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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Auditor_General
Pennsylvania Auditor General
["1 History","2 Responsibilities","3 List of auditors general","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Chief fiscal officer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Auditor General of the Commonwealth of PennsylvaniaSeal of the auditor general of PennsylvaniaIncumbentTimothy DeFoorsince January 19, 2021Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutivelyFormation1809 (elected from 1850)Websitepaauditor.gov The Pennsylvania auditor general is the chief fiscal officer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It became an elected office in 1850. The current auditor general of Pennsylvania is Republican Timothy DeFoor. History The office of the auditor general of Pennsylvania was created in 1809 by the General Assembly. The auditor general was appointed by the governor until 1850, when it became a statewide elective office. The terms were for three years, until a constitutional amendment in 1909 increased the terms to four years. Responsibilities The auditor general performs financial audits of state agencies, municipal governments, school districts, public sector pensions, entities that receive state funding support (such as certain universities and hospitals), and corporate tax returns. These audits are designed as an accountability mechanism and serve to ensure that public money is spent in an appropriate manner. Additionally, the auditor general undertakes performance audits, which are designed to determine program efficiency and effectiveness, of certain organizations, such as veteran's homes, prisons, and mental health centers. List of auditors general Name Term Party George Bryan Jr. 1809–1821 Democratic James Duncan 1821–1824 Democratic-Republican Party David Mann 1824–1830 Democratic-Republican Daniel Sturgeon 1830–1836 Democratic Nathaniel P. Hobart 1836–1839 Anti-Masonic Party George R. Espy 1839–1842 Democratic William F. Packer 1842–1845 Democratic John N. Purviance 1845–1851 Democratic Ephraim Banks 1851–1857 Democratic Jacob Fry Jr. 1857–1860 Democratic Thomas E. Cochran 1860–1863 Republican Isaac Slenker 1863–1866 Democratic John F. Hartranft 1866–1872 Republican Harrison Allen 1872–1875 Republican Justus F. Temple 1875–1878 Democratic William P. Schell 1878–1881 Democratic John A. Lemon 1881–1884 Republican Jerome B. Niles 1884–1887 Republican A. Wilson Norris 1887–1888 Republican Thomas McCamant 1888–1892 Republican David McMurtrie Gregg 1892–1895 Republican Amos H. Mylin 1895–1898 Republican Levi G. McCauley 1898–1901 Republican Edmund B. Hardenbergh 1901–1904 Republican William Preston Snyder 1904–1907 Republican Robert K. Young 1907–1910 Republican A.E. Sisson 1910–1913 Republican Archibald W. Powell 1913–1917 Republican Charles A. Snyder 1917–1921 Republican Samuel S. Lewis 1921–1925 Republican Edward Martin 1925–1929 Republican Charles A. Waters 1929–1933 Republican Frank E. Baldwin 1933–1937 Republican Warren R. Roberts 1937–1941 Democratic F. Clair Ross 1941–1944 Democratic Ted A. Rosenberg 1945 Democratic G. Harold Wagner 1945–1949 Democratic Weldon Brinton Heyburn 1949–1953 Republican Charles R. Barber 1953–1957 Republican Charles C. Smith 1957–1961 Republican Thomas Z. Minehart 1961–1965 Democratic Grace M. Sloan 1965–1969 Democratic Bob Casey Sr. 1969–1977 Democratic Al Benedict 1977–1985 Democratic Donald A. Bailey 1985–1989 Democratic Barbara Hafer 1989–1997 Republican Bob Casey Jr. 1997–2005 Democratic Jack Wagner 2005–2013 Democratic Eugene DePasquale 2013–2021 Democratic Timothy DeFoor 2021– Republican See also Governor of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Attorney General Pennsylvania General Assembly Pennsylvania State Capitol Pennsylvania Treasurer References ^ PA State Archives – RG-2 – Agency History – Department of the Auditor General ^ About the Pennsylvania Department of the Auditor General External links Office of the Auditor General of Pennsylvania vteCommonwealth of PennsylvaniaHarrisburg (capital)Topics Outline Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Notable Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Abortion Agriculture Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling LGBT rights Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Erie Harrisburg–Carlisle Harrisburg–York–Lebanon Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre State College Washington-Baltimore Williamsport York-Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Largestmunicipalities Abington Township Bensalem Township Bethel Park Bristol Township Cheltenham Township Cranberry Township Darby Falls Township Hampden Township Haverford Township Hempfield Township Lower Macungie Township Lower Makefield Township Lower Merion Township Lower Paxton Township Manheim Township McCandless Middletown Township Millcreek Township Monroeville Mt. Lebanon Norristown Northampton Township North Huntingdon Township Penn Hills Radnor Township Ridley Township Ross Township Shaler Township Spring Township State College Tredyffrin Township Upper Darby Township Upper Merion Township Warminster Township West Chester Whitehall Township York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Great Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lebanon Valley Lehigh Valley Mahoning Valley Main Line Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Pennsylvania Wilds Penns Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley South Central Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Pennsylvania portal vte Pennsylvania statewide elected officials Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Treasurer Auditor General Secretary of Internal Affairs (defunct) vteState auditors in the United StatesComptroller General of the United States: ▌Gene Dodaro (NP) AL ▌Andrew Sorrell (R) AK ▌Kris Curtis (NP) AZ ▌Lindsey Perry (NP) AR ▌Dennis Milligan (R) CA ▌Malia Cohen (D) CO ▌Dianne Ray (NP) CT ▌Sean Scanlon (D) DE ▌Lydia York (D) FL ▌Sherrill Norman (R) GA ▌Greg Griffin (NP) HI ▌Les Kondo (NP) ID ▌Brandon Woolf (R) IL ▌Susana Mendoza (D) IN ▌Elise Nieshalla (R) IA ▌Rob Sand (D) KS ▌Justin Stowe (NP) KY ▌Allison Ball (R) LA ▌Mike Waguespack (NP) ME ▌Matthew Dunlap (D) MD ▌Brooke Lierman (D) MA ▌Diana DiZoglio (D) MI ▌Doug Ringler (NP) MN ▌Julie Blaha (DFL) MS ▌Shad White (R) MO ▌Scott Fitzpatrick (R) MT ▌Troy Downing (R) NE ▌Mike Foley (R) NV ▌Andy Matthews (R) NH ▌Michael Kane (NP) NJ ▌David J. Kaschak (NP) NM ▌Joe Maestas (D) NY ▌Tom DiNapoli (D) NC ▌Jessica Holmes (D) ND ▌Josh Gallion (R) OH ▌Keith Faber (R) OK ▌Cindy Byrd (R) OR ▌LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D) PA ▌Timothy DeFoor (R) RI ▌Dennis Hoyle (NP) SC ▌Brian Gaines (D) SD ▌Rich Sattgast (R) TN ▌Jason Mumpower (R) TX ▌Glenn Hegar (R) UT ▌John Dougall (R) VT ▌Doug Hoffer (D) VA ▌Staci Henshaw (NP) WA ▌Pat McCarthy (D) WV ▌JB McCuskey (R) WI ▌Joe Chrisman (NP) WY ▌Kristi Racines (R) Federal districts: DC ▌Kathy Patterson (D)Territories: AS ▌Liua Fatuesi (NP) GU ▌Benjamin Cruz (D) MP ▌Michael Pai (NP) PR ▌Yesmín Valdivieso (NP) VI ▌Steven van Beverhoudt (NP) Political party affiliations: ▌21 Republican (21 states) ▌18 Democratic (16 states, 1 territory, 1 district) ▌17 nonpartisan (13 states, 4 territories)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Timothy DeFoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_DeFoor"}],"text":"The Pennsylvania auditor general is the chief fiscal officer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It became an elected office in 1850.[1] The current auditor general of Pennsylvania is Republican Timothy DeFoor.","title":"Pennsylvania Auditor General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The office of the auditor general of Pennsylvania was created in 1809 by the General Assembly. The auditor general was appointed by the governor until 1850, when it became a statewide elective office. The terms were for three years, until a constitutional amendment in 1909 increased the terms to four years.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.auditorgen.state.pa.us/about/overview.html"}],"text":"The auditor general performs financial audits of state agencies, municipal governments, school districts, public sector pensions, entities that receive state funding support (such as certain universities and hospitals), and corporate tax returns. These audits are designed as an accountability mechanism and serve to ensure that public money is spent in an appropriate manner. Additionally, the auditor general undertakes performance audits, which are designed to determine program efficiency and effectiveness, of certain organizations, such as veteran's homes, prisons, and mental health centers.[1]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of auditors general"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibi_Watson
Ibi Watson
["1 High school career","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 Career statistics","4.1 College","5 References","6 External links"]
American basketball player Ibi WatsonWatson with Michigan in 2018Borås BasketPositionShooting guardLeagueSwedish Basketball LeaguePersonal informationBorn (1998-01-06) January 6, 1998 (age 26)Atlanta, GeorgiaNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Listed weight195 lb (88 kg)Career informationHigh school Athens(The Plains, Ohio) Pickerington Central(Pickerington, Ohio) College Michigan (2016–2018) Dayton (2019–2021) NBA draft2021: undraftedPlaying career2021–presentCareer history2021–2022College Park Skyhawks2023–presentBorås Basket Career highlights and awards Third-team All-Atlantic 10 (2021) Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com Ibrahim Davis Watson-Boye (born January 6, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for Borås Basket of the Swedish Basketball League. He played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers and Michigan Wolverines. High school career During his first two years of high school, Watson attended Athens High School in The Plains, Ohio. He was a basketball teammate of Joe Burrow. For his junior season, Watson transferred to Pickerington High School Central in Pickerington, Ohio. He averaged 19.2 points through two years at the school and earned First Team Division I All-Ohio honors as a senior. He initially committed to playing college basketball for Michigan over offers from Dayton and Indiana, among others. College career As a freshman at Michigan, Watson served as a reserve and received limited minutes. He averaged 2.2 points in 5.2 minutes per game as a sophomore, helping his team to the 2018 National Championship Game. After the season, Watson transferred to the University of Dayton and found a great home. Watson sat out his next year due to transfer rules. During the 2019-2020 season, Watson served as the sixth man and averaged 10.1 points per game and shot nearly 40% from three-point range. On December 23, 2019, he scored a career-high 30 points in an 81–53 win over Grambling State. As a junior, he was a critical piece in helping Dayton achieve a Top 3 NCAA ranking, and a program-record 29 wins. As a senior, Watson was named to the Third Team All-Atlantic 10. He finished 10th in the conference in scoring (15.8) and third in three-point field-goal percentage and three-pointers made (.427, 61-143). Professional career After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, Watson joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2021 NBA Summer League, posting 8 points in 20 minutes on 3-7 shooting at his debut, a 85-83 loss against the Boston Celtics. On October 12, he signed a contract with the Hawks, but was waived three days later. In October 2021, Watson signed with the College Park Skyhawks. On December 10, 2022, he was waived by College Park. On August 1, 2023, Watson signed with Borås Basket of the Swedish Basketball League. Career statistics Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field goal percentage  3P%  3-point field goal percentage  FT%  Free throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  Bold  Career high College Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2016–17 Michigan 19 1 4.4 .345 .056 .750 .4 .1 .1 .0 1.3 2017–18 Michigan 26 0 5.2 .389 .323 .545 .8 .3 .3 .0 2.2 2018–19 Dayton Redshirt 2019–20 Dayton 31 1 22.5 .498 .393 .845 2.4 1.3 .2 .3 10.1 2020–21 Dayton 24 24 37.1 .467 .416 .757 4.1 1.9 .5 .3 15.7 Career 100 26 18.1 .465 .378 .776 2.0 1.0 .3 .2 7.7 References ^ Jablonski, David (December 10, 2019). "Dayton's Ibi Watson cheering for Heisman frontrunner Joe Burrow". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Rabinowitz, Bill (March 4, 2020). "Pickerington Central product Ibi Watson thrives since joining Dayton basketball team". Lancaster Eagle-Gazette. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ "Dayton adds Michigan transfer Ibi Watson". WKEF. April 25, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Quinn, Brendan F. (July 28, 2015). "2016 SG Ibi Watson commits to Michigan basketball". MLive. Retrieved January 9, 2021. ^ McMann, Aaron (August 4, 2017). "Ibi Watson just set Michigan basketball's vertical jump record". MLive. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Schoch, Matt (February 10, 2020). "Ibi Watson relishes time at Michigan, but finds 'great home' at high-flying Dayton". The Detroit News. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Baumgardner, Nick (April 25, 2018). "Ex-Michigan basketball wing Ibi Watson transferring to Dayton". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Jablonski, David (December 24, 2019). "Ibi Watson scores career-high 30 as Dayton Flyers win 10th game". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Jablonski, David (November 8, 2020). "Trio of experienced guards makes Dayton a contender again". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 29, 2021. ^ Johnson, Andre (March 10, 2021). "Multiple Dayton Flyers take home A-10 honors". Dayton247Now. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ Jablonski, David (March 10, 2021). "Atlantic 10 awards: Four Dayton Flyers honored by conference". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ "Boston Celtics vs Atlanta Hawks Aug 8, 2021 Box Scores | NBA.com". NBA.com. Retrieved August 8, 2021. ^ Atlanta Hawks (October 12, 2021). "Roster Update: We've signed guard Ibi Watson" (Tweet). Retrieved October 23, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ "Atlanta Hawks Request Waivers on Johnny Hamilton, DaQuan Jeffries and Ibi Watson". NBA.com. October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "College Park Skyhawks fall in preseason scrimmage". Clayton News-Daily. October 30, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021. ^ "AJ Lawson Returns to College Park Skyhawks". NBA.com. December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022. ^ "Ibi Watson-Boye signs at Boras". Eurobasket. August 1, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024. External links Dayton Flyers bio Michigan Wolverines bio
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He played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers and Michigan Wolverines.","title":"Ibi Watson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_High_School_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"The Plains, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plains,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Joe Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Burrow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pickerington High School Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickerington_High_School_Central"},{"link_name":"Pickerington, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickerington,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During his first two years of high school, Watson attended Athens High School in The Plains, Ohio. He was a basketball teammate of Joe Burrow.[1] For his junior season, Watson transferred to Pickerington High School Central in Pickerington, Ohio.[2] He averaged 19.2 points through two years at the school and earned First Team Division I All-Ohio honors as a senior.[3] He initially committed to playing college basketball for Michigan over offers from Dayton and Indiana, among others.[4]","title":"High school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2018 National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the University of Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Grambling State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Atlantic 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As a freshman at Michigan, Watson served as a reserve and received limited minutes.[5] He averaged 2.2 points in 5.2 minutes per game as a sophomore, helping his team to the 2018 National Championship Game.[6] After the season, Watson transferred to the University of Dayton and found a great home. Watson sat out his next year due to transfer rules.[7] During the 2019-2020 season, Watson served as the sixth man and averaged 10.1 points per game and shot nearly 40% from three-point range. On December 23, 2019, he scored a career-high 30 points in an 81–53 win over Grambling State.[8] As a junior, he was a critical piece in helping Dayton achieve a Top 3 NCAA ranking, and a program-record 29 wins.[9]As a senior, Watson was named to the Third Team All-Atlantic 10.[10] He finished 10th in the conference in scoring (15.8) and third in three-point field-goal percentage and three-pointers made (.427, 61-143).[11]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"2021 NBA Summer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NBA_Summer_League"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"College Park Skyhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Park_Skyhawks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Borås Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s_Basket"},{"link_name":"Swedish Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, Watson joined the Atlanta Hawks for the 2021 NBA Summer League, posting 8 points in 20 minutes on 3-7 shooting at his debut, a 85-83 loss against the Boston Celtics.[12] On October 12, he signed a contract with the Hawks,[13] but was waived three days later.[14] In October 2021, Watson signed with the College Park Skyhawks.[15] On December 10, 2022, he was waived by College Park.[16]On August 1, 2023, Watson signed with Borås Basket of the Swedish Basketball League.[17]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancastereaglegazette.com/story/sports/2020/03/04/pickerington-central-product-ibi-watson-thrives-since-joining-dayton-basketball-team/4951251002/","url_text":"\"Pickerington Central product Ibi Watson thrives since joining Dayton basketball team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Eagle-Gazette","url_text":"Lancaster Eagle-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Dayton adds Michigan transfer Ibi Watson\". WKEF. April 25, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dayton247now.com/sports/dayton-flyers/dayton-adds-michigan-transfer-ibi-watson","url_text":"\"Dayton adds Michigan transfer Ibi Watson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKEF","url_text":"WKEF"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Brendan F. (July 28, 2015). \"2016 SG Ibi Watson commits to Michigan basketball\". MLive. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2015/07/2016_sg_ibi_watson_commits_to.html","url_text":"\"2016 SG Ibi Watson commits to Michigan basketball\""}]},{"reference":"McMann, Aaron (August 4, 2017). \"Ibi Watson just set Michigan basketball's vertical jump record\". MLive. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/wolverines/2017/08/ibi_watson_just_set_michigan_b.html","url_text":"\"Ibi Watson just set Michigan basketball's vertical jump record\""}]},{"reference":"Schoch, Matt (February 10, 2020). \"Ibi Watson relishes time at Michigan, but finds 'great home' at high-flying Dayton\". The Detroit News. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/college/2020/02/10/ibi-watson-relishes-michigan-wolverines-great-home-dayton-flyers/4713082002/","url_text":"\"Ibi Watson relishes time at Michigan, but finds 'great home' at high-flying Dayton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News","url_text":"The Detroit News"}]},{"reference":"Baumgardner, Nick (April 25, 2018). \"Ex-Michigan basketball wing Ibi Watson transferring to Dayton\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2018/04/25/michigan-basketball-wing-ibi-watson-transferring-dayton/551702002/","url_text":"\"Ex-Michigan basketball wing Ibi Watson transferring to Dayton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, David (December 24, 2019). \"Ibi Watson scores career-high 30 as Dayton Flyers win 10th game\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/watson-chatman-lead-dayton-big-halftime-lead-grambling/VvU14i3kIC6ujwRWGBBmFN/","url_text":"\"Ibi Watson scores career-high 30 as Dayton Flyers win 10th game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, David (November 8, 2020). \"Trio of experienced guards makes Dayton a contender again\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/trio-of-experienced-guards-makes-dayton-a-contender-again/WSXQLYUZMJHH5FZ3I36QLQKWS4/","url_text":"\"Trio of experienced guards makes Dayton a contender again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Andre (March 10, 2021). \"Multiple Dayton Flyers take home A-10 honors\". Dayton247Now. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dayton247now.com/sports/content/multiple-dayton-flyers-take-home-a-10-honors","url_text":"\"Multiple Dayton Flyers take home A-10 honors\""}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, David (March 10, 2021). \"Atlantic 10 awards: Four Dayton Flyers honored by conference\". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daytondailynews.com/sports/atlantic-10-awards-four-dayton-flyers-honored-by-conference/2BGXITZHSJFC3HULCMHNHFIYQM/","url_text":"\"Atlantic 10 awards: Four Dayton Flyers honored by conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News","url_text":"Dayton Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Celtics vs Atlanta Hawks Aug 8, 2021 Box Scores | NBA.com\". NBA.com. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/game/bos-vs-atl-1522100001/box-score#box-score","url_text":"\"Boston Celtics vs Atlanta Hawks Aug 8, 2021 Box Scores | NBA.com\""}]},{"reference":"Atlanta Hawks [@ATLHawks] (October 12, 2021). \"Roster Update: We've signed guard Ibi Watson\" (Tweet). Retrieved October 23, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ATLHawks/status/1447955973038120960","url_text":"\"Roster Update: We've signed guard Ibi Watson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Hawks Request Waivers on Johnny Hamilton, DaQuan Jeffries and Ibi Watson\". NBA.com. October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nba.com/hawks/news/atlanta-hawks-request-waivers-johnny-hamilton-daquan-jeffries-and-ibi-watson","url_text":"\"Atlanta Hawks Request Waivers on Johnny Hamilton, DaQuan Jeffries and Ibi Watson\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Park Skyhawks fall in preseason scrimmage\". Clayton News-Daily. October 30, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-daily.com/sports/college-park-skyhawks-fall-in-preseason-scrimmage/article_d761010e-39c7-11ec-80d5-cfd35a4dd6f8.html","url_text":"\"College Park Skyhawks fall in preseason scrimmage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clayton_News-Daily&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Clayton News-Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"AJ Lawson Returns to College Park Skyhawks\". NBA.com. December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cpskyhawks.gleague.nba.com/news/aj-lawson-returns-to-college-park-skyhawks","url_text":"\"AJ Lawson Returns to College Park Skyhawks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibi Watson-Boye signs at Boras\". Eurobasket. August 1, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurobasket.com/Sweden/news/821908/Ibi-Watson-Boye-signs-at-Boras","url_text":"\"Ibi Watson-Boye signs at Boras\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Gainwell
