sub_title":"Emergence series","text":"Emergence (1984), 978-1948818063 (2018 reprint)\nTracking, (2008), published as single volume, 978-1948818391 (2019 reprint)\n\"Tracking - part 1\". Analog. 128 (7&8). July–August 2008.\n\"Tracking - part 2\". Analog. 128 (9): 90–133. September 2008.\n\"Tracking - part 3\". Analog. 128 (10): 86–133. October 2008.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_(Palmer_novel)"},{"link_name":"978-1948818193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948818193"},{"link_name":"978-1948818513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1948818513"}],"sub_title":"To Halt Armageddon series","text":"Threshold (1985), 978-1948818193 (2018 reprint)\nSpēcial Education (2019) 978-1948818513","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"978-1953034922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1953034922"}],"sub_title":"Other novels","text":"Schrödinger's Frisbee (2021) 978-1953034922","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Locus Online's list of awards and nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061022211759/https://secure.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit69.html"}],"text":"Jay Kay Kline's \"Biolog\" for David R. Palmer appeared in the February 1983 Analog Science Fiction and Fact with the novella \"Seeking\", p 61.\nLocus Online's list of awards and nominations","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tracking - part 1\". Analog. 128 (7&8). July–August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact","url_text":"Analog"}]},{"reference":"\"Tracking - part 2\". Analog. 128 (9): 90–133. September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact","url_text":"Analog"}]},{"reference":"\"Tracking - part 3\". Analog. 128 (10): 86–133. October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact","url_text":"Analog"}]},{"reference":"\"David R. Palmer\". Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074819/https://ericflintsringoffire.com/mbm-book-author/david-r-palmer/","url_text":"\"David R. Palmer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Flint%27s_Ring_of_Fire_Press","url_text":"Eric Flint's Ring of Fire Press"},{"url":"https://ericflintsringoffire.com/mbm-book-author/david-r-palmer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, David R. (1985). \"About the Author\". Threshold. Bantam Spectra. ISBN 0-553-24878-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_(Palmer_novel)","url_text":"Threshold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Spectra","url_text":"Bantam Spectra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-24878-2","url_text":"0-553-24878-2"}]},{"reference":"Michael Addison. \"Highland Park High School Class Of 1959, Highland Park, IL\". Hphs1959.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hphs1959.com/","url_text":"\"Highland Park High School Class Of 1959, Highland Park, IL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internet Book List :: Author Information: David R. Palmer\". Iblist.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202145/http://www.iblist.com/author2450.htm","url_text":"\"Internet Book List :: Author Information: David R. Palmer\""},{"url":"http://www.iblist.com/author2450.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Compton Crook Award Winners\". Baltimore Science Fiction Society. Retrieved June 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsfs.org/bsfsccw.htm","url_text":"\"Compton Crook Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Science_Fiction_Society","url_text":"Baltimore Science Fiction Society"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, David R. (November 1990) [1984]. Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3. Threshold (Book I of the To Halt Armageddon trilogy)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)","url_text":"Emergence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Spectra","url_text":"Bantam Spectra"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/emergence00davi_0/page/297","url_text":"297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-25519-3","url_text":"0-553-25519-3"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, David R. (November 1990) [1984]. Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3. I'm almost five years overdue on Book II, Spēcial Education","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)","url_text":"Emergence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Spectra","url_text":"Bantam Spectra"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/emergence00davi_0/page/297","url_text":"297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-25519-3","url_text":"0-553-25519-3"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, David R. (November 1990) [1984]. Emergence (Signature Special ed.). Bantam Spectra. p. 297. ISBN 0-553-25519-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence_(Palmer_novel)","url_text":"Emergence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Spectra","url_text":"Bantam Spectra"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/emergence00davi_0/page/297","url_text":"297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-25519-3","url_text":"0-553-25519-3"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, David R. (April 4, 2008). \"David R. Palmer Message Board\". AllReaders.com. p. 3. Hi, people. I hope the webmaster's rules permit this. First, thanks for your enduring loyalty. It's been 25 years since my last book... Thirdly, I just finished \"Schrödinger's Frisbee,\" an unrelated SF novel about a boy and his dog, his girlfriend -- and alien abduction... Thanks again for your enthusiasm and patience -- and for the kind thoughts embodied in the occasional, somewhat premature eulogies I've read here and on other websites. Very truly, David R. Palmer.","urls":[{"url":"http://allreaders.com/message-board/david-r-palmer-3099-page-3","url_text":"\"David R. Palmer Message Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"April 2008 Amazon.com comment on Emergence by David R. Palmer\". Amazon. Retrieved 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/New-Edition/forum/FxDY8E0MJ6V80G/Tx3OX4SIOWWQYF1/1/ref=cm_cd_et_md_pl?_encoding=UTF8&asin=0553245015&cdItems=25&cdMsgID=Mx2KEA5N5087C57&cdMsgNo=1&cdSort=oldest&store=generic#Mx2KEA5N5087C57","url_text":"\"April 2008 Amazon.com comment on Emergence by David R. Palmer\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regla_Bell
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Regla Bell
|
["1 Career","1.1 National team","1.2 Club volleyball","2 Clubs","3 Awards","3.1 Individuals","3.2 Clubs","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Cuban volleyball player
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bell and the second or maternal family name is MacKenzie.
Regla BellPersonal informationFull nameRegla Maritza Bell MacKenzieNationalityCubanBorn (1970-07-06) 6 July 1970 (age 53)Havana, CubaHometownSanta Cruz de Tenerife, SpainHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight73 kg (161 lb)Spike326 cm (128 in)Block313 cm (123 in)Volleyball informationPositionOutside hitter / OppositeNumber8 (national team)National team
1988–2000 Cuba
Honours
Women’s volleyball
Representing Cuba
Olympic Games
1992 Barcelona
Team
1996 Atlanta
Team
2000 Sydney
Team
World Championship
1994 Brazil
Team
1998 Japan
Team
FIVB World Cup
1989 Japan
1991 Japan
1995 Japan
Team
1999 Japan
Team
FIVB World Grand Prix
1993 Hong Kong
2000 Quezon City
1994 Shanghai
1996 Shanghai
1997 Kobe
1995 Shanghai
1998 Hong Kong
World Grand Champions Cup
1993 Japan
1997 Japan
Pan American Games
1991 Havana
Team
1995 Mar del Plata
Team
1999 Winnipeg
Team
Regla Maritza Bell MacKenzie (born 6 July 1970, in Havana), more commonly known as Regla Bell, is a Cuban former volleyball player and three-time Olympian. While playing for the Cuban women's national volleyball team, she won the gold medal three times at the Olympic Games from 1992–2000, and won additional gold medals at the FIVB World Championship in 1994 and 1998. She was a left-handed striker.
Career
National team
Bell won three gold medals in a row at the Summer Olympics (in 1992, 1996 and 2000), two gold medals in a row at the FIVB World Championship (in 1994 and 1998), and four gold medals in a row at the FIVB World Cup (in 1989, 1991, 1995 and 1999).
Club volleyball
For the regular season of the 2008–09 Spanish Superliga, Bell was elected MVP and Best Scorer after hitting 439 kills during that regular league.
Bell played for São Caetano/Blausiegel in Brazil for the 2009–10 season. She then played for the Spanish team Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife for the 2010-11 season.
Bell played for the Indonesian club Monokwari Valeria during the 2012–13 season of the Indonesian volleyball league, and later signed up for a two-month contract with PLDT HOME TVolution, a Philippine volleyball team that participated at the 2014 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship.
Clubs
Ciudad Habana (1991–1997)
Assid Ester Napoli (1998)
Despar Perugia (1998–2000)
UCAM Murcia (2002–2004)
Grupo 2002 Murcia (2005–2006)
Promociones Percan (2006–2007)
Ciudad Las Palmas G.C. Cantur (2007–2009)
São Caetano/Blausiegel (2009–2010)
Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife (2010–2011)
Nuchar Eurochamp Murillo (2011–2012)
Manokwari Valeria (2012–2013)
PLDT HOME TVolution (2014)
Awards
Individuals
1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup "Most valuable player"
1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup "Best spiker"
1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup "Best receiver"
1997 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup "Best spiker"
2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season "Most valuable player"
2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season "Best scorer"
Clubs
1999 Italian Cup - Champion, with Despar Perugia
References
^ "Regla Bell, primer fichaje del Tenerife 2009-2010". ADN.es (in Spanish). 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ a b "Regla Bell". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ Oliveros, Lemay Padrón (21 July 2020). "Regla Bell, the Left Striker of Cuban Volleyball". Cubasi.cu. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ a b "Player tournaments". Volleybox.net. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ "Regla Bell, MVP de la fase regular de la SFV". RFEVB.com (in Spanish). 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ Almeida, Paula (4 June 2009). "Tricampeã olímpica, Regla Bell reforça vôlei do São Caetano". Esporte.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ "Regla Bell, MVP de la jornada". TenerifeDeportivo.com (in Spanish). 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ Terrado, Reuben (19 April 2014). "Power Pinays bow to Chinese Taipei for second loss in three outings". SPIN.ph. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
External links
Regla Maritza Bell at Olympics.com
Olympedia Profile: Regla Bell
Volleybox.net Profile
Italian League Profile (archived)
vteCuba squad – 1989 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Gold medal
1 Tania Ortiz
2 Imilsis Téllez
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
8 Regla Bell
11 Josefina O'Farrill
12 Norka Latamblet
13 Mercedes Calderón
15 Magaly Carvajal
Coach: Antonio Perdomo
vteCuba squad – 1991 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Gold medal
1 Tania Ortiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
5 Idalmis Gato
8 Regla Bell
9 Isel Saavedra
10 Regla Torres
11 Sonia Lescaille
12 Norka Latamblet
13 Mercedes Calderón
15 Magaly Carvajal
Coach: Eugenio George Lafita
vteCuba women's volleyball squad – 1992 Summer Olympics – Gold medal
1 Tania Ortiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
5 Idalmis Gato
6 Raisa O'Farrill
8 Regla Bell
10 Regla Torres
12 Norka Latamblet
13 Mercedes Calderón
14 Ana Fernández
15 Magaly Carvajal
Coach: Eugenio George Lafita
vteCuba squad – 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship – Gold medal
1 Tania Ortiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
5 Idalmis Gato
6 Raisa O'Farrill
8 Regla Bell
10 Regla Torres
13 Mercedes Calderón
14 Ana Fernández
15 Magaly Carvajal
16 Mirka Francia
Coach: Eugenio George Lafita
vteCuba squad – 1995 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Gold medal
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
5 Idalmis Gato
6 Raisa O'Farrill
8 Regla Bell
10 Regla Torres
12 Taismary Agüero
14 Ana Fernández
15 Magaly Carvajal
16 Mirka Francia
17 Marta Sánchez
Coach: Eugenio George Lafita
vteCuba women's volleyball squad – 1996 Summer Olympics – Gold medal
1 Yumilka Ruiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
5 Idalmis Gato
6 Raisa O'Farrill
8 Regla Bell
10 Regla Torres
12 Taismary Agüero
14 Ana Fernández
15 Magaly Carvajal
16 Mirka Francia
Coach: Eugenio George Lafita
vteCuba squad – 1998 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship – Gold medal
1 Yumilka Ruiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
8 Regla Bell
9 Indira Mestre
10 Regla Torres
11 Liana Mesa
12 Taismary Agüero
14 Ana Fernández
16 Mirka Francia
17 Marta Sánchez
Coach: Antonio Perdomo
vteCuba squad – 1999 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup – Gold medal
1 Yumilka Ruiz
2 Marlenis Costa
4 Lilia Izquierdo
6 Yoselin Roque
7 Enia Martínez
8 Regla Bell
10 Liana Mesa
12 Taismary Agüero
14 Ana Fernández
16 Mirka Francia
17 Marta Sánchez
Aruzima Alvarez
Coach: Antonio Perdomo
vteCuba women's volleyball squad – 2000 Summer Olympics – Gold medal
1 Yumilka Ruiz
2 Marlenis Costa
3 Mireya Luis
4 Lilia Izquierdo
6 Idalmis Gato
8 Regla Bell
10 Regla Torres
12 Taismary Agüero
14 Ana Fernández
16 Mirka Francia
17 Marta Sánchez
18 Zoila Barros
Coach: Luis Calderon
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Cuban women's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FIVB World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cubasi-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Bell and the second or maternal family name is MacKenzie.Regla Maritza Bell MacKenzie (born 6 July 1970, in Havana), more commonly known as Regla Bell, is a Cuban former volleyball player and three-time Olympian. While playing for the Cuban women's national volleyball team, she won the gold medal three times at the Olympic Games from 1992–2000, and won additional gold medals at the FIVB World Championship in 1994 and 1998.[1][2] She was a left-handed striker.[3]","title":"Regla Bell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olympedia-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volleybox-4"}],"sub_title":"National team","text":"Bell won three gold medals in a row at the Summer Olympics (in 1992, 1996 and 2000), two gold medals in a row at the FIVB World Championship (in 1994 and 1998),[2] and four gold medals in a row at the FIVB World Cup (in 1989, 1991, 1995 and 1999).[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superliga_Femenina_de_Voleibol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"São Caetano/Blausiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Caetano/Blausiegel"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volleybox-4"},{"link_name":"PLDT HOME TVolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLDT_HOME_TVolution_team"},{"link_name":"2014 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Asian_Women%27s_Club_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Club volleyball","text":"For the regular season of the 2008–09 Spanish Superliga, Bell was elected MVP and Best Scorer after hitting 439 kills during that regular league.[5]Bell played for São Caetano/Blausiegel in Brazil for the 2009–10 season.[6] She then played for the Spanish team Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife for the 2010-11 season.[7]Bell played for the Indonesian club Monokwari Valeria during the 2012–13 season of the Indonesian volleyball league,[4] and later signed up for a two-month contract with PLDT HOME TVolution, a Philippine volleyball team that participated at the 2014 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Despar Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavolo_Sirio_Perugia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Grupo 2002 Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAV_Murcia_2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Las Palmas G.C. Cantur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV_Las_Palmas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"São Caetano/Blausiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Caetano/Blausiegel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV_Tenerife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Nuchar Eurochamp Murillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CV_Murillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"PLDT HOME TVolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLDT_HOME_TVolution_team"}],"text":"Ciudad Habana (1991–1997)\n Assid Ester Napoli (1998)\n Despar Perugia (1998–2000)\n UCAM Murcia (2002–2004)\n Grupo 2002 Murcia (2005–2006)\n Promociones Percan (2006–2007)\n Ciudad Las Palmas G.C. Cantur (2007–2009)\n São Caetano/Blausiegel (2009–2010)\n Fígaro Peluqueros Tenerife (2010–2011)\n Nuchar Eurochamp Murillo (2011–2012)\n Manokwari Valeria (2012–2013)\n PLDT HOME TVolution (2014)","title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"1997 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Grand_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season \"Most valuable player\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superliga_Femenina_de_Voleibol"},{"link_name":"2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season \"Best scorer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superliga_Femenina_de_Voleibol"}],"sub_title":"Individuals","text":"1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup \"Most valuable player\"\n1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup \"Best spiker\"\n1993 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup \"Best receiver\"\n1997 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Grand Champions Cup \"Best spiker\"\n2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season \"Most valuable player\"\n2009 Spanish Superliga Regular Season \"Best scorer\"","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coccarda_Coppa_Italia.svg"},{"link_name":"Despar Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavolo_Sirio_Perugia"}],"sub_title":"Clubs","text":"1999 Italian Cup - Champion, with Despar Perugia","title":"Awards"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/80px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Regla Bell, primer fichaje del Tenerife 2009-2010\". ADN.es (in Spanish). 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613214627/http://www.adn.es/deportes/20090602/NWS-2464-Tenerife-Regla-Bell-fichaje-primer.html","url_text":"\"Regla Bell, primer fichaje del Tenerife 2009-2010\""},{"url":"http://www.adn.es/deportes/20090602/NWS-2464-Tenerife-Regla-Bell-fichaje-primer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regla Bell\". Olympedia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52173","url_text":"\"Regla Bell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423193511/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52173","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oliveros, Lemay Padrón (21 July 2020). \"Regla Bell, the Left Striker of Cuban Volleyball\". Cubasi.cu. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cubasi.cu/en/news/regla-bell-left-striker-cuban-volleyball","url_text":"\"Regla Bell, the Left Striker of Cuban Volleyball\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231524/https://cubasi.cu/en/news/regla-bell-left-striker-cuban-volleyball","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Player tournaments\". Volleybox.net. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://women.volleybox.net/regla-bell-p3326/indoor_tournaments","url_text":"\"Player tournaments\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230909045546/https://women.volleybox.net/regla-bell-p3326/indoor_tournaments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la fase regular de la SFV\". RFEVB.com (in Spanish). 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140012/http://www.rfevb.com/prensa/noticia_detalle.asp?id=7176","url_text":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la fase regular de la SFV\""},{"url":"http://www.rfevb.com/prensa/noticia_detalle.asp?id=7176","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Almeida, Paula (4 June 2009). \"Tricampeã olímpica, Regla Bell reforça vôlei do São Caetano\". Esporte.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://esporte.uol.com.br/volei/ultimas/2009/06/04/ult4367u3042.jhtm","url_text":"\"Tricampeã olímpica, Regla Bell reforça vôlei do São Caetano\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230413135301/https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/volei/ultimas/2009/06/04/ult4367u3042.jhtm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la jornada\". TenerifeDeportivo.com (in Spanish). 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210031/http://www.tenerifedeportivo.com/2010/11/09/regla-bell-mvp-de-la-jornada/","url_text":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la jornada\""},{"url":"http://www.tenerifedeportivo.com/2010/11/09/regla-bell-mvp-de-la-jornada/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Terrado, Reuben (19 April 2014). \"Power Pinays bow to Chinese Taipei for second loss in three outings\". SPIN.ph. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/power-pinays-princess-cup-asian-womens-club-volleyball-championship-chinese-taipei-philippine-volleyball","url_text":"\"Power Pinays bow to Chinese Taipei for second loss in three outings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302003823/https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/power-pinays-princess-cup-asian-womens-club-volleyball-championship-chinese-taipei-philippine-volleyball","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613214627/http://www.adn.es/deportes/20090602/NWS-2464-Tenerife-Regla-Bell-fichaje-primer.html","external_links_name":"\"Regla Bell, primer fichaje del Tenerife 2009-2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.adn.es/deportes/20090602/NWS-2464-Tenerife-Regla-Bell-fichaje-primer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52173","external_links_name":"\"Regla Bell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423193511/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52173","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cubasi.cu/en/news/regla-bell-left-striker-cuban-volleyball","external_links_name":"\"Regla Bell, the Left Striker of Cuban Volleyball\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231524/https://cubasi.cu/en/news/regla-bell-left-striker-cuban-volleyball","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://women.volleybox.net/regla-bell-p3326/indoor_tournaments","external_links_name":"\"Player tournaments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230909045546/https://women.volleybox.net/regla-bell-p3326/indoor_tournaments","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140012/http://www.rfevb.com/prensa/noticia_detalle.asp?id=7176","external_links_name":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la fase regular de la SFV\""},{"Link":"http://www.rfevb.com/prensa/noticia_detalle.asp?id=7176","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://esporte.uol.com.br/volei/ultimas/2009/06/04/ult4367u3042.jhtm","external_links_name":"\"Tricampeã olímpica, Regla Bell reforça vôlei do São Caetano\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230413135301/https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/volei/ultimas/2009/06/04/ult4367u3042.jhtm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210031/http://www.tenerifedeportivo.com/2010/11/09/regla-bell-mvp-de-la-jornada/","external_links_name":"\"Regla Bell, MVP de la jornada\""},{"Link":"http://www.tenerifedeportivo.com/2010/11/09/regla-bell-mvp-de-la-jornada/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/power-pinays-princess-cup-asian-womens-club-volleyball-championship-chinese-taipei-philippine-volleyball","external_links_name":"\"Power Pinays bow to Chinese Taipei for second loss in three outings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302003823/https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/power-pinays-princess-cup-asian-womens-club-volleyball-championship-chinese-taipei-philippine-volleyball","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/regla-maritza-bell","external_links_name":"Regla Maritza Bell at Olympics.com"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/52173","external_links_name":"Olympedia Profile: Regla Bell"},{"Link":"https://women.volleybox.net/regla-bell-p3326","external_links_name":"Volleybox.net Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206052416/https://www.legavolleyfemminile.it/DettaglioAtleta.asp?IdAtleta=BEL-REG-71","external_links_name":"Italian League Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_KNSB_Dutch_Single_Distance_Championships
|
2007 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships
|
["1 Schedule","2 Medalists","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","3 Men's results (details)","3.1 500 m","3.2 1000 m","3.3 1500 m","3.4 5000 m","3.5 10000 m","4 Women's results (details)","4.1 500 m","4.2 1000 m","4.3 1500 m","4.4 3000 m","4.5 5000 m","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2007 KNSB Dutch Single Distance ChampionshipsVenueDe Smelt, Assen, NetherlandsDates3–5 November 2006Competitors89 with 50 men and 39 women←20062008→
2007 Dutch Single Distance ChampionshipsMen and women500 mmenwomen1000 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mwomen5000 mmenwomen10,000 mmenvte
The 2007 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships took place in Assen at De Smelt ice rink on 3–5 November 2006. Although this tournament was held in 2006 it was the 2006 edition as it was part of the 2006–2007 speed skating season.
Schedule
Schedule
Date
Distances
3 November 2006
Women's 500 meter 1st runMen's 500 meter 1st runMen's 5000 meterWomen's 500 meter 2nd runMen's 500 meter 2nd run
4 November 2006
Women's 1000 meterMen's 1000 meterWomen's 3000 meter
5 November 2006
Women's 1500 meterMen's 1500 meter Women's 5000 meter Men's 10,000 meter
Medalists
Men
Distance
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2x500 mdetails
Jan Bos
72.730(36.51/36.22)
Jan Smeekens
72.770(36,26/36,51)
Erben Wennemars
72.930(36,28/36,65)
1000 mdetails
Jan Bos
1:11.36
Stefan Groothuis
1:11.52
Beorn Nijenhuis
1:11.70
1500 mdetails
Sven Kramer
1:50.96
Simon Kuipers
1:51.30
Jan Bos
1:51.41
5000 mdetails
Sven Kramer
6:31.34 TR
Carl Verheijen
6:32.64
Bob de Jong
6:42.24
10,000 mdetails
Sven Kramer
13:32.70 TR
Carl Verheijen
13:39.59
Bob de Jong
13:53.58
Source: www.schaatsen.nl & SchaatsStatistieken.nl
Notes:
500m
Smeekens surprised by winning the first race, Bos won the second race and overall classification. Simon Kuipers and Beorn Nijenhuis fell during the second race.
1000m
Jan Bos claims his second title of the Championships and his fifth title in two years.
1500m
Sven Kramer claims his second title of the Championships, while Bos was unable to defend the third of the three titles he won in 2005.
5000m
Defending champion Verheijen broke the track record before being overtaken by Kramer in the last pairings.
10,000m
Sven Kramer was named King of the Championships after his third title in a new track record.
Women
Distance
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2x500 mdetails
Margot Boer
79.570(39.86/39.71)
Marianne Timmer
80.070(40.15/39.92)
Annette Gerritsen
80.430(40.31/40.12)
1000 mdetails
Ireen Wüst
1:18.88 TR
Annette Gerritsen
1:20.63
Marianne Timmer
1:20.73
1500 mdetails
Ireen Wüst
2:02.84 TR
Renate Groenewold
2:05.21
Paulien van Deutekom
2:06.69
3000 mdetails
Renate Groenewold
4:14.98 TR
Ireen Wüst
4:15.38
Paulien van Deutekom
4:18.44
5000 mdetails
Gretha Smit
7:32.57 TR
Tessa van Dijk
7:37.28
Carien Kleibeuker
7:39.74
Source: www.schaatsen.nl & SchaatsStatistieken.nl
Notes:
500m
Boer surprised Timmer by unexpectedly winning both races overtaking all the favourites with a fair distance. Gerritsen who had the best pre-season disappointed.
1000m
Wüst successfully defended her title beating her opponents with a huge difference and a track record.
1500m
Wüst became Queen of the Championships with her third title. She finished way ahead of the other competitors, from who Renate Groenewold turned out to be the best.
3000m
Groenewold beats defending and 2006 Winter Olympics champion Wüst by less than a second, but in a new track record.
5000m
Smit took revenge on her weak 3000 m earlier in the week while the top-3 of that distance didn't participate in the 5000 m. Defending champion Kleibeuker won the bronze.
Men's results (details)
500 m
Place
1st race
Time
Place
2nd race
Time
Place
Classification
Points
1.
Jan Smeekens
36,26
1.
Jan Bos
36,22
Jan Bos
72.730
2.
Erben Wennemars
36,28
2.
Jan Smeekens
36,51
Jan Smeekens
72.770
3.
Simon Kuipers
36,29
3.
Gerard van Velde
36,52
Erben Wennemars
72.930
4.
Beorn Nijenhuis
36,43
4.
Lars Elgersma
36,59
4.
Gerard van Velde
73.050
5.
Stefan Groothuis
36,46
5.
Erben Wennemars
36,65
5.
Lars Elgersma
73.230
6.
Jan Bos
36,51
6.
Jacques de Koning
36,82
6.
Stefan Groothuis
73.300
7.
Gerard van Velde
36,53
7.
Stefan Groothuis
36,84
7.
Jacques de Koning
73.590
8.
Lars Elgersma
36,64
8.
Remco olde Heuvel
37,01
8.
Tim Salomons
74.100
9.
Jacques de Koning
36,77
9.
Tim Salomons
37,08
9.
Alexander Oltrop
74.110
10.
Alexander Oltrop
36,97
10.
Alexander Oltrop
37,14
10.
Remco olde Heuvel
74.115
1000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Jan Bos
1.11,36
Stefan Groothuis
1.11,52
Beorn Nijenhuis
1.11,70
4.
Simon Kuipers
1.11,79
5.
Mark Tuitert
1.11,83
6.
Remco olde Heuvel
1.11,92
7.
Erben Wennemars
1.12,38
8.
Lars Elgersma
1.12,48
9.
Gerard van Velde
1.12,64
10.
Rhian Ket
1.12,89
1500 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Sven Kramer
1.50,96
Simon Kuipers
1.51,30
Jan Bos
1.51,41
4.
Erben Wennemars
1.51,45
5.
Carl Verheijen
1.51,81
6.
Rhian Ket
1.52,60
7.
Beorn Nijenhuis
1.52,78
8.
Stefan Groothuis
1.52,95
Remco olde Heuvel
1.52,95
10.
Ben Jongejan
1.53,67
5000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Sven Kramer
TR 6.31,34
Carl Verheijen
6.32,64
Bob de Jong
6.42,24
4.
Brigt Rykkje
6.42,85
5.
Mark Tuitert
6.43,87
6.
Arjen van der Kieft
6.45,78
7.
Boris Kucsmirak
6.47,56
8.
Ben Jongejan
6.47,93
9.
Jochem Uytdehaage
6.48,91
10.
Mark Ooijevaar
6.49,32
10000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Sven Kramer
TR 13.32,70
Carl Verheijen
13.39,59
Bob de Jong
13.53,58
4.
Arjen van der Kieft
14.01,32
5.
Brigt Rykkje
13.57,90
6.
Kurt Wubben
14.03,43
7.
Mark Ooijevaar
14.13,34
8.
Jochem Uytdehaage
14.19,12
9.
Bjarne Rykkje
14.23,03
10.
Sicco Janmaat
14.26,75
Women's results (details)
500 m
Place
1st race
Time
Place
2nd race
Time
Place
Classification
Points
1.
Margot Boer
39,86
1.
Margot Boer
39,71
Margot Boer
79.570
2.
Marianne Timmer
40,15
2.
Marianne Timmer
39,92
Marianne Timmer
80.070
3.
Annette Gerritsen
40,31
3.
Annette Gerritsen
40,12
Annette Gerritsen
80.430
4.
Ireen Wüst
40,45
4.
Ireen Wüst
40,32
4.
Ireen Wüst
70.770
5.
Laurine van Riessen
41,03
5.
Jorien Kranenborg
41,15
5.
Laurine van Riessen
82.250
6.
Marieke Wijsman
41,17
6.
Mayon Kuipers
41,21
6.
Marieke Wijsman
82.390
7.
Jorien Kranenborg
41,28
7.
Laurine van Riessen
41,22
7.
Jorien Kranenborg
82.430
8.
Sanne van der Star
43,34
Marieke Wijsman
41,22
8.
Mayon Kuipers
82.600
9.
Mayon Kuipers
41,39
9.
Sanne van der Star
41,26
Sanne van der Star
82.600
10.
Thijsje Oenema
41,47
10.
Frederika Buwalda
41,52
10.
Els Murris
83.110
1000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Ireen Wüst
TR 1.18,88
Annette Gerritsen
1.20,63
Marianne Timmer
1.20,73
4.
Paulien van Deutekom
1.20,78
5.
Margot Boer
1.20,90
6.
Wieteke Cramer
1.21,05
7.
Tessa van Dijk
1.21,96
8.
Els Murris
1.22,09
9.
Sophie Nijman
1.22,80
10.
Helga Luning
1.22,83
1500 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Ireen Wüst
TR 2.02,84
Renate Groenewold
2.05,21
Paulien van Deutekom
2.06,69
4.
Tessa van Dijk
2.06,70
5.
Margot Boer
2.06,81
6.
Marja Vis
2.07,72
7.
Jorien Voorhuis
2.07,99
8.
Laurine van Riessen
2.08,43
9.
Marrit Leenstra
2.09,45
10.
Janneke Ensing
2.09,71
3000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Renate Groenewold
TR 4.14,98
Ireen Wüst
4.15,38
Paulien van Deutekom
4.18,44
4.
Marja Vis
4.18,94
5.
Tessa van Dijk
4.20,22
6.
Wieteke Cramer
4.21,24
7.
Elma de Vries
4.21,29
8.
Gretha Smit
4.21,52
9.
Moniek Kleinsman
4.22,37
10.
Carien Kleibeuker
4.22,81
5000 m
Place
Athlete
Time
Gretha Smit
7.32,57
Tessa van Dijk
7.37,28
Carien Kleibeuker
7.39,74
4.
Marja Vis
7.42,12
5.
Wieteke Cramer
7.42,90
6.
Elma de Vries
7.44,16
7.
Jorien Voorhuis
7.48,94
8.
Moniek Kleinsman
7.54,21
References
^ "Uitslagen NK Afstanden Heren". schaatsen.nl. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ "Results men 2007". SchaatsStatistieken.nl. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
^ "Uitslagen NK Afstanden Dames". schaatsen.nl. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ "Results women 2007". SchaatsStatistieken.nl. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
External links
Official website
vteKNSB Dutch Speed Skating ChampionshipsDistance
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Kortebaan
1924–2020
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assen"},{"link_name":"De Smelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Smelt"}],"text":"The 2007 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships took place in Assen at De Smelt ice rink on 3–5 November 2006. Although this tournament was held in 2006 it was the 2006 edition as it was part of the 2006–2007 speed skating season.","title":"2007 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Kuipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuipers"},{"link_name":"Beorn Nijenhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorn_Nijenhuis"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"Source: www.schaatsen.nl [1] & SchaatsStatistieken.nl[2]Notes:\n500m\nSmeekens surprised by winning the first race, Bos won the second race and overall classification. Simon Kuipers and Beorn Nijenhuis fell during the second race.\n1000m\nJan Bos claims his second title of the Championships and his fifth title in two years.\n1500m\nSven Kramer claims his second title of the Championships, while Bos was unable to defend the third of the three titles he won in 2005.\n5000m\nDefending champion Verheijen broke the track record before being overtaken by Kramer in the last pairings.\n10,000m\nSven Kramer was named King of the Championships after his third title in a new track record.","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Source: www.schaatsen.nl [3] & SchaatsStatistieken.nl[4]Notes:\n500m\nBoer surprised Timmer by unexpectedly winning both races overtaking all the favourites with a fair distance. Gerritsen who had the best pre-season disappointed.\n1000m\nWüst successfully defended her title beating her opponents with a huge difference and a track record.\n1500m\nWüst became Queen of the Championships with her third title. She finished way ahead of the other competitors, from who Renate Groenewold turned out to be the best.\n3000m\nGroenewold beats defending and 2006 Winter Olympics champion Wüst by less than a second, but in a new track record.\n5000m\nSmit took revenge on her weak 3000 m earlier in the week while the top-3 of that distance didn't participate in the 5000 m. Defending champion Kleibeuker won the bronze.","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"500 m","title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1000 m","title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1500 m","title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"5000 m","title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"10000 m","title":"Men's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"500 m","title":"Women's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1000 m","title":"Women's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1500 m","title":"Women's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"3000 m","title":"Women's results (details)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"5000 m","title":"Women's results (details)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Heren\". schaatsen.nl. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://schaatsen.nl/topsport-langebaan/historie/uitslagen-nk-afstanden-heren","url_text":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Heren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results men 2007\". SchaatsStatistieken.nl. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schaatsstatistieken.nl/index.php?file=kampioenschappen&g=m&kamp=nk&type=afs&jaar=2007&event=500","url_text":"\"Results men 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Dames\". schaatsen.nl. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://schaatsen.nl/topsport-langebaan/historie/uitslagen-nk-afstanden-dames","url_text":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Dames\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results women 2007\". SchaatsStatistieken.nl. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schaatsstatistieken.nl/index.php?file=kampioenschappen&g=v&kamp=nk&type=afs&jaar=2007&event=500","url_text":"\"Results women 2007\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://schaatsen.nl/topsport-langebaan/historie/uitslagen-nk-afstanden-heren","external_links_name":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Heren\""},{"Link":"http://www.schaatsstatistieken.nl/index.php?file=kampioenschappen&g=m&kamp=nk&type=afs&jaar=2007&event=500","external_links_name":"\"Results men 2007\""},{"Link":"http://schaatsen.nl/topsport-langebaan/historie/uitslagen-nk-afstanden-dames","external_links_name":"\"Uitslagen NK Afstanden Dames\""},{"Link":"http://www.schaatsstatistieken.nl/index.php?file=kampioenschappen&g=v&kamp=nk&type=afs&jaar=2007&event=500","external_links_name":"\"Results women 2007\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20061125043210/http://www.knsb.nl/live-2007/nk/afstanden/index.asp","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudectatomma
|
Pseudectatomma
|
["1 History and classification","2 Description","2.1 Pseudectatomma eocenica","2.2 Pseudectatomma striatula","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Genus of ants
PseudectatommaTemporal range: Lutetian, 47 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
P. eocenica holotype
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Formicidae
Subfamily:
Ectatomminae
Genus:
†PseudectatommaDlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Type species
Pseudectatomma eocenicaDlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Other species
P. striatula Dlussky & Wedmann, 2012
Pseudectatomma is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ectatomminae described by from fossils found in Europe. The genus contains two species dating from the Eocene, Pseudectatomma eocenica and Pseudectatomma striatula.
History and classification
When described, Pseudectatomma was known from four fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Pseudectatomma specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.
At the time of description, the holotype and paratype specimens were preserved in the Senckenberg Research Station Messel fossil collections. The fossils were described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a 2012 paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel, with the genus and both species named in it. The genus name is a combination of the ant genus Ectatomma and the Greek word pseudo, meaning false. The specific epithet "eocenica" is derived from the Eocene age of the fossil, while the name "striatula" is based on the Latin striatulus, meaning "marked by parallel lines".
Description
In both species the pronotum has an upper front surface that is rounded and not angular, lacking a tooth. The petiole is node shaped, separating it from the extinct genus Electroponera that has a much more angular petiole. The rear side of the metatibiae do not have a median tooth, as seen in modern Ectatomminae genera. The gaster is different from the modern Gnamptogenys and Rhytidoponera in that the trapezoid shaped second segment is not notably rounded as in the modern genera.
Pseudectatomma eocenica
P. striatula holotype,
The type fossil for P. eocenica is a female gyne that was preserved as a lateral imprint in the matrix. Overall the body length as preserved is 9.2 mm (0.36 in) with fore-wings that are 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long. The eyes, funicular segment, tibial spurs and pretarsal claws are all missing or not preserved in the only known fossil. The head capsule is longer than wide, and The scape is 1.5 times as long as the head capsule, extending beyond the occipital margin. Over half of the head length is composed of the mandibles, which are triangular in outline, with no tooth dentition preserved.
Pseudectatomma striatula
P. striatula known from both lateral and dorsal imprints of reproductive females. The dorsal imprint is not fully preserved but the length is estimated between 15–16 mm (0.59–0.63 in). Unlike P. eocenica the head capsule is nearly the same length as it is wide. The eyes are preserved and show the compound eyes placed just to the rear of the heads midpoint and there are three ocelli placed into a triangle. The scape is about as long as the head and protrudes beyond the posterior margin. The mandibles are just over half the heads length, with at least five teeth on each. There are notable distinct parallel longitudinal lines on the head.
References
^ a b c d e f g Dlussky, G.M.; Wedmann, S. (2012). "The poneromorph ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae: Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Ponerinae) of Grube Messel, Germany: High biodiversity in the Eocene". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (4): 725–753. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..725D. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.628341. S2CID 83928415. – via Taylor & Francis (subscription required)
^ Dlussky, GM; Wappler, T; Wedmann, S (2009). "Fossil ants of the genus Gesomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Eocene of Europe and remarks on the evolution of arboreal ant communities" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2031: 1–20. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2031.1.1.
External links
Media related to Pseudectatomma at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersPseudectatomma
Wikidata: Q21358016
Wikispecies: Pseudectatomma
GBIF: 8614023
IRMNG: 1483752
Open Tree of Life: 6283650
Paleobiology Database: 251959
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"formicid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae"},{"link_name":"Ectatomminae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectatomminae"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"}],"text":"Pseudectatomma is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ectatomminae described by from fossils found in Europe. The genus contains two species dating from the Eocene, Pseudectatomma eocenica and Pseudectatomma striatula.[1]","title":"Pseudectatomma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compression-impression fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fossil"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"},{"link_name":"Lutetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetian"},{"link_name":"Messel pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messel_pit"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"bituminous shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_shale"},{"link_name":"lagerstätten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tten"},{"link_name":"maar lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2009-2"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"paratype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratype"},{"link_name":"Senckenberg Research Station Messel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturmuseum_Senckenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"},{"link_name":"Ectatomma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectatomma"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"}],"text":"When described, Pseudectatomma was known from four fossil insects which are compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock.[1] Along with other well preserved insect fossils, the Pseudectatomma specimens were collected from layers of the Lutetian Messel pit World Heritage Site. The formation is composed of brown coals, oil shales, and bituminous shale, which preserved numerous insects, fish, birds, reptiles, and terrestrial mammals as a notable lagerstätten. The area is a preserved maar lake which initially formed approximately 47 million years ago as the result of volcanic explosions.[2]At the time of description, the holotype and paratype specimens were preserved in the Senckenberg Research Station Messel fossil collections. The fossils were described by Gennady Dlussky and Sonja Wedmann in a 2012 paper on the poneromorph ants of Messel, with the genus and both species named in it.[1] The genus name is a combination of the ant genus Ectatomma and the Greek word pseudo, meaning false. The specific epithet \"eocenica\" is derived from the Eocene age of the fossil, while the name \"striatula\" is based on the Latin striatulus, meaning \"marked by parallel lines\".[1]","title":"History and classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pronotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronotum"},{"link_name":"Electroponera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electroponera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"metatibiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Tibia"},{"link_name":"gaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Gnamptogenys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnamptogenys"},{"link_name":"Rhytidoponera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhytidoponera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"}],"text":"In both species the pronotum has an upper front surface that is rounded and not angular, lacking a tooth. The petiole is node shaped, separating it from the extinct genus Electroponera that has a much more angular petiole. The rear side of the metatibiae do not have a median tooth, as seen in modern Ectatomminae genera. The gaster is different from the modern Gnamptogenys and Rhytidoponera in that the trapezoid shaped second segment is not notably rounded as in the modern genera.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudectatomma_striatula_SMFMEI5762.jpg"},{"link_name":"scape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"}],"sub_title":"Pseudectatomma eocenica","text":"P. striatula holotype,The type fossil for P. eocenica is a female gyne that was preserved as a lateral imprint in the matrix. Overall the body length as preserved is 9.2 mm (0.36 in) with fore-wings that are 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long. The eyes, funicular segment, tibial spurs and pretarsal claws are all missing or not preserved in the only known fossil. The head capsule is longer than wide, and The scape is 1.5 times as long as the head capsule, extending beyond the occipital margin. Over half of the head length is composed of the mandibles, which are triangular in outline, with no tooth dentition preserved.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ocelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dlussky2012-1"}],"sub_title":"Pseudectatomma striatula","text":"P. striatula known from both lateral and dorsal imprints of reproductive females. The dorsal imprint is not fully preserved but the length is estimated between 15–16 mm (0.59–0.63 in). Unlike P. eocenica the head capsule is nearly the same length as it is wide. The eyes are preserved and show the compound eyes placed just to the rear of the heads midpoint and there are three ocelli placed into a triangle. The scape is about as long as the head and protrudes beyond the posterior margin. The mandibles are just over half the heads length, with at least five teeth on each. There are notable distinct parallel longitudinal lines on the head.[1]","title":"Description"}]
|
[{"image_text":"P. striatula holotype,","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pseudectatomma_striatula_SMFMEI5762.jpg/220px-Pseudectatomma_striatula_SMFMEI5762.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dlussky, G.M.; Wedmann, S. (2012). \"The poneromorph ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae: Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, Ponerinae) of Grube Messel, Germany: High biodiversity in the Eocene\". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (4): 725–753. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..725D. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.628341. S2CID 83928415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology","url_text":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSPal..10..725D","url_text":"2012JSPal..10..725D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2011.628341","url_text":"10.1080/14772019.2011.628341"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83928415","url_text":"83928415"}]},{"reference":"Dlussky, GM; Wappler, T; Wedmann, S (2009). \"Fossil ants of the genus Gesomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Eocene of Europe and remarks on the evolution of arboreal ant communities\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2031: 1–20. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2031.1.1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02031p020f.pdf","url_text":"\"Fossil ants of the genus Gesomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Eocene of Europe and remarks on the evolution of arboreal ant communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2031.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.2031.1.1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSPal..10..725D","external_links_name":"2012JSPal..10..725D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2011.628341","external_links_name":"10.1080/14772019.2011.628341"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83928415","external_links_name":"83928415"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02031p020f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fossil ants of the genus Gesomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Eocene of Europe and remarks on the evolution of arboreal ant communities\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.2031.1.1","external_links_name":"10.11646/zootaxa.2031.1.1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8614023","external_links_name":"8614023"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1483752","external_links_name":"1483752"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6283650","external_links_name":"6283650"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=251959","external_links_name":"251959"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Walter_Price
|
Big Walter Price
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American singer-songwriter
Big Walter PriceBackground informationBirth nameWalter Travis PriceAlso known asThunderbirdBorn(1917-08-02)August 2, 1917Near Gonzales, Texas, United StatesDiedMarch 7, 2012(2012-03-07) (aged 94)Houston, Texas, United StatesGenresTexas bluesOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)Piano, vocalsLabelsPeacock RecordsMusical artist
Big Walter Price (August 2, 1917 − March 7, 2012) was an American blues singer, songwriter and pianist.
Born near Gonzales, Texas, he moved to San Antonio, where he released his first song called "Calling Margie" in 1955. In 1955 he moved to Houston, where he lived until his death. In the 1960s he signed with Peacock Records and released several of his singles. His song "Pack Fair and Square" was covered by the J. Geils Band on the J. Geils Band album.
He died in 2012 aged 94 (though he claimed 97).
References
^ Cicely Mitchell (9 March 2012). "Legendary Houston Blues Singer "Big" Walter Price Dies". News92fm.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ a b c Eagle, Bob (2013). Blues: a regional experience. Eric S. LeBlanc. Santa Barbara, Calif. pp. 294–295. ISBN 978-0-313-34424-4. OCLC 861199661.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "BIG WALTER". Rockabilly.nl. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ Andrew Dansby (8 March 2012). "Local blues great 'Big Walter' dies". Chron.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ Reverend Keith A. Gordon (8 March 2012). "Houston Blues Legend Big Walter Price, R.I.P." About.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ Chris Gray (7 March 2012). "Houston Blues Legend Big Walter "The Thunderbird" Dies At 97". Blogs.houstonpress.com. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
External links
Biography portal
Big Walter Price on AllMusic
Big Walter Price on MySpace
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Texas biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_You_Now
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About You Now
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["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Music video","5 Track listing","6 Credits and personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","7.3 Decade-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 Miranda Cosgrove version","10.1 Commercial performance","10.2 Music video","10.3 Charts","11 Other versions","12 References","13 External links"]
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2007 single by Sugababes
For the Miranda Cosgrove EP, see About You Now (EP).
"About You Now"Single by Sugababesfrom the album Change B-side"Rocks""In Recline"Released24 September 2007 (2007-09-24)Genre
Pop rock
electropop
dance-pop
electronic rock
Length3:09 (radio edit)3:32 (album version)LabelIslandSongwriter(s)Lukasz GottwaldCathy DennisProducer(s)Dr. LukeSugababes singles chronology
"Walk This Way" (2007)
"About You Now" (2007)
"Change" (2007)
Music video"Sugababes - About You Now" on YouTube
"About You Now" is a song by British girl group Sugababes from their fifth studio album, Change (2007). Written and produced by Dr. Luke along with Cathy Dennis and Steven Wolf, it was released on 24 September 2007 by Island Records as the lead single from the album, the first to feature Amelle Berrabah on all tracks. An uptempo pop track that combines heavy elements of pop rock and dance-pop, it infuses light electronic sounds. Lyrically, "About You Now" finds the protagonist thinking deeply over her relationship with her love interest from whom she parted.
The song was generally well received by music critics, who complimented its genre mixing production as well as its US pop influence. The song has been described as a "pop-electro-rock masterpiece" and the best Sugababes single in years. Upon its release, "About You Now" became the group's sixth UK number one hit and highest-charting single since 2005's "Push the Button". It remained atop the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also reached the top of the charts in Hungary, as well as the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and Spain. It is Sugababes' highest-selling single to date, having sold more than 1 million units in the UK alone.
"About You Now" was nominated for a 2008 BRIT Award for Best British Single. In the 2009 edition of Guinness World Records, "About You Now" was listed as the "first track by a British pop act to top the singles chart solely on downloads". The song was also named as the "biggest chart mover to the number one position in the UK". In December 2009, it was revealed by BBC that "About You Now" was the UK's fifth most-played song of the decade (2000–09). An acoustic version of the song appears as a bonus track on the group's sixth studio album Catfights and Spotlights (2008).
Background
"About You Now" was written by Lukasz Gottwald and Cathy Dennis, while production was helmed by the former under his pseudonym Dr. Luke with additional production from Steven Wolf. Keisha Buchanan from the group, described Luke as being 'rigid' with the songs American sound and that she had to "fight" for her ad-libs. Recorded at the Sarm West Studios in London, it was mixed by Kurt Read with further assistance from Aniela Gottwald. Bass, drums, and programming were handled by Luke, while guitars were led by Tina Kennedy and Luke. Additional keyboard contribution came from Eric Kupper. "About You Now" was described by PopJustice as a "proper pop song".
Critical reception
"About You Now" was compared to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single "Since U Been Gone".
"About You Now" received generally favourable reviews from both music critics and fans alike. PopJustice reviewer Peter Robinson, who noted a similarity to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single "Since U Been Gone" (also produced by Dr. Luke), described the song as a "pop-electro-rock masterpiece" and dubbed it "the best Sugababes single" since 2002's Round Round. He praised the song's unselfconsciousness and its "very pleased-to-be-exactly-what-it-is" attitude and noted that "it doesn't sound anything like what the Sugababes have done before but it is instantly recognisable as a Sugababes song". Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy summed it as "a pop dish fit for a king ... the lyrics are Waterman-esque perfect pop with the added spice of Sugababes kinkiness". He remarked that while "About You Now" lacked "the sauciness of a "Push the Button" or spiky attitude of "Hole in the Head", it makes up for it with robot voice effects, a pulsating electronic backbeat and a chorus so addictive that it should probably be taken away and labelled a class A drug".
Adam Webb, writing for Yahoo! Music, called the song a "classic Sugababes: ballsy, tuneful, sassy, slightly amateurish around the edges and generally better than 99.9 per cent of whatever else masquerades under the title of pop music in 2007". Though he noted a lack of edge, blunted by the departure of former band member Mutya Buena, Webb went on declaring it "a short, sharp jolt of classic, perfect pop", giving it seven stars out of ten. By contrast, IndieLondon gave a mixed reception to the song, writing that "it taps into a breezier sound that's designed to fizz with synths, guitars and perky beats. But it doesn't work as well as past hits and lacks the same crossover appeal of earlier cuts "Round, Round" or, most notably, "Freak like Me". Tom Young of BBC called "About You Now" a "fierce opening shot. It's one of their strongest tunes to date, and no surprise ... number one." In 2008, "About You Now" was nominated for a BRIT Award for Best British Single, eventually losing to Take That's "Shine".
Chart performance
The Sugababes performing "About You Now" during their Change Tour in 2008.
"About You Now" made its first chart appearance in the United Kingdom on 17 September 2007 ― for the week ending dated 22 September 2007. It debuted at number thirty five on the UK Singles Chart after the release of a remix package for legal download. A week later, a major boost in downloads, induced by the official release of the digital single, helped catapulting the song to the top of the British charts. This feat made the Sugababes only the fourth act and first homegrown act to chart at number-one on download sales alone. "About You Now" became the band's sixth chart-topper and spent four weeks at number-one, surpassing the chart run of latter single. According to The Official Charts Company, it was ranked both Britain's sixth most-downloaded and sixth best-selling single of 2007. Having sold over 1.25 million copies as of October 2023, it ranks as their best-selling single.
In Ireland, "About You Now" debuted at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart on downloads alone. A week later, it climbed to number five with the physical release, and later peaked at number two for two weeks, becoming the Sugababes' fourth single to peak on particular position. In Austria, it debuted at number 13 on the Austrian Singles Chart where it peaked at number 4 in its third week, becoming the band's third biggest hit there after "Push the Button" and "Overload". "About You Now" saw similar success in Germany where it also peaked at number four on German Singles Chart, eventually becoming the Sugababes' third biggest hit there, again behind "Push the Button" and "Overload". On the Australian ARIA chart, the song peaked at number 57. In New Zealand—despite spending 21 weeks on the charts—it only managed to peak at number 18. On 13 July 2008, "About You Now" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 48, moving to number 34 the next week after being prominently featured in an episode of Hollyoaks. This version, recorded for Radio 1's Live Lounge, was used for the funeral of Max Cunningham.
Music video
The music video for "About You Now" was directed by Marcus Adams and shot on 24 August 2007 at the Festival Hall in Waterloo in London, England. Although various pictures of the clip were leaked on the net the following days, it was not until 6 September the full video made its world premiere via internet. By 7 September 2007, the video had also debuted on music channels. The video is dedicated to the late Tim Royes, who directed the videos for the Sugababes's 2006 singles "Red Dress" and "Easy". The Nokia 7500 mobile phone is used by the two actors in the video; the male actor has the black model whereas the female actor has the white model.
Track listing
UK CD single 1
"About You Now" (Radio Edit) – 3:09
"Rocks" (Napster Live Session) – 3:03
UK 7"
"About You Now" (Album Version) – 3:32
"About You Now" (Kissy Sell Out Remix) – 5:23
Int. CD single / UK CD2 single 2
"About You Now" (Album Version) – 3:32
"About You Now" (Sticky 'Dirtypop' Remix) – 4:48
"About You Now" (Spencer & Hill Remix) – 5:51
"In Recline" – 3:26
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change.
Songwriting – Cathy Dennis, Lukasz Gottwald
Production – Dr. Luke
Additional production – Steven Wolf
Guitar – Lukasz Gottwald, Tina Kennedy
Mixing – Kurt Read
Mixing assistance – Aniela Gottwald
Mastering – Chris Parmenidis
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2007–2008)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
57
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
4
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)
7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
28
Croatia (HRT)
3
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
12
Denmark Airplay (Tracklisten)
2
European Hot 100 (Billboard)
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
19
France (SNEP)
19
Germany (Official German Charts)
4
Germany (Airplay Chart)
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
1
Ireland (IRMA)
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
18
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
16
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
18
Norway (VG-lista)
7
Poland (Airplay Chart)
1
Romania (Romanian Top 100)
35
Scotland (OCC)
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
2
Spain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)
15
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
40
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
21
UK Singles (OCC)
1
UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2007)
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
64
European Hot 100 (Billboard)
40
Germany (Media Control AG)
61
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
92
UK Singles (OCC)
6
Chart (2008)
Position
European Hot 100 (Billboard)
49
Germany (Media Control AG)
87
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
12
UK Singles (OCC)
99
Decade-end charts
Chart (2000–2009)
Position
UK Singles (OCC)
98
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
7,500^
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
150,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
2× Platinum
1,250,000
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom
24 September 2007
Digital download
Island Records
Ireland
28 September 2007
CD single
United Kingdom
1 October 2007
Australia
6 October 2007
Germany
12 October 2007
France
25 February 2008
Spain
12 May 2008
Airplay
Miranda Cosgrove version
"About You Now"Single by Miranda Cosgrovefrom the EP About You Now ReleasedJanuary 28, 2009Recorded2008GenreTeen popLength3:10Label
Columbia
Epic
Sony
Songwriter(s)
Lukasz Gottwald
Cathy Dennis
Producer(s)
Benny Blanco
Matt Beckley
Miranda Cosgrove singles chronology
"Leave It All to Me" (2007)
"About You Now" (2009)
"Kissin U" (2010)
Music video"About You Now" on YouTube
Miranda Cosgrove’s cover of "About You Now" was promoted as the lead single from her debut extended play of the same name, on January 28, 2009. The original lyrics were slightly altered to be made more suitable to Cosgrove's younger audience. Cosgrove's version was promoted heavily on Nickelodeon, where the music video was played during commercial breaks. The Spider Remix of the single was also included in the EP.
Commercial performance
The song has become her highest-peaking song to date in the US, peaking at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was heavily promoted by Cosgrove. During her first ever live performance, Cosgrove performed the song at the 2008 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released an extended play, titled after the song. The EP, which was released to the iTunes Store, features a total of five songs – "About You Now", "FYI", and "Party Girl", and features remixes of "About You Now" and "Stay My Baby". Aside from this performance, Cosgrove also performed the song on Today on September 6, 2010, along with "Kissin U", and "BAM", both off of her debut studio album Sparks Fly released on April 27, 2010.
Music video
The music video, directed by Bille Woodruff premiered on Nickelodeon on December 5, 2008, following the premiere of Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. It features Mexican-American Actor and singer Diego Boneta as her love interest. In the music video, Miranda is with her friends at the mall where, simultaneously, so is her ex–boyfriend. The best friends look at a necklace then go to a photo booth to take pictures. The pictures of two girls acting like they are dating remind Miranda about her break up with her ex-boyfriend, wherein she mistakenly accused him of cheating on her. They then go on an escalator and Miranda spots her ex. She texts him that she got it all wrong with him and he locates her and gives her the necklace that Miranda saw in the beginning of the video that she liked. They end up getting back together at the end of the video. The music video was one of the best selling videos on iTunes at the time of its release.
Charts
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
47
Other versions
"About You Now"
The Saw Doctors version (2008)
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The original version performed by the Sugababes was a massive hit throughout the UK and Europe. The popularity of the song compelled many artists from all different genres from all over Europe to do their own versions. Below is a list of some of the most notable covers.
Rachel Tucker performed this song in the first week of live shows, on BBC1's I'd Do Anything.
The Saw Doctors covered this song on The Podge and Rodge Show on 12 February 2008. Released as a charity single, with proceeds donated to cystic fibrosis charities, it reached the top of the Irish Singles Chart in October 2008.
The Courteeners performed an acoustic cover version during a BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge session. The song was later released on the commercial CD single for their song "No You Didn't, No You Don't".
A cover of this song is the first single from Timo Räisänen's album ...And Then There Was Timo in 2008.
Snow Patrol have performed a cover of this song at Mencap's Little Noise Sessions, live at the Union Chapel on 25 November 2007. The recording was officially released on the 2009 compilation Up to Now.
N-Dubz did a cover of the song on their Uncle B tour. It was in a medley with "With You" by Chris Brown.
The Twins, Nicola & Francine did a cover of the song during the semi-final round of Eurovision: Your Country Needs You, while competing to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Subsequently, Jade Ewen who rose to stardom from the same show would go to join the Sugababes in late 2009.
In 2011 Kim Wilde covered the song for her new album Snapshots.
In 2014, Scottish folk-rock band Skipinnish included a cover of the song on their album "Western Ocean"
In 2015, Shayne Ward covered the song for his album, Closer
References
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^ a b Myers, Justin (24 October 2015). "Quiz: Who sold more?". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
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^ Simpson, Dave (15 November 2022). "'Terry Wogan said it was the worst thing he'd ever heard!': Brian May, Sugababes and more on hitting No 1". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
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^ "Éves összesített listák - Slágerlisták - MAHASZ - Magyar Hangfelvétel-kiadók Szövetsége". Mahasz. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2008". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ Radio 1 Official Chart of the Decade, as broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Tuesday 29 December 2009, presented by Nihal
^ "Guld og platin i april" (in Danish). IFPI Danmark. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Sugababes; 'About You Now')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ Copsey, Rob (5 October 2023). "Official Charts Flashback 2007: Sugababes - About You Now". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
^ "British single certifications – Sugababes – About You Now". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ Kellman, Andy. Now That's What I Call Music 30 (2009): Review at AllMusic. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
^ Nickelodeon/Columbia Records Set To Release 'About You Now,' the Debut Solo EP From Miranda Cosgrove, Star of Nickelodeon's Top-Rated Series iCarly
^ "Miranda Cosgrove to release 1st solo EP". Upi.com. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^ "Miranda Cosgrove 'About You Now' Video". PopDirt. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ Miranda Cosgrove to release 1st solo EP
^ "Miranda Cosgrove at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade". PopDirt. 2 December 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ "Behind the Scenes of Miranda Cosgrove's Video Shoot". People. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ Miranda Cosgrove of Nickelodeon's 'iCarly' coming to Musikfest
^ "Miranda Cosgrove Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^ "Snow Patrol cover Sugababes at London chapel". NME. 25 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ "The Twins: About You Now - Eurovision 2009: Your Country Needs You Semi Final - BBC One". YouTube. 24 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
External links
"About You Now" at AllMusic
"About You Now" by Miranda Cosgrove at AllMusic
vteSugababes
Keisha Buchanan
Mutya Buena
Siobhán Donaghy
Amelle Berrabah
Jade Ewen
Heidi Range
Studio albums
One Touch
Angels with Dirty Faces
Three
Taller in More Ways
Change
Catfights and Spotlights
Sweet 7
The Lost Tapes
Compilation albums
Overloaded: The Singles Collection
Change
Singles
"Overload"
"New Year"
"Run for Cover"
"Soul Sound"
"Freak like Me"
"Round Round"
"Stronger"
"Angels with Dirty Faces"
"Shape"
"Hole in the Head"
"Too Lost in You"
"In the Middle"
"Caught in a Moment"
"Push the Button"
"Ugly"
"Red Dress"
"Follow Me Home"
"Easy"
"About You Now"
"Change"
"Denial"
"Girls"
"No Can Do"
"Get Sexy"
"About a Girl"
"Wear My Kiss"
"Flatline"
"When the Rain Comes"
Featured singles
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"Sing"
"Walk This Way"
"Flowers"
Promotional singles
"My Love Is Pink"
"Santa Baby"
"Freedom"
Tours
Taller in More Ways Tour
The Greatest Hits Tour
Change Tour
Sugababes UK Tour
Lists
Discography
Songs recorded
Awards and nominations
Category
vteiCarly
Original series (2007–2012)
Revival series (2021–2023)
2007 series episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
"iGoodbye"
2021 series episodes
1
2
3
Television films
iGo to Japan
iParty with Victorious
Video games
iCarly
iCarly 2: iJoin the Click!