Kenneth Gainwell
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player (born 1999) American football player Kenneth GainwellGainwell with the Eagles in 2021No. 14 – Philadelphia EaglesPosition:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1999-03-14) March 14, 1999 (age 25)Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.Height:5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Weight:200 lb (91 kg)Career informationHigh school:Yazoo County (Yazoo County, Mississippi)College:Memphis (2018–2020)NFL draft:2021 / Round: 5 / Pick: 150Career history Philadelphia Eagles (2021–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards First-team All-AAC (2019) AAC Rookie of the Year (2019) Career NFL statistics as of 2023Rushing yards:895Rushing average:4.4Rushing touchdowns:11Receptions:86Receiving yards:605Receiving touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR Kenneth Gainwell (born March 14, 1999) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Memphis. Early years Gainwell grew up in Yazoo City, Mississippi and attended Yazoo County High School. He was a three-year starter at quarterback for the Panthers. As a junior, he passed for 1,184 yards and nine touchdowns and rushed for 1,292 yards and 20 touchdowns. During the summer going into his senior season Gainwell committed to play college football at Memphis over offers from Ole Miss and Tulane. As a senior, he passed for 1,139 yards and 10 touchdowns and ran for 1,834 yards and 32 touchdowns. Gainwell was named Class 3A Mr. Football as he led the Panthers to a 14–1 record and an appearance in the Class 3A state championship game. Gainwell finished his high school career with 3,682 yards passing and 32 passing touchdowns and 4,730 rushing yards and 75 rushing touchdowns with one kickoff returned for a touchdown. College career Gainwell moved to running back during summer training camp and played in four games as a true freshman before deciding to redshirt the rest of the season. He finished the season with four carries for 91 yards and a touchdown, a 73-yard run, and six receptions for 52 yards. As a redshirt freshman, Gainwell was named the Tigers' starting running back following the departure of Tony Pollard. He was named the co-American Athletic Conference (AAC) player of the week after rushing for 104 yards and a touchdown and gaining 204 yards and scoring two touchdowns on nine receptions on October 19, 2019, in a 47–17 win over Tulane. He rushed for 1,459 yards with 13 touchdowns on 231 carries and caught 51 passes for 610 yards and three touchdowns and was named the AAC Freshman of the Year and first-team All-AAC. He was named a second-team All-American by the Sporting News and the American Football Coaches Association and the National Freshman of the Year by the Football Writers Association of America. Gainwell opted out of his final college season six days before the season opener after multiple family members died from COVID-19. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 5 ft 8+3⁄8 in(1.74 m) 201 lb(91 kg) 30+5⁄8 in(0.78 m) 9+7⁄8 in(0.25 m) 4.44 s 1.62 s 2.57 s 4.46 s 7.26 s 35.0 in(0.89 m) 10 ft 1 in(3.07 m) 21 reps All values from NFL Combine Gainwell was selected in the fifth round (150th overall) by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2021 NFL Draft. Gainwell was happy to be drafted by Philadelphia, as he grew up an Eagles fan, and his favorite player while growing up, Darren Sproles, works for the team as a consultant. Gainwell also said that he modeled his game after Sproles. He signed his four-year rookie contract with Philadelphia on June 3, 2021. Gainwell found moderate success as a rookie, as he ended the year with 68 carries for 291 yards and five touchdowns, while adding 33 receptions for 253 yards and one touchdown. Gainwell appeared in 16 games as a rookie, as he was a healthy scratch for the Eagles' week 11 showdown with the New Orleans Saints. In the 2022 season, Gainwell had 53 carries for 240 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns to go along with 23 receptions for 169 receiving yards. In the team's 38–7 Divisional Round victory over the New York Giants, he had 10 carries for a career high 112 yards and a touchdown, as well as one reception for nine yards. This performance made him just the sixth Eagles player to rush for at least 100 yards in a postseason game. Gainwell helped the Eagles reach Super Bowl LVII where they lost 38–35 to the Kansas City Chiefs. In the Super Bowl, Gainwell had seven carries for 21 rushing yards and four receptions for 20 receiving yards. Gainwell got off to a slow start during the 2023 season. During a Week 9 game against the Washington Commanders in which he lost a fumble, Gainwell received criticism for responding to a fan’s critical Instagram post at halftime. Personal life Gainwell's younger brother, Kory, played defensive back and running back at Yazoo County and is committed to play at Memphis. Gainwell is the cousin of former Eagles player Fletcher Cox. References ^ Claxton, Ben (June 28, 2017). "Yazoo County QB Kenny Gainwell Commits To Memphis". DeltaDailyNews.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Jordan, Jonah (October 17, 2019). "Older brother helps Kory Gainwell tackle recruiting process". The Daily Memphian. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Turner, Ethan (November 18, 2017). "Yazoo County's Gainwell steps up". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ "2017 Class 3A Mr. Football: Kenneth Gainwell". MissHSAA.com. Mississippi High School Activities Association. December 15, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Jordan, Jonah (September 26, 2019). "Gainwell relishes lead running back role as Tigers face Navy". The Daily Memphian. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Vannini, Chris (June 13, 2019). "State of the Program: Memphis is the team to beat in the AAC West, and it has its sights set higher". The Athletic. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Greer, Jarvis (October 22, 2019). "Tigers' Gainwell earns top weekly honor in AAC". WMCActionNews5.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Fowler, Christian (January 14, 2020). "Gainwell has fifth best odds to win Heisman Trophy in 2020". 247Sports.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Barnes, Evan (December 4, 2019). "Memphis' Antonio Gibson, Kenneth Gainwell among Tigers honored in 2019 All-AAC awards". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ "Memphis Tigers running back Kenneth Gainwell named freshman player of the year". LocalMemphis.com. January 13, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Greer, Jarvis (December 18, 2019). "Tigers running back, Kenny Gainwell, earns All-American status". WMCActionNews5.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Barnes, Evan (December 17, 2019). "Memphis freshman Kenneth Gainwell earns second-team All-American honors from Sporting News, AFCA". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Walker, Teresa M. (April 20, 2021). "Memphis running back ready for NFL draft after opting out". AP NEWS. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ "2021 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "Kenneth Gainwell Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ "Kenneth Gainwell, Memphis, RB, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football". draftscout.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ McPherson, Chris (May 1, 2021). "Eagles draft RB Kenneth Gainwell". PhiladelphiaEagles.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Erby, Glenn (May 6, 2021). "Philadelphia Eagles' rookie RB Kenneth Gainwell says he's a 'rare breed'". Eagles Wire. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Levine, Ben (June 3, 2021). "Eagles Sign Three More Draft Picks". Pro Football Rumors. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "Kenneth Gainwell 2021 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ Erby, Glenn (November 21, 2021). "Eagles vs. Saints inactives: Kenneth Gainwell a healthy scratch with Miles Sanders returning". Eagles Wire. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ "Kenneth Gainwell 2022 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "Divisional Round – New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – January 21st, 2023". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Kerr, Jeff (January 22, 2023). "Kenny Gainwell unlikeliest of heroes as third-down RB etches himself into Eagles playoff lore". CBSSports.com. Retrieved January 22, 2023. ^ "Super Bowl LVII – Philadelphia Eagles vs. Kansas City Chiefs – February 12th, 2023". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Cook, Joe (January 28, 2020). "Yazoo County's Kory Gainwell commits to Memphis". WAPT.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ Kerr, Jeff (May 1, 2021). "Eagles select Kenneth Gainwell: Three things to know about Philly's fifth-round pick". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 1, 2021. External links Career statistics and player information from Pro Football Reference Philadelphia Eagles bio Memphis Tigers bio vtePhiladelphia Eagles 2021 NFL draft selections DeVonta Smith Landon Dickerson Milton Williams Zech McPhearson Kenneth Gainwell Marlon Tuipulotu Tarron Jackson JaCoby Stevens Patrick Johnson vtePhiladelphia Eagles rosterActive 0 Bryce Huff 1 Jalen Hurts 2 Darius Slay 3 Nolan Smith 4 Jake Elliott 6 DeVonta Smith 7 Kenny Pickett 8 C. J. Gardner-Johnson 10 Braden Mann 11 A. J. Brown 13 Will Grier 14 Kenneth Gainwell 16 Tanner McKee 17 Nakobe Dean 18 Britain Covey 19 Josh Sweat 21 Sydney Brown 22 Kelee Ringo 23 Eli Ricks 24 James Bradberry 26 Saquon Barkley 27 Zech McPhearson 28 Josh Jobe 29 Avonte Maddox 30 Quinyon Mitchell 31 Tyler Hall 32 Reed Blankenship 33 Cooper DeJean 34 Isaiah Rodgers 35 Tyrion Davis-Price 35 Andre' Sam 36 Tristin McCollum 36 Kendall Milton 37 Mario Goodrich 38 Lew Nichols III 38 Parry Nickerson 39 Will Shipley 41 Shon Stephens 42 Oren Burks 43 McCallan Castles 43 Mekhi Garner 45 Devin White 46 Jacob Harris 46 Terrell Lewis 47 Shaquan Davis 47 Brandon Smith 48 Patrick Johnson 49 Rick Lovato 50 Max Scharping 51 Cam Jurgens 52 Julian Okwara 53 Zack Baun 54 Jeremiah Trotter Jr. 55 Brandon Graham 56 Tyler Steen 57 Ben VanSumeren 58 Jalyx Hunt 59 Thomas Booker 61 Gottlieb Ayedze 63 Dylan McMahon 64 Brett Toth 65 Lane Johnson 66 Jason Poe 67 Laekin Vakalahi (Int.) 68 Jordan Mailata 69 Landon Dickerson 72 Darian Kinnard 74 Fred Johnson 75 Tarron Jackson 76 Mekhi Becton 77 Matt Hennessy 78 Anim Dankwah 79 Trevor Keegan 80 Parris Campbell 81 Grant Calcaterra 82 Ainias Smith 83 John Ross 84 E. J. Jenkins 85 Albert Okwuegbunam 86 Joseph Ngata 87 C. J. Uzomah 88 Dallas Goedert 89 Austin Watkins 89 Johnny Wilson 90 Jordan Davis 93 Milton Williams 94 P. J. Mustipher 95 Marlon Tuipulotu 96 Gabe Hall 97 Moro Ojomo 98 Jalen Carter Reserve lists 73 Le'Raven Clark (IR) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_football"}],"text":"American football playerKenneth Gainwell (born March 14, 1999) is an American football running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Memphis.","title":"Kenneth Gainwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yazoo City, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_City,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Yazoo County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football"},{"link_name":"Tulane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gainwell grew up in Yazoo City, Mississippi and attended Yazoo County High School. He was a three-year starter at quarterback for the Panthers. As a junior, he passed for 1,184 yards and nine touchdowns and rushed for 1,292 yards and 20 touchdowns. During the summer going into his senior season Gainwell committed to play college football at Memphis over offers from Ole Miss and Tulane.[1] As a senior, he passed for 1,139 yards and 10 touchdowns and ran for 1,834 yards and 32 touchdowns. Gainwell was named Class 3A Mr. Football as he led the Panthers to a 14–1 record and an appearance in the Class 3A state championship game.[2][3][4] Gainwell finished his high school career with 3,682 yards passing and 32 passing touchdowns and 4,730 rushing yards and 75 rushing touchdowns with one kickoff returned for a touchdown.[5]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"redshirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tony Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pollard"},{"link_name":"American Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"American Football Coaches Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Coaches_Association"},{"link_name":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Gainwell moved to running back during summer training camp and played in four games as a true freshman before deciding to redshirt the rest of the season. He finished the season with four carries for 91 yards and a touchdown, a 73-yard run, and six receptions for 52 yards.[6]As a redshirt freshman, Gainwell was named the Tigers' starting running back following the departure of Tony Pollard. He was named the co-American Athletic Conference (AAC) player of the week after rushing for 104 yards and a touchdown and gaining 204 yards and scoring two touchdowns on nine receptions on October 19, 2019, in a 47–17 win over Tulane.[7] He rushed for 1,459 yards with 13 touchdowns on 231 carries and caught 51 passes for 610 yards and three touchdowns and was named the AAC Freshman of the Year and first-team All-AAC.[8][9] He was named a second-team All-American by the Sporting News and the American Football Coaches Association and the National Freshman of the Year by the Football Writers Association of America.[10][11][12]Gainwell opted out of his final college season six days before the season opener after multiple family members died from COVID-19.[13]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"2021 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Darren Sproles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Sproles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Divisional Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NFL_playoffs#NFC:_Philadelphia_Eagles_38,_New_York_Giants_7"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Gainwell was selected in the fifth round (150th overall) by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2021 NFL Draft.[17] Gainwell was happy to be drafted by Philadelphia, as he grew up an Eagles fan, and his favorite player while growing up, Darren Sproles, works for the team as a consultant. Gainwell also said that he modeled his game after Sproles.[18] He signed his four-year rookie contract with Philadelphia on June 3, 2021.[19] Gainwell found moderate success as a rookie, as he ended the year with 68 carries for 291 yards and five touchdowns, while adding 33 receptions for 253 yards and one touchdown.[20] Gainwell appeared in 16 games as a rookie, as he was a healthy scratch for the Eagles' week 11 showdown with the New Orleans Saints.[21]In the 2022 season, Gainwell had 53 carries for 240 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns to go along with 23 receptions for 169 receiving yards.[22] In the team's 38–7 Divisional Round victory over the New York Giants, he had 10 carries for a career high 112 yards and a touchdown, as well as one reception for nine yards.[23] This performance made him just the sixth Eagles player to rush for at least 100 yards in a postseason game.[24] Gainwell helped the Eagles reach Super Bowl LVII where they lost 38–35 to the Kansas City Chiefs. In the Super Bowl, Gainwell had seven carries for 21 rushing yards and four receptions for 20 receiving yards.[25]Gainwell got off to a slow start during the 2023 season. During a Week 9 game against the Washington Commanders in which he lost a fumble, Gainwell received criticism for responding to a fan’s critical Instagram post at halftime.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Cox"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-draft-27"}],"text":"Gainwell's younger brother, Kory, played defensive back and running back at Yazoo County and is committed to play at Memphis.[26] Gainwell is the cousin of former Eagles player Fletcher Cox.[27]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Claxton, Ben (June 28, 2017). \"Yazoo County QB Kenny Gainwell Commits To Memphis\". DeltaDailyNews.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210503071500/https://deltadailynews.com/yazoo-county-qb-kenny-gainwell-commits-to-memphis/","url_text":"\"Yazoo County QB Kenny Gainwell Commits To Memphis\""},{"url":"https://deltadailynews.com/yazoo-county-qb-kenny-gainwell-commits-to-memphis/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Jonah (October 17, 2019). \"Older brother helps Kory Gainwell tackle recruiting process\". The Daily Memphian. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200320153556/https://dailymem.net/article/8127/Older-brother-helps-Kory-Gainwell-tackle-recruiting-process","url_text":"\"Older brother helps Kory Gainwell tackle recruiting process\""},{"url":"https://dailymem.net/article/8127/Older-brother-helps-Kory-Gainwell-tackle-recruiting-process","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Ethan (November 18, 2017). \"Yazoo County's Gainwell steps up\". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djournal.com/sports/high-school/yazoo-county-s-gainwell-steps-up/article_c30f5bf3-93b2-5ef4-afb9-757ed381eb96.html","url_text":"\"Yazoo County's Gainwell steps up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Mississippi_Daily_Journal","url_text":"Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Class 3A Mr. Football: Kenneth Gainwell\". MissHSAA.com. Mississippi High School Activities Association. December 15, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.misshsaa.com/2017/12/15/2017-class-3a-mr-football-kenneth-gainwell/","url_text":"\"2017 Class 3A Mr. Football: Kenneth Gainwell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_High_School_Activities_Association","url_text":"Mississippi High School Activities Association"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Jonah (September 26, 2019). \"Gainwell relishes lead running back role as Tigers face Navy\". The Daily Memphian. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymemphian.com/section/sports/article/7723/gainwell-relishes-lead-running-back-role-as-t","url_text":"\"Gainwell relishes lead running back role as Tigers face Navy\""}]},{"reference":"Vannini, Chris (June 13, 2019). \"State of the Program: Memphis is the team to beat in the AAC West, and it has its sights set higher\". The Athletic. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/1018314/2019/06/13/memphis-football-2019-schedule-roster-depth-chart/","url_text":"\"State of the Program: Memphis is the team to beat in the AAC West, and it has its sights set higher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic","url_text":"The Athletic"}]},{"reference":"Greer, Jarvis (October 22, 2019). \"Tigers' Gainwell earns top weekly honor in AAC\". WMCActionNews5.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2019/10/22/tigers-gainwell-earns-top-weekly-honor-aac/","url_text":"\"Tigers' Gainwell earns top weekly honor in AAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMC-TV","url_text":"WMCActionNews5.com"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Christian (January 14, 2020). \"Gainwell has fifth best odds to win Heisman Trophy in 2020\". 247Sports.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/memphis/Article/Memphis-RB-Kenny-Gainwell-has-fifth-best-odds-to-win-Heisman-Trophy-in-2020-142179315/","url_text":"\"Gainwell has fifth best odds to win Heisman Trophy in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Evan (December 4, 2019). \"Memphis' Antonio Gibson, Kenneth Gainwell among Tigers honored in 2019 All-AAC awards\". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/college/memphis-tigers/2019/12/04/memphis-football-antonio-gibson-kenneth-gainwell-tigers-all-aac/4343814002/","url_text":"\"Memphis' Antonio Gibson, Kenneth Gainwell among Tigers honored in 2019 All-AAC awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"}]},{"reference":"\"Memphis Tigers running back Kenneth Gainwell named freshman player of the year\". LocalMemphis.com. January 13, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/sports/ncaa/tigers-den/memphis-tigers-running-back-kenneth-gainwell-named-freshman-player-of-the-year/522-81609a7a-a5e8-411b-8669-65e0ed435605","url_text":"\"Memphis Tigers running back Kenneth Gainwell named freshman player of the year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATN-TV","url_text":"LocalMemphis.com"}]},{"reference":"Greer, Jarvis (December 18, 2019). \"Tigers running back, Kenny Gainwell, earns All-American status\". WMCActionNews5.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2019/12/18/tigers-running-back-kenny-gainwell-earns-all-american-status/","url_text":"\"Tigers running back, Kenny Gainwell, earns All-American status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMC-TV","url_text":"WMCActionNews5.com"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Evan (December 17, 2019). \"Memphis freshman Kenneth Gainwell earns second-team All-American honors from Sporting News, AFCA\". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/college/memphis-tigers/2019/12/17/memphis-football-kenneth-gainwell-named-sporting-news-all-american/2523320001/","url_text":"\"Memphis freshman Kenneth Gainwell earns second-team All-American honors from Sporting News, AFCA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal","url_text":"The Commercial Appeal"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Teresa M. (April 20, 2021). \"Memphis running back ready for NFL draft after opting out\". AP NEWS. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/nfl-nfl-draft-football-coronavirus-pandemic-kenneth-gainwell-02aeefcd426bea4bed689ecba82302c4","url_text":"\"Memphis running back ready for NFL draft after opting out\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2021/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2021 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth Gainwell Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/kenneth-gainwell/32004741-4960-6964-7702-692656fad861","url_text":"\"Kenneth Gainwell Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth Gainwell, Memphis, RB, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\". draftscout.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1024161&DraftYear=2021","url_text":"\"Kenneth Gainwell, Memphis, RB, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\""}]},{"reference":"McPherson, Chris (May 1, 2021). \"Eagles draft RB Kenneth Gainwell\". PhiladelphiaEagles.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/news/eagles-draft-kenneth-gainwell","url_text":"\"Eagles draft RB Kenneth Gainwell\""}]},{"reference":"Erby, Glenn (May 6, 2021). \"Philadelphia Eagles' rookie RB Kenneth Gainwell says he's a 'rare breed'\". Eagles Wire. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theeagleswire.usatoday.com/2021/05/06/philadelphia-eagles-kenneth-gainwell-rare-breed-nfl-draft/","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Eagles' rookie RB Kenneth Gainwell says he's a 'rare breed'\""}]},{"reference":"Levine, Ben (June 3, 2021). \"Eagles Sign Three More Draft Picks\". Pro Football Rumors. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.profootballrumors.com/2021/06/eagles-sign-three-more-draft-picks","url_text":"\"Eagles Sign Three More Draft Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth Gainwell 2021 Game Log\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GainKe00/gamelog/2021/","url_text":"\"Kenneth Gainwell 2021 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"Erby, Glenn (November 21, 2021). \"Eagles vs. Saints inactives: Kenneth Gainwell a healthy scratch with Miles Sanders returning\". Eagles Wire. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theeagleswire.usatoday.com/lists/eagles-vs-saints-inactives-kenneth-gainwell-a-healthy-scratch-with-miles-sanders-returning/","url_text":"\"Eagles vs. Saints inactives: Kenneth Gainwell a healthy scratch with Miles Sanders returning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth Gainwell 2022 Game Log\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/G/GainKe00/gamelog/2022/","url_text":"\"Kenneth Gainwell 2022 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"\"Divisional Round – New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – January 21st, 2023\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202301210phi.htm","url_text":"\"Divisional Round – New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – January 21st, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Jeff (January 22, 2023). \"Kenny Gainwell unlikeliest of heroes as third-down RB etches himself into Eagles playoff lore\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved January 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/kenny-gainwell-unlikeliest-of-heroes-as-third-down-rb-etches-himself-into-eagles-playoff-lore/","url_text":"\"Kenny Gainwell unlikeliest of heroes as third-down RB etches himself into Eagles playoff lore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl LVII – Philadelphia Eagles vs. Kansas City Chiefs – February 12th, 2023\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202302120phi.htm","url_text":"\"Super Bowl LVII – Philadelphia Eagles vs. Kansas City Chiefs – February 12th, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Joe (January 28, 2020). \"Yazoo County's Kory Gainwell commits to Memphis\". WAPT.com. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wapt.com/article/yazoo-countys-kory-gainwell-commits-to-memphis-01-28/30696473#","url_text":"\"Yazoo County's Kory Gainwell commits to Memphis\""}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Jeff (May 1, 2021). \"Eagles select Kenneth Gainwell: Three things to know about Philly's fifth-round pick\". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/eagles-select-kenneth-gainwell-three-things-to-know-about-phillys-fifth-round-pick/","url_text":"\"Eagles select Kenneth Gainwell: Three things to know about Philly's fifth-round pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports","url_text":"CBS Sports"}]}]
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steps up\""},{"Link":"https://www.misshsaa.com/2017/12/15/2017-class-3a-mr-football-kenneth-gainwell/","external_links_name":"\"2017 Class 3A Mr. Football: Kenneth Gainwell\""},{"Link":"https://dailymemphian.com/section/sports/article/7723/gainwell-relishes-lead-running-back-role-as-t","external_links_name":"\"Gainwell relishes lead running back role as Tigers face Navy\""},{"Link":"https://theathletic.com/1018314/2019/06/13/memphis-football-2019-schedule-roster-depth-chart/","external_links_name":"\"State of the Program: Memphis is the team to beat in the AAC West, and it has its sights set higher\""},{"Link":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2019/10/22/tigers-gainwell-earns-top-weekly-honor-aac/","external_links_name":"\"Tigers' Gainwell earns top weekly honor in AAC\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/college/memphis/Article/Memphis-RB-Kenny-Gainwell-has-fifth-best-odds-to-win-Heisman-Trophy-in-2020-142179315/","external_links_name":"\"Gainwell has fifth best odds to win Heisman Trophy in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/college/memphis-tigers/2019/12/04/memphis-football-antonio-gibson-kenneth-gainwell-tigers-all-aac/4343814002/","external_links_name":"\"Memphis' Antonio Gibson, Kenneth Gainwell among Tigers honored in 2019 All-AAC awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/sports/ncaa/tigers-den/memphis-tigers-running-back-kenneth-gainwell-named-freshman-player-of-the-year/522-81609a7a-a5e8-411b-8669-65e0ed435605","external_links_name":"\"Memphis Tigers running back Kenneth Gainwell named freshman player of the year\""},{"Link":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2019/12/18/tigers-running-back-kenny-gainwell-earns-all-american-status/","external_links_name":"\"Tigers running back, Kenny Gainwell, earns All-American status\""},{"Link":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/college/memphis-tigers/2019/12/17/memphis-football-kenneth-gainwell-named-sporting-news-all-american/2523320001/","external_links_name":"\"Memphis 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Log\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202301210phi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Divisional Round – New York Giants at Philadelphia Eagles – January 21st, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/kenny-gainwell-unlikeliest-of-heroes-as-third-down-rb-etches-himself-into-eagles-playoff-lore/","external_links_name":"\"Kenny Gainwell unlikeliest of heroes as third-down RB etches himself into Eagles playoff lore\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202302120phi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Super Bowl LVII – Philadelphia Eagles vs. Kansas City Chiefs – February 12th, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.wapt.com/article/yazoo-countys-kory-gainwell-commits-to-memphis-01-28/30696473#","external_links_name":"\"Yazoo County's Kory Gainwell commits to Memphis\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/eagles-select-kenneth-gainwell-three-things-to-know-about-phillys-fifth-round-pick/","external_links_name":"\"Eagles select Kenneth 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schlumberger
William Schlumberger
["1 Biography","2 Chess games","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
French chess player (1800–1838) William Schlumberger (March 25, 1799 – February 20, 1838) was an Alsatian chess master. He is known to have taught Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant to play chess and as the operator of The Turk, a chess-playing machine which was purported to be an automaton. It was Bavarian musician and showman Johann Nepomuk Mälzel who hired him to operate The Turk. Schlumberger acted as the Turk's director in Europe and in the United States until his death from yellow fever in 1838. Biography The main source of information on Schlumberger's life is Willard Fiske's book of the first American chess congress and, in particular, the section dedicated to “The history of the Automaton Chess-Player in America”. The brief biography given below is, unless otherwise indicated, taken from that publication. Schlumberger was born in Mulhouse, Alsace, a region often fought over by France and Germany. He belonged to a wealthy family, and attained a very high education. He was considered very strong in Mathematics and he spoke not only French and German with which, as an Alsatian, he was equally familiar from childhood, but also in English. His own account of himself was, that he had entered upon the business life, for which he had been so carefully educated, in Paris, where he and his brother were put in charge of the dépôt of the family establishment at Mulhouse. He was thrown out of business by a commercial misfortune, and then he began to support himself by giving lessons in Chess at the Café de la Régence. At the Café, he was one of the leading players, but was known there only by the name of Mulhouse a nickname given to him, probably, by Saint-Amant. When St. Amant, began to frequent the Café de la Régence, about the year 1823, he found Mulhouse, capable of playing with La Bourdonnais at no greater odds than the Pawn and move, and fully equal to Boncourt and Mouret. Therefore, the young St. Amant took chess lessons from him. Many years later, he gratefully acknowledged that to Schlumberger he owed his first initiation to chess. The subsistence of Schlumberger, dependent solely upon his earnings as a Chess-teacher, was undoubtedly precarious. For this reason, he accepted the offer of Maelzel, the owner of The Turk, to operate the Chess-Automaton during its tour in America for fifty dollars a month plus travel expenses. During the tour, however, there were some incidents that almost revealed the secret of the Automaton. In Baltimore, two boys, secreted on a roof, saw the figure of Schlumberger come out of the machine. An article, "The Chess-Player Discovered," appeared in the Baltimore Gazette on Friday, June 1, 1827, exposing the matter. Later, in Richmond, the Turk was observed by Edgar Allan Poe, who later wrote his essay "Maelzel's Chess Player" published in April 1836. He observed: There is a man, Schlumberger, who attends him wherever he goes, but who has no ostensible occupation other than that of assisting in the packing and unpacking of the automaton. This man is about the medium size, and has a remarkable stoop in the shoulders. Whether he professes to play chess or not, we are not informed. It is quite certain, however, that he is never to be seen during the exhibition of the Chess Player, although frequently visible just before and just after the exhibition. Moreover, some years ago Maelzel visited Richmond with his automata, and exhibited them, we believe, in the house now occupied by M. Bossieux as a Dancing Academy. Schlumberger was suddenly taken ill, and during his illness there was no exhibition of the Chess Player. These facts are well known to many of our citizens. The reason assigned for the suspension of the Chess-Player's performances, was not the illness of Schlumberger. The inferences from all this we leave, without farther comment, to the reader. On November 9, 1837, Schlumberger and Maelzel sailed to Havana, Cuba. There, Schlumberger contracted Yellow Fever and died in February 1838. Chess games This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. The previously quoted book of the first American chess congress describes Schlumberger as a rapid Chess-player, but not particularly strong in the endgame. It also adds some details about his opening repertoire: When the Automaton adhered to its claim of the first move, the game was made a gambit; when the adversary had the move, Schlumberger invariably resorted to Mouret's favorite defence of King's Pawn one—a Boeotian defence, thoroughly understood at the Cafe de la Regence—so often played afterwards by La Bourdonnais, so thoroughly detested by McDonnell In playing end-games, Schlumberger did not come off quite so well: he was sometimes beaten, although very seldom. A very few and rare games of Schlumberger games survived, however. The following game, lost by the Automaton, is not particularly well played, but it has a certain historical importance being, possibly, the first published game by an American woman chess player. Here it is presented with the comments of C. H. Stanley Mrs. F - The Turk (Schlumberger) Philadelphia, 1827 1. e4 e6 Most of our readers, we presume, are aware that the Automaton was a Turk; had he been a Christian, he surely would not have played "K. P. one" against a lady. 2. Nc3 d5 3. Qf3 Nf6 4. Bd3 An eccentric style of move, but by no means bad play under the circumstances 4...c5 His "Turkship" has not yet discovered the dexterity of his fair antagonist; expecting to achieve an easy victory he considers it beneath his dignity to take care of his Pawns. 5. b3 Bd6 6. exd5 exd5 7. Nxd5 Nxd5 8. Qxd5 O-O 9. Bb2 Mrs. F. shows a thorough knowledge of the peculiar position under which her various Pieces will act most favorably. There is more natural genius displayed by her in the conduct of this game than is met with in by far the greater portion of the games which come under our notice. 9... Nc6 10. a3 Be6 11. Qe4 g6 12. O-O-O Qd7 13. h3 Bf5 14. Qf3 Bxd3 15. Qxd3 Rae8 16. Nf3 a6 17. g4 b5 18. c4 We like the boldness and decision of Mrs. F.'s style of play; this is true Chess. Blue Beard will shortly make the unwelcome discovery that he has for once at least "caught a Tartar". If the ladies of his own country possessed the characteristics evinced by Mrs. F., their position would be far different from that which it now is. 18...bxc4 19. Qxc4 Rb8 20. Kb1 Qb7 21. Qc3 Threatening an immediate checkmate. 21...Nd4 Badly played; his only chance to save the game would be to push King's Bishop's Pawn one square 22. Nxd4 Be5 Play as he will, he must now lose a Piece, as, should he take Kt. with Pawn, Mrs. F. would take Pawn with Queen, and in order to avert the checkmate then threatened, it would be necessary to abandon the Bishop to his fate. 23. Qxc5 Bxd4 24. Qxd4 f6 25. Qc4+ Kg7 26. Ka2 Rfc8 27. Qa4 Rc2 28. b4 Qd5+ 29. Qb3 Qe4 30. Rhe1 Qc6 31. Rc1 Rxc1 32. Rxc1 Qd6 33. Rd1 a5 34. b5 a4 35. Qxa4 Qd5+ 36. Qb3 Qc5 37. d4 Qg5 38. a4 Qf4 39. Qg3 resigns. Never was better account rendered of Infidel and Saracen, on the sandy desert of his own soil, than is now given by the fair champion of Christendom of her unbelieving foe, on the chequered field of his own battle-ground. Willard Fiske gave the following explication of Schlumberger's poor play during this game. Maelzel's first exhibition-season in Philadelphia extended from 26 December 1826, to 20 March 1827. The Hall was open twice a day—at noon and in the evening—and full games as well as end-games were played, but whether indifferently at either hour I do not know. The Automaton lost one end-game—the famous Three Pawn position—to Mr. Daniel Smith; and one full game to a lady, Mrs. Fisher. The latter game happens to be the only specimen of poor Schlumberger's play—I will not say skill—that has been preserved. It was printed at the time in the Philadelphia Gazette, and was afterwards reported in Mr. Stanley's American Chess Magazine (p. 57). It was played at two different sittings, on the 30th and 31st days of January. Maelzel's devotion to the fair sex was quite too profound to allow his Automaton to insist upon his prerogative to take the first move; nay, Schlumberger is said to have had peremptory orders to get beaten. After the lady's 39th move, Mr. Maelzel (says the newspaper), at this stage of the game, considering it lost, politely thanked Mrs. F., and observed that he was fairly beaten. He also remarked that the Automaton had been conquered but three times—once in Paris, once in Boston, and by Mrs. F. of Philadelphia. The other of Schlumberger's games which has survived is probably more interesting. It was played with Charles Vezin (1781–1853), considered the founder and father of chess in Philadelphia and a good player. The notes to the game are from Chess in Philadelphia: a brief history of the game in Philadelphia edited by G. C. Reichhelm and W. P. Shipley, 1898. Additionally, analysis carried out with the chess engine FireBird 1.2 are reported in square parentheses. Diagram 1 hgfedcba1122334455667788hgfedcba Vezin – Schlumberger: Position after 18...Qh6 C. Vezin - W. Schlumberger Played in Philadelphia at a private party between Mr. Charles Vezin and Maetzel's Automaton Chess Player. It took three sittings, starting January 15, 1827, continuing January 22 and finishing January 23. 1.e4 e6 2.Bc4 Not well opened. In those days the study of closed openings was not pursued. 2...d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Be2 f5 5.d4 c5 6.Nf3 Nc6 7.0–0 Nf6 8.c4 cxd4 9.Nxd4 Bc5 10.Be3 Qb6 11.Nb3 This promises best in this situation. Mr. V. cleverly escapes. 11...Bxe3 12.fxe3 Qxe3+ 13.Kh1 Be if 13...d4 then 14.Bf3 Ne4 15.Bxe4 fxe4 16.Re1 etc. 14.cxd5 Bxd5 15.Bh5+ Kf8 16.Rxf5 Rd8 17.Qf1 Kg8? 18.Nc3 Qh6 (see Diagram 1) 19.Bf3? 