MusicSoundtracks
iCarly
iCarly: iSoundtrack II
Songs
"Leave It All to Me"
"Stay My Baby"
"About You Now"
Related
Characters
Drake & Josh
Victorious
Sam & Cat
vteMiranda Cosgrove
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Sparks Fly
Extended plays
About You Now
High Maintenance
Singles
"Leave It All to Me"
"About You Now"
"Kissin U"
"Dancing Crazy"
Other songs
"Stay My Baby"
"Christmas Wrapping"
"High Maintenance"
Concert tours
Dancing Crazy Tour
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"About You Now (EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_You_Now_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Sugababes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(Sugababes_album)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Luke"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Steven Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Amelle Berrabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelle_Berrabah"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"electronic sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"love interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_interest"},{"link_name":"Push the Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_the_Button_(Sugababes_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_sales-2"},{"link_name":"BRIT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIT_Award"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Catfights and Spotlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfights_and_Spotlights"}],"text":"For the Miranda Cosgrove EP, see About You Now (EP).\"About You Now\" is a song by British girl group Sugababes from their fifth studio album, Change (2007). Written and produced by Dr. Luke along with Cathy Dennis and Steven Wolf, it was released on 24 September 2007 by Island Records as the lead single from the album, the first to feature Amelle Berrabah on all tracks. An uptempo pop track that combines heavy elements of pop rock and dance-pop, it infuses light electronic sounds. Lyrically, \"About You Now\" finds the protagonist thinking deeply over her relationship with her love interest from whom she parted.The song was generally well received by music critics, who complimented its genre mixing production as well as its US pop influence. The song has been described as a \"pop-electro-rock masterpiece\" and the best Sugababes single in years. Upon its release, \"About You Now\" became the group's sixth UK number one hit and highest-charting single since 2005's \"Push the Button\". It remained atop the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also reached the top of the charts in Hungary, as well as the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and Spain. It is Sugababes' highest-selling single to date, having sold more than 1 million units in the UK alone.[2]\"About You Now\" was nominated for a 2008 BRIT Award for Best British Single. In the 2009 edition of Guinness World Records, \"About You Now\" was listed as the \"first track by a British pop act to top the singles chart solely on downloads\". The song was also named as the \"biggest chart mover to the number one position in the UK\".[3] In December 2009, it was revealed by BBC that \"About You Now\" was the UK's fifth most-played song of the decade (2000–09).[4] An acoustic version of the song appears as a bonus track on the group's sixth studio album Catfights and Spotlights (2008).","title":"About You Now"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lukasz Gottwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukasz_Gottwald"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-5"},{"link_name":"ad-libs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_libitum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sarm West Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarm_West_Studios"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-5"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(guitar)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-5"},{"link_name":"PopJustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopJustice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popjustice-1"}],"text":"\"About You Now\" was written by Lukasz Gottwald and Cathy Dennis, while production was helmed by the former under his pseudonym Dr. Luke with additional production from Steven Wolf.[5] Keisha Buchanan from the group, described Luke as being 'rigid' with the songs American sound and that she had to \"fight\" for her ad-libs.[6] Recorded at the Sarm West Studios in London, it was mixed by Kurt Read with further assistance from Aniela Gottwald.[5] Bass, drums, and programming were handled by Luke, while guitars were led by Tina Kennedy and Luke.[5] Additional keyboard contribution came from Eric Kupper.[5] \"About You Now\" was described by PopJustice as a \"proper pop song\".[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarkson_Live_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Since U Been Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_U_Been_Gone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popjustice-1"},{"link_name":"PopJustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopJustice"},{"link_name":"Peter Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Since U Been Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_U_Been_Gone"},{"link_name":"Round Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Round"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popjustice-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popjustice-1"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Waterman"},{"link_name":"Push the Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_the_Button_(Sugababes_song)"},{"link_name":"Hole in the Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_in_the_Head"},{"link_name":"class A drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_drug"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Music"},{"link_name":"Mutya Buena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutya_Buena"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IndieLondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IndieLondon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Freak like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_like_Me"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BRIT Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIT_Award"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(Take_That_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"\"About You Now\" was compared to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single \"Since U Been Gone\".[1]\"About You Now\" received generally favourable reviews from both music critics and fans alike. PopJustice reviewer Peter Robinson, who noted a similarity to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single \"Since U Been Gone\" (also produced by Dr. Luke), described the song as a \"pop-electro-rock masterpiece\" and dubbed it \"the best Sugababes single\" since 2002's Round Round.[1] He praised the song's unselfconsciousness and its \"very pleased-to-be-exactly-what-it-is\" attitude and noted that \"it doesn't sound anything like what the Sugababes have done before but it is instantly recognisable as a Sugababes song\".[1] Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy summed it as \"a pop dish fit for a king ... the lyrics are Waterman-esque perfect pop with the added spice of Sugababes kinkiness\". He remarked that while \"About You Now\" lacked \"the sauciness of a \"Push the Button\" or spiky attitude of \"Hole in the Head\", it makes up for it with robot voice effects, a pulsating electronic backbeat and a chorus so addictive that it should probably be taken away and labelled a class A drug\".[7]Adam Webb, writing for Yahoo! Music, called the song a \"classic Sugababes: ballsy, tuneful, sassy, slightly amateurish around the edges and generally better than 99.9 per cent of whatever else masquerades under the title of pop music in 2007\". Though he noted a lack of edge, blunted by the departure of former band member Mutya Buena, Webb went on declaring it \"a short, sharp jolt of classic, perfect pop\", giving it seven stars out of ten.[8] By contrast, IndieLondon gave a mixed reception to the song, writing that \"it taps into a breezier sound that's designed to fizz with synths, guitars and perky beats. But it doesn't work as well as past hits and lacks the same crossover appeal of earlier cuts \"Round, Round\" or, most notably, \"Freak like Me\".[9] Tom Young of BBC called \"About You Now\" a \"fierce opening shot. It's one of their strongest tunes to date, and no surprise ... number one.\"[10] In 2008, \"About You Now\" was nominated for a BRIT Award for Best British Single, eventually losing to Take That's \"Shine\".[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugababes_performing_at_the_Manchester_Apollo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Change Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Tour"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"The Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk2007-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_sales-2"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"Austrian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overload_(Sugababes_song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"German Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-12"},{"link_name":"Hollyoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollyoaks"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Live Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Max Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Cunningham"}],"text":"The Sugababes performing \"About You Now\" during their Change Tour in 2008.\"About You Now\" made its first chart appearance in the United Kingdom on 17 September 2007 ― for the week ending dated 22 September 2007. It debuted at number thirty five on the UK Singles Chart after the release of a remix package for legal download.[12] A week later, a major boost in downloads, induced by the official release of the digital single, helped catapulting the song to the top of the British charts.[12] This feat made the Sugababes only the fourth act and first homegrown act to chart at number-one on download sales alone.[12] \"About You Now\" became the band's sixth chart-topper and spent four weeks at number-one, surpassing the chart run of latter single. According to The Official Charts Company, it was ranked both Britain's sixth most-downloaded and sixth best-selling single of 2007.[13] Having sold over 1.25 million copies as of October 2023, it ranks as their best-selling single.[2]In Ireland, \"About You Now\" debuted at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart on downloads alone. A week later, it climbed to number five with the physical release, and later peaked at number two for two weeks, becoming the Sugababes' fourth single to peak on particular position.[12] In Austria, it debuted at number 13 on the Austrian Singles Chart where it peaked at number 4 in its third week, becoming the band's third biggest hit there after \"Push the Button\" and \"Overload\".[12] \"About You Now\" saw similar success in Germany where it also peaked at number four on German Singles Chart, eventually becoming the Sugababes' third biggest hit there, again behind \"Push the Button\" and \"Overload\".[12] On the Australian ARIA chart, the song peaked at number 57.[12] In New Zealand—despite spending 21 weeks on the charts—it only managed to peak at number 18. On 13 July 2008, \"About You Now\" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 48, moving to number 34 the next week after being prominently featured in an episode of Hollyoaks. This version, recorded for Radio 1's Live Lounge, was used for the funeral of Max Cunningham.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Adams_(director)"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tim Royes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Royes"},{"link_name":"Red Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dress_(Sugababes_song)"},{"link_name":"Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_(Sugababes_song)"},{"link_name":"Nokia 7500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_7500"}],"text":"The music video for \"About You Now\" was directed by Marcus Adams and shot on 24 August 2007 at the Festival Hall in Waterloo in London, England.[14] Although various pictures of the clip were leaked on the net the following days, it was not until 6 September the full video made its world premiere via internet. By 7 September 2007, the video had also debuted on music channels. The video is dedicated to the late Tim Royes, who directed the videos for the Sugababes's 2006 singles \"Red Dress\" and \"Easy\". The Nokia 7500 mobile phone is used by the two actors in the video; the male actor has the black model whereas the female actor has the white model.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Napster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"UK CD single 1[15]\n\"About You Now\" (Radio Edit) – 3:09\n\"Rocks\" (Napster Live Session) – 3:03\nUK 7\"[16]\n\"About You Now\" (Album Version) – 3:32\n\"About You Now\" (Kissy Sell Out Remix) – 5:23\n\n\nInt. CD single / UK CD2 single 2[17]\n\"About You Now\" (Album Version) – 3:32\n\"About You Now\" (Sticky 'Dirtypop' Remix) – 4:48\n\"About You Now\" (Spencer & Hill Remix) – 5:51\n\"In Recline\" – 3:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-5"},{"link_name":"Songwriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriting"},{"link_name":"Cathy Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Lukasz Gottwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukasz_Gottwald"},{"link_name":"Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_production"},{"link_name":"Dr. Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Luke"},{"link_name":"Steven Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"Mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change.[5]Songwriting – Cathy Dennis, Lukasz Gottwald\nProduction – Dr. Luke\nAdditional production – Steven Wolf\nGuitar – Lukasz Gottwald, Tina Kennedy\n\n\nMixing – Kurt Read\nMixing assistance – Aniela Gottwald\nMastering – Chris Parmenidis","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=About_You_Now&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-18"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Sugababes-19"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Tip_Sugababes-20"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Sugababes-21"},{"link_name":"HRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_Sugababes-23"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Sugababes-24"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Airplay_Sugababes-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Hot_100-26"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Sugababes-27"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Sugababes-28"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Sugababes-29"},{"link_name":"Airplay Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Airplay_Chart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Sugababes-31"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Sugababes-32"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Sugababes-33"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Sugababes-34"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Sugababes-35"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Sugababes-36"},{"link_name":"Airplay Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Music_Charts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_Sugababes-39"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_Sugababes-40"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMUSICAE"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Sugababes-42"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Sugababes-43"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Sugababes-44"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_R&B-45"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=About_You_Now&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=About_You_Now&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_1-55"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2007–2008)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[18]\n\n57\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[19]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia)[20]\n\n7\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[21]\n\n28\n\n\nCroatia (HRT)[22]\n\n3\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[23]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[24]\n\n12\n\n\nDenmark Airplay (Tracklisten)[25]\n\n2\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 (Billboard)[26]\n\n3\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[27]\n\n19\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[28]\n\n19\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[29]\n\n4\n\n\nGermany (Airplay Chart)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[32]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[33]\n\n18\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[34]\n\n16\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[35]\n\n18\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[36]\n\n7\n\n\nPoland (Airplay Chart)[37]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[38]\n\n35\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[39]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[40]\n\n2\n\n\nSpain Airplay (PROMUSICAE)[41]\n\n15\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[42]\n\n40\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[43]\n\n21\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[45]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[46]\n\n64\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 (Billboard)[47]\n\n40\n\n\nGermany (Media Control AG)[48]\n\n61\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[49]\n\n92\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[50]\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPosition\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 (Billboard)[51]\n\n49\n\n\nGermany (Media Control AG)[52]\n\n87\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[53]\n\n12\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[54]\n\n99\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[55]\n\n98","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miranda Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"extended play of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_You_Now_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Miranda Cosgrove’s cover of \"About You Now\" was promoted as the lead single from her debut extended play of the same name, on January 28, 2009.[61][62][63] The original lyrics were slightly altered to be made more suitable to Cosgrove's younger audience. Cosgrove's version was promoted heavily on Nickelodeon, where the music video was played during commercial breaks. The Spider Remix of the single was also included in the EP.[64]","title":"Miranda Cosgrove version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Stay My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_My_Baby#Miranda_Cosgrove_version"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Kissin U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissin_U"},{"link_name":"Sparks Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks_Fly_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"The song has become her highest-peaking song to date in the US, peaking at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was heavily promoted by Cosgrove. During her first ever live performance, Cosgrove performed the song at the 2008 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.[65] On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released an extended play, titled after the song. The EP, which was released to the iTunes Store, features a total of five songs – \"About You Now\", \"FYI\", and \"Party Girl\", and features remixes of \"About You Now\" and \"Stay My Baby\". Aside from this performance, Cosgrove also performed the song on Today on September 6, 2010, along with \"Kissin U\", and \"BAM\", both off of her debut studio album Sparks Fly released on April 27, 2010.","title":"Miranda Cosgrove version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bille Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bille_Woodruff"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas,_Drake_%26_Josh"},{"link_name":"Diego Boneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Boneta"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Music video","text":"The music video, directed by Bille Woodruff premiered on Nickelodeon on December 5, 2008, following the premiere of Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. It features Mexican-American Actor and singer Diego Boneta as her love interest. In the music video, Miranda is with her friends at the mall where, simultaneously, so is her ex–boyfriend. The best friends look at a necklace then go to a photo booth to take pictures. The pictures of two girls acting like they are dating remind Miranda about her break up with her ex-boyfriend, wherein she mistakenly accused him of cheating on her. They then go on an escalator and Miranda spots her ex. She texts him that she got it all wrong with him and he locates her and gives her the necklace that Miranda saw in the beginning of the video that she liked. They end up getting back together at the end of the video.[66] The music video was one of the best selling videos on iTunes at the time of its release.[67]","title":"Miranda Cosgrove version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Miranda Cosgrove version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"About You Now\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Saw_Doctors_About_You_Now.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Rachel Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Tucker"},{"link_name":"The Saw Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saw_Doctors"},{"link_name":"The Podge and Rodge Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Podge_and_Rodge_Show"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Courteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courteeners"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"No You Didn't, No You Don't","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_You_Didn%27t,_No_You_Don%27t"},{"link_name":"Timo Räisänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_R%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen"},{"link_name":"...And Then There Was Timo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...And_Then_There_Was_Timo"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Mencap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencap"},{"link_name":"Little Noise Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Noise_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Union Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Chapel,_Islington"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Up to Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_Now"},{"link_name":"N-Dubz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Dubz"},{"link_name":"Uncle B tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_B_tour"},{"link_name":"With You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_You_(Chris_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown_(American_singer)"},{"link_name":"Eurovision: Your Country Needs You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision:_Your_Country_Needs_You"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009"},{"link_name":"Jade Ewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Ewen"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kim Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Snapshots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshots_(Kim_Wilde_album)"},{"link_name":"Skipinnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipinnish"},{"link_name":"Shayne Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayne_Ward"},{"link_name":"Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_(Shayne_Ward_album)"}],"text":"\"About You Now\"\n\nThe Saw Doctors version (2008)\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The original version performed by the Sugababes was a massive hit throughout the UK and Europe. The popularity of the song compelled many artists from all different genres from all over Europe to do their own versions. Below is a list of some of the most notable covers.Rachel Tucker performed this song in the first week of live shows, on BBC1's I'd Do Anything.\nThe Saw Doctors covered this song on The Podge and Rodge Show on 12 February 2008. Released as a charity single, with proceeds donated to cystic fibrosis charities, it reached the top of the Irish Singles Chart in October 2008.\nThe Courteeners performed an acoustic cover version during a BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge session. The song was later released on the commercial CD single for their song \"No You Didn't, No You Don't\".\nA cover of this song is the first single from Timo Räisänen's album ...And Then There Was Timo in 2008.\nSnow Patrol have performed a cover of this song at Mencap's Little Noise Sessions, live at the Union Chapel on 25 November 2007.[69] The recording was officially released on the 2009 compilation Up to Now.\nN-Dubz did a cover of the song on their Uncle B tour. It was in a medley with \"With You\" by Chris Brown.\nThe Twins, Nicola & Francine did a cover of the song during the semi-final round of Eurovision: Your Country Needs You, while competing to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Subsequently, Jade Ewen who rose to stardom from the same show would go to join the Sugababes in late 2009.[70]\nIn 2011 Kim Wilde covered the song for her new album Snapshots.\nIn 2014, Scottish folk-rock band Skipinnish included a cover of the song on their album \"Western Ocean\"\nIn 2015, Shayne Ward covered the song for his album, Closer","title":"Other versions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"\"About You Now\" was compared to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single \"Since U Been Gone\".[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Clarkson_Live_2012.jpg/150px-Clarkson_Live_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sugababes performing \"About You Now\" during their Change Tour in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sugababes_performing_at_the_Manchester_Apollo.jpg/220px-Sugababes_performing_at_the_Manchester_Apollo.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Robinson, Peter (6 August 2007). \"Notes on the New Sugababes Single\". PopJustice. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popjustice.com/briefing/notes-on-the-new-sugababes-single/","url_text":"\"Notes on the New Sugababes Single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopJustice","url_text":"PopJustice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512053424/https://www.popjustice.com/briefing/notes-on-the-new-sugababes-single/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Justin (24 October 2015). \"Quiz: Who sold more?\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/quiz-who-sold-more__11079/","url_text":"\"Quiz: Who sold more?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Sugababes and Paul McCartney Down a Guinness Record - Undercover.fm News\". Undercover.fm. 15 September 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916010801/http://www.undercover.fm/news/6231-amy-winehouse-leona-lewis-sugababes-and-paul-mccartney-down-a-guinness-record","url_text":"\"Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Sugababes and Paul McCartney Down a Guinness Record - Undercover.fm News\""},{"url":"http://www.undercover.fm/news/6231-amy-winehouse-leona-lewis-sugababes-and-paul-mccartney-down-a-guinness-record","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Patrol's Chasing Cars is most played of decade\". BBC. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8434418.stm","url_text":"\"Snow Patrol's Chasing Cars is most played of decade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Change (Media notes). Sugababes. Island Records. 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes","url_text":"Sugababes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records","url_text":"Island Records"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Dave (15 November 2022). \"'Terry Wogan said it was the worst thing he'd ever heard!': Brian May, Sugababes and more on hitting No 1\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/15/brian-may-sugababes-and-more-on-hitting-no-1-singles","url_text":"\"'Terry Wogan said it was the worst thing he'd ever heard!': Brian May, Sugababes and more on hitting No 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Alex (27 September 2007). \"Sugababes: 'About You Now'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a75457/sugababes-about-you-now.html","url_text":"\"Sugababes: 'About You Now'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Adam (5 October 2007). \"Sugababes: 'About You Now'\". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012071420/http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/071005/33/21mfi.html","url_text":"\"Sugababes: 'About You Now'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Music","url_text":"Yahoo! Music"},{"url":"http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/071005/33/21mfi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sugababes - Change\". IndieLondon. 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Archived from the original on 6 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071206201150/http://www.nielsenmusiccontrol.com/index_pol","url_text":"\"Nielsen Music Control\""},{"url":"http://www.nielsenmusiccontrol.com/index_pol","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Romanian Top 100 Edition 618\". Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221149/http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html","url_text":"\"Romanian Top 100 Edition 618\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100","url_text":"Romanian Top 100"},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Promusicae (Week: January 1, 2008)\" (PDF). PROMUSICAE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425152438/http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasradio/historial/TOP%2020%20RADIOS%2008_32.pdf","url_text":"\"Promusicae (Week: January 1, 2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMUSICAE","url_text":"PROMUSICAE"},{"url":"http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasradio/historial/TOP%2020%20RADIOS%2008_32.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparaden 2007\". Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austriancharts.at/2007_single.asp","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparaden 2007\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080112033057/http://www.austriancharts.at/2007_single.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501230243/http://www.billboardbulletin.com/bbbiz/charts/internationalcharts-yearend/singles2007","url_text":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"http://www.billboardbulletin.com/bbbiz/charts/internationalcharts-yearend/singles2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VIVA Single Jahrescharts 2007\". VIVA. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110225092435/http://www.viva.tv/charts/viva-single-jahrescharts-2007-2007-266/?start=60","url_text":"\"VIVA Single Jahrescharts 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVA_(TV_station)","url_text":"VIVA"},{"url":"http://www.viva.tv/charts/viva-single-jahrescharts-2007-2007-266/?start=60","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Éves összesített listák - Slágerlisták - MAHASZ - Magyar Hangfelvétel-kiadók Szövetsége\". Mahasz. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511135536/http://mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2007","url_text":"\"Éves összesített listák - Slágerlisták - MAHASZ - Magyar Hangfelvétel-kiadók Szövetsége\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz","url_text":"Mahasz"},{"url":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yearly Best Selling Singles\" (PDF). British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807030126/http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/yearly%20best%20selling%20singles.pdf","url_text":"\"Yearly Best Selling Singles\""},{"url":"http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/yearly%20best%20selling%20singles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\". Billboard. 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Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511135554/http://mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2008","url_text":"\"Éves összesített listák - Slágerlisták - MAHASZ - Magyar Hangfelvétel-kiadók Szövetsége\""},{"url":"http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=eves_osszesitett_listak&id=radios&ev=2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2008\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20080106/37501/","url_text":"\"End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guld og platin i april\" (in Danish). IFPI Danmark. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008132354/http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-april","url_text":"\"Guld og platin i april\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"},{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-april","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Sugababes; 'About You Now')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 17 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=About+You+Now&strInterpret=Sugababes&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Sugababes; 'About You Now')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"Copsey, Rob (5 October 2023). \"Official Charts Flashback 2007: Sugababes - About You Now\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-2007-sugababes-about-you-now__20658/","url_text":"\"Official Charts Flashback 2007: Sugababes - About You Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Sugababes – About You Now\". 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Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/snow-patrol-66-1336900","url_text":"\"Snow Patrol cover Sugababes at London chapel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20220611053755/https://www.nme.com/news/music/snow-patrol-66-1336900","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Twins: About You Now - Eurovision 2009: Your Country Needs You Semi Final - BBC One\". YouTube. 24 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKhOx5pBZ8w","url_text":"\"The Twins: About You Now - Eurovision 2009: Your Country Needs You Semi Final - BBC One\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/GKhOx5pBZ8w","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Miranda Cosgrove's Video Shoot\""},{"Link":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/musikfest/2011/04/miranda_cosgrove_of_nickelodeons_icarly_coming_to_musikfest.html","external_links_name":"Miranda Cosgrove of Nickelodeon's 'iCarly' coming to Musikfest"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Miranda-Cosgrove/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Miranda Cosgrove Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/snow-patrol-66-1336900","external_links_name":"\"Snow Patrol cover Sugababes at London chapel\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20220611053755/https://www.nme.com/news/music/snow-patrol-66-1336900","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKhOx5pBZ8w","external_links_name":"\"The Twins: About You Now - Eurovision 2009: Your Country Needs You Semi Final - BBC 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maine_at_Fort_Kent
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University of Maine at Fort Kent
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["1 History","1.1 Fiddlers Jamboree","2 Academics","3 Acadian Archives/Archives acadiennes","4 Athletics","4.1 Soccer","4.2 Biathlon","4.3 Can-Am Crown International Sled Dog Race","5 Notable people","5.1 Alumni","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°15′0″N 68°35′15″W / 47.25000°N 68.58750°W / 47.25000; -68.58750Public college in Fort Kent, Maine, US
This article is about the University of Maine at Fort Kent. For the flagship campus in Orono, see University of Maine.
University of Maine at Fort KentUniversité du Maine à Fort-KentFormer nameMadawaska Training School (1878-1955)Fort Kent Normal School (1955-1961)Fort Kent State Teachers College (1961-1966)Fort Kent State College (1966-1971)TypePublic collegeEstablished1878; 146 years ago (1878)Parent institutionUniversity of Maine SystemPresidentDeborah HedeenAcademic staff75Students1,557LocationFort Kent, Maine, United States47°15′0″N 68°35′15″W / 47.25000°N 68.58750°W / 47.25000; -68.58750CampusRural, 54 acres (22 ha)Colors Green GoldNicknameBengalsSporting affiliationsNAIA, USCAAMascotBengal tigerWebsitewww.umfk.maine.edu
The University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMaine Fort Kent or UMFK; French: Université du Maine à Fort-Kent) is a public college in Fort Kent, Maine. It is the northernmost campus of the University of Maine System. It is an academic center for Acadian and French American culture and heritage, and French-speaking Mainers from throughout the state. It currently has an enrollment of 1,557 students. The Saint John Valley region is a center of French American culture, and the majority of adults in the region are bilingual in French and English.
The college offers academic programs leading to associate and bachelor's degrees. It is classified among "Baccalaureate Colleges - General".
History
On February 21, 1878, Governor Selden Connor signed an act establishing a teachers' school in the northern border region of the state (then known as the Madawaska territory) in an effort to Americanize the French settlers of the area. This became known as the Madawaska Training School. The institution held its first classes on September 30, 1878.
In 1955 the name was changed to "Fort Kent Normal School" to more precisely reflect its location. The name would change three more times, beginning in 1961 to become "Fort Kent State Teachers College" and then "Fort Kent State College". The institution adopted its current name in 1970.
Fiddlers Jamboree
UMFK hosts an annual Fiddlers Jamboree where fiddlers, guitarists, banjo pickers, drummers and accordion players from both Canada and the United States perform.
Academics
The college offers several academic programs including 4 Associate of Science degrees, 1 Bachelor of Arts, and 14 Bachelor of Science degrees. The highest enrollments are in Nursing, Business Management, and Behavioral Sciences.
Acadian Archives/Archives acadiennes
The Acadian Archives/Archives acadiennes are located at the University of Maine at Fort Kent. The Archives secured state funding in 1989 and officially opened the following year. They are entrusted with providing representation to a culture that is distinct from Franco-American communities in other areas of Maine. In 2004, during the tenure of Lisa Ornstein, the founding director, the Archives moved to larger premises on the UMFK campus. This is the only research center dedicated specifically to the Acadian story in the U.S. Northeast.
The Archives document the language, culture, and history of the borderland communities of the Upper St. John Valley as well as a larger, transnational Acadian story. Collections include an array of English- and French-language manuscript materials kept in a climate-controlled space: rare newspapers like the Journal du Madawaska, nineteenth-century maps, scrapbooks, the ledgers and corporate documents of local businesses, songbooks, diaries, and more than 20,000 photographs. The oldest item is a seventeenth-century commission awarded to Charles de Saint-Etienne de la Tour for the colonization of Acadia by Louis XIV. The Archives are also a genealogical research center.
The Archives work with local historical societies to digitize and disseminate resources. The center also hosts thematic exhibits in its gallery and organizes cultural events, including book launches, educational activities for K-12 students, oral interviews, and an annual lecture series.
Athletics
The Maine–Fort Kent (UMFK) athletic teams are called the Bengals. The college is a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing as an Independent since the 2011–12 academic year. The Bengals previously participated in the Sunrise Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2002–03 to 2010–11.
UMFK competes in seven intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, soccer, track & field and volleyball. UMFK also has a number of intramural teams.
Soccer
The varsity men's soccer team won the USCAA National Championship in 2010 and 2015. It was runner up at the 2013 and 2014 tournaments. The varsity "Lady Bengals " women's soccer team won the USCAA National Championship in 2010 and 2011, and then every year from 2013 to 2017, and again in 2019. The UMFK women's soccer team also finished as the runner-up in the 2012 USCAA National Championship Tournament. Professional soccer players Matt Dunn (who plays for New York City FC) and Kimika Forbes (goalie for the Trinidad & Tobago women's national team) are UMFK alumni.
Biathlon
In 2002, UMFK signed an agreement with the United States Biathlon Association allowing the USBA to nominate up to five biathletes for a UMFK scholarship program which allows them to attend the university at the Maine in-state tuition rate and gives them access to the university's training facilities. The agreement was also aimed at training possible Olympic contestants at the university.
UMFK also assists with the organization of Biathlon events hosted at the nearby 10th Mountain Ski Center such as the 2005, and upcoming 2009 IBU Biathlon World Cup, March 12–15, 2009, the only U.S. venue on the IBU’s 2008/09 schedule. The 2009 event is expected to host nearly 300 world-class athletes and coaches, draw hundreds of spectators to the Saint John Valley, and capture a worldwide television audience for the three-day competition.
Can-Am Crown International Sled Dog Race
UMFK promotes new learning experiences, such as when members of the UMFK men’s soccer team from Jamaica, Trinidad, and South Africa volunteered at the start of the Can-Am Crown International Sled Dog Race in March 2009. For many of the players, it was the first time they had ever seen snow, a sled dog, or a competitive distance race.
Notable people
Alumni
Kimika Forbes, association football goalkeeper for Trinidad and Tobago women's national football team
Helen Hamlin (1917 - 2004), author of two books on northern Maine
See also
University of Maine System
Fort Kent, Maine
References
^ "Dr. Deborah Hedeen Named President / Provost of the University of Maine at Fort Kent". www.umfk.edu (Press release). March 24, 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ a b c "Quick Facts." University of Maine at Fort Kent. Retrieved on November 18, 2011.
^ "French" University of Maine at Fort Kent.
^ a b "Academic Programs." University of Maine at Fort Kent. Retrieved on November 18, 2011.
^ a b "History of the University." University of Maine at Fort Kent.
^ Bayly, Julia. “Hundreds flock to fiddle jamboree”, Bangor Daily News. February 22, 2009. Accessed 2009-03-07.
^ "Acadian Archives". UMFK. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
^ Ornstein, Lisa (2004). "Les Archives acadiennes à l'Université du Maine à Fort-Kent". Rabaska. 2: 325-327.
^ Ornstein, Lisa; Thériault, Gisèle (2006). "Archives acadiennes à l'Université du Maine à Fort-Kent". Rabaska. 4: 246-249.
^ "Acadian Archives: About Us". University of Maine at Fort Kent. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ Mahoney, Larry (June 17, 2011). "UMFK, UMPI, UMM leave NAIA for new association". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Sunrise Conference - Members". 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
^ "Athletics." University of Maine at Fort Kent.
^ "UMFK and U.S. Biathlon Association sign letter of understanding that will benefit student athletes" (press release) (December 11, 2002). University of Maine at Fort Kent.
^ "Upcoming 'Festival at Fort Kent' and U.S. Olympic biathlon team trials topic of UMFK community breakfast." Press release, (November 15, 2005), UMFK. Accessed 2009-03-06.
^ "UMFK Professor, Foundation Director, to lead trip to Italy for World Cup biathlon event." Press release, (January 11, 2008), UMFK. Accessed 2009-03-07.
^ Bayly, Julia. “Can-Am sled dog race creates new fans among volunteers: UMFK athletes from tropical climes lend a hand.” Bangor Daily News. March 1, 2009. Accessed 2009-03-07.
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
Acadian Archives
vteUniversity of Maine SystemCampuses
University of Maine
University of Maine at Augusta
University of Maine at Farmington
University of Maine at Fort Kent
University of Maine at Machias
University of Maine at Presque Isle
University of Maine School of Law
University of Southern Maine
Chancellors
Robert Woodbury (1986–1993)
Terry MacTaggart (1998–2001)
Joseph W. Westphal (2002–2006)
Terry MacTaggart (2006–2007)
Richard Pattenaude (2007–2012)
James H. Page (2012–2019)
Dannel Malloy (2019–present)
vteUniversities and colleges in MainePrivate institutions
Bates College
Beal University
Bowdoin College
Colby College
College of the Atlantic
Husson University (New England School of Communications)
Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts
Maine College of Art & Design (Salt Institute for Documentary Studies)
Maine College of Health Professions
Maine Media College
New England Bible College
Saint Joseph's College
Thomas College
Unity Environmental University
University of New England
University ofMaine System
University of Maine
University of Maine at Augusta
University of Maine at Farmington
University of Maine at Fort Kent
University of Maine at Machias
University of Maine at Presque Isle
University of Maine School of Law
University of Southern Maine
Public maritime college
Maine Maritime Academy
Maine CommunityCollege System
Central Maine CC
Eastern Maine CC
Kennebec Valley CC
Northern Maine CC
Southern Maine CC
Washington County CC
York County CC
Former schools
Andover College
Bangor Theological Seminary
Bliss College
Cobb Divinity School
Eastern State Normal School
Nasson College
Ricker College
Westbrook College
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
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[]
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[{"title":"University of Maine System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maine_System"},{"title":"Fort Kent, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kent,_Maine"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Hayes
|
Margo Hayes
|
["1 Early life","2 Climbing career","2.1 Competition climbing","2.2 Sport climbing","3 Personal life","4 Rankings[13]","5 Notable ascents","5.1 Redpointed routes","6 Filmography","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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American rock climber
‹ The template Infobox climber is being considered for merging. ›
Margo Hayes2019 Sport & Speed Open NationalsPersonal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1998-02-11) February 11, 1998 (age 26)Boulder, Colorado, U.S.OccupationProfessional rock climberClimbing careerType of climber
Competition climbing
Sport climbing
Highest grade
Redpoint: 9a+ (5.15a)
Known for
First-ever female to climb at 9a+ (5.15a)
First-ever female to complete the "9a+ Trilogy"
Medal record
World Youth Championships
2015
Lead
2015
Bouldering
2016
Lead
2016
Boudering
2016
Combined
2017
Combined
Updated on June 29, 2022
Margo Hayes (born February 11, 1998) is an American professional rock climber from Boulder, Colorado. In 2016, she won both the competition bouldering and the competition lead climbing events at the IFSC Climbing World Youth Championships in Guangzhou (China). In 2017, she became the first woman in history to climb a 9a+ (5.15a) graded route, and in 2019, became the first woman to complete the "9a+ Trilogy".
Early life
Originally a gymnast who trained at CATS Gymnastics in Boulder, Hayes began climbing at age 10. She joined Team ABC, a renowned youth climbing program in Boulder, where she was coached by Robyn Erbesfield-Raboutou. Hayes' grandfather, Dr. James Morrissey, led the first successful climb of the Kangshung Face on Mt. Everest and her father spent time climbing in Yosemite Valley.
Climbing career
Competition climbing
As part of the US National Team, Hayes has competed in all three disciplines (lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering) of the International Federation of Sport Climbing competitions. In 2015, at the IFSC World Youth Championships in Arco, Italy Hayes won silver both in bouldering and lead, behind Janja Garnbret.
In 2016, at the IFSC World Youth Championships in Guangzhou (China), she competed in the Juniors category, winning both the bouldering and lead events, placing 15th in speed, and placing first in the overall standings.
Hayes was one of four women to earn a spot on the 2019 U.S. Overall National Team as a first step to qualifying for the 2020 Olympics climbing competition.
Sport climbing
In 2016, Hayes won a Golden Piton Award in the Sport Climbing category from Climbing Magazine for successfully climbing 14 routes graded 5.14.
On February 26, 2017, Hayes became the first-ever woman in history to climb a 9a+ (5.15a) graded route when she ascended La Rambla, in Siurana, Spain). On September 24, 2017, she also completed the third-ever female ascent of a 9a+ (5.15a) when she ascended Realization/Biographie, in Céüse, in France. In March 2019, Hayes completed her third 9a+ (5.15a), climbing Papichulo at Oliana, Spain, and thus completing the trilogy of the "benchmark" and most notable 9a+ (5.15a) graded routes.
Personal life
In 2016 she won a prize in a scholastic art show.
On the 21st of March 2024, she released her first single, 'Karma', produced by Luis Calderon.
Rankings
2019 - USA Climbing Open Bouldering Championships - Bronze
2018 - IFSC Climbing World Championships Female Boulder - 10th
2017 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Combined - Bronze
2017 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Silver
2017 - IFSC Pan American Youth Championships Female Junior Boulder - Gold
2017 - IFSC Pan American Youth Championships Female Junior Lead - Silver
2016 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Gold
2016 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Boulder - Gold
2016 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Lead - Gold
2015 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Silver
2015 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Youth A Boulder - Silver
2015 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Youth A Lead - Silver
Notable ascents
Redpointed routes
9a+ (5.15a):
Papichulo – Oliana (ESP) – March 24, 2019 – First female ascent. Hayes became the first female to complete the "9a+ trilogy".
Realization/Biographie – Céüse (FRA) – September 24, 2017 – First female ascent of one of the famous routes in sport climbing.
La Rambla – Siurana (ESP) – February 26, 2017 – First-ever female ascent in history of a consensus 9a+ (5.15a) climb.
9a (5.14d):
Bad Girls Club – Wicked Cave (Rifle Mountain Park. (USA) – August 2016 – First female ascent.
8c+ (5.14c):
The Crew – Rifle Mountain Park (Colorado, (USA) – June 2016.
Filmography
Break on Through - 2017 film directed by Matty Hong, documenting Hayes' ascent of La Rambla and Biographie, featured on Reel Rock 12.
See also
Notable first free ascents
References
^ a b Gates, Zoe (May 17, 2017). "By the Numbers: Margo Hayes and the Road to 5.15". Climbing. On her 18th birthday in February 2016
^ a b c d Salabert, Shawnte (March 12, 2020). "The Extraordinary Effort of Margo Hayes". Outside Online. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Bio". MARGO HAYES. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ "Ashima Shiraishi wins two golds at world climbing championships". San Jose Mercury News. September 5, 2015.
^ "World Youth Climbing Championships: Bouldering brings second gold for Janja Garnbret, Margo Hayes & Ashima Shiraishi". Planet Mountain. November 14, 2016.
^ "Meet Team USA". Rock and Ice. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "2016 Golden Pitons: Sport Climbing". Climbing Magazine | Rock Climbing, Mountaineering, Bouldering, Ice Climbing. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ Haas, Liz (February 27, 2017). "Margo Hayes Climbs La Rambla, Becomes First Woman to Send 5.15a". Climbing.
^ Rock and Ice (ed.). "Margo Hayes Sends Biographie/Realization (5.15a)". Retrieved July 7, 2019.
^ a b "Margo Hayes climbs Papichulo at Oliana, her third 9a+". PlanetMountain.com. March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^ "Olympic Hopefuls". Rock and Ice. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ "Athlete Profile: Margo Hayes". IFSC.org. International federation of Sport climbing. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
^ Rock and Ice (ed.). "Margo Hayes Ticks Another 5.15 with Papichulo!".
^ Fernandez, Issac (April 4, 2017). "The 9a+ Trilogy, 6 climbers have climbed the 3 most representative routes" . Desnivel (in Spanish). Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Nicolas Mattuzzi (September 25, 2017). "Incroyable! Margo Hayes enchaîne "Biographie" 9a+ et rentre de nouveau dans l'Histoire!". planetgrimpe.com.
^ Margo Hayes Sends La Rambla (5.15a)! on rockandice.com
^ Historique! Margo Hayes, 18 ans, enchaîne « La Rambla », 9a+! on planetgrimpe.com
^ Margo Hayes, 18, Breaks the “Boys Club” of Bad Girls Club (5.14d) Archived 2017-03-01 at the Wayback Machine on rockandice.com
^ Margo Hayes, 18, Sends The Crew (5.14c) in Rifle on rockandice.com
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margo Hayes.
Margo Hayes at the International Federation of Sport Climbing (archive)
Margo Hayes at the World Games
Margo Hayes on Instagram
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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USA Climbing Open Bouldering Championships - Bronze\n2018 - IFSC Climbing World Championships Female Boulder - 10th\n2017 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Combined - Bronze\n2017 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Silver\n2017 - IFSC Pan American Youth Championships Female Junior Boulder - Gold\n2017 - IFSC Pan American Youth Championships Female Junior Lead - Silver\n2016 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Gold\n2016 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Boulder - Gold\n2016 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Junior Lead - Gold\n2015 - USA Climbing Sport & Speed Climbing Champions - Silver\n2015 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Youth A Boulder - Silver\n2015 - IFSC Youth World Championships Female Youth A Lead - Silver","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable ascents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9a+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"Oliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliana"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margo4-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PAP-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN3-15"},{"link_name":"Realization/Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization_(climb)"},{"link_name":"Céüse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9%C3%BCse"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sport climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_climbing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"La Rambla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rambla_(climb)"},{"link_name":"Siurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siurana_(Tarragona)"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"First-ever female ascent in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_ascents_(sport_climbing)#Redpointed_by_women"},{"link_name":"9a+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planet-18"},{"link_name":"9a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"8c+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Redpointed routes","text":"9a+ (5.15a):Papichulo – Oliana (ESP) – March 24, 2019 – First female ascent.[14] Hayes became the first female to complete the \"9a+ trilogy\".[10][15]\nRealization/Biographie – Céüse (FRA) – September 24, 2017 – First female ascent of one of the famous routes in sport climbing.[16]\nLa Rambla – Siurana (ESP) – February 26, 2017 – First-ever female ascent in history of a consensus 9a+ (5.15a) climb.[17][18]9a (5.14d):Bad Girls Club – Wicked Cave (Rifle Mountain Park. (USA) – August 2016 – First female ascent.[19]8c+ (5.14c):The Crew – Rifle Mountain Park (Colorado, (USA) – June 2016.[20]","title":"Notable ascents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matty Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Hong"},{"link_name":"Reel Rock 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Rock_Film_Tour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Break on Through - 2017 film directed by Matty Hong, documenting Hayes' ascent of La Rambla and Biographie, featured on Reel Rock 12.[2]","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Notable first free ascents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_first_free_ascents"}]
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[{"reference":"Gates, Zoe (May 17, 2017). \"By the Numbers: Margo Hayes and the Road to 5.15\". Climbing. On her 18th birthday in February 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.climbing.com/news/margo-hayes-climbs-la-rambla-becomes-first-woman-to-send-515a/","url_text":"\"By the Numbers: Margo Hayes and the Road to 5.15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)","url_text":"Climbing"}]},{"reference":"Salabert, Shawnte (March 12, 2020). \"The Extraordinary Effort of Margo Hayes\". Outside Online. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outsideonline.com/2282396/extraordinary-effort-margo-hayes","url_text":"\"The Extraordinary Effort of Margo Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bio\". MARGO HAYES. Retrieved June 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.margohayes.com/bio/","url_text":"\"Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ashima Shiraishi wins two golds at world climbing championships\". San Jose Mercury News. September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/2015/09/05/ashima-shiraishi-wins-two-golds-at-world-climbing-championships/","url_text":"\"Ashima Shiraishi wins two golds at world climbing championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News","url_text":"San Jose Mercury News"}]},{"reference":"\"World Youth Climbing Championships: Bouldering brings second gold for Janja Garnbret, Margo Hayes & Ashima Shiraishi\". Planet Mountain. November 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/competitions/world-youth-climbing-championships-bouldering-brings-second-gold-for-janja-garnbret-margo-hayes-ashima-shiraishi.html","url_text":"\"World Youth Climbing Championships: Bouldering brings second gold for Janja Garnbret, Margo Hayes & Ashima Shiraishi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Team USA\". Rock and Ice. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/meet-team-usa-overall-national-team-announced/","url_text":"\"Meet Team USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Golden Pitons: Sport Climbing\". Climbing Magazine | Rock Climbing, Mountaineering, Bouldering, Ice Climbing. Retrieved May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.climbing.com/people/2016-golden-pitons-sport-climbing/","url_text":"\"2016 Golden Pitons: Sport Climbing\""}]},{"reference":"Haas, Liz (February 27, 2017). \"Margo Hayes Climbs La Rambla, Becomes First Woman to Send 5.15a\". Climbing.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.climbing.com/news/margo-hayes-climbs-la-rambla-becomes-first-woman-to-send-515a/","url_text":"\"Margo Hayes Climbs La Rambla, Becomes First Woman to Send 5.15a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)","url_text":"Climbing"}]},{"reference":"Rock and Ice (ed.). \"Margo Hayes Sends Biographie/Realization (5.15a)\". Retrieved July 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/margo-hayes-sends-biographierealization-5-15a/","url_text":"\"Margo Hayes Sends Biographie/Realization (5.15a)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margo Hayes climbs Papichulo at Oliana, her third 9a+\". PlanetMountain.com. March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/margo-hayes-climbs-papichulo-oliana-her-third-9a-plus.html","url_text":"\"Margo Hayes climbs Papichulo at Oliana, her third 9a+\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Hopefuls\". Rock and Ice. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/olympic-hopefuls/","url_text":"\"Olympic Hopefuls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C4yCQCnL21p/?hl=en","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete Profile: Margo Hayes\". IFSC.org. International federation of Sport climbing. Retrieved January 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php?option=com_ifsc&view=athlete&id=11377&cat=5","url_text":"\"Athlete Profile: Margo Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"Rock and Ice (ed.). \"Margo Hayes Ticks Another 5.15 with Papichulo!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/margo-hayes-ticks-another-5-15-with-papichulo/","url_text":"\"Margo Hayes Ticks Another 5.15 with Papichulo!\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandez, Issac (April 4, 2017). \"The 9a+ Trilogy, 6 climbers have climbed the 3 most representative routes\" [es]. Desnivel (in Spanish). Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.desnivel.com/escalada-roca/la-trilogia-del-9a-plus-6-escaladores-han-encadenado-las-3-vias-mas-representativas","url_text":"\"The 9a+ Trilogy, 6 climbers have climbed the 3 most representative routes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desnivel","url_text":"Desnivel"}]},{"reference":"Nicolas Mattuzzi (September 25, 2017). \"Incroyable! Margo Hayes enchaîne \"Biographie\" 9a+ et rentre de nouveau dans l'Histoire!\". planetgrimpe.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetgrimpe.com/2017/09/incroyable-margo-hayes-enchaine-biographie-9a-et-rentre-de-nouveau-dans-lhistoire/","url_text":"\"Incroyable! Margo Hayes enchaîne \"Biographie\" 9a+ et rentre de nouveau dans l'Histoire!\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigzag_heron
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Zigzag heron
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour","5 References","6 External links"]
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Species of bird
Zigzag heron
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Pelecaniformes
Family:
Ardeidae
Subfamily:
Botaurinae
Genus:
ZebrilusBonaparte, 1855
Species:
Z. undulatus
Binomial name
Zebrilus undulatus(Gmelin, 1789)
The zigzag heron (Zebrilus undulatus) is a species of heron in the family Ardeidae, also including egrets and bitterns. It is in the monotypic genus Zebrilus. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.
Sani Lodge - Ecuador
Taxonomy
The zigzag heron was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the herons, cranes, storks and bitterns in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea undulata. Gmelin based his description on the zigzig bittern from Cayenne that had been described by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had in turn based his account on "Le petit butor de Cayenne" that had been described and illustrated in Comte de Buffon's Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The zigzag heron is the only species placed in the genus Zebrilus that was introduced in 1855 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The genus name Zebrilus is a diminutive of the French zèbre meaning "zebra". The specific epithet undulatus is Latin meaning "furnished with wave-like markings". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
Description
The adult plumage is gray with fine zigzag barring, with a pale underside, standing about 32 centimetres (12+1⁄2 inches) in height. Juveniles have a dark back with a brown head and underside. Due to its appearance it was often assigned to the tiger herons (Tigrisoma and allies). But in fact, it is a true bittern, having like these only 10 rectrices (other Ardeidae have 12) and being unequivocally placed in the bittern lineage by DNA sequence data too. Short legs and necks and cryptic plumage may thus be plesiomorphic among Ardeidae in general.
Distribution and habitat
The zigzag heron is a species of the entire Amazon Basin, east of the Andes cordillera, and the five bordering countries on the basin's western periphery, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The range does not extend beyond the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela in the northwest, and in the east-northeast encompasses the Guianas; in the southeast Amazon Basin the range does not extend east of the Tapajós River drainage.
Behaviour
They are reclusive birds, staying hidden in thick cover even while foraging.
References
^ BirdLife International (2022). "Zebrilus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22697291A211070907. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 637.
^ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 61, No. 22.
^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le petit butor de Cayenne". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 430.
^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Petit bucor, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 763.
^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1855). "Tableaux synoptiques de l'ordre des hérons". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 40: 718–733 .
^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 413, 396. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ a b "Zigzag Heron (Zebrilus undulatus) - Peru Aves | Peru Birds". Retrieved 2016-06-30.
External links
Media related to Zebrilus undulatus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Zigzag heron at Wikispecies
Zigzag heron videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Zigzag heron photo gallery VIREO Photo-high res
Photo-high res
PhotoArticle - sunbirdtours
vteGenera of ibis, herons, pelicans and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Aequornithes
Order: Pelecaniformes
Pelecaniformesincertae sedis
†Cladornis?
†Torotigidae?
Torotix
PelecaniBalaenicipitidae
Balaeniceps
†Goliathia
†Paludiavis
Pelecanidae
†Eopelecanus
†Miopelecanus
Pelecanus
Scopidae
Scopus
Ardei
See below ↓
Ardeiincertae sedis
†Ardeacites?
†Xenerodiopidae
Xenerodiops
Threskiornithidaeincertae sedis
†Gerandibis
†Milnea
†Mopsitta?
†Protibis
†Rhynchaeites
†Vadaravis
†Xenicibis
Plataleinae
†Platalea
Threskiornithinae
†Apteribis
Bostrychia
Cercibis
Eudocimus
Geronticus
Lophotibis
Mesembrinibis
Nipponia
Phimosus
Plegadis
Pseudibis
Thaumatibis
Theristicus
Threskiornis
Ardeidae
†Ardeagrandis
Calherodius
†Eoceornis
†Matuku
†Nyctisoma
Oroanassa
†Proardeola
Agamiinae
Agamia
Ardeinae
Ardea
Ardeola
Bubulcus
Butorides
Egretta
Gorsachius
Nycticorax
Nyctanassa
Pilherodius
†Proardea
Syrigma
†Zeltornis
Zonerodius
Botaurinae
Botaurus
Ixobrychus
†Pikaihao
Zebrilus
Cochleariinae
Cochlearius
Tigriornithinae
†Taphophoyx
Tigriornis
Tigrisoma
Taxon identifiersZebrilus
Wikidata: Q10838431
Wikispecies: Zebrilus
BOLD: 95425
CoL: 63X8Y
EoL: 104308
GBIF: 5229210
iNaturalist: 5053
ITIS: 174884
NCBI: 110695
Open Tree of Life: 740210
Zebrilus undulatus
Wikidata: Q198470
Wikispecies: Zebrilus undulatus
ADW: Zebrilus_undulatus
Avibase: 5917AF018A0FB7BE
BirdLife: 22697291
BOLD: 95426
BOW: zigher1
CoL: 5CYJP
eBird: zigher1
EoL: 1049038
GBIF: 5229211
iNaturalist: 5054
IRMNG: 10191120
ITIS: 174885
IUCN: 22697291
NCBI: 110696
Neotropical: zigher1
Observation.org: 73489
Open Tree of Life: 307214
Paleobiology Database: 428402
Xeno-canto: Zebrilus-undulatus
This Pelecaniformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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It is in the monotypic genus Zebrilus. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.Sani Lodge - Ecuador","title":"Zigzag heron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Ardea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_(bird)"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne"},{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Comte de Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Lucien Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-7"}],"text":"The zigzag heron was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the herons, cranes, storks and bitterns in the genus Ardea and coined the binomial name Ardea undulata.[2] Gmelin based his description on the zigzig bittern from Cayenne that had been described by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds.[3] Latham had in turn based his account on \"Le petit butor de Cayenne\" that had been described and illustrated in Comte de Buffon's Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[4][5] The zigzag heron is the only species placed in the genus Zebrilus that was introduced in 1855 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[6][7] The genus name Zebrilus is a diminutive of the French zèbre meaning \"zebra\". The specific epithet undulatus is Latin meaning \"furnished with wave-like markings\".[8] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Tigrisoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrisoma"},{"link_name":"rectrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectrices"},{"link_name":"cryptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypsis"},{"link_name":"plesiomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphic"}],"text":"The adult plumage is gray with fine zigzag barring, with a pale underside, standing about 32 centimetres (12+1⁄2 inches) in height. Juveniles have a dark back with a brown head and underside.[9] Due to its appearance it was often assigned to the tiger herons (Tigrisoma and allies). But in fact, it is a true bittern, having like these only 10 rectrices (other Ardeidae have 12) and being unequivocally placed in the bittern lineage by DNA sequence data too. Short legs and necks and cryptic plumage may thus be plesiomorphic among Ardeidae in general.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Orinoco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_River"},{"link_name":"Tapajós River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s"}],"text":"The zigzag heron is a species of the entire Amazon Basin, east of the Andes cordillera, and the five bordering countries on the basin's western periphery, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The range does not extend beyond the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela in the northwest, and in the east-northeast encompasses the Guianas; in the southeast Amazon Basin the range does not extend east of the Tapajós River drainage.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"They are reclusive birds, staying hidden in thick cover even while foraging.[9]","title":"Behaviour"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sani Lodge - Ecuador","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zigzag_Heron.jpg/220px-Zigzag_Heron.jpg"}]
| null |
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Peru Aves | Peru Birds\""},{"Link":"http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=327","external_links_name":"Zigzag heron videos"},{"Link":"http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=zigzag+heron&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24","external_links_name":"Zigzag heron photo gallery"},{"Link":"http://vireo.acnatsci.org/species_image.php?species=Zebrilus+undulatus","external_links_name":"Photo-high res"},{"Link":"http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/photos/zebund7018.jpg","external_links_name":"Photo-high res"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173832/http://www.sunbirdtours.co.uk/brochure_2003/s_america/venezuela/images/zigzagheron1.jpg","external_links_name":"Photo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173838/http://www.sunbirdtours.co.uk/brochure_2003/s_america/venezuela/venezuela.html","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=95425","external_links_name":"95425"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63X8Y","external_links_name":"63X8Y"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/104308","external_links_name":"104308"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5229210","external_links_name":"5229210"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/5053","external_links_name":"5053"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174884","external_links_name":"174884"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=110695","external_links_name":"110695"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=740210","external_links_name":"740210"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zebrilus_undulatus/","external_links_name":"Zebrilus_undulatus"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=5917AF018A0FB7BE","external_links_name":"5917AF018A0FB7BE"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22697291","external_links_name":"22697291"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=95426","external_links_name":"95426"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/zigher1","external_links_name":"zigher1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5CYJP","external_links_name":"5CYJP"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/zigher1","external_links_name":"zigher1"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1049038","external_links_name":"1049038"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5229211","external_links_name":"5229211"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/5054","external_links_name":"5054"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10191120","external_links_name":"10191120"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174885","external_links_name":"174885"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22697291","external_links_name":"22697291"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=110696","external_links_name":"110696"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/zigher1","external_links_name":"zigher1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/73489/","external_links_name":"73489"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=307214","external_links_name":"307214"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=428402","external_links_name":"428402"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Zebrilus-undulatus","external_links_name":"Zebrilus-undulatus"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zigzag_heron&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agur_Jaunak
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Agur Jaunak
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["1 Origins","2 Translation to English","3 Partiture","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Agur Jaunak" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Agur Jaunak ("Greetings, Sirs!"), is a Basque song which is sung at particular ceremonies to welcome someone recently arrived or to say goodbye to a friend, or to welcome a visitor as he/she deserves to be. It consists of a form of displaying honour and welcoming those present and the guests. Normally it is sung a cappella in one or various voices, and it is a custom that the audience stand up to hear this song.
Origins
It comes from a popular Lapurdian melody for hunting and in its evolution has been adapted into other versions by multiple musicians. Jose Olaizola Gabarain was the author of the first and best-known version of "Agur Jaunak". It was presented for the first time on 1 August 1918 in the Sanctuary of Loyola for the festival of Saint Ignatius. It became popular at the celebration of the Congress of Basque Studies that took place in Oñati in September 1918.
Despite all of this it is difficult to state categorically where certain popular melodies originated — as José Luis Ansorena says, "no language can brag that it has not been influenced by another; there is no songbook in the world which can boast absolute autonomy". Ansorena stated on the 22nd of August 1983:
Regarding Agur Jaunak, I'll tell you what happened to me in Vienna in 1955. I was having dinner in the restaurant located in the wine cellar of the old imperial palace when the person who was enlivening the evening by playing the zither began to play a melody which was identical to that of this song. When he finished I approached him and asked what the origin of that music was. He told me that he could not say precisely, but that it was an ancient popular Viennese melody. I hummed Agur Jaunak to him, telling him that it was a Basque song and he told me that it was indeed the same.
Antonio Peña y Goñi, a celebrated composer, musicologist and music and bullfighting critic and the founder of the Orfeón Donostiarra (San Sebastian concert choir), explained the origin of this song in a conference which was held in 1898 at the Madrid Press Association:
The Gipuzkoan Manuel Lecuona was a renowned pelota player and outstanding singer of bertso and guitarist, who divided his time between playing pelota and singing. After winning a match against a team of Frenchmen, a valiant young boy approached the victors and sang this song, which Urchalle (that was his nickname at the time) went on to incorporate into his repertoire, having understood that it was about requesting or offering a rematch.
Translation to English
Basque dialectal text:
English:
Agur, jaunak,
jaunak, agur,
agur t´erdi.
Danak Jainkoak eiñak gire
zuek eta bai gu ere.
Agur, jaunak,
jaunak, agur,
hemen gire.
Hail, Good Sirs,
Good Sirs, Hail
Thrice Hail !
We all are God´s creatures
You and we both.
Hai, Good Sirs,
Good Sirs, hail!
Here we are, all present.
The translation needs certain explanations from the original Basque words:
"Agur" is a Basque word that we can translate into English both as "hail" and as "farewell".
"Jaunak" in the context of the song means gentlemen, sirs, people of certain social stature, someone who deserves certain courtesy.
When you are appreciated a lot or you are held in great esteem or profound respect one says "Agur t´erdi" — with a strange translation of "hello/goodbye 'and a half'" — which in the Basque Country is one of the highest greetings.
When we say "Hemen gire", which means "here we are", we make reference to a feeling, and it says to us: here we are and we will continue here because it is our land, here we are to serve you.
It is said that whenever this melody and song are performed, Basque people stand up.
Partiture
The work was written in three-beat meter ¾. Its melody is a simple, unique tone; it basically moves over two chords (tonic and dominant).
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.
Bibliography
(in Spanish) Agur Jaunak Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
(in Spanish) PÉREZ ARREGUI, Ignacio: El Diario Vasco, 31-VII; 1-VIII-1963
(in Spanish) EZCURDIA, Luis: Los Miqueletes, 211-218. Zarauz : Icharopena , D.L. 1968
References
Article written by Jose Luis Ansorena Miranda: "Procedencia de algunas melodías populares vascas" (The origins of some Basque folk songs). Published in 1999, Txistulari, nº 179, pp 5–13
^ "Partiture of Agur Jaunak" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"}],"text":"Agur Jaunak (\"Greetings, Sirs!\"), is a Basque song which is sung at particular ceremonies to welcome someone recently arrived or to say goodbye to a friend, or to welcome a visitor as he/she deserves to be. It consists of a form of displaying honour and welcoming those present and the guests. Normally it is sung a cappella in one or various voices, and it is a custom that the audience stand up to hear this song.","title":"Agur Jaunak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lapurdian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapurdian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Saint Ignatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"},{"link_name":"Oñati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%B1ati"},{"link_name":"José Luis Ansorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresbil"},{"link_name":"melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"Viennese melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology"},{"link_name":"bullfighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting"},{"link_name":"Orfeón Donostiarra (San Sebastian concert choir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfe%C3%B3n_Donostiarra"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"pelota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota"},{"link_name":"bertso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertsolaritza"},{"link_name":"repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertoire"}],"text":"It comes from a popular Lapurdian melody for hunting and in its evolution has been adapted into other versions by multiple musicians. Jose Olaizola Gabarain was the author of the first and best-known version of \"Agur Jaunak\". It was presented for the first time on 1 August 1918 in the Sanctuary of Loyola for the festival of Saint Ignatius. It became popular at the celebration of the Congress of Basque Studies that took place in Oñati in September 1918.Despite all of this it is difficult to state categorically where certain popular melodies originated — as José Luis Ansorena says, \"no language can brag that it has not been influenced by another; there is no songbook in the world which can boast absolute autonomy\". Ansorena stated on the 22nd of August 1983:Regarding Agur Jaunak, I'll tell you what happened to me in Vienna in 1955. I was having dinner in the restaurant located in the wine cellar of the old imperial palace when the person who was enlivening the evening by playing the zither began to play a melody which was identical to that of this song. When he finished I approached him and asked what the origin of that music was. He told me that he could not say precisely, but that it was an ancient popular Viennese melody. I hummed Agur Jaunak to him, telling him that it was a Basque song and he told me that it was indeed the same.Antonio Peña y Goñi, a celebrated composer, musicologist and music and bullfighting critic and the founder of the Orfeón Donostiarra (San Sebastian concert choir), explained the origin of this song in a conference which was held in 1898 at the Madrid Press Association:The Gipuzkoan Manuel Lecuona was a renowned pelota player and outstanding singer of bertso and guitarist, who divided his time between playing pelota and singing. After winning a match against a team of Frenchmen, a valiant young boy approached the victors and sang this song, which Urchalle (that was his nickname at the time) went on to incorporate into his repertoire, having understood that it was about requesting or offering a rematch.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The translation needs certain explanations from the original Basque words:\"Agur\" is a Basque word that we can translate into English both as \"hail\" and as \"farewell\".\"Jaunak\" in the context of the song means gentlemen, sirs, people of certain social stature, someone who deserves certain courtesy.When you are appreciated a lot or you are held in great esteem or profound respect one says \"Agur t´erdi\" — with a strange translation of \"hello/goodbye 'and a half'\" — which in the Basque Country is one of the highest greetings.When we say \"Hemen gire\", which means \"here we are\", we make reference to a feeling, and it says to us: here we are and we will continue here because it is our land, here we are to serve you.[citation needed]It is said that whenever this melody and song are performed, Basque people stand up.","title":"Translation to English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meter ¾","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(music)"},{"link_name":"chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music)"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/j/pj20v2k2ptxicxwu2bywzbtalpac2vb/pj20v2k2.mp3"}],"text":"The work was written in three-beat meter ¾. Its melody is a simple, unique tone; it basically moves over two chords (tonic and dominant).[1]Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.","title":"Partiture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agur Jaunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/7269"},{"link_name":"El Diario Vasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//w390w.gipuzkoa.net/WAS/CORP/DKPPrensaHistoricaWEB/buscar.do?buscar&amicus=178866"},{"link_name":"Los Miqueletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.fsancho-sabio.es/Record/6032"}],"text":"(in Spanish) Agur Jaunak Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia\n(in Spanish) PÉREZ ARREGUI, Ignacio: El Diario Vasco, 31-VII; 1-VIII-1963\n(in Spanish) EZCURDIA, Luis: Los Miqueletes, 211-218. Zarauz : Icharopena , D.L. 1968","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamicha_Jackson
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Tamicha Jackson
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["1 Career statistics","1.1 WNBA career statistics","1.1.1 Regular season","1.1.2 Playoffs","1.2 College career statistics","2 USA Basketball","3 References","4 External links"]
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American basketball player
Tamicha JacksonPersonal informationBorn (1978-04-22) April 22, 1978 (age 46)Dallas, Texas, U.S.Listed height5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)Listed weight116 lb (53 kg)Career informationHigh schoolLincoln (Dallas, Texas)CollegeLouisiana Tech (1996–2000)WNBA draft2000: 1st round, 8th overall pickSelected by the Detroit ShockPlaying career2000–2006PositionPoint guardCareer history2000Detroit Shock2001–2002Portland Fire2003Phoenix Mercury2004–2005Washington Mystics2006Phoenix Mercury
Career highlights and awards
Third-team All-American – AP (2000)
Kodak All-American (2000)
Sun Belt Defensive Player of the Year (2000)
Sun Belt Tournament MVP (1997)
4x All-Sun Belt Team (1997–2000)
Stats at WNBA.com
Medals
Women’s Basketball
Representing United States
U18 and U19
1997 U19 Natal, Brazil
Team Competition
Tamicha Renia Jackson (born April 22, 1978) is an American former women's basketball player. She earned a gold medal with the US Junior World Championship team (1996–97). She was named Kodak All-American for the Lady Techsters in 2000. Tamicha graduated from Louisiana Tech University in 2000 with a degree in Animal Biology.
Career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
TO
Turnovers per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
Bold
Career best
°
League leader
WNBA career statistics
Regular season
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
TO
PPG
2000
Detroit
17
0
15.7
38.7
25.0
74.3
1.5
2.1
1.3
0.0
1.2
6.8
2001
Portland
32
1
15.5
32.5
15.4
69.6
1.4
1.6
0.9
0.0
1.4
4.1
2002
Portland
32
10
21.6
41.9
31.6
69.7
1.8
3.0
1.7
0.0
2.0
9.8
2003
Phoenix
34
34
28.2
34.3
35.4
81.0
2.4
4.3
1.5
0.1
2.2
8.8
2004
Washington
25
12
16.2
42.2
40.0
68.8
1.5
1.8
0.8
0.0
1.1
5.4
2005
Washington
8
0
8.5
15.4
11.1
0.0
0.8
1.3
0.6
0.0
0.5
1.1
2006
Phoenix
3
2
18.0
35.7
0.0
66.7
1.3
2.3
2.0
0.3
1.3
8.0
Career
7 years, 4 teams
151
59
19.5
37.0
29.7
71.0
1.7
2.6
1.2
0.0
1.6
6.8
Playoffs
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
TO
PPG
2004
Washington
3
0
14.0
46.2
60.0
100.0
0.3
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.7
5.7
Career
1 year, 1 team
3
0
14.0
46.2
60.0
100.0
0.3
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.7
5.7
College career statistics
Source
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field goal percentage
3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
Bold
Career high
Year
Team
GP
Points
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1996–97
Louisiana Tech
35
156
36.4%
33.1%
61.0%
2.6
3.8
2.3
0.2
4.5
1997–98
Louisiana Tech
33
481
44.3%
34.1%
60.6%
3.3
4.7
2.5
0.2
14.6
1998–99
Louisiana Tech
33
384
41.1%
26.9%
81.0%
1.9
2.2
2.5
–
11.6
1999-00
Louisiana Tech
34
529
48.7%
37.4%
73.6%
2.6
3.4
3.3
0.1
15.6
Career
135
1550
42.6%
32.9%
69.0%
2.6
3.5
2.7
0.1
11.5
USA Basketball
Jackson was named to the USA Basketball Women's Junior National Team when it was invited to the 1997 FIBA Junior World Championship (now called U19) held in Natal, Brazil. After beating Japan, the next game was against Australia, the defending champion. The USA team pulled out to a 13-point lead in the second half, but gave up the lead and lost the game 80–74. The USA rebounded with a close 92–88 victory over Cuba, helped by 23 points each from Maylana Martin and Lynn Pride. The USA then went on to beat previously unbeaten Russia. After winning the next two games, the USA faced Australia in the gold medal game. The USA team has a three-point lead late, but the Aussies hit a three-pointer with three seconds left in regulation to force overtime. Although the Aussies scored first, the USA team came back, then pulled into the lead and held on to win 78–74 to earn the gold, and the first medal for a USA team at a Junior World Championship. Jackson averaged 3.0 points per game.
References
^ "NCAA Statistics". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
^ "FINAL 1998 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "FINAL 1997 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved 7 Jun 2021.
^ "Fourth FIBA Women's U19/Junior World Championship – 1997". USA Basketball. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
External links
WNBA stats at basketball-reference.com
vte2000 WNBA draftFirst round
Ann Wauters
Tausha Mills
Edwina Brown
Cintia Dos Santos
Grace Daley
Betty Lennox
Lynn Pride
Tamicha Jackson
Kamila Vodičková
Maylana Martin
Summer Erb
Naomi Mulitauaopele
Olga Firsova
Katy Steding
Nicole Kubik
Elen Shakirova
Second round
Helen Darling
Tonya Washington
Jameka Jones
Jannon Roland
Adrian Williams-Strong
Marla Brumfield
Stacey Thomas
Keitha Dickerson
Charisse Sampson
Jurgita Štreimikytė
Tiffany Travis
Madinah Slaise
Desiree Francis
Stacy Clinesmith
Paige Sauer
Andrea Garner
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Lady Techsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Lady_Techsters_basketball"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University"}],"text":"Tamicha Renia Jackson (born April 22, 1978) is an American former women's basketball player. She earned a gold medal with the US Junior World Championship team (1996–97). She was named Kodak All-American for the Lady Techsters in 2000. Tamicha graduated from Louisiana Tech University in 2000 with a degree in Animal Biology.","title":"Tamicha Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WNBA career statistics","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WNBA career statistics - Regular season","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WNBA career statistics - Playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"College career statistics","text":"Source[1][2][3]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natal, Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Maylana Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maylana_Martin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_U19-4"}],"text":"Jackson was named to the USA Basketball Women's Junior National Team when it was invited to the 1997 FIBA Junior World Championship (now called U19) held in Natal, Brazil. After beating Japan, the next game was against Australia, the defending champion. The USA team pulled out to a 13-point lead in the second half, but gave up the lead and lost the game 80–74. The USA rebounded with a close 92–88 victory over Cuba, helped by 23 points each from Maylana Martin and Lynn Pride. The USA then went on to beat previously unbeaten Russia. After winning the next two games, the USA faced Australia in the gold medal game. The USA team has a three-point lead late, but the Aussies hit a three-pointer with three seconds left in regulation to force overtime. Although the Aussies scored first, the USA team came back, then pulled into the lead and held on to win 78–74 to earn the gold, and the first medal for a USA team at a Junior World Championship. Jackson averaged 3.0 points per game.[4]","title":"USA Basketball"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"NCAA Statistics\". web1.ncaa.org. Retrieved 2021-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careerplayer","url_text":"\"NCAA Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINAL 1998 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WBB1/Women's%20Basketball_Women's_Division%20I_1998_366_Louisiana%20Tech%20University.pdf","url_text":"\"FINAL 1998 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINAL 1997 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved 7 Jun 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WBB1/Women's%20Basketball_Women's_Division%20I_1997_366_Louisiana%20Tech%20University.pdf","url_text":"\"FINAL 1997 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth FIBA Women's U19/Junior World Championship – 1997\". USA Basketball. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907031413/http://www.usab.com/history/u19-womens/fourth-FIBA-womens-u19junior-world-championship-1997.aspx","url_text":"\"Fourth FIBA Women's U19/Junior World Championship – 1997\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/history/u19-womens/fourth-FIBA-womens-u19junior-world-championship-1997.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.wnba.com/player/tamicha-jackson","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careerplayer","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WBB1/Women's%20Basketball_Women's_Division%20I_1998_366_Louisiana%20Tech%20University.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FINAL 1998 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/app_data/statsPDFArchive/WBB1/Women's%20Basketball_Women's_Division%20I_1997_366_Louisiana%20Tech%20University.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FINAL 1997 DIVISION I WOMEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS REPORT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907031413/http://www.usab.com/history/u19-womens/fourth-FIBA-womens-u19junior-world-championship-1997.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Fourth FIBA Women's U19/Junior World Championship – 1997\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/history/u19-womens/fourth-FIBA-womens-u19junior-world-championship-1997.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/players/j/jacksta02w.html","external_links_name":"WNBA stats at basketball-reference.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Abrantes
|
Marquis of Abrantes
|
["1 List of the Marquesses of Abrantes (1718)","2 Other Titles","3 See also","4 External links","5 Bibliography"]
|
For the comital title, see Count of Abrantes.
Coat of Arms of the Sá family, Marquesses and Dukes of Abrantes.
Marquess of Abrantes (in Portuguese Marquês de Abrantes) was a Portuguese title of nobility, granted by a decree issued by King John V of Portugal on 24 June 1718, to Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes, 3rd Marquess of Fontes and 7th Count of Penaguião.
On that date, Rodrigo's title was changed, by King John V of Portugal, from Marquess of Fontes to Marquess of Abrantes, since he descended, in the female line, from the prestigious Counts of Abrantes, an old line rendered extinct on the death of the fourth count, Miguel de Almeida, in 1650.
Two of the Marchioness of Abrantes had their title upgraded to the rank of duchess during their livetimes, when they became the queen's First Lady of the Bedchamber (Camareira-Mor), the highest palatine office for a lady.
List of the Marquesses of Abrantes (1718)
D. Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes (1676-1733), also 3rd Marquess of Fontes and 7th Count of Penaguião;
D. Joaquim Francisco de Sá Almeida e Menezes (1695-1756), his son, 8th Count of Penaguião;
D. Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena (1691-1761), his sister, 9th Countess of Penaguião, became 1st Duchess of Abrantes in 1753;
D. Maria Margarida de Lorena (1713-1780), her daughter, 10th Countess of Penaguião and 2nd Duchess of Abrantes;
D. Pedro de Lancastre da Silveira de Castelo-Branco Sá e Menezes (1762-1828), her 3rd cousin, also 12th Count of Penaguião and 7th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;
D. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre (1784-1827), also 13th Count of Penaguião and 8th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;
D. Pedro Maria da Piedade de Lancastre Almeida Sá Menezes (1816-1847), also 14th Count of Penaguião and 9th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;
D. João Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (1864-1917), also 15th Count of Penaguião and 11th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;
D. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (1887-1961), also 16th Count of Penaguião and 12th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;
D. Luis Gonzaga de Lancastre e Tavora (1937-1993), also 17th Count of Penaguião, 13th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão and 14th Marquess of Fontes;
D. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (born 1960), also 18th Count of Penaguião, 14th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão and 15th Marquess of Fontes.
Other Titles
Count of Vila Nova de Portimão, on 28 May 1504, by a royal decree of King Manuel I of Portugal;
Count of Penaguião, on 10 February 1583, by royal decree of King Philip I of Portugal;
Marquess of Fontes, on 2 January 1659, by royal decree of King Afonso VI of Portugal;
Duke of Abrantes, on 9 December 1753, by a royal decree of King Joseph I of Portugal.
See also
House of Abrantes
Genealogical tree of the House of Abrantes
Duke of Abrantes
Count of Abrantes
List of Portuguese Dukedoms
List of Marquesses in Portugal
External links
Genealogy of the Marquesses of Abrantes, in Portuguese
Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 203/208. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Abrantes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armas_duques_abrantes.png"},{"link_name":"Sá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrantes"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"title of nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_of_nobility"},{"link_name":"John V of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Anes_de_S%C3%A1_Almeida_e_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Counts of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Bedchamber"}],"text":"For the comital title, see Count of Abrantes.Coat of Arms of the Sá family, Marquesses and Dukes of Abrantes.Marquess of Abrantes (in Portuguese Marquês de Abrantes) was a Portuguese title of nobility, granted by a decree issued by King John V of Portugal on 24 June 1718, to Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes, 3rd Marquess of Fontes and 7th Count of Penaguião.On that date, Rodrigo's title was changed, by King John V of Portugal, from Marquess of Fontes to Marquess of Abrantes, since he descended, in the female line, from the prestigious Counts of Abrantes, an old line rendered extinct on the death of the fourth count, Miguel de Almeida, in 1650.Two of the Marchioness of Abrantes had their title upgraded to the rank of duchess during their livetimes, when they became the queen's First Lady of the Bedchamber (Camareira-Mor), the highest palatine office for a lady.","title":"Marquis of Abrantes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Anes_de_S%C3%A1_Almeida_e_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Maria_Catarina_Henriqueta_de_Lorena,_1st_Duchess_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"Countess of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abrantes_(1753)"},{"link_name":"Maria Margarida de Lorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Margarida_de_Lorena,_2nd_Duchess_of_Abrantes"},{"link_name":"Countess of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abrantes_(1753)"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"}],"text":"D. Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes (1676-1733), also 3rd Marquess of Fontes and 7th Count of Penaguião;\nD. Joaquim Francisco de Sá Almeida e Menezes (1695-1756), his son, 8th Count of Penaguião;\nD. Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena (1691-1761), his sister, 9th Countess of Penaguião, became 1st Duchess of Abrantes in 1753;\nD. Maria Margarida de Lorena (1713-1780), her daughter, 10th Countess of Penaguião and 2nd Duchess of Abrantes;\nD. Pedro de Lancastre da Silveira de Castelo-Branco Sá e Menezes (1762-1828), her 3rd cousin, also 12th Count of Penaguião and 7th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;\nD. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre (1784-1827), also 13th Count of Penaguião and 8th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;\nD. Pedro Maria da Piedade de Lancastre Almeida Sá Menezes (1816-1847), also 14th Count of Penaguião and 9th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;\nD. João Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (1864-1917), also 15th Count of Penaguião and 11th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;\nD. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (1887-1961), also 16th Count of Penaguião and 12th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão;\nD. Luis Gonzaga de Lancastre e Tavora (1937-1993), also 17th Count of Penaguião, 13th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão and 14th Marquess of Fontes;\nD. José Maria da Piedade de Lancastre e Tavora (born 1960), also 18th Count of Penaguião, 14th Count of Vila Nova de Portimão and 15th Marquess of Fontes.","title":"List of the Marquesses of Abrantes (1718)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vila_Nova_de_Portim%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Manuel I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Count of Penaguião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Penagui%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Philip I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Afonso VI of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abrantes_(1753)"},{"link_name":"Joseph I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal"}],"text":"Count of Vila Nova de Portimão, on 28 May 1504, by a royal decree of King Manuel I of Portugal;\nCount of Penaguião, on 10 February 1583, by royal decree of King Philip I of Portugal;\nMarquess of Fontes, on 2 January 1659, by royal decree of King Afonso VI of Portugal;\nDuke of Abrantes, on 9 December 1753, by a royal decree of King Joseph I of Portugal.","title":"Other Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil\" – Vol. II, pages 203/208. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of the Sá family, Marquesses and Dukes of Abrantes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Armas_duques_abrantes.png/150px-Armas_duques_abrantes.png"}]
|
[{"title":"House of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Abrantes"},{"title":"Genealogical tree of the House of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_tree_of_the_House_of_Abrantes"},{"title":"Duke of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Abrantes_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Count of Abrantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Abrantes"},{"title":"List of Portuguese Dukedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_Dukedoms"},{"title":"List of Marquesses in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marquesses_in_Portugal"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.geneall.net/P/tit_page.php?id=3","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the Marquesses of Abrantes, in Portuguese"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_To_a_Kill
|
A View to a Kill
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Casting","3.2 Filming","4 Music","5 Release and reception","6 Other media","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
1985 James Bond film directed by John Glen
This article is about the 1985 James Bond film. For other uses, see A View to a Kill (disambiguation).
For the made for TV thriller, see A Vow to Kill.
A View to a KillTheatrical release poster by Dan GouzeeDirected byJohn GlenScreenplay byRichard MaibaumMichael G. WilsonBased onJames Bondby Ian FlemingProduced byAlbert R. BroccoliMichael G. WilsonStarring
Roger Moore
Tanya Roberts
Grace Jones
Patrick Macnee
Christopher Walken
CinematographyAlan HumeEdited byPeter DaviesMusic byJohn BarryProductioncompaniesEon ProductionsUnited ArtistsDistributed byMGM/UA Entertainment Co. (United States)United International Pictures (International)Release dates
22 May 1985 (1985-05-22) (San Francisco, premiere)
24 May 1985 (1985-05-24) (United States)
13 June 1985 (1985-06-13) (United Kingdom)
Running time131 minutesCountriesUnited KingdomUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$30 millionBox office$152.4 million
A View to a Kill is a 1985 spy film, the fourteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the seventh and final appearance of Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's 1960 short story "From a View to a Kill", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In A View to a Kill, Bond is pitted against Max Zorin (played by Christopher Walken), who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley.
The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, who also wrote the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny.
Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, and being disliked by Moore himself, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song "A View to a Kill" performing well in the charts, becoming the only Bond theme song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song.
Plot
MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia to locate the body of 003 and recover a Soviet microchip. Q analyzes the microchip, establishing it to be a copy of one designed to withstand an electromagnetic pulse, made by government contractor Zorin Industries. Bond visits Ascot Racecourse to observe the company's owner, Max Zorin. Sir Godfrey Tibbett, a racehorse trainer and MI6 agent, believes Zorin's horses, which win consistently, are drugged, although tests proved negative. Through Tibbett, Bond meets with French private detective Achille Aubergine, who informs Bond that Zorin is holding a horse sale later in the month. During their dinner at the Eiffel Tower, Aubergine is assassinated by Zorin's bodyguard May Day, who subsequently escapes.
Bond and Tibbett travel to Zorin's estate for the horse sale. Bond is puzzled by a woman who rebuffs him; he discovers Zorin has written her a cheque for $5 million. That night, Bond and Tibbett infiltrate Zorin's laboratory, where he is implanting adrenaline-releasing devices in his horses. Zorin identifies Bond as an agent, has May Day assassinate Tibbett, and attempts to have Bond killed. General Gogol of the KGB confronts Zorin for trying to kill Bond without permission, revealing that Zorin was initially trained and financed by the KGB, but has now gone rogue. Later, Zorin unveils to a group of investors his plan to destroy Silicon Valley, which will give him and the potential investors a monopoly over microchip manufacture.
Bond travels to San Francisco and meets with CIA agent Chuck Lee, who says Zorin is the product of medical experimentation with steroids performed by Dr. Carl Mortner, a Nazi scientist who is now Zorin's veterinarian and racehorse-breeding consultant. Bond then investigates a nearby oil rig owned by Zorin, and while there finds KGB agent Pola Ivanova recording conversations and her partner placing explosives on the rig. Ivanova's partner Klottoff is caught and killed, but Ivanova and Bond escape. Later Ivanova takes the recording, but finds that Bond had switched tapes.
Bond tracks down State Geologist Stacey Sutton, the woman Zorin attempted to pay off, and discovers that Zorin is trying to buy her family oil business. The two travel to San Francisco City Hall to check Zorin's submitted plans. Having been alerted to their presence, Zorin kills the Chief Geologist, and sets fire to the building to frame Bond for the murder and kill him. Bond and Stacey flee from the police in a fire engine.
Infiltrating Zorin's mine, Bond and Stacey discover his plot to detonate explosives beneath the lakes along the Hayward and San Andreas faults, which will cause them to flood and submerge Silicon Valley. A larger bomb is also in the mine to destroy a "geological lock" that prevents the two faults from moving simultaneously. Once in place, Zorin and his security chief Scarpine flood the mine and kill the workers. Stacey escapes while Bond fights May Day; after realising Zorin abandoned her, she helps Bond remove the larger bomb, putting the device onto a handcar and riding it out of the mine, where it explodes and kills her.
Escaping in his airship with Scarpine and Mortner, Zorin abducts Stacey while Bond grabs hold of the airship's mooring rope. Zorin tries to knock him off, but Bond moors the airship to the framework of the Golden Gate Bridge. Stacey attacks Zorin to save Bond, and in the fracas, Mortner and Scarpine are temporarily knocked out. Stacey flees and joins Bond out on the bridge, but Zorin follows them out with an ax. The ensuing fight between Zorin and Bond culminates with Zorin falling to his death. Mortner attempts to kill Bond with dynamite, but Bond cuts the airship free, causing Mortner to drop the dynamite in the cabin, blowing up the airship and killing himself and Scarpine. Later, Gogol awards Bond the Order of Lenin for foiling Zorin's scheme.
Cast
Roger Moore as James Bond, MI6 agent 007
Tanya Roberts as Stacey Sutton, the granddaughter of an oil tycoon whose company is taken over by Zorin.
Grace Jones as May Day, Zorin's lover and chief henchwoman.
Patrick Macnee as Sir Godfrey Tibbett, Bond's ally, a horse trainer who helps him infiltrate Zorin's chateau and stables.
Christopher Walken as Max Zorin: a psychopathic industrialist, the product of a Nazi genetic experiment, who plans to destroy Silicon Valley to gain a monopoly in the microchip market.
Patrick Bauchau as Scarpine, Zorin's murderous loyal associate.
David Yip as Chuck Lee, a CIA agent who assists Bond and Sutton in San Francisco.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q, an MI6 officer in charge of the research and development branch. He supplies 007 with his equipment for his mission.
Robert Brown as M, the head of MI6.
Walter Gotell as General Anatoly Gogol, the head of the KGB.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.
Geoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray (credited as Minister of Defence), the British Minister of Defence.
Willoughby Gray as Dr. Carl Mortner, formerly Hans Glaub, a Nazi scientist and father figure to Zorin (in the German release version, he is a Polish communist).
Manning Redwood as Bob Conley, Zorin's chief mining engineer who handles his oil interests on the East Bay.
Alison Doody as Jenny Flex, one of May Day's assistants who is often seen with Pan Ho.
Papillon Soo Soo as Pan Ho, one of May Day's assistants.
Fiona Fullerton as Pola Ivanova, a KGB agent known to Bond, sent by Gogol to spy on Zorin.
Dolph Lundgren as Venz, a KGB henchman.
Jean Rougerie as Achille Aubergine, a French private detective.
Daniel Benzali also stars as Stacey's boss, Mr Howe. Maud Adams filmed a cameo as an extra in the background of a Fisherman's Wharf scene. However, she cannot be clearly identified in the crowd, with some fans speculating her scene may have been cut from the final edit. If she is in the film, this would have been her third Bond film appearance.
Production
Along with the other stories in Ian Fleming's 1960 anthology For Your Eyes Only, the original short story "From a View to a Kill" was originally envisioned as an episode of an abandoned 1958 CBS James Bond television series. A View to a Kill was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson. Wilson also co-authored the screenplay along with Richard Maibaum. Broccoli initially wanted to rehire George MacDonald Fraser from Octopussy to co-write the screenplay but he was unavailable. Originally Maibaum's script included Zorin manipulating Halley's Comet into crashing into Silicon Valley, but Wilson insisted on a more realistic plot. At the end of Octopussy, the "James Bond Will Return" sequence listed the next film as "From a View to a Kill", the name of the original short story, but later the title was changed. When a company with a name similar to Zorin (the Zoran Corporation) was discovered in the United States, a disclaimer was added to the start of the film affirming that Zorin was not related to any real-life company. This is the first Bond film to have a disclaimer (The Living Daylights had a disclaimer about the use of the Red Cross).
Casting
Roger Moore had originally signed a three-film contract with Eon Productions, (Live and Let Die in 1973, The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974 and The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977) which was fulfilled. Moore's following three films (Moonraker in 1979, For Your Eyes Only in 1981 and Octopussy in 1983) were negotiated on a film-by-film basis. Uncertainty surrounding his involvement in Octopussy in 1983 led to other actors being considered to take over but Moore was convinced to come back as he was competing against Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again. Eon convinced Moore to do A View to a Kill but he announced in December 1985, 6 months after the release of A View to a Kill, that he would retire from the role after seven films.
Early publicity for the film in 1984 included an announcement that David Bowie would play Zorin. He initially accepted the role, but later decided against it, saying "I didn't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off cliffs." The role was then offered to Sting, who turned it down, and finally to Christopher Walken.
Priscilla Presley was originally going to be cast as Stacey Sutton, but she had to be replaced by Tanya Roberts because of her contract with Dallas. The original script had Barbara Bach reprising her role as Major Anya Amasova from 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me. However, Bach declined the role, and so an entirely new character, Pola Ivanova, was created, played by Fiona Fullerton.
Patrick Macnee, as Bond's ally Tibbett, became the fourth former star of The Avengers television series to appear in a Bond film, following Honor Blackman, Diana Rigg and Joanna Lumley. David Yip's character Chuck Lee was originally scripted as Felix Leiter, but he was rewritten into a new Asian-American character in order to capitalize on the setting of San Francisco.
Dolph Lundgren has a brief appearance as one of General Gogol's KGB agents. Lundgren, who was dating Grace Jones at the time, was visiting her on set when one day an extra was missing, so the director John Glen then asked him if he wanted to attempt the role. Lundgren appears during the confrontation between Gogol and Zorin at the racetrack, standing several steps below Gogol.
Filming
Principal photography began with the horse racing scenes at Ascot Racecourse on 1 August 1984. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in London, Iceland, Switzerland, France and the United States with the budget initially being $35 million. Several French landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower, its Jules Verne restaurant and the Château de Chantilly were filmed. The rest of the major filming was done at Fisherman's Wharf, Dunsmuir House, San Francisco City Hall and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. The Lefty O'Doul Bridge was featured in the fire engine chase scene.
Production of the film began on 23 June 1984 in Iceland, where the second unit filmed the pre-title sequence. On 27 June 1984, several leftover canisters of petrol used during filming of Ridley Scott's Legend caused Pinewood Studios' 007 Stage to burn to the ground. The stage was rebuilt, and reopened in January 1985 (renamed as Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage) for filming of A View to a Kill. Work had continued on other stages at Pinewood when Roger Moore rejoined the main unit there on 1 August 1984. The crew then departed for shooting the horse-racing scenes at Royal Ascot Racecourse. The scene in which Bond and Sutton enter the mineshaft was then filmed in a waterlogged quarry near Staines-upon-Thames and the Amberley Chalk Pits Museum in West Sussex.
On 6 October 1984, the fourth unit, headed by special effects supervisor John Richardson, began its work on the climactic fight sequence. At first, only a few plates constructed to resemble the Golden Gate Bridge were used. Later that night, shooting of the burning San Francisco City Hall commenced. The first actual scenes atop the bridge were filmed on 7 October 1984.
In Paris it was planned that two stunt parachutists, B.J. Worth and Don Caldvedt, would undertake two jumps from a (clearly visible) platform that extended from a top edge of the Eiffel Tower. However, sufficient footage was obtained from Worth's jump, so Caldvedt was told he would not be performing his own descent. Caldvedt, unhappy at not being able to perform the jump, parachuted off the tower without authorisation from the City of Paris. He was subsequently sacked by the production team for jeopardising the continuation of filming in the city.
Airship Industries managed a major marketing coup with the inclusion of its Skyship 500 series blimp in the film. At the time Airship Industries was producing a fleet of blimps which were recognisable over many capitals of the world offering tours, or advertising sponsorship deals. As all Bond films have included the most current technology, this included the lighter than air interest. The blimp seen in the climax was then on a promotional tour of Los Angeles after its participation in the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics. At that time, it had "Welcome" painted across the side of the gasbag, but was replaced by "Zorin Industries" for the film. During the summer of 1984, the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm. In real life, inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours, but during the film it was shown to take two minutes.
Despite filming going over schedule by two weeks, the production was completed $5 million under budget at $30 million according to John Glen. Filming completed on 16 January 1985.
Music
Main article: A View to a Kill (soundtrack)
The soundtrack was composed by John Barry and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, "A View to a Kill", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. "May Day Jumps" is the only track that uses the "James Bond Theme". Barry's composition from On Her Majesty's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs "Snow Job", "He's Dangerous" and "Golden Gate Fight" of A View to a Kill. "A View to a Kill" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track Writing's on the Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one.
Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor, a lifelong Bond fan, approached producer Albert Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked "When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs?"
During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song "California Girls", performed by tribute band Gidea Park with Adrian Baker, is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding.
Release and reception
This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK, opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts. The British premiere was held on 12 June 1985 at the Odeon Leicester Square cinema in London. It achieved a box office gross of US$152.4 million worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £8.1 million ($13.6 million). On its opening weekend in the US and Canada it grossed $13.3 million from 1,583 theaters over the four-day Memorial Day weekend, the biggest opening for a Bond film ever at the time, but not enough to beat Rambo: First Blood Part II which was number one for the weekend with a gross of $25.2 million from 2,074 theaters. It went on to gross $50.3 million in the United States and Canada. Other large international grosses include $11.7 million in Germany, $9.1 million in Japan and $8.2 million in France.
Although its box office reception was excellent, the film's critical response was mostly mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on reviews from 61 critics, which is the lowest rating for the Eon-produced Bond films on the website. The site's critical consensus reads: "Absurd even by Bond standards, A View to a Kill is weighted down by campy jokes and a noticeable lack of energy." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40% based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
One of the most common criticisms was that Roger Moore was 57 at the time of filming—and that he had visibly aged in the two years that had passed since Octopussy. Washington Post critic Paul Attanasio said, "Moore isn't just long in the tooth—he's got tusks, and what looks like an eye job has given him the pie-eyed blankness of a zombie. He's not believable anymore in the action sequences, even less so in the romantic scenes—it's like watching women fall all over Gabby Hayes." Sean Connery declared that "Bond should be played by an actor 35, 33 years old. I'm too old. Roger's too old, too!" In a December 2007 interview, Roger Moore remarked, "I was only about four hundred years too old for the part."
Moore also said that, at the time, A View to a Kill was his least favourite Bond film, and mentioned that he was mortified to find out that he was older than his female co-star's mother. He was quoted as saying, "I was horrified on the last Bond I did. Whole slews of sequences where Christopher Walken was machine-gunning hundreds of people. I said 'That wasn't Bond, those weren't Bond films.' It stopped being what they were all about. You didn't dwell on the blood and the brains spewing all over the place".
Pauline Kael of The New Yorker said, "The James Bond series has had its bummers, but nothing before in the class of A View to a Kill. You go to a Bond picture expecting some style or, at least, some flash, some lift; you don't expect the dumb police-car crashes you get here. You do see some ingenious daredevil feats, but they're crowded together and, the way they're set up, they don't give you the irresponsible, giddy tingle you're hoping for." Kael also singled out the dispirited direction and the hopeless script. "Director John Glen stages the slaughter scenes so apathetically that the picture itself seems dissociated. (I don't think I've ever seen another movie in which race horses were mistreated and the director failed to work up any indignation. If Glen has any emotions about what he puts on the screen, he keeps them to himself.)"
However, not all reviews were negative. Lawrence O'Toole of Maclean's believed it was one of the series' best entries. "Of all the modern formulas in the movie industry, the James Bond series is among the most pleasurable and durable. Lavish with their budgets, the producers also bring a great deal of craft, wit and a sense of fun to the films. Agent 007 is like an old friend who an audience meets for drinks every two years or so; he regales them with tall tales, winking all the time. The 14th and newest Bond epic, A View to a Kill, is an especially satisfying encounter. Opening with a breathtaking ski chase in Siberia, A View to a Kill is the fastest Bond picture yet. Its pace has the precision of a Swiss watch and the momentum of a greyhound on the track. There is a spectacular chase up and down the Eiffel Tower and through Paris streets, which Bond finishes in a severed car on just two wheels. But none of the action prepares the viewer for the heart-stopping climax with Zorin's dirigible tangled in the cables on top of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge." And although O'Toole believed that Moore was showing his age in the role, "there are plenty of tunes left in his violin. James Bond is still a virtuoso, with a licence to thrill."
Brian J. Arthurs of The Beach Reporter, however, said it was the worst film of the Bond series. Chris Peachment of the Time Out Film Guide said, "Grace Jones is badly wasted." Norman Wilner of MSN also chose it as the worst Bond film, while IGN picked it as the fourth-worst, while Entertainment Weekly ranked it as the fifth-worst.
Danny Peary had mixed feelings about A View to a Kill but was generally complimentary: "Despite what reviewers automatically reported, looks trimmer and more energetic than in some of the previous efforts ... I wish Bond had a few more of his famous gadgets on hand, but his action scenes are exciting and some of the stunt work is spectacular. Walken's the first Bond villain who is not so much an evil person as a crazed neurotic. I find him more memorable than some of the more recent Bond foes ... Unfortunately, the filmmakers – who ruined villain Jaws by making him a nice guy in Moonraker – make the mistake of switching May Day at the end from Bond's nemesis to his accomplice, depriving us of a slam-bang fight to the finish between the two (I suppose gentleman Bond isn't allowed to kill women, even a monster like May Day) ... lacks the flamboyance of earlier Bond films, and has a terrible slapstick chase sequence in San Francisco, but overall it's fast-paced, fairly enjoyable, and a worthy entry in the series."
Also among the more positive reviews was Movie Freaks 365's Kyle Bell: "Good ol' Roger gave it his best. ... Whether you can get past the absurdity of the storyline, you can't really deny that it has stunning stunt work and lots of action. It's an entertaining movie that could have been better." Walken was also praised by online critic Christopher Null for portraying a "classic Bond villain". Bond historian John Brosnan believed A View to a Kill was Moore's best Bond entry. He said Moore looked in better shape than the previous Bond film, Octopussy. Brosnan, an airship enthusiast, especially admired the dirigible finale.
Neil Gaiman reviewed A View to a Kill for Imagine magazine, and stated that "When Grace Jones went to bed with Moore, I was sure the producers had hit upon a way to kill the old fellow off with dignity, but when Bond was seen wandering around fresh as a daisy the next morning I realised how escapist this all is. Unless he just rolled over and went to sleep, of course, which is what I was strongly tempted to do."
Roberts was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Actress, but she lost the trophy to Linda Blair, who appeared in Night Patrol, Savage Island and Savage Streets.
Other media
This film was adapted into two video games in 1985. The first, titled A View to a Kill, was published by Domark. It was available for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Oric 1 and Oric Atmos, and MSX. The second, titled James Bond 007: A View to a Kill was a text adventure for DOS and Apple II computers. It was developed by Angelsoft, Inc. and published by Mindscape Inc.
The film was loosely adapted into a series of four Find Your Fate adventure game books: Win, Place, or Die; Strike it Deadly; Programmed for Danger; and Barracuda Run, which were released in 1985.
Furthermore, a tabletop role-playing game adventure for the James Bond 007 game system was released under the film's name.
May Day was a playable multiplayer character in the 1997 and 2000 video games GoldenEye 007 and 007: The World Is Not Enough for the Nintendo 64. In the 2002 game Nightfire, May Day and Max Zorin also appears as bots. Other references include Nikolai Diavolo, a character in the 2004 game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, claiming Zorin to be his mentor and friend. In GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, a multiplayer level is the summit of the Golden Gate Bridge, including the Zorin blimp, which would fire on players when activated. Players are also able to climb the suspension cables (similar to the events of the film).
See also
List of films shot in Iceland
Outline of James Bond
References
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to A View to a Kill.
Official website
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A View to a Kill at Box Office Mojo
A View to a Kill at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
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Portals: 1980s Film
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A View to a Kill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"A Vow to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vow_to_Kill"},{"link_name":"spy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"James Bond series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films"},{"link_name":"Eon Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_Productions"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrayal_of_James_Bond_in_film"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"From a View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_View_to_a_Kill"},{"link_name":"Max Zorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Zorin"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Albert R. Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli"},{"link_name":"Michael G. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Richard Maibaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maibaum"},{"link_name":"John Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glen_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lois Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Miss Moneypenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Moneypenny"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"A View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"}],"text":"1985 James Bond film directed by John GlenThis article is about the 1985 James Bond film. For other uses, see A View to a Kill (disambiguation).For the made for TV thriller, see A Vow to Kill.A View to a Kill is a 1985 spy film, the fourteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the seventh and final appearance of Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's 1960 short story \"From a View to a Kill\", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In A View to a Kill, Bond is pitted against Max Zorin (played by Christopher Walken), who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley.The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, who also wrote the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny.Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, and being disliked by Moore himself, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \"A View to a Kill\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only Bond theme song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song.","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"Ascot Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"adrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline"},{"link_name":"General Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_allies#General_Anatoly_Gogol"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"medical experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"San Francisco City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"}],"text":"MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia to locate the body of 003 and recover a Soviet microchip. Q analyzes the microchip, establishing it to be a copy of one designed to withstand an electromagnetic pulse, made by government contractor Zorin Industries. Bond visits Ascot Racecourse to observe the company's owner, Max Zorin. Sir Godfrey Tibbett, a racehorse trainer and MI6 agent, believes Zorin's horses, which win consistently, are drugged, although tests proved negative. Through Tibbett, Bond meets with French private detective Achille Aubergine, who informs Bond that Zorin is holding a horse sale later in the month. During their dinner at the Eiffel Tower, Aubergine is assassinated by Zorin's bodyguard May Day, who subsequently escapes.Bond and Tibbett travel to Zorin's estate for the horse sale. Bond is puzzled by a woman who rebuffs him; he discovers Zorin has written her a cheque for $5 million. That night, Bond and Tibbett infiltrate Zorin's laboratory, where he is implanting adrenaline-releasing devices in his horses. Zorin identifies Bond as an agent, has May Day assassinate Tibbett, and attempts to have Bond killed. General Gogol of the KGB confronts Zorin for trying to kill Bond without permission, revealing that Zorin was initially trained and financed by the KGB, but has now gone rogue. Later, Zorin unveils to a group of investors his plan to destroy Silicon Valley, which will give him and the potential investors a monopoly over microchip manufacture.Bond travels to San Francisco and meets with CIA agent Chuck Lee, who says Zorin is the product of medical experimentation with steroids performed by Dr. Carl Mortner, a Nazi scientist who is now Zorin's veterinarian and racehorse-breeding consultant. Bond then investigates a nearby oil rig owned by Zorin, and while there finds KGB agent Pola Ivanova recording conversations and her partner placing explosives on the rig. Ivanova's partner Klottoff is caught and killed, but Ivanova and Bond escape. Later Ivanova takes the recording, but finds that Bond had switched tapes.Bond tracks down State Geologist Stacey Sutton, the woman Zorin attempted to pay off, and discovers that Zorin is trying to buy her family oil business. The two travel to San Francisco City Hall to check Zorin's submitted plans. Having been alerted to their presence, Zorin kills the Chief Geologist, and sets fire to the building to frame Bond for the murder and kill him. Bond and Stacey flee from the police in a fire engine.Infiltrating Zorin's mine, Bond and Stacey discover his plot to detonate explosives beneath the lakes along the Hayward and San Andreas faults, which will cause them to flood and submerge Silicon Valley. A larger bomb is also in the mine to destroy a \"geological lock\" that prevents the two faults from moving simultaneously. Once in place, Zorin and his security chief Scarpine flood the mine and kill the workers. Stacey escapes while Bond fights May Day; after realising Zorin abandoned her, she helps Bond remove the larger bomb, putting the device onto a handcar and riding it out of the mine, where it explodes and kills her.Escaping in his airship with Scarpine and Mortner, Zorin abducts Stacey while Bond grabs hold of the airship's mooring rope. Zorin tries to knock him off, but Bond moors the airship to the framework of the Golden Gate Bridge. Stacey attacks Zorin to save Bond, and in the fracas, Mortner and Scarpine are temporarily knocked out. Stacey flees and joins Bond out on the bridge, but Zorin follows them out with an ax. The ensuing fight between Zorin and Bond culminates with Zorin falling to his death. Mortner attempts to kill Bond with dynamite, but Bond cuts the airship free, causing Mortner to drop the dynamite in the cabin, blowing up the airship and killing himself and Scarpine. Later, Gogol awards Bond the Order of Lenin for foiling Zorin's scheme.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrayal_of_James_Bond_in_film"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Tanya Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Stacey Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Macnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Macnee"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Max Zorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Zorin"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bauchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bauchau"},{"link_name":"David Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yip"},{"link_name":"Desmond Llewelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Llewelyn"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Robert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Walter Gotell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gotell"},{"link_name":"General Anatoly Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_allies#General_Anatoly_Gogol"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Lois Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Miss Moneypenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Moneypenny"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keen"},{"link_name":"Frederick Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_allies#Sir_Frederick_Gray"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence"},{"link_name":"Willoughby Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Gray"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Alison Doody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Doody"},{"link_name":"Fiona Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Fullerton"},{"link_name":"Dolph Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren"},{"link_name":"Jean Rougerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rougerie"},{"link_name":"Daniel Benzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benzali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maud Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Adams"},{"link_name":"Fisherman's Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvd-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Roger Moore as James Bond, MI6 agent 007\nTanya Roberts as Stacey Sutton, the granddaughter of an oil tycoon whose company is taken over by Zorin.\nGrace Jones as May Day, Zorin's lover and chief henchwoman.\nPatrick Macnee as Sir Godfrey Tibbett, Bond's ally, a horse trainer who helps him infiltrate Zorin's chateau and stables.\nChristopher Walken as Max Zorin: a psychopathic industrialist, the product of a Nazi genetic experiment, who plans to destroy Silicon Valley to gain a monopoly in the microchip market.\nPatrick Bauchau as Scarpine, Zorin's murderous loyal associate.\nDavid Yip as Chuck Lee, a CIA agent who assists Bond and Sutton in San Francisco.\nDesmond Llewelyn as Q, an MI6 officer in charge of the research and development branch. He supplies 007 with his equipment for his mission.\nRobert Brown as M, the head of MI6.\nWalter Gotell as General Anatoly Gogol, the head of the KGB.\nLois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.\nGeoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray (credited as Minister of Defence), the British Minister of Defence.\nWilloughby Gray as Dr. Carl Mortner, formerly Hans Glaub, a Nazi scientist and father figure to Zorin (in the German release version, he is a Polish communist).\nManning Redwood as Bob Conley, Zorin's chief mining engineer who handles his oil interests on the East Bay.\nAlison Doody as Jenny Flex, one of May Day's assistants who is often seen with Pan Ho.\nPapillon Soo Soo as Pan Ho, one of May Day's assistants.\nFiona Fullerton as Pola Ivanova, a KGB agent known to Bond, sent by Gogol to spy on Zorin.\nDolph Lundgren as Venz, a KGB henchman.\nJean Rougerie as Achille Aubergine, a French private detective.Daniel Benzali also stars as Stacey's boss, Mr Howe.[4] Maud Adams filmed a cameo as an extra in the background of a Fisherman's Wharf scene. However, she cannot be clearly identified in the crowd, with some fans[who?] speculating her scene may have been cut from the final edit. If she is in the film, this would have been her third Bond film appearance.[5][6][7]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"For Your Eyes Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Albert R. Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli"},{"link_name":"Michael G. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Richard Maibaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maibaum"},{"link_name":"George MacDonald Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Halley's Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Octopussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopussy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zoran Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Living Daylights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Daylights"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Along with the other stories in Ian Fleming's 1960 anthology For Your Eyes Only, the original short story \"From a View to a Kill\" was originally envisioned as an episode of an abandoned 1958 CBS James Bond television series.[8] A View to a Kill was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson. Wilson also co-authored the screenplay along with Richard Maibaum. Broccoli initially wanted to rehire George MacDonald Fraser from Octopussy to co-write the screenplay but he was unavailable. Originally Maibaum's script included Zorin manipulating Halley's Comet into crashing into Silicon Valley, but Wilson insisted on a more realistic plot.[8] At the end of Octopussy, the \"James Bond Will Return\" sequence listed the next film as \"From a View to a Kill\", the name of the original short story, but later the title was changed.[9] When a company with a name similar to Zorin (the Zoran Corporation) was discovered in the United States, a disclaimer was added to the start of the film affirming that Zorin was not related to any real-life company. This is the first Bond film to have a disclaimer (The Living Daylights had a disclaimer about the use of the Red Cross).[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Man with the Golden Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Spy Who Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Moonraker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonraker_(film)"},{"link_name":"For Your Eyes Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)"},{"link_name":"Octopussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopussy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Octopussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopussy"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"Never Say Never Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Say_Never_Again"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Presley"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bach"},{"link_name":"The Spy Who Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fiona Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Fullerton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Honor Blackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Blackman"},{"link_name":"Diana Rigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Rigg"},{"link_name":"Joanna Lumley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Lumley"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"David Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yip"},{"link_name":"Felix Leiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Leiter"},{"link_name":"Asian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Dolph Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"John Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glen_(director)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Roger Moore had originally signed a three-film contract with Eon Productions, (Live and Let Die in 1973, The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974 and The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977) which was fulfilled. Moore's following three films (Moonraker in 1979, For Your Eyes Only in 1981 and Octopussy in 1983) were negotiated on a film-by-film basis.[11] Uncertainty surrounding his involvement in Octopussy in 1983 led to other actors being considered to take over but Moore was convinced to come back as he was competing against Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again. Eon convinced Moore to do A View to a Kill but he announced in December 1985, 6 months after the release of A View to a Kill, that he would retire from the role after seven films.Early publicity for the film in 1984 included an announcement that David Bowie would play Zorin. He initially accepted the role, but later decided against it, saying \"I didn't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off cliffs.\" The role was then offered to Sting, who turned it down, and finally to Christopher Walken.[12]Priscilla Presley was originally going to be cast as Stacey Sutton, but she had to be replaced by Tanya Roberts because of her contract with Dallas.[8] The original script had Barbara Bach reprising her role as Major Anya Amasova from 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me. However, Bach declined the role, and so an entirely new character, Pola Ivanova, was created, played by Fiona Fullerton.[13][better source needed]Patrick Macnee, as Bond's ally Tibbett, became the fourth former star of The Avengers television series to appear in a Bond film, following Honor Blackman, Diana Rigg and Joanna Lumley.[14] David Yip's character Chuck Lee was originally scripted as Felix Leiter, but he was rewritten into a new Asian-American character in order to capitalize on the setting of San Francisco.[8]Dolph Lundgren has a brief appearance as one of General Gogol's KGB agents. Lundgren, who was dating Grace Jones at the time, was visiting her on set when one day an extra was missing, so the director John Glen then asked him if he wanted to attempt the role. Lundgren appears during the confrontation between Gogol and Zorin at the racetrack, standing several steps below Gogol.[15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ascot Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-3"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Château de Chantilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly"},{"link_name":"Fisherman's Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Dunsmuir House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunsmuir_House"},{"link_name":"San Francisco City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Lefty O'Doul Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty_O%27Doul_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June-17"},{"link_name":"Ridley Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley_Scott"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli%27s_007_Stage"},{"link_name":"Staines-upon-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames"},{"link_name":"Amberley Chalk Pits Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberley_Chalk_Pits_Museum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"parachutists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvd-5"},{"link_name":"Airship Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship_Industries"},{"link_name":"Skyship 500 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship_Industries_Skyship_500"},{"link_name":"blimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blimp"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skyship-21"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Fujifilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skyship-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began with the horse racing scenes at Ascot Racecourse on 1 August 1984.[8] The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in London, Iceland, Switzerland, France and the United States with the budget initially being $35 million.[3] Several French landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower, its Jules Verne restaurant and the Château de Chantilly were filmed. The rest of the major filming was done at Fisherman's Wharf, Dunsmuir House, San Francisco City Hall and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. The Lefty O'Doul Bridge was featured in the fire engine chase scene.[16]Production of the film began on 23 June 1984 in Iceland, where the second unit filmed the pre-title sequence.[17] On 27 June 1984, several leftover canisters of petrol used during filming of Ridley Scott's Legend caused Pinewood Studios' 007 Stage to burn to the ground. The stage was rebuilt, and reopened in January 1985[18] (renamed as Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage) for filming of A View to a Kill. Work had continued on other stages at Pinewood when Roger Moore rejoined the main unit there on 1 August 1984. The crew then departed for shooting the horse-racing scenes at Royal Ascot Racecourse. The scene in which Bond and Sutton enter the mineshaft was then filmed in a waterlogged quarry near Staines-upon-Thames and the Amberley Chalk Pits Museum in West Sussex.[19]On 6 October 1984, the fourth unit, headed by special effects supervisor John Richardson, began its work on the climactic fight sequence. At first, only a few plates constructed to resemble the Golden Gate Bridge were used. Later that night, shooting of the burning San Francisco City Hall commenced. The first actual scenes atop the bridge were filmed on 7 October 1984.[20]In Paris it was planned that two stunt parachutists, B.J. Worth and Don Caldvedt, would undertake two jumps from a (clearly visible) platform that extended from a top edge of the Eiffel Tower. However, sufficient footage was obtained from Worth's jump, so Caldvedt was told he would not be performing his own descent. Caldvedt, unhappy at not being able to perform the jump, parachuted off the tower without authorisation from the City of Paris. He was subsequently sacked by the production team for jeopardising the continuation of filming in the city.[5]Airship Industries managed a major marketing coup with the inclusion of its Skyship 500 series blimp in the film. At the time Airship Industries was producing a fleet of blimps which were recognisable over many capitals of the world offering tours, or advertising sponsorship deals. As all Bond films have included the most current technology, this included the lighter than air interest.[21] The blimp seen in the climax was then on a promotional tour of Los Angeles after its participation in the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics. At that time, it had \"Welcome\" painted across the side of the gasbag, but was replaced by \"Zorin Industries\" for the film. During the summer of 1984, the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm. In real life, inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours, but during the film it was shown to take two minutes.[21]\nDespite filming going over schedule by two weeks, the production was completed $5 million under budget at $30 million according to John Glen.[3] Filming completed on 16 January 1985.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"A View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(song)"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"James Bond Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_Theme"},{"link_name":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Writing's on the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing%27s_on_the_Wall_(Sam_Smith_song)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(bass_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Albert Broccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Broccoli"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"California Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Girls"},{"link_name":"Adrian Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Baker"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The soundtrack was composed by John Barry and published by EMI/Capitol.[22] The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the \"James Bond Theme\". Barry's composition from On Her Majesty's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of A View to a Kill.[23] \"A View to a Kill\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series.[24] The 2015 track Writing's on the Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one.[25]Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor, a lifelong Bond fan, approached producer Albert Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs?\"[26][27]During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by tribute band Gidea Park with Adrian Baker, is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding.[28]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palace of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Odeon Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-32"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"Rambo: First Blood Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo:_First_Blood_Part_II"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-box-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-box-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-32"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Gabby Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_%22Gabby%22_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Pauline Kael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Kael"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kael_(1985)-42"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Toole_(1985)-43"},{"link_name":"The Beach Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomatoes-35"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Danny Peary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Peary"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bond villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_villain"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"John Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brosnan_(1985)-51"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(game_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imagine30-52"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award"},{"link_name":"Worst Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Actress"},{"link_name":"Linda Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Blair"},{"link_name":"Night Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Savage Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Streets"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK, opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts.[29] The British premiere was held on 12 June 1985 at the Odeon Leicester Square cinema in London.[17] It achieved a box office gross of US$152.4 million worldwide.[30] In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £8.1 million ($13.6 million).[31][32] On its opening weekend in the US and Canada it grossed $13.3 million from 1,583 theaters over the four-day Memorial Day weekend, the biggest opening for a Bond film ever at the time, but not enough to beat Rambo: First Blood Part II which was number one for the weekend with a gross of $25.2 million from 2,074 theaters.[33][34] It went on to gross $50.3 million in the United States and Canada.[33] Other large international grosses include $11.7 million in Germany, $9.1 million in Japan and $8.2 million in France.[32]Although its box office reception was excellent, the film's critical response was mostly mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on reviews from 61 critics,[35] which is the lowest rating for the Eon-produced Bond films on the website.[36] The site's critical consensus reads: \"Absurd even by Bond standards, A View to a Kill is weighted down by campy jokes and a noticeable lack of energy.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40% based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[37]One of the most common criticisms was that Roger Moore was 57 at the time of filming—and that he had visibly aged in the two years that had passed since Octopussy. Washington Post critic Paul Attanasio said, \"Moore isn't just long in the tooth—he's got tusks, and what looks like an eye job has given him the pie-eyed blankness of a zombie. He's not believable anymore in the action sequences, even less so in the romantic scenes—it's like watching women fall all over Gabby Hayes.\"[38] Sean Connery declared that \"Bond should be played by an actor 35, 33 years old. I'm too old. Roger's too old, too!\"[39] In a December 2007 interview, Roger Moore remarked, \"I was only about four hundred years too old for the part.\"[40]Moore also said that, at the time, A View to a Kill was his least favourite Bond film, and mentioned that he was mortified to find out that he was older than his female co-star's mother. He was quoted as saying, \"I was horrified on the last Bond I did. Whole slews of sequences where Christopher Walken was machine-gunning hundreds of people. I said 'That wasn't Bond, those weren't Bond films.' It stopped being what they were all about. You didn't dwell on the blood and the brains spewing all over the place\".[41]Pauline Kael of The New Yorker said, \"The James Bond series has had its bummers, but nothing before in the class of A View to a Kill. You go to a Bond picture expecting some style or, at least, some flash, some lift; you don't expect the dumb police-car crashes you get here. You do see some ingenious daredevil feats, but they're crowded together and, the way they're set up, they don't give you the irresponsible, giddy tingle you're hoping for.\" Kael also singled out the dispirited direction and the hopeless script. \"Director John Glen stages the slaughter scenes so apathetically that the picture itself seems dissociated. (I don't think I've ever seen another movie in which race horses were mistreated and the director failed to work up any indignation. If Glen has any emotions about what he puts on the screen, he keeps them to himself.)\"[42]However, not all reviews were negative. Lawrence O'Toole of Maclean's believed it was one of the series' best entries. \"Of all the modern formulas in the movie industry, the James Bond series is among the most pleasurable and durable. Lavish with their budgets, the producers also bring a great deal of craft, wit and a sense of fun to the films. Agent 007 is like an old friend who an audience meets for drinks every two years or so; he regales them with tall tales, winking all the time. The 14th and newest Bond epic, A View to a Kill, is an especially satisfying encounter. Opening with a breathtaking ski chase in Siberia, A View to a Kill is the fastest Bond picture yet. Its pace has the precision of a Swiss watch and the momentum of a greyhound on the track. There is a spectacular chase up and down the Eiffel Tower and through Paris streets, which Bond finishes in a severed car on just two wheels. But none of the action prepares the viewer for the heart-stopping climax with Zorin's dirigible tangled in the cables on top of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.\" And although O'Toole believed that Moore was showing his age in the role, \"there are plenty of tunes left in his violin. James Bond is still a virtuoso, with a licence to thrill.\"[43]Brian J. Arthurs of The Beach Reporter, however, said it was the worst film of the Bond series.[35] Chris Peachment of the Time Out Film Guide said, \"Grace Jones is badly wasted.\"[44] Norman Wilner of MSN also chose it as the worst Bond film,[45] while IGN picked it as the fourth-worst,[46] while Entertainment Weekly ranked it as the fifth-worst.[47]Danny Peary had mixed feelings about A View to a Kill but was generally complimentary: \"Despite what reviewers automatically reported, [Moore] looks trimmer and more energetic than in some of the previous efforts ... I wish Bond had a few more of his famous gadgets on hand, but his action scenes are exciting and some of the stunt work is spectacular. Walken's the first Bond villain who is not so much an evil person as a crazed neurotic. I find him more memorable than some of the more recent Bond foes ... Unfortunately, the filmmakers – who ruined villain Jaws by making him a nice guy in Moonraker – make the mistake of switching May Day at the end from Bond's nemesis to his accomplice, depriving us of a slam-bang fight to the finish between the two (I suppose gentleman Bond isn't allowed to kill women, even a monster like May Day) ... [The film] lacks the flamboyance of earlier Bond films, and has a terrible slapstick chase sequence in San Francisco, but overall it's fast-paced, fairly enjoyable, and a worthy entry in the series.\"[48]Also among the more positive reviews was Movie Freaks 365's Kyle Bell: \"Good ol' Roger gave it his best. ... Whether you can get past the absurdity of the storyline, you can't really deny that it has stunning stunt work and lots of action. It's an entertaining movie that could have been better.\"[49] Walken was also praised by online critic Christopher Null for portraying a \"classic Bond villain\".[50] Bond historian John Brosnan believed A View to a Kill was Moore's best Bond entry. He said Moore looked in better shape than the previous Bond film, Octopussy. Brosnan, an airship enthusiast, especially admired the dirigible finale.[51]Neil Gaiman reviewed A View to a Kill for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"When Grace Jones went to bed with Moore, I was sure the producers had hit upon a way to kill the old fellow off with dignity, but when Bond was seen wandering around fresh as a daisy the next morning I realised how escapist this all is. Unless he just rolled over and went to sleep, of course, which is what I was strongly tempted to do.\"[52]Roberts was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Actress, but she lost the trophy to Linda Blair, who appeared in Night Patrol, Savage Island and Savage Streets.[53]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Domark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domark"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Oric 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oric_1"},{"link_name":"Oric Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oric_Atmos"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"James Bond 007: A View to a Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(video_game)#James_Bond_007:_A_View_to_a_Kill_2"},{"link_name":"text adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_family"},{"link_name":"Mindscape Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindscape_Group"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"tabletop role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"James Bond 007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_007_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"under the film's name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(adventure)"},{"link_name":"May Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"GoldenEye 007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)"},{"link_name":"007: The World Is Not Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/007:_The_World_Is_Not_Enough_(Nintendo_64)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"Nightfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/007:_Nightfire"},{"link_name":"bots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_game_bot"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_007:_Everything_or_Nothing"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"GoldenEye: Rogue Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoldenEye:_Rogue_Agent"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"This film was adapted into two video games in 1985. The first, titled A View to a Kill, was published by Domark. It was available for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Oric 1 and Oric Atmos, and MSX. The second, titled James Bond 007: A View to a Kill was a text adventure for DOS and Apple II computers. It was developed by Angelsoft, Inc. and published by Mindscape Inc.The film was loosely adapted into a series of four Find Your Fate adventure game books: Win, Place, or Die; Strike it Deadly; Programmed for Danger; and Barracuda Run, which were released in 1985.[54]Furthermore, a tabletop role-playing game adventure for the James Bond 007 game system was released under the film's name.May Day was a playable multiplayer character in the 1997 and 2000 video games GoldenEye 007 and 007: The World Is Not Enough for the Nintendo 64. In the 2002 game Nightfire, May Day and Max Zorin also appears as bots.[55] Other references include Nikolai Diavolo, a character in the 2004 game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, claiming Zorin to be his mentor and friend.[56] In GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, a multiplayer level is the summit of the Golden Gate Bridge, including the Zorin blimp, which would fire on players when activated. Players are also able to climb the suspension cables (similar to the events of the film).[57]","title":"Other media"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of films shot in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Iceland"},{"title":"Outline of James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_James_Bond"}]
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[{"reference":"\"A View to a Kill\". Lumiere. European Audiovisual Observatory. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13611","url_text":"\"A View to a Kill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumiere_(database)","url_text":"Lumiere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Audiovisual_Observatory","url_text":"European Audiovisual Observatory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927114127/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=13611","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI|Catalog\". Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/58416","url_text":"\"AFI|Catalog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210523183002/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/58416","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI|Catalog\". catalog.afi.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/58416","url_text":"\"AFI|Catalog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210523183002/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/58416","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HOWE, W. G.\" Spy Movie Navigator. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://spymovienavigator.com/spydata/howe-w-g/","url_text":"\"HOWE, W. G.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240212230048/https://spymovienavigator.com/spydata/howe-w-g/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maud Adams. Inside A View to a Kill (VCD/DVD). MGM Home Entertainment Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Adams","url_text":"Maud Adams"}]},{"reference":"Dyson, Calvin (16 May 2021). \"Is Maud Adams In A View to a Kill? Myths of James Bond\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfghkcGyipQ","url_text":"\"Is Maud Adams In A View to a Kill? Myths of James Bond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220828101905/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfghkcGyipQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Field, Matthew (2015). Some kind of hero : 007 : the remarkable story of the James Bond films. Ajay Chowdhury. Stroud, Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-0-7509-6421-0. OCLC 930556527. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930556527","url_text":"Some kind of hero : 007 : the remarkable story of the James Bond films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6421-0","url_text":"978-0-7509-6421-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930556527","url_text":"930556527"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211128234516/https://www.worldcat.org/title/some-kind-of-hero-007-the-remarkable-story-of-the-james-bond-films/oclc/930556527","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burlingame, Jon (2012). The Music of James Bond. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780199863303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199863303","url_text":"9780199863303"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jim; Lavington, Stephen (2002). Bond Films. London: Virgin Books. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7535-0709-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit/page/219","url_text":"Bond Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit/page/219","url_text":"219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0709-4","url_text":"978-0-7535-0709-4"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Alan; Hearn, Marcus (1997). Kiss Kiss Bang! Bang!: the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion. Batsford Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7134-8182-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-8182-2","url_text":"978-0-7134-8182-2"}]},{"reference":"Pegg, Nicholas (2004). The Complete David Bowie. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 561.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A View to a Kill Trivia\". IMDb. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090264/trivia","url_text":"\"A View to a Kill Trivia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112354/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090264/trivia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harp, Justin (25 June 2015). \"Roger Moore gives Patrick Macnee tribute\". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_(album)
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Hudson (album)
|
["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","4.1 Production","5 References"]
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2017 studio album by Jack DeJohnette, John Medeski, John Scofield, Larry GrenadierHudsonStudio album by Jack DeJohnette, John Medeski, John Scofield, Larry GrenadierReleasedJune 9, 2017RecordedJanuary 2017StudioNRS Recording Studio (Catskill, New York)GenreJazzLength71:54LabelMotémaProducer
Jack DeJohnette
John Medeski
John Scofield
Larry Grenadier
Jack DeJohnette chronology
Return(2017)
Hudson(2017)
Skyline(2021)
John Scofield chronology
Country for Old Men(2016)
Hudson(2017)
Combo 66(2018)
Hudson is a jazz album by drummer Jack DeJohnette, bassist Larry Grenadier, keyboardist John Medeski and guitarist John Scofield. The album was released on June 9, 2017 by Motéma.