19...Be6 20.Rb5 Rf8 21.Rxb7 Ng4 The Automaton appears to be growing an attack, but white’s 23rd move claims his particular attention 22.Qg1 Nce5 23.Nd5 Ng6 24.Rf1 Qg5 25.Qd4 Qe5 26.Qxe5 N4xe5 27.Nc5 Bg4 28.Rb3?! 28...h5 29.Kg1 Bxf3 30.gxf3 Nh4? 31.f4 Ng4 32.h3 Nh6 33.Ne6 33...Re8 34.Ndc7 Rc8 35.Rd1 N6f5 36.Rd7 Rh6 37.Rbd3 Rf6 38.Ng5 Ng6 39.Nce6 Nf8 40.Rd8 Rc1+ 41.Kf2 Rc2+ 42.Ke1 Rxb2 The white forces have been so well managed that Monsieur Schlumberger, who played in the Automaton, considers it is time to prepare for a draw. 43.Ra8 Nh4? 44.Rdd8 Nhg6 45.Rxa7 Nxf4 46.Rxg7+ Kh8 47.Nf7+? 47...Rxf7 48.Rxf7 N4xe6 49.Rdxf8+ Nxf8 50.Rxf8+ Kg7 51.Rf2 He might have tried 51.Ra8 and then defend his Ph3 by Ra3, but the game was drawn with proper play 51...Rb1+ 52.Ke2 Rh1 53.Rf3 Rh2+ 54.Kd3 Rxa2 ½–½ References ^ a b "Cercle généalogique d'Alsace". www.alsace-genealogie.com. Retrieved 2023-10-15. ^ W. Fiske, The book of the first American chess congress (1859) p 436–481 ^ W. Fiske, The book of the first American chess congress (1859) p. 448 ^ R. Kruk, Y. N. Seirawan, H. Reerink and H. Scholten, Queen’s Move: women and chess through the ages (2000) p. 104 ^ American Chess Magazine, edited by C. H. Stanley (1847) p. 57 ^ W. Fiske, The book of the first American chess congress (1859) p. 446 ^ Chess in Philadelphia: a brief history of the game in Philadelphia edited by G. C. Reichhelm and W. P. Shipley (1898) page 23 ^ "www.chesslogik.com/Fire.htm". Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-05-24. Bibliography Tom Standage, The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. Walker and Company, New York City, 2002. ISBN 0-8027-1391-2 Gerald M. Levitt, The Turk, Chess Automaton. McFarland and Company Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2000. Thomas Gavin, "King Kill". Jonathan Cape, London, 1977. ISBN 0-224-014463. A novel on Schlumberger's life. Gaige, Jeremy (1987), Chess Personalia, A Biobibliography, McFarland, p. 377, ISBN 0-7864-2353-6 External links William Schlumberger at chess.com Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine The man in the automaton at time.com A portrait of Schlumberger at Sarah's Chess Journal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Alsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatians_(people)"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant"},{"link_name":"The Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Turk"},{"link_name":"automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Johann Nepomuk Mälzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_M%C3%A4lzel"},{"link_name":"The Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Turk"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"}],"text":"William Schlumberger (March 25, 1799 – February 20, 1838)[1] was an Alsatian chess master. He is known to have taught\nPierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant to play chess and as the operator of The Turk, a chess-playing machine which was purported to be an automaton. It was Bavarian musician and showman Johann Nepomuk Mälzel who hired him to operate The Turk. Schlumberger acted as the Turk's director in Europe and in the United States until his death from yellow fever in 1838.","title":"William Schlumberger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willard Fiske's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Fiske"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Café de la Régence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9gence"},{"link_name":"Saint-Amant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant"},{"link_name":"Café de la Régence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9gence"},{"link_name":"La Bourdonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Charles_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais"},{"link_name":"Boncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boncourt_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Mouret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mouret"},{"link_name":"Maelzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Maelzel"},{"link_name":"The Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Turk"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Maelzel's Chess Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelzel%27s_Chess_Player"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The main source of information on Schlumberger's life is Willard Fiske's book of the first American chess congress[2] and, in particular, the section dedicated to “The history of the Automaton Chess-Player in America”. The brief biography given below is, unless otherwise indicated, taken from that publication.Schlumberger was born in Mulhouse, Alsace, a region often fought over by France and Germany. He belonged to a wealthy family, and attained a very high education. He was considered very strong in Mathematics and he spoke not only French and German with which, as an Alsatian, he was equally familiar from childhood, but also in English. His own account of himself was, that he had entered upon the business life, for which he had been so carefully educated, in Paris, where he and his brother were put in charge of the dépôt of the family establishment at Mulhouse. He was thrown out of business by a commercial misfortune, and then he began to support himself by giving lessons in Chess at the Café de la Régence. At the Café, he was one of the leading players, but was known there only by the name of Mulhouse a nickname given to him, probably, by Saint-Amant. When St. Amant, began to frequent the Café de la Régence, about the year 1823, he found Mulhouse, capable of playing with La Bourdonnais at no greater odds than the Pawn and move, and fully equal to Boncourt and Mouret. Therefore, the young St. Amant took chess lessons from him. Many years later, he gratefully acknowledged that to Schlumberger he owed his first initiation to chess.The subsistence of Schlumberger, dependent solely upon his earnings as a Chess-teacher, was undoubtedly precarious. For this reason, he accepted the offer of Maelzel, the owner of The Turk, to operate the Chess-Automaton during its tour in America for fifty dollars a month plus travel expenses.\nDuring the tour, however, there were some incidents that almost revealed the secret of the Automaton.\nIn Baltimore, two boys, secreted on a roof, saw the figure of Schlumberger come out of the machine. An article, \"The Chess-Player Discovered,\" appeared in the Baltimore Gazette on Friday, June 1, 1827, exposing the matter.\nLater, in Richmond, the Turk was observed by Edgar Allan Poe, who later wrote his essay \"Maelzel's Chess Player\" published in April 1836. He observed:There is a man, Schlumberger, who attends him wherever he goes, but who has no ostensible occupation other than that of assisting in the packing and unpacking of the automaton. This man is about the medium size, and has a remarkable stoop in the shoulders. Whether he professes to play chess or not, we are not informed. It is quite certain, however, that he is never to be seen during the exhibition of the Chess Player, although frequently visible just before and just after the exhibition. Moreover, some years ago Maelzel visited Richmond with his automata, and exhibited them, we believe, in the house now occupied by M. Bossieux as a Dancing Academy. Schlumberger was suddenly taken ill, and during his illness there was no exhibition of the Chess Player. These facts are well known to many of our citizens. The reason assigned for the suspension of the Chess-Player's performances, was not the illness of Schlumberger. The inferences from all this we leave, without farther comment, to the reader.On November 9, 1837, Schlumberger and Maelzel sailed to Havana, Cuba. There, Schlumberger contracted Yellow Fever and died in February 1838.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame"},{"link_name":"Mouret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mouret"},{"link_name":"King's Pawn one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence"},{"link_name":"La Bourdonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Charles_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais"},{"link_name":"McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McDonnell_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"C. H. Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Willard Fiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Fiske"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"chess engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine"},{"link_name":"FireBird 1.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firebird_(chess_engine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.The previously quoted book of the first American chess congress describes Schlumberger as a rapid Chess-player, but not particularly strong in the endgame. It also adds some details about his opening repertoire:When the Automaton adhered to its claim of the first move, the game was made a gambit; when the adversary had the move, Schlumberger invariably resorted to Mouret's favorite defence of King's Pawn one—a Boeotian defence, thoroughly understood at the Cafe de la Regence—so often played afterwards by La Bourdonnais, so thoroughly detested by McDonnell In playing end-games, Schlumberger did not come off quite so well: he was sometimes beaten, although very seldom.[3]A very few and rare games of Schlumberger games survived, however. The following game, lost by the Automaton, is not particularly well played, but it has a certain historical importance being, possibly, the first published game by an American woman chess player.[4] Here it is presented with the comments of C. H. Stanley[5]Mrs. F - The Turk (Schlumberger)\nPhiladelphia, 1827\n1. e4 e6 Most of our readers, we presume, are aware that the Automaton was a Turk; had he been a Christian, he surely would not have played \"K. P. one\" against a lady. 2. Nc3 d5 3. Qf3 Nf6 4. Bd3 An eccentric style of move, but by no means bad play under the circumstances 4...c5 His \"Turkship\" has not yet discovered the dexterity of his fair antagonist; expecting to achieve an easy\nvictory he considers it beneath his dignity to take care of his Pawns. 5. b3 Bd6 6. exd5 exd5 7. Nxd5 Nxd5 8. Qxd5 O-O 9. Bb2 Mrs. F. shows a thorough knowledge of the peculiar position under which her various Pieces will act most favorably. There is more natural genius displayed by her in the conduct of this game than is met with in by far the greater portion of the games which\ncome under our notice. 9... Nc6 10. a3 Be6 11. Qe4 g6 12. O-O-O Qd7 13. h3 Bf5 14. Qf3 Bxd3 15. Qxd3 Rae8 16. Nf3 a6 17. g4 b5 18. c4 We like the boldness and decision of Mrs. F.'s style of play; this is true Chess. Blue Beard will shortly make the unwelcome discovery that he has for once at least \"caught a Tartar\". If the ladies of his own country possessed the characteristics evinced by Mrs. F., their position would be far different from that which it now is. 18...bxc4 19. Qxc4 Rb8 20. Kb1 Qb7 21. Qc3 Threatening an immediate\ncheckmate. 21...Nd4 Badly played; his only chance to save the game would be to push King's Bishop's Pawn one square 22. Nxd4 Be5 Play as he will, he must now lose a Piece, as, should he take Kt. with Pawn, Mrs. F. would take Pawn\nwith Queen, and in order to avert the checkmate then threatened, it would be necessary to abandon the Bishop to his fate. 23. Qxc5 Bxd4 24. Qxd4 f6 25. Qc4+ Kg7 26. Ka2 Rfc8 27. Qa4 Rc2 28. b4 Qd5+ 29. Qb3 Qe4 30. Rhe1 Qc6 31. Rc1 Rxc1 32. Rxc1 Qd6 33. Rd1 a5 34. b5 a4 35. Qxa4 Qd5+ 36. Qb3 Qc5 37. d4 Qg5 38. a4 Qf4 39. Qg3 resigns. Never was better account rendered of Infidel and Saracen, on the sandy desert of his own soil, than is now given by the fair champion of Christendom of her unbelieving foe, on the chequered field of his own battle-ground.Willard Fiske[6] gave the following explication of Schlumberger's poor play during this game.Maelzel's first exhibition-season in Philadelphia extended from 26 December 1826, to 20 March 1827. The Hall was open twice a day—at noon and in the evening—and full games as well as end-games were played, but whether indifferently at either hour I do not know. The Automaton lost one end-game—the famous Three Pawn position—to Mr. Daniel Smith; and one full game to a lady, Mrs. Fisher. The latter game happens to be the only specimen of poor Schlumberger's play—I will not say skill—that has been preserved. It was printed at the time in the Philadelphia Gazette, and was afterwards reported in Mr. Stanley's American Chess Magazine (p. 57). It was played at two different sittings, on the 30th and 31st days of January. Maelzel's devotion to the fair sex was quite too profound to allow his Automaton to insist upon his prerogative to take the first move; nay, Schlumberger is said to have had peremptory orders to get beaten. After the lady's 39th move, Mr. Maelzel (says the newspaper), at this stage of the game, considering it lost, politely thanked Mrs. F., and observed that he was fairly beaten. He also remarked that the Automaton had been conquered but three times—once in Paris, once in Boston, and by Mrs. F. of Philadelphia.The other of Schlumberger's games which has survived is probably more interesting. It was played with Charles Vezin (1781–1853), considered the founder and father of chess in Philadelphia and a good player.[7]\nThe notes to the game are from Chess in Philadelphia: a brief history of the game in Philadelphia edited by G. C. Reichhelm and W. P. Shipley, 1898. Additionally, analysis carried out with the chess engine FireBird 1.2[8] are reported in square parentheses.Diagram 1\nhgfedcba1122334455667788hgfedcba Vezin – Schlumberger: Position after 18...Qh6C. Vezin - W. Schlumberger\nPlayed in Philadelphia at a private party between Mr. Charles Vezin and Maetzel's Automaton Chess Player. It took three sittings, starting January 15, 1827, continuing January 22 and finishing January 23.\n1.e4 e6 2.Bc4 Not well opened. In those days the study of closed openings was not pursued. 2...d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Be2 f5 5.d4 c5 6.Nf3 Nc6 7.0–0 Nf6 8.c4 cxd4 9.Nxd4 Bc5 10.Be3 Qb6 11.Nb3 This promises best in this situation. Mr. V. cleverly escapes. 11...Bxe3 12.fxe3 Qxe3+ 13.Kh1 Be if 13...d4 then 14.Bf3 Ne4 15.Bxe4 fxe4 16.Re1 etc. 14.cxd5 Bxd5 [14...0–0–0!, Firebird, now the game is approximately equal according to the chess engine] 15.Bh5+ Kf8 16.Rxf5 Rd8 17.Qf1 Kg8? [Firebird] 18.Nc3 Qh6 (see Diagram 1) 19.Bf3? [19.Nxd5 Nxh5 20.Qf3! g6 21.Rxh5 gxh5 22.Nf6+ wins, Firebird] 19...Be6 20.Rb5 Rf8 21.Rxb7 Ng4 The Automaton appears to be growing an attack, but white’s 23rd move claims his particular attention 22.Qg1 Nce5 23.Nd5 Ng6 24.Rf1 Qg5 25.Qd4 Qe5 26.Qxe5 N4xe5 27.Nc5 Bg4 28.Rb3?! [28.h3 h5 29.hxg4 hxg4+ 30.Kg1 gxf3 31.Ne6 Rf7 32.Rb8+ Nf8 33.Ne7+ Rxe7 34.Rxf8+ Kh7 35.Ng5+ Kg6 36.Rxh8 wins for white, Firebird] 28...h5 29.Kg1 Bxf3 30.gxf3 Nh4? [according to Firebird, black defense, after his mistake at move 17, was, considering the circumstances, accurate, but here he slips again] 31.f4 Ng4 32.h3 Nh6 33.Ne6 [33.Ne7+ Kh7 34.Ne6 wins, Firebird] 33...Re8 34.Ndc7 Rc8 35.Rd1 N6f5 36.Rd7 Rh6 37.Rbd3 Rf6 38.Ng5 Ng6 39.Nce6 Nf8 40.Rd8 Rc1+ 41.Kf2 Rc2+ 42.Ke1 Rxb2 The white forces have been so well managed that Monsieur Schlumberger, who played in the Automaton, considers it is time to prepare for a draw. 43.Ra8 Nh4? [computer analysis indicated that black after 30...Nh4? defended well, but, now, the same move is again a mistake, better was 43...Rb6, Firebird] 44.Rdd8 Nhg6 45.Rxa7 Nxf4 46.Rxg7+ Kh8 47.Nf7+? [the last opportunity for a comfortable win was 47.Rf7!, Firebird] 47...Rxf7 48.Rxf7 N4xe6 49.Rdxf8+ Nxf8 50.Rxf8+ Kg7 51.Rf2 He might have tried 51.Ra8 and then defend his Ph3 by Ra3, but the game was drawn with proper play 51...Rb1+ 52.Ke2 Rh1 53.Rf3 Rh2+ 54.Kd3 Rxa2 ½–½","title":"Chess games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8027-1391-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1391-2"},{"link_name":"Jefferson, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-014463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-014463"},{"link_name":"Gaige, Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Gaige"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-2353-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2353-6"}],"text":"Tom Standage, The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. Walker and Company, New York City, 2002. ISBN 0-8027-1391-2\nGerald M. Levitt, The Turk, Chess Automaton. McFarland and Company Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2000.\nThomas Gavin, \"King Kill\". Jonathan Cape, London, 1977. ISBN 0-224-014463. A novel on Schlumberger's life.\nGaige, Jeremy (1987), Chess Personalia, A Biobibliography, McFarland, p. 377, ISBN 0-7864-2353-6","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Barla
Mihály Barla
["1 Other works","2 See also","3 References"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Mihály Barla" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mihály Barla Slovene Miháo Barla (circa 1778 – February 4, 1824) was a Slovenian Lutheran pastor, writer, and poet. He was born in Murska Sobota. He studied in Sopron, in the Evangelical Lyceum, by 1803 studied in the University of Jena. In 1807 was the director of the Hungarian-Latin School of Sárszentlőrinc (Tolna), in 1808 teacher of Evangelical School of Győr. 1810-1824 ministrat in Kővágóörs, near the Balaton, and here died. In 1823 rework the hymn-book of Mihály Bakos on the score of Krszcsánszke nóve peszmene knige (New Christian hymn-book, Hung. Új keresztény énekeskönyv). Other works Köszöntő versek (Sopron, 1901) Ditomszke, versuske i molitvene knizicze (Sopron, 1820) Az isteni kötél emberek kezében (Győr, ?) See also Poetry portal List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary Mihály Bakos Kővágóörs References Petőfi Sándor - Sárszentlőrinci gyökerek Történelmi arcképcsarnok - Vas megye Anton Trstenjak: Slovenci na Ogrskem, Narodopisna in književna črtica, Objava Arhivskih Virov, Maribor 2006. vteUrban Municipality of Murska SobotaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Murska Sobota Bakovci Černelavci Krog Kupšinci Markišavci Nemčavci Polana Pušča Rakičan Satahovci VeščicaNotable people József Bagáry Mihály Barla György Czipott János Fliszár Ferenc Hüll József Klekl István Kováts Miklós Luttár János Szlepecz László Szobothin János Terbócs István Zsemlics Authority control databases VIAF
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[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovene_writers_and_poets_in_Hungary"},{"title":"Mihály Bakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Bakos"},{"title":"Kővágóörs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91v%C3%A1g%C3%B3%C3%B6rs"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ramos
Éric Ramos
["1 Career","1.1 Club career","1.2 International career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 Notes","5 References"]