Background
Hudson is the name of the quartet; it is inspired by the beauty and history of the Hudson River from which Woodstock is a few miles away. Bassist Larry Grenadier is himself a resident of the Hudson Valley. What is more, DeJohnette appeared on 1996 Michael Brecker's album Tales from the Hudson, which had similar instrumentation—except for Brecker's saxophone.
The quartet initially played a concert together at the 2014 Woodstock Jazz Festival; that experience encouraged the band to pursue the project, culminating in the present record. Hudson is the band's debut, eponymous album consisting of not only originals by bandmembers but also new renditions of famous songs by such musicians as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, The Band, and Jimi Hendrix. Another relevant touchstone, unstated but clearly implied, is Miles Davis. The album also includes a new version of "Dirty Ground" (from DeJohnette's 2011 album Sound Travels) recorded there with lyrics and vocals by Bruce Hornsby. The album clearly celebrates the music from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Hudson was recorded directly to Pro Tools at 24-bit/96 kHz at Scott Petito's NRS Recording Studio, in Catskill, New York. Petito has been DeJohnette's recording engineer for some 20 years. The label's official website also states that the release celebrates Jack DeJonnette's 75th birthday.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAll About JazzAllMusicDownBeatElmore93/100The GuardianJazz TrailBPitchfork7.5/10PopMatters6/10StereophileThe Times
Paul de Barros of DownBeat wrote, "It would be easy to dismiss the supergroup Hudson as mere boomer nostalgia, but that would overlook just how vigorous, original, engaged and downright pleasurable this welcome debut sounds.... The band jumps deep into free territory on the title-track opener, an archeo-futuristic jam that spins raunchy, fuzzed guitar and skronky keyboard clanks around a throbbing, ceremonial beat". Seth Colter Walls of Pitchfork Media stated, "This is not the most fiery music DeJohnette has collaborated on, in his eighth decade. But the peaceable mastery that moves through Hudson does have the distinction of feeling comfortable without being too predictable". John Fordham in his review for The Guardian added, "The group's slightly clunky Native American chanting might have been better replaced by sampled field-recordings with instrumental decoration, but this is an elite jazz outfit collectively telling a compelling new story". Nate Chinen of JazzTimes commented "What they're creating is a top-to-bottom group improvisation—a jam, if we're being plainspoken about it—with the morphing shape of an amoeba. But over the course of a discursive and open-ended 23 minutes, a kind of structural integrity emerges, rooted in the loopy clarity of DeJohnette's groove". Writing for Elmore, Jim Hynes stated, "The album is a showcase for all four of them... Given the mostly electric fare, particularly on the rock numbers, it’s tempting to call this jazz fusion but it feels different. It’s lighter."
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Hudson"DeJohnette, Medeski, Scofield, Grenadier10:562."El Swing"Scofield5:293."Lay Lady Lay"Bob Dylan8:164."Woodstock"Joni Mitchell6:005."A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall"Bob Dylan9:146."Wait Until Tomorrow"Jimi Hendrix5:297."Song for World Forgiveness"DeJohnette8:368."Dirty Ground"Bruce Hornsby, DeJohnette3:589."Tony Then Jack"Scofield5:0310."Up on Cripple Creek"Robbie Robertson5:3511."Great Spirit Peace Chant"DeJohnette3:16Total length:71:54
Personnel
John Medeski – acoustic piano, Rhodes electric piano, Hammond B3 organ, wooden flute, vocals
John Scofield – guitars, wooden flute
Larry Grenadier – double bass, vocals
Jack DeJohnette – drums, tom tom, wooden flute, vocals
Production
Jana Herzen – executive producer
Dave Love – executive producer
Hudson – producers
Scott Petito – recording, mixing, mastering
Beth Reineke – assistant engineer
Robin Tomchin – project manager
Rebecca Meek – package design
Bill Douthart – photography
Peter Occhiogrosso – liner notes
References
^ a b "Hudson". Motema Music. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Shteamer, Hank (April 14, 2017). "Hear Jazz Supergroup Hudson Cover Bob Dylan's 'A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b c Hynes, Jim (9 June 2017). "Jack DeJohnette, Larry Grenadier, John Medeski, John Scofield: Hudson". Elmore Magazine. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Chinen, Nate (June 1, 2017). "Review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski & Scofield, 'Hudson'". NPR. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Tunis, Walter (19 July 2017). "Quartet of jazz giants unite for a new group and album: 'Hudson'". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b Freitas, Filipe (21 September 2017). "Hudson: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield - Hudson". Jazz Trail. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b Baird, Robert (August 17, 2017). "Recording of the Month: Hudson". Stereophile. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Farbey, Roger (18 June 2017). "Hudson - DeJohnette Grenadier Medeski Scofield: Hudson". All About Jazz. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Jurek, Thom. "Jack DeJohnette / Larry Grenadier: Hudson". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b Barros, Paul de (August 2017). "DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson (Motéma)". DownBeat. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b Fordham, John (6 July 2017). "DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson review – a new jazz supergroup". Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ a b Walls, Seth Colter (20 June 2017). "Hudson". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ Layman, WillDeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson (20 June 2017). "DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson". PopMatters. Retrieved 6 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Bungey, John (2 June 2017). "Jazz review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield: Hudson / Arve Henriksen: Towards Language". The Times. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
^ Chinen, Nate (31 August 2017). "Hudson: Upstate New York's Supergroup". JazzTimes. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
vteJack DeJohnetteStudio albums
The DeJohnette Complex (1969)
Have You Heard (1970)
Sorcery (1974)
Cosmic Chicken (1975)
Untitled (1976)
Pictures (1976)
New Rags (1977)
New Directions (1978)
New Directions in Europe (1980)
The Jack DeJohnette Piano Album (1985)
Zebra (1989)
In Our Style (1986)
Parallel Realities (1990)
Music for the Fifth World (1992)
Dancing with Nature Spirits (1995)
Oneness (1997)
Music in the Key of Om (2005)
The Elephant Sleeps But Still Remembers (2006)
Peace Time (2008)
Music We Are (2009)
Sound Travels (2012)
Made in Chicago (2015)
In Movement (2016)
Return (2016)
Hudson (2017)
Special Edition
Special Edition (1979)
Tin Can Alley (1980)
Inflation Blues (1982)
Album Album (1984)
Irresistible Forces (1987)
Audio-Visualscapes (1988)
Earthwalk (1991)
Extra Special Edition (1994)
Gateway
Gateway (1976)
Gateway 2 (1978)
Homecoming (1995)
In the Moment (1996)
Trio Beyond
Saudades (2006)
with Keith Jarrett
Ruta and Daitya (1973)
Standards Live (1986)
Still Live (1988)
Tribute (1990)
Keith Jarrett at the Blue Note (1995)
Tokyo '96 (1998)
Whisper Not (2000)
Inside Out (2001)
The Out-of-Towners (2004)
Yesterdays (2009)
Somewhere (2013)
Related articles
Discography
One Night with Blue Note
vteJohn ScofieldStudioalbums
East Meets West
Rough House
Who's Who?
Bar Talk
Electric Outlet
Solar
Still Warm
Blue Matter
Loud Jazz
Flat Out
Time on My Hands
Meant to Be
Grace Under Pressure
What We Do
I Can See Your House from Here
Hand Jive
Groove Elation
Quiet
A Go Go
Bump
Works for Me
Überjam
Oh!
Up All Night
That's What I Say: John Scofield Plays the Music of Ray Charles
Out Louder
This Meets That
Piety Street
A Moment's Peace
Überjam Deux
Juice
Past Present
Country for Old Men
Hudson
Combo 66
Swallow Tales
John Scofield
Livealbums
John Scofield Live
Shinola
Out Like a Light
Pick Hits Live
Sco-Mule
Scorched
EnRoute: John Scofield Trio LIVE
Saudades
Compilationalbums
Slo Sco:The Best of the Ballads
Liquid Fire: The Best of John Scofield
Best of John Scofield
Steady Groovin'
Relatedarticles
Medeski Martin & Wood
Steve Swallow
Bill Stewart
Adam Deitch
Miles Davis
Avi Bortnick
Trio Beyond
|
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Bassist Larry Grenadier is himself a resident of the Hudson Valley. What is more, DeJohnette appeared on 1996 Michael Brecker's album Tales from the Hudson, which had similar instrumentation—except for Brecker's saxophone.[3]The quartet initially played a concert together at the 2014 Woodstock Jazz Festival; that experience encouraged the band to pursue the project, culminating in the present record. Hudson is the band's debut, eponymous album consisting of not only originals by bandmembers but also new renditions of famous songs by such musicians as Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, The Band, and Jimi Hendrix. 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It’s lighter.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lay Lady Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Lady_Lay"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hard_Rain%27s_A-Gonna_Fall"},{"link_name":"Wait Until Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_Until_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"Up on Cripple Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_on_Cripple_Creek"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Hudson\"DeJohnette, Medeski, Scofield, Grenadier10:562.\"El Swing\"Scofield5:293.\"Lay Lady Lay\"Bob Dylan8:164.\"Woodstock\"Joni Mitchell6:005.\"A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall\"Bob Dylan9:146.\"Wait Until Tomorrow\"Jimi Hendrix5:297.\"Song for World Forgiveness\"DeJohnette8:368.\"Dirty Ground\"Bruce Hornsby, DeJohnette3:589.\"Tony Then Jack\"Scofield5:0310.\"Up on Cripple Creek\"Robbie Robertson5:3511.\"Great Spirit Peace Chant\"DeJohnette3:16Total length:71:54","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Medeski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Medeski"},{"link_name":"Rhodes electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_electric_piano"},{"link_name":"Hammond B3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_B3_organ"},{"link_name":"wooden flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_flute"},{"link_name":"John Scofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scofield"},{"link_name":"Larry Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Grenadier"},{"link_name":"Jack DeJohnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_DeJohnette"},{"link_name":"tom tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_drum"}],"text":"John Medeski – acoustic piano, Rhodes electric piano, Hammond B3 organ, wooden flute, vocals\nJohn Scofield – guitars, wooden flute\nLarry Grenadier – double bass, vocals\nJack DeJohnette – drums, tom tom, wooden flute, vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Jana Herzen – executive producer\nDave Love – executive producer\nHudson – producers\nScott Petito – recording, mixing, mastering\nBeth Reineke – assistant engineer\nRobin Tomchin – project manager\nRebecca Meek – package design\nBill Douthart – photography\nPeter Occhiogrosso – liner notes","title":"Personnel"}]
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| null |
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Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmoremagazine.com/2017/06/reviews/albums/jack-dejohnette-larry-grenadier-john-medeski-john-scofield","url_text":"\"Jack DeJohnette, Larry Grenadier, John Medeski, John Scofield: Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Magazine","url_text":"Elmore Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Chinen, Nate (June 1, 2017). \"Review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski & Scofield, 'Hudson'\". NPR. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2017/06/01/530600463/first-listen-dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson","url_text":"\"Review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski & Scofield, 'Hudson'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Tunis, Walter (19 July 2017). \"Quartet of jazz giants unite for a new group and album: 'Hudson'\". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article162393793.html","url_text":"\"Quartet of jazz giants unite for a new group and album: 'Hudson'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader","url_text":"Lexington Herald-Leader"}]},{"reference":"Freitas, Filipe (21 September 2017). \"Hudson: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield - Hudson\". Jazz Trail. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazztrail.net/blog/2017/9/21/hudson-album-review","url_text":"\"Hudson: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield - Hudson\""}]},{"reference":"Baird, Robert (August 17, 2017). \"Recording of the Month: Hudson\". Stereophile. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereophile.com/content/recording-month-hudson","url_text":"\"Recording of the Month: Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereophile","url_text":"Stereophile"}]},{"reference":"Farbey, Roger (18 June 2017). \"Hudson - DeJohnette Grenadier Medeski Scofield: Hudson\". All About Jazz. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/hudson-review-by-roger-farbey.php","url_text":"\"Hudson - DeJohnette Grenadier Medeski Scofield: Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz","url_text":"All About Jazz"}]},{"reference":"Jurek, Thom. \"Jack DeJohnette / Larry Grenadier: Hudson\". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hudson-mw0003039116","url_text":"\"Jack DeJohnette / Larry Grenadier: Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Barros, Paul de (August 2017). \"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson (Motéma)\". DownBeat. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/hudson","url_text":"\"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson (Motéma)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DownBeat","url_text":"DownBeat"}]},{"reference":"Fordham, John (6 July 2017). \"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson review – a new jazz supergroup\". Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jul/06/dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-review-motema","url_text":"\"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson review – a new jazz supergroup\""}]},{"reference":"Walls, Seth Colter (20 June 2017). \"Hudson\". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hudson-hudson/","url_text":"\"Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork Media"}]},{"reference":"Layman, WillDeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson (20 June 2017). \"DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson\". PopMatters. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-2495387941.html","url_text":"\"DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Bungey, John (2 June 2017). \"Jazz review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield: Hudson / Arve Henriksen: Towards Language\". The Times. Retrieved 17 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jazz-review-dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-arve-henriksen-towards-language-kchppj23t","url_text":"\"Jazz review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield: Hudson / Arve Henriksen: Towards Language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Chinen, Nate (31 August 2017). \"Hudson: Upstate New York's Supergroup\". JazzTimes. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazztimes.com/features/hudson-upstate-new-yorks-supergroup/","url_text":"\"Hudson: Upstate New York's Supergroup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzTimes","url_text":"JazzTimes"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://motema.com/releases/hudson/","external_links_name":"\"Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hear-jazz-supergroup-hudson-cover-bob-dylans-a-hard-rains-a-gonna-fall-119263/","external_links_name":"\"Hear Jazz Supergroup Hudson Cover Bob Dylan's 'A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall'\""},{"Link":"http://www.elmoremagazine.com/2017/06/reviews/albums/jack-dejohnette-larry-grenadier-john-medeski-john-scofield","external_links_name":"\"Jack DeJohnette, Larry Grenadier, John Medeski, John Scofield: Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2017/06/01/530600463/first-listen-dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson","external_links_name":"\"Review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski & Scofield, 'Hudson'\""},{"Link":"https://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/music-news-reviews/article162393793.html","external_links_name":"\"Quartet of jazz giants unite for a new group and album: 'Hudson'\""},{"Link":"https://jazztrail.net/blog/2017/9/21/hudson-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Hudson: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield - Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereophile.com/content/recording-month-hudson","external_links_name":"\"Recording of the Month: Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/hudson-review-by-roger-farbey.php","external_links_name":"\"Hudson - DeJohnette Grenadier Medeski Scofield: Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hudson-mw0003039116","external_links_name":"\"Jack DeJohnette / Larry Grenadier: Hudson\""},{"Link":"http://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/hudson","external_links_name":"\"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson (Motéma)\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jul/06/dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-review-motema","external_links_name":"\"DeJohnette/Grenadier/Medeski/Scofield: Hudson review – a new jazz supergroup\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hudson-hudson/","external_links_name":"\"Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-2495387941.html","external_links_name":"\"DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, and Scofield: Hudson\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jazz-review-dejohnette-grenadier-medeski-scofield-hudson-arve-henriksen-towards-language-kchppj23t","external_links_name":"\"Jazz review: DeJohnette, Grenadier, Medeski, Scofield: Hudson / Arve Henriksen: Towards Language\""},{"Link":"https://jazztimes.com/features/hudson-upstate-new-yorks-supergroup/","external_links_name":"\"Hudson: Upstate New York's Supergroup\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Moroccans
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British Moroccans
|
["1 Migration history","2 Population and distribution","3 Notable British-Moroccans or Moroccans in the United Kingdom","4 Associations","5 References","6 External links"]
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Moroccan diaspora in the UK
Ethnic group
British MoroccansTotal populationMoroccan-born residents12,348 (2001 Census)21,880 (2011 Census)Other population estimates34,000 (2015 ONS estimate)Regions with significant populationsLondon, Greater Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, Glasgow, Bradford, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Leicester, York, Huddersfield, Slough, St Albans, Crawley and TrowbridgeLanguagesBritish English, Moroccan Arabic, Berber, French and SpanishReligionMajority; Sunni Islam and Minority; Christianity and JudaismRelated ethnic groupsBritish Arabs, Moroccan diaspora, Algerians in the United Kingdom and British Libyans
British Moroccans are citizens and/or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in Morocco.
Migration history
Mass migration from Morocco to the United Kingdom began in the 1960s, primarily consisting of migrant workers recruited to work in the hotel and catering industries. The community has grown significantly due to high birth rates as well as sponsored migration of dependents.
Population and distribution
The 2001 Census recorded 12,348 Moroccan-born people residing in the UK. 2009 estimates reported by the Runymede Trust suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 people of Moroccan origin reside in the UK. The Office for National Statistics estimates the Moroccan-born population to have been 34,000 in 2015. Outside of London, Trowbridge, the county town of Wiltshire, has the highest population of Moroccans in the UK. In 2009, the town became the first in the UK to be twinned with a city from a Muslim country – Oujda – due to large number of resident families with roots in the town.
According to the 2011 UK Census, a total of 21,880 people born in Morocco were residing in the UK: 21,016 were recorded in England, 230 in Wales, 530 in Scotland and 104 in Northern Ireland.
The National Association of British Arabs categorises Morocco-born immigrants as Arabs. Based on census data, it indicates that they are the sixth-largest population of British Arabs by country of birth.
Notable British-Moroccans or Moroccans in the United Kingdom
Further information: Category:British people of Moroccan descent
Adam Gemili: Professional sprinter
Amelle Berrabah: singer and member of girl band Sugababes
Chico Slimani (Youssef Slimani): Singer
Houda Echouafni: actress (of Moroccan and Egyptian origins)
Hiba Elchikhe: actress
Kamal El-Hajji, (BEM): (Mohammed Amal El-Hajji) Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons (in 2015)
Karim Zeroual: Television presenter
Karima Adebibe: Model
Kieran Djilali: Professional football player
Laila Rouass: Actress
Layla El: Model, dancer, and former WWE wrestler.
Malika Zouhali-Worrall: Documentary filmmaker
Mariah Idrissi: Muslim Hijab-wearing model, public speaker, and online personality.
Moe Sbihi, (MBE): (Mohamed Karim Sbihi) Rower and twice Olympic medal winner
Nabil Elouahabi: Actor
Souad Talsi, (MBE): Founder of Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre
Associations
Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre
Al Manaar Mosque (The Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre - MCHC)
Moroccan Memories foundation: Memories in Britain (Oral & Visual Achieve)
Al-Noor Youth Trust
The Council for Arab-British Understanding(Caabu)
References
^ Rhanem, Karima (2005-06-21), "Darija in London's Notting Hill: Moroccan community in GB struggle for recognition", Morocco Times, archived from the original on 2006-01-29, retrieved 2009-08-17
^ Country-of-birth database, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, archived from the original on 2009-06-17, retrieved 2008-12-02
^ Cherti, Myriam (2009), British Moroccans: Citizenship in Action, Runnymede Trust, ISBN 978-1-906732-20-2, retrieved 2009-08-07
^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015". Office for National Statistics. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
^ "Backing for link to Morocco", Wiltshire Times, 2006-09-22, retrieved 2008-12-02
^ "Trowbridge plans Moroccan link-up". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
^ "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ 2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.. Retrieved 10 October 2019
^ "REPORT ON THE 2011 CENSUS – MAY 2013 – Arabs and Arab League Population in the UK – Appendix 6 – Countries of Birth of UK Arabs". National Association of British Arabs. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
External links
Moroccan Londoner Forum
Moroccan Star
Moroccan Community in the UK
vte Moroccan diaspora
Belgium
Brazil/Peru
Canada
Denmark
France (Paris)
Germany
Israel
Italy
Mali
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
Western Sahara
vteAfrican diaspora in the United KingdomNorth Africa
Arabs
Algerians
Egyptians
Moroccans
Sudanese
Tunisians
East Africa
Eritreans
Ethiopians
Kenyans
Mauritians
Somalis
Tanzanians
Ugandans
Southern Africa
Angolan
South African
Zimbabwean
Central Africa
Congolese (DRC)
West Africa
Ivorians
Ghanaians
Nigerians
Sierra Leoneans
Portals: Morocco United Kingdom
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"Ethnic groupBritish Moroccans are citizens and/or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in Morocco.","title":"British Moroccans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoroccoTimes-1"}],"text":"Mass migration from Morocco to the United Kingdom began in the 1960s, primarily consisting of migrant workers recruited to work in the hotel and catering industries. The community has grown significantly due to high birth rates as well as sponsored migration of dependents.[1]","title":"Migration history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OECD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Runnymede-3"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Trowbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowbridge"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twin"},{"link_name":"Oujda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2011 UK Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UK_Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"British Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Arab"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naba11a-10"}],"text":"The 2001 Census recorded 12,348 Moroccan-born people residing in the UK.[2] 2009 estimates reported by the Runymede Trust suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 people of Moroccan origin reside in the UK.[3] The Office for National Statistics estimates the Moroccan-born population to have been 34,000 in 2015.[4] Outside of London, Trowbridge, the county town of Wiltshire, has the highest population of Moroccans in the UK.[5] In 2009, the town became the first in the UK to be twinned with a city from a Muslim country – Oujda – due to large number of resident families with roots in the town.[6]According to the 2011 UK Census, a total of 21,880 people born in Morocco were residing in the UK: 21,016 were recorded in England, 230 in Wales,[7] 530 in Scotland [8] and 104 in Northern Ireland.[9]The National Association of British Arabs categorises Morocco-born immigrants as Arabs. Based on census data, it indicates that they are the sixth-largest population of British Arabs by country of birth.[10]","title":"Population and distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:British people of Moroccan descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:British_people_of_Moroccan_descent"},{"link_name":"Adam Gemili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gemili"},{"link_name":"Amelle Berrabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelle_Berrabah"},{"link_name":"Sugababes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugababes"},{"link_name":"Chico Slimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Slimani"},{"link_name":"Houda Echouafni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houda_Echouafni"},{"link_name":"Hiba Elchikhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiba_Elchikhe"},{"link_name":"Kamal El-Hajji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_El-Hajji"},{"link_name":"(BEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_Medal"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-Arms_of_the_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Karim Zeroual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Zeroual"},{"link_name":"Karima Adebibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karima_Adebibe"},{"link_name":"Kieran Djilali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Djilali"},{"link_name":"Laila Rouass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Rouass"},{"link_name":"Layla El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_El"},{"link_name":"Malika Zouhali-Worrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malika_Zouhali-Worrall"},{"link_name":"Mariah Idrissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Idrissi"},{"link_name":"Moe Sbihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Sbihi"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nabil Elouahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Elouahabi"},{"link_name":"Souad Talsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.globalthinkersforum.org/people/souad-talsi-mbe/"},{"link_name":"(MBE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"}],"text":"Further information: Category:British people of Moroccan descentAdam Gemili: Professional sprinter\nAmelle Berrabah: singer and member of girl band Sugababes\nChico Slimani (Youssef Slimani): Singer\nHouda Echouafni: actress (of Moroccan and Egyptian origins)\nHiba Elchikhe: actress\nKamal El-Hajji, (BEM): (Mohammed Amal El-Hajji) Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons (in 2015)\nKarim Zeroual: Television presenter\nKarima Adebibe: Model\nKieran Djilali: Professional football player\nLaila Rouass: Actress\nLayla El: Model, dancer, and former WWE wrestler. \nMalika Zouhali-Worrall: Documentary filmmaker\nMariah Idrissi: Muslim Hijab-wearing model, public speaker, and online personality.\nMoe Sbihi, (MBE): (Mohamed Karim Sbihi) Rower and twice Olympic medal winner\nNabil Elouahabi: Actor\nSouad Talsi, (MBE): Founder of Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre","title":"Notable British-Moroccans or Moroccans in the United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.al-hasaniya.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"Al Manaar Mosque (The Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre - MCHC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//almanaar.org.uk"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Memories foundation: Memories in Britain (Oral & Visual Achieve)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.moroccanmemories.org.uk"},{"link_name":"Al-Noor Youth Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.noortrust.org"},{"link_name":"The Council for Arab-British Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Council_for_Arab-British_Understanding"},{"link_name":"(Caabu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.caabu.org/"}],"text":"Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre\nAl Manaar Mosque (The Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre - MCHC)\nMoroccan Memories foundation: Memories in Britain (Oral & Visual Achieve)\nAl-Noor Youth Trust\nThe Council for Arab-British Understanding(Caabu)","title":"Associations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rhanem, Karima (2005-06-21), \"Darija in London's Notting Hill: Moroccan community in GB struggle for recognition\", Morocco Times, archived from the original on 2006-01-29, retrieved 2009-08-17","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060129163802/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=11&id=7539","url_text":"\"Darija in London's Notting Hill: Moroccan community in GB struggle for recognition\""},{"url":"http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=11&id=7539","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Country-of-birth database, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, archived from the original on 2009-06-17, retrieved 2008-12-02","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","url_text":"Country-of-birth database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development","url_text":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"},{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cherti, Myriam (2009), British Moroccans: Citizenship in Action, Runnymede Trust, ISBN 978-1-906732-20-2, retrieved 2009-08-07","urls":[{"url":"http://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/117/74.html","url_text":"British Moroccans: Citizenship in Action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906732-20-2","url_text":"978-1-906732-20-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015\". Office for National Statistics. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/2015/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan15todec15.xls","url_text":"\"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Backing for link to Morocco\", Wiltshire Times, 2006-09-22, retrieved 2008-12-02","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wiltshiretimes.co.uk/news/934213.backing_for_link_to_morocco/","url_text":"\"Backing for link to Morocco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trowbridge plans Moroccan link-up\". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. Retrieved 2022-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7417417.trowbridge-plans-moroccan-link-up/","url_text":"\"Trowbridge plans Moroccan link-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"REPORT ON THE 2011 CENSUS – MAY 2013 – Arabs and Arab League Population in the UK – Appendix 6 – Countries of Birth of UK Arabs\". National Association of British Arabs. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073407/http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html","url_text":"\"REPORT ON THE 2011 CENSUS – MAY 2013 – Arabs and Arab League Population in the UK – Appendix 6 – Countries of Birth of UK Arabs\""},{"url":"http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.globalthinkersforum.org/people/souad-talsi-mbe/","external_links_name":"Souad Talsi"},{"Link":"https://www.al-hasaniya.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Al-Hasaniya Moroccan Women's Centre"},{"Link":"https://almanaar.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Al Manaar Mosque (The Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre - MCHC)"},{"Link":"http://www.moroccanmemories.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Moroccan Memories foundation: Memories in Britain (Oral & Visual Achieve)"},{"Link":"http://www.noortrust.org/","external_links_name":"Al-Noor Youth Trust"},{"Link":"https://www.caabu.org/","external_links_name":"(Caabu)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060129163802/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=11&id=7539","external_links_name":"\"Darija in London's Notting Hill: Moroccan community in GB struggle for recognition\""},{"Link":"http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=11&id=7539","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617032129/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","external_links_name":"Country-of-birth database"},{"Link":"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/117/74.html","external_links_name":"British Moroccans: Citizenship in Action"},{"Link":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/2015/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan15todec15.xls","external_links_name":"\"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.wiltshiretimes.co.uk/news/934213.backing_for_link_to_morocco/","external_links_name":"\"Backing for link to Morocco\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7417417.trowbridge-plans-moroccan-link-up/","external_links_name":"\"Trowbridge plans Moroccan link-up\""},{"Link":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs203ew.xls","external_links_name":"\"2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2a_COB_detailed_Scotland.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Country of birth (detailed)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census","external_links_name":"2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls \"Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073407/http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html","external_links_name":"\"REPORT ON THE 2011 CENSUS – MAY 2013 – Arabs and Arab League Population in the UK – Appendix 6 – Countries of Birth of UK Arabs\""},{"Link":"http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.yabiladi.com/forum/read-44-659229.html","external_links_name":"Moroccan Londoner Forum"},{"Link":"http://www.moroccanstar.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Moroccan Star"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006135350/http://www.mcuk.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Moroccan Community in the UK"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Up
|
Gang Up
|
["1 Music video","2 Charts","3 Certifications","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2017 single by Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa and PnB Rock
"Gang Up"Single by Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa and PnB Rockfrom the album The Fate of the Furious: The Album ReleasedMarch 24, 2017Recorded2015GenreHip hoptrapLength3:51LabelAtlanticSongwriter(s)Jeffery WilliamsTauheed EppsCameron ThomazRakim AllenVincent WatsonAlexander IzquierdoNelson KyleMike MolinaJohnny MitchellProducer(s)InvincibleThe AgencyYoung Thug singles chronology
"Trap Trap Trap" (2017)
"Gang Up" (2017)
"Heatstroke" (2017)
2 Chainz singles chronology
"It's a Vibe"(2017)
"Gang Up"(2017)
"4 AM"(2017)
Wiz Khalifa singles chronology
"Ain't Nothing"(2017)
"Gang Up"(2017)
"Something New"(2017)
PnB Rock singles chronology
"Everyday We Lit"(2016)
"Gang Up"(2017)
"Horses"(2017)
Fast & Furious soundtrack singles chronology
"Good Life"(2017)
"Gang Up"(2017)
"Horses"(2017)
Music video"Gang Up" on YouTube
"Gang Up" is a song recorded by American rappers Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa, and PnB Rock. The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2017 action film The Fate of the Furious. "Gang Up", which is a hip hop and trap song, was released on March 24, 2017, as the soundtrack's fourth single in the United States.
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Gang Up" was uploaded to Young Thug's YouTube channel on April 14, 2017.
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
118
France (SNEP)
64
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
72
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
13
US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard)
4
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Setaro, Shawn (March 23, 2017). "Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa and PnB Rock "Gang Up" on New Track". Pigeons & Planes. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ "The ARIA Report: Issue 1417" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^ "Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa & PnB Rock – Gang Up" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
^ "Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa & PnB Rock – Gang Up". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ "Young Thug Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ "Young Thug – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ "American single certifications – YOUNG THUG, 2 CHAINZ, WIZ KHALIFA & PNB ROCK – Gang Up". Recording Industry Association of America. May 6, 2019.
External links
Audio on YouTube
vteYoung ThugDiscographyStudio albums
So Much Fun (2019)
Punk (2021)
Business Is Business (2023)
Compilations
Slime Language (2018)
Slime Language 2 (2021)
EPs
Young Martha (2017)
Hear No Evil (2018)
On the Rvn (2018)
Mixtapes
Rich Gang: Tha Tour Pt. 1 (2014)
Barter 6 (2015)
Slime Season (2015)
Slime Season 2 (2015)
I'm Up (2016)
Slime Season 3 (2016)
Jeffery (2016)
Beautiful Thugger Girls (2017)
Super Slimey (with Future) (2017)
Slime & B (with Chris Brown) (2020)
Singles
"Stoner"
"Check"
"Best Friend"
"Pick Up the Phone"
"Wyclef Jean"
"Gang Up"
"Patek Water"
"The London"
"Hot"
"Go Crazy"
"Stay Down"
"Bad Boy"
"Better Believe"
"Tick Tock"
"My Wrist"
"Oh U Went"
Featured singles
"Hookah"
"About the Money"
"Lifestyle"
"Low"
"Throw Sum Mo"
"I Know There's Gonna Be (Good Times)"
"Minnesota"
"No Limit"
"Heatstroke"
"Havana"
"Ride for Me"
"Goodbyes"
"Old Town Road" (Remix)
"Give No Fxk"
"Out West"
"Dollaz on My Head"
"Blind"
"Franchise"
"Don't Stop"
"Talk About Love"
"Way 2 Sexy"
"Potion"
Other songs
"Highlights"
"Relationship"
"High End"
"Chanel (Go Get It)"
"Bad Bad Bad"
"City Girls"
"Rich Nigga Shit"
"Ski"
"Solid"
"Remote Control"
"Bubbly"
"Pushin P"
"Never Hating"
"Trance"
"Metro Spider"
"Parade on Cleveland"
"Cars Bring Me Out"
"Wit da Racks"
"Want Me Dead"
"Pop Ur Shit"
Related articles
YSL Records
Bankroll Mafia
Bankroll Mafia
vte2 Chainz songs
Discography
Based on a T.R.U. Story
"No Lie"
"Birthday Song"
"I'm Different"
"Riot"
B.O.A.T.S. II: Me Time
"Feds Watching"
"Where U Been?"
"I Do It"
"Used 2"
"Netflix"
"We Own It (Fast & Furious)"
ColleGrove
"Watch Out"
Pretty Girls Like Trap Music
"Big Amount"
"Good Drank"
"It's a Vibe"
"4 AM"
Rap or Go to the League
"Rule the World"
Welcome 2 Collegrove
"Presha"
"Long Story Short"
"Transparency"
Other singles
"Mercy"
"Champions"
"Gang Up"
"Proud"
"Bigger Than You"
"Baddest"
Featured singles
"Beez in the Trap"
"Breakfast (Syrup)"
"Sweat"
"My Moment"
"Do My Dance"
"Bandz a Make Her Dance"
"Fuckin' Problems"
"Leggo"
"R.I.P."
"Rich As Fuck"
"Headband"
"Bubble Butt (Remix)"
"When I Feel Like It"
"My Story"
"Talk Dirty"
"Give It 2 U (Remix)"
"Trampoline"
"All Me"
"Cut Her Off"
"Only That Real"
"24 Hours"
"Burnin' Up"
"Mama Ain't Proud"
"Hood Go Crazy"
"Double Tap"
"3500"
"No Problem"
"Castro"
"Accelerate"
"Big Bank"
"Nah Nah Nah (Remix)"
Other songs
"Ali Bomaye"
"What They Want"
"Chloraseptic"
Category
vteWiz Khalifa singlesDiscographyRolling Papers
"Black and Yellow"
"Roll Up"
"On My Level"
"The Race"
"No Sleep"
Mac & Devin Go to High School
"Young, Wild & Free"
O.N.I.F.C.
"Work Hard, Play Hard"
"Remember You"
Blacc Hollywood
"We Dem Boyz"
"You and Your Friends"
Khalifa
"Bake Sale"
TGOD Mafia: Rude Awakening
"All Night"
Rolling Papers 2
"Something New"
"Hopeless Romantic"
"Fr Fr"
Other singles
"Say Yeah"
"We Own It (Fast & Furious)"
"Shell Shocked"
"See You Again"
"Burn Slow"
"King of Everything"
"Pull Up"
"Sucker for Pain"
"Gang Up"
"The Thrill"
Featured singles
"Till I'm Gone"
"Oh My"
"5 O'Clock"
"I'm On"
"Till I Die"
"Payphone"
"Celebration"
"Don't Make Em Like You"
"Die Young"
"Hate Bein' Sober"
"Molly"
"Beat It"
"23"
"Think About It"
"Feelin' Myself"
"Or Nah"
"Party Girls"
"Bigroom Blitz"
"Kush Ups"
"Fuck Apologies"
"Ain't Nothing"
"Where I'm From"
"One Whole Day"
"Too Late"
"Used to Be"
Promotional singles
"Double Vision" (Remix)
"Bright Lights Bigger City" (Remix)
"Sleazy Remix 2.0: Get Sleazier"
"KK"
"Stayin Out All Night"
"Promises"
"So High"
"Go Hard or Go Home"
"No Social Media"
"Influence"
Other songs
"Taylor Gang"
"Smokin' On"
"Let It Go"
vtePnB Rock
Discography
Studio albums
Catch These Vibes
TrapStar Turnt PopStar
Mixtapes
GTTM: Goin Thru the Motions
Singles
"Selfish"
"Gang Up"
"Horses"
"I Like Girls"
"Luv Me Again"
Featured singles
"Everyday We Lit"
"Beast Mode"
"Dangerous"
"Cross Me"
"Leave Em Alone"
"Bad Vibes Forever"
Other songs
"Changes"
"Middle Child"
vteFast & FuriousFilmsMain series
The Fast and the Furious (2001)
2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)
Tokyo Drift (2006)
Fast & Furious (2009)
Fast Five (2011)
Fast & Furious 6 (2013)
Furious 7 (2015)
The Fate of the Furious (2017)
F9 (2021)
Fast X (2023)
Fast X: Part 2 (2026)
Spin-offs
Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw (2019)
Television series
Fast & Furious Spy Racers (2019–2021)
Short films
The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)
Los Bandoleros (2009)
Inspired mediaVideo games
The Fast and the Furious (2004)
The Fast and the Furious (2006)
Fast Five (2011)
Fast & Furious 6 (2013)
Fast & Furious: Showdown (2013)
Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious (2015)
Fast & Furious Crossroads (2020)
Fast & Furious Spy Racers: Rise of SH1FT3R (2021)
Hot Wheels Unleashed 2: Turbocharged (2023)
Forza Horizon 5: Fast X – Car Pack (2023)
Attractions
Fast & Furious: Supercharged (2015, 2018)
Cast and characters
Dominic "Dom" Toretto
Brian O'Conner
Han Lue
Gisele Yashar
MusicSoundtracks
The Fast and the Furious
More Fast and Furious
2 Fast 2 Furious
Tokyo Drift
Fast & Furious
Fast Five
Fast & Furious 6
Furious 7
The Fate of the Furious
Hobbs & Shaw
F9
Road to Fast 9
Fast X
Scores
Fast & Furious
Fast Five
Furious 7
The Fate of the Furious
F9
Songs
"Act a Fool"
"Angel Pt. 1"
"Bandoleros"
"Tokyo Drift"
"Conteo"
"Danza Kuduro"
"We Own It"
"Ride Out"
"How Bad Do You Want It (Oh Yeah)"
"See You Again"
"Go Hard or Go Home"
"Hey Ma"
"Good Life"
"Gang Up"
"Candy Paint"
"One Shot"
Related
Better Luck Tomorrow (2002)
Category
This 2010s hip hop song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Setaro, Shawn (March 23, 2017). \"Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa and PnB Rock \"Gang Up\" on New Track\". Pigeons & Planes. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigeonsandplanes.com/news/2017/03/watch-young-thug-and-more-gang-up-on-new-song","url_text":"\"Young Thug, 2 Chainz, Wiz Khalifa and PnB Rock \"Gang Up\" on New Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 1417\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170501031100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20170501-1311/Issue1417.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 1417\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1417.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Young Thug – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/young-thug/chart-history/bubbling-under-r%26b/hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Young Thug – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – YOUNG THUG, 2 CHAINZ, WIZ KHALIFA & PNB ROCK – Gang Up\". Recording Industry Association of America. May 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=YOUNG+THUG%2C+2+CHAINZ%2C+WIZ+KHALIFA+%26+PNB+ROCK&ti=Gang+Up&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – YOUNG THUG, 2 CHAINZ, WIZ KHALIFA & PNB ROCK – Gang Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_bush_shrike
|
Olive bushshrike
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Species of bird
Olive bushshrike
Queen Elizabeth Park, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Malaconotidae
Genus:
Chlorophoneus
Species:
C. olivaceus
Binomial name
Chlorophoneus olivaceus(Shaw, 1809)
Synonyms
Telophorus olivaceusMalaconotus olivaceus
The olive bushshrike (Chlorophoneus olivaceus) is a species of bird in the family Malaconotidae.
It is found in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, and Zimbabwe.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It forages for insects in the forest canopy.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorophoneus olivaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22707656A94133408. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Marais, ML; Drimie, S; Boshoff, C (2021-07-06). "Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 21 (5): 18131–18153. doi:10.18697/ajfand.100.19310. ISSN 1684-5374.
External links
Olive Bushshrike - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Taxon identifiersChlorophoneus olivaceus
Wikidata: Q27075293
Wikispecies: Chlorophoneus olivaceus
Avibase: 89A9E67C14D108E1
BirdLife: 22707656
CoL: 5XXYN
GBIF: 6100950
ITIS: 916261
IUCN: 22707656
Observation.org: 75839
Open Tree of Life: 3597889
Xeno-canto: Chlorophoneus-olivaceus
Lanius olivaceus
Wikidata: Q28736048
GBIF: 9827695
ZooBank: FB5829DB-7E13-4160-A8BD-1388727D96D6
This Malaconotidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Malaconotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaconotidae"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The olive bushshrike (Chlorophoneus olivaceus) is a species of bird in the family Malaconotidae.\nIt is found in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, and Zimbabwe.\nIts natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It forages for insects in the forest canopy.[2]","title":"Olive bushshrike"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Chlorophoneus olivaceus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22707656A94133408. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22707656/94133408","url_text":"\"Chlorophoneus olivaceus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en"}]},{"reference":"Marais, ML; Drimie, S; Boshoff, C (2021-07-06). \"Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa\". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 21 (5): 18131–18153. doi:10.18697/ajfand.100.19310. ISSN 1684-5374.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18697%2Fajfand.100.19310","url_text":"\"Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18697%2Fajfand.100.19310","url_text":"10.18697/ajfand.100.19310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1684-5374","url_text":"1684-5374"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22707656/94133408","external_links_name":"\"Chlorophoneus olivaceus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707656A94133408.en"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18697%2Fajfand.100.19310","external_links_name":"\"Determinants for realisation of the right to food among adolescents in Sterkspruit, eastern cape province, South Africa\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18697%2Fajfand.100.19310","external_links_name":"10.18697/ajfand.100.19310"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1684-5374","external_links_name":"1684-5374"},{"Link":"http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/750.pdf","external_links_name":"Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=89A9E67C14D108E1","external_links_name":"89A9E67C14D108E1"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22707656","external_links_name":"22707656"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XXYN","external_links_name":"5XXYN"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6100950","external_links_name":"6100950"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=916261","external_links_name":"916261"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22707656","external_links_name":"22707656"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75839/","external_links_name":"75839"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3597889","external_links_name":"3597889"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Chlorophoneus-olivaceus","external_links_name":"Chlorophoneus-olivaceus"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9827695","external_links_name":"9827695"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/FB5829DB-7E13-4160-A8BD-1388727D96D6","external_links_name":"FB5829DB-7E13-4160-A8BD-1388727D96D6"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_bushshrike&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKDO
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KKDO
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["1 History","1.1 As a Carson City station: 1970-1998","1.2 Smooth Jazz: 1998-2010","1.3 Alternative rock: 2010-present","2 KKDO-HD2","3 Previous Logo","4 References","5 External links"]
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Radio station in Fair Oaks–Sacramento, California
KKDOFair Oaks, CaliforniaUnited StatesBroadcast areaSacramento metro areaFrequency94.7 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingAlt 94-7ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatAlternative rockSubchannelsHD2: Channel QOwnershipOwnerAudacy, Inc.(Audacy License, LLC, as Debtor-in-Possession)Sister stationsKIFMKRXQKSEGKSFMKUDLHistoryFirst air dateNovember 25, 1970 (1970-11-25)Former call signsKNIS (1970–90)KRWR (1990–92)KIZS (1992–94)KTHX (1994–97)KBYA (1997)KSSJ (1997–2010)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID6810ClassB1ERP25,000 wattsHAAT99 meters (325 ft)Transmitter coordinates38°40′23″N 121°19′55″W / 38.673°N 121.332°W / 38.673; -121.332LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via Audacy)Websitewww.audacy.com/alt947
KKDO (94.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Fair Oaks, California, and serving the Sacramento radio market. The station calls itself "Alt 94-7" and it programs an alternative rock radio format. The Audacy, Inc. outlet has its transmitter off Rosebud Lane in Citrus Heights. Its studios are located in North Highlands (with a Sacramento address).
KKDO broadcasts in the HD Radio format. Its HD2 subchannel carries "Channel Q", an Audacy format of LGBTQ talk and EDM dance music.
History
As a Carson City station: 1970-1998
KKDO is considered to be a "move in" station, because it moved about 80 miles in be a part of the larger, more lucrative Sacramento radio market. The station signed on the air in Carson City, Nevada, on November 25, 1970, as KNIS. It was owned by Western Inspirational Broadcasters, Inc., and broadcast from McClellan Park with a Christian radio format. In 1984, Western Inspirational Broadcasters sold the station to Sapphire Broadcasting, though it would retain Western's religious formatting.
In 1990, a new KNIS, now the key station of the Pilgrim Radio religious network, went on the air at 91.3 FM. The 94.7 facility became KRWR at the same time and asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to move from Carson City to Fair Oaks, California. The station became KIZS in 1992 and KTHX-FM in 1994 as the FCC decided on the Fair Oaks proposal. In 1996, the Susquehanna Radio Corporation acquired the newly minted Sacramento market station for $14.95 million. Susquehanna would sell the station to Entercom a year later.
Smooth Jazz: 1998-2010
The station's former logo under previous format
In 1998, 94.7 entered the Sacramento market with a smooth jazz format as KSSJ. KSSJ proved to be a success story in the market, where it established itself as one of the top-rated stations in several Arbitron ratings reports since its sign on. It was the successor to KSSJ at 101.9 FM, which ended when American Radio Systems sold 101.9 to EXCL Communications (now part of Entravision Communications) and the KSSJ intellectual property went to Entercom.
In late February 2010, KSSJ dropped its "Smooth Jazz" slogan, re-branding itself as simply "94/7 KSSJ" while also changing its logo and adding additional adult contemporary and urban AC vocals to the playlist, transitioning to Smooth AC.
Alternative rock: 2010-present
On March 3, 2010, the KSSJ website, as well as e-mails sent to station listeners, indicated that the format would change at noon that day. Management stated "the audience for the station can no longer sustain the business of the station".
At 12:01 p.m. on March 3, KSSJ switched to a gold-based alternative rock format, branded as "Radio 94-7". The call letters were also changed to KKDO. The first song on "Radio" was Smashing Pumpkins' "Today". This is a return to the alternative rock format for Sacramento after longtime alternative station and sister station KWOD flipped to all-90s music in 2009.
On April 6, 2018, KKDO rebranded as "Alt 94-7", this time adopting a more current-based Alternative presentation in line with Entercom’s “Alt” branding. In September 2020, the station added DJs syndicated from other alternative stations across the country as part of a nationalization of the format by Entercom.
KKDO-HD2
On October 11, 2018, KKDO launched a dance/EDM format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as "Out Now". On November 1, 2018, the station rebranded as "Channel Q".
Previous Logo
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KKDO". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "Entercom Launches LGBTQ Talk Format On Radio.com, HD Radio". Insideradio.com.
^ "Gammon's Sacramento Move-In Surfaces At FCC". Radio & Records. July 27, 1990.
^ "KTHX-FM Carson City, Nev. (to be Fair Oaks, Calif.)" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 16, 1996. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
^ a b "Another smooth jazz station falls: Sacramento's KSSJ (94.7)". Radio-Info.com. March 3, 2010.
^ KSSJ Signs Off In Sacramento, Becomes "Radio 94.7"
^ "RADIO 94.7 debuts on Wednesday | News10.net | Sacramento, California | Entertainment News". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ Radio 94.7 Sacramento as Alt 94.7 Radioinsight - April 6, 2018
^ "Entercom's New Alternative On-Air Lineups".
^ Entercom Debuts Out Now LGBTQ HD Network in Five Markets Radioinsight - October 11, 2018
External links
Official website
KKDO in the FCC FM station database
KKDO in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Sacramento, California, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency
650
710
890
950
990
1110
1140
1210
1240
1320
1380
1430
1470
1530
1620
1690
By FM frequency
87.71
88.1
88.9
89.3
89.3
90.3
90.9
91.5
92.1
92.5
93.1
93.7
94.3
94.7
95.3
96.1
96.9
97.9
98.5
99.5
100.5
101.1
101.5
101.9
102.5
103.5
103.9
104.3
105.1
105.5
106.5
107.9
LPFM
93.3
95.7
96.5
97.5
98.9
102.9
Translators
95.1
95.7
98.1
102.9
104.5
104.7
105.7
105.9
107.1
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency162.55Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
1140
1320
88.9-1
89.3-1
90.9-1
90.9-2
92.5-1
92.5-2
93.1-1
93.1-2
93.7-1
93.7-2
94.7-1
94.7-2
96.1-1
96.1-2
96.9-1
96.9-2
98.5-1
98.5-2
99.5-1
99.5-2
99.5-3
100.5-1
100.5-2
101.1-1
101.1-2
101.9-1
102.5-1
102.5-2
104.3-1
105.1-1
105.1-2
105.1-3
106.5-1
106.5-2
By call sign
K236BQ
K239CK
K251CA
K275BJ
K283CM
K284CM
K289CT
K290CT
K296GB
KAHI
KATD
KBEB
HD2
KBQS-LP
KCAI
KCCL
KCVV
KDEE-LP
KDRT-LP
KDVS
KEBR
KEC57
KEFM-LD1
KFBK
KFBK-FM
HD2
KFIA
KKDO
HD2
KFSG
KGRB
KHHM
KHTK
KHYL
HD2
KIFM
KIID
KJAY
KKFS
KLIB
KLMG
KLVB
HD2
HD3
KNCI
HD2
HD3
KNTY
KQEI-FM
KRPU
KRXQ
HD2
KSAC
KSAC-FM
KSEG
HD2
KSFM
HD2
KSMH
KSTE
KTKZ
KUBU-LP
KUDL
HD2
KUIC
KVMX-FM
KXJZ
HD2
KXPR
KXSE
KYDS
KYMX
HD2
KYRV
HD2
KZHP-LP
KZIS
KZWS-LP
KZZO
HD2
Internet
Hella Radio 87.7 FM
Defunct
KNNN-LP (TV 6, 87.7 FM)
KQPT-LP (106.1 FM)
KDND (107.9 FM)
KVQ
Radio stations in the Sacramento Valley
Chico
Red Bluff
Redding
Sacramento
Yuba City-Marysville
Other nearby regions
Modesto
Reno
San Francisco
Santa Rosa
Stockton
Susanville/Sierra Nevada
See also
List of radio stations in California
Notes
1. Audio from channel 6 TV station
vteModern rock radio stations in the state of CaliforniaBy frequency
88.7
92.9
93.1
94.7
94.9
95.5
98.7
103.1
104.1
105.3
106.1
106.7
By callsign
KBZT
KFRR
KITS
KJEE
KKDO
KKHK
KOSO
KRAB
KROQ-FM
KSLG-FM
KSPC
KSXY
KYSR
By city
Arcata
Bakersfield
Carmel
Claremont
Fair Oaks
Los Angeles
Montecito
Pasadena
San Diego
San Francisco
Tehachapi
Woodlake
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in California
See also
active rock
classic rock
mainstream rock
modern rock
vteAudacy, Inc.AM radio stations
KAMP
KCBS
KCSP
KDKA
KFH
KFXX
KIFM
KIKK
KILT
KJCE
KMBZ
KMOX
KMTT
KNSS
KNX
KRLD
KWOD
KXNT
KYW
KYYS
WAAF
WAMO**
WAOK
WAXY
WBBM
WBEN
WCBS
WCCO
WEEI
WFAN
WGR
WHLL
WILK
WINS
WJFK
WJZ
WLMZ
WMC
WMFS
WORD
WPHT
WQAM
WRNL
WROC
WRVA
WSCR
WSSP
WTEM
WTIC
WVEI
WWJ
WWKB
WWL
WWWL
WWWS
WXYT
WYRD
FM radio stations
KALC
KALV-FM
KAMX
KBZT
KCBS-FM
KDGS
KDKA-FM
KEYN-FM
KEZK-FM
KFBZ
KFRC-FM
KFRG
KFTK-FM
KGMZ-FM
KGON
KHMX
KHTP
KILT-FM
KISW
KITS
KJKK
KKDO
KKHH
KKMJ-FM
KKWF
KLLC
KLOL
KLUC-FM
KMBZ-FM
KMLE
KMNB
KMVK
KMXB
KNDD
KNRK
KNSS-FM
KNX-FM
KOOL-FM
KQKS
KQMT
KQRC-FM
KRBQ
KRBZ
KRLD-FM
KROQ-FM
KRSK
KRTH
KRXQ
KSEG
KSFM
KSON
KSPF
KSWD
KTWV
KUDL
KVIL (HD2)
KWFN
KWJJ-FM
KXFG
KXQQ-FM
KXSN
KYCH-FM
KYKY
KYXY
KZJK
KZPT
WBBM-FM
WBEB
WBEE-FM
WBGB
WBMX
WBTJ
WBZA
WBZZ
WCBS-FM
WCFS-FM
WCMF-FM
WDAF-FM
WDCH-FM†
WDOK
WDSY-FM
WDZH
WEEI-FM
WEZB
WFAN-FM
WFBC-FM
WFUN-FM
WGGY
WHHL
WIAD
WILK-FM
WINS-FM
WIP-FM
WJFK-FM
WJMH
WJZ-FM
WKBU
WKIS
WKRK-FM
WKRZ
WKSE
WKTK
WKXJ
WLFP
WLIF
WLKK
WLMG
WLMZ-FM
WLND
WLYF
WLZL
WMAS-FM
WMFS-FM
WMHX
WMJX
WMMM-FM
WMXJ
WMYX-FM
WNCX
WNEW-FM
WNVZ
WOCL
WOGL
WOLX-FM
WOMC
WOMX-FM
WPAW
WPGC-FM
WPHI-FM
WPOW
WPTE
WPXY-FM
WQAL
WQMG
WQMP
WRCH
WROQ
WRVQ
WRVR
WRXL
HD2
WRXR-FM
WSFS
WSKY-FM
WSMW
WSPA-FM
WSTR
WTDY-FM
WTIC-FM
WTPT
WTVR-FM
WUSN
WUSY
WVEE
WVEI-FM
WVKL
WWBX
WWDE-FM
WWEI
WWL-FM
WWMX
WXBK
WXRT
WXSS
WXYT-FM
WYCD
WYRD-FM
WZGC
WZMX
Radio Networks
BetQL Network
Infinity Sports Network*
Sabres Hockey Network
New York Yankees Radio
Channel Q
Digital properties
Audacy
Cadence13
Eventful
Pineapple Street Studios
Play.it
See also
CBS Radio
List of radio stations
* = Formerly CBS Sports Radio, Audacy operated as producer with distribution handled by Westwood One.
** = Audacy operates pursuant to a local marketing agreement with Martz Communications Group.
† = Operated by Bloomberg L.P. pursuant to a time brokerage agreement.
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The station calls itself \"Alt 94-7\" and it programs an alternative rock radio format. The Audacy, Inc. outlet has its transmitter off Rosebud Lane in Citrus Heights. Its studios are located in North Highlands (with a Sacramento address).KKDO broadcasts in the HD Radio format. Its HD2 subchannel carries \"Channel Q\", an Audacy format of LGBTQ talk and EDM dance music.[2]","title":"KKDO"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"Carson City, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Christian radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_radio"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_Radio"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna Radio Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_Radio_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Entercom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entercom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"As a Carson City station: 1970-1998","text":"KKDO is considered to be a \"move in\" station, because it moved about 80 miles in be a part of the larger, more lucrative Sacramento radio market. The station signed on the air in Carson City, Nevada, on November 25, 1970, as KNIS. It was owned by Western Inspirational Broadcasters, Inc., and broadcast from McClellan Park with a Christian radio format. In 1984, Western Inspirational Broadcasters sold the station to Sapphire Broadcasting, though it would retain Western's religious formatting.In 1990, a new KNIS, now the key station of the Pilgrim Radio religious network, went on the air at 91.3 FM. The 94.7 facility became KRWR at the same time and asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to move from Carson City to Fair Oaks, California.[3] The station became KIZS in 1992 and KTHX-FM in 1994 as the FCC decided on the Fair Oaks proposal. In 1996, the Susquehanna Radio Corporation acquired the newly minted Sacramento market station for $14.95 million. Susquehanna would sell the station to Entercom a year later.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kssj.jpg"},{"link_name":"smooth jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_jazz"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"American Radio Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Systems"},{"link_name":"Entravision Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entravision_Communications"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"urban AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_AC"},{"link_name":"playlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist"}],"sub_title":"Smooth Jazz: 1998-2010","text":"The station's former logo under previous formatIn 1998, 94.7 entered the Sacramento market with a smooth jazz format as KSSJ. KSSJ proved to be a success story in the market, where it established itself as one of the top-rated stations in several Arbitron ratings reports since its sign on. It was the successor to KSSJ at 101.9 FM, which ended when American Radio Systems sold 101.9 to EXCL Communications (now part of Entravision Communications) and the KSSJ intellectual property went to Entercom.In late February 2010, KSSJ dropped its \"Smooth Jazz\" slogan, re-branding itself as simply \"94/7 KSSJ\" while also changing its logo and adding additional adult contemporary and urban AC vocals to the playlist, transitioning to Smooth AC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI-2010-03-03-5"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RI-2010-03-03-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Smashing Pumpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashing_Pumpkins"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(The_Smashing_Pumpkins_song)"},{"link_name":"KWOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUDL"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Alternative rock: 2010-present","text":"On March 3, 2010, the KSSJ website, as well as e-mails sent to station listeners, indicated that the format would change at noon that day. Management stated \"the audience for the station can no longer sustain the business of the station\".[5]At 12:01 p.m. on March 3, KSSJ switched to a gold-based alternative rock format, branded as \"Radio 94-7\". The call letters were also changed to KKDO.[5][6][7] The first song on \"Radio\" was Smashing Pumpkins' \"Today\". This is a return to the alternative rock format for Sacramento after longtime alternative station and sister station KWOD flipped to all-90s music in 2009.On April 6, 2018, KKDO rebranded as \"Alt 94-7\", this time adopting a more current-based Alternative presentation in line with Entercom’s “Alt” branding.[8] In September 2020, the station added DJs syndicated from other alternative stations across the country as part of a nationalization of the format by Entercom.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Channel Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Q"}],"text":"On October 11, 2018, KKDO launched a dance/EDM format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as \"Out Now\".[10] On November 1, 2018, the station rebranded as \"Channel Q\".","title":"KKDO-HD2"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KKDO.jpg"}],"title":"Previous Logo"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The station's former logo under previous format","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Kssj.jpg/200px-Kssj.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KKDO\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=6810","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KKDO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Entercom Launches LGBTQ Talk Format On Radio.com, HD Radio\". Insideradio.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/entercom-launches-lgbtq-talk-format-on-radio-com-hd-radio/article_1ea7a948-cdea-11e8-93c1-63de17b39336.html","url_text":"\"Entercom Launches LGBTQ Talk Format On Radio.com, HD Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gammon's Sacramento Move-In Surfaces At FCC\". Radio & Records. July 27, 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"KTHX-FM Carson City, Nev. (to be Fair Oaks, Calif.)\" (PDF). Radio & Records. December 16, 1996. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1996/BC-1996-12-16.pdf","url_text":"\"KTHX-FM Carson City, Nev. (to be Fair Oaks, Calif.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Another smooth jazz station falls: Sacramento's KSSJ (94.7)\". Radio-Info.com. March 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio-info.com/news/another-smooth-jazz-station-falls-sacramentos-kssj-947","url_text":"\"Another smooth jazz station falls: Sacramento's KSSJ (94.7)\""}]},{"reference":"\"RADIO 94.7 debuts on Wednesday | News10.net | Sacramento, California | Entertainment News\". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305222416/http://www.news10.net/life/entertainment/story.aspx?storyid=76471&catid=37","url_text":"\"RADIO 94.7 debuts on Wednesday | News10.net | Sacramento, California | Entertainment News\""},{"url":"http://www.news10.net/life/entertainment/story.aspx?storyid=76471&catid=37","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entercom's New Alternative On-Air Lineups\".","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/197652/entercoms-new-alternative-on-air-lineups/","url_text":"\"Entercom's New Alternative On-Air Lineups\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KKDO¶ms=38.673_N_121.332_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA_source:FCC","external_links_name":"38°40′23″N 121°19′55″W / 38.673°N 121.332°W / 38.673; -121.332"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/KKDO","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=6810","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/alt947/listen","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/alt947","external_links_name":"www.audacy.com/alt947"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=6810","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for KKDO\""},{"Link":"http://www.insideradio.com/free/entercom-launches-lgbtq-talk-format-on-radio-com-hd-radio/article_1ea7a948-cdea-11e8-93c1-63de17b39336.html","external_links_name":"\"Entercom Launches LGBTQ Talk Format On Radio.com, HD Radio\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1996/BC-1996-12-16.pdf","external_links_name":"\"KTHX-FM Carson City, Nev. (to be Fair Oaks, Calif.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio-info.com/news/another-smooth-jazz-station-falls-sacramentos-kssj-947","external_links_name":"\"Another smooth jazz station falls: Sacramento's KSSJ (94.7)\""},{"Link":"http://www.fox40.com/news/headlines/ktxl-news-entercom-kssj0303,0,7440375.story","external_links_name":"KSSJ Signs Off In Sacramento, Becomes \"Radio 94.7\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305222416/http://www.news10.net/life/entertainment/story.aspx?storyid=76471&catid=37","external_links_name":"\"RADIO 94.7 debuts on Wednesday | News10.net | Sacramento, California | Entertainment News\""},{"Link":"http://www.news10.net/life/entertainment/story.aspx?storyid=76471&catid=37","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/167659/radio-94-7-sacramento-rebrands-as-alt-94-7/","external_links_name":"Radio 94.7 Sacramento as Alt 94.7"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/197652/entercoms-new-alternative-on-air-lineups/","external_links_name":"\"Entercom's New Alternative On-Air Lineups\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/171093/entercom-debuts-out-now-lgbtq-hd-network-in-five-markets/","external_links_name":"Entercom Debuts Out Now LGBTQ HD Network in Five Markets"},{"Link":"https://www.audacy.com/alt947","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KKDO","external_links_name":"KKDO"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KKDO","external_links_name":"KKDO"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Group_Conservation_Park
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Investigator Group Conservation Park
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[]
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Coordinates: 33°57′14″S 134°16′06″E / 33.953792737°S 134.2682429°E / -33.953792737; 134.2682429This article is about the former protected area in South Australia. For the current use of the land, see Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area..
Protected area in South AustraliaInvestigator Group Conservation ParkSouth AustraliaIUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) Looking at the 'Southern End' of Pearson IslandInvestigator Group Conservation ParkNearest town or cityEllistonCoordinates33°57′14″S 134°16′06″E / 33.953792737°S 134.2682429°E / -33.953792737; 134.2682429Established16 March 1967 (1967-03-16)Abolished25 August 2011.Area3.88 km2 (1.5 sq mi)Managing authoritiesDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources (2011)See alsoProtected areas of South Australia
Investigator Group Conservation Park was a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on islands within the Investigator Group of islands off the west coast of Eyre Peninsula about 562 kilometres (349 mi) north-west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-west of the town of Elliston.
Land tenure and designation
The conservation park consisted of land on the following islands within the Investigator Group - Dorothee Island, Pearson Island, the Topgallant Islands, the Veteran Isles and the Ward Islands As of 2010, the conservation park covered an area of 3.88 square kilometres (1.50 sq mi). The conservation park was categorized in 2010 as being an IUCN Category Ia protected area.
History
The land first received protected area status as fauna conservation reserves proclaimed on 16 March 1967 under the Crown Lands Act 1929 in respect to Topgallant Island, Ward Islands and Pearson Island with exception to land in sections 12 and 13 which were under the control of the Australian government.
On 27 April 1972, all of the land proclaimed as a fauna conservation reserve was reconstituted as the Investigator Group Conservation Park under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.
In 1980, the conservation park was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.
On 19 December 1991, additional land was added to the conservation park to extend protection over land located between high tide and low tide.
On 29 August 2002, additional land was added to the conservation park.
On 25 August 2011, all of the land within the conservation park was constituted as part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area with the result that the conservation park ceased to exist.
A description of the conservation park published in 1980
On 21 October 1980, the conservation park was placed (i.e. “registered”) on the Register of the National Estate. The following is the description and the statement of significance published at the time of placement.
Description
A group of approximately twelve oceanic islands and associated submerged rocks from 22km-74km from the coast. Includes the Waldegrave islands (sic), Topgallant islands and Ward islands (but excludes Pearson (sic) and Flinders islands).
The islands are granite inselbergs up to 100m above sea level, and some are capped with calcarenite, a rock type of aeolian origin as windblown dunes. The islands feature precipitous cliffs to 75m tall, deep overhangs, sea caves, crevasses, talus slopes and summit platforms.
The larger islands have some soil development and mostly support low shrubland communities dominated by nitre bush (Nitraria billardierei), gallweed (Zygophyllum apiculatum), saltbush (Atriplex paludosa), grey saltbush (A. cinerea) and a daisy bush (Olearia ramulosa)…
The islands are largely undisturbed because of the difficulty of access from the sea; Topgallant island contains some infestations of African boxthorn and common ice plant…
Statement of Significance
The registered islands in this group, namely Waldegrave Islands (sic), Topgallant Islands, Ward Islands and Pearson Islands, are true inselbergs or island mountains, rising abruptly to a maximum of 240m above sea level from the eastern section of the Great Australian Bight. Other important landforms within the Group are of marine origin, including old coastal foredune deposits and formations indicating a higher sea level than presently exists…
The islands of the Group are some of the most scenically spectacular of all South Australia's offshore islands. Many birds utilise the Investigator Group islands, which may be significant as intermediate points for birds migrating from Flinders Island to the Australian mainland, or as extended feeding territories for Flinders Island species…
Several rare or threatened bird taxa, or species with disjunct populations, utilise the islands for breeding, including osprey (Pandion haliaetus), white-breasted sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), cape barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae), white faced storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina) and short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris)…
A small colony of Australian sea-lions (Neophoca cinerea), one of the world's rarest marine mammals, breeds on Ward Island…
Groups of the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) shelter on the rock platforms of several islands and may breed on them…
See also
Protected areas of South Australia
Notes and references
Notes
^ It is not known why the Waldegrave Islands are included in the Register of the National Estate listing for the Investigator Group Conservation Park because these islands, although described as being part of the Investigator Group, have a similar history of protection commencing as a fauna protection reserve in 1967 followed in 1972 with the re-proclamation of the protected land as the Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park which has its own listing on the Register of the National Estate.
^ The exclusion of Pearson Island is not correct as the management plan does specifically include this island: 5–6
^ Refer footnote 1 above
References
^ a b c d e "CAPAD 2010 South Australia summary (terrestrial) (refer 'SA Reserve List' tab )". Australian government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ a b c "Search results for 'Investigator Group Conservation Park' with the following datasets selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ a b Shard, A.J. (16 March 1967). "CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ a b "Wilderness Protection (Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area) Proclamation 2011". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 25 August 2011. p. 3624. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ "Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ a b c "Investigator Group Conservation Park, Elliston (sic), SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6678)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ a b Anon (2006). Island Parks of Western Eyre Peninsula Management Plan (PDF). Adelaide: Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-921238-18-6. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
^ "No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972)". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 660 & 702. 27 April 1972. Retrieved 26 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Topgallant Island, Ward Island, Pearson Island. (excluding Section 12 and 13, North out of Hundreds)
^ Blevins, F.T. (19 December 1991). "NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTIONS 29 (3) AND 30 (2): VARIOUS CONSERVATION PARKS— ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1907. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Allotments 1-7 inclusive (Deposited Plan No. 31590), Out of Hundreds (Elliston)
^ Weatherill, J. W. (29 August 2002). "NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTION 29 (3): INVESTIGATOR GROUP CONSERVATION PARK—ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 3212. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Allotment 2 of Deposited Plan 19499 and Section 12 (Pearson Isles), Out of Hundreds (Elliston).
^ "Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park, Cape Finnis via Elliston, SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6679)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
Attribution
This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence.
vteProtected areas of South AustraliaNational parks
Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara
Belair
Canunda
Cleland
Coffin Bay
Coorong
Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
Flinders Chase
Deep Creek
Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta
Gawler Ranges
Great Australian Bight Marine
Ikara-Flinders Ranges
Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre
Lake Frome
Lake Gairdner
Lake Torrens
Lincoln
Malkumba-Coongie
Mount Remarkable
Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert
Murray River
Naracoorte Caves
Nullarbor
Nilpena Ediacara
Onkaparinga River
Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges
Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges
Witjira
Conservation parks
Aberdour
Acraman Creek
Aldinga Scrub
Althorpe Islands
Angove
Avoid Bay Islands
Baird Bay Islands
Bakara
Bandon
Bangham
Barwell
Bascombe Well
Baudin
Baudin Rocks
Beachport
Beatrice Islet
Belt Hill
Beyeria
Big Heath
Billiatt
Bimbowrie
Bird Islands
Black Hill
Black Rock
Boondina
Breakaways
Brookfield
Bullock Hill
Busby Islet
Butchers Gap
Calectasia
Calpatanna Waterhole
Cap Island
Cape Blanche
Cape Gantheaume
Cape Willoughby
Caralue Bluff
Carappee Hill
Carcuma
Caroona Creek
Carpenter Rocks
Carribie
Chadinga
Charleston
Christmas Rocks
Clements Gap
Clinton
Cocata
Cooltong
Corrobinnie Hill
Cox Scrub
Cromer
Cudlee Creek
Custon
Cygnet Estuary
Danggali
Darke Range
Desert Camp
Dingley Dell
Douglas Point
Dudley
Eba Island
Elliot Price
Eric Bonython
Ettrick
Ewens Ponds
Fairview
Ferguson
Ferries-McDonald
Finniss
Fort Glanville
Fowlers Bay
Franklin Harbor
Furner
Gambier Islands
Gawler Ranges
Geegeela
Giles
Glen Roy
Goose Island
Gower
Grass Tree
Greenly Island
Guichen Bay
Gum Lagoon
Gum Tree Gully
Hacks Lagoon
Hale
Hallett Cove
Hanson Scrub
Heggaton
Hesperilla
Hincks
Hogwash Bend
Hopkins Creek
Horsnell Gully
Ironstone Hill
Jip Jip
Kaiserstuhl
Kapunda Island
Karte
Kathai
Kellidie Bay
Kelly Hill
Kelvin Powrie
Kenneth Stirling
Kinchina
Kulliparu
Kungari
Kyeema
Lake Frome
Lake Gilles
Lake Hawdon South
Lake Newland
Lake St Clair
Lashmar
Lathami
Laura Bay
Lawari
Lesuer
Leven Beach
Lincoln
Lipson Island
Little Dip
Lowan
Lower Glenelg River
Maize Island Lagoon
Malgra
Mamungari
Mantung
Marino
Mark Oliphant
Marne Valley
Martin Washpool
Martindale Hall
Mary Seymour
Media Island
Messent
Middlecamp Hills
Mimbara
Minlacowie
Moana Sands
Mokota
Monarto
Monarto Woodlands
Montacute
Moody Tank
Morgan
Morialta
Mount Billy
Mount Boothby
Mount Brown
Mount Dutton Bay
Mount George
Mount Magnificent
Mount Monster
Mount Scott
Mount Taylor
Mowantjie Willauwar
Mullinger Swamp
Munyaroo
Murrunatta
Mylor
Myponga
Nene Valley
Nepean Bay
Neptune Islands
Newland Head
Ngarkat
Ngaut Ngaut
Nicolas Baudin Island
Nixon-Skinner
Nuyts Archipelago
Nuyts Reef
Olive Island
Padthaway
Pandappa
Para Wirra
Paranki Lagoon
Parndana
Peachna
Peebinga
Pelican Lagoon
Penambol
Penguin Island
Penola
Piccaninnie Ponds
Pigface Island
Pike River
Pine Hill Soak
Pinkawillinie
Point Bell
Point Davenport
Point Labatt
Pooginook
Poonthie Ruwe
Porter Scrub
Pualco Range
Pullen Island
Pureba
Ramco Point
Ramsay
Red Banks
Reedy Creek
Ridley
Rilli Island
Rocky Island (North)
Rocky Island (South)
Roonka
Rudall
Salt Lagoon Islands
Sandy Creek
Sceale Bay
Scott
Scott Creek
Seal Bay
Searcy Bay
Seddon
Shannon
Sheoak Hill
Simpson
Sinclair Island
Sir Joseph Banks Group
Sleaford Mere
Spring Gully
Spring Mount
Stipiturus
Swan Reach
Talapar
Talisker
Tallaringa
Tantanoola Caves
Telford Scrub
The Dutchmans Stern
The Knoll
The Pages
The Plug Range
Thidna
Tilley Swamp
Torrens Island
Troubridge Island
Tucknott Scrub
Tumby Island
Venus Bay
Verran Tanks
Vivigani Ardune
Vivonne Bay
Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs
Wahgunyah
Waitpinga
Waldegrave Islands
Wanilla
Wanilla Land Settlement
Warren
Warrenben
West Island
Wharminda
Whidbey Isles
White Dam
Whyalla
Wiljani
Wills Creek
Winninowie
Wittelbee
Woakwine
Wolseley Common
Yalpara
Yeldulknie
Yulte
Yumbarra
Game reserves
Bool Lagoon
Bucks Lake
Chowilla
Currency Creek
Lake Robe
Loch Luna
Moorook
Mud Islands
Poocher Swamp
Tolderol
Recreation parks
Anstey Hill
Blackwood Forest
Brownhill Creek
Caratoola
Cobbler Creek
Granite Island
Greenhill
Long Island
O'Halloran Hill
Onkaparinga River
Shepherds Hill
Sturt Gorge
Totness
Regional Reserves
Chowilla
Innamincka
Nullarbor
Strzelecki
Yellabinna
Conservation reserves
Bernouilli
Buckleboo
Bunbury
Bunkers
Cortlinye
Cox Scrub
Cunyarie
Desert Camp
Hardings Springs
Lacroma
Moongi
Mootra
Pinkawillinie Reservoir
Poolgarra
Tola
Former conservation reserves
Wilderness Protection Areas
Billiatt
Cape Bouguer
Cape Gantheaume
Cape Torrens
Danggali
Hambridge
Hincks
Investigator Group
Memory Cove
Nullarbor
Nuyts Archipelago
Ravine des Casoars
Western River
Yellabinna
Other protected areas
Arkaroola Protection Area
Former protected areas
Investigator Group
Isles of St Francis
Katarapko
Mount Rescue
Mount Shaugh
Port Gawler
Scorpion Springs
Telowie Gorge
Related topics
Marine protected areas of South Australia
List of protected areas in Adelaide
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Group_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Investigator Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Group"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Elliston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliston,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRE-6"}],"text":"This article is about the former protected area in South Australia. For the current use of the land, see Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area..Protected area in South AustraliaInvestigator Group Conservation Park was a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on islands within the Investigator Group of islands off the west coast of Eyre Peninsula about 562 kilometres (349 mi) north-west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south-west of the town of Elliston.[2][6]","title":"Investigator Group Conservation Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothee Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Island"},{"link_name":"Pearson Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Island"},{"link_name":"Topgallant Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topgallant_Islands"},{"link_name":"Veteran Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veteran_Isles"},{"link_name":"Ward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Islands_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPAD2010-1"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Category Ia protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories#Category_Ia_%E2%80%94_Strict_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPAD2010-1"}],"text":"The conservation park consisted of land on the following islands within the Investigator Group - Dorothee Island, Pearson Island, the Topgallant Islands, the Veteran Isles and the Ward Islands[7] As of 2010, the conservation park covered an area of 3.88 square kilometres (1.50 sq mi).[1] The conservation park was categorized in 2010 as being an IUCN Category Ia protected area.[1]","title":"Land tenure and designation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1967-3"},{"link_name":"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPWact-8"},{"link_name":"Register of the National Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_the_National_Estate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRE-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1991-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-2002-10"},{"link_name":"Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Group_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-2011-4"}],"text":"The land first received protected area status as fauna conservation reserves proclaimed on 16 March 1967 under the Crown Lands Act 1929 in respect to Topgallant Island, Ward Islands and Pearson Island with exception to land in sections 12 and 13 which were under the control of the Australian government.[3]On 27 April 1972, all of the land proclaimed as a fauna conservation reserve was reconstituted as the Investigator Group Conservation Park under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.[8]In 1980, the conservation park was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate.[6]On 19 December 1991, additional land was added to the conservation park to extend protection over land located between high tide and low tide.[2][9]On 29 August 2002, additional land was added to the conservation park.[10]On 25 August 2011, all of the land within the conservation park was constituted as part of the Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area with the result that the conservation park ceased to exist.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRE-6"}],"text":"On 21 October 1980, the conservation park was placed (i.e. “registered”) on the Register of the National Estate. The following is the description and the statement of significance published at the time of placement.[6]","title":"A description of the conservation park published in 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-13"},{"link_name":"Nitraria billardierei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitraria_billardierei"},{"link_name":"Zygophyllum apiculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygophyllum#species"},{"link_name":"Atriplex paludosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_paludosa"},{"link_name":"A. cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriplex_cinerea"},{"link_name":"Olearia ramulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olearia_ramulosa"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"A group of approximately twelve oceanic islands and associated submerged rocks from 22km-74km from the coast. Includes the Waldegrave islands (sic),[a] Topgallant islands and Ward islands (but excludes Pearson (sic)[b] and Flinders islands). \nThe islands are granite inselbergs up to 100m above sea level, and some are capped with calcarenite, a rock type of aeolian origin as windblown dunes. The islands feature precipitous cliffs to 75m tall, deep overhangs, sea caves, crevasses, talus slopes and summit platforms. \nThe larger islands have some soil development and mostly support low shrubland communities dominated by nitre bush (Nitraria billardierei), gallweed (Zygophyllum apiculatum), saltbush (Atriplex paludosa), grey saltbush (A. cinerea) and a daisy bush (Olearia ramulosa)…\nThe islands are largely undisturbed because of the difficulty of access from the sea; Topgallant island contains some infestations of African boxthorn and common ice plant…","title":"A description of the conservation park published in 1980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn3-14"},{"link_name":"Pandion haliaetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus"},{"link_name":"Haliaeetus leucogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliaeetus_leucogaster"},{"link_name":"Cereopsis novaehollandiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereopsis_novaehollandiae"},{"link_name":"Pelagodroma marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagodroma_marina"},{"link_name":"Puffinus tenuirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffinus_tenuirostris"},{"link_name":"Neophoca cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophoca_cinerea"},{"link_name":"Arctocephalus forsteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri"}],"sub_title":"Statement of Significance","text":"The registered islands in this group, namely Waldegrave Islands (sic),[c] Topgallant Islands, Ward Islands and Pearson Islands, are true inselbergs or island mountains, rising abruptly to a maximum of 240m above sea level from the eastern section of the Great Australian Bight. Other important landforms within the Group are of marine origin, including old coastal foredune deposits and formations indicating a higher sea level than presently exists… \nThe islands of the Group are some of the most scenically spectacular of all South Australia's offshore islands. Many birds utilise the Investigator Group islands, which may be significant as intermediate points for birds migrating from Flinders Island to the Australian mainland, or as extended feeding territories for Flinders Island species… \nSeveral rare or threatened bird taxa, or species with disjunct populations, utilise the islands for breeding, including osprey (Pandion haliaetus), white-breasted sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), cape barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae), white faced storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina) and short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris)… \nA small colony of Australian sea-lions (Neophoca cinerea), one of the world's rarest marine mammals, breeds on Ward Island… \nGroups of the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) shelter on the rock platforms of several islands and may breed on them…","title":"A description of the conservation park published in 1980"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_12-0"},{"link_name":"Waldegrave Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldegrave_Islands"},{"link_name":"Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldegrave_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRE-WICP-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_13-0"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn3_14-0"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ It is not known why the Waldegrave Islands are included in the Register of the National Estate listing for the Investigator Group Conservation Park because these islands, although described as being part of the Investigator Group, have a similar history of protection commencing as a fauna protection reserve in 1967 followed in 1972 with the re-proclamation of the protected land as the Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park which has its own listing on the Register of the National Estate.[11]\n\n^ The exclusion of Pearson Island is not correct as the management plan does specifically include this island[7]: 5–6 \n\n^ Refer footnote 1 above","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAPAD2010_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAPAD2010_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAPAD2010_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAPAD2010_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAPAD2010_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"CAPAD 2010 South Australia summary (terrestrial) (refer 'SA Reserve List' tab )\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c09d56a5-9ef9-4cda-9fab-ebe503036e0b/files/capad10sa.xlsx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LMV_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LMV_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LMV_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Search results for 'Investigator Group Conservation Park' with the following datasets selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties' and 'Gazetteer'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=topographic&x=134.82988&y=-33.87872&z=10&uids=41,105&pinx=134.270090&piny=-33.946770&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Investigator+Group+Conservation+Park,+Park"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1967_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1967_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2011_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2011_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Wilderness Protection (Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area) Proclamation 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/wpgwpap2011851/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2010_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuops1p2010734/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NRE_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NRE_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NRE_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"Investigator Group Conservation Park, Elliston (sic), SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6678)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=6678"},{"link_name":"Australian Heritage Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mp_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mp_7-1"},{"link_name":"Island Parks of Western Eyre Peninsula Management Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/570dd7a4-2986-4563-ae90-9e4f00b22af4/WESTEYRE_IP.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-921238-18-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-921238-18-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPWact_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-1991_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTIONS 29 (3) AND 30 (2): VARIOUS CONSERVATION PARKS— ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1991/131/1907.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAGG-2002_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTION 29 (3): INVESTIGATOR GROUP CONSERVATION PARK—ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2002/August/2002_096.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NRE-WICP_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park, Cape Finnis via Elliston, SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6679)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=6679"},{"link_name":"Australian Heritage Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b c d e \"CAPAD 2010 South Australia summary (terrestrial) (refer 'SA Reserve List' tab )\". Australian government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ a b c \"Search results for 'Investigator Group Conservation Park' with the following datasets selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ a b Shard, A.J. (16 March 1967). \"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ a b \"Wilderness Protection (Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area) Proclamation 2011\". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 25 August 2011. p. 3624. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ \"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.\n\n^ a b c \"Investigator Group Conservation Park, Elliston (sic), SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6678)\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ a b Anon (2006). Island Parks of Western Eyre Peninsula Management Plan (PDF). Adelaide: Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-921238-18-6. Retrieved 7 April 2019.\n\n^ \"No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972)\". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 660 & 702. 27 April 1972. Retrieved 26 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Topgallant Island, Ward Island, Pearson Island. (excluding Section 12 and 13, North out of Hundreds)\n\n^ Blevins, F.T. (19 December 1991). \"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTIONS 29 (3) AND 30 (2): VARIOUS CONSERVATION PARKS— ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1907. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Allotments 1-7 inclusive (Deposited Plan No. 31590), Out of Hundreds (Elliston)\n\n^ Weatherill, J. W. (29 August 2002). \"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTION 29 (3): INVESTIGATOR GROUP CONSERVATION PARK—ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 3212. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Allotment 2 of Deposited Plan 19499 and Section 12 (Pearson Isles), Out of Hundreds (Elliston).\n\n^ \"Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park, Cape Finnis via Elliston, SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6679)\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=6678"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"CC BY 3.0 AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"National parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia#National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_International_Bird_Sanctuary_National_Park%E2%80%94Winaityinaityi_Pangkara"},{"link_name":"Belair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belair_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Canunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canunda_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleland_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Coffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_Bay_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Coorong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorong_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Dhilba Guuranda-Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Flinders Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Chase_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Deep Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Creek_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenthorne_National_Park%E2%80%93Ityamaiitpinna_Yarta"},{"link_name":"Gawler Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Great Australian Bight Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight_Marine_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ikara-Flinders Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara-Flinders_Ranges_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Frome_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Gairdner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Torrens_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Malkumba-Coongie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Mount Remarkable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Remarkable_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munga-Thirri%E2%80%93Simpson_Desert_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Murray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte_Caves_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Nilpena Ediacara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpena_Ediacara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Onkaparinga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkaparinga_River_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Witjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witjira_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Conservation parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia#Conservation_Parks"},{"link_name":"Aberdour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdour_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Acraman Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraman_Creek_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Aldinga Scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldinga_Scrub_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Althorpe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althorpe_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Angove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angove_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Avoid Bay Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoid_Bay_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Baird Bay Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird_Bay_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakara_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bangham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangham_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Barwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwell_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bascombe Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascombe_Well_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Baudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudin_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Baudin Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudin_Rocks_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Beachport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachport_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Islet_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Belt Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_Hill_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Beyeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyeria_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Big Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Heath_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Billiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiatt_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bimbowrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bimbowrie_Conservation_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bird Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Black Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hill_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Black Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Boondina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondina_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Breakaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakaways_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Brookfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Bullock Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_Hill_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Busby Islet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby_Islet_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Butchers Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchers_Gap_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Calectasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calectasia_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Calpatanna Waterhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpatanna_Waterhole_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Cap Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Island_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Cape 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Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knoll_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"The Pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pages_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"The Plug Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plug_Range_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Thidna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thidna_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Tilley Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilley_Swamp_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Torrens Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Island_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Troubridge Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubridge_Island_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Tucknott Scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucknott_Scrub_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Tumby Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumby_Island_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Venus Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Bay_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Verran Tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verran_Tanks_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Vivigani Ardune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivigani_Ardune_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Vivonne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivonne_Bay_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wahgunyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahgunyah_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Waitpinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitpinga_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Waldegrave Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldegrave_Islands_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanilla_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wanilla Land Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanilla_Land_Settlement_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Warrenben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenben_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"West Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Island_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wharminda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharminda_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Whidbey Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whidbey_Isles_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"White Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dam_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Whyalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyalla_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wiljani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiljani_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wills Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Creek_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Winninowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winninowie_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wittelbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittelbee_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Woakwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woakwine_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Wolseley Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolseley_Common_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Yalpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalpara_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Yeldulknie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeldulknie_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Yulte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulte_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Yumbarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Game reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia#_Game_reserves"},{"link_name":"Bool Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bool_Lagoon_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bucks Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_Lake_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Chowilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowilla_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Currency Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_Creek_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Lake Robe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Robe_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Loch Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Luna_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Moorook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorook_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mud Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_Islands_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Poocher Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poocher_Swamp_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Tolderol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolderol_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Recreation parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia#Recreation_Parks"},{"link_name":"Anstey Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstey_Hill_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Blackwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwood_Forest_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Brownhill Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownhill_Creek_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Caratoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratoola_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Cobbler Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbler_Creek_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Granite Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Island_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Greenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhill_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"O'Halloran Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Halloran_Hill_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Onkaparinga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkaparinga_River_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Shepherds Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds_Hill_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Sturt Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturt_Gorge_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Totness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totness_Recreation_Park"},{"link_name":"Regional Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_reserves_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Chowilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowilla_Regional_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Innamincka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Strzelecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Yellabinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellabinna_Regional_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Conservation reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserves_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bernouilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernouilli_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Buckleboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckleboo_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunbury_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkers_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Cortlinye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortlinye_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Cox Scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Scrub_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Cunyarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunyarie_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Desert Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Camp_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Hardings Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardings_Springs_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Lacroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacroma_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Moongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moongi_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mootra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootra_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Pinkawillinie Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkawillinie_Reservoir_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Poolgarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolgarra_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Tola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tola_Conservation_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Former conservation reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserves_of_South_Australia#Former_conservation_reserves"},{"link_name":"Wilderness Protection Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia#Wilderness_Protection_Areas"},{"link_name":"Billiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiatt_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Cape Bouguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bouguer_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Cape Gantheaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Gantheaume_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Cape Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Torrens_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Danggali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danggali_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Hambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambidge_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Hincks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hincks_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Investigator Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Group_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Memory Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Cove_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Nuyts Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyts_Archipelago_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Ravine des Casoars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravine_des_Casoars_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Western River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_River_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Yellabinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellabinna_Wilderness_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Arkaroola Protection Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaroola_Protection_Area"},{"link_name":"Investigator Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Isles of St Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_St_Francis_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Katarapko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarapko_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Mount Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rescue_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Mount Shaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shaugh_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Port Gawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Gawler_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Scorpion Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_Springs_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Telowie Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telowie_Gorge_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"Marine protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"List of protected areas in Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_in_Adelaide"}],"sub_title":"Attribution","text":"This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence.vteProtected areas of South AustraliaNational parks\nAdelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara\nBelair\nCanunda\nCleland\nCoffin Bay\nCoorong\nDhilba Guuranda-Innes\nFlinders Chase\nDeep Creek\nGlenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta\nGawler Ranges\nGreat Australian Bight Marine\nIkara-Flinders Ranges\nKati Thanda-Lake Eyre\nLake Frome\nLake Gairdner\nLake Torrens\nLincoln\nMalkumba-Coongie\nMount Remarkable\nMunga-Thirri–Simpson Desert\nMurray River\nNaracoorte Caves\nNullarbor\nNilpena Ediacara\nOnkaparinga River\nVulkathunha-Gammon Ranges\nWapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges \nWitjira\nConservation parks\nAberdour\nAcraman Creek\nAldinga Scrub\nAlthorpe Islands\nAngove\nAvoid Bay Islands\nBaird Bay Islands\nBakara\nBandon\nBangham\nBarwell\nBascombe Well\nBaudin\nBaudin Rocks\nBeachport\nBeatrice Islet\nBelt Hill\nBeyeria\nBig Heath\nBilliatt\nBimbowrie\nBird Islands\nBlack Hill\nBlack Rock\nBoondina\nBreakaways\nBrookfield\nBullock Hill\nBusby Islet\nButchers Gap\nCalectasia\nCalpatanna Waterhole\nCap Island\nCape Blanche\nCape Gantheaume\nCape Willoughby\nCaralue Bluff\nCarappee Hill\nCarcuma\nCaroona Creek\nCarpenter Rocks\nCarribie\nChadinga\nCharleston\nChristmas Rocks\nClements Gap\nClinton\nCocata\nCooltong\nCorrobinnie Hill\nCox Scrub\nCromer\nCudlee Creek\nCuston\nCygnet Estuary\nDanggali\nDarke Range\nDesert Camp\nDingley Dell\nDouglas Point\nDudley\nEba Island\nElliot Price\nEric Bonython\nEttrick\nEwens Ponds\nFairview\nFerguson\nFerries-McDonald\nFinniss\nFort Glanville\nFowlers Bay\nFranklin Harbor\nFurner\nGambier Islands\nGawler Ranges\nGeegeela\nGiles\nGlen Roy\nGoose Island\nGower\nGrass Tree\nGreenly Island\nGuichen Bay\nGum Lagoon\nGum Tree Gully\nHacks Lagoon\nHale\nHallett Cove\nHanson Scrub\nHeggaton\nHesperilla\nHincks\nHogwash Bend\nHopkins Creek\nHorsnell Gully\nIronstone Hill\nJip Jip\nKaiserstuhl\nKapunda Island\nKarte\nKathai\nKellidie Bay\nKelly Hill\nKelvin Powrie\nKenneth Stirling\nKinchina\nKulliparu\nKungari\nKyeema\nLake Frome\nLake Gilles\nLake Hawdon South\nLake Newland\nLake St Clair\nLashmar\nLathami\nLaura Bay\nLawari\nLesuer\nLeven Beach\nLincoln\nLipson Island\nLittle Dip\nLowan\nLower Glenelg River\nMaize Island Lagoon\nMalgra\nMamungari\nMantung\nMarino\nMark Oliphant\nMarne Valley\nMartin Washpool\nMartindale Hall\nMary Seymour\nMedia Island\nMessent\nMiddlecamp Hills\nMimbara\nMinlacowie\nMoana Sands\nMokota\nMonarto\nMonarto Woodlands\nMontacute\nMoody Tank\nMorgan\nMorialta\nMount Billy\nMount Boothby\nMount Brown\nMount Dutton Bay\nMount George\nMount Magnificent\nMount Monster\nMount Scott\nMount Taylor\nMowantjie Willauwar\nMullinger Swamp\nMunyaroo\nMurrunatta\nMylor\nMyponga\nNene Valley\nNepean Bay\nNeptune Islands\nNewland Head\nNgarkat\nNgaut Ngaut\nNicolas Baudin Island\nNixon-Skinner\nNuyts Archipelago\nNuyts Reef\nOlive Island\nPadthaway\nPandappa\nPara Wirra\nParanki Lagoon\nParndana\nPeachna\nPeebinga\nPelican Lagoon\nPenambol\nPenguin Island\nPenola\nPiccaninnie Ponds\nPigface Island\nPike River\nPine Hill Soak\nPinkawillinie\nPoint Bell\nPoint Davenport\nPoint Labatt\nPooginook\nPoonthie Ruwe\nPorter Scrub\nPualco Range\nPullen Island\nPureba\nRamco Point\nRamsay\nRed Banks\nReedy Creek\nRidley\nRilli Island\nRocky Island (North)\nRocky Island (South)\nRoonka\nRudall\nSalt Lagoon Islands\nSandy Creek\nSceale Bay\nScott\nScott Creek\nSeal Bay\nSearcy Bay\nSeddon\nShannon\nSheoak Hill\nSimpson\nSinclair Island\nSir Joseph Banks Group\nSleaford Mere\nSpring Gully\nSpring Mount\nStipiturus\nSwan Reach\nTalapar\nTalisker\nTallaringa\nTantanoola Caves\nTelford Scrub\nThe Dutchmans Stern\nThe Knoll\nThe Pages\nThe Plug Range\nThidna\nTilley Swamp\nTorrens Island\nTroubridge Island\nTucknott Scrub\nTumby Island\nVenus Bay\nVerran Tanks\nVivigani Ardune\nVivonne Bay\nWabma Kadarbu Mound Springs\nWahgunyah\nWaitpinga\nWaldegrave Islands\nWanilla\nWanilla Land Settlement\nWarren\nWarrenben\nWest Island\nWharminda\nWhidbey Isles\nWhite Dam\nWhyalla\nWiljani\nWills Creek\nWinninowie\nWittelbee\nWoakwine\nWolseley Common\nYalpara\nYeldulknie\nYulte\nYumbarra\nGame reserves\nBool Lagoon\nBucks Lake\n Chowilla\nCurrency Creek\nLake Robe\nLoch Luna\nMoorook\nMud Islands\nPoocher Swamp\nTolderol\nRecreation parks\nAnstey Hill\nBlackwood Forest\nBrownhill Creek\nCaratoola\nCobbler Creek\nGranite Island\nGreenhill\nLong Island\nO'Halloran Hill\nOnkaparinga River\nShepherds Hill\nSturt Gorge\nTotness\nRegional Reserves\nChowilla\nInnamincka\nNullarbor\nStrzelecki\nYellabinna\nConservation reserves\nBernouilli\nBuckleboo\nBunbury\nBunkers\nCortlinye\nCox Scrub\nCunyarie\nDesert Camp\nHardings Springs\nLacroma\nMoongi\nMootra\nPinkawillinie Reservoir\nPoolgarra\nTola\nFormer conservation reserves\nWilderness Protection Areas\nBilliatt\nCape Bouguer\nCape Gantheaume\nCape Torrens\nDanggali\nHambridge\nHincks\nInvestigator Group\nMemory Cove\nNullarbor\nNuyts Archipelago\nRavine des Casoars\nWestern River\nYellabinna\nOther protected areas\nArkaroola Protection Area\nFormer protected areas\nInvestigator Group\nIsles of St Francis\nKatarapko\nMount Rescue\nMount Shaugh\nPort Gawler\nScorpion Springs\nTelowie Gorge\nRelated topics\nMarine protected areas of South Australia\nList of protected areas in Adelaide","title":"Notes and references"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"CAPAD 2010 South Australia summary (terrestrial) (refer 'SA Reserve List' tab )\". Australian government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/c09d56a5-9ef9-4cda-9fab-ebe503036e0b/files/capad10sa.xlsx","url_text":"\"CAPAD 2010 South Australia summary (terrestrial) (refer 'SA Reserve List' tab )\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Investigator Group Conservation Park' with the following datasets selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. South Australian Government. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=topographic&x=134.82988&y=-33.87872&z=10&uids=41,105&pinx=134.270090&piny=-33.946770&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Investigator+Group+Conservation+Park,+Park","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Investigator Group Conservation Park' with the following datasets selected – 'NPW and Conservation Properties' and 'Gazetteer'\""}]},{"reference":"Shard, A.J. (16 March 1967). \"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf","url_text":"\"CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilderness Protection (Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area) Proclamation 2011\". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 25 August 2011. p. 3624. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/wpgwpap2011851/","url_text":"\"Wilderness Protection (Investigator Group Wilderness Protection Area) Proclamation 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\". The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. 1 July 2010. p. 3342. Retrieved 14 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/proc/psuops1p2010734/","url_text":"\"Public Sector (Administrative Units of Public Service—Variation 1) Proclamation 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigator Group Conservation Park, Elliston (sic), SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6678)\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=6678","url_text":"\"Investigator Group Conservation Park, Elliston (sic), SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6678)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database","url_text":"Australian Heritage Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2006). Island Parks of Western Eyre Peninsula Management Plan (PDF). Adelaide: Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-921238-18-6. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/570dd7a4-2986-4563-ae90-9e4f00b22af4/WESTEYRE_IP.pdf","url_text":"Island Parks of Western Eyre Peninsula Management Plan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-921238-18-6","url_text":"1-921238-18-6"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972)\". The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 660 & 702. 27 April 1972. Retrieved 26 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Topgallant Island, Ward Island, Pearson Island. (excluding Section 12 and 13, North out of Hundreds)","urls":[{"url":"http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html","url_text":"\"No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972)\""}]},{"reference":"Blevins, F.T. (19 December 1991). \"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTIONS 29 (3) AND 30 (2): VARIOUS CONSERVATION PARKS— ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 1907. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Investigator Group Conservation Park, Allotments 1-7 inclusive (Deposited Plan No. 31590), Out of Hundreds (Elliston)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1991/131/1907.pdf","url_text":"\"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTIONS 29 (3) AND 30 (2): VARIOUS CONSERVATION PARKS— ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\""}]},{"reference":"Weatherill, J. W. (29 August 2002). \"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTION 29 (3): INVESTIGATOR GROUP CONSERVATION PARK—ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. p. 3212. Retrieved 8 April 2019. Allotment 2 of Deposited Plan 19499 and Section 12 (Pearson Isles), Out of Hundreds (Elliston).","urls":[{"url":"https://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2002/August/2002_096.pdf","url_text":"\"NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT 1972 SECTION 29 (3): INVESTIGATOR GROUP CONSERVATION PARK—ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park, Cape Finnis via Elliston, SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6679)\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. 21 October 1980. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=6679","url_text":"\"Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park, Cape Finnis via Elliston, SA, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 6679)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database","url_text":"Australian Heritage Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._Richter
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Henry Constantine Richter
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["1 Early years","2 The technique of lithography","3 Career","4 Final years","5 Works illustrated","6 A selection of illustrations by Richter","7 External links","8 References"]
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British painter
Large Niltava Niltava grandis, date between 1850 and 1883, The Birds of Asia, Volume 2, J. Gould and H. C. Richter
Henry Constantine Richter (7 June 1821 – 16 March 1902) was an English zoological illustrator who produced a very large number of skillful coloured lithographs of birds and mammals, mainly for the scientific books of the renowned English 19th century ornithologist John Gould.
Many of the original drawings used by Richter as the basis for his coloured lithographs were by Gould's wife, Elizabeth Coxen, produced before her death in 1841.
Richter's reputation was overshadowed by that of his much-celebrated employer. Since it was not customary to acknowledge illustrators alongside authors in the titles of publications, his name was forgotten. But in 1978, his great ability and the extent of his contribution to Gould's work came to light, in the work of the researcher Christine E. Jackson.
Early years
Note:
(1) Henry Constantine Richter will be referred to as 'Richter' throughout this article, whereas full-length names will be used for each of his relatives, to reduce confusion.
(2) Where no citation is given in this section for the dates of birth, death, marriage and residence of the Richter family, the information can be accessed online from indexes of English registers in the Ancestry.com databases at https://www.ancestry.com
St. Marylebone Parish Church, London, England, completed 1817. Architect, Thomas Hardwick
Richter was born in Brompton, London in England on 7 Jun 1821, into an artistic family. His father, Henry James Richter (1772-1857), was a philosopher, painter and engraver who was born in Soho, Middlesex, England to Mary Haigh, the wife of John Augustus Richter, an immigrant from Dresden, Germany - himself an artist and engraver.
Richter's mother, Charlotte Sophia Edson (1793-1862), had married his father on 2 May 1818 in Marylebone, Middlesex, England. He was their first child. His birth was followed by that of his sister Antonia Charlotte (1823-1896) and his brother Charles (b.1827). A half-sister - Henrietta Sophia (1814-1896) had already been born to Henry James Richter's first wife, Elizabeth Smith (1787-1816), whom he had married on 9 July 1808, and lost after eight years' marriage.
Henry James Richter became a well-respected and popular artist - he was a member, and president (1811-1812), of the Associated Artists in Water Colours, exhibiting frequently. He was also elected to membership of the Society of Painters in Oil and Water Colours. Several of his works are owned by the British Museum.
Artistic talent also flourished elsewhere in Richter's family: his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia, became a successful miniature portrait artist, and exhibited at the prestigious Royal Academy of Arts in London, 1842–1849.
The English census returns indicate that the Richters were a close-knit family. For example, in 1851, the 30 year-old Richter was still living with his parents. Henry James Richter did not own a house, but always lived in rented accommodation. In that year, when he was aged 79, his household consisted of: his wife, Charlotte Sophia, his adult son, both of his adult daughters and one servant. This arrangement may have been out of financial necessity as much as family affection - artist and lithographers were paid very little. As related by Jackson (p. 48), one practitioner, GJ Keulmans, wrote of his remuneration: "it has just saved me from starvation and nothing else".
The technique of lithography
Richter's work with his coloured lithographs was breaking new ground at the time. The technique was labour-intensive and demanded great skill and attention to minute detail.
The University of Tasmanian explains the process that artists use to produce a lithograph from an image, such as a sketch, a drawing or a painting:
Lithographic stones, Museum of the Printing Arts, Leipzig, Germany
Lithography is essentially a chemical process. A drawing is made with a greasy crayon on limestone, then gum arabic and nitrate acid is rubbed into the material, changing its molecular structure so that when ink is applied it adheres to the crayon marks, but not the stone. Fine details are more difficult to achieve, but tonal qualities are easily suggested and it is possible for a drawing to be made directly onto the stone. The result is a more spontaneous impression, with the broad, fluid lines of a crayon and tonal planes producing a much softer or subtler result than that produced by the black and white linear imprint of engravings. - University of Tasmania.
John Gould was an experienced taxidermist, using his skill to preserve the skins of birds from his various worldwide expeditions. These skins were used by his artists to guide their illustrations, together with initial sketches made by Gould to indicate his requirements for the exact appearance of the finished images. The London Zoo was opened to the public in 1847 and was a further source of models of birds and animals for Richter's drawings.
Career
Richter's earliest published bird illustrations were three plates in the book Genera of birds (1844–1849) by George Robert Gray. The plates depicted the Indian Barn Owl Strix javanica, the head and claws of two other owls, and a member of the pheasant and partridge family, Clapperton's spurfowl Pternistis clappertoni. His illustrations attracted the favourable attention of ornithologists.
Tasmanian tiger Thylacinus cynocephalus, 1841, Plate 54 of Mammals of Australia, vol.I, J.Gould & H.C. Richter. The thylacine became extinct in 1936
In 1841 Richter was contacted by the zoologist John Gould, who urgently needed an illustrator, after the death of his wife Elizabeth Coxen (1804-1841), because he had committed to producing various parts of his lavish books on certain dates. The Gould-Richter working relationship lasted for forty years, until Gould died in 1881. Richter created about 3,000 lithographic plates and watercolours for Gould. Other illustrators employed by Gould included Edward Lear, William Matthew Hart and Joseph Wolf, although it was Richter who produced the vast majority of the works during Gould's lifetime.
Yellow-bellied Tit Parus venustulus, between 1850 and 1883, The Birds of Asia. Volume 2, J. Gould & H.C. Richter
Amongst his best known illustrations are those of the male and female thylacine, from Gould's Mammals of Australia (1845–63) - frequently copied since publication. For example, an Australian company Cascade Brewery used the image on the label for one of their brands of beer, in 1987. Previously, the Tasmanian Government had published a monochromatic reproduction of the same image, in 1934 and, earlier still, the author Louisa Anne Meredith also copied it for Tasmanian Friends and Foes (1881).
In his will, John Gould wrote "I bequeath to my Artist H C Richter a legacy of £100 as a kind remembrance for the purchase of a ring or any other article that he may prefer". He seems to have been unconcerned about the impecunious state of his 60-year-old artist, although Richter had contributed so materially to his own prosperity for over four decades.
After Gould's death Richter gained a small amount of work for Gray's Birds of Asia, and he prepared a plate for Sir Richard Owen's Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand (1878—1879 ). Work already completed by him was used in Gould's books that were published posthumously, such as Birds of Asia, but new plates for the books were commissioned from William Hart.
Final years
Lacking a regular income after the death of Gould, Richter became dependent upon his sister, Antonia Charlotte, who had married a wealthy Nottinghamshire farmer with property in Ranby, Henry Francis Noble Champion. Antonia Champion had become a widow in 1854, one year after her marriage, and she inherited her husband's London residence in the Lisson Grove area of London. She continued to live there alone with a servant, and did not marry again.
After John Gould's death Antonia Champion took in her brother and their half-sister Henrietta Sophia Richter. Since Henry James Richter's death in 1857 they had been living in pauper's lodgings in the Lisson Grove area, with their mother whilst she was alive.
When Antonia Champion died in 1896, the house passed to Richter, and he stayed there until his death. The probate administration record states that he died 16 March 1902, and that administration occurred 17 April 1902. His estate was valued at just under 840 pounds.
Nothing is known of the life of Richter's younger brother, Charles Richter, beyond a mention in the English Census of 1841, when he was 14 years of age and living with his parents. In 1896, Richter had lost not only his sister, Antonia Charlotte Champion (in January), but also his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia Richter (in October), and since none of them had children, the Richter family line appears to have ended with the passing of Henry Constantine Richter.
Works illustrated
Jackson (pp. 13–14) lists the 1,600+ hand-coloured plates drawn by Richter as follows:
Gray, George Robert, Genera of bird', 1844-1849, 3 vols.
In Vol I plate XV, Strix javanica HCR del.
In Vol I plate 15, Head and claws of Phodius badicus & Strix flammea HCR del.
In Vol III Francolinus clappertoni HCR del.
Gould, John, Birds of Australia, 1840-1848, 600 plates, & Supplement, 1851-1869, 81 plates, HCR after 1841 (when Mrs Gould died) del. & lith.
Gould, Joh, Monograph of the Odontophorinae or partridges of America, 1844-50, 32 plates JG & HCR del. & lith.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, plates drawn and lith. by HCR.
1848 Aves Pl.I Trochilus (Helianthea) eos Gould
Pl.II Trochilus (Heliangelus) mavors Gould
Pl.IV Cinclosoma castaneothorax Gould
1849 Pl. XII Ptiloris Victoriae Gould
1850 (opp. P. 212) Notornis Mantelli Owen
Transactions of the Zoological Society of London Plate drawn by HCR.
1849, iii: 379-380 Gould J. On a new species of Genus Apteryx. Plate accompanying text Apterux owenii
Gould, John, Monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds, 1849-1861.
5 vols, 360 plates, JG & HCR del. et lith.
Gould, John, A monograph of the Ramphastidae or family of toucans: Supplement, 1855.
21 plates, JG & HCR, 2nd ed, 1852-1854, 52 plates JG & HCR del. & lith.
Gould, John, A monograph of the Trogonidae or family of trogons 2nd ed., 1858-1875.
47 plates, JG & W. Hart & HCR del. & lith.
Gould, John, Birds of Asia, 1850-1883, 7 vols. Approx. 500 plates JG & HCR and J. Wolf & HCR.
Gould, John, The birds of Great Britain, 1862-1873, 5 vols, 367 plates. Artists JG, HCR & J. Wolf.
Owen, Richard, Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand, 1878-1879.
1 large folded plate depicting Notornis mantelli, JG & HCR del & lith.
Gould, John, A monograph of the Pittidae, edited by R. B. Sharpe, 1880.
10 plates from other Gould titles, including 3 plates JG & HCR del. * lith.
Note: Jackson's list omits Mammals of Australia, 1845–1863, though it is not clear whether this was intentional or not. Certainly his contribution of illustrations for the book was significant.
A selection of illustrations by Richter
Unlike paintings, lithographs in Richter's time tended not to be dated by the artist, so it is normal to use the publication date of the book in which the lithograph was printed.
Giant Hummingbird, Patagona gigas, 1887, A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of Hummingbirds, J Gould & H.C. Richter
Lord Derby's Parakeet, Psittacula derbiana, J. Gould & H.C. Richter
Cinereous Tit, Parus cinereus, between 1850 and 1883, Birds of Asia, Volume 2, J Gould & H. C. Richter
Mrs Gould's Sunbird, Aethopyga gouldiae, J Gould & H.C. Richter
Saxual Sparrow, Passer ammodendri, Birds of Asia, Volume V, J Gould and H. C. Richter
Himalayan Shrike-babbler, Pteruthius ripleyi, J. Gould & H.C. Richter
Squirrel Glider, Petaurus norfolcensis, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter
Gould's Mouse, Pseudomys gouldii, 1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter
Duckbilled Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, Gould & H. C. Richter
Koala, Phascolarctus cinereus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter
Common Wombat, Vombatus ursinus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter
Northern Quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter
External links
Birds of Australia, 1848, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter and others
Birds of Great Britain, Vol. 1, 1873, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter, Hart & Wolf
The Mammals of Australia, Vol. 1, 1863, J Gould (with illustrations by Richter and others)
Richter family tree in Ancestry.com (membership required)
References
^ Stephens, M 2009, Henry Constantine Richter (about 1821-1902), Australian Museum, Sydney NSW, accessed 02 Dec 2017, https://australianmuseum.net.au/henry-constantine-richter-about-1821-1902.
^ a b c Cook, KS 2013, 'Gould collections at KU: the story of the Gould Collection', John Gould: Bird Illustration in the Age of Darwin, University of Kansas, accessed 3 Dec 2017, https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/about/kucollections.
^ a b Jackson, CE 2011, 'The painting of hand-coloured zoological illustrations', Archives of Natural History, 38, 1, pp. 36-52.
^ a b c Cust, LH 2012,'Richter, Henry James', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 3 Dec 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/23599.
^ Kansas Library n.d., Henry Constantine Richter, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas, accessed 5 Dec 2017, https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/art/henry_constantine_richter.
^ a b c d e Jackson, C 1978, 'H. C. Richter–John Gould's unknown bird artist', Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, Volume 9, Issue 1, 11 1978, pages 10-14.
^ Census Returns of England and Wales, 1851. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1851.
^ a b c University of Tasmania, 2007, 'Imaging the thylacine: the exotic thylacine', Exhibitions, Hobart, Tasmania, accessed 3 Dec 2017, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/exhibitions/thylacine/exotic.html.
^ Gray, GR 1848, The genera of birds : comprising their generic characters, a notice of the habits of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera, Longman, London.
^ Sauer, GC 1982, John Gould the bird man: a chronology and bibliography, Landsdowne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
^ Stephens, Matthew; Robyn Williams (13 June 2004). "John Gould's place in Australian culture". Ockham's Razor. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^ Government Tourist Bureau, Tasmania, Tasmania: The Wonderland, Hobart, Government Printer, Tasmania, 1934
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RichterHenry Constantine Richter (7 June 1821 – 16 March 1902) was an English zoological illustrator who produced a very large number of skillful coloured lithographs of birds and mammals, mainly for the scientific books of the renowned English 19th century ornithologist John Gould.Many of the original drawings used by Richter as the basis for his coloured lithographs were by Gould's wife, Elizabeth Coxen, produced before her death in 1841.[1][2]Richter's reputation was overshadowed by that of his much-celebrated employer. Since it was not customary to acknowledge illustrators alongside authors in the titles of publications, his name was forgotten. But in 1978, his great ability and the extent of his contribution to Gould's work came to light, in the work of the researcher Christine E. Jackson.[3]","title":"Henry Constantine Richter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.ancestry.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ancestry.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London,_St._Marylebone_Parish_Church_--_2016_--_4618.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brompton, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton,_London"},{"link_name":"Henry James Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Richter"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"Society of Painters in Oil and Water Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1978-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson2011-3"}],"text":"Note:(1) Henry Constantine Richter will be referred to as 'Richter' throughout this article, whereas full-length names will be used for each of his relatives, to reduce confusion.(2) Where no citation is given in this section for the dates of birth, death, marriage and residence of the Richter family, the information can be accessed online from indexes of English registers in the Ancestry.com databases at https://www.ancestry.comSt. Marylebone Parish Church, London, England, completed 1817. Architect, Thomas HardwickRichter was born in Brompton, London in England on 7 Jun 1821, into an artistic family. His father, Henry James Richter (1772-1857), was a philosopher, painter and engraver who was born in Soho, Middlesex, England to Mary Haigh, the wife of John Augustus Richter, an immigrant from Dresden, Germany - himself an artist and engraver.[4]Richter's mother, Charlotte Sophia Edson (1793-1862), had married his father on 2 May 1818 in Marylebone, Middlesex, England. He was their first child. His birth was followed by that of his sister Antonia Charlotte (1823-1896) and his brother Charles (b.1827). A half-sister - Henrietta Sophia (1814-1896) had already been born to Henry James Richter's first wife, Elizabeth Smith (1787-1816), whom he had married on 9 July 1808, and lost after eight years' marriage.[4]Henry James Richter became a well-respected and popular artist - he was a member, and president (1811-1812), of the Associated Artists in Water Colours, exhibiting frequently. He was also elected to membership of the Society of Painters in Oil and Water Colours. Several of his works are owned by the British Museum.[4]Artistic talent also flourished elsewhere in Richter's family: his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia, became a successful miniature portrait artist, and exhibited at the prestigious Royal Academy of Arts in London, 1842–1849.[5][6]The English census returns [7] indicate that the Richters were a close-knit family. For example, in 1851, the 30 year-old Richter was still living with his parents. Henry James Richter did not own a house, but always lived in rented accommodation. In that year, when he was aged 79, his household consisted of: his wife, Charlotte Sophia, his adult son, both of his adult daughters and one servant. This arrangement may have been out of financial necessity as much as family affection - artist and lithographers were paid very little. As related by Jackson (p. 48),[3] one practitioner, GJ Keulmans, wrote of his remuneration: \"it has just saved me from starvation and nothing else\".","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithographic_stones,_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Druckkunst_Leipzig.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniTas-8"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1978-6"}],"text":"Richter's work with his coloured lithographs was breaking new ground at the time. The technique was labour-intensive and demanded great skill and attention to minute detail.The University of Tasmanian explains the process that artists use to produce a lithograph from an image, such as a sketch, a drawing or a painting:Lithographic stones, Museum of the Printing Arts, Leipzig, GermanyLithography is essentially a chemical process. A drawing is made with a greasy crayon on limestone, then gum arabic and nitrate acid is rubbed into the material, changing its molecular structure so that when ink is applied it adheres to the crayon marks, but not the stone. Fine details are more difficult to achieve, but tonal qualities are easily suggested and it is possible for a drawing to be made directly onto the stone. The result is a more spontaneous impression, with the broad, fluid lines of a crayon and tonal planes producing a much softer or subtler result than that produced by the black and white linear imprint of engravings. - University of Tasmania.[8]John Gould was an experienced taxidermist, using his skill to preserve the skins of birds from his various worldwide expeditions. These skins were used by his artists to guide their illustrations, together with initial sketches made by Gould to indicate his requirements for the exact appearance of the finished images. The London Zoo was opened to the public in 1847 and was a further source of models of birds and animals for Richter's drawings.[6]","title":"The technique of lithography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Robert Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Gray"},{"link_name":"Clapperton's spurfowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapperton%27s_spurfowl"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thylacinus_cynocephalus_(Gould).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thylacinus cynocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacinus_cynocephalus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1978-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParusVenustulusGould.jpg"},{"link_name":"thylacine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine"},{"link_name":"Mammals of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniTas-8"},{"link_name":"Cascade Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OckhamsRazor-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Louisa Anne Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Anne_Meredith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniTas-8"},{"link_name":"[mourning] ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_ring"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1978-6"}],"text":"Richter's earliest published bird illustrations were three plates in the book Genera of birds (1844–1849) by George Robert Gray. The plates depicted the Indian Barn Owl Strix javanica, the head and claws of two other owls, and a member of the pheasant and partridge family, Clapperton's spurfowl Pternistis clappertoni.[9] His illustrations attracted the favourable attention of ornithologists.Tasmanian tiger Thylacinus cynocephalus, 1841, Plate 54 of Mammals of Australia, vol.I, J.Gould & H.C. Richter. The thylacine became extinct in 1936In 1841 Richter was contacted by the zoologist John Gould, who urgently needed an illustrator, after the death of his wife Elizabeth Coxen (1804-1841), because he had committed to producing various parts of his lavish books on certain dates. The Gould-Richter working relationship lasted for forty years, until Gould died in 1881. Richter created about 3,000 lithographic plates and watercolours for Gould.[6] Other illustrators employed by Gould included Edward Lear, William Matthew Hart and Joseph Wolf, although it was Richter who produced the vast majority of the works during Gould's lifetime.[10]Yellow-bellied Tit Parus venustulus, between 1850 and 1883, The Birds of Asia. Volume 2, J. Gould & H.C. RichterAmongst his best known illustrations are those of the male and female thylacine, from Gould's Mammals of Australia (1845–63) - frequently copied since publication.[8] For example, an Australian company Cascade Brewery used the image on the label for one of their brands of beer, in 1987.[11] Previously, the Tasmanian Government had published a monochromatic reproduction of the same image, in 1934 [12] and, earlier still, the author Louisa Anne Meredith also copied it for Tasmanian Friends and Foes (1881).[8]In his will, John Gould wrote \"I bequeath to my Artist H C Richter a legacy of £100 as a kind remembrance for the purchase of a [mourning] ring or any other article that he may prefer\".[2] He seems to have been unconcerned about the impecunious state of his 60-year-old artist, although Richter had contributed so materially to his own prosperity for over four decades.After Gould's death Richter gained a small amount of work for Gray's Birds of Asia, and he prepared a plate for Sir Richard Owen's Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand (1878—1879 ).[6] Work already completed by him was used in Gould's books that were published posthumously, such as Birds of Asia, but new plates for the books were commissioned from William Hart.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisson Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisson_Grove"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-2"}],"text":"Lacking a regular income after the death of Gould, Richter became dependent upon his sister, Antonia Charlotte, who had married a wealthy Nottinghamshire farmer with property in Ranby, Henry Francis Noble Champion. Antonia Champion had become a widow in 1854, one year after her marriage, and she inherited her husband's London residence in the Lisson Grove area of London. She continued to live there alone with a servant, and did not marry again.After John Gould's death Antonia Champion took in her brother and their half-sister Henrietta Sophia Richter. Since Henry James Richter's death in 1857 they had been living in pauper's lodgings in the Lisson Grove area, with their mother whilst she was alive.[2]When Antonia Champion died in 1896, the house passed to Richter, and he stayed there until his death. The probate administration record states that he died 16 March 1902, and that administration occurred 17 April 1902. His estate was valued at just under 840 pounds.Nothing is known of the life of Richter's younger brother, Charles Richter, beyond a mention in the English Census of 1841, when he was 14 years of age and living with his parents. In 1896, Richter had lost not only his sister, Antonia Charlotte Champion (in January), but also his half-sister, Henrietta Sophia Richter (in October), and since none of them had children, the Richter family line appears to have ended with the passing of Henry Constantine Richter.","title":"Final years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson1978-6"}],"text":"Jackson (pp. 13–14) [6] lists the 1,600+ hand-coloured plates drawn by Richter as follows:Gray, George Robert, Genera of bird', 1844-1849, 3 vols.\nIn Vol I \tplate XV, Strix javanica \tHCR del.\nIn Vol I\tplate 15, Head and claws of Phodius badicus & Strix flammea\tHCR del.\nIn Vol III\tFrancolinus clappertoni\tHCR del.\nGould, John, Birds of Australia, 1840-1848, 600 plates, & Supplement, 1851-1869, 81 plates, HCR after 1841 (when Mrs Gould died) del. & lith.\nGould, Joh, Monograph of the Odontophorinae or partridges of America, 1844-50, 32 plates JG & HCR del. & lith.\nProceedings of the Zoological Society of London, plates drawn and lith. by HCR.\n1848 Aves \tPl.I\tTrochilus (Helianthea) eos Gould\nPl.II\tTrochilus (Heliangelus) mavors Gould\nPl.IV\tCinclosoma castaneothorax Gould\n1849\t\tPl. XII\tPtiloris Victoriae Gould\n1850 (opp. P. 212)\tNotornis Mantelli Owen\nTransactions of the Zoological Society of London Plate drawn by HCR.\n1849, iii: 379-380 Gould J. On a new species of Genus Apteryx. Plate accompanying text Apterux owenii\nGould, John, Monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds, 1849-1861.\n5 vols, 360 plates, JG & HCR del. et lith.\nGould, John, A monograph of the Ramphastidae or family of toucans: Supplement, 1855.\n21 plates, JG & HCR, 2nd ed, 1852-1854, 52 plates JG & HCR del. & lith.\nGould, John, A monograph of the Trogonidae or family of trogons 2nd ed., 1858-1875.\n47 plates, JG & W. Hart & HCR del. & lith.\nGould, John, Birds of Asia, 1850-1883, 7 vols. Approx. 500 plates JG & HCR and J. Wolf & HCR.\nGould, John, The birds of Great Britain, 1862-1873, 5 vols, 367 plates. Artists JG, HCR & J. Wolf.\nOwen, Richard, Memoirs on the extinct wingless birds of New Zealand, 1878-1879.\n1 large folded plate depicting Notornis mantelli, JG & HCR del & lith.\nGould, John, A monograph of the Pittidae, edited by R. B. Sharpe, 1880.\n10 plates from other Gould titles, including 3 plates JG & HCR del. * lith.Note: Jackson's list omits Mammals of Australia, 1845–1863, though it is not clear whether this was intentional or not. Certainly his contribution of illustrations for the book was significant.","title":"Works illustrated"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patagona_Gigas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psittacula_derbiana.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParusCinereusGould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aethopyga_gouldiae.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PasserAmmodendriGould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pteruthius_ripleyi.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petaurus_norfolcensis_-_Gould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomys_gouldii_-_Gould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gould_John_Duckbilled_Platypus_1845-1863.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phascolarctus_cinereus_Gould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vombatus_ursinus_Gould.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dasyurus_hallucatus_-_Gould.jpg"}],"text":"Unlike paintings, lithographs in Richter's time tended not to be dated by the artist, so it is normal to use the publication date of the book in which the lithograph was printed.Giant Hummingbird, Patagona gigas, 1887, A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of Hummingbirds, J Gould & H.C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLord Derby's Parakeet, Psittacula derbiana, J. Gould & H.C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCinereous Tit, Parus cinereus, between 1850 and 1883, Birds of Asia, Volume 2, J Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMrs Gould's Sunbird, Aethopyga gouldiae, J Gould & H.C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaxual Sparrow, Passer ammodendri, Birds of Asia, Volume V, J Gould and H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHimalayan Shrike-babbler, Pteruthius ripleyi, J. Gould & H.C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSquirrel Glider, Petaurus norfolcensis, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGould's Mouse, Pseudomys gouldii, 1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDuckbilled Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKoala, Phascolarctus cinereus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommon Wombat, Vombatus ursinus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, 1845–1863, Mammals of Australia, J Gould & H. C. Richter","title":"A selection of illustrations by Richter"}]
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[{"image_text":"Large Niltava Niltava grandis, date between 1850 and 1883, The Birds of Asia, Volume 2, J. Gould and H. C. Richter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NiltavaGrandisGould.jpg/220px-NiltavaGrandisGould.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Marylebone Parish Church, London, England, completed 1817. Architect, Thomas Hardwick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/London%2C_St._Marylebone_Parish_Church_--_2016_--_4618.jpg/220px-London%2C_St._Marylebone_Parish_Church_--_2016_--_4618.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lithographic stones, Museum of the Printing Arts, Leipzig, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lithographic_stones%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Druckkunst_Leipzig.jpg/260px-Lithographic_stones%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Druckkunst_Leipzig.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tasmanian tiger Thylacinus cynocephalus, 1841, Plate 54 of Mammals of Australia, vol.I, J.Gould & H.C. Richter. The thylacine became extinct in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg/240px-Thylacinus_cynocephalus_%28Gould%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yellow-bellied Tit Parus venustulus, between 1850 and 1883, The Birds of Asia. Volume 2, J. Gould & H.C. Richter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ParusVenustulusGould.jpg/220px-ParusVenustulusGould.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Stephens, Matthew; Robyn Williams (13 June 2004). \"John Gould's place in Australian culture\". Ockham's Razor. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/2004/1130006.htm","url_text":"\"John Gould's place in Australian culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.ancestry.com"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48200561#page/7/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Birds of Australia, 1848, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter and others"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/221495#page/7/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Birds of Great Britain, Vol. 1, 1873, J Gould, with illustrations by Richter, Hart & Wolf"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/197159#page/7/mode/1up","external_links_name":"The Mammals of Australia, Vol. 1, 1863, J Gould (with illustrations by Richter and others)"},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/tree/117244024/family","external_links_name":"Richter family tree in Ancestry.com (membership required)"},{"Link":"https://australianmuseum.net.au/henry-constantine-richter-about-1821-1902","external_links_name":"https://australianmuseum.net.au/henry-constantine-richter-about-1821-1902"},{"Link":"https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/about/kucollections","external_links_name":"https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/about/kucollections"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/23599","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/23599"},{"Link":"https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/art/henry_constantine_richter","external_links_name":"https://exhibits.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/show/gould/art/henry_constantine_richter"},{"Link":"http://www.utas.edu.au/library/exhibitions/thylacine/exotic.html","external_links_name":"http://www.utas.edu.au/library/exhibitions/thylacine/exotic.html"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/2004/1130006.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Gould's place in Australian culture\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000364751332","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/227079511","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwpxby8f3ww8wgjGYf9wy","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16560846m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16560846m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1165807505","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017146438","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591234","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/13449/","external_links_name":"South Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=749","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/120347","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/269021","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1309659","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/4920","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_One
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Lot One
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 1°23′06″N 103°44′34″E / 1.3851223°N 103.7427255°E / 1.3851223; 103.7427255This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Lot One" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lot One" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shopping mall in Choa Chu Kang Avenue , SingaporeLot OneThe Entrance to Lot OneLocation21 Choa Chu Kang Avenue 4, Singapore 689812Coordinates1°23′06″N 103°44′34″E / 1.3851223°N 103.7427255°E / 1.3851223; 103.7427255Opening dateAugust 1996; 27 years ago (1996-08)OwnerCapitaMall TrustNo. of stores and services148No. of anchor tenants5Total retail floor area301,515 square feet (28,011.7 m2)No. of floors6Public transit access NS4 JS1 BP1 Choa Chu KangWebsiteLot One
Lot One Shoppers' Mall is a shopping mall serving Choa Chu Kang New Town, Singapore. It was opened in 1996 and is managed by CapitaMall Trust. It is located next to Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT and the Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange.