Paraguayan footballer (born 1987) Éric Ramos Personal informationFull name Éric Fabián RamosDate of birth (1987-05-12) 12 May 1987 (age 37)Place of birth Carapeguá, ParaguayHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Central midfielderTeam informationCurrent team SabahSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2007 12 de Octubre 15 (0)2007 3 de Febrero 8 (0)2008–2014 Rubio Ñu 118 (2)2012–2014 → Neftchi Baku (loan) 63 (3)2014–2016 Neftchi Baku 60 (2)2016–2017 Rubio Ñu 24 (0)2018 General Díaz 10 (0)2018– Sabah 25 (0)International career‡2012–2013 Paraguay 5 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13 May 2019‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13:16, 3 November 2013 (UTC) Éric Fabián Ramos (born 12 May 1987) is a Paraguayan international footballer who plays for Sabah FK, as a central midfielder. Career Club career Born in Carapeguá, Ramos has played club football in Paraguay and Azerbaijan for 12 de Octubre, 3 de Febrero, Rubio Ñu and Neftchi Baku. In the summer of 2012 Ramos signed a one-year loan deal with Neftchi Baku of the Azerbaijan Premier League. In his first season with the club he won both the Azerbaijan Premier League and the Azerbaijan Cup. At the end of the 2012-13 season, Ramos returned to Rubio Ñu after the two clubs could not agree a deal to make the move permanent. İn June 2014, Ramos paid his transfer fee to Rubio Nu and transferred to Neftchi PFC as a permanent player. Following the 2015–16 Cup Final, Ramos announced that he would be leaving Neftchi. In July 2018, Ramos returned to Azerbaijan, signing for Sabah FK. International career Ramos made his international debut for Paraguay in 2012. Career statistics As of match played 31 May 2018 Club Season League Cup Continental Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Rubio Ñu 2009 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 2010 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 2011 39 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 2 2012 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 Total 118 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 2 Neftchi Baku (loan) 2012–13 31 1 6 1 11 0 0 0 48 2 2013–14 32 2 5 0 2 0 1 0 40 2 Total 63 3 11 1 13 0 1 0 88 4 Neftchi Baku 2014–15 29 1 5 0 6 0 0 0 40 1 2015–16 31 1 5 0 0 0 - 36 1 Total 60 2 10 0 6 0 0 0 76 2 Rubio Ñu 2016 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2017 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Total 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 General Díaz 2018 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Career total 275 7 21 1 19 0 1 0 316 8 Honours Neftchi Baku Azerbaijan Premier League: 2012–13 Azerbaijan Cup: 2012–13, Notes ^ Includes other competitive competitions, including the Azerbaijan Supercup References ^ a b c Éric Ramos at National-Football-Teams.com ^ a b Éric Ramos at Soccerway ^ "Canales contract extensions?". azerisport. Retrieved 15 May 2013. ^ a b c "Inter won the cup, has gold dub (UPDATED)". azerisport.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ "Ramos leaves Neftchi". azerisport.com/az/. Retrieved 7 June 2013. ^ "Эрик Рамос: Хотел остаться в Нефтчи, где приобрел большой опыт" Эрик Рамос: Хотел остаться в Нефтчи, где приобрел большой опыт. azerisport.com (in Russian). Azerisport. Retrieved 7 August 2014. ^ "Рамос: Не думаю продолжать карьеру в этом клубе". azerifootball.com (in Russian). Azeri Football. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ "Сабах усилился Рамосом". azerifootball.com (in Azerbaijani). Azeri Football. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. This biographical article related to a football midfielder from Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sabah FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FK"},{"link_name":"central midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Central"}],"text":"Éric Fabián Ramos (born 12 May 1987) is a Paraguayan international footballer who plays for Sabah FK, as a central midfielder.","title":"Éric Ramos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carapeguá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapegu%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"12 de Octubre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_12_de_Octubre"},{"link_name":"3 de Febrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_3_de_Febrero"},{"link_name":"Rubio Ñu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Rubio_%C3%91u"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftchi_Baku_PFK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-2"},{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftchi_Baku_PFK"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Azerbaijan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Azerbaijan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neftchi_do_the_double-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Azerbaijan_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sabah FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_FK"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Club career","text":"Born in Carapeguá, Ramos has played club football in Paraguay and Azerbaijan for 12 de Octubre, 3 de Febrero, Rubio Ñu and Neftchi Baku.[1][2]In the summer of 2012 Ramos signed a one-year loan deal with Neftchi Baku of the Azerbaijan Premier League.[3] In his first season with the club he won both the Azerbaijan Premier League and the Azerbaijan Cup.[4] At the end of the 2012-13 season, Ramos returned to Rubio Ñu after the two clubs could not agree a deal to make the move permanent.[5]\nİn June 2014, Ramos paid his transfer fee to Rubio Nu and transferred to Neftchi PFC as a permanent player.[6] Following the 2015–16 Cup Final, Ramos announced that he would be leaving Neftchi.[7]In July 2018, Ramos returned to Azerbaijan, signing for Sabah FK.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"Ramos made his international debut for Paraguay in 2012.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-2"}],"text":"As of match played 31 May 2018[1][2]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neftchi Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neftchi_Baku_PFK"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Azerbaijan_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neftchi_do_the_double-4"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Azerbaijan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neftchi_do_the_double-4"}],"text":"Neftchi BakuAzerbaijan Premier League: 2012–13[4]\nAzerbaijan Cup: 2012–13,[4]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Supercup"}],"text":"^ Includes other competitive competitions, including the Azerbaijan Supercup","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamesa_Lobos
Lamesa Lobos
["1 External links"]
Minor league baseball teamLamesa Lobos1939–1957(1939–1942, 1946–1953, 1957) Lamesa, Texas Minor league affiliationsPrevious classes Class B (1957) Class C (1946–1953) Class D (1939–1942) Previous leagues Southwestern League (1957) Longhorn League (1953) West Texas–New Mexico League (1939–1942, 1946–1952) Major league affiliationsPrevious teams Washington Senators (1957) Brooklyn Dodgers (1942–1952) Team dataPrevious names Lamesa Indians (1957) Winters-Ballinger Eagles (1953) Lamesa Lobos (1946–1953) Lamesa Dodgers (1942) Lamesa Lobos (1939–1941) The Lamesa Lobos (a.k.a. Lamesa Dodgers and Lamesa Indians) were a minor league baseball team based in Lamesa, Texas. They played in the West Texas–New Mexico League from 1939 to 1942, shut down for World War II, and then resumed from 1946–1952. They moved to the Longhorn League in 1953 and moved on June 3 to become the Winters-Ballinger Eagles (representing both Winters, Texas and Ballinger, Texas). In 1957 the Midland Indians of the Southwestern League moved to town and became the Lamesa Indians for the rest of the season. External links Baseball Reference This article about a baseball team in Texas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamesa, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"West Texas–New Mexico League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas%E2%80%93New_Mexico_League"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Longhorn League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhorn_League"},{"link_name":"Winters, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ballinger, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinger,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Midland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Southwestern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_League"}],"text":"The Lamesa Lobos (a.k.a. Lamesa Dodgers and Lamesa Indians) were a minor league baseball team based in Lamesa, Texas. They played in the West Texas–New Mexico League from 1939 to 1942, shut down for World War II, and then resumed from 1946–1952. They moved to the Longhorn League in 1953 and moved on June 3 to become the Winters-Ballinger Eagles (representing both Winters, Texas and Ballinger, Texas). In 1957 the Midland Indians of the Southwestern League moved to town and became the Lamesa Indians for the rest of the season.","title":"Lamesa Lobos"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_al-Ajouz
Ain al-Ajouz
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
Village in Homs, SyriaAin al-Ajouz عين العجوزVillageCountry SyriaGovernorateHomsDistrictTalkalakhSubdistrictHawashPopulation (2004) • Total436Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)+3 Ain al-Ajouz (Arabic: عين العجوز), formerly known as Besawme, is a village in northern Syria located west of Homs in the Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Ain al-Ajouz had a population of 436 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians. The village has a Greek Orthodox Church. References ^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2014-07-10. ^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 181 ^ "الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية". Bibliography Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. vte Homs GovernorateHoms DistrictHomsSubdistrict Homs Abil Abu Dali Ashrafiyah al-Dar al-Kabirah Fahilah Fairouzeh Hubub al-Rih Halmuz al-Hurriyah Jawalik Jawbar Judaydat al-Assi Judaydat al-Sharqiyah Kafr Abed Kafr Aya Maskanah al-Mubarakiyah al-Mukhtariyah al-Najmah al-Naqirah Qattinah al-Rayyan al-Riyadh Sakrah Teir Maalah Tell Ahmar Tell al-Naqa Tell al-Shur Tell Zubaydah al-Thabitiyah Zaidal Zhuriyah Ayn al-NiserSubdistrict Ayn al-Niser Ayn al-Dananir Ayn Husayn Gharbi Ayn Husayn Shamali Baddu Burzah Humaydiyah al-Jabiriyah al-Mushrifah Talamri Waridah FurqlusSubdistrict Furqlus Fatim al-Arnouk al-Hazzah Hulayah Jabab Hamad Jubb al-Shami al-Nasriyah al-Sabuniyah al-Sayyid HisyahSubdistrict Hisyah Bureij Dibeh Jandar al-Kashaf al-Ma'murah Shamsin Khirbet Tin NurSubdistrict Khirbet Tin Nur Aysun Balqasah Bataysah al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah al-Faysiyah Ghuzaylah Khirbet Ghazi Khirbet al-Hamam Khirbet Hayek Khirbet al-Sawda Khirbet Tin Mahmoud Kunaysah Liftaya Marj Bulad Marj al-Qata Mashahdah (Khirbet Sawda) al-Mazraa Nur Nuwayha Qazhal Qebbi al-Rabwah Ram al-Anz Ram Jabal Sannun Shalluh Tarin Tannunah Umm al-'Adam Umm al-Qasab Umm Haratayn Wujuh al-Hajar al-Zurzuriyah Zayti al-Bahra Zawr Baqraya MahinSubdistrict Mahin al-Ghunthir Huwwarin QabuSubdistrict Al-Qabu Autan Fahil al-Qanaqiyah Rabah Sharqliyya al-Shinyah QaryataynSubdistrict Al-Qaryatayn Tiyas RiqamaSubdistrict Al-Riqama Alyat Awar al-Aziziyah Dardaghan al-Hamrat Jabab al-Zayt al-Madaba al-Manzul al-Nuzhah al-Rawdah Shayrat SadadSubdistrict Sadad al-Hafar ShinSubdistrict Shin Ayn Al-Fawwar Bahhur al-Diyabiyah Hadiyah Hasur al-Jabbat Jablaya Juwaykat al-Mahfurah Muranah Muta'arid Sufr Suwayri Uyun al-Wadi Zaafarinah Gharbi TaldouSubdistrict Taldou Karad Dayasinah Arqaya Burj Qa'i Ghawr Gharbiyah Hadatha Harqal al-Hashmah Haysah al-Humaymah Jurnaya Kafr Laha Kafr Ram Mahnaya Maryamin Mujaydil Rafin Samalil Sinsil Tell Dahab al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah Zaybaq Mukharram DistrictMukharramSubdistrict Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani Abu Hakfah al-Janubi Abu Hakfah al-Shamali Abu Khashabah Bab al-Hawa al-Batamah Buwaydat Rihaniyah Buwaydat Salamiyah al-Haraki Jubb Abbas al-Junaynat Khilfah al-Mukharram al-Tahtani Nawa al-Sankari Shawkatliyah Tell al-Ghar Tell Shinan Tell al-Ward Umm al-Amad Umm Jabab Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali Umm Tuwaynah al-Uthmaniyah Jubb al-JarrahSubdistrict Jubb al-Jarrah Abu Qatur Aliyat al-Alyan Duwayr al-Gharbiyah Duwayr al-Sharqiyah Ghuzayliyah Maksar al-Hisan Masaadah Masudiyah Mughayzil Muntar al-Abal Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah Rasm Humaydah Shiha Taladi Tall al-Qata Tarfawi Tawil Umm al-Rif (al-Rish) Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali Usmud Qusayr DistrictQusayrSubdistrict Al-Qusayr Abu Juri al-Aqrabiyah Arjoun Akkum Baluzah Burhaniyah al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah al-Dabaah Dahiyat al-Majd Daminah al-Sharqiyah Daminah al-Gharbiyah Dibbin Diyabiyah al-Fadeliyah al-Ghassaniyah al-Hamam al-Hawik Hawsh Murshid Sama'an Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali al-Houz Husseiniya Jubaniyah Jusiyah al-Amar Kafr Mousa al-Masriyah Mudan al-Nahariyah al-Naim al-Nizariyah al-Qurniyah Rablah al-Sakher al-Sallumiyah Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah Saqrajah al-Sawadiyah al-Shayahat al-Shumariyah Shinshar Tell al-Nabi Mando Wadi Hanna Zira'a Zita al-Gharbiyah Rastan DistrictRastanSubdistrict Al-Rastan Abu Hamamah Asiliyah Ballan Dalfin al-Ghasibiyah Gharnatah Izz al-Din Hameis Kafr Nan Kissin al-Manara Murayj al-Durr al-Qunaytrat Sulaym Tasnin al-Waza'iyah Zamaymer TalbisehSubdistrict Talbiseh Deir Ful al-Farhaniyah al-Ghantu al-Hashimiyah al-Makramiyah al-Qanniyah Saan al-Aswad al-Sabil Tell Jayurin al-Thawrah Umm Sharshuh al-Zaafaraniyah Tadmur DistrictTadmurSubdistrict Tadmur Arak al-Bayda al-Bi'arat Rasm al-Abid SukhnahSubdistrict Al-Sukhnah Karim al-Kawm al-Kadir al-Taybah al-Tuwaynat Talkalakh DistrictTalkalakhSubdistrict Talkalakh Akkari al-Amariyah Aridah Ayn al-Sawda Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah al-Bahluniyah Baruha Bayt Qarin Burj al-Arab Burj al-Maksur Dabousieh Hajar Abyad Halat Hasrajiyah Jaafariyat Kafrish Khirbet al-Jabab Masyadah Naarah Qanuta Qurayyat Qumayrah al-Shabaq al-Shabruniyah Shalluh Shamsiyah Sindiyana Samikah Tell Hawsh Tell Sarrin al-Zarah Zanbiyah HadidahSubdistrict Hadidah Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah Barudiyah Bayun Baznaya Dardariyah Haratayn al-Malikiyah al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah Khansaa Khirbet al-Manqalah Lawaybdah Marasiyah Na'isiyah Na'urah Qaz al-Khass Rihaniyah Tell al-Safa Umm al-Dawali Umm Jamah HawashSubdistrict Al-Hawash Anaz Ain al-Ajouz Ain al-Ghara Ballat Bisas Duwair al-Lin al-Husn Ish al-Shuhah Inata Juwaniyat al-Mazraah Mizyeneh al-Muqaabarat Muqlus Qal al-Saqa al-Shuwayhid Tallah NasirahSubdistrict Al-Nasirah Amar al-Husn Ain al-Barda Ain al-Raheb Bahzina Baydar Rafiah Daghlah Habnamrah Jankamrah Jiwar al-Afas Kafra Kimah Marmarita Mashta Azar al-Mishtaya Qalatiyah Qurb Ali Tannurin Zweitina This article about a location in Homs Governorate, Syria is a stub. 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Jabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Jabal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sannun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sannun,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shalluh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalluh"},{"link_name":"Tarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Tannunah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannunah"},{"link_name":"Umm al-'Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-%27Adam"},{"link_name":"Umm al-Qasab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Qasab"},{"link_name":"Umm Haratayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umm_Haratayn,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wujuh al-Hajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujuh_al-Hajar"},{"link_name":"al-Zurzuriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zurzuriyah"},{"link_name":"Zayti 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Baqraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zawr_Baqraya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahin,_Syria"},{"link_name":"al-Ghunthir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghunthir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huwwarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwwarin"},{"link_name":"Al-Qabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Autan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autan"},{"link_name":"Fahil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahil"},{"link_name":"al-Qanaqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qanaqiyah"},{"link_name":"Rabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Sharqliyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqliyya"},{"link_name":"al-Shinyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shinyah"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaryatayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn"},{"link_name":"Tiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyas"},{"link_name":"Al-Riqama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Riqama"},{"link_name":"Alyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyat,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Awar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awar"},{"link_name":"al-Aziziyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Aziziyah,_Riqama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dardaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardaghan"},{"link_name":"al-Hamrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hamrat"},{"link_name":"Jabab 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al-Jabab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Jabab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Masyadah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyadah"},{"link_name":"Naarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naarah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Qanuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qanuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qurayyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qurayyat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qumayrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumayrah"},{"link_name":"al-Shabaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Shabruniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabruniyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shalluh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalluh"},{"link_name":"Shamsiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shamsiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sindiyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindiyana,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samikah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samikah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tell Hawsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Hawsh"},{"link_name":"Tell Sarrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_Sarrin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Zarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zarah"},{"link_name":"Zanbiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zanbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadidah"},{"link_name":"Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Tineh_al-Sharqiyah"},{"link_name":"Barudiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barudiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bayun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baznaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baznaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dardariyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dardariyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haratayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haratayn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Malikiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Malikiyah,_Homs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mashrafah_al-Sharqiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khansaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khansaa,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khirbet al-Manqalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Manqalah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lawaybdah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawaybdah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marasiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marasiyah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Na'isiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27isiyah"},{"link_name":"Na'urah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Na%27urah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Qaz al-Khass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaz_al-Khass"},{"link_name":"Rihaniyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rihaniyah_(Syria)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tell al-Safa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-Safa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Umm al-Dawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-Dawali"},{"link_name":"Umm Jamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umm_Jamah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al-Hawash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hawash,_Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Anaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaz"},{"link_name":"Ain al-Ajouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ain al-Ghara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_al-Ghara"},{"link_name":"Ballat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballat"},{"link_name":"Bisas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisas"},{"link_name":"Duwair al-Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwair_al-Lin"},{"link_name":"al-Husn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Husn,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Ish al-Shuhah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ish_al-Shuhah"},{"link_name":"Inata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inata"},{"link_name":"Juwaniyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juwaniyat"},{"link_name":"al-Mazraah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mazraah"},{"link_name":"Mizyeneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizyeneh"},{"link_name":"al-Muqaabarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqaabarat"},{"link_name":"Muqlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqlus"},{"link_name":"Qal al-Saqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal_al-Saqa"},{"link_name":"al-Shuwayhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shuwayhid"},{"link_name":"Tallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallah,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Al-Nasirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Amar al-Husn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_al-Husn"},{"link_name":"Ain al-Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_al-Barda"},{"link_name":"Ain al-Raheb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_al-Raheb"},{"link_name":"Bahzina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahzina"},{"link_name":"Baydar Rafiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baydar_Rafiah"},{"link_name":"Daghlah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daghlah"},{"link_name":"Habnamrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habnamrah"},{"link_name":"Jankamrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankamrah"},{"link_name":"Jiwar al-Afas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwar_al-Afas"},{"link_name":"Kafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafra,_Homs"},{"link_name":"Kimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimah"},{"link_name":"Marmarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmarita"},{"link_name":"Mashta Azar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashta_Azar"},{"link_name":"al-Mishtaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mishtaya"},{"link_name":"Qalatiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalatiyah"},{"link_name":"Qurb Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurb_Ali"},{"link_name":"Tannurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannurin"},{"link_name":"Zweitina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweitina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humus_Valili%C4%9Fi.PNG"},{"link_name":"Homs Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_Governorate"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Ajouz&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HomsSY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HomsSY-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HomsSY-geo-stub"}],"text":"Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.vte Homs GovernorateHoms DistrictHomsSubdistrict\nHoms\nAbil\nAbu Dali\nAshrafiyah\nal-Dar al-Kabirah\nFahilah\nFairouzeh\nHubub al-Rih\nHalmuz\nal-Hurriyah\nJawalik\nJawbar\nJudaydat al-Assi\nJudaydat al-Sharqiyah\nKafr Abed\nKafr Aya\nMaskanah\nal-Mubarakiyah\nal-Mukhtariyah\nal-Najmah\nal-Naqirah\nQattinah\nal-Rayyan\nal-Riyadh\nSakrah\nTeir Maalah\nTell Ahmar\nTell al-Naqa\nTell al-Shur\nTell Zubaydah\nal-Thabitiyah\nZaidal\nZhuriyah\nAyn al-NiserSubdistrict\nAyn al-Niser\nAyn al-Dananir\nAyn Husayn Gharbi\nAyn Husayn Shamali\nBaddu\nBurzah\nHumaydiyah\nal-Jabiriyah\nal-Mushrifah\nTalamri\nWaridah\nFurqlusSubdistrict\nFurqlus\nFatim al-Arnouk\nal-Hazzah\nHulayah\nJabab Hamad\nJubb al-Shami\nal-Nasriyah\nal-Sabuniyah\nal-Sayyid\nHisyahSubdistrict\nHisyah\nBureij\nDibeh\nJandar\nal-Kashaf\nal-Ma'murah\nShamsin\nKhirbet Tin NurSubdistrict\nKhirbet Tin Nur\nAysun\nBalqasah\nBataysah\nal-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah\nal-Faysiyah\nGhuzaylah\nKhirbet Ghazi\nKhirbet al-Hamam\nKhirbet Hayek\nKhirbet al-Sawda\nKhirbet Tin Mahmoud\nKunaysah\nLiftaya\nMarj Bulad\nMarj al-Qata\nMashahdah (Khirbet Sawda)\nal-Mazraa\nNur\nNuwayha\nQazhal\nQebbi\nal-Rabwah\nRam al-Anz\nRam Jabal\nSannun\nShalluh\nTarin\nTannunah\nUmm al-'Adam\nUmm al-Qasab\nUmm Haratayn\nWujuh al-Hajar\nal-Zurzuriyah\nZayti al-Bahra\nZawr Baqraya\nMahinSubdistrict\nMahin\nal-Ghunthir\nHuwwarin\nQabuSubdistrict\nAl-Qabu\nAutan\nFahil\nal-Qanaqiyah\nRabah\nSharqliyya\nal-Shinyah\nQaryataynSubdistrict\nAl-Qaryatayn\nTiyas\nRiqamaSubdistrict\nAl-Riqama\nAlyat\nAwar\nal-Aziziyah\nDardaghan\nal-Hamrat\nJabab al-Zayt\nal-Madaba\nal-Manzul\nal-Nuzhah\nal-Rawdah\nShayrat\nSadadSubdistrict\nSadad\nal-Hafar\nShinSubdistrict\nShin\nAyn Al-Fawwar\nBahhur\nal-Diyabiyah\nHadiyah\nHasur\nal-Jabbat\nJablaya\nJuwaykat\nal-Mahfurah\nMuranah\nMuta'arid\nSufr\nSuwayri\nUyun al-Wadi\nZaafarinah Gharbi\nTaldouSubdistrict\nTaldou\nKarad Dayasinah\nArqaya\nBurj Qa'i\nGhawr Gharbiyah\nHadatha\nHarqal\nal-Hashmah\nHaysah\nal-Humaymah\nJurnaya\nKafr Laha\nKafr Ram\nMahnaya\nMaryamin\nMujaydil\nRafin\nSamalil\nSinsil\nTell Dahab\nal-Taybah al-Gharbiyah\nZaybaq\nMukharram DistrictMukharramSubdistrict\nAl-Mukharram al-Fawqani\nAbu Hakfah al-Janubi\nAbu Hakfah al-Shamali\nAbu Khashabah\nBab al-Hawa\nal-Batamah\nBuwaydat Rihaniyah\nBuwaydat Salamiyah\nal-Haraki\nJubb Abbas\nal-Junaynat\nKhilfah\nal-Mukharram al-Tahtani\nNawa\nal-Sankari\nShawkatliyah\nTell al-Ghar\nTell Shinan\nTell al-Ward\nUmm al-Amad\nUmm Jabab\nUmm al-Sarj al-Qibli\nUmm al-Sarj al-Shamali\nUmm Tuwaynah\nal-Uthmaniyah\nJubb al-JarrahSubdistrict\nJubb al-Jarrah\nAbu Qatur\nAliyat al-Alyan\nDuwayr al-Gharbiyah\nDuwayr al-Sharqiyah\nGhuzayliyah\nMaksar al-Hisan\nMasaadah\nMasudiyah\nMughayzil\nMuntar al-Abal\nMushayrifah al-Qibliyah\nRasm Humaydah\nShiha\nTaladi\nTall al-Qata\nTarfawi\nTawil\nUmm al-Rif (al-Rish)\nUmm Tuwaynah al-Shamali\nUsmud\nQusayr DistrictQusayrSubdistrict\nAl-Qusayr\nAbu Juri\nal-Aqrabiyah\nArjoun\nAkkum\nBaluzah\nBurhaniyah\nal-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah\nal-Dabaah\nDahiyat al-Majd\nDaminah al-Sharqiyah\nDaminah al-Gharbiyah\nDibbin\nDiyabiyah\nal-Fadeliyah\nal-Ghassaniyah\nal-Hamam\nal-Hawik\nHawsh Murshid Sama'an\nHawsh al-Sayyid Ali\nal-Houz\nHusseiniya\nJubaniyah\nJusiyah al-Amar\nKafr Mousa\nal-Masriyah\nMudan\nal-Nahariyah\nal-Naim\nal-Nizariyah\nal-Qurniyah\nRablah\nal-Sakher\nal-Sallumiyah\nSamaqiyat al-Gharbiyah\nSamaqiyat al-Sharqiyah\nSaqrajah\nal-Sawadiyah\nal-Shayahat\nal-Shumariyah\nShinshar\nTell al-Nabi Mando\nWadi Hanna\nZira'a\nZita al-Gharbiyah\nRastan DistrictRastanSubdistrict\nAl-Rastan\nAbu Hamamah\nAsiliyah\nBallan\nDalfin\nal-Ghasibiyah\nGharnatah\nIzz al-Din\nHameis\nKafr Nan\nKissin\nal-Manara\nMurayj al-Durr\nal-Qunaytrat\nSulaym\nTasnin\nal-Waza'iyah\nZamaymer\nTalbisehSubdistrict\nTalbiseh\nDeir Ful\nal-Farhaniyah\nal-Ghantu\nal-Hashimiyah\nal-Makramiyah\nal-Qanniyah\nSaan al-Aswad\nal-Sabil\nTell Jayurin\nal-Thawrah\nUmm Sharshuh\nal-Zaafaraniyah\nTadmur DistrictTadmurSubdistrict\nTadmur\nArak\nal-Bayda\nal-Bi'arat\nRasm al-Abid\nSukhnahSubdistrict\nAl-Sukhnah\nKarim\nal-Kawm\nal-Kadir\nal-Taybah\nal-Tuwaynat\nTalkalakh DistrictTalkalakhSubdistrict\nTalkalakh\nAkkari\nal-Amariyah\nAridah\nAyn al-Sawda\nAyn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah\nal-Bahluniyah\nBaruha\nBayt Qarin\nBurj al-Arab\nBurj al-Maksur\nDabousieh\nHajar Abyad\nHalat\nHasrajiyah\nJaafariyat\nKafrish\nKhirbet al-Jabab\nMasyadah\nNaarah\nQanuta\nQurayyat\nQumayrah\nal-Shabaq\nal-Shabruniyah\nShalluh\nShamsiyah\nSindiyana\nSamikah\nTell Hawsh\nTell Sarrin\nal-Zarah\nZanbiyah\nHadidahSubdistrict\nHadidah\nAyn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah\nBarudiyah\nBayun\nBaznaya\nDardariyah\nHaratayn\nal-Malikiyah\nal-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah\nKhansaa\nKhirbet al-Manqalah\nLawaybdah\nMarasiyah\nNa'isiyah\nNa'urah\nQaz al-Khass\nRihaniyah\nTell al-Safa\nUmm al-Dawali\nUmm Jamah\nHawashSubdistrict\nAl-Hawash\nAnaz\nAin al-Ajouz\nAin al-Ghara\nBallat\nBisas\nDuwair al-Lin\nal-Husn\nIsh al-Shuhah\nInata\nJuwaniyat\nal-Mazraah\nMizyeneh\nal-Muqaabarat\nMuqlus\nQal al-Saqa\nal-Shuwayhid\nTallah\nNasirahSubdistrict\nAl-Nasirah\nAmar al-Husn\nAin al-Barda\nAin al-Raheb\nBahzina\nBaydar Rafiah\nDaghlah\nHabnamrah\nJankamrah\nJiwar al-Afas\nKafra\nKimah\nMarmarita\nMashta Azar\nal-Mishtaya\nQalatiyah\nQurb Ali\nTannurin\nZweitinaThis article about a location in Homs Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2014-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\".","urls":[{"url":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/1/sy04?nav_show=","url_text":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)","url_text":"Robinson, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith","url_text":"Smith, E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","url_text":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster","url_text":"Crocker & Brewster"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/181/mode/1up","external_links_name":"181"},{"Link":"http://95.85.10.16/media_b/kan/country/sy/1/sy04?nav_show=","external_links_name":"\"الموسوعة المسيحية العربية الإلكترونية\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","external_links_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain_al-Ajouz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmore_station
Atmore station
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°1′27″N 87°29′14″W / 31.02417°N 87.48722°W / 31.02417; -87.48722Former train station in Atmore, Alabama This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Atmore station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Atmore, ALGeneral informationLocation107 East Louisville StreetAtmore, AlabamaCoordinates31°1′27″N 87°29′14″W / 31.02417°N 87.48722°W / 31.02417; -87.48722ConstructionAccessibleYesOther informationStatusClosedStation codeATRHistoryOpenedOctober 29, 1989ClosedAugust 28, 2005 (service suspended)Former services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Mobiletoward Los Angeles Sunset Limited(1993–2005) Pensacolatoward Orlando or Miami MobileTerminus Gulf Breeze Brewtontoward Birmingham Location Atmore station is a former train station in Atmore, Alabama. It formerly served Amtrak's Sunset Limited line. It has been closed since 2005, after Amtrak stopped service of the Sunset Limited east of New Orleans due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina. The station is located at 107 East Louisville Street. It features an enclosed waiting area, payphones, and partial wheelchair accessibility. Its Amtrak station code is ATR. The station was a stop on the Gulf Breeze until its discontinuance on April 2, 1995. Previously, Atmore had a Frisco Railway station, serving trains north to Tupelo, Mississippi and Memphis, Tennessee, and south to Pensacola, Florida. A Louisville and Nashville station served trains due north to Montgomery, Louisville and Cincinnati, and south to New Orleans. The Frisco service ended in 1955, and the L&N in 1971. References ^ "All Aboard". The Alabama Journal. Montgomery, Alabama. October 30, 1989. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Trains". The Tallahassee Democrat. August 29, 2005. p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Amtrak Timetable - Effective October 30, 1994". timetables.org. Amtrak. April 2, 1995. p. 17. Retrieved November 14, 2018. ^ "Amtrak Timetable - Effective April 2, 1995". timetables.org. Amtrak. April 2, 1995. p. 23. Retrieved November 14, 2018. ^ "Frisco Railway, Table 25". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951. ^ "Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Table 5". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951. External links Atmore, AL – Amtrak Atmore, AL – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak) Texas Eagle Amtrak Stations Database vteAmtrak stations in AlabamaActive stations Anniston Birmingham Tuscaloosa Suspended stations Atmore Mobile Former stations Bay Minette Brewton Decatur Dothan Eutaw Evergreen Greenville Livingston Montgomery This Alabama train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_Two_Women_(1945_film)
Between Two Women (1945 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
1945 film by Willis Goldbeck Between Two WomenTheatrical release posterDirected byWillis GoldbeckWritten byMax Brand Harry RuskinProduced byCarey WilsonStarringLionel BarrymoreVan JohnsonGloria DeHavenCinematographyHarold RossonEdited byAdrienne FazanMusic byDavid SnellDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date March 28, 1945 (1945-03-28) Running time83 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$436,000Box office$2,282,000 Between Two Women, made in 1945, was the sixteenth film in the Dr Kildare series. This was the fourteenth of fifteen in which Lionel Barrymore starred as Dr. Leonard B. Gillespie. The film following was Dark Delusion (1947), which was the last in the Dr. Kildare series released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). This was the last of Van Johnson's character, Dr. Randall 'Red' Adams, also seen in three previous Kildare films. Plot This episode in the series should have been called Between Three Women, because there are plot strands involving three, not two, women. Dr. Gillespie's (Lionel Barrymore) assistant, Dr. Red Adams (Van Johnson), is still fending off the romantic advances of beautiful blond socialite and social worker Ruth Edley (Marilyn Maxwell), who finally succeeds in winning Red's heart. The second woman is a pretty night club singer Edna (Gloria DeHaven), who collapses suddenly one night after a show and cannot understand why she is no longer able to eat. Red finds out that a complicated subconscious obsession is the cause. The third woman is Sally (Marie Blake), the reliable and wise-cracking switchboard operator in all of the episodes. Sally is stricken with Bright's Disease and refuses to let anyone besides Red operate on her ailing kidney. Things turn out well for Red and all three women. There are some scenes in the singer's night club that draw inspiration from the country's immersion in the Second World War. As part of a "home front" money raising contest to help the war effort, Ruth bids extravagant amounts of money for the chance to kiss Red in public. (Allmovie.com's synopsis of the movie has Red romantically involved with ailing socialite Cynthia Grace (Lucille Bremer), who supposedly suffers from a life-threatening blood clot, but this is the plot for Dark Delusion.) Cast Van Johnson as Dr. Randall 'Red' Adams Lionel Barrymore as Dr. Leonard B. Gillespie Marilyn Maxwell as Ruth Edley Gloria DeHaven as Edna Keenan Wynn as Tobey Keye Luke as Dr. Lee Wong How aka Dr. Lee Alma Kruger as Nurse Molly Byrd Walter Kingsford as Dr. Walter Carew Marie Blake as Sally Nell Craig as Nurse 'Nosey' Parker Shirley Patterson as Nurse Thorsen Edna Holland as Nurse Morgan Lorraine Miller as Marion Eddie Acuff as Orderly Tom Trout as Eddie Smith Production The draft script included a plotline involving twin sisters, one of whom is pregnant, that Dr. Adams and Dr. Gillespie believe are the same person. The doctors describe various tests in a comedic competition to prove whether she is pregnant. After reviewing the script, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, which enforced the Hays Code, objected to details about pregnancy and pregnancy tests. To avoid any financial impact from a rejection of the finished film, MGM eliminated the twins plotline in a script rewrite. Reception According to MGM records the movie was the most popular in the series yet, in part because of the rising popularity of Van Johnson. The film earned $1,896,000 in the United States and Canada, and $386,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $1,184,000, a remarkable figure for a B movie. References ^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study. ^ Kalisch, PA; Kalisch, BJ (1985). "When Americans called for Dr. Kildare: images of physicians and nurses in the Dr. Kildare and Dr. Gillespie movies, 1937–1947" (PDF). Medical Heritage. 1 (1): 348–363. PMID 11616027. Retrieved 30 April 2013. ^ Allmovie.com review of film. ^ Kirby, David A. (September 2017). "Regulating cinematic stories about reproduction: pregnancy, childbirth, abortion and movie censorship in the US, 1930–1958". British Journal for the History of Science. 50 (3). Cambridge University Press / British Society for the History of Science: 451–454. doi:10.1017/S0007087417000814. ISSN 0007-0874. Retrieved 5 March 2021. External links Between Two Women at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie Between Two Women at the TCM Movie Database Between Two Women at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteDr. Kildare by Max BrandFilms Internes Can't Take Money (1937) Young Dr. Kildare (1938) Calling Dr. Kildare (1939) The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) Dr. Kildare's Strange Case (1940) Dr. Kildare Goes Home (1940) Dr. Kildare's Crisis (1940) The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941) Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942) Dr. Gillespie films Calling Dr. Gillespie (1942) Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant (1942) Dr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943) Three Men in White (1944) Between Two Women (1945) Dark Delusion (1947) Television series Dr. Kildare (1961–1966) Young Dr. Kildare (1972–1973) This 1940s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Dark Delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Delusion"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Van Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Johnson"}],"text":"Between Two Women, made in 1945, was the sixteenth film in the Dr Kildare series. This was the fourteenth of fifteen in which Lionel Barrymore starred as Dr. Leonard B. Gillespie. The film following was Dark Delusion (1947), which was the last in the Dr. Kildare series released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). This was the last of Van Johnson's character, Dr. Randall 'Red' Adams, also seen in three previous Kildare films.","title":"Between Two Women (1945 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Van Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Marie Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Blake"},{"link_name":"Bright's Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright%27s_Disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"home front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lucille Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Bremer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dark Delusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Delusion"}],"text":"This episode in the series should have been called Between Three Women, because there are plot strands involving three, not two, women. Dr. Gillespie's (Lionel Barrymore) assistant, Dr. Red Adams (Van Johnson), is still fending off the romantic advances of beautiful blond socialite and social worker Ruth Edley (Marilyn Maxwell), who finally succeeds in winning Red's heart. The second woman is a pretty night club singer Edna (Gloria DeHaven), who collapses suddenly one night after a show and cannot understand why she is no longer able to eat. Red finds out that a complicated subconscious obsession is the cause. The third woman is Sally (Marie Blake), the reliable and wise-cracking switchboard operator in all of the episodes. Sally is stricken with Bright's Disease and refuses to let anyone besides Red operate on her ailing kidney. Things turn out well for Red and all three women.[2]There are some scenes in the singer's night club that draw inspiration from the country's immersion in the Second World War. As part of a \"home front\" money raising contest to help the war effort, Ruth bids extravagant amounts of money for the chance to kiss Red in public.(Allmovie.com's synopsis of the movie has Red romantically involved with ailing socialite Cynthia Grace (Lucille Bremer), who supposedly suffers from a life-threatening blood clot,[3] but this is the plot for Dark Delusion.)","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lionel Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Keenan Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenan_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Keye Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keye_Luke"},{"link_name":"Alma Kruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Kruger"},{"link_name":"Walter Kingsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kingsford"},{"link_name":"Marie Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Blake"},{"link_name":"Nell Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Craig"},{"link_name":"Shirley Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Edna Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Holland"},{"link_name":"Eddie Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Acuff"}],"text":"Van Johnson as Dr. Randall 'Red' Adams\nLionel Barrymore as Dr. Leonard B. Gillespie\nMarilyn Maxwell as Ruth Edley\nGloria DeHaven as Edna\nKeenan Wynn as Tobey\nKeye Luke as Dr. Lee Wong How aka Dr. Lee\nAlma Kruger as Nurse Molly Byrd\nWalter Kingsford as Dr. Walter Carew\nMarie Blake as Sally\nNell Craig as Nurse 'Nosey' Parker\nShirley Patterson as Nurse Thorsen\nEdna Holland as Nurse Morgan\nLorraine Miller as Marion\nEddie Acuff as Orderly\nTom Trout as Eddie Smith","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Producers_and_Distributors_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hays Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_Code"},{"link_name":"pregnancy tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_test"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The draft script included a plotline involving twin sisters, one of whom is pregnant, that Dr. Adams and Dr. Gillespie believe are the same person. The doctors describe various tests in a comedic competition to prove whether she is pregnant. After reviewing the script, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, which enforced the Hays Code, objected to details about pregnancy and pregnancy tests. To avoid any financial impact from a rejection of the finished film, MGM eliminated the twins plotline in a script rewrite.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannix-1"}],"text":"According to MGM records the movie was the most popular in the series yet, in part because of the rising popularity of Van Johnson. The film earned $1,896,000 in the United States and Canada, and $386,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $1,184,000, a remarkable figure for a B movie.[1]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Basquetebol_de_Araraquara