History
Developed by City Developments Limited, Lot One was opened in August 1996 as the first major shopping mall in Choa Chu Kang. Like a typical suburban mall that time, it featured a Shaw Theatres cinema, an NTUC FairPrice supermarket, a Seiyu (now BHG) department store, the Choa Chu Kang Public Library, a Cathay bowling alley, a video games arcade, a Food Junction food court and slightly over 100 specialty shops.
In 2005, the mall was sold to CapitaLand Ltd.
In July 2007, the mall underwent its first renovation works, such as adding a four-storey retail extension and reconfiguring the shops in the mall. During this period, the food court was relocated from Basement 1 to Level 4, and the public library relocated from Level 3 to Level 4, taking over the former bowling alley. The arcade was re-allocated to a smaller space at Level 5 from Level 4. A roof garden, incorporating a wet and dry playground, was added during the final phase of the renovation. Renovation works were completed in late 2008.
In 2019, the cinema and library were closed for extensive renovation works, in which the cinema had its number of screens doubled to meet the needs of moviegoers in the area, while the library had its space expanded to include more content. Both of them reopened in September and October 2021 respectively. In 1 May 2022, Food Junction closed for a facelift, and has reopened on 18 July 2022 and in May 2023 BHG closed its store in Lot One. In its place, Cotton On and Uniqlo opened in November 2023.
References
^ "About Lot One". Lot One.
^ Redhuan, Batrisyia (2023-03-02). "12 Best Deals In March 2023 - 1-For-1 Cathay Movie Tickets, 80% BHG Sale & Free Adidas Bag". TheSmartLocal - Singapore's Leading Travel and Lifestyle Portal. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
External links
Official website
vte Shopping centres in SingaporeDedicated
600 @ Toa Payoh
Causeway Point
Century Square
Change Alley
City Square Mall
City Vibe
CityLink Mall
Eastpoint Mall
ERA APAC Centre
Forum The Shopping Mall
Fu Lu Shou Complex
Holland Road Shopping Centre
Holland Piazza
Hougang 1
Hougang Mall
IMM
Jem
Leisure Park Kallang
Lot One
Marina Bay Link Mall
Mustafa Centre
Nex
Orchard Central
Plaza Singapura
Queensway Shopping Centre
The Rail Mall
Rochester Mall
Seletar Mall
Sembawang Shopping Centre
Sim Lim Square
The Centrepoint
The Majestic
The Star Vista
Tampines 1
Tampines Mall
Tekka Centre
Thomson Plaza
VivoCity
West Mall
White Sands
Yew Tee Point
Incorporated
AMK Hub
Alexandra Retail Centre
Bedok Mall
Bugis Junction
Bugis+
Capitol Singapore
Changi City Point
Chinatown Point
Clementi Mall
Compass One
Cosford Container Park
Djitsun Mall
Esplanade Mall
Far East Plaza
Funan
Golden Mile Complex
Great World
HarbourFront Centre
Hillion Mall
i12 Katong
ION Orchard
International Plaza
Jewel Changi Airport
Junction 8
Junction 10
Jurong Point
Kallang Wave Mall
Katong Shopping Centre
Lucky Plaza
Mandarin Gallery
The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands
Marina Square
Millenia Walk
Ngee Ann City
Northpoint City
Novena Square
One Raffles Place
Orchard Gateway
Orchard Towers
Palais Renaissance
Parkway Parade
Peninsula Plaza
People's Park Centre
People's Park Complex
Raffles City
Shaw House and Centre
South Beach
Square 2
Sun Plaza
Suntec City Mall
Tanglin Shopping Centre
Tang Plaza
The Paragon
Tiong Bahru Plaza
United Square
Waterway Point
West Coast Plaza
Westgate
Wheelock Place
Wisma Atria
HDB
Canberra Plaza
Dawson Place
Heartland Mall
HDB Hub
Oasis Terraces
Our Tampines Hub
Pioneer Mall
Punggol Plaza
Multiplexes
321 Clementi
Cathay Cineleisure Orchard
GV Yishun
The Cathay
Demolished
Amber Mansions
Bedok Point
Capitol Centre
Ellenborough Market
Funan DigitaLife Mall
JCube
Jurong Entertainment Centre
Liang Court
Scotts Shopping Centre
Shaw Tower
Specialists' Shopping Centre
The Verge
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_New_Town"},{"link_name":"CapitaMall Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitaLand"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_MRT/LRT_station"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_Bus_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Choa Chu Kang Avenue , SingaporeLot One Shoppers' Mall is a shopping mall serving Choa Chu Kang New Town, Singapore. It was opened in 1996 and is managed by CapitaMall Trust. It is located next to Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT and the Choa Chu Kang Bus Interchange.[1]","title":"Lot One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Developments Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Developments_Limited"},{"link_name":"Shaw Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Organisation"},{"link_name":"NTUC FairPrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice"},{"link_name":"BHG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Hualian_Group"},{"link_name":"Choa Chu Kang Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"CapitaLand Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitaLand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Developed by City Developments Limited, Lot One was opened in August 1996 as the first major shopping mall in Choa Chu Kang. Like a typical suburban mall that time, it featured a Shaw Theatres cinema, an NTUC FairPrice supermarket, a Seiyu (now BHG) department store, the Choa Chu Kang Public Library, a Cathay bowling alley, a video games arcade, a Food Junction food court and slightly over 100 specialty shops.In 2005, the mall was sold to CapitaLand Ltd.In July 2007, the mall underwent its first renovation works, such as adding a four-storey retail extension and reconfiguring the shops in the mall. During this period, the food court was relocated from Basement 1 to Level 4, and the public library relocated from Level 3 to Level 4, taking over the former bowling alley. The arcade was re-allocated to a smaller space at Level 5 from Level 4. A roof garden, incorporating a wet and dry playground, was added during the final phase of the renovation. Renovation works were completed in late 2008.In 2019, the cinema and library were closed for extensive renovation works, in which the cinema had its number of screens doubled to meet the needs of moviegoers in the area, while the library had its space expanded to include more content. Both of them reopened in September and October 2021 respectively. In 1 May 2022, Food Junction closed for a facelift, and has reopened on 18 July 2022 and in May 2023 BHG closed its store in Lot One. In its place, Cotton On and Uniqlo opened in November 2023.[2]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"About Lot One\". Lot One.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lotone.com.sg/en/about-the-mall/","url_text":"\"About Lot One\""}]},{"reference":"Redhuan, Batrisyia (2023-03-02). \"12 Best Deals In March 2023 - 1-For-1 Cathay Movie Tickets, 80% BHG Sale & Free Adidas Bag\". TheSmartLocal - Singapore's Leading Travel and Lifestyle Portal. Retrieved 2023-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesmartlocal.com/read/march-2023-deals/","url_text":"\"12 Best Deals In March 2023 - 1-For-1 Cathay Movie Tickets, 80% BHG Sale & Free Adidas Bag\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%E2%80%99s_All-American
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McDonald's All-American Game
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["1 Greatest Boys McDonald's All-Americans","2 Annual game results","2.1 Boys","2.2 Girls","3 Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year","3.1 Past winners","4 Sprite/Powerade Jam Fest Award Winners","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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All-star basketball game for high school graduates
Logo for the game
The McDonald's All American Game is the all-star basketball game played each year for American and Canadian boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates. Consisting of the top players, each team plays a single exhibition game after the conclusion of the high-school basketball season, in an East vs. West format. As part of the annual event, boys and girls compete in a slam dunk contest and a three-point shooting competition, and compete alongside All-American Game alumni in a timed team shootout. The last of these competitions replaced separate overall timed skills competitions for boys and girls. It is rare for girls to compete in the slam dunk contest. They have, however, won it three times—in 2004 by Candace Parker, in 2019 by Fran Belibi, and most recently in 2022 by Ashlyn Watkins. The boys' game has been contested annually since 1978, and the girls game has been played each year since it was added in 2002.
The McDonald's All-American designation began in 1977 with the selection of the inaugural team. That year, the All-Americans played in the McDonald's Capital Classic all-star game against a group of high school stars from the Washington, D.C. area. The following year, the McDonald's All American Game began with a boys contest between the East and West squads. In 2002, with the addition of a girls contest, the current girl-game / boy-game doubleheader format began.
The McDonald's All-American Team is the best-known of the American high-school basketball All-American teams. Designation as a McDonald's All-American instantly brands a player as one of the top high-school players in the United States. Selected athletes often go on to compete in college basketball. All but four of the teams to win the NCAA men's championship since 1978 have had at least one McDonald's All-American on their rosters. The exceptions are the 2002 Maryland Terrapins, the 2014 UConn Huskies, the 2021 Baylor Bears, and the 2023 UConn Huskies. The 2023 Final Four was the first in which no McDonald's All-Americans participated.
The teams are sponsored by the fast-food chain McDonald's. Proceeds from the annual games go to local Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) and their Ronald McDonald House programs.
Greatest Boys McDonald's All-Americans
On January 31, 2012, McDonald's All-American Games unveiled its list of 35 of the Greatest McDonald's All-Americans, released in celebration of the 35th Anniversary of the McDonald's All-American High School Boys Basketball Game. In 2017, five players were added to the list in celebration of the 40th Anniversary. Another five players were added in 2022 to celebrate the 45th Anniversary of the game.
The Greatest Boys McDonald's All-Americans list includes some of the top names in men's basketball history, and features past and present Olympics, NBA and NCAA stars. The players were selected by members of the McDonald's All-American Games Selection Committee. In determining the list, all past McDonald's All-Americans were considered based on their high school careers and performances in the McDonald's All-American Games, success at the collegiate and professional level, and post-career accomplishments. The full list of players includes:
^
Inducted in 2017
*
Inducted in 2022
†
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Year
Player
College
1977
Magic Johnson†
Michigan State
1979
Clark Kellogg
Ohio State
1979
Ralph Sampson†
Virginia
1979
Isiah Thomas†
Indiana
1979
Dominique Wilkins†
Georgia
1979
James Worthy†
North Carolina
1980
Sam Perkins
North Carolina
1980
Glenn "Doc" Rivers
Marquette
1981
Patrick Ewing†
Georgetown
1981
Michael Jordan†
North Carolina
1981
Chris Mullin†
St. John's
1983
Kenny Smith
North Carolina
1984
Danny Manning
Kansas
1987
Larry Johnson
Odessa / UNLV
1988
Christian Laettner
Duke
1988
Alonzo Mourning†
Georgetown
1989
Bobby Hurley
Duke
1989
Shaquille O'Neal†
LSU
1990
Grant Hill†
Duke
1991
Glenn Robinson
Purdue
1991
Chris Webber*†
Michigan
1992
Jason Kidd†
California
1993
Jerry Stackhouse
North Carolina
1993
Rasheed Wallace*
North Carolina
1995
Chauncey Billups†
Colorado
1995
Vince Carter†
North Carolina
1995
Kevin Garnett†
Did not attend
1995
Paul Pierce†
Kansas
1996
Kobe Bryant†
Did not attend
1996
Jermaine O'Neal*
Did not attend
1999
Jay Williams
Duke
2002
Carmelo Anthony
Syracuse
2002
Chris Bosh*†
Georgia Tech
2002
Amar'e Stoudemire
Did not attend
2003
LeBron James
Did not attend
2003
Chris Paul
Wake Forest
2004
Dwight Howard
Did not attend
2005
Tyler Hansbrough
North Carolina
2006
Kevin Durant
Texas
2007
Blake Griffin^
Oklahoma
2007
James Harden^
Arizona State
2007
Kevin Love^
UCLA
2007
Derrick Rose
Memphis
2010
Kyrie Irving^
Duke
2011
Anthony Davis^
Kentucky
Annual game results
An MVP/MOP award is presented each year to the most outstanding boy and girl players. The award is officially called the John R. Wooden Most Valuable Player Award.
Boys
East All-Stars (23 wins)
West All-Stars (21 wins)
Boys results
Year
Result
Host arena
Host city
Game MVP, High School
Attendance
TV Network
Commentators
1977
The inaugural 1977 team did not play in the current East versus West format (MVP: Gene Banks)
Games Not Televised
1978
West 94, East 86
The Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rudy Woods, Bryan High School (TX)
13,063
1979
East 106, West 105 (OT)
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
Darren Daye, John F. Kennedy HS (CA)
11,666
1980
West 135, East 111
Oakland Coliseum Arena
Oakland, California
Russell Cross, Hugh Manley HS (IL)
8,429
1981
East 96, West 95
Levitt Arena
Wichita, Kansas
Adrian Branch, DeMatha HS (MD) Aubrey Sherrod, Wichita Heights HS (KS)
10,006
1982
West 103, East 84
Rosemont Horizon
Rosemont, Illinois
Efrem Winters, King College Prep High School (IL)
15,836
1983
West 115, East 113
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
Winston Bennett, Male HS (KY) Dwayne "Pearl" Washington, Boys and Girls High School (NY)
14,926
1984
West 131, East 106
Pauley Pavilion
Los Angeles, California
John Williams, Crenshaw High School (CA)
10,214
1985
East 128, West 98
Moody Coliseum
University Park, Texas
Walker Lambiotte, Central HS (VA)
9,007
ESPN
Jim Thacker Dick Vitale
1986
East 104, West 101
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
J. R. Reid, Kempsville HS (VA)
15,527
1987
East 118, West 110
The Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mark Macon, Buena Vista THS (MI)
10,156
ABC
1988
East 105, West 99
The Pit
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Alonzo Mourning, Indian River HS (VA) Billy Owens, Carlisle HS (PA)
12,815
Keith Jackson Dick Vitale
1989
West 112, East 103
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
Shaquille O'Neal, Robert G. Cole HS (TX) Bobby Hurley, St. Anthony HS (NJ)
9,419
Gary Bender Dick Vitale
1990
East 115, West 104
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
Shawn Bradley, Emery County High School (UT) Khalid Reeves, Christ the King HS (NY)
12,033
1991
West 108, East 106
Springfield Civic Center
Springfield, Massachusetts
Chris Webber, Detroit Country Day School (MI) Rick Brunson, Salem HS (MA)
8,246
CBS
Greg Gumbel Billy Packer
1992
West 100, East 85
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
Othella Harrington, Murrah HS (MS)
7,589
James Brown Billy Packer
1993
East 105, West 95
Mid-South Coliseum
Memphis, Tennessee
Jacque Vaughn, John Muir HS (CA) Jerry Stackhouse, Oak Hill Academy (VA)
10,225
Greg Gumbel Bill Raftery
1994
East 112, West 110
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Uniondale, New York
Felipe López, Rice HS (NY)
6,008
Verne Lundquist Bill Raftery
1995
West 125, East 115
Kiel Center
St. Louis, Missouri
Kevin Garnett, Farragut Academy HS (IL)
16,201
1996
East 120, West 105
Civic Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Shaheen Holloway, St. Patrick HS (NJ)
13,411
Gus Johnson Bill Raftery
1997
East 94, West 81
Clune Arena
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Kenny Gregory, Independence HS (OH)
5,858
Gus Johnson Dan Bonner
1998
East 128, West 112
Norfolk Scope
Norfolk, Virginia
Ronald Curry, Hampton HS (VA)
10,253
ESPN
Dave Barnett, Bill Raftery, Jay Bilas
1999
West 141, East 128
Hilton Coliseum
Ames, Iowa
Jonathan Bender, Picayune Memorial HS (MS)
10,993
Dave Barnett, Larry Conley, Jay Bilas
2000
West 146, East 120
FleetCenter
Boston, Massachusetts
Zach Randolph, Marion HS (IN)
18,624
Dave Barnett Tim McCormick
2001
West 131, East 125
Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, North Carolina
Eddy Curry, Thornwood HS (IL)
9,314
Dave Sims
2002
East 138, West 107
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
JJ Redick, Cave Spring HS (VA)
16,505
Dave Sims Larry Conley
2003
East 122, West 107
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
LeBron James, St. Vincent-St. Mary HS (OH)
18,728
Dan Shulman Jay Bilas
2004
East 126, West 96
Ford Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Dwight Howard, Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (GA) J. R. Smith, St. Benedict's Preparatory School (NJ)
14,402
Dave Pasch, Doug Gottlieb, Tim McCormick
2005
East 115, West 110
Joyce Center
Notre Dame, Indiana
Josh McRoberts, Carmel (IN)
7,660
2006
West 112, East 94
Cox Arena
San Diego, California
Chase Budinger, La Costa Canyon HS (CA) Kevin Durant, Montrose Christian School (MD)
11,900
Dave Pasch, Jay Williams, Tim McCormick
2007
West 114, East 112
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
Michael Beasley, Notre Dame Prep (MA)
11,632
Eric Collins, Len Elmore, Tim McCormick, Quint Kessenich
2008
East 107, West 102
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Tyreke Evans, American Christian Academy (PA)
10,914
2009
East 113, West 110
BankUnited Center
Coral Gables, Florida
Derrick Favors, South Atlanta HS (GA)
5,981
2010
West 107, East 104
Value City Arena
Columbus, Ohio
Harrison Barnes, Ames HS (IA) Jared Sullinger, Northland HS (OH)
9,210
Bob Wischusen, Jay Williams, Quint Kessenich
2011
East 111, West 96
United Center
Chicago, Illinois
Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, St. Patrick HS (NJ) James Michael McAdoo, Norfolk Christian (VA)
19,909
Bob Wischusen, Jay Williams, Stephen Bardo, Quint Kessenich
2012
West 106, East 102
Shabazz Muhammad, Bishop Gorman HS (NV)
16,308
2013
West 110, East 99
Aaron Gordon, Archbishop Mitty HS (CA)
15,818
Carter Blackburn, Jay Williams, Jalen Rose, Quint Kessenich
2014
West 105, East 102
Jahlil Okafor, Whitney Young (IL) Justin Jackson, Homeschool Christian Youth Association (TX)
17,116
2015
East 111, West 91
Cheick Diallo, Our Savior New American School (NY)
Adam Amin, Jay Williams, Jalen Rose, Quint Kessenich
2016
West 114, East 107
Josh Jackson, Justin-Siena HS/Prolific Prep (CA) Frank Jackson, Lone Peak HS (UT)
2017
West 109, East 107
Michael Porter Jr., Nathan Hale HS/Father Tolton HS (MO)
2018
West 131, East 128
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
Nassir Little, Orlando Christian Prep (FL)
ESPN2
Mike Couzens, Jay Williams, Cory Alexander, Quint Kessenich
2019
East 115, West 100
State Farm Arena
Cole Anthony, Oak Hill Academy (VA)
2020
Game Not Played
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021
Game Not Played
N/A
N/A
2022
East 105, West 81
Wintrust Arena
Chicago, Illinois
Dariq Whitehead, Montverde Academy (FL)
ESPN
Ted Emrich, Cory Alexander, Paul Biancardi
2023
East 109, West 106
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
D. J. Wagner, Camden High SchoolIsaiah Collier, Wheeler High School
2024
East 88, West 86
Dylan Harper, Don Bosco PrepDerik Queen, Montverde Academy
a Denotes All-Star Games in which joint winners were named
Girls
Girls MVP winners
Year
Host Arena
Host City
Player
High School
College
2002
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
Ann Strother
Highlands Ranch HS (CO)
UConn
2002
Shanna Zolman
Wawasee High School (IN)
Tennessee
2003
Gund Arena
Cleveland, Ohio
Katie Gearlds
Beech Grove HS (IN)
Purdue
2004
Ford Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Alexis Hornbuckle
South Charleston HS (WV)
Tennessee
2005
Joyce Center
Notre Dame, Indiana
Courtney Paris
Piedmont HS (CA)
Oklahoma
2006
Cox Arena
San Diego, California
Jayne Appel
Carondelet HS (CA)
Stanford
2007
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
Jasmine Thomas
Oakton HS (VA)
Duke
2008
Bradley Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Brooklyn Pope
Paul Laurence Dunbar HS (TX)
Rutgers / Baylor
2008
Tierra Ruffin-Pratt
T. C. Williams HS (VA)
North Carolina
2009
BankUnited Center
Coral Gables, Florida
Skylar Diggins
Washington HS (IN)
Notre Dame
2010
Value City Arena
Columbus, Ohio
Natasha Howard
Waite HS (OH)
Florida State
2010
Meighan Simmons
Byron P. Steele II HS (TX)
Tennessee
2011
United Center
Chicago, Illinois
Elizabeth Williams
Princess Anne HS (VA)
Duke
2012
Alexis Prince
Edgewater HS (FL)
Baylor
2013
Mercedes Russell
Springfield HS (OR)
Tennessee
2014
Brianna Turner
Manvel High School (TX)
Notre Dame
2015
Marina Mabrey
Manasquan High School (NJ)
Notre Dame
2015
Te'a Cooper
McEachern High School (GA)
Tennessee
2016
Sabrina Ionescu
Miramonte High School (CA)
Oregon
2017
Rellah Boothe
IMG Academy (FL)
Texas
2018
Philips Arena
Atlanta, Georgia
Christyn Williams
Central Arkansas Christian High School (AR)
UConn
2019
State Farm Arena
Jordan Horston
Columbus Africentric Early College (OH)
Tennessee
2020
Toyota Center
Houston, Texas
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021
N/A
N/A
2022
Wintrust Arena
Chicago, Illinois
Gabriela Jaquez
Adolfo Camarillo High School (CA)
UCLA
2022
Kiki Rice
Sidwell Friends School (DC)
2023
Toyota Center
Houston, TX
Hannah Hidalgo JuJu Watkins
Paul VI High School Sierra Canyon School
Notre Dame USC
2024
Sarah StrongJoyce Edwards
Grace Christian SchoolCamden High School
TBDSouth Carolina
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Denotes All-Star Games in which more than one MVP was named.
Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year
Prior to each game since 1997 (Boys)/2002 (Girls), a national player of the year has been chosen from the field of McDonald's All-Americans based on activity in the community, classroom and on the court. The award is named in honor of high school coach Morgan Wootten, one of the founders of the McDonald's game.
Past winners
Boys
1997: Shane Battier
1998: Ronald Curry
1999: Jonathan Bender
2000: Chris Duhon
2001: Aaron Miles
2002: Torin Francis
2003: LeBron James
2004: Dwight Howard
2005: Josh McRoberts
2006: Greg Oden
2007: Kevin Love
2008: Greg Monroe
2009: Derrick Favors
2010: Harrison Barnes
2011: Austin Rivers
2012: Shabazz Muhammad
2013: Jabari Parker
2014: Jahlil Okafor
2015: Ben Simmons
2016: Lonzo Ball
2017: Wendell Carter Jr.
2018: RJ Barrett
2019: James Wiseman
2020: Evan Mobley
2021: Chet Holmgren
2022: Dereck Lively II
2023: Isaiah Collier
2024: Dylan Harper
Girls
2002: Nicole Wolff
2003: Ivory Latta
2004: Candace Parker
2005: Abby Waner
2006: Tina Charles
2007: Maya Moore
2008: Elena Delle Donne
2009: Kelsey Bone
2010: Chiney Ogwumike
2011: Elizabeth Williams
2012: Breanna Stewart
2013: Taya Reimer
2014: Ariel Atkins
2015: Katie Lou Samuelson
2016: Crystal Dangerfield
2017: Evina Westbrook
2018: Christyn Williams
2019: Haley Jones
2020: Paige Bueckers
2021: Azzi Fudd
2022: Kiki Rice
2023: Mikaylah Williams
2024: Joyce Edwards
Sprite/Powerade Jam Fest Award Winners
The slam dunk contest was first held as an unofficial event in 1985, and became an official part of the festivities in 1987.
The three-point contest was first held for boys in 1989, with a girls' competition added alongside the inaugural girls' game in 2002.
The skills contest was added for both boys and girls in 2002, with separate events held for both sexes through 2015.
In 2016, the skills contest was discontinued and replaced with a "Legends & Stars Shootout", involving teams consisting of one boy, one girl, and one All-American Game alumnus of either sex. Within each individual entry of Legends & Stars Shootout winners, the teams are listed in the aforementioned order. The Shootout is a timed competition in which each team must make a layup, free throw, three-pointer, and halfcourt shot in that order.
Year
Dunk Contest
3-Point Contest
Skills Contest
Legends & Stars Shootout
1985
Michael Porter
1987
Jerome Harmon
1988
Matt Steigenga
1989
James Robinson
Pat Graham
1990
Darrin Hancock
Adrian Autry
1991
Jimmy King
Sharone Wright
1992
Carlos Strong
Chris Collins
1993
Jerry Stackhouse
Chris Kingsbury
1994
Ricky Price
Trajan Langdon
1995
Vince Carter
Louis Bullock
1996
Lester Earl
Nate James
1997
Baron Davis
Shane Battier
1998
Ronald Curry
Teddy Dupay
1999
Donnell Harvey
Jason Kapono
2000
DeShawn Stevenson
Chris Duhon
2001
David Lee
Mo Williams
2002
Carmelo Anthony
JJ Redick (boys)Shanna Zolman (girls)
Torin Francis (boys)Courtney LaVere (girls)
2003
LeBron James
Mike Jones (boys)Ivory Latta (girls)
Brian Butch (boys)Erin Lawless (girls)
2004
Candace Parker
Darius Washington Jr. (boys)Sa'de Wiley-Gatewood (girls)
LaMarcus Aldridge (boys)Charde Houston (girls)
2005
Gerald Green
Mario Chalmers (boys)Erika Arriaran (girls)
Richard Hendrix (boys)Christina Wirth (girls)
2006
Gerald Henderson, Jr.
Wayne Ellington (boys)Allison Hightower (girls)
James Keefe (boys)Michelle Harrison (girls)
2007
Blake Griffin
Chris Wright (boys)Italee Lucas (girls)
Nolan Smith (boys)Cetera DeGraffenreid (girls)
2008
DeMar DeRozan
Larry Drew II (boys)Ashley Corral (girls)
Jrue Holiday (boys)Nneka Ogwumike (girls)
2009
Avery Bradley
Ryan Kelly (boys)Skylar Diggins (girls)
Dante Taylor (boys)China Crosby (girls)
2010
Josh Selby
Cory Joseph (boys)Maggie Lucas (girls)
Keith Appling (boys)Chelsea Gray (girls)
2011
Le'Bryan Nash
Kyle Wiltjer (boys)Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis (girls)
Michael Carter-Williams (boys)Ariya Crook-Williams (girls)
2012
Shabazz Muhammad
Rasheed Sulaimon (boys)Morgan Tuck (girls)
Tyler Lewis (boys)Jordan Jones (girls)
2013
Chris Walker
Nigel Williams-Goss (boys)Kaela Davis (girls)
Demetrius Jackson (boys)Jessica Washington (girls)
2014
Grayson Allen
James Blackmon Jr. (boys)Alexa Middleton (girls)
Tyus Jones (boys)Alexa Middleton (girls)
2015
Dwayne Bacon
Luke Kennard (boys)Asia Durr (girls)
Jalen Brunson (boys)Napheesa Collier (girls)
2016
Frank Jackson
Malik Monk (boys)Amber Ramirez (girls)
Jayson Tatum, Amber Ramirez, Candice Wiggins
2017
Collin Sexton
Trae Young (boys)Chasity Patterson (girls)
Quade Green, Anastasia Hayes, Jayne Appel
2018
Zion Williamson
Immanuel Quickley &Cam Reddish (boys)McKenzie Forbes (girls)
Romeo Langford, Christyn Williams, Candice Wiggins
2019
Francesca Belibi
Cole Anthony (boys)Samantha Brunelle (girls)
Tyrese Maxey, Samantha Brunelle, Diamond DeShields
2020
Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021
2022
Ashlyn Watkins
Keyonte George (boys)Ashlon Jackson (girls)
Mark Mitchell (boys)Indya Nivar (girls)
2023
Sean Stewart
Jared McCain (boys)
Kymora Johnson (girls)
Ja'Kobe Walter (boys)
Riley Nelson (girls)
2024
Note: The only female winners of the slam dunk contest are Candace Parker, Fran Belibi, and Ashlyn Watkins who respectively won in 2004, 2019, and 2022.
See also
All-American Bowl (high school football)
References
^ Bezjak, Lou (March 29, 2022). "Gamecock basketball signee Ashlyn Watkins wins McDonald's All-American dunk contest". Retrieved March 29, 2022.
^ "Prep Al-America revealed". The Herald Journal. March 20, 1977. p. 14. Retrieved April 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "McDonald's All American – About the annual McDonald's All American game, a showcase for the top high school players in the country". Basketball.about.com. 2012-03-28. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
^ Littmann, Chris (2010-03-25). "To Win an NCAA Title, You Almost Always Need Some Help from McDonald's – From Our Editors – SBNation.com". Sportingnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
^ Kussoy, Howie. "UConn defeats Kentucky to win NCAA Championship".
^ Cobb, David (March 28, 2023). "2023 Final Four: Breaking down UConn, Miami, San Diego State, FAU by recruiting rankings". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^ "McDonald's announces its 35 greatest". ESPN.com. 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2013-04-02.
^ "40 Greatest McDonald's All Americans" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
^ "The McDonald's All American Games' 45 Greatest Boys List Revealed" (PDF). March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
^ McDonald's All American Games All-time Stats and Award Winners.
^ "Presenting McDonald's All American High School Basketball Team for 1987". Ebony. April 1987. pp. 12–13.
^ Olsen, Dan (April 3, 2014). "Bonus Awards From McDonald's Game". ESPNW. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
^ Boykin, Nick (January 20, 2020). "DeMatha Catholic basketball coach Morgan Wootten placed in home hospice care, school says". WUSA9.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ RecruitingNation: Jabari Parker wins Wootten, ESPN, April 4, 2013.
^ Jordan, Jason (March 27, 2017). "Quade Green hits big shot to help team to Legends & Stars Shootout win". USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
^ "1985 McDonald's Slam Dunk Contest". Archived from the original on 2021-11-17 – via www.youtube.com.
External links
Official website
McDonald's Boys All American Teams at Basketball-Reference.com
vteMcDonald's All-American Boys Games1970s
1978
19791980s
1980
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19891990s
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20092010s
2010
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2012
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2014
2015
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vteMcDonald's All-American Girls Games2000s
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20192020s
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vteMcDonald's All-American Game – Boys' MVPs
1978: Woods
1979: Daye
1980: Cross
1981: Branch & Sherrod
1982: Winters
1983: Bennett
1984: Williams
1985: Lambiotte
1986: Reid
1987: Macon
1988: Mourning & Owens
1989: Hurley & O'Neal
1990: Bradley
1991: Webber & Brunson
1992: Harrington
1993: Vaughn & Stackhouse
1994: López
1995: Garnett
1996: Holloway
1997: Gregory
1998: R. Curry
1999: Bender
2000: Randolph
2001: E. Curry
2002: Redick
2003: James
2004: Howard & Smith
2005: McRoberts
2006: Budinger & Durant
2007: Beasley
2008: Evans
2009: Favors
2010: Barnes & Sullinger
2011: Gilchrist & McAdoo
2012: Muhammad
2013: Gordon
2014: Ju. Jackson & Okafor
2015: Diallo
2016: F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson
2017: Porter
2018: Little
2019: Anthony
2022: Whitehead
2023: Collier & Wagner
2024: Harper & Queen
vteMcDonald's All-American Game – Girls' MVPs
2002: Strother & Zolman
2003: Gearlds
2004: Hornbuckle
2005: Paris
2006: Appel
2007: Thomas
2008: Pope & Ruffin-Pratt
2009: Diggins-Smith
2010: Howard & Simmons
2011: E. Williams
2012: Prince
2013: Russell
2014: Turner
2015: Mabrey & Cooper
2016: Ionescu
2017: Boothe
2018: C. Williams
2019: Horston
2022: Jaquez & Rice
2023: Hidalgo & Watkins
2024: Strong & Edwards
vteMcDonald's Morgan Wootten National Player of the YearBoys
1997: Battier
1998: Curry
1999: Williams
2000: Duhon
2001: Miles
2002: Francis
2003: James
2004: Howard
2005: McRoberts
2006: Oden
2007: Love
2008: Monroe
2009: Favors
2010: Barnes
2011: Rivers
2012: Muhammad
2013: J. Parker
2014: Okafor
2015: Simmons
2016: Ball
2017: Carter
2018: Barrett
2019: Wiseman
2020: Mobley
2021: Holmgren
2022: Lively
2023: Collier
2024: Harper
Girls
2002: Wolff
2003: Latta
2004: C. Parker
2005: Waner
2006: Charles
2007: Moore
2008: Delle Donne
2009: Bone
2010: Ogwumike
2011: E. Williams
2012: Stewart
2013: Reimer
2014: Atkins
2015: Samuelson
2016: Dangerfield
2017: Westbrook
2018: C. Williams
2019: Jones
2020: Bueckers
2021: Fudd
2022: Rice
2023: M. Williams
2024: Edwards
vteBoys' high school basketball awards (United States)National players of the year
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Related
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Related
Attacks
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Taiwan McDonald's bombings (1992)
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McDelivery
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Statue of a Quarter Pounder
Taylor Company
Urban legends
"Boom, Like That"
The Founder (2016 film)
McMillions (2020 documentary series)
List of nicknames for McDonald's
vteCollege basketball on televisionCurrent broadcast partners
CBS
ESPN/ABC
Fox/FS1
NBC/USA
TNT Sports (TBS/TNT/truTV)
The CW
Secondary broadcast partners
Bally Sports
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West Coast Conference tournament
Women's Final Four
Other
ESPN Full Court
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Mega March Madness
NCAA Productions
"One Shining Moment"
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McDonalds_All-American_Game.gif"},{"link_name":"all-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"slam dunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam_dunk"},{"link_name":"three-point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_field_goal"},{"link_name":"Candace Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Fran Belibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Belibi"},{"link_name":"Ashlyn Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlyn_Watkins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"McDonald's Capital Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_Capital_Classic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"2002 Maryland Terrapins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Maryland_Terrapins_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2014 UConn Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UConn_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2021 Baylor Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020-21_Baylor_Bears_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2023 UConn Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_UConn_Huskies_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"Ronald McDonald House Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House_Charities"}],"text":"Logo for the gameThe McDonald's All American Game is the all-star basketball game played each year for American and Canadian boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates. Consisting of the top players, each team plays a single exhibition game after the conclusion of the high-school basketball season, in an East vs. West format. As part of the annual event, boys and girls compete in a slam dunk contest and a three-point shooting competition, and compete alongside All-American Game alumni in a timed team shootout. The last of these competitions replaced separate overall timed skills competitions for boys and girls. It is rare for girls to compete in the slam dunk contest. They have, however, won it three times—in 2004 by Candace Parker, in 2019 by Fran Belibi, and most recently in 2022 by Ashlyn Watkins.[1] The boys' game has been contested annually since 1978, and the girls game has been played each year since it was added in 2002.[clarification needed]The McDonald's All-American designation began in 1977 with the selection of the inaugural team. That year, the All-Americans played in the McDonald's Capital Classic all-star game against a group of high school stars from the Washington, D.C. area.[2][3] The following year, the McDonald's All American Game began with a boys contest between the East and West squads. In 2002, with the addition of a girls contest, the current girl-game / boy-game doubleheader format began.The McDonald's All-American Team is the best-known of the American high-school basketball All-American teams. Designation as a McDonald's All-American instantly brands a player as one of the top high-school players in the United States.[citation needed] Selected athletes often go on to compete in college basketball. All but four of the teams to win the NCAA men's championship since 1978 have had at least one McDonald's All-American on their rosters. The exceptions are the 2002 Maryland Terrapins,[4] the 2014 UConn Huskies,[5] the 2021 Baylor Bears, and the 2023 UConn Huskies. The 2023 Final Four was the first in which no McDonald's All-Americans participated.[6]The teams are sponsored by the fast-food chain McDonald's. Proceeds from the annual games go to local Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) and their Ronald McDonald House programs.","title":"McDonald's All-American Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On January 31, 2012, McDonald's All-American Games unveiled its list of 35 of the Greatest McDonald's All-Americans, released in celebration of the 35th Anniversary of the McDonald's All-American High School Boys Basketball Game.[7] In 2017, five players were added to the list in celebration of the 40th Anniversary.[8] Another five players were added in 2022 to celebrate the 45th Anniversary of the game.[9]The Greatest Boys McDonald's All-Americans list includes some of the top names in men's basketball history, and features past and present Olympics, NBA and NCAA stars. The players were selected by members of the McDonald's All-American Games Selection Committee. In determining the list, all past McDonald's All-Americans were considered based on their high school careers and performances in the McDonald's All-American Games, success at the collegiate and professional level, and post-career accomplishments. The full list of players includes:","title":"Greatest Boys McDonald's All-Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"},{"link_name":"John R. Wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Wooden"}],"text":"An MVP/MOP award is presented each year to the most outstanding boy and girl players. The award is officially called the John R. Wooden Most Valuable Player Award.","title":"Annual game results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note1a"}],"sub_title":"Boys","text":"[10]a Denotes All-Star Games in which joint winners were named","title":"Annual game results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shared_12-10"}],"sub_title":"Girls","text":"Notes^ a b c d e f g h i j k Denotes All-Star Games in which more than one MVP was named.","title":"Annual game results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Wootten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wootten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Prior to each game since 1997 (Boys)/2002 (Girls), a national player of the year has been chosen from the field of McDonald's All-Americans based on activity in the community, classroom and on the court. The award is named in honor of high school coach Morgan Wootten, one of the founders of the McDonald's game.[13]","title":"Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shane Battier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Battier"},{"link_name":"Ronald Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Curry"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bender"},{"link_name":"Chris Duhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Duhon"},{"link_name":"Aaron Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Miles_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Torin Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torin_Francis"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"Dwight Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Howard"},{"link_name":"Josh McRoberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_McRoberts"},{"link_name":"Greg Oden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Oden"},{"link_name":"Kevin Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Love"},{"link_name":"Greg Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Derrick Favors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Favors"},{"link_name":"Harrison Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Austin Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Shabazz Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabazz_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Jabari Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabari_Parker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jahlil Okafor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahlil_Okafor"},{"link_name":"Ben Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Lonzo Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonzo_Ball"},{"link_name":"Wendell Carter Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Carter_Jr."},{"link_name":"RJ Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ_Barrett"},{"link_name":"James Wiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wiseman"},{"link_name":"Evan Mobley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Mobley"},{"link_name":"Chet Holmgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Holmgren"},{"link_name":"Dereck Lively II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereck_Lively_II"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Collier"},{"link_name":"Dylan Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Harper"},{"link_name":"Nicole Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivory Latta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Latta"},{"link_name":"Candace Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Abby Waner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Waner"},{"link_name":"Tina Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Charles_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Maya Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Moore"},{"link_name":"Elena Delle Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Delle_Donne"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Bone"},{"link_name":"Chiney Ogwumike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiney_Ogwumike"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Breanna Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Taya Reimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taya_Reimer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ariel Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Katie Lou Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Lou_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Crystal Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Evina Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evina_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Christyn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christyn_Williams"},{"link_name":"Haley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haley_Jones"},{"link_name":"Paige Bueckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paige_Bueckers"},{"link_name":"Azzi Fudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzi_Fudd"},{"link_name":"Kiki Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Rice"},{"link_name":"Mikaylah Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaylah_Williams"},{"link_name":"Joyce Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Edwards"}],"sub_title":"Past winners","text":"Boys1997: Shane Battier\n1998: Ronald Curry\n1999: Jonathan Bender\n2000: Chris Duhon\n2001: Aaron Miles\n2002: Torin Francis\n2003: LeBron James\n2004: Dwight Howard\n2005: Josh McRoberts\n2006: Greg Oden\n2007: Kevin Love\n2008: Greg Monroe\n2009: Derrick Favors\n2010: Harrison Barnes\n2011: Austin Rivers\n2012: Shabazz Muhammad\n2013: Jabari Parker[14]\n2014: Jahlil Okafor\n2015: Ben Simmons\n2016: Lonzo Ball\n2017: Wendell Carter Jr.\n2018: RJ Barrett\n2019: James Wiseman\n2020: Evan Mobley\n2021: Chet Holmgren\n2022: Dereck Lively II\n2023: Isaiah Collier\n2024: Dylan HarperGirls2002: Nicole Wolff\n2003: Ivory Latta\n2004: Candace Parker\n2005: Abby Waner\n2006: Tina Charles\n2007: Maya Moore\n2008: Elena Delle Donne\n2009: Kelsey Bone\n2010: Chiney Ogwumike\n2011: Elizabeth Williams\n2012: Breanna Stewart\n2013: Taya Reimer\n2014: Ariel Atkins\n2015: Katie Lou Samuelson\n2016: Crystal Dangerfield\n2017: Evina Westbrook\n2018: Christyn Williams\n2019: Haley Jones\n2020: Paige Bueckers\n2021: Azzi Fudd\n2022: Kiki Rice\n2023: Mikaylah Williams\n2024: Joyce Edwards","title":"Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The slam dunk contest was first held as an unofficial event in 1985, and became an official part of the festivities in 1987.The three-point contest was first held for boys in 1989, with a girls' competition added alongside the inaugural girls' game in 2002.The skills contest was added for both boys and girls in 2002, with separate events held for both sexes through 2015.In 2016, the skills contest was discontinued and replaced with a \"Legends & Stars Shootout\", involving teams consisting of one boy, one girl, and one All-American Game alumnus of either sex. Within each individual entry of Legends & Stars Shootout winners, the teams are listed in the aforementioned order. The Shootout is a timed competition in which each team must make a layup, free throw, three-pointer, and halfcourt shot in that order.[15]Note: The only female winners of the slam dunk contest are Candace Parker, Fran Belibi, and Ashlyn Watkins who respectively won in 2004, 2019, and 2022.","title":"Sprite/Powerade Jam Fest Award Winners"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Logo for the game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/McDonalds_All-American_Game.gif"}]
|
[{"title":"All-American Bowl (high school football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American_Bowl_(high_school_football)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bezjak, Lou (March 29, 2022). \"Gamecock basketball signee Ashlyn Watkins wins McDonald's All-American dunk contest\". Retrieved March 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestate.com/sports/college/university-of-south-carolina/usc-womens-basketball/article259884170.html","url_text":"\"Gamecock basketball signee Ashlyn Watkins wins McDonald's All-American dunk contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prep Al-America revealed\". The Herald Journal. March 20, 1977. p. 14. Retrieved April 3, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122188192/mcdonalds-all-american-high-school-bask/","url_text":"\"Prep Al-America revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"McDonald's All American – About the annual McDonald's All American game, a showcase for the top high school players in the country\". Basketball.about.com. 2012-03-28. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116055423/http://basketball.about.com/od/recruiting/a/mcdaa.htm","url_text":"\"McDonald's All American – About the annual McDonald's All American game, a showcase for the top high school players in the country\""},{"url":"http://basketball.about.com/od/recruiting/a/mcdaa.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Littmann, Chris (2010-03-25). \"To Win an NCAA Title, You Almost Always Need Some Help from McDonald's – From Our Editors – SBNation.com\". Sportingnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/blog/the_sporting_blog/entry/view/60578/to_win_an_ncaa_title,_you_almost_always_need_some_help_from_mcdonalds","url_text":"\"To Win an NCAA Title, You Almost Always Need Some Help from McDonald's – From Our Editors – SBNation.com\""}]},{"reference":"Kussoy, Howie. \"UConn defeats Kentucky to win NCAA Championship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2014/04/07/uconn-defeats-kentucky-wins-ncaa-championship/","url_text":"\"UConn defeats Kentucky to win NCAA Championship\""}]},{"reference":"Cobb, David (March 28, 2023). \"2023 Final Four: Breaking down UConn, Miami, San Diego State, FAU by recruiting rankings\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/2023-final-four-breaking-down-uconn-miami-san-diego-state-fau-by-recruiting-rankings/","url_text":"\"2023 Final Four: Breaking down UConn, Miami, San Diego State, FAU by recruiting rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"McDonald's announces its 35 greatest\". ESPN.com. 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2013-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/high-school/boys-basketball/story/_/id/7521282/mcdonald-announces-35-greatest","url_text":"\"McDonald's announces its 35 greatest\""}]},{"reference":"\"40 Greatest McDonald's All Americans\" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcdonaldsallamerican.com/content/dam/aag/40%20Greatest%20List%20FINAL.PDF","url_text":"\"40 Greatest McDonald's All Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"The McDonald's All American Games' 45 Greatest Boys List Revealed\" (PDF). March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcdonaldsallamerican.com/content/dam/allamerican/Content/HomeContent/2022_McDAAG_Top45_National_PressRelease.pdf","url_text":"\"The McDonald's All American Games' 45 Greatest Boys List Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presenting McDonald's All American High School Basketball Team for 1987\". Ebony. April 1987. pp. 12–13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)","url_text":"Ebony"}]},{"reference":"Olsen, Dan (April 3, 2014). \"Bonus Awards From McDonald's Game\". ESPNW. Retrieved February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/10719300/hoopgurlz-brianna-turner-wins-mvp-2014-mcdonald-all-american-games-hand-some-additional-hardware-jordin-canada-shakyala-thomas-lynee-belton-bianca-cuevas-aja-wilson-chatrice-white","url_text":"\"Bonus Awards From McDonald's Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPNW"}]},{"reference":"Boykin, Nick (January 20, 2020). \"DeMatha Catholic basketball coach Morgan Wootten placed in home hospice care, school says\". WUSA9.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wusa9.com/article/sports/dematha-coach-morgan-wootten-placed-in-home-hospice-care/65-bbfbdd12-64cb-41f8-a02f-ddab7b329584","url_text":"\"DeMatha Catholic basketball coach Morgan Wootten placed in home hospice care, school says\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Jason (March 27, 2017). \"Quade Green hits big shot to help team to Legends & Stars Shootout win\". USA Today. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatodayhss.com/2017/quade-green-hits-big-shot-to-help-team-to-legends-stars-shootoot-win","url_text":"\"Quade Green hits big shot to help team to Legends & Stars Shootout win\""}]},{"reference":"\"1985 McDonald's Slam Dunk Contest\". Archived from the original on 2021-11-17 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSQhFcVO9jU","url_text":"\"1985 McDonald's Slam Dunk Contest\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/zSQhFcVO9jU","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_stream
|
Hercules stream
|
["1 References"]
|
Moving group of stars
The Hercules stream is a large moving group of stars that are trailing behind the local rate of galactic rotation and are heading further out in the disk relative to the galactic core. Members of this stream may sometimes be referred to as Hercules stars. This stream was first hypothesized to be the remnants of a cluster of
stars that has evaporated over time, becoming gravitationally unbound. Alternatively, the Hercules stream may have been created as a resonant effect of the galactic bar at the center of the Milky Way. This stream
of stars has a space velocity component V equal to about −40 km/s.
References
^ Famaey, B.; Siebert, A.; Jorissen, A. (2008). "On the age heterogeneity of the Pleiades, Hyades, and Sirius moving groups". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 483 (2): 453–459. arXiv:0712.1470. Bibcode:2008A&A...483..453F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078979.
^ Arifyanto, M. I.; Fuchs, B. (2006-04-02). "Fine structure in the phase space distribution of nearby subdwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 449 (2): 533–538. arXiv:astro-ph/0512296. Bibcode:2006A&A...449..533A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054355.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moving group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_group"},{"link_name":"stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_disk"},{"link_name":"galactic core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_bulge"},{"link_name":"cluster of\nstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster"},{"link_name":"gravitationally unbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy"},{"link_name":"galactic bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"space velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_velocity_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Hercules stream is a large moving group of stars that are trailing behind the local rate of galactic rotation and are heading further out in the disk relative to the galactic core. Members of this stream may sometimes be referred to as Hercules stars. This stream was first hypothesized to be the remnants of a cluster of\nstars that has evaporated over time, becoming gravitationally unbound. Alternatively, the Hercules stream may have been created as a resonant effect of the galactic bar at the center of the Milky Way.[1] This stream\nof stars has a space velocity component V equal to about −40 km/s.[2]","title":"Hercules stream"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Famaey, B.; Siebert, A.; Jorissen, A. (2008). \"On the age heterogeneity of the Pleiades, Hyades, and Sirius moving groups\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 483 (2): 453–459. arXiv:0712.1470. Bibcode:2008A&A...483..453F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1470","url_text":"0712.1470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...483..453F","url_text":"2008A&A...483..453F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078979","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078979"}]},{"reference":"Arifyanto, M. I.; Fuchs, B. (2006-04-02). \"Fine structure in the phase space distribution of nearby subdwarfs\". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 449 (2): 533–538. arXiv:astro-ph/0512296. Bibcode:2006A&A...449..533A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054355.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512296","url_text":"astro-ph/0512296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...449..533A","url_text":"2006A&A...449..533A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20054355","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20054355"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1470","external_links_name":"0712.1470"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...483..453F","external_links_name":"2008A&A...483..453F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078979","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078979"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512296","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0512296"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...449..533A","external_links_name":"2006A&A...449..533A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20054355","external_links_name":"10.1051/0004-6361:20054355"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ritchie
|
Harry Ritchie
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
Scottish writer and journalist
For the Scottish footballer, see Harry Ritchie (footballer).
Harry Ritchie (born 1958) is a Scottish writer and journalist. He is the author of six books, and numerous newspaper articles and book reviews.
Biography
Ritchie was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife. He attended Kirkcaldy High School and the University of Edinburgh, then studied for a D.Phil. at Lincoln College, Oxford. His doctoral thesis on the literary scene of the 1950s was published by Faber as the book Success Stories in 1988. His subsequent works are the comic travel books Here We Go and The Last Pink Bits, the novels Friday Night Club and The Third Party, and a book about English grammar, English for the Natives (John Murray).
Ritchie edited the anthology New Scottish Writing, and contributed an essay to Nick Hornby's anthology of football writing, My Favourite Year, about his lifelong passion for Raith Rovers, his hometown football club.
Ritchie lives in London with the journalist and broadcaster Tracey MacLeod.
References
^ Webster, Justin (21 June 1993). "The Independent". Mind-expanding packages for a misfit on the Costa. London. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022.
^ Berry, Leigh Ann (12 August 2001). "Book Review: The Last Pink Bits: Travels Through the Remnants of the British Empire (by Harry Ritchie)". history.net.
^ Falconer, Helen (21 June 2002). "The Guardian". Nice Guys Finish First.
^ Hagestadt, Emma (5 September 2006). "Review: The Third Party, by Harry Ritchie". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013.
^ Hodder & Stoughton. "English For The Natives".
^ Macdougall, Carl. "In Good Company". The Herald.
^ Blake, Robin (2 January 1994). "Two ends, one great goal". London: The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Ritchie (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ritchie_(footballer)"}],"text":"For the Scottish footballer, see Harry Ritchie (footballer).Harry Ritchie (born 1958) is a Scottish writer and journalist. He is the author of six books, and numerous newspaper articles and book reviews.","title":"Harry Ritchie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkcaldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Kirkcaldy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Lincoln College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nick Hornby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hornby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Raith Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raith_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Tracey MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_MacLeod"}],"text":"Ritchie was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife. He attended Kirkcaldy High School and the University of Edinburgh, then studied for a D.Phil. at Lincoln College, Oxford. His doctoral thesis on the literary scene of the 1950s was published by Faber as the book Success Stories in 1988. His subsequent works are the comic travel books Here We Go[1] and The Last Pink Bits,[2] the novels Friday Night Club[3] and The Third Party,[4] and a book about English grammar, English for the Natives (John Murray).[5]Ritchie edited the anthology New Scottish Writing,[6] and contributed an essay to Nick Hornby's anthology of football writing, My Favourite Year,[7] about his lifelong passion for Raith Rovers, his hometown football club.Ritchie lives in London with the journalist and broadcaster Tracey MacLeod.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_United_Trades_for_the_Protection_of_Labour
|
National Association of United Trades for the Protection of Labour
|
["1 References"]
|
UK trade union federation
For the general union established in 1830, see National Association for the Protection of Labour.
The National Association of United Trades for the Protection of Labour was an early trade union federation in the United Kingdom, established in 1845.
No attempt had been made to co-ordinate the activities of trade unions in various industries across the country since the failure of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834. The idea to found the organisation was first proposed by the Chartist newspaper the Northern Star, and was then taken up by the United Trades of Sheffield, who lobbied the Member of Parliament Thomas Duncombe. This encouraged the Central Association of London Trades to convene a preliminary meeting for trade unionists in the city, which called a national conference for Easter 1845, held at London's Parthenium. The conference founded the Association, appointing Duncombe as President and editor of the Northern Star Joshua Hobson to the Central Committee.
Unlike the Grand National, which had aimed to rationalise the number of unions and encourage the formation of general unions, the Association's primary aim was to allow the existing unions to more effectively lobby Parliament for industrial reforms.
At its second conference, in July 1845, the Association formed a companion organisation, the National Association of United Trades for the Employment of Labour. This promoted Robert Owen's concept of "union shops" - essentially producers' co-operatives. It also aimed to resettle workers on the land, an ambition which mirrored the contemporary Chartist Land Plan, but one which never came to fruition.
From August 1848 until the following summer, the Association issued a weekly journal, the Labour League. However, this was to prove the end of its period of high activity. In 1852, Duncombe stood down as President, and was replaced by G. A. Fleming, the new editor of the Northern Star. The Association continued to lobby Parliament, and finally saw some success with the passing of the Molestation of Workmen Act in 1859. It then focussed on proposing a Conciliation Bill. George Howell claimed that it was not dissolved until 1867, although George Odger claimed that its existence was "a perfect myth" by 1866, when the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades was founded.
References
^ Max Morris (1948). "Chartism and the British Working-Class Movement". Science & Society. 12 (4): 400–417. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ a b Henry Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism
^ a b c David Goodway, London Chartism 1838–1848
^ WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF MUTUALIST ORGANIZATION?