Novo Basquete Brasil
["1 Format","1.1 LOB","1.2 LDB","2 History","2.1 2009 season","2.2 2009–10 season","2.3 2010–11 season","2.4 2012–13 season","2.5 NBB rivalries","3 Teams","4 Results","5 Titles by club","6 NBB awards","7 All-Star Weekend","8 Notable players","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Novo Basquete Brasil" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Basketball leagueNovo Basquete BrasilOrganising bodyLiga Nacional de Basquete (LNB)Founded2008; 16 years ago (2008)CountryBrazilNumber of teams17Level on pyramid1stRelated competitionsSão Paulo State Championship Rio de Janeiro State ChampionshipCurrent championsFranca (2nd title) (2022–23)Most championshipsFlamengo (7 titles)CEORodrigo MontoroTV partnersESPNFacebookTwitterWebsiteLNB.com.br 2023–24 NBB season Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB; English: New Basketball Brazil) is the Brazilian premier professional men's basketball league. It is organized by the Liga Nacional de Basquete (LNB; English: National Basketball League), in a new format of Brazil's previous top-tier level basketball competition, the Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete (Brazilian Basketball Championship). The NBB is managed by the Brazilian basketball associations, which were founding members of the LNB. Format The NBB is the annual basketball league that is promoted by the national Brazilian league (LNB) organizing body, and is endorsed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation (CFB). The first phase of the season consists of fifteen teams playing against each other, on a home and away basis. Then the top eight teams go to the playoffs, where the top ranked team plays against the one in the eighth place, the second from the top plays the seventh, and so on. Each playoff series is a best-of-five, apart from the championship final, which is a single game. In all of those, the best placed team has the home court advantage. Finally, the best placed teams in the league qualify to the South American top-tier level FIBA Americas League and the South American second-tier level FIBA South American League. LOB Main article: Liga Ouro de Basquete The NBB has a promotion and relegation format with the Brazilian second-tier level league, the Liga Ouro de Basquete (LOB) (Gold Basketball League). The worst performing teams of each NBB season are relegated down to the second-tier level LOB, while the best performing teams of each LOB season are promoted up to the top-tier level NBB. LDB Main article: Liga de Desenvolvimento de Basquete The NBB also features an Under-20 age development league, called the Liga de Desenvolvimento de Basquete (LDB) (Developmental Basketball League). History 2009 season The NBB inaugural season didn't have the participation of founding-members Iguaçu, Londrina, Ulbra/Rio Claro, and Uberlândia. 2009–10 season For the second NBB edition, the LNB confirmed the participation of 14 teams. Limeira and Bira-Lajeado could not keep their squads, thus did not join the season. On the other hand, Londrina joined the League, while an Araraquara/Palmeiras deal brought back to the national competition one of the most traditional Brazilian clubs. 2010–11 season The 15 teams from the previous season confirmed their participation. The third NBB edition also featured former national and South American champions Uberlândia, who managed to gather a strong squad sponsored by Brasília's former partner, Universo. After a one-year hiatus, Limeira returned to the League. Besides that, first-timers Rio Claro and Iguaçu joined as well. 2012–13 season For the first time, the NBB had eighteen participating teams, a record in the NBB's history. The three-time champion, Brasília, came once again as the title favorite. But their greatest rival Flamengo, assembled a team to break this hegemony, and thus win the NBB after four years. Uberlândia emerged as one of the favorites for the title, as well as São José. The rookies were the teams of Suzano, Mogi das Cruzes, Palmeiras, and Basquete Cearense. Of the four, the only team to qualify for the playoffs was Basquete Cearense. The last two were Tijuca and Suzano. Suzano, due to financial difficulties, dismounted their team to the championship final, while Tijuca played a small promotion tournament with Fluminense and Macaé, respectively champion and runner-up of Supercopa Brasil de Basquete. In the playoffs, a surprise: the champions of the past three editions were eliminated in the quarterfinals by São José. In the semifinals, Flamengo eliminated São José 3–2, and Uberlândia swept Bauru by 3–0. The final, played in one game in Rio de Janeiro, was won by the super-team of Flamengo, who after four years, won their second title of the NBB. NBB rivalries Main article: Novo Basquete Brasil rivalries Teams Team Home city Arena Capacity Bauru Bauru Ginásio Panela de Pressão 2,000 Botafogo Rio de Janeiro Ginásio Oscar Zelaya 1,500 Brasília Brasília Nilson Nelson Gymnasium 11,397 Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul Ginásio do SESI 4,500 Cerrado Brasília Ginásio da ASCEB 1,100 Corinthians São Paulo Ginásio Wlamir Marques 6,500 Flamengo Rio de Janeiro Ginásio do Maracanãzinho 11,800 Fortaleza/Cearense Fortaleza Centro de Formação Olímpica 17,100 Franca Franca Ginásio Pedrocão 6,000 Minas Belo Horizonte Juscelino Kubitschek Arena 4,000 Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes Ginásio Professor Hugo Ramos 5,000 Pato Pato Branco Ginásio do SESI 1,000 Paulistano São Paulo Ginásio Antônio Prado Junior 1,280 Pinheiros São Paulo Poliesportivo Henrique Villaboim 850 São José São José dos Campos Ginásio Lineu de Moura 2,620 São Paulo São Paulo Ginásio do Morumbi 1,918 União Corinthians Santa Cruz do Sul Ginásio Poliesportivo Arnão 6,000 Unifacisa Campina Grande Arena Unifacisa 1,200 Vasco Rio de Janeiro Ginásio Vasco da Gama 1,000 Results Season Champion Final result Runner-up Season MVP Coach of the Year 2009 Flamengo (1) 3–2 (series) Brasília Marcelinho Machado (FLA) Paulo Sampaio (FLA) 2009–10 Brasília (1) 3–2 (series) Flamengo Marcelinho Machado (FLA) Lula Ferreira (BRA) 2010–11 Brasília (2) 3–1 (series) Franca Guilherme Giovannoni (BRA) Hélio Rubens (FRA) 2011–12 Brasília (3) 78–62 São José Murilo Becker (SJO) Régis Marrelli (SJO) 2012–13 Flamengo (2) 77–70 Uberlândia Marquinhos (FLA) Lula Ferreira (FRA) 2013–14 Flamengo (3) 78–73 Paulistano David Jackson (LIM) Gustavo de Conti (PAU) 2014–15 Flamengo (4) 2–0 (series) Bauru Alex Garcia (BAU) Dedé Barbosa (LIM) 2015–16 Flamengo (5) 3–2 (series) Bauru Marquinhos (FLA) José Alves Neto (FLA) 2016–17 Bauru (1) 3–2 (series) Paulistano Desmond Holloway (PIN) Gustavo de Conti (PAU) 2017–18 Paulistano (1) 3–1 (series) Mogi das Cruzes Marquinhos (FLA) Gustavo de Conti (PAU) 2018–19 Flamengo (6) 3–2 (series) Franca J.P. Batista (MOG) Léo Figueiró (BOT) 2019–20 Canceled after the regular season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil 2020–21 Flamengo (7) 3–0 (series) São Paulo Lucas Mariano (SPA) Gustavo de Conti (FLA) 2021–22 Franca (1) 3–1 (series) Flamengo Bruno Caboclo (SPA) Helinho Garcia (FRA) 2022–23 Franca (2) 3–2 (series) São Paulo Lucas Dias (FRA) Helinho Garcia (FRA) Titles by club Teams Win Loss Total Year(s) won Year(s) lost Flamengo 7 2 9 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021 2010, 2022 Brasília 3 1 4 2010, 2011, 2012 2009 Franca 2 2 4 2022, 2023 2011, 2019 Bauru 1 2 3 2017 2015, 2016 Paulistano 1 2 3 2018 2014, 2017 São Paulo 0 2 2 — 2021, 2023 São José 0 1 1 — 2012 Uberlândia 0 1 1 — 2013 Mogi das Cruzes 0 1 1 — 2018 NBB awards Main article: Novo Basquete Brasil awards All-Star Weekend Main articles: NBB All-Star Weekend and NBB All-Star Game Similarly to other basketball leagues around the world, the NBB organises an all-star game in which its showcases the best players of the league. In addition to the game, a dunk contest, three-point contest and "Skills Challenge" are organised. Notable players Rafael "Bábby" Araújo Leandro Barbosa Anderson Varejão Vítor Benite Valtinho da Silva Bruno Caboclo Gui Santos Cristiano Felício Alex Garcia Guilherme Giovannoni Vítor Faverani Didi Louzada Rafael Luz Duda Machado Marcelinho Machado Carlos Olivinha Raul Neto Fab Melo Marquinhos Vieira Lucas Nogueira / Larry Taylor Juan Pablo Figueroa Walter Herrmann Federico Kammerichs Nicolás Laprovíttola Facundo Sucatzky Franco Balbi Joel Muñoz Ronald Ramón Darington Hobson Marc Brown Robby Collum Tyrone Curnell Robert Day Kyle Fuller Desmond Holloway David Jackson Kyle Lamonte Jerome Meyinsse Bernard Robinson Joseph Shipp Shamell Stallworth Rashad McCants See also Brazilian Championship São Paulo State Championship Rio de Janeiro State Championship References ^ "España2014 – Perfil del Candidato al Comodín de la Copa Mundial de Baloncesto FIBA 2014: Brasil" (in Spanish). FIBA Americas. Jan 13, 2014. Retrieved Jan 12, 2016. ^ "Após decisão unânime dos clubes, LNB encerra temporada do NBB 2019/2020" . Globo Esporte (in Portuguese). 4 May 2020. External links Official website (in Portuguese) New Basketball Brazil at Latinbasket.com vteNovo Basquete Brasil Established 2008 Rivalries 2023–24 teams Bauru Botafogo Brasília Caxias do Sul Cerrado Basquete Corinthians Flamengo Fortaleza Basquete Cearense Franca Minas Mogi das Cruzes Pato Basquete Paulistano Pinheiros São José São Paulo União Corinthians Unifacisa Vasco da Gama Former teams Araraquara Assis Bira Lajeado Brasília/IVB Campo Mourão Goiânia Joinville/AABJ Joinville/JBA Liga Sorocabana Limeira Londrina Macaé Palmeiras Rio Claro Saldanha da Gama Suzano Tijuca Uberlândia Vila Velha Vitória Seasons 2009 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 (not concluded) 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Awards MVP Finals MVP All-NBB Team Defender of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Most Improved Player Revelation Player Best Foreign Player "Craque da Galera" Coach of the Year All-Star Game (2014, 2015) All-Star Weekend Related competitions Liga Ouro LDB São Paulo State Championship Rio de Janeiro State Championship International cupsCurrent Basketball Champions League Americas Defunct FIBA Americas League FIBA South American League Torneo Interligas vteInternational men's basketball FIBA National teams Olympics World Cup Universiade U-21 World Cup U-19 World Cup U-17 World Cup DBB U-18 Invitational TBF U-16 Invitational World Ranking Africa FIBA Africa – AfroBasket AfroCan U-18 U-16 African Games Basketball Africa League (BAL) Americas FIBA Americas – FIBA AmeriCup U-18 U-16 CBC Championship Centrobasket COCABA Championship Marchand Cup Pan American Games South American Championship Basketball Champions League Americas (BCLA) Asia FIBA Asia – FIBA Asia Cup (includes Oceania) U-18 U-16 Asian Games FIBA Asia Challenge Basketball Champions League Asia Stanković Cup East Asian Championship East Asian Games SABA Championship SEABA Championship South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Championship West Asian Games William Jones Cup ASEAN Basketball League Europe FIBA Europe – EuroBasket U-20 U-18 U-16 Acropolis Tournament Adecco Cup Belgrade Trophy FIBA European Championship for Small Countries Games of the Small States of Europe World Cup (Turkey) Basketball Champions League (BCL) Oceania FIBA Oceania – FIBA Oceania Championship (defunct) U-20 U-17 U-15 Pacific Games Othertournaments FIBA Intercontinental Cup Arab Basketball Championship Arab Games Commonwealth Games Diamond Ball FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Note: The Under-21 Championship is no longer held. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_de_Basquete"}],"text":"Basketball leagueNovo Basquete Brasil (NBB; English: New Basketball Brazil) is the Brazilian premier professional men's basketball league. It is organized by the Liga Nacional de Basquete (LNB; English: National Basketball League), in a new format of Brazil's previous top-tier level basketball competition, the Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete (Brazilian Basketball Championship). The NBB is managed by the Brazilian basketball associations, which were founding members of the LNB.","title":"Novo Basquete Brasil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian Basketball Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"},{"link_name":"home court advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home-court_advantage"},{"link_name":"South American top-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_professional_club_basketball_system"},{"link_name":"FIBA Americas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Americas_League"},{"link_name":"FIBA South American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_South_American_League"}],"text":"The NBB is the annual basketball league that is promoted by the national Brazilian league (LNB) organizing body, and is endorsed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation (CFB).[1] The first phase of the season consists of fifteen teams playing against each other, on a home and away basis. Then the top eight teams go to the playoffs, where the top ranked team plays against the one in the eighth place, the second from the top plays the seventh, and so on. Each playoff series is a best-of-five, apart from the championship final, which is a single game. In all of those, the best placed team has the home court advantage. Finally, the best placed teams in the league qualify to the South American top-tier level FIBA Americas League and the South American second-tier level FIBA South American League.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"promotion and relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Liga Ouro de Basquete (LOB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Ouro_de_Basquete_(Brazil)"}],"sub_title":"LOB","text":"The NBB has a promotion and relegation format with the Brazilian second-tier level league, the Liga Ouro de Basquete (LOB) (Gold Basketball League). The worst performing teams of each NBB season are relegated down to the second-tier level LOB, while the best performing teams of each LOB season are promoted up to the top-tier level NBB.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga de Desenvolvimento de Basquete (LDB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_de_Desenvolvimento_de_Basquete"}],"sub_title":"LDB","text":"The NBB also features an Under-20 age development league, called the Liga de Desenvolvimento de Basquete (LDB) (Developmental Basketball League).","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iguaçu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igua%C3%A7u_Basquete_Clube"},{"link_name":"Londrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_Londrinense"},{"link_name":"Ulbra/Rio Claro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Ulbra"},{"link_name":"Uberlândia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uberl%C3%A2ndia_T%C3%AAnis_Clube"}],"sub_title":"2009 season","text":"The NBB inaugural season didn't have the participation of founding-members Iguaçu, Londrina, Ulbra/Rio Claro, and Uberlândia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Limeirense_de_Basquete"},{"link_name":"Bira-Lajeado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Ubiraj%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Araraquara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Basquetebol_de_Araraquara"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras_(basketball)"}],"sub_title":"2009–10 season","text":"For the second NBB edition, the LNB confirmed the participation of 14 teams. Limeira and Bira-Lajeado could not keep their squads, thus did not join the season. On the other hand, Londrina joined the League, while an Araraquara/Palmeiras deal brought back to the national competition one of the most traditional Brazilian clubs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo/BRB"},{"link_name":"Rio Claro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Claro_Futebol_Clube"}],"sub_title":"2010–11 season","text":"The 15 teams from the previous season confirmed their participation. The third NBB edition also featured former national and South American champions Uberlândia, who managed to gather a strong squad sponsored by Brasília's former partner, Universo. After a one-year hiatus, Limeira returned to the League. Besides that, first-timers Rio Claro and Iguaçu joined as well.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamengo_Basketball"},{"link_name":"São José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Mogi das Cruzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_Mogi_das_Cruzes"},{"link_name":"Basquete Cearense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Basquete_Cearense"},{"link_name":"Tijuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuca_T%C3%AAnis_Clube"},{"link_name":"Fluminense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Macaé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Maca%C3%A9_de_Basquete"},{"link_name":"Supercopa Brasil de Basquete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supercopa_Brasil_de_Basquete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Bauru_Basketball_Team"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)"}],"sub_title":"2012–13 season","text":"For the first time, the NBB had eighteen participating teams, a record in the NBB's history. The three-time champion, Brasília, came once again as the title favorite. But their greatest rival Flamengo, assembled a team to break this hegemony, and thus win the NBB after four years. Uberlândia emerged as one of the favorites for the title, as well as São José. The rookies were the teams of Suzano, Mogi das Cruzes, Palmeiras, and Basquete Cearense. Of the four, the only team to qualify for the playoffs was Basquete Cearense. The last two were Tijuca and Suzano. Suzano, due to financial difficulties, dismounted their team to the championship final, while Tijuca played a small promotion tournament with Fluminense and Macaé, respectively champion and runner-up of Supercopa Brasil de Basquete. In the playoffs, a surprise: the champions of the past three editions were eliminated in the quarterfinals by São José. In the semifinals, Flamengo eliminated São José 3–2, and Uberlândia swept Bauru by 3–0. The final, played in one game in Rio de Janeiro, was won by the super-team of Flamengo, who after four years, won their second title of the NBB.