^ B. C. Roberts, The Trades Union Congress, 1868-1921
|
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|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur-Ali_Khalifa
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Nur-Ali Khalifa
|
["1 References","2 Sources"]
|
16th-century Safavid military officer
Nur-Ali KhalifaGovernor of ErzincanIn officec. 1511–1515MonarchIsmail IPreceded by?Succeeded byOttoman rule
Personal detailsOccupationMilitary leader, officialMilitary serviceAllegiance Safavid IranBattles/warsBattle of Chaldiran
Nur-Ali Khalifa, also known as Nur-Ali Khalifa Rumlu, was an early 16th-century Iranian military leader and official from the Turkoman Rumlu tribe. He served as the governor of Erzincan from c. 1511 to 1515 during the reign of Safavid Shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524).
Nur-Ali Khalifa was a pivotal figure in the early days of the Safavid realm. His large-scale campaign in Anatolia in 1512, with troops levied on the spot from Sufis belonging to the Safavid order and which coincided with the ascension of Selim I (r. 1512-1520) to the throne, was one of the casus belli that lead to the Battle of Chaldiran (1514). This Safavid force led by Nur-Ali Khalifa penetrated deep into Anatolia, captured and sacked the town of Tokat, had the khotbeh read there in Ismail I's name, and managed to defeat an Ottoman army led by Sinan Pasha that was sent after them.
During the decisive Chaldiran battle, Nur-Ali Khalifa and Mohammad Khan Ustajlu were Ismail I's (r. 1501-1524) commanders who had first-hand experience with the Ottoman ways of warfare. They both advised to attack at once, in order to prevent the Ottoman's from establishing their proper defensive positions, but were rudely rebuffed by Durmish Khan Shamlu. Durmish Khan considered it "cowardly to engage an unprepared enemy". Ismail I chose to endorse Durmish Khan Shamlu's suggestion for the attack and thus the Ottomans were allowed to prepare their defenses at their leisure; this would prove costly, contributing to the sound Safavid defeat at Chaldiran.
References
^ Floor 2008, p. 149.
^ a b c Savory & Karamustafa 1998, pp. 628–636.
^ Savory 2007, p. 40.
^ Savory 2007, p. 31.
^ a b c Savory 2007, p. 41.
^ a b c McCaffrey 1990, pp. 656–658.
Sources
McCaffrey, Michael J. (1990). "Čālderān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 656–658. ISBN 978-0-71009-129-1.
Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.
Savory, Roger; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). "EsmāʿĪl I Ṣafawī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 628–636. ISBN 978-1-56859-055-4.
Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.
Preceded by?
Governor of Erzincan c. 1511–1515
Succeeded byOttoman rule
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He served as the governor of Erzincan from c. 1511 to 1515 during the reign of Safavid Shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524).[1][2]Nur-Ali Khalifa was a pivotal figure in the early days of the Safavid realm. His large-scale campaign in Anatolia in 1512, with troops levied on the spot from Sufis belonging to the Safavid order and which coincided with the ascension of Selim I (r. 1512-1520) to the throne, was one of the casus belli that lead to the Battle of Chaldiran (1514).[3][2] This Safavid force led by Nur-Ali Khalifa penetrated deep into Anatolia, captured and sacked the town of Tokat, had the khotbeh read there in Ismail I's name, and managed to defeat an Ottoman army led by Sinan Pasha that was sent after them.[4][2]During the decisive Chaldiran battle, Nur-Ali Khalifa and Mohammad Khan Ustajlu were Ismail I's (r. 1501-1524) commanders who had first-hand experience with the Ottoman ways of warfare.[5] They both advised to attack at once, in order to prevent the Ottoman's from establishing their proper defensive positions, but were rudely rebuffed by Durmish Khan Shamlu.[6][5] Durmish Khan considered it \"cowardly to engage an unprepared enemy\".[6] Ismail I chose to endorse Durmish Khan Shamlu's suggestion for the attack and thus the Ottomans were allowed to prepare their defenses at their leisure; this would prove costly, contributing to the sound Safavid defeat at Chaldiran.[6][5]","title":"Nur-Ali Khalifa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Čālderān\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-71009-129-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-129-1"},{"link_name":"Floor, Willem M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Floor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1933823232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"},{"link_name":"Savory, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Savory"},{"link_name":"\"EsmāʿĪl I Ṣafawī\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-i-safawi"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56859-055-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-055-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521042512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521042512"}],"text":"McCaffrey, Michael J. (1990). \"Čālderān\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 656–658. ISBN 978-0-71009-129-1.\nFloor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.\nSavory, Roger; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). \"EsmāʿĪl I Ṣafawī\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 628–636. ISBN 978-1-56859-055-4.\nSavory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Streeter_Brooks
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Elbridge Streeter Brooks
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["1 Life and family","2 Career","3 Reception","4 Bibliography","4.1 Century Book series","4.2 Biography","4.3 History","4.4 Operetta","4.5 Memorial books","4.6 Other","5 Footnotes","6 General references","7 External links"]
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American writer
Elbridge Streeter BrooksBorn(1846-04-14)April 14, 1846Lowell, MassachusettsDiedJanuary 7, 1902(1902-01-07) (aged 55)Somerville, MassachusettsOccupationauthor, editor and criticNationalityAmericanPeriod1880 - 1902
Elbridge Streeter Brooks (April 14, 1846 – January 7, 1902) was an American author, editor, and critic. He is chiefly remembered as an author of numerous works of fiction and nonfiction for children, much of it on historical or patriotic subjects. His byline for most of his writing was Elbridge S. Brooks.
Life and family
Brooks was born on April 14, 1846, in Lowell, Massachusetts, the son of Universalist minister Elbridge Gerry Brooks and Martha Fowle (Monroe) Brooks. He was raised in Bath, Maine, Lynn, Massachusetts and New York City, where his father served in various churches. He was educated in the public schools of Lynn and New York and entered the Free Academy (later the College of the City of New York) in 1861, which he left during his junior year to seek work. Later, in 1887, he received an A.M. degree from Tufts College. As an adult he lived in Philadelphia and New York City until removing to Somerville, Massachusetts, his mother's home town, in 1887. He married, in 1870, Hannah-Melissa Debaun of New York. They had two daughters, Geraldine and Christine Brooks. Geraldine would also become an author, revising some of her father's works for new editions as well as writing her own works. Brooks died January 7, 1902, in Somerville and interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and daughters, though the younger, Christine, died the next year.
Career
Brooks took a job as a clerk with the publishing house of D. Appleton & Company in 1865, and continued working professionally for various publishers and magazines for the remainder of his life. He was employed by Ford & Company, Sheldon & Company and Henry Holt & Company in the early 1870s before joining E. Steiger & Company in 1876 as head of its English educational and subscription department. He went on to become a member of the staff of Publishers Weekly in 1879, literary editor and dramatic critic for the Brooklyn Daily Times from 1883–1885, associate editor of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1884–1887, and an editor for D. Lothrop & Company from 1887 through his death, aside from the period of 1892-1895, when the firm went through financial difficulties and reorganization. He edited the series The Story of the States for Lothrop. He was also editor of Wide Awake from 1891-1893.
Brooks started writing fiction, poetry and plays for children in 1879, his work appearing in St. Nicholas, Wide Awake, Harper's Young People, Golden Days, and The Independent. Much of this material was afterwards collected into book form, published by D. Lothrop and others. Brooks ultimately penned nearly seventy book-length works, mostly drawn from history, and American history in particular; a number of these, however, were revisions or expansions of earlier works issued under new titles. Some of his patriotic works were issued under the auspices of the Sons of the American Revolution and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Brooks also wrote some material for adult audiences, including one of his earliest books, a biography of his own father.
He was a member of the Authors' Club of New York.
Reception
Brooks' works were dismissed by some critics as "machine-made," but proved enduringly popular, some continuing to be reprinted many years after his death.
Bibliography
Century Book series
The Century Book for Young Americans; Showing How a Party of Boys and Girls Who Knew How to Use Their Eyes and Ears Found Out All About the Government of the United States (1894) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Century Book of Famous Americans; the Story of a Young People’s Pilgrimage to Historic Homes (1896) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Century Book of the American Revolution (1897) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Century Book of the American Colonies; the Story of the Pilgrimage of a Party of Young People to the Sites of the Earliest American Colonies (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)
Biography
The Life-Work of Elbridge Gerry Brooks, Minister in the Universalist Church (1881) (Internet Archive e-text)
Historic Boys; Their Endeavors, Their Achievements and Their Times (1885) (Google Books e-text)
Historic Girls; Stories of Girls Who Have Influenced the History of Their Times (1887) (Google Books e-text of 1911 edition) (Project Gutenberg Entry:)
Young People of History; Their Endeavors, Their Achievements and Their Times (1914; omnibus edition of Historic Boys and Historic Girls)
The True Story of Christopher Columbus, Called the Great Admiral (1892) (Project Gutenberg Entry:)
Great Men's Sons; Who They Were, What They Did, and How They Turned Out; a Glimpse at the Sons of the World's Mightiest Men from Socrates to Napoleon (1895) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Boy Life of Napoleon : Afterwards Emperor of the French (1895)
The Story of Miriam of Magdala, Sometimes Called the Magdalen (1895)
The True Story of George Washington; Called the Father of His Country (1895) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Inspiring History of George Washington, First President of the United States (1896)
The True Story of Abraham Lincoln, the American; Told for Boys and Girls (1896) (Internet Archive e-text)
The True Story of U. S. Grant, the American Soldier, Told for Boys and Girls (1897)
True stories of great Americans for young Americans : telling in simple language suited to boys and girls, the inspiring stories of the lives of George Washington, John Paul Jones, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, Robert E. Lee, George Peabody, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Jas. A. Garfield, Robert Fulton, Cyrus W. Field, Thos. A. Edison (1897) (Google Books e-text)
The True Story of Benjamin Franklin, the American Statesman (1898)
Historic Americans; Sketches of the Lives and Characters of Certain Famous Americans Held Most in Reverence by the Boys and Girls of America (1899)
The True Story of Lafayette, Called the Friend of America (1899)
The Heroic Life of Abraham Lincoln the Great Emancipator (1902)
The Heroic Life of General George Washington, First President of the United States (1902)
The Heroic Life of General U.S. Grant : General of the Armies of the United States (1902)
The Heroic Life of John Paul Jones, the First Captain of the United States Navy (1902)
History
Storied Holidays; a Cycle of Historic Red-Letter Days (1887)
The Story of the American Indian; His Origin, Development, Decline and Destiny (1887) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Story of New York (1888) (Google Books e-text)
The Story of the American Sailor in Active Service on Merchant Vessel and Man-of-War (1888) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Story of the American Soldier in War and Peace (1889) (Internet Archive e-text)
The Story of the United States, Told for Young People (1891)
The True Story of the United States of America; Told for Young People (1897)
The American Sailor; Being the Complete and Connected Story of the Development and Deeds of the American Sailor on Merchant Vessel and Man-of-War from the Discovery of America to 1900 (1899)
The American Soldier; Being the Story of the Fightingman of America, From the Conquistador to Rough Rider; From 1492 to 1900 (1899)
The Story of Our War with Spain (1899)
The Story of the Nineteenth Century of the Christian Era (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)
Operetta
David the Son of Jesse, or, The Peasant, the Princess, and the Prophet; a Sacred Operetta in Two Parts (with Ellsworth C. Phelps) (1883) (Google Books e-text)
A Dream of the Centuries, and Other Entertainments for Parlor and Hall (with others) (1889) (Internet Archive e-text)
The land of Nod, an Operetta for Young Folks (1928)
Memorial books
Longfellow Remembrance Book; a Memorial for the Poet’s Reader-Friends (1888)
Tennyson Remembrance Book; a Memorial for the Poet’s Reader Friends (1893)
Other
In No-Man’s Land; a Wonder Story (1885)
An aggressive Universalism : an address delivered before the New York Universalist Club, February 18, 1886 (1886)
Chivalric Days; and the Boys and Girls Who Helped to Make Them (1886)
In Leisler’s Times; an Historical Story of Knickerbocker New York (1886) (Google Books e-text)
A Son of Issachar; a Romance of the Days of Messias (1890)
Great Cities of the World (1890)
Golden years : stories and poems (1892)
Heroic Happenings Told in Verse and Story (1893)
A Boy of the First Empire (1895)
The Long Walls; an American Boy’s Adventures in Greece; a Story of Digging and Discovery, Temples and Treasure (with John Alden) (1896) (Google Books e-text)
Under the Tamaracks, or, A Summer with General Grant at the Thousand Islands (1896)
A Son of the Revolution; Being the Story of Young Tom Edwards, Adventurer, and How He Labored for Liberty and Fought it Out With His Conscience in the Days of Burr's Conspiracy (1898)
Children all; a book of stories and verses for little people (1898)
The Master of the Strong Hearts; a Story of Custer’s Last Rally (1898) (Internet Archive e-text of 1900 edition)
In Blue and White; the Adventures and Misadventures of Humphrey VanDyne, Trooper in Washington’s Life-Guard (1899) (Internet Archive e-text)
On Wood Cove Island; or a Summer with Longfellow on the New England Coast (1899)
Stories of the Old Bay State (1899) (Internet Archive e-text)
In defence of the flag; a boy’s adventures in Spain and the West Indies during the battle year of our war with Spain (1900)
The Godson of Lafayette; Being the Story of Young Joe Harvey, and How He Found the Way to Duty in the Days of Webster and Jackson and the Conspiracy of That American Adventurer Eleazer Williams Sometimes Called “The False Dauphin” (1900)
With Lawton and Roberts : a Boy’s Adventures in the Philippines and the Transvaal (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)
Under the Allied Flags a Boy’s Adventures in the International War against the Boxers and China (1901)
Footnotes
^ "The Life of ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS". Remember My Journey. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
^ "AUTHOR OF BOY STORIES DEAD," obituary in The Chicago Daily Tribune, January 8, 1902, page 4.
^ "BROOKS--March 28," obituary of Christine Brooks in The New York Times, April 5, 1903, page 17.
^ Bowerman, Sarah G. "Elbridge Streeter Brooks," article in Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
General references
"AUTHOR OF BOY STORIES DEAD," obituary in The Chicago Daily Tribune, January 8, 1902, page 4.
Bowerman, Sarah G. "Elbridge Streeter Brooks," article in Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
"BROOKS--March 28," obituary of Christine Brooks in The New York Times, April 5, 1903, page 17.
"ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS," obituary in The New York Times, January 8, 1902, page 7.
Johnson, Rossiter, ed. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans: Volume I. Boston: The Biographical Society, 1904.
Who's Who in America, a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States, 1901-1902. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company.
External links
Works by Elbridge Streeter Brooks at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Elbridge Streeter Brooks at Internet Archive
Works by Elbridge Streeter Brooks at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Australia
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing"},{"link_name":"critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic"}],"text":"Elbridge Streeter Brooks (April 14, 1846 – January 7, 1902) was an American author, editor, and critic. He is chiefly remembered as an author of numerous works of fiction and nonfiction for children, much of it on historical or patriotic subjects. His byline for most of his writing was Elbridge S. Brooks.","title":"Elbridge Streeter Brooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowell, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Somerville, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Brooks was born on April 14, 1846, in Lowell, Massachusetts, the son of Universalist minister Elbridge Gerry Brooks and Martha Fowle (Monroe) Brooks. He was raised in Bath, Maine, Lynn, Massachusetts and New York City, where his father served in various churches. He was educated in the public schools of Lynn and New York and entered the Free Academy (later the College of the City of New York) in 1861, which he left during his junior year to seek work. Later, in 1887, he received an A.M. degree from Tufts College. As an adult he lived in Philadelphia and New York City until removing to Somerville, Massachusetts, his mother's home town, in 1887. He married, in 1870, Hannah-Melissa Debaun of New York. They had two daughters, Geraldine and Christine Brooks. Geraldine would also become an author, revising some of her father's works for new editions as well as writing her own works. Brooks died January 7, 1902, in Somerville and interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery.[1] He was survived by his wife and daughters,[2] though the younger, Christine, died the next year.[3]","title":"Life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D. Appleton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheldon & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Holt & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company"},{"link_name":"E. Steiger & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Steiger_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Times-Union"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Magazine"},{"link_name":"D. Lothrop & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Lothrop_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Wide Awake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Awake_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Harper's Young People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Young_People"},{"link_name":"Golden Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Days_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Independent_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution"}],"text":"Brooks took a job as a clerk with the publishing house of D. Appleton & Company in 1865, and continued working professionally for various publishers and magazines for the remainder of his life. He was employed by Ford & Company, Sheldon & Company and Henry Holt & Company in the early 1870s before joining E. Steiger & Company in 1876 as head of its English educational and subscription department. He went on to become a member of the staff of Publishers Weekly in 1879, literary editor and dramatic critic for the Brooklyn Daily Times from 1883–1885, associate editor of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1884–1887, and an editor for D. Lothrop & Company from 1887 through his death, aside from the period of 1892-1895, when the firm went through financial difficulties and reorganization. He edited the series The Story of the States for Lothrop. He was also editor of Wide Awake from 1891-1893.Brooks started writing fiction, poetry and plays for children in 1879, his work appearing in St. Nicholas, Wide Awake, Harper's Young People, Golden Days, and The Independent. Much of this material was afterwards collected into book form, published by D. Lothrop and others. Brooks ultimately penned nearly seventy book-length works, mostly drawn from history, and American history in particular; a number of these, however, were revisions or expansions of earlier works issued under new titles. Some of his patriotic works were issued under the auspices of the Sons of the American Revolution and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Brooks also wrote some material for adult audiences, including one of his earliest books, a biography of his own father.He was a member of the Authors' Club of New York.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brooks' works were dismissed by some critics as \"machine-made,\" but proved enduringly popular, some continuing to be reprinted many years after his death.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centurybookfory00revogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centurybookfamo00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centurybookamer01broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centurybookamer00broogoog"}],"sub_title":"Century Book series","text":"The Century Book for Young Americans; Showing How a Party of Boys and Girls Who Knew How to Use Their Eyes and Ears Found Out All About the Government of the United States (1894) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Century Book of Famous Americans; the Story of a Young People’s Pilgrimage to Historic Homes (1896) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Century Book of the American Revolution (1897) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Century Book of the American Colonies; the Story of the Pilgrimage of a Party of Young People to the Sites of the Earliest American Colonies (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeworkelbridg00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2f0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP13"},{"link_name":"Google Books e-text of 1911 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QwoXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP13"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.org/etext/1574"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.org/etext/1488"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatmenssonswh00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/truestorygeorge00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/truestoryabraha01broogoog"},{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eLjQg_JFiboC&pg=PA9"}],"sub_title":"Biography","text":"The Life-Work of Elbridge Gerry Brooks, Minister in the Universalist Church (1881) (Internet Archive e-text)\nHistoric Boys; Their Endeavors, Their Achievements and Their Times (1885) (Google Books e-text)\nHistoric Girls; Stories of Girls Who Have Influenced the History of Their Times (1887) (Google Books e-text of 1911 edition) (Project Gutenberg Entry:[1])\nYoung People of History; Their Endeavors, Their Achievements and Their Times (1914; omnibus edition of Historic Boys and Historic Girls)\nThe True Story of Christopher Columbus, Called the Great Admiral (1892) (Project Gutenberg Entry:[2])\nGreat Men's Sons; Who They Were, What They Did, and How They Turned Out; a Glimpse at the Sons of the World's Mightiest Men from Socrates to Napoleon (1895) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Boy Life of Napoleon : Afterwards Emperor of the French (1895)\nThe Story of Miriam of Magdala, Sometimes Called the Magdalen (1895)\nThe True Story of George Washington; Called the Father of His Country (1895) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Inspiring History of George Washington, First President of the United States (1896)\nThe True Story of Abraham Lincoln, the American; Told for Boys and Girls (1896) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe True Story of U. S. Grant, the American Soldier, Told for Boys and Girls (1897)\nTrue stories of great Americans for young Americans : telling in simple language suited to boys and girls, the inspiring stories of the lives of George Washington, John Paul Jones, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, Robert E. Lee, George Peabody, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Jas. A. Garfield, Robert Fulton, Cyrus W. Field, Thos. A. Edison (1897) (Google Books e-text)\nThe True Story of Benjamin Franklin, the American Statesman (1898)\nHistoric Americans; Sketches of the Lives and Characters of Certain Famous Americans Held Most in Reverence by the Boys and Girls of America (1899)\nThe True Story of Lafayette, Called the Friend of America (1899)\nThe Heroic Life of Abraham Lincoln the Great Emancipator (1902)\nThe Heroic Life of General George Washington, First President of the United States (1902)\nThe Heroic Life of General U.S. Grant : General of the Armies of the United States (1902)\nThe Heroic Life of John Paul Jones, the First Captain of the United States Navy (1902)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storyamericanin00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BbUUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1889"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storyamericansa01broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storyamericanso00broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storynineteenth01broogoog"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Storied Holidays; a Cycle of Historic Red-Letter Days (1887)\nThe Story of the American Indian; His Origin, Development, Decline and Destiny (1887) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Story of New York (1888) (Google Books e-text)\nThe Story of the American Sailor in Active Service on Merchant Vessel and Man-of-War (1888) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Story of the American Soldier in War and Peace (1889) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe Story of the United States, Told for Young People (1891)\nThe True Story of the United States of America; Told for Young People (1897)\nThe American Sailor; Being the Complete and Connected Story of the Development and Deeds of the American Sailor on Merchant Vessel and Man-of-War from the Discovery of America to 1900 (1899)\nThe American Soldier; Being the Story of the Fightingman of America, From the Conquistador to Rough Rider; From 1492 to 1900 (1899)\nThe Story of Our War with Spain (1899)\nThe Story of the Nineteenth Century of the Christian Era (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tQ0QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA38"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/adreamcenturies00johngoog"}],"sub_title":"Operetta","text":"David the Son of Jesse, or, The Peasant, the Princess, and the Prophet; a Sacred Operetta in Two Parts (with Ellsworth C. Phelps) (1883) (Google Books e-text)\nA Dream of the Centuries, and Other Entertainments for Parlor and Hall (with others) (1889) (Internet Archive e-text)\nThe land of Nod, an Operetta for Young Folks (1928)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Memorial books","text":"Longfellow Remembrance Book; a Memorial for the Poet’s Reader-Friends (1888)\nTennyson Remembrance Book; a Memorial for the Poet’s Reader Friends (1893)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tggZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9"},{"link_name":"Google Books e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hPEYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text of 1900 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/masterstronghea02broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/inblueandwhitea00merrgoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storiesoldbayst03broogoog"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive e-text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/withlawtonandro00broogoog"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"In No-Man’s Land; a Wonder Story (1885)\nAn aggressive Universalism : an address delivered before the New York Universalist Club, February 18, 1886 (1886)\nChivalric Days; and the Boys and Girls Who Helped to Make Them (1886)\nIn Leisler’s Times; an Historical Story of Knickerbocker New York (1886) (Google Books e-text)\nA Son of Issachar; a Romance of the Days of Messias (1890)\nGreat Cities of the World (1890)\nGolden years : stories and poems (1892)\nHeroic Happenings Told in Verse and Story (1893)\nA Boy of the First Empire (1895)\nThe Long Walls; an American Boy’s Adventures in Greece; a Story of Digging and Discovery, Temples and Treasure (with John Alden) (1896) (Google Books e-text)\nUnder the Tamaracks, or, A Summer with General Grant at the Thousand Islands (1896)\nA Son of the Revolution; Being the Story of Young Tom Edwards, Adventurer, and How He Labored for Liberty and Fought it Out With His Conscience in the Days of Burr's Conspiracy (1898)\nChildren all; a book of stories and verses for little people (1898)\nThe Master of the Strong Hearts; a Story of Custer’s Last Rally (1898) (Internet Archive e-text of 1900 edition)\nIn Blue and White; the Adventures and Misadventures of Humphrey VanDyne, Trooper in Washington’s Life-Guard (1899) (Internet Archive e-text)\nOn Wood Cove Island; or a Summer with Longfellow on the New England Coast (1899)\nStories of the Old Bay State (1899) (Internet Archive e-text)\nIn defence of the flag; a boy’s adventures in Spain and the West Indies during the battle year of our war with Spain (1900)\nThe Godson of Lafayette; Being the Story of Young Joe Harvey, and How He Found the Way to Duty in the Days of Webster and Jackson and the Conspiracy of That American Adventurer Eleazer Williams Sometimes Called “The False Dauphin” (1900)\nWith Lawton and Roberts : a Boy’s Adventures in the Philippines and the Transvaal (1900) (Internet Archive e-text)\nUnder the Allied Flags a Boy’s Adventures in the International War against the Boxers and China (1901)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Life of ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.remembermyjourney.com/Memorial/14705753"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ \"The Life of ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS\". Remember My Journey. Retrieved 6 February 2019.\n\n^ \"AUTHOR OF BOY STORIES DEAD,\" obituary in The Chicago Daily Tribune, January 8, 1902, page 4.\n\n^ \"BROOKS--March 28,\" obituary of Christine Brooks in The New York Times, April 5, 1903, page 17.\n\n^ Bowerman, Sarah G. \"Elbridge Streeter Brooks,\" article in Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"AUTHOR OF BOY STORIES DEAD,\" obituary in The Chicago Daily Tribune, January 8, 1902, page 4.\nBowerman, Sarah G. \"Elbridge Streeter Brooks,\" article in Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.\n\"BROOKS--March 28,\" obituary of Christine Brooks in The New York Times, April 5, 1903, page 17.\n\"ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS,\" obituary in The New York Times, January 8, 1902, page 7.\nJohnson, Rossiter, ed. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans: Volume I. Boston: The Biographical Society, 1904.\nWho's Who in America, a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States, 1901-1902. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company.","title":"General references"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Henry_Wheeler_House
|
Dr. Henry Wheeler House
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 47°55′13″N 97°01′34″W / 47.92026°N 97.02598°W / 47.92026; -97.02598Historic house in North Dakota, United States
United States historic placeDr. Henry Wheeler HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of North DakotaShow map of the United StatesLocation420 Franklin St., Grand Forks, North DakotaCoordinates47°55′13″N 97°01′34″W / 47.92026°N 97.02598°W / 47.92026; -97.02598Arealess than 1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1884-1885ArchitectWheeler, GeorgeArchitectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.86000166Added to NRHPJanuary 16, 1986
The Dr. Henry Wheeler House is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It was built in 1884 or 1885. It was probably designed by George Wheeler, a New York architect, younger brother of Henry. It includes Italianate architecture. The property includes just one contributing building, the house. Also included is one non-contributing building, a more modern garage. The listing is for an area of less than 1 acre (0.40 ha). The listing is described in its NRHP nomination document.
It's a red brick building that stands out in its neighborhood near the Red River of the North.
References
^ a b c d "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ a b c d Ann Rathke (October 11, 1985). "NRHP Inventory-Nomination: The Dr. Henry Wheeler House". National Park Service. and
‘‘Accompanying seven photos, exterior, from c. 1890 and from 1985’‘
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Grand Forks County, North DakotaDistricts
Downtown Grand Forks Historic District
Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District
Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District
University of North Dakota Historic District
Buildings
Administration Building for the City of Grand Forks at the Grand Forks Airport
Avalon Theater
Building at 201 S. 3rd St.
Building at 312 Kittson Ave.
Carlott Funseth Round Barn
Dakota Block
Dinnie Apartments
Dr. Henry Wheeler House
Edgar Building
Finks and Gokey Block
First National Bank
George B. Clifford House
Grand Forks City Hall
Grand Forks County Courthouse
Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures
Grand Forks Herald
Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898
Grand Forks Mercantile Co.
Grand Forks Woolen Mills
Great Northern Freight Warehouse and Depot
Hariman Sanatorium
Harriet and Thomas Beare House
Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2
House at 1648 Riverside Drive
Iddings Block
J. Nelson Kelly House
Joseph Bell DeRemer House
Larimore City Hall
Lyons Garage
Martin V. Linwell House
Masonic Temple
Metropolitan Opera House
North Dakota Mill and Elevator
Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House
Odd Fellows Block
Oxford House
R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks
Roller Office Supply
Skarsbo Apartments
Speed Printing
St. John's Block Commercial Exchange
St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence
Stratford Building
Telephone Co. Building
The Kegs Drive-In
Thomas D. Campbell House
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
Wells–Denbrook Architects Office Building
Wright Block
Places of worship
B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery
St. Michael's Church
United Lutheran Church
Schools
Ben Franklin Elementary School
Lewis and Clark Elementary School
South Junior High School
St. Michael's Parochial School
Valley Junior High School
Viking Elementary School
Washington School
West Elementary School
Wilder Elementary School
Object
WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery
Structures
Midway Bridge
Ost Valle Bridge
Sorlie Memorial Bridge
Former listings
BPOE Lodge: Golden Block
Building at 205 DeMers Ave.
Building at 317 S. 3rd St.
Clifford Annex
Dinnie Block
Electric Construction Co. Building
Flatiron Building
New Hampshire Apartments
Northwood Bridge
Red River Valley Brick Co.
Viets Hotel
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Forks County, North Dakota and List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
This article about a property in North Dakota on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Ann Rathke (October 11, 1985). \"NRHP Inventory-Nomination: The Dr. Henry Wheeler House\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86000166_text","url_text":"\"NRHP Inventory-Nomination: The Dr. Henry Wheeler House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Street_Circuit
|
Lippo Village International Formula Circuit
|
["1 Lap records","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 6°13′44.6″S 106°36′31.1″E / 6.229056°S 106.608639°E / -6.229056; 106.608639Defunct street circuit in Lippo Village Tangerang, Indonesia
Lippo Village International Formula CircuitLocationTangerang, Banten Province, IndonesiaTime zoneUTC+07:00Coordinates6°13′44.6″S 106°36′31.1″E / 6.229056°S 106.608639°E / -6.229056; 106.608639Broke ground2008Opened8 February 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02-08)Closed2011Construction cost$ 150 millionSurfaceAsphaltLength3.200 km (2 miles)Turns12Race lap record1:53:338 (Sunny TS, Honda Jazz, 2009)
The Lippo Village International Formula Circuit is a defunct street circuit in Lippo Village Tangerang, Indonesia. The track was confirmed to host a round of the 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season, set for the weekend of February 8, 2009.
On August 29, 2008, further details regarding the track were announced. Designed by Hermann Tilke, the track would be made by modifying parts of the village near the Pelita Harapan University and includes the Supermal. It is located at the centre of Lippo Village's hub. Tilke attempted to keep disruption minimal to the village during the races with ensuring that track's maximum speed to be more than 308 km/h with the average speed of 176 km/h. Part of the university's planned extension buildings would be utilized to double the pit lane capacity during the A1GP races. The track would be showcasing Lippo Village and the surrounding businesses.
However, the event was cancelled because the local promoter and organisers, who are responsible to the project of track construction, have failed to meet the requisite completion deadlines and the track is not yet able to homologate by the FIA before 6–8 February 2009. The track was used for some local racing events during the early-2010s, but has since fallen out of use and defunct as of 2012. The pits and the track sign remained until 2016, and most portions of the track currently accommodates the parking lot for Pelita Harapan University.
As of 2016, the track's layout remained intact, but most of the track's features had been removed, including the pit lane border and starting lights; the pit lane itself is now demolished and other parts of the track has undergone several modifications to accommodate an additional parking area for MaxxBox Mall, another shopping mall across Supermal Karawaci. There are now large trees covering the empty area surrounding one portion of the track, including the one near a mosque. The paddock building has been renovated and currently utilized as an extension of the university, which houses additional classrooms and a computer laboratory.
The defunct track is now superseded by BSD City Grand Prix, a street circuit built on Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang.
Lap records
Category
Time
Driver
Team
Vehicle
Event
Grand Prix Circuit (2009-2011): 3.200 km
GT Lippo Village
1:53.388
Sunny TS
Honda Jakarta Center Petronas Racing Team
Honda Jazz
Lippo Village GT Championship 2009
References
^ "Streets ahead in Indonesia". a1gp.com. 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ "Lippo Village tickets on sale now". a1gp.com. 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
^ "Indonesia circuit revealed". a1gp.com. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
^ "Lippo circuit fails build deadline". a1gp.com. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
^ Apriliananda, Donny (25 May 2017). "Seru, Balap di Sirkuit Jalan Raya Indonesia Hadir Lagi (Street circuit racing returns to Indonesia)". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 December 2020.
External links
A1GP Lippo Village, Indonesia
This article about an Indonesian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Streets ahead in Indonesia\". a1gp.com. 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.a1gp.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?newsId=39830","url_text":"\"Streets ahead in Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lippo Village tickets on sale now\". a1gp.com. 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.a1gp.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?newsId=42683","url_text":"\"Lippo Village tickets on sale now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesia circuit revealed\". a1gp.com. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2008-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.a1gp.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?newsId=42378","url_text":"\"Indonesia circuit revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lippo circuit fails build deadline\". a1gp.com. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.a1gp.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?newsId=30511","url_text":"\"Lippo circuit fails build deadline\""}]},{"reference":"Apriliananda, Donny (25 May 2017). \"Seru, Balap di Sirkuit Jalan Raya Indonesia Hadir Lagi (Street circuit racing returns to Indonesia)\". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2017/05/25/092200315/seru.balap.di.sirkuit.jalan.raya.indonesia.hadir.lagi.","url_text":"\"Seru, Balap di Sirkuit Jalan Raya Indonesia Hadir Lagi (Street circuit racing returns to Indonesia)\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagochilus
|
Lagochilus
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of flowering plants
Lagochilus
Lagochilus platyacanthus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Subfamily:
Lamioideae
Genus:
LagochilusBunge ex Benth.
Synonyms
Yermoloffia Bél.
Chlainanthus Briq.
Lagochilopsis Knorring
Lagochilus is a genus of the mint family that contains Turkistan mint (Lagochilus inebrians).
The genus is native to central, south-central, and eastern Asia (Iran, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, etc.).
Species
Lagochilus acutilobus (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus alutaceus Bunge - Iran
Lagochilus androssowii Knorring - Kazakhstan
Lagochilus aucheri Boiss. - Iran
Lagochilus balchanicus Czerniak. - Turkmenistan
Lagochilus botschantzevii Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus bungei Benth. - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
Lagochilus cabulicus Benth. - Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, western Himalayas of northern India, Turkmenistan
Lagochilus cuneatus Benth. - Afghanistan, Pakistan
Lagochilus diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang
Lagochilus drobovii Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Kyrgyzstan
Lagochilus grandiflorus C.Y.Wu & S.J.Hsuan - Xinjiang
Lagochilus gypsaceus Vved. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Lagochilus hindukushi Kamelin & Gubanov - Afghanistan
Lagochilus hirsutissimus Vved - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus hirtus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang
Lagochilus hispidus (Bél.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Iran
Lagochilus ilicifolius Bunge ex Benth. - Tuva Republic in Russia, Mongolia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi
Lagochilus inebrians Bunge - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Lagochilus kaschgaricus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang
Lagochilus knorringianus Pavlov - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus kschtutensis Knorring - Tajikistan
Lagochilus lanatonodus C.Y.Wu & S.J.Hsuan - Xinjiang
Lagochilus leiacanthus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Xinjiang, Kazakhstan
Lagochilus longidentatus Knorring - Kazakhstan
Lagochilus macracanthus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Iran
Lagochilus nevskii Knorring - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus occultiflorus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
Lagochilus olgae Kamelin - Uzbekistan
Lagochilus paulsenii Briq. - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus platyacanthus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, Tajikistan
Lagochilus platycalyx Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus proskorjakovii Ikramov - Uzbekistan
Lagochilus pubescens Vved. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus pulcher Knorring - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
Lagochilus pungens Schrenk - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
Lagochilus quadridentatus Jamzad - Iran
Lagochilus schugnanicus Knorring - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan
Lagochilus seravschanicus Knorring - Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus setulosus Vved. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus subhispidus Knorring - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Lagochilus taukumensis Tzukerv. - Kazakhstan
Lagochilus turkestanicus Knorring - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Lagochilus vvedenskyi Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Uzbekistan
Lagochilus xianjiangensis G.J.Liu - Xinjiang
References
^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Golden Guide, Books Online
^ Sage Wisdom
^ Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 166 兔唇花属 tu chun hua shu Lagochilus Bunge ex Bentham, Labiat. Gen. Spec. 640. 1834.
Taxon identifiersLagochilus
Wikidata: Q2656953
Wikispecies: Lagochilus
CoL: 8VYPQ
FoC: 117497
GBIF: 3233671
GRIN: 6474
iNaturalist: 492068
IPNI: 20948-1
IRMNG: 1270138
NCBI: 694359
Open Tree of Life: 960119
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20948-1
Tropicos: 40001240
WFO: wfo-4000020447
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"Turkistan mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_mint"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus inebrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagochilus_inebrians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-y-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-y-1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus acutilobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_acutilobus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus alutaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_alutaceus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus androssowii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_androssowii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus aucheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_aucheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus balchanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_balchanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus botschantzevii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_botschantzevii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus bungei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_bungei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus cabulicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_cabulicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus cuneatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_cuneatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus diacanthophyllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_diacanthophyllus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus drobovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_drobovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus grandiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_grandiflorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus gypsaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_gypsaceus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus hindukushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_hindukushi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus hirsutissimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_hirsutissimus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus hirtus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_hirtus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus hispidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_hispidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus ilicifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_ilicifolius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus inebrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagochilus_inebrians"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus kaschgaricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_kaschgaricus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus knorringianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_knorringianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus kschtutensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_kschtutensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus lanatonodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_lanatonodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus leiacanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_leiacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus longidentatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_longidentatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus macracanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_macracanthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus nevskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_nevskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus occultiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_occultiflorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus olgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_olgae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus paulsenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_paulsenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus platyacanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_platyacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus platycalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_platycalyx&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus proskorjakovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_proskorjakovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_pubescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_pulcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus pungens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_pungens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus quadridentatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_quadridentatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus schugnanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_schugnanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus seravschanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_seravschanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus setulosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_setulosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus subhispidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_subhispidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus taukumensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_taukumensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus turkestanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_turkestanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus vvedenskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_vvedenskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagochilus xianjiangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagochilus_xianjiangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lagochilus is a genus of the mint family that contains Turkistan mint (Lagochilus inebrians).[2][3]The genus is native to central, south-central, and eastern Asia (Iran, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, etc.).[1][4]Species[1]Lagochilus acutilobus (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus alutaceus Bunge - Iran\nLagochilus androssowii Knorring - Kazakhstan\nLagochilus aucheri Boiss. - Iran\nLagochilus balchanicus Czerniak. - Turkmenistan\nLagochilus botschantzevii Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus bungei Benth. - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia\nLagochilus cabulicus Benth. - Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, western Himalayas of northern India, Turkmenistan\nLagochilus cuneatus Benth. - Afghanistan, Pakistan\nLagochilus diacanthophyllus (Pall.) Benth. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang\nLagochilus drobovii Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Kyrgyzstan\nLagochilus grandiflorus C.Y.Wu & S.J.Hsuan - Xinjiang\nLagochilus gypsaceus Vved. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan\nLagochilus hindukushi Kamelin & Gubanov - Afghanistan\nLagochilus hirsutissimus Vved - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus hirtus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang\nLagochilus hispidus (Bél.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Iran\nLagochilus ilicifolius Bunge ex Benth. - Tuva Republic in Russia, Mongolia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi\nLagochilus inebrians Bunge - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan\nLagochilus kaschgaricus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang\nLagochilus knorringianus Pavlov - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus kschtutensis Knorring - Tajikistan\nLagochilus lanatonodus C.Y.Wu & S.J.Hsuan - Xinjiang\nLagochilus leiacanthus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Xinjiang, Kazakhstan\nLagochilus longidentatus Knorring - Kazakhstan\nLagochilus macracanthus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. - Iran\nLagochilus nevskii Knorring - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus occultiflorus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan\nLagochilus olgae Kamelin - Uzbekistan\nLagochilus paulsenii Briq. - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus platyacanthus Rupr. - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, Tajikistan\nLagochilus platycalyx Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus proskorjakovii Ikramov - Uzbekistan\nLagochilus pubescens Vved. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus pulcher Knorring - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan\nLagochilus pungens Schrenk - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia\nLagochilus quadridentatus Jamzad - Iran\nLagochilus schugnanicus Knorring - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan\nLagochilus seravschanicus Knorring - Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus setulosus Vved. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus subhispidus Knorring - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan\nLagochilus taukumensis Tzukerv. - Kazakhstan\nLagochilus turkestanicus Knorring - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan\nLagochilus vvedenskyi Kamelin & Tzukerv. - Uzbekistan\nLagochilus xianjiangensis G.J.Liu - Xinjiang","title":"Lagochilus"}]
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[{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=107231","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/golden_guide/golden_guide.pdf","external_links_name":"Golden Guide, Books Online"},{"Link":"http://www.sagewisdom.org/lagochilus.html","external_links_name":"Sage Wisdom"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=117497","external_links_name":"Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 166 兔唇花属 tu chun hua shu Lagochilus Bunge ex Bentham, Labiat. Gen. Spec. 640. 1834."},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VYPQ","external_links_name":"8VYPQ"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=117497","external_links_name":"117497"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3233671","external_links_name":"3233671"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=6474","external_links_name":"6474"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/492068","external_links_name":"492068"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/20948-1","external_links_name":"20948-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1270138","external_links_name":"1270138"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=694359","external_links_name":"694359"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=960119","external_links_name":"960119"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A20948-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20948-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40001240","external_links_name":"40001240"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000020447","external_links_name":"wfo-4000020447"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simrothula
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Simrothula
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["1 Species","2 References"]
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Genus of gastropods
Simrothula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneuraclade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Systellommatophora
Superfamily:
Veronicelloidea
Family:
Veronicellidae
Genus:
SimrothulaThomé, 1975
Simrothula is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.
Species
Species within the genus Simrothula include:
Simrothula paraensis
References
^ (in Portuguese) Thomé J. W. (1975) "Os gêneros da família Veronicellidae nas Américas (Mollusca; Gastropoda)". Iheringia, Porto Alegre, Série Zoologia (48):3-56.page 13.
Taxon identifiersSimrothula
Wikidata: Q7521208
CoL: 7PGS8
GBIF: 4574734
IRMNG: 1154523
Open Tree of Life: 2883254
WoRMS: 456517
This Veronicellidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"pulmonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonate"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"Veronicellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronicellidae"}],"text":"Simrothula is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.","title":"Simrothula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simrothula paraensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simrothula_paraensis"}],"text":"Species within the genus Simrothula include:Simrothula paraensis","title":"Species"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/iheringia4650197577fund#page/n195/mode/2up","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/iheringia4650197577fund#page/n205/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 13"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PGS8","external_links_name":"7PGS8"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4574734","external_links_name":"4574734"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1154523","external_links_name":"1154523"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2883254","external_links_name":"2883254"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456517","external_links_name":"456517"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simrothula&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force
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Uruguayan Air Force
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["1 History","1.1 Antecedents","1.2 Aeronáutica Militar","1.3 Creation of the Uruguayan Air Force","1.4 Combat Air Patrols during the Revolución Libertadora","1.5 Jet Age","1.6 The Air Force and the Uruguayan Dictatorship","2 Present state of the Air Force","3 Aerodromes and air bases","4 Organization","4.1 List of inspector generals and commanders-in-chief","5 Aircraft","5.1 Current inventory","6 Rank structure","6.1 Commissioned officer ranks","6.2 Other ranks","7 Accidents and incidents","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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Air warfare branch of Uruguay's military
Uruguayan Air ForceFuerza Aérea UruguayaBadge of the Uruguayan Air ForceFounded4 December 1953(70 years, 6 months)(as independent service)
17 March 1913(111 years, 2 months)(as Escuela Militar de Aviación)
Country UruguayTypeAir ForceRoleAerial WarfareSize2,850 servicemen60 aircraftPart ofUruguayan Armed ForcesHeadquartersCap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air BaseMotto(s)La aviación, vanguardia de la Patria"Aviation, vanguard of the Homeland"MarchUruguayan Air Force MarchAnniversaries17 March (Air Force Day)10 August (Day of the Martyrs of Military Aviation)EngagementsFailed Revolution of 1935 (As Aeronáutica Militar) Revolución Libertadora (F-51Ds Combat Air Patrols against Uruguayan airspace violations by Argentina) Taking of Pando (Anti guerrilla-warfare against Tupamaros) 1973 Uruguayan coup d'étatWebsitewww.fau.mil.uy CommandersSupreme Commander President of UruguayCommander-in-Chief of the Air Force Air Force General Luis H. De LeónCommander of Air Command Operations Brigadier General José M. MedinaCommander of Air Command Staff Brigadier General Juan José Méndez QuintanaChief of General Staff Brigadier General Fernando ColinaCommander of Air Logistics Command Brigadier General Gaetano BattaglieseNational Director of Civil Aviation and Aviation Brigadier General Leonardo BlenginiInsigniaFlagRoundelFin FlashAircraft flownAttackA-37BHelicopterAS365, Bell 212, UH-1HPatrolC-212ReconnaissanceC-212, U-206HTrainerSF-260EU, PC-7U, L-13TransportC-95, C-120ER, C-212, C-310L, KC-130H, A65, UB-55, UB-58, PA-18TankerKC-130HMilitary unit
The Uruguayan Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya, abbreviated FAU) is the air service branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay. Originally created as part of the National Army of Uruguay, the Air Force was established as a separate branch on December 4, 1953. It is the youngest and also the smallest branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay. In 1977 it was determined that the mission of the Air Force is to conduct strategic and tactical aerospace operations on behalf of the national defense, exercising the sovereignty of the Uruguayan airspace and defending the independence, integrity, constitution and laws of the country. The Air Force must also conduct search and rescue missions and plan, propose, execute and supervise the necessary measures for the development of the aerospace potential, while providing any necessary and possible logistical support during the natural disasters that the country may suffer. Since 1985 this has been always carried out under the command of the President of Uruguay, and according to the Minister of National Defense.
History
Antecedents
Military aviation in Uruguay was born on 17 March 1913 when the Military Aviation School (Escuela Militar de Aviación) was formed. Like other Latin American countries, flight instruction was initially performed by a European instructor pilot. In Uruguay, this was made by the French instructor Marcel Paillette, who trained ten National Army officers who had been chosen to be the first Uruguayan military pilots. Among them were Captain Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza and Lieutenant Cesáreo L. Berisso. Berisso was one of the first graduates from that school, and on 22 June 1913, he carried out the first solo flight by a Uruguayan, flying from Los Cerrillos to Malvín in 1 hour 45 minutes. He then became the first director of the military aviation flight school and continued his military career until reaching the rank of General. He died on July 28, 1971, and became the namesake of Gen. Cesáreo L. Berisso Air Base in Carrasco, the headquarters of Air Brigade I. Boiso Lanza, however, was the first fatality of the Uruguayan military aviation. He died in a plane crash on 10 August 1918, when he was training in France, and later became the namesake of Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base, where the General Command of the Uruguayan Air Force is located in Montevideo. In his honor, August 10 was also made the military aviation martyrs day.
Along with two other young Army officers, Adhemar Saenz Lacueva and Esteban Cristi, the school that was formed was the only military aviation facility in Uruguay until 1935, and used several European aircraft types in fairly large numbers before American aircraft became the most predominant ones. During the twenties, and among them, were sixteen Avro 504K, thirteen Breguet 14, five Castaibert 913-IV and twenty-eight Nieuport 27. These pioneering years saw many air routes opened and an overall increase in the awareness of the aviation with military potential.
Aeronáutica Militar
In 1935 the Military Aeronautics (Aeronáutica Militar) was established and transformed the military aviation of Uruguay into a more professional weapon of the National Army. New units and airbases were created, and also new and more modern aircraft types were introduced into service. Among the aircraft used during this period were de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth and IMAM Ro.37.
At the beginning of 1935, the Uruguayan Army suppressed an armed movement against Gabriel Terra government by members of different political factions. Military operations such as the Battle of Paso de Morlan and the bombardment of revolutionary positions with Tiger Moth aircraft meant the first combat use of military aviation in Uruguay. Then, during 1942 Curtiss SNC-1 Falcon and North American T-6 Texan training aircraft began their service in Uruguay, as did the Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan and Douglas C-47 Skytrain in 1947. Between 1949 and 1950 a total number of 39 aircraft were acquired, including 25 North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang, 11 North American B-25J-25-NC Mitchell and 3 Douglas C-47A Skytrain. With the help of the United States via the Military Assistance Program (MAP), these aircraft allowed the military aviation of Uruguay to grow not only in size but in training.
Creation of the Uruguayan Air Force
The figure of the Prócer de Uruguay, José Gervasio Artigas on a stamp of the Uruguayan Air Force.
On December 4, 1950, with Law No. 12070, the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) was created as a separate branch of the Armed Forces. All the elements of infrastructure, material, aircraft, personnel and items belonging to the Military Aeronautics were transferred to the new Air Force, as it was established in the first article of the law. The second article of this law established the creation of the General Inspection of the Air Force (Inspección General de la Fuerza Aérea), which under the immediate authority of the Ministry of National Defense, became the direct command of the Military Air Force.
Combat Air Patrols during the Revolución Libertadora
On June 16, 1955, the Argentine Navy, supported by members of the Army and the Argentine Air Force rebelled against the Government of Juan Perón, in what is known as the Revolución Libertadora. Therefore, the Uruguayan Military Air Force had to change its operational routine according to orders issued by the Executive branch, in order to maintain air surveillance in the event of any violation of Uruguayan sovereignty by Argentine forces. That same day, F-51Ds and B-25Js were fully armed, and around 16:00 local time a first order was given for two F-51s to scramble to Colonia, and a B-25 to the north coast. On September 17, 1955, a section of two F-51 crewed by 1st Lt. Walter Samarello and Lt. 2nd Miguel Lagrotta, who were on a reconnaissance mission, sighted two Argentine warships. These ships appeared in a visual aid that had been delivered to all the pilots of the Aviation Group No. 2, which contained the profiles of the ships of the Argentine fleet. When sighted, the ships fired several bursts of anti-aircraft fire, and Lieutenant Samarello decided to shelter the section among the clouds. The Argentine crew, upon noticing the error and realizing that they were firing at Uruguayan planes, communicated over radio to an Air Force station in Cerrito de la Victoria, Montevideo, a request to not be flown over to avoid confusion, specially after one of these rebel ships had already been attacked by Argentine Air Force pilots loyal to Perón.
Jet Age
In 1956 the Military Air Force was, for the first time, referred to as the Uruguayan Air Force, and thus it could be considered that from this point forward this name began being used. One of the first milestones of the Uruguayan Air Force was also in 1956, when as a result of the Army and later Air Force capability of sustaining a high level of flight training with its F-51D aircraft, flying over 4,000 hours in one year and through the help of the Military Assistance Program, the Aviation Group No. 2 (Fighters) (Grupo de Aviación N.° 2 (Caza)) received its first jet aircraft, four Lockheed T-33A-5-LO that arrived at the Carrasco International Airport on October 23, 1956, beginning the jet age in Uruguay. The flight training that the United States Air Force (USAF) pilots gave in these new jet aircraft was fundamental for the Air Force, and not only veteran but new pilots of the Aviation Group No. 2 were able to transition from flying piston aircraft to jet aircraft on its own, ruling that the Air Force was ready to receive its first single seat jet fighters, Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star. These aircraft arrived in 1958 and replaced the North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang in their mission.
In 1959, at the initiative of Brigadier Conrado A. Saez, General Inspector of the Air Force at the time, the Uruguayan Military Air Transport (Transporte Aéreo Militar Uruguayo) was founded to complement the flag carrier First Uruguayan Air Navigation Lines (Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegación Aérea) and provide passenger and cargo services to different cities in the interior of the country and also abroad. TAMU began operating Douglas C-47 Skytrain and would later use Fokker F27 Friendship, Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D, Embraer C-95 Bandeirante and CASA C-212 Aviocar of the Uruguayan Air Force. The service of the C-95 in Uruguay marked the first Embraer export in its entire history, when a total number of five of these brand new aircraft were purchased in 1975.
The Air Force and the Uruguayan Dictatorship
Main article: 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
Since the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, the Air Force was involved in the fight against the guerrilla activity that was present in the country, focusing against the MLN-T (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional – Tupamaros or Tupamaros – National Liberation Movement), that later triggered a participation in the country's politics.
On February 8, 1973, President Juan María Bordaberry tried to assert his authority over the Armed Forces by returning them to their normal duties and appointing a retired Army general, Antonio Francese, as the new Minister of National Defense. Initially, the Navy of Uruguay supported the appointment but the National Army and Uruguayan Air Force commanders rejected it outright. On February 9 and 10, the Army and Air Force issued public proclamations and demanded his dismissal and changes in the country's political and economic system. Bordaberry then gave up to the pressure, and on February 12, at the Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base, Headquarters of the General Command of the Air Force, the National Security Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nacional) was created. The Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force was one of its permanent members, and the Armed Forces of Uruguay from now on were effectively in control of the country, with Bordaberry just participating in a self-coup.
During this period of time, the Uruguayan Air Force took control of the country's airdromes, some aircraft that were seized from the subversion, appointed some of its general officers to led the flag carrier PLUNA and modernized its combat fleet with Cessna A-37B-CE Dragonfly and FMA IA-58A Pucará attack aircraft in 1976 and 1981. The cargo fleet was also renewed, with the purchase of five Embraer C-95 Bandeirante in 1975 and five CASA C-212 Aviocar in 1981. One brand new Gates Learjet 35A was also purchased in 1981, which was one of the only two military transport jet aircraft, being the last one a C-29 that was introduced in 2018, and sold in 2020.
In 1981 two brand new Bell 212 helicopters were also purchased.
The Uruguayan Air Force achieved another milestone, with the first landing of a Uruguayan aircraft in Antarctica, on January 28, 1984, with an Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D.
Since the end of the military government, the Air Force has returned to its normal tasks, and always acting under the command of the President and in agreement with the Minister of National Defense, without having entered the country's politics again, whose participation, in addition, has been forbidden in almost all activities for the Armed Forces.
Between 1992 and 1999 a total number of 36 aircraft were acquired, including the first four-engined and biggest aircraft in Uruguayan Air Force history, three Lockheed C-130B Hercules to carry out long-range strategic missions and six Pilatus PC-7U Turbo Trainers for advanced training in 1992, replacing the aging fleet of Beechcraft T-34 Mentors that were in service since 1977. Two Beechcraft Baron 58 and ten Cessna U-206H Stationair were purchased in 1998, with Uruguay becoming the first operator of the H variant of the Cessna 206, using them for transport, training and surveillance. Two Eurocopter AS365N2 Dauphin for search and rescue and VIP transport missions were also purchased during 1998, followed by 13 Aermacchi T-260EU in 1999, a new basic trainer for the Military School of Aeronautics (Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica) in Pando, Canelones. On April 27, 1994, through Decree No. 177/994 of the Executive Power, a new structure was approved, and the Tactical Regiments and Aviation Groups disappeared to become Air Squadrons, leading to the actual organization of the Air Force.
Present state of the Air Force
While the long-range strategic cargo fleet of Lockheed C-130B Hercules was replaced with two Lockheed KC-130H Hercules, that also became the first aerial refueling capable aircraft of the Uruguayan Air Force in 2020, from the 1990s onwards, various attempts have been made to renew the combat aircraft to no avail, with the T-33A being withdrawn from service in 1996 and the Air Squadron No. 2 (Fighters) suffering two fatal accidents on January 31, 2004 and August 12, 2016, with A-37B aircraft. The obsolescence of the aircraft with which the unit is currently equipped has left the Uruguayan Air Force out of step with the technological advances that aerial warfare was acquiring through the experiences of conflicts during the late 20th century and during the 21st century, which, however, has not prevented the squadron and the Air Force itself from successfully participating in joint exercises between various Air Forces in the region, such as CRUZEX in Brazil or SALITRE in Chile.
In May 2013 eighteen refurbished Sukhoi Su-30 MkI were offered by the Russian Federation and Sukhoi in remarkably favorable conditions that included credit facilities and an agreement branch for maintenance. These conditions were also offered for the Yak-130 Mitten. By December 2013 Uruguayan personnel had test flown this plane in Russia. According to Scramble a number of A-37B Dragonfly were purchased from the Ecuadorian Air Force in January 2014. Also, the Uruguayan and Swiss governments discussed a possible agreement for the purchase of ten Swiss Air Force Northrop F-5 plus engines, spare parts and training, but no actual progress was made.
The Uruguayan Air Force also used to show interest on the IA-58D Pucará Delta modernization program offered by Fábrica Argentina de Aviones, but more recently, among some of the possible aircraft that the Air Force was considering, there are the Hongdu JL-10 or the Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master, but despite how necessary its renewal is, no purchases has been made.
Aerodromes and air bases
I Air Brigade, Canelones.SUDU - Tte. 2nd Mario W. Parallada, Santa Bernardina, Durazno
SUMU - Air Brigade I, Carrasco International Airport "Gral. Cesáreo L. Berisso"
SUBL - Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza
SUGA - General Air Base Artigas
SUCL - La Calera
SUCR - La Carolina
SULP - La Paloma
Organization
Today the FAU comprises about 3000 personnel organized into three brigades and various support groups.
Air Brigade I was founded as Nº1 Aeronautics on 1 April 1936. It originally consisted of eight Potez XXV biplanes. Today, the brigade includes the Central Office for Assistance and the Carrasco Central Coordinator for Rescue. It also includes
Nº3 Squadron (Transport) and
Nº5 Squadron (Helicopters). A Uruguayan tactical air controller, keeps watch over a USAF OA-37 during a training exercise
Air Brigade II includes
Nº1 Squadron (Attack),
Nº2 Squadron (Fighters),
the Advanced Flight Squadron, and
the Liaison Squadron.
Air Brigade III includes
Nº7 Squadron (Observation & Liaison).
The Uruguayan Air Force also includes Service divisions for Logistics, Communications and Computer Science, Information, Infrastructure, Maintenance, Meteorology, Health, Remote Aerospace Sensors, and Transport. The FAU is involved in search and rescue, disaster assistance, and transportation to remote locations within the country.
The Uruguayan Air Force currently has five bases. Air Brigade I is based at Gen. Cesáreo L. Berisso Air Base at Carrasco International Airport (SUMU) near Carrasco; Air Brigade II is based at 2nd Lt. Mario W. Parrallada Air Base at Santa Bernardina International Airport (SUDU) in Durazno; Air Brigade III, the high command, and the Command School (Escuela de Comando y Estado Mayor Aéreo) are based at Capitán Boiso Lanza Air Base (SUBL) in Montevideo; Air Squadron 7 is based at Ángel S. Adami Airport (SUAA), also in Montevideo; and the EMA is based at Gen. Artigas Air Base (SUAG) in Pando.
The Aeronautics Technical School (Escuela Técnica de Aeronáutica) is located in Toledo Sur in the Department of Canelones.
List of inspector generals and commanders-in-chief
Inspectors Generals
No.
Inspector General of the Uruguayan Air Force
Took office
Left office
1
Medardo Farías
1953
1955
2
Hernán Barú
1955
1957
3
Gualberto Trelles
1957
1959
4
Conrado Sáez
1959
1966
5
Remo Laporta
1966
1967
6
Danilo Sena
1967
1969
Commanders-in-Chief
No.
Commander-in-Chief of the Uruguayan Air Force
Took office
Left office
1
Danilo Sena
1970
1970
2
José Pérez Caldas
1970
1974
3
Dante Paladini
1974
1978
4
Rául Bendahan
1978
1981
5
José D. Cardozo
1981
1982
6
Manuel E. Buadas
1982
1985
7
Fernando Arbe
1985
1990
8
Julio Loureiro
1990
1990
9
Carlos P. Pache
1990
1994
10
Raúl Sampedro
1994
1995
11
Miguel A. Suñol
1995
1999
12
José Pedro Malaquín
1999
2004
13
Enrique Bonelli
2004
2009
14
José R. Bonilla
2009
2010
15
Washington Martínez
2010
2015
16
Alberto Zanelli
2015
2019
17
Hugo Marenco
2019
2020
18
Luis Heber de León
2020
Present
Aircraft
See also: List of military aircraft of Uruguay
Current inventory
An Uruguayan A-37 in flight
A Bell 212 flies over head
Uruguayan Air Force Cessna U-206H Stationair
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes
Combat Aircraft
Cessna A-37
United States
attack
7
Transport
KC-130 Hercules
United States
transport
KC-130H
2
formerly operated by Spain
CASA C-212
Spain
transport
200 / 300
5
four provide maritime Patrol
Beechcraft Baron
United States
utility
55 / 58
1 / 2
Cessna 206
United States
light transport
U-206H
6
Embraer EMB 120
Brazil
utility / VIP
1
Presidential aircraft
Embraer EMB 110
Brazil
utility / transport
2
one provide reconnaissance
Helicopters
Bell 212
United States
utility
4
Bell UH-1
United States
utility
UH-1H
3
Eurocopter AS365
France
SAR / utility
2
also used for presidential transport
Trainer Aircraft
Pilatus PC-7
Switzerland
trainer
5
SIAI-Marchetti SF.260
Italy
trainer
10
Rank structure
See also: Ranks of the Armed Forces of Uruguay
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Rank group
General / flag officers
Senior officers
Junior officers
Officer cadet
Uruguayan Air Forcevte
General del Aire
Brigadier general
Coronel
Teniente coronel
Mayor
Capitán
Teniente primero
Teniente segundo
Alférez
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
Rank group
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
Enlisted
Uruguayan Air Forcevte
No insignia
Suboficial mayor/Supervisor Aerotécnica
Sargento de primera/Instructor Aerotécnico
Sargento/Aerotécnico Principal
Cabo de primera/Aerotécnico de Primera
Cabo de segunda/Aerotécnico de Segunda
Soldado de primera/Aerotécnico de Tercera
Aprendiz
Accidents and incidents
FAU 571 (FH-227), the aircraft involved in Flight 571
The following is a list of air accidents involving the Uruguayan Air Force.
On October 13, 1972, the Flight 571 of TAMU an FH-227D, registered as FAU 571, which was carrying a group of rugby players Uruguayans Old Christians, made up of alumni of the school Stella Maris, from Uruguay to Chile, it crashed in the Andes Mountains due to Controlled flight into terrain, ultimately resulting in the deaths of 29 of the 45 people on the plane, including all 5 crew members, leaving only 16 survivors. The survivors were finally rescued on December 23, 1972, after 72 days in the Andes.
On October 9, 2009, one C-212 Aviocar, registered as A-146 (FAU 531) (which was part of the UN MINUSTAH mission) crashed while he was conducting a reconnaissance mission in the south of Haiti, after the air traffic controllers at the base lost all contact with the aircraft, when it was flying over the town of Ganthier. The remains of the Aviocar were located from the air, by another aircraft that was sent after the search and rescue systems were alerted. 11 soldiers died in this accident, six Uruguayans and five Jordanians.
On August 12, 2016, a Cessna A-37B with registration "FAU 273" was conducting a training mission when it crashed to the ground from 2,700m, both pilots were killed on the spot. the causes of the accident are still unknown.
On August 16, 2016, a UH-1H "Iroquois" helicopter of the Uruguayan Air Force crashed at the Carrasco airport during a training of self- rotation maneuvers where its two crew members subsequently died. The cause of the accident is under investigation.
On March 25, 2021, a Uruguayan Air Force helicopter carrying approximately 300 doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine suffered a mechanical failure and crashed on the eastern state of Rocha. The 3-member crew was taken to a local hospital with non-serious injuries, however all 300 doses of the Pfizer vaccine were destroyed in the crash.
See also
Armed Forces of Uruguay
History of Uruguay
National Navy of Uruguay, which includes a Naval Aviation contingent
Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571
References
Notes
^ "Ley N° 12070". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
^ "Decreto Ley N° 14747". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
^ Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya, (2008). Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
^ "Decreto Ley N° 14747". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
^ "Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica". www.ema.edu.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "Presidente Lacalle Pou encabezó acto por el Día de los Mártires de la Aviación Militar". Uruguay Presidencia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 – 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.
^ "Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / De Havilland DH82 Tiger Moth". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 – 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 565–568. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 - 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 633. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.
^ Grasso, Rolando. El F-51D Mustang. Un Pura Sangre en el Uruguay (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 46. ISBN 978-9974-96-529-4.
^ "Historias / FAU 252: el avión que no muere". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "Ley N° 12070". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Ley N° 12070 Fuerza Aérea Militar (Ley 12070). 1953.
^ "Ley N° 12070". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "The F-51D in the Uruguayan Air Force" (PDF) (in Spanish).
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 — 2004) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 65. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 70. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.
^ "Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Esquemas del T-33 en la FAU". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003). p. 93. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.
^ Rodríguez, Tabaré Ifrán (2010). "Los Lockheed F-80C de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya". Revista española de historia militar (126–127): 194–203. ISSN 1575-9059.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 — 2004) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 252–254. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.
^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-75-DL (DC-3) CX-BJH/T-511 Artigas Airport (ATI)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "Bandeirante: Embraer's first aircraft". www.key.aero. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Veiga, Lucas (2021-02-15). "El Día - Boiso Lanza y la "Historia Innombrable"". El Día (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Lessa, Alfonso (1996). Estado de Guerra - de la gestación del golpe del 73 a la caída de Bordaberry. Editorial Fin de Siglo. ISBN 9974-49-072-3.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003) (in Spanish). p. 346.
^ "Historia antártica de Uruguay". Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "Fuerza Aérea inició la renovación de su equipamiento, con la llegada del primero de los dos Hércules comprados a España". Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ airpressman (2021-04-05). "Turbos & pistón: El Texan II visita Uruguay". Airpressman (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "20 años de Servicio del U-206H "Stationair"". Uruguayan Air Force (in Spanish). 2018.
^ "Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Aermacchi SF-260EU". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "Decreto N° 177/994". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ a b Dubois, Gastón (2020-12-20). "Uruguay Received 2 Lockheed KC-130H Formerly Operated by Spain". aviacionline. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
^ Grupo 180. "Justicia indaga responsabilidad de Defensa en accidente aéreo de 2004". www.180.com.uy (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "INFORME FINAL DEL ACCIDENTE DEL CESSNA A-37". archivo.presidencia.gub.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ Observador, El. "Pilotos mueren en accidente aéreo". El Observador. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "100% Effectiveness Against Targets Assigned in Exercise "CRUZEX 2018" (Uruguayan Air Force Website)" (in Spanish).
^ "Preview Salitre 2014". Gaceta Aeronautica (in Spanish). 2014-10-01. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ "La Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya evalúa el jet de entrenamiento YAK-130 en Rusia" (in Spanish). December 12, 2013. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
^ "F-5 suizos a Uruguay" (in Spanish). August 21, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
^ "Argentina y Uruguay estudiaron la modernización de los aviones IA-58 Pucará" (in Spanish). July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014./
^ Damas, Diego Obiol (2016-11-15). "Uruguay más cerca del L-15". Avion Revue Internacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
^ AM, Radio Montecarlo CX20-930. "Uruguay estudia ofertas para la compra de nuevos aviones militares". Radio Montecarlo CX20-930 AM (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Aeroflight, (2008). Archived 2008-12-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
^ Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya, (2008). Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
^ a b "INSPECTORES GENERALES Y COMANDANTES EN JEFE DESDE LA CREACIÓN DE LA FUERZA AÉREA URUGUAYA". 2007-06-06. Archived from the original on 2007-06-06. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Montevideo, Uruguay. p. 860. ISBN 978-9974-7971-8-5.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "World Air Forces 2023". Flightglobal Insight. 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
^ Sanchez, Wilder Alejandro (2021-01-29). "Uruguay puts KC-130H to use". Shephard Media. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
^ For Baron 55, see "Beechcraft UB-55 "Baron"". fau.mil.uy. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020. For Baron 58, see "Beechcraft UB-58 "Baron"". fau.mil.uy. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ "Cessna U-206 H "Stationair"". fau.mil.uy. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ "Airbus AS-365 "Dauphin"". fau.mil.uy. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ a b Hudson, Rex A.; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1992). "Chapter 5. National Security". Uruguay: A Country Study (PDF) (2nd ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-8444-0737-2. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "Ley N° 19775 Modificacion de la Ley Organica de Las Fuerzas Armadas" (in Spanish). 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ ""Falla humana" provocó accidente aéreo en Haití en octubre de 2009". LaRed21 (in Spanish). 4 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Cayo aeronave de la FAU en Durzano: Fallecieron sus dos tripulantes". Elacontecer.com.uy (in Spanish). 12 August 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Un helicóptero de la Fuerza Aérea se cayó en el Aeropuerto de Carrasco: murieron los dos pilotos". Telemundo (in Spanish). 16 August 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ APA.az (2021-03-25). "Uruguayan Air Force carriying Covid 19 Pfizer vaccines crashed". apa.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
Bibliography
"Shoestring Top Cover...The Uruguayan Air Force". Air International, Vol. 39 No. 2, August 1990. pp. 65–73.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air force of Uruguay.
Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya - Official website (in Spanish)
Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya - Aeronaves actuales (accessed 2014-11-22) (in Spanish)
Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya - Aeronaves históricas (accessed 2014-11-22) (in Spanish)
"Memories from the Age of Flight" (in Spanish)
The Fuerza Aerea Uruguaya in Microsoft Flight Simulator FS2004 (in Spanish)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"service branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_branch"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"National Army of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Army_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"President of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Minister of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Military unitThe Uruguayan Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya, abbreviated FAU) is the air service branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay. Originally created as part of the National Army of Uruguay, the Air Force was established as a separate branch on December 4, 1953.[1] It is the youngest and also the smallest branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay. In 1977 it was determined that the mission of the Air Force is to conduct strategic and tactical aerospace operations on behalf of the national defense, exercising the sovereignty of the Uruguayan airspace and defending the independence, integrity, constitution and laws of the country. The Air Force must also conduct search and rescue missions and plan, propose, execute and supervise the necessary measures for the development of the aerospace potential, while providing any necessary and possible logistical support during the natural disasters that the country may suffer.[2] Since 1985 this has been always carried out under the command of the President of Uruguay, and according to the Minister of National Defense.[3][4]","title":"Uruguayan Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Escuela Militar de Aviación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escuela_Militar_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_(Uruguay)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"Marcel Paillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Paillette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Army_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Captain Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_Boiso_Lanza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Cesáreo L. Berisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_L._Berisso"},{"link_name":"Los Cerrillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Cerrillos_(Uruguay)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malvín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malv%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gen. Cesáreo L. Berisso Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen._Ces%C3%A1reo_L._Berisso_Air_Base&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrasco,_Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Air Brigade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Brigade_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap._Juan_Manuel_Boiso_Lanza_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"General Command of the Uruguayan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Command_of_the_Uruguayan_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adhemar Saenz Lacueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adhemar_Saenz_Lacueva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esteban Cristi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esteban_Cristi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avro 504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_504"},{"link_name":"Breguet 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_14"},{"link_name":"Castaibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castaibert_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_27"}],"sub_title":"Antecedents","text":"Military aviation in Uruguay was born on 17 March 1913 when the Military Aviation School (Escuela Militar de Aviación) was formed. Like other Latin American countries, flight instruction was initially performed by a European instructor pilot. In Uruguay, this was made by the French instructor Marcel Paillette, who trained ten National Army officers who had been chosen to be the first Uruguayan military pilots. Among them were Captain Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza and Lieutenant Cesáreo L. Berisso. Berisso was one of the first graduates from that school, and on 22 June 1913, he carried out the first solo flight by a Uruguayan, flying from Los Cerrillos to Malvín in 1 hour 45 minutes.[5] He then became the first director of the military aviation flight school and continued his military career until reaching the rank of General. He died on July 28, 1971, and became the namesake of Gen. Cesáreo L. Berisso Air Base in Carrasco, the headquarters of Air Brigade I. Boiso Lanza, however, was the first fatality of the Uruguayan military aviation. He died in a plane crash on 10 August 1918, when he was training in France, and later became the namesake of Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base, where the General Command of the Uruguayan Air Force is located in Montevideo. In his honor, August 10 was also made the military aviation martyrs day.[6]Along with two other young Army officers, Adhemar Saenz Lacueva and Esteban Cristi, the school that was formed was the only military aviation facility in Uruguay until 1935, and used several European aircraft types in fairly large numbers before American aircraft became the most predominant ones. During the twenties, and among them, were sixteen Avro 504K, thirteen Breguet 14, five Castaibert 913-IV and twenty-eight Nieuport 27. These pioneering years saw many air routes opened and an overall increase in the awareness of the aviation with military potential.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth"},{"link_name":"IMAM Ro.37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAM_Ro.37"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Terra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paso de Morlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Paso_de_Morlan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Curtiss SNC-1 Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_CW-22"},{"link_name":"North American T-6 Texan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"North American B-25J-25-NC Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47A Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Aeronáutica Militar","text":"In 1935 the Military Aeronautics (Aeronáutica Militar) was established and transformed the military aviation of Uruguay into a more professional weapon of the National Army.[7] New units and airbases were created, and also new and more modern aircraft types were introduced into service. Among the aircraft used during this period were de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth and IMAM Ro.37.At the beginning of 1935, the Uruguayan Army suppressed an armed movement against Gabriel Terra government by members of different political factions. Military operations such as the Battle of Paso de Morlan and the bombardment of revolutionary positions with Tiger Moth aircraft meant the first combat use of military aviation in Uruguay.[8] Then, during 1942 Curtiss SNC-1 Falcon and North American T-6 Texan training aircraft began their service in Uruguay, as did the Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan and Douglas C-47 Skytrain in 1947.[9] Between 1949 and 1950 a total number of 39 aircraft were acquired, including 25 North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang, 11 North American B-25J-25-NC Mitchell and 3 Douglas C-47A Skytrain. With the help of the United States via the Military Assistance Program (MAP), these aircraft allowed the military aviation of Uruguay to grow not only in size but in training.[10][11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_Uruguaya.png"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"General Inspection of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Inspection_of_the_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Creation of the Uruguayan Air Force","text":"The figure of the Prócer de Uruguay, José Gervasio Artigas on a stamp of the Uruguayan Air Force.On December 4, 1950, with Law No. 12070, the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) was created as a separate branch of the Armed Forces.[13] All the elements of infrastructure, material, aircraft, personnel and items belonging to the Military Aeronautics were transferred to the new Air Force, as it was established in the first article of the law.[14] The second article of this law established the creation of the General Inspection of the Air Force (Inspección General de la Fuerza Aérea), which under the immediate authority of the Ministry of National Defense, became the direct command of the Military Air Force.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Perón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Revolución Libertadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora"},{"link_name":"Colonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Cerrito de la Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrito,_Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Combat Air Patrols during the Revolución Libertadora","text":"On June 16, 1955, the Argentine Navy, supported by members of the Army and the Argentine Air Force rebelled against the Government of Juan Perón, in what is known as the Revolución Libertadora. Therefore, the Uruguayan Military Air Force had to change its operational routine according to orders issued by the Executive branch, in order to maintain air surveillance in the event of any violation of Uruguayan sovereignty by Argentine forces. That same day, F-51Ds and B-25Js were fully armed, and around 16:00 local time a first order was given for two F-51s to scramble to Colonia, and a B-25 to the north coast. On September 17, 1955, a section of two F-51 crewed by 1st Lt. Walter Samarello and Lt. 2nd Miguel Lagrotta, who were on a reconnaissance mission, sighted two Argentine warships. These ships appeared in a visual aid that had been delivered to all the pilots of the Aviation Group No. 2, which contained the profiles of the ships of the Argentine fleet. When sighted, the ships fired several bursts of anti-aircraft fire, and Lieutenant Samarello decided to shelter the section among the clouds. The Argentine crew, upon noticing the error and realizing that they were firing at Uruguayan planes, communicated over radio to an Air Force station in Cerrito de la Victoria, Montevideo, a request to not be flown over to avoid confusion, specially after one of these rebel ships had already been attacked by Argentine Air Force pilots loyal to Perón.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act"},{"link_name":"Lockheed T-33A-5-LO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33"},{"link_name":"Carrasco International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"jet age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Brigadier Conrado A. Saez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrado_A._Saez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"First Uruguayan Air Navigation Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLUNA"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27 Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F-27"},{"link_name":"Embraer C-95 Bandeirante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante"},{"link_name":"CASA C-212 Aviocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Embraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Jet Age","text":"In 1956 the Military Air Force was, for the first time, referred to as the Uruguayan Air Force, and thus it could be considered that from this point forward this name began being used.[17] One of the first milestones of the Uruguayan Air Force was also in 1956, when as a result of the Army and later Air Force capability of sustaining a high level of flight training with its F-51D aircraft, flying over 4,000 hours in one year and through the help of the Military Assistance Program, the Aviation Group No. 2 (Fighters) (Grupo de Aviación N.° 2 (Caza)) received its first jet aircraft, four Lockheed T-33A-5-LO that arrived at the Carrasco International Airport on October 23, 1956, beginning the jet age in Uruguay.[18][19] The flight training that the United States Air Force (USAF) pilots gave in these new jet aircraft was fundamental for the Air Force, and not only veteran but new pilots of the Aviation Group No. 2 were able to transition from flying piston aircraft to jet aircraft on its own, ruling that the Air Force was ready to receive its first single seat jet fighters, Lockheed F-80C-10-LO Shooting Star. These aircraft arrived in 1958 and replaced the North American F-51D-20-NA Mustang in their mission.[20][21]In 1959, at the initiative of Brigadier Conrado A. Saez, General Inspector of the Air Force at the time, the Uruguayan Military Air Transport (Transporte Aéreo Militar Uruguayo) was founded to complement the flag carrier First Uruguayan Air Navigation Lines (Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegación Aérea) and provide passenger and cargo services to different cities in the interior of the country and also abroad.[22] TAMU began operating Douglas C-47 Skytrain[23] and would later use Fokker F27 Friendship, Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D, Embraer C-95 Bandeirante and CASA C-212 Aviocar of the Uruguayan Air Force. The service of the C-95 in Uruguay marked the first Embraer export in its entire history, when a total number of five of these brand new aircraft were purchased in 1975.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLN-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupamaros"},{"link_name":"Juan María Bordaberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Bordaberry"},{"link_name":"Antonio Francese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Francese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minister of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap._Juan_Manuel_Boiso_Lanza_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"self-coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-coup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PLUNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLUNA"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_F-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130B Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Pilatus PC-7U Turbo Trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilatus_PC-7"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft T-34 Mentors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Baron 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron"},{"link_name":"Cessna U-206H Stationair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Cessna 206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_206"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter AS365N2 Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando,_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Canelones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canelones_Department"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"The Air Force and the Uruguayan Dictatorship","text":"Since the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, the Air Force was involved in the fight against the guerrilla activity that was present in the country, focusing against the MLN-T (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional – Tupamaros or Tupamaros – National Liberation Movement), that later triggered a participation in the country's politics.On February 8, 1973, President Juan María Bordaberry tried to assert his authority over the Armed Forces by returning them to their normal duties and appointing a retired Army general, Antonio Francese, as the new Minister of National Defense. Initially, the Navy of Uruguay supported the appointment but the National Army and Uruguayan Air Force commanders rejected it outright. On February 9 and 10, the Army and Air Force issued public proclamations and demanded his dismissal and changes in the country's political and economic system. Bordaberry then gave up to the pressure, and on February 12, at the Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza Air Base, Headquarters of the General Command of the Air Force, the National Security Council (Consejo de Seguridad Nacional) was created. The Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force was one of its permanent members, and the Armed Forces of Uruguay from now on were effectively in control of the country, with Bordaberry just participating in a self-coup.[25][26]During this period of time, the Uruguayan Air Force took control of the country's airdromes, some aircraft that were seized from the subversion, appointed some of its general officers to led the flag carrier PLUNA and modernized its combat fleet with Cessna A-37B-CE Dragonfly and FMA IA-58A Pucará attack aircraft in 1976 and 1981.[27] The cargo fleet was also renewed, with the purchase of five Embraer C-95 Bandeirante in 1975 and five CASA C-212 Aviocar in 1981. One brand new Gates Learjet 35A was also purchased in 1981, which was one of the only two military transport jet aircraft, being the last one a C-29 that was introduced in 2018, and sold in 2020.In 1981 two brand new Bell 212 helicopters were also purchased.The Uruguayan Air Force achieved another milestone, with the first landing of a Uruguayan aircraft in Antarctica, on January 28, 1984, with an Fairchild-Hiller FH-227D.[28]Since the end of the military government, the Air Force has returned to its normal tasks, and always acting under the command of the President and in agreement with the Minister of National Defense, without having entered the country's politics again, whose participation, in addition, has been forbidden in almost all activities for the Armed Forces.Between 1992 and 1999 a total number of 36 aircraft were acquired, including the first four-engined and biggest aircraft in Uruguayan Air Force history, three Lockheed C-130B Hercules to carry out long-range strategic missions and six Pilatus PC-7U Turbo Trainers for advanced training in 1992, replacing the aging fleet of Beechcraft T-34 Mentors that were in service since 1977.[29][30] Two Beechcraft Baron 58 and ten Cessna U-206H Stationair were purchased in 1998, with Uruguay becoming the first operator of the H variant of the Cessna 206, using them for transport, training and surveillance.[31] Two Eurocopter AS365N2 Dauphin for search and rescue and VIP transport missions were also purchased during 1998, followed by 13 Aermacchi T-260EU in 1999, a new basic trainer for the Military School of Aeronautics (Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica) in Pando, Canelones.[32] On April 27, 1994, through Decree No. 177/994 of the Executive Power, a new structure was approved, and the Tactical Regiments and Aviation Groups disappeared to become Air Squadrons, leading to the actual organization of the Air Force.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130H-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"aerial warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"CRUZEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America_air_forces_maneuvers"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"SALITRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America_air_forces_maneuvers"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi"},{"link_name":"Yak-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak-130"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"A-37B Dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Swiss Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Northrop F-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_F-5"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Fábrica Argentina de Aviones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_Argentina_de_Aviones"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hongdu JL-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongdu_JL-10"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"While the long-range strategic cargo fleet of Lockheed C-130B Hercules was replaced with two Lockheed KC-130H Hercules, that also became the first aerial refueling capable aircraft of the Uruguayan Air Force in 2020,[34] from the 1990s onwards, various attempts have been made to renew the combat aircraft to no avail, with the T-33A being withdrawn from service in 1996 and the Air Squadron No. 2 (Fighters) suffering two fatal accidents on January 31, 2004[35][36] and August 12, 2016, with A-37B aircraft.[37] The obsolescence of the aircraft with which the unit is currently equipped has left the Uruguayan Air Force out of step with the technological advances that aerial warfare was acquiring through the experiences of conflicts during the late 20th century and during the 21st century, which, however, has not prevented the squadron and the Air Force itself from successfully participating in joint exercises between various Air Forces in the region, such as CRUZEX in Brazil or SALITRE in Chile.[38][39]In May 2013 eighteen refurbished Sukhoi Su-30 MkI were offered by the Russian Federation and Sukhoi in remarkably favorable conditions that included credit facilities and an agreement branch for maintenance. These conditions were also offered for the Yak-130 Mitten. By December 2013 Uruguayan personnel had test flown this plane in Russia.[40] According to Scramble a number of A-37B Dragonfly were purchased from the Ecuadorian Air Force in January 2014. Also, the Uruguayan and Swiss governments discussed a possible agreement for the purchase of ten Swiss Air Force Northrop F-5 plus engines, spare parts and training, but no actual progress was made.[41]The Uruguayan Air Force also used to show interest on the IA-58D Pucará Delta modernization program offered by Fábrica Argentina de Aviones,[42] but more recently, among some of the possible aircraft that the Air Force was considering, there are the Hongdu JL-10[43] or the Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master,[44] but despite how necessary its renewal is, no purchases has been made.","title":"Present state of the Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuerza_Aerea_Uruguaya_Ruta_101_-_panoramio_(2).jpg"}],"text":"I Air Brigade, Canelones.SUDU - Tte. 2nd Mario W. Parallada, Santa Bernardina, Durazno\nSUMU - Air Brigade I, Carrasco International Airport \"Gral. Cesáreo L. Berisso\"\nSUBL - Cap. Juan Manuel Boiso Lanza\nSUGA - General Air Base Artigas\nSUCL - La Calera\nSUCR - La Carolina\nSULP - La Paloma","title":"Aerodromes and air bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DF-ST-91-05339.JPEG"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"Carrasco International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"SUMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_S#SU_-_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Santa Bernardina International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Bernardina_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"SUDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_S#SU_-_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Durazno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durazno"},{"link_name":"Capitán Boiso Lanza Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap._Juan_Manuel_Boiso_Lanza_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"SUBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_S#SU_-_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Ángel S. Adami Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_S._Adami_Airport"},{"link_name":"SUAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_S#SU_-_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Artigas Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigas_Airport"},{"link_name":"SUAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_S#SU_-_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Pando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando,_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Today[when?] the FAU comprises about 3000 personnel organized into three brigades and various support groups.Air Brigade I was founded as Nº1 Aeronautics on 1 April 1936. It originally consisted of eight Potez XXV biplanes. Today, the brigade includes the Central Office for Assistance and the Carrasco Central Coordinator for Rescue. It also includes\nNº3 Squadron (Transport) and\nNº5 Squadron (Helicopters). A Uruguayan tactical air controller, keeps watch over a USAF OA-37 during a training exercise\nAir Brigade II includes\nNº1 Squadron (Attack),\nNº2 Squadron (Fighters),\nthe Advanced Flight Squadron, and\nthe Liaison Squadron.\nAir Brigade III includes\nNº7 Squadron (Observation & Liaison).The Uruguayan Air Force also includes Service divisions for Logistics, Communications and Computer Science, Information, Infrastructure, Maintenance, Meteorology, Health, Remote Aerospace Sensors, and Transport. The FAU is involved in search and rescue, disaster assistance, and transportation to remote locations within the country.The Uruguayan Air Force currently has five bases. Air Brigade I is based at Gen. Cesáreo L. Berisso Air Base at Carrasco International Airport (SUMU) near Carrasco; Air Brigade II is based at 2nd Lt. Mario W. Parrallada Air Base at Santa Bernardina International Airport (SUDU) in Durazno; Air Brigade III, the high command, and the Command School (Escuela de Comando y Estado Mayor Aéreo) are based at Capitán Boiso Lanza Air Base (SUBL) in Montevideo; Air Squadron 7 is based at Ángel S. Adami Airport (SUAA), also in Montevideo; and the EMA is based at Gen. Artigas Air Base (SUAG) in Pando.[45]The Aeronautics Technical School (Escuela Técnica de Aeronáutica) is located in Toledo Sur in the Department of Canelones.[46]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of inspector generals and commanders-in-chief","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of military aircraft of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Uruguay"}],"text":"See also: List of military aircraft of Uruguay","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uruguayan_Air_Force_Cessna_OA-37B_Dragonfly_(318E)_Lofting.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell212_Twin_Huey_02_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bell 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1N_Twin_Huey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N_206-08008).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Current inventory","text":"An Uruguayan A-37 in flightA Bell 212 flies over headUruguayan Air Force Cessna U-206H Stationair","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranks of the Armed Forces of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay"}],"text":"See also: Ranks of the Armed Forces of Uruguay","title":"Rank structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"}],"sub_title":"Commissioned officer ranks","text":"The rank insignia of commissioned officers.","title":"Rank structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"enlisted personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_rank"}],"sub_title":"Other ranks","text":"The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.","title":"Rank structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FokkerAnde1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flight 571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force_Flight_571"},{"link_name":"Controlled flight into terrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"FAU 571 (FH-227), the aircraft involved in Flight 571The following is a list of air accidents involving the Uruguayan Air Force.On October 13, 1972, the Flight 571 of TAMU an FH-227D, registered as FAU 571, which was carrying a group of rugby players Uruguayans Old Christians, made up of alumni of the school Stella Maris, from Uruguay to Chile, it crashed in the Andes Mountains due to Controlled flight into terrain, ultimately resulting in the deaths of 29 of the 45 people on the plane, including all 5 crew members, leaving only 16 survivors. The survivors were finally rescued on December 23, 1972, after 72 days in the Andes.\nOn October 9, 2009, one C-212 Aviocar, registered as A-146 (FAU 531) (which was part of the UN MINUSTAH mission) crashed while he was conducting a reconnaissance mission in the south of Haiti, after the air traffic controllers at the base lost all contact with the aircraft, when it was flying over the town of Ganthier. The remains of the Aviocar were located from the air, by another aircraft that was sent after the search and rescue systems were alerted. 11 soldiers died in this accident, six Uruguayans and five Jordanians.[56]\nOn August 12, 2016, a Cessna A-37B with registration \"FAU 273\" was conducting a training mission when it crashed to the ground from 2,700m, both pilots were killed on the spot. the causes of the accident are still unknown.[57]\nOn August 16, 2016, a UH-1H \"Iroquois\" helicopter of the Uruguayan Air Force crashed at the Carrasco airport during a training of self- rotation maneuvers where its two crew members subsequently died. The cause of the accident is under investigation.[58]\nOn March 25, 2021, a Uruguayan Air Force helicopter carrying approximately 300 doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine suffered a mechanical failure and crashed on the eastern state of Rocha. The 3-member crew was taken to a local hospital with non-serious injuries, however all 300 doses of the Pfizer vaccine were destroyed in the crash.[59]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The figure of the Prócer de Uruguay, José Gervasio Artigas on a stamp of the Uruguayan Air Force.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_Uruguaya.png/164px-Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_Uruguaya.png"},{"image_text":"I Air Brigade, Canelones.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fuerza_Aerea_Uruguaya_Ruta_101_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Fuerza_Aerea_Uruguaya_Ruta_101_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Uruguayan tactical air controller, keeps watch over a USAF OA-37 during a training exercise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/DF-ST-91-05339.JPEG/220px-DF-ST-91-05339.JPEG"},{"image_text":"An Uruguayan A-37 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uruguayan_Air_Force_Cessna_OA-37B_Dragonfly_%28318E%29_Lofting.jpg/220px-Uruguayan_Air_Force_Cessna_OA-37B_Dragonfly_%28318E%29_Lofting.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bell 212 flies over head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bell212_Twin_Huey_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bell212_Twin_Huey_02_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uruguayan Air Force Cessna U-206H Stationair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/N_206-08008%29.jpg/220px-N_206-08008%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"FAU 571 (FH-227), the aircraft involved in Flight 571","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/FokkerAnde1972.jpg/220px-FokkerAnde1972.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Armed Forces of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay"},{"title":"History of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Uruguay"},{"title":"National Navy of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Navy_of_Uruguay"},{"title":"Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force_Flight_571"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ley N° 12070\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/12070-1953/1","url_text":"\"Ley N° 12070\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decreto Ley N° 14747\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/decretos-ley/14747-1977/5","url_text":"\"Decreto Ley N° 14747\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decreto Ley N° 14747\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/decretos-ley/14747-1977/4","url_text":"\"Decreto Ley N° 14747\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica\". www.ema.edu.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ema.edu.uy/historia.php","url_text":"\"Escuela Militar de Aeronáutica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidente Lacalle Pou encabezó acto por el Día de los Mártires de la Aviación Militar\". Uruguay Presidencia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/presidente-lacalle-pou-encabezo-acto-dia-martires-aviacion-militar-0","url_text":"\"Presidente Lacalle Pou encabezó acto por el Día de los Mártires de la Aviación Militar\""}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 – 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-254-5","url_text":"978-9974-96-254-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / De Havilland DH82 Tiger Moth\". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2023-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilotoviejo.com/historiatigermothen.htm","url_text":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / De Havilland DH82 Tiger Moth\""}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 – 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 565–568. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-254-5","url_text":"978-9974-96-254-5"}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1913 - 1953) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 633. ISBN 978-9974-96-254-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-254-5","url_text":"978-9974-96-254-5"}]},{"reference":"Grasso, Rolando. El F-51D Mustang. Un Pura Sangre en el Uruguay (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 46. ISBN 978-9974-96-529-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-529-4","url_text":"978-9974-96-529-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Historias / FAU 252: el avión que no muere\". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilotoviejo.com/memoriaspv12.htm","url_text":"\"Historias / FAU 252: el avión que no muere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ley N° 12070\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-originales/12070-1953","url_text":"\"Ley N° 12070\""}]},{"reference":"Ley N° 12070 Fuerza Aérea Militar (Ley 12070). 1953.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ley N° 12070\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-originales/12070-1953/2","url_text":"\"Ley N° 12070\""}]},{"reference":"\"The F-51D in the Uruguayan Air Force\" (PDF) (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilotoviejo.com/externas/Aeronaves_militares_del_Uruguay_-_F51.pdf","url_text":"\"The F-51D in the Uruguayan Air Force\""}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 — 2004) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 65. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-255-2","url_text":"978-9974-96-255-2"}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003) (in Spanish). Uruguay. p. 70. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-255-2","url_text":"978-9974-96-255-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Esquemas del T-33 en la FAU\". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilotoviejo.com/elt33enlafau.htm#:~:text=El%20T-33%20fue%20el,pa%C3%ADs%20al%20mando%20del%20Cnel.","url_text":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Esquemas del T-33 en la FAU\""}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003). p. 93. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-255-2","url_text":"978-9974-96-255-2"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Tabaré Ifrán (2010). \"Los Lockheed F-80C de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya\". Revista española de historia militar (126–127): 194–203. ISSN 1575-9059.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3892464","url_text":"\"Los Lockheed F-80C de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1575-9059","url_text":"1575-9059"}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 — 2004) (in Spanish). Uruguay. pp. 252–254. ISBN 978-9974-96-255-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-96-255-2","url_text":"978-9974-96-255-2"}]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-75-DL (DC-3) CX-BJH/T-511 Artigas Airport (ATI)\". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780210-1","url_text":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-75-DL (DC-3) CX-BJH/T-511 Artigas Airport (ATI)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bandeirante: Embraer's first aircraft\". www.key.aero. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.key.aero/article/bandeirante-embraers-first-aircraft","url_text":"\"Bandeirante: Embraer's first aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"Veiga, Lucas (2021-02-15). \"El Día - Boiso Lanza y la \"Historia Innombrable\"\". El Día (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://diarioeldia.uy/sitio/historia/boiso-lanza-y-la-historia-innombrable/","url_text":"\"El Día - Boiso Lanza y la \"Historia Innombrable\"\""}]},{"reference":"Lessa, Alfonso (1996). Estado de Guerra - de la gestación del golpe del 73 a la caída de Bordaberry. Editorial Fin de Siglo. ISBN 9974-49-072-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9974-49-072-3","url_text":"9974-49-072-3"}]},{"reference":"Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 - 2003) (in Spanish). p. 346.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Historia antártica de Uruguay\". Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-defensa-nacional/politicas-y-gestion/historia-antartica-uruguay","url_text":"\"Historia antártica de Uruguay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fuerza Aérea inició la renovación de su equipamiento, con la llegada del primero de los dos Hércules comprados a España\". Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-defensa-nacional/comunicacion/noticias/fuerza-aerea-inicio-renovacion-su-equipamiento-llegada-del-primero-dos","url_text":"\"Fuerza Aérea inició la renovación de su equipamiento, con la llegada del primero de los dos Hércules comprados a España\""}]},{"reference":"airpressman (2021-04-05). \"Turbos & pistón: El Texan II visita Uruguay\". Airpressman (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://airpressman.com/es/the-day-the-texan-ii-visited-uruguay/","url_text":"\"Turbos & pistón: El Texan II visita Uruguay\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 años de Servicio del U-206H \"Stationair\"\". Uruguayan Air Force (in Spanish). 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fau.mil.uy/es/noticias/339-20-anos-de-servicio-del-u-206h-stationair.html","url_text":"\"20 años de Servicio del U-206H \"Stationair\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Aermacchi SF-260EU\". www.pilotoviejo.com. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilotoviejo.com/sf260test.htm","url_text":"\"Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo / Aermacchi SF-260EU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decreto N° 177/994\". www.impo.com.uy. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/decretos/177-1994/1","url_text":"\"Decreto N° 177/994\""}]},{"reference":"Dubois, Gastón (2020-12-20). \"Uruguay Received 2 Lockheed KC-130H Formerly Operated by Spain\". aviacionline. 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Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-8444-0737-2. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marines.mil/portals/1/Publications/Uruguay%20Study_3.pdf?ver=2012-10-11-163307-517","url_text":"Uruguay: A Country Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0737-2","url_text":"0-8444-0737-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Ley N° 19775 Modificacion de la Ley Organica de Las Fuerzas Armadas\" [Law No. 19775 Modification of the Organic Law of the Armed Forces] (in Spanish). 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19775-2019","url_text":"\"Ley N° 19775 Modificacion de la Ley Organica de Las Fuerzas Armadas\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Falla humana\" provocó accidente aéreo en Haití en octubre de 2009\". LaRed21 (in Spanish). 4 June 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Conway
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James L. Conway
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["1 Select filmography","1.1 Director","1.2 Producer","1.3 Writer","2 Star Trek TV directing","3 References","4 External links"]
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American directorJames L. ConwayOccupation(s)Television director, producer, writerKnown forThe Magicians, The Orville, Smallville, and CharmedWebsitehttps://jameslconway.com/
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James L. Conway (born October 27, 1950, in New York City, U.S.) is an American film and television director, producer, and writer, studio executive, and novelist.
Movies Conway directed include The Boogens and Hangar 18. Television series he worked on include The Magicians, Aquarius, Supernatural, Smallville, Psych, 90210, Charmed, Star Trek: Enterprise, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: The Next Generation, University Hospital, Burke's Law (the 1994 remake), Paradise and Matt Houston. Conway also directed the TV movies Last of the Mohicans and Incredible Rocky Mountain Race, as well as the NBC mini-series Greatest Heroes of the Bible.
From 1996 to 2002, Conway served as Executive Vice President of Spelling Television, working on many television series including 7th Heaven, Melrose Place and Beverly Hills 90210.
Conway began writing novels in 2012. His novels include Dead and Not So Buried (2012), Sexy Babe (2012) and In Cold Blonde (2013).
Select filmography
Director
The Orville
90210
Charmed
Star Trek: Enterprise
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Kindred: The Embraced
Star Trek: Voyager
Star Trek: Borg
Legend
University Hospital
Burke's Law
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Tour of Duty
Hunter
MacGyver
Hotel
Matt Houston
Psych
Smallville
The Boogens
Earthbound (1981)
Beyond and Back (1978)
In Search of Noah's Ark (1976)
Hangar 18 (1980)
Producer
Charmed (co-executive producer) (season 4-season 8) (consulting producer) (seasons 3–4)
All Souls (consulting producer)
Paradise
In Search of Historic Jesus
Writer
University Hospital
Burke's Law (developed by)
Bodies of Evidence (creator)
Paradise
Matt Houston
Hangar 18 (1980) (story)
In Search of Noah's Ark (1976)
Star Trek TV directing
Conway directed several Star Trek shows including for TNG (3), DS9 (7), Voyager (4) and Enterprise (4).
TNG
"Justice"
"The Neutral Zone"
"Frame of Mind"
DS9
"Duet"
"Necessary Evil"
"The Way of the Warrior"
"Little Green Men"
"Shattered Mirror"
"For the Cause"
"Apocalypse Rising"
Voyager
"The 37's"
"Persistence of Vision"
"Death Wish"
"Innocence"
Enterprise
"Broken Bow"
"Judgment"
"Damage"
"In a Mirror, Darkly"
References
^ dicegeeks (June 23, 2021). "Interview with Director James L. Conway (Star Trek TNG, DS9, VOY, ENT, Smallville, Charmed)". dicegeeks. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
^ Eramo, Steven. (2006). Conway's sisters: Producer/director James L. Conway reveals what dangers the Charmed Ones will face in the latter part of Season Eight. Cult Times 125. Available: http://www.visimag.com/culttimes//c125_feat01.htm Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed February 21, 2012.
^ DeCandido, Keith R. A. (November 30, 2012). "Star Trek: The Next Generation Rewatch: "Frame of Mind"". Tor.com. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^ "Catching Up With Director James L. Conway, Part 1". StarTrek.com. February 16, 2012.
External links
James L. Conway at IMDb
James L. Conway at Memory Alpha
vteWorks directed by James L. ConwayFilms
In Search of Noah's Ark (1976)
The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977)
Last of the Mohicans (1977)
Beyond and Back (1978)
Donner Pass: The Road to Survival (1978)
Hangar 18 (1980)
Earthbound (1981)
The Boogens (1981)
Video games
Star Trek: Borg (1996)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
This article about a television director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a television producer from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a television writer from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Star Trek article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"The Boogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boogens"},{"link_name":"Hangar 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_18_(film)"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Burke's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Law_(1994_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matt Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Houston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"7th Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Heaven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Melrose Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Place"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_90210"}],"text":"James L. Conway (born October 27, 1950, in New York City, U.S.) is an American film and television director, producer, and writer, studio executive, and novelist.Movies Conway directed include The Boogens and Hangar 18. Television series he worked on include The Magicians, Aquarius, Supernatural, Smallville, Psych, 90210, Charmed, Star Trek: Enterprise, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: The Next Generation, University Hospital, Burke's Law (the 1994 remake), Paradise and Matt Houston.[1] Conway also directed the TV movies Last of the Mohicans and Incredible Rocky Mountain Race, as well as the NBC mini-series Greatest Heroes of the Bible.From 1996 to 2002, Conway served as Executive Vice President of Spelling Television, working on many television series including 7th Heaven, Melrose Place and Beverly Hills 90210.Conway began writing novels in 2012. His novels include Dead and Not So Buried (2012), Sexy Babe (2012) and In Cold Blonde (2013).","title":"James L. Conway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Orville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orville"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Kindred: The Embraced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindred:_The_Embraced"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Borg"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Burke's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Law_(1994_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Tour of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Duty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_(1984_U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"MacGyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matt Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Houston"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Boogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boogens"},{"link_name":"Earthbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthbound_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Beyond and Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_and_Back"},{"link_name":"In Search of Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark"},{"link_name":"Hangar 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_18_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"The Orville\n90210\nCharmed\nStar Trek: Enterprise\nStar Trek: Deep Space Nine\nKindred: The Embraced\nStar Trek: Voyager\nStar Trek: Borg\nLegend\nUniversity Hospital\nBurke's Law\nStar Trek: The Next Generation\nTour of Duty\nHunter\nMacGyver\nHotel\nMatt Houston\nPsych\nSmallville\nThe Boogens\nEarthbound (1981)\nBeyond and Back (1978)\nIn Search of Noah's Ark (1976)\nHangar 18 (1980)","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"All Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"In Search of Historic Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Historic_Jesus"}],"sub_title":"Producer","text":"Charmed (co-executive producer) (season 4-season 8) (consulting producer) (seasons 3–4)[2]\nAll Souls (consulting producer)\nParadise\nIn Search of Historic Jesus","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hangar 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar_18_(film)"},{"link_name":"In Search of Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark"}],"sub_title":"Writer","text":"University Hospital\nBurke's Law (developed by)\nBodies of Evidence (creator)\nParadise\nMatt Houston\nHangar 18 (1980) (story)\nIn Search of Noah's Ark (1976)","title":"Select filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"The Neutral Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neutral_Zone_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"Frame of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_Mind_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"},{"link_name":"Duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Necessary Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"The Way of the Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Warrior_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Little Green Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Green_Men_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Shattered Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_Mirror_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"For the Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Cause_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Apocalypse Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse_Rising"},{"link_name":"The 37's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_37%27s"},{"link_name":"Persistence of Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_Vision_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Death Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Wish_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Broken Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Bow_(Star_Trek:_Enterprise)"},{"link_name":"Judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_(Star_Trek:_Enterprise)"},{"link_name":"Damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_(Star_Trek:_Enterprise)"},{"link_name":"In a Mirror, Darkly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_Mirror,_Darkly"}],"text":"Conway directed several Star Trek shows including for TNG (3), DS9 (7), Voyager (4) and Enterprise (4).[3][4]TNG\"Justice\"\n\"The Neutral Zone\"\n\"Frame of Mind\"DS9\"Duet\"\n\"Necessary Evil\"\n\"The Way of the Warrior\"\n\"Little Green Men\"\n\"Shattered Mirror\"\n\"For the Cause\"\n\"Apocalypse Rising\"Voyager\"The 37's\"\n\"Persistence of Vision\"\n\"Death Wish\"\n\"Innocence\"Enterprise\"Broken Bow\"\n\"Judgment\"\n\"Damage\"\n\"In a Mirror, Darkly\"","title":"Star Trek TV directing"}]
|
[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virola_rufula
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Virola rufula
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of tree
Virola rufula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Magnoliids
Order:
Magnoliales
Family:
Myristicaceae
Genus:
Virola
Species:
V. rufula
Binomial name
Virola rufulaWarb.
Virola rufula is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae.
The tree contains alkaloids in its bark, leaves and roots. methoxy-dimethyltryptamine makes up 95% of the alkaloids. There is about 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, and 0.092% dimethyltryptamine in the leaves.
References
Taxon identifiersVirola rufula
Wikidata: Q7934864
CoL: 5BK5Y
GBIF: 3744175
IPNI: 267195-2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:267195-2
Tropicos: 21800057
WFO: wfo-0000418496
This Myristicaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myristicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristicaceae"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"methoxy-dimethyltryptamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methoxy-dimethyltryptamine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Virola_rufula#Dubious"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"5-MeO-DMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-MeO-DMT"},{"link_name":"dimethyltryptamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Virola rufula is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae.The tree contains alkaloids in its bark, leaves and roots. methoxy-dimethyltryptamine makes up 95% of the alkaloids.[dubious – discuss][unreliable source?] There is about 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, and 0.092% dimethyltryptamine in the leaves.[citation needed]","title":"Virola rufula"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BK5Y","external_links_name":"5BK5Y"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3744175","external_links_name":"3744175"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/267195-2","external_links_name":"267195-2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A267195-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:267195-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/21800057","external_links_name":"21800057"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000418496","external_links_name":"wfo-0000418496"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virola_rufula&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Richmond
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Carolyn Richmond
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["1 References"]
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Carolyn Richmond is a literary scholar and translator.
After specializing in Spanish literature, she devoted herself to Leopoldo Alas, Benito Pérez Galdós, Ramón Gómez de la Serna and Miguel Delibes, among others.
She was the second wife of Spanish literary scholar and novelist Francisco Ayala, whose works she also translated into English.
References
^ La principal crítica de Clarín y Gómez de la Serna no ama a sus autores
^ Francisco Ayala, a Spanish Novelist and Literary Scholar, Dies at 103
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Portugal
Other
IdRef
This biography about a translator from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas"},{"link_name":"Benito Pérez Galdós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Ramón Gómez de la Serna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Serna"},{"link_name":"Miguel Delibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Delibes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After specializing in Spanish literature, she devoted herself to Leopoldo Alas, Benito Pérez Galdós, Ramón Gómez de la Serna and Miguel Delibes, among others.[1]She was the second wife of Spanish literary scholar and novelist Francisco Ayala, whose works she also translated into English.[2]","title":"Carolyn Richmond"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consco
|
Consco
|
["1 Products","2 Clients","3 References","4 External links"]
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US software development firm
Consco Enterprises was a software development firm headquartered in Edison, New Jersey, United States, in the early to late 1980s.
Products
Consco's primary product dubbed Consolidation, was based on pegboard accounting principles and designed to generate complex quarterly and annual tax reports for large multi-national corporations. Pegboard systems were and are still sold nationwide by "Control o fax" in Waterloo, Iowa.
The main Consolidation product was later packaged with other Consco financial applications, such as Currency Conversion, which added functionality. The package was named Accounting Information System, or AIS.
Clients
Some AIS clients included the Ford Motor Company, Campbell Soup Company, Miles Laboratories, LTV Corporation, Owens-Illinois, Texaco, Pennzoil, The Tennessee Valley Authority and Cummins Engine Company.
Consco's shares were traded on NASDAQ under the symbol CNSO. An unrelated company, CNS Response, now uses that symbol. In 1988, the company sold its product line to Computer Associates. In May 1984, Seymour Altucher was the company's chairman.
References
^ "Major Car Maker Opts for Flexibility of General Ledger System as Standard Equipment". Computerworld. 16 (24): 108. 14 June 1982. ISSN 0010-4841. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
^ The Philadelphia Inquirer Financial Section Apr 26, 1984
^ PR Newswire July 18, 1984
^ PR Newswire July 16, 1984
^ PR Newswire May 31, 1984
^ PR Newswire November 14, 1984
^ PR Newswire May 13, 1986
^ "Consco sells product line to Computer Associates. (Consco Enterprises Inc., Computer Associates International Inc.)". press release. May 26, 1988. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
External links
Custom Software Development
Employee Monitoring Software
This United States software corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"Edison, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Consco Enterprises was a software development firm headquartered in Edison, New Jersey, United States, in the early to late 1980s.","title":"Consco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"tax reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_return_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"Waterloo, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"}],"text":"Consco's primary product dubbed Consolidation, was based on pegboard accounting principles and designed to generate complex quarterly and annual tax reports for large multi-national corporations. Pegboard systems were and are still sold nationwide by \"Control o fax\" in Waterloo, Iowa.The main Consolidation product was later packaged with other Consco financial applications, such as Currency Conversion, which added functionality. The package was named Accounting Information System, or AIS.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Campbell Soup Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Miles Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LTV Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Owens-Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens-Illinois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Texaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pennzoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennzoil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority"},{"link_name":"Cummins Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins_Engine"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"Computer Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Associates"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Some AIS clients included the Ford Motor Company,[1] Campbell Soup Company,[2] Miles Laboratories,[3] LTV Corporation,[4] Owens-Illinois,[5] Texaco,[6] Pennzoil,[7] The Tennessee Valley Authority and Cummins Engine Company.Consco's shares were traded on NASDAQ under the symbol CNSO. An unrelated company, CNS Response, now uses that symbol. In 1988, the company sold its product line to Computer Associates.[8] In May 1984, Seymour Altucher was the company's chairman.","title":"Clients"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Major Car Maker Opts for Flexibility of General Ledger System as Standard Equipment\". Computerworld. 16 (24): 108. 14 June 1982. ISSN 0010-4841. Retrieved 24 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ucRgVedP1QYC&dq=Consco+Enterprises&pg=RA1-PA108","url_text":"\"Major Car Maker Opts for Flexibility of General Ledger System as Standard Equipment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841","url_text":"0010-4841"}]},{"reference":"\"Consco sells product line to Computer Associates. (Consco Enterprises Inc., Computer Associates International Inc.)\". press release. May 26, 1988. Retrieved 27 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-6375772.html","url_text":"\"Consco sells product line to Computer Associates. (Consco Enterprises Inc., Computer Associates International Inc.)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ucRgVedP1QYC&dq=Consco+Enterprises&pg=RA1-PA108","external_links_name":"\"Major Car Maker Opts for Flexibility of General Ledger System as Standard Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841","external_links_name":"0010-4841"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-6375772.html","external_links_name":"\"Consco sells product line to Computer Associates. (Consco Enterprises Inc., Computer Associates International Inc.)\""},{"Link":"https://scalans.com/","external_links_name":"Custom Software Development"},{"Link":"https://controlio.net/employee-monitoring.html","external_links_name":"Employee Monitoring Software"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consco&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Erbe
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Kathryn Erbe
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 Theatre","6 References","7 External links"]
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American actress
Kathryn ErbeErbe in 2016BornKathryn Elsbeth Erbe (1965-07-05) July 5, 1965 (age 58)Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.EducationNew York UniversityOccupationActressYears active1989–presentSpouse
Terry Kinney
(m. 1993; div. 2006)Children2
Kathryn Elsbeth Erbe (born July 5, 1965) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Alexandra Eames on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, a spin-off of Law & Order, and Shirley Bellinger in the HBO series Oz.
Early life
Erbe was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the daughter of Elsbeth and Richard Erbe. She graduated from New York University (NYU) in 1989.
Career
While an undergraduate student at NYU, Erbe was cast as the daughter of Lynn Redgrave's character on the sitcom Chicken Soup. She later became a member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company and has starred in many of their productions, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Curse of the Starving Class, and The Grapes of Wrath, which ran for six months and won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Play. Erbe earned a Tony Award nomination in 1991 for her portrayal of Mary in The Speed of Darkness.
Erbe starred in such films as What About Bob?, Stir of Echoes, Rich in Love, and the independent films Dream with the Fishes, Love from Ground Zero, and Entropy. She played opposite David Caruso in Kiss of Death. She portrayed Shirley Bellinger on the HBO series Oz. She made a guest appearance on Homicide: Life on the Street in 1997. From 2001 to early 2010, she starred as Detective Alexandra Eames on the NBC/USA Network series Law & Order: Criminal Intent, alongside Vincent D'Onofrio.
In 2010, both Erbe and D'Onofrio left Criminal Intent. Erbe signed on to reprise the role of Detective Eames for the eight-episode final season of the series, joining Vincent D'Onofrio, who had already signed up to return as Detective Robert Goren. She has reprised the role in guest appearances on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2014, Erbe appeared in an episode of Last Week Tonight parodying her role on Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She also played Fay Ambrose, the wife of Detective Harry Ambrose, in the USA Network's The Sinner.
Personal life
Erbe was married to actor Terry Kinney, who also starred in Oz, from 1993 until their divorce in 2006. Together, they have two children.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989
Runaway Dreams
Denise Donaldson
1991
What About Bob?
Anna Marvin
1993
Rich in Love
Lucille Odom
1994
D2: The Mighty Ducks
Michele MacKay
1994
Breathing Lessons
Fiona
Television film
1995
The Addiction
Anthropology Student
1995
Kiss of Death
Rosie D'Amico-Kilmartin
1997
Dream with the Fishes
Liz
1997
George Wallace
Mrs. Folsom
Television film
1998
Love from Ground Zero
Alex
1998
Naked City: Justice with a Bullet
Sarah Tubbs
Television film
1999
Entropy
Evan
1999
Stir of Echoes
Maggie Witzky
2000
The Runaway
Evelyn Carnes
Television film
2001
Speaking of Sex
Helen
2010
3 Backyards
John's Wife
2011
Mother's House
Catherine
Short film
2011
The Love Guide
Cora
2014
Worst Friends
Sam's Mom
2015
Mistress America
Stevie Fishko
2017
Dating My Mother
Joan
2018
Alex Strangelove
Helen
2018
Assassination Nation
Rebecca Colson
2021
The Good House
Wendy Heatherton
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989
Chicken Soup
Patricia Reece
12 episodes
1997
Homicide: Life on the Street
Rita Hale
Episode: "All Is Bright"
1998–2003
Oz
Shirley Bellinger
17 episodes
2001–2011
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Det. Alexandra Eames
142 episodesNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
2012–2013
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Lt. Alexandra Eames
2 episodes
2014
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
Alexandra Eames
Episode: "Civil Forfeiture"
2015
Blue Bloods
Sharon Bennett
Episode: "Unsung Heroes"
2016
Elementary
Nancy Davenport
Episode: "Miss Taken"
2016
Conviction
Carla Macy
Episode: "Bad Deals"
2016
American Experience
Lucretia Garfield
Episode: "Murder of a President"
2017–2018
How to Get Away with Murder
Jacqueline Roa
4 episodes: "Lahey v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", "Live. Live. Live.", "Nobody Roots for Goliath", "Stay Strong, Mama" (Season 4)
2017
The Sinner
Fay Ambrose
5 episodes
2018
Pose
Dr. Gottfried
2 episodes
2018
The Gifted
Aunt Dane
Episode: "the dreaM"
2019
Instinct
Caitlyn Gerich
Episode: "Big Splash"
2019–2022
City on a Hill
Sue Stanton
7 episodes
2020
The Good Fight
Zoe Redgrave
Season 4 Episode: "The Gang Deals With Alternate Reality"
2021
The Blacklist
Lois
2 episodes
Theatre
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990
The Grapes of Wrath
Aggie Wainwright
1991
The Speed of Darkness
Mary
Nominated—Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play
1995
A Month in the Country
Verochka
2012
Checkers
Pat
Vineyard Theater
2015
Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, America, Kuwait
Mom
Gym at Judson
2016
The Father
Anne
Broadway: Samuel J. Friedman Theatre
References
^ "Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television". Gale in Context: Biography. 60. 2005. Gale K1609018768.
^ Kathryn Elsbeth Erbe Pictures and Images, GettyImages.com; accessed November 8, 2016.
^ Borama, Jennifer (July 2, 2018). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Kathryn Erbe". TVOvermind. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
^ Sommers, Michael (March 15, 1991). "The Speed of Darkness". Back Stage. 32 (11). Gale General OneFile: 44. Gale A10529157.
^ Turbide, Diane (March 8, 1993). "Rich in Love". Maclean's. 106 (10). Gale General OneFile: St. Joseph Media: 55. Gale A13582597.
^ Robertson, Lindsay. (September 26, 2009). Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe Leaving Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Vulture vertical, New York Archived September 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Kathryn Erbe Returns for Final Season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com; accessed November 8, 2016.
^ "Kathryn Erbe Made Better by Motherhood". people.com. OK!. January 18, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022. My heart grows every day through struggling and love of my kids.
^ Stasio, Marilyn (November 12, 2012). "Checkers" (Theater review). Variety. Gale General OneFile: Penske Business Media. ISSN 0042-2738. OCLC 810134503. Gale A310867006. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
^ Isherwood, Charles (June 10, 2015). "Review: 'Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, America, Kuwait,' as Grim as It Is Cryptic". New York Times. Gale OneFile: News. p. C1(L). Gale A417436966.
External links
Kathryn Erbe at IMDb
Kathryn Erbe at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Eames"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Criminal Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Shirley Bellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Bellinger"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Kathryn Elsbeth Erbe[2] (born July 5, 1965) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Alexandra Eames on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, a spin-off of Law & Order, and Shirley Bellinger in the HBO series Oz.","title":"Kathryn Erbe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Erbe was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the daughter of Elsbeth and Richard Erbe. She graduated from New York University (NYU) in 1989.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Chicken Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Soup_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar Named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Starving Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Starving_Class"},{"link_name":"The Grapes of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(play)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"The Speed of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Speed_of_Darkness_(play)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"What About Bob?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_About_Bob%3F"},{"link_name":"Stir of Echoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_of_Echoes"},{"link_name":"Rich in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_in_Love_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David Caruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Caruso"},{"link_name":"Kiss of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Shirley Bellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Bellinger"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Eames"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Criminal Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent"},{"link_name":"Vincent D'Onofrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_D%27Onofrio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Goren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goren"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit"},{"link_name":"Last Week Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"The Sinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinner_(TV_series)"}],"text":"While an undergraduate student at NYU, Erbe was cast as the daughter of Lynn Redgrave's character on the sitcom Chicken Soup. She later became a member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company and has starred in many of their productions, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Curse of the Starving Class, and The Grapes of Wrath, which ran for six months and won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Play. Erbe earned a Tony Award nomination in 1991 for her portrayal of Mary in The Speed of Darkness.[4][citation needed]Erbe starred in such films as What About Bob?, Stir of Echoes, Rich in Love,[5] and the independent films Dream with the Fishes, Love from Ground Zero, and Entropy. She played opposite David Caruso in Kiss of Death. She portrayed Shirley Bellinger on the HBO series Oz. She made a guest appearance on Homicide: Life on the Street in 1997. From 2001 to early 2010, she starred as Detective Alexandra Eames on the NBC/USA Network series Law & Order: Criminal Intent, alongside Vincent D'Onofrio.In 2010, both Erbe and D'Onofrio left Criminal Intent.[6] Erbe signed on to reprise the role of Detective Eames for the eight-episode final season of the series, joining Vincent D'Onofrio, who had already signed up to return as Detective Robert Goren.[7] She has reprised the role in guest appearances on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2014, Erbe appeared in an episode of Last Week Tonight parodying her role on Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She also played Fay Ambrose, the wife of Detective Harry Ambrose, in the USA Network's The Sinner.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Kinney"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Erbe was married to actor Terry Kinney, who also starred in Oz, from 1993 until their divorce in 2006. Together, they have two children.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theatre"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television\". Gale in Context: Biography. 60. 2005. Gale K1609018768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CK1609018768","url_text":"K1609018768"}]},{"reference":"Borama, Jennifer (July 2, 2018). \"10 Things You Didn't Know About Kathryn Erbe\". TVOvermind. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvovermind.com/kathryn-erbe/","url_text":"\"10 Things You Didn't Know About Kathryn Erbe\""}]},{"reference":"Sommers, Michael (March 15, 1991). \"The Speed of Darkness\". Back Stage. 32 (11). Gale General OneFile: 44. Gale A10529157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA10529157","url_text":"A10529157"}]},{"reference":"Turbide, Diane (March 8, 1993). \"Rich in Love\". Maclean's. 106 (10). Gale General OneFile: St. Joseph Media: 55. Gale A13582597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA13582597","url_text":"A13582597"}]},{"reference":"\"Kathryn Erbe Made Better by Motherhood\". people.com. OK!. January 18, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022. My heart grows every day through struggling and love of my kids.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220201141634/https://people.com/parents/kathryn-erbe-made-better-by-motherhood/","url_text":"\"Kathryn Erbe Made Better by Motherhood\""},{"url":"https://people.com/parents/kathryn-erbe-made-better-by-motherhood/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stasio, Marilyn (November 12, 2012). \"Checkers\" (Theater review). Variety. Gale General OneFile: Penske Business Media. ISSN 0042-2738. OCLC 810134503. Gale A310867006. Retrieved June 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Checkers-a0310867006","url_text":"\"Checkers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-2738","url_text":"0042-2738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810134503","url_text":"810134503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA310867006","url_text":"A310867006"}]},{"reference":"Isherwood, Charles (June 10, 2015). \"Review: 'Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, America, Kuwait,' as Grim as It Is Cryptic\". New York Times. Gale OneFile: News. p. C1(L). Gale A417436966.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/11/theater/review-afghanistan-zimbabwe-america-kuwait-as-grim-as-it-is-cryptic.html","url_text":"\"Review: 'Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, America, Kuwait,' as Grim as It Is Cryptic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(identifier)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA417436966","url_text":"A417436966"}]}]
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