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NBB rivalries","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles by club"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBB awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all-star game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"dunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam_dunk"}],"text":"Similarly to other basketball leagues around the world, the NBB organises an all-star game in which its showcases the best players of the league. In addition to the game, a dunk contest, three-point contest and \"Skills Challenge\" are organised.","title":"All-Star Weekend"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rafael \"Bábby\" Araújo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_%22B%C3%A1bby%22_Ara%C3%BAjo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Leandro Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Barbosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Anderson Varejão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Varej%C3%A3o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Vítor Benite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Benite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Valtinho da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtinho_da_Silva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bruno Caboclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Caboclo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Gui Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui_Santos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Felício","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Fel%C3%ADcio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Alex Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Garcia_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Guilherme Giovannoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_Giovannoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Vítor Faverani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Faverani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Didi Louzada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Louzada_Silva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rafael Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Luz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Duda Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duda_Machado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Marcelinho Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelinho_Machado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Carlos Olivinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Olivinha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Raul Neto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Neto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Fab Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_Melo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Marquinhos Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquinhos_Vieira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Lucas Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Nogueira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Larry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Taylor_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Pablo_Figueroa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Walter Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Herrmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Federico Kammerichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Kammerichs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Laprovíttola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Laprov%C3%ADttola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Facundo Sucatzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facundo_Sucatzky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Franco Balbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Balbi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Joel Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ronald Ramón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ram%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darington Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darington_Hobson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Marc Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Brown_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robby Collum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robby_Collum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Curnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrone_Curnell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robert Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrew_Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Fuller_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Desmond Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Holloway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"David Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jackson_(basketball,_born_1982)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kyle Lamonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Lamonte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jerome Meyinsse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Meyinsse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bernard Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Robinson_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Joseph Shipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Shipp_(basketball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Shamell Stallworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamell_Stallworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rashad McCants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_McCants"}],"text":"Rafael \"Bábby\" Araújo\n Leandro Barbosa\n Anderson Varejão\n Vítor Benite\n Valtinho da Silva\n Bruno Caboclo\n Gui Santos\n Cristiano Felício\n Alex Garcia\n Guilherme Giovannoni\n Vítor Faverani\n Didi Louzada\n Rafael Luz\n Duda Machado\n Marcelinho Machado\n Carlos Olivinha\n Raul Neto\n Fab Melo\n Marquinhos Vieira\n Lucas Nogueira\n/ Larry Taylor\n Juan Pablo Figueroa\n Walter Herrmann\n Federico Kammerichs\n Nicolás Laprovíttola\n Facundo Sucatzky\n Franco Balbi\n Joel Muñoz\n Ronald Ramón\n Darington Hobson\n Marc Brown\n Robby Collum\n Tyrone Curnell\n Robert Day\n Kyle Fuller\n Desmond Holloway\n David Jackson\n Kyle Lamonte\n Jerome Meyinsse\n Bernard Robinson\n Joseph Shipp\n Shamell Stallworth\n Rashad McCants","title":"Notable players"}]
[]
[{"title":"Brazilian Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Championship"},{"title":"São Paulo State Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_State_Basketball_Championship"},{"title":"Rio de Janeiro State Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_State_Basketball_Championship"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Albanian_Americans
List of Albanian Americans
["1 Politics","2 Science and academia","3 Cinema","4 Arts and entertainment","5 Literature","6 Business and civil society","7 Media","8 Models","9 Sport","10 Religion","11 Criminals","12 References","13 External links"]
Lists of Americans By US state By ethnicity or nationality Afghan African Americans African-American Jews Albanian Algerian Amish Angolan Antiguan and Barbudan Arab Argentine Armenian Asian Assyrian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahamian Baloch Bangladeshi Barbadian Basque Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Berber Bermudian Bissau-Guinean Bolivian Bosnian Brazilian British Bulgarian Burmese Cajun Californios Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Canarian Cape Verdean Catalan Caribbean Garifuna Indo-Caribbean Central Asian Afghan Kazakh Tajik Uzbek Chechen Chilean Chinese Fuzhou Hakka Hoklo Circassian Colombian Congolese Coptic Cossack Costa Rican Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Dominican Americans (Dominica) Dominican Americans (Dominican Republic) Dutch Dutch West Indian Ecuadorian Egyptian English Equatoguinean Eritrean Estonian Faroese Fijian Indo-Fijian Filipino Finnish French French Polynesian Frisian Fula Gabonese Galician Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Grenadian Guatemalan Guinean Guyanese Habesha peoples Ethiopian Eritrean Haitian Hmong Honduran Hongkongese Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indian Bengali Gujarati Indo-Caribbean Indo-Fijian Punjabi Tamil Telugu Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Iu Mien Ivorian Jamaican Japanese Jews Jordanian Kalmyk Karen Kashubian Kazakh Kenyan Kittian and Nevisian Korean Kurdish Kuwaiti Laotian Latino Latvian Lebanese Liberian Libyan Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Louisiana Creole Luxembourg Macedonian Malawian Maldivian Malian Maltese Malaysian Manx Māori Marshallese Mauritanian Mexican Micronesian Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native Hawaiian Nepalese New Zealand Nicaraguan Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Nuevomexicano Norwegian Pakistani Baloch Pashtun Punjabi Sindhi Palauan Palestinian Panamanian Paraguayan Peruvian Polish Portuguese Puerto Rican Romani Romanian Moldovan Russian Rusyn Saint Lucian Salvadoran Sami Sammarinese Samoan Saudi Scotch-Irish Scottish Senegalese Serbian Sicilian Sierra Leonean Singaporean Slovak Slovene Somali Sorbian South African South Asian Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Indo-Caribbean Indo-Fijian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan South Sudanese Spanish Hispanos Sri Lankan Sudanese Surinamese Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwan Tajik Tanzanian Tejanos Thai Tibetan Togolese Tongan Trinidadian and Tobagonian Tunisian Turkish Ugandan Ukrainian Uruguayan Uzbek Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Vincentian Virgin Islander Welsh Yemeni Yoruba Yugoslav Zimbabwean Categoryvte This is a list of notable Albanian Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants. Politics Peter Lumaj – attorney, author, U.S. Senate candidate, talk show host, media personality Sal Albanese – politician Richard Caliguiri – American politician Joe DioGuardi – American congressman Mark Gjonaj – American assemblyman, New York Rexhep Krasniqi – Albanian-American historian, teacher, nationalist, and anti-communist politician and activist Konstantina Lukes – American former mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts Victor Schiro – Mayor of New Orleans during the early 1960s of Arbereshe ancestry Nicholas Scutari – American Democratic Party politician Adrian Zika – American Republican politician from Florida Science and academia Carol Folt – American biologist and first woman leader of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and 12th president of the University of Southern California William G. Gregory – American astronaut Wilson Kokalari – Albanian-American aerospace engineer Laura Mersini-Houghton – Albanian-American cosmologist Ferid Murad – American medical researcher Nobel laureate Arshi Pipa – philosopher, writer, poet and literary critic Andrea Shundi – agronomist Stavro Skëndi – linguist and historian Etel Adnan – Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and visual artist Mira Murati – Albanian born American engineer, CTO of OpenAI Cinema Jim Belushi – American actor John Belushi – American actor and film producer Robert Belushi – American actor James Biberi – Albanian-American actor Mike Bongiorno – Italian-American television host Danny DeVito – American actor Eliza Dushku – American actress Nate Dushku – American actor Mike Dusi – American actor and film producer Enver Gjokaj – American actor Victor Gojcaj – American actor Agim Kaba – American actor and film producer Masiela Lusha – Albanian-American actress Pjetër Malota – actor Andamion Murataj – Albanian film director, producer, and screenwriter Mitchel Musso – American actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter and musician Tracee Chimo Pallero – American actress J. J. Philbin – American producer and screenwriter Nickola Shreli – actor and producer Nik Xhelilaj – actor Arts and entertainment Michael Bellusci – American musician and drummer Olivier Berggruen – art historian and curator; his maternal grandfather is Alessandro Moissi who is of Albanian origin Cindy Marina – beauty pageant titleholder, model, TV host and volleyball player who was born in Chicago to Albanian parents. Marina was crowned Miss Universe Albania 2019 and placed Top 20 at Miss Universe 2019 D J Ashba — American guitarist former member of Guns-N-Roses Big Body Bes – American hip-hop artist Genti Bejko – director, actor, producer Anita Bitri – singer Njomza – American singer Bleona – Albanian and American singer Amber Brkich – American reality show contestant, 3 time player on Survivor (Seasons 2, 8, 40.) Winner of Survivor: All Stars. Action Bronson – American hip-hop artist Luke Burbank – radio and podcast host Drita D'Avanzo – American television personality Kara DioGuardi – American singer-songwriter and television personality Tony Dovolani – Albanian-American professional ballroom dancer Stan Dragoti – American film director, producer, artist Kristine Elezaj – Albanian-American singer Bosch Fawstin – American cartoonist Gashi – American rapper Jen Selter – American fitness model Genta Ismajli – American-Albanian singer-songwriter, and actress JMSN – American singer-songwriter and producer Joe Lala – American actor and singer Paul Leka – American music songwriter and producer Lindita – singer-songwriter Ava Max – American singer Gjon Mili – pioneer master photographer Burim Myftiu – Albanian-American contemporary photographer, curator and visual artist Jimmy Kimmel – American comedian and talk show host Thomas Nassi – musician and composer Vasiliev Nini – Albanian-born American sculptor Tracee Chimo Pallero – Albanian American television, film and Broadway actress George Pali – painter Steven Parrino – American artist and musician associated with energetic punk nihilism Talip Peshkepia – American film composer and songwriter Regis Philbin – American television personality Bebe Rexha – American singer-songwriter Sxip Shirey – American electric-acoustic composer, performer, and storyteller Bobbi Starr – pornographic actress Aureta Thomollari – Albanian-American luxury consultant Sislej Xhafa – contemporary artist Unikkatil – Albanian-American rapper Melinda Ademi – Kosovo-Albanian and American rapper and singer Enisa Nikaj – American singer-songwriter, model Anxhelina Hadërgjonaj – Albanian-American singer, fashion blogger and influencer Literature Pema Browne – American abstract artist Costa Chekrezi – Albanian patriot, historian, and publicist Daniela Gioseffi – poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, and performer Betim Muço – writer, poet, translator, and seismologist Emin Toro – American lawyer Ardian Vehbiu – author and translator Business and civil society Anthony Athanas – restaurateur Ekrem Bardha – businessman, political activist Nicolas Berggruen – businessman Mark Gjonaj – businessman, politician Florin Krasniqi – businessman, politician James J. Schiro – businessman Martin Shkreli – businessman Ramiz Tafilaj – businessman, political activist Olsi Rama – project manager Louis V. Mato – American politician and businessman Rexh Xhakli – businessman, political activist and philanthropist Media Fadil Berisha – photographer Emin Kadi – photographer, journalist, art director Florina Kaja – singer and reality TV actress, The Bad Girls Club Season 4 Bill Kovach – journalist and editor Donald Lambro – journalist Eric Margolis – journalist and editor of the Toronto Sun; mother is Albanian Gjekë Marinaj – author and translator Gjon Mili – photographer Burim Myftiu – photographer Tom Perrotta – novelist and screenwriter Molly Qerim – moderator, reporter George Tames – photographer for The New York Times Nick Tosches – journalist, novelist, biographer, and poet Nexhmie Zaimi – journalist Iliriana Sulkuqi – journalist Andrew Kaczynski – journalist, and a political reporter for CNN Models Emina Cunmulaj – model Floriana Garo – television presenter and model Afërdita Dreshaj – model, singer, beauty queen Angela Martini – model Cindy Marina – model, volleyball player, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Albania 2019 Sport Dilly Duka – MLS soccer player Lee Elia – baseball player, coach and manager Elizabeta Karabolli – shooting sport Elvir Muriqi – professional boxer Aaron Palushaj – professional hockey player Andy Parrino – baseball player Enkelejda Shehu – air pistol shooter Jaren Sina – basketball player Kristjan Sokoli – NFL player Donald Suxho – volleyball Andy Varipapa – professional trick bowler Joe Albanese – baseball player Robert Baggio Kcira – American soccer player Šaćir Hot – American soccer player Frank Leskaj – American swimmer Halil Kanacević – American-born Montenegrin professional basketball player Max Rugova – Kosovo Albanian professional footballer Sadri Gjonbalaj – retired American soccer player Tie Domi – professional ice hockey player Dominick Bellizzi – American jockey Kristina Maksuti – American-born Albanian professional footballer Vera Razburgaj – Albanian football midfielder Max Rugova – soccer player Religion Archbishop Nikon of Boston – OCA's Bishop of Diocese of New England, Locum tenens of Diocese of the South, and Archbishop of American Albanian Archdiocese Baba Rexheb Criminals John Alite – mobster Joseph Ardizzone – mobster Ismail Lika – mobster Zef Mustafa – mobster Nicolo Schiro – mobster Martin Shkreli – convicted of securities fraud Sami Osmakac – convicted terrorist References ^ Susan Araki Vergnani (2002). "Albanian Merchants Add Verve to Bronx's "Little Italy"". Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. ^ "Ferid Murad: Albanian-American Nobel Prize Winner". frosina.org. August 6, 2004. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Arshi Pipa". Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Writer and scholar, Arshi Pipa (1920–1997) ..studied philosophy...published... poetry ^ Kondi, Rafaela; Prifti, Peter (September 22, 2000). "The Teaching of Albanian at Columbia University by Peter Prifti, Rafaela Kondi". East European Quarterly. 34 (3): 381. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. ^ Colby, Georgina (2019). Reading Experimental Writing. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781474440400. ^ TBTL with Luke Burbank: 1-18-11 12:00 pm-1:00 pm Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, podcast at KIRO-FM website (Burbank discusses his place on Wikipedia's List of Albanian Americans). ^ Walsh, Andrew. "Episode #2248: A Very Specific Set Of Insecurities". Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016. ^ "15 European Pop Acts You Might Not Know". The New York Times (NY Times). May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Bonilla, Brian (February 28, 2017). "Star on the Rise: Enisa Nikaj from Brooklyn College | The University Network". The University Network. Retrieved December 8, 2020. ^ "American singer adopts Nigerian name, after 'overwhelming' love from Nigerians". Premium Times Nigeria. December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020. ^ "Anxhelina Hadërgjonaj–Biografia" (in Albanian). TeksteShqip. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ "Baballarët atraktivë të yjeve shqiptare". Telegrafi (in Albanian). October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ "Partnerët e këngëtareve shqiptare që u përballën me drejtësinë". Telegrafi (in Albanian). May 5, 2016. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ "Albanian Americans". Everyculture.com. Retrieved February 15, 2011. ^ "Robert Elsie: Albanian Literature in Translation". Albanianliterature.com. December 15, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011. ^ John Crace (February 21, 2009). "Tom Perrotta interview". Guardian. London. Retrieved February 15, 2011. ^ Binder, David (February 24, 1994). "George Tames, Photographer, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2017. ^ "Twitter". mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved November 15, 2020. ^ "Andrew Kaczynski To Arbëreshë in the Coming Times". June 12, 2020. ^ "Women World Cup Qualifiers Europe 2017/2018 » Teams (Albania)". WorldFootball.net. Retrieved August 29, 2019. ^ "Vera Razburgaj - Women's Soccer". Oakland University Athletics. Retrieved May 15, 2020. External links National Albanian American Council Alb-Net.Com – The Albanian Connection Albanian Americans – history, the first Albanians in America, significant immigration waves, settlement patterns and notable Albanian Americans vteAlbania articlesHistoryIllyrians Ardiaei Albanoi Amantes Amantini Balaites Bylliones Dassaretii Enchele Labeatae Parthini Taulantii Middle Ages(1190–1385) Principality of Arbanon Kingdom of Albania Despotate of Arta House of Kastrioti Ottoman period(1385–1912) Skanderbeg's rebellion League of Lezhë Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini Arbëni Council Islamization of Albania Albanian Pashaliks Massacre of the Albanian Beys Revolts of 1833–1839 Uprising of Dervish Cara Albanian National Awakening League of Prizren Congress of Manastir Revolt of 1910 Malissori uprising Taksim meeting Revolt of 1912 Kimza Government Independence(1912–present) Declaration of Independence Anthem Provisional Government of Albania Albania during the Balkan Wars Republic of Central Albania Principality of Albania (1914–25) World War I in Albania Autonomous Province of Korçë Italian protectorate Vlora War Republic of Mirdita Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Italian Fascist occupation German Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Albania Albanian resistance during World War II Communist Albania (1946–91) Orthography Congress (1972) Post-Communist Albania 1997 Civil Unrest NATO membership EU Accession See also Origins Timeline Archives GeographyLandscape Mountains Rivers Lakes Islands Environment Climate Biodiversity Habitat Protected areas PoliticsExecutive Government (agencies) Head of state (list) Prime Minister Foreign relations Political parties Treaties Visa policy JudiciaryVetting Institutions KPA IKP ONM KPK Constitution Corruption EURALIUS SPAK Prosecutor GeneralSubdivisions NUTS Counties Municipalities Cities and towns Communes Villages Maps Legislature Elections Assembly (speakers) Members Opposition Human rights Abortion Capital punishment Assassinations LGBT Ombudsman Security Military Police Organized crime Prisons Border crossings EconomyFinance Banking Lek (currency) Taxation Trade unions State Supreme Audit Retail Shopping centers Supermarkets Industry Agriculture Healthcare Companies EnergyOperators KESH OST OSHEE ERE Hydropower plants Wind farmsNatural resources Oil and gas Mining Infrastructure Highways Aviation Ports Railways Bridges Tunnels Highrises (structures) Telecommunications Posta Shqiptare Squatting TourismMonuments Archaeological sites Castles Mosques Tekkes Churches Lighthouses Adriatic Sea Coast Ionian Sea Coast (riviera) Beaches Images of AlbaniaSocietyPeople Demographics Census Tribes Noble families Diaspora Women CultureArt (galleries) Architecture Photography Museums Theatres Education Alphabet scripts Abetare Language Literature Research institutes Libraries Universities Publishers Proverbs Albanology Tradition Folk beliefs Besa Oda Secularism Religion Nevruz Sworn virgins Costumes Qeleshe Fustanella Xhubleta Brez Opinga Xhamadan Cuisine Gjellë Tavë kosi Kabuni Raki Beer Wine Cognac Skënderbeu SportsFootball National team Clubs Players Stadiums Other sports Weightlifting Athletics Cycling Basketball Volleyball Swimming Olympics Indoor arenas Entertainment Music Television Radio Cinema Symbols Heraldry Flag (list) Coat of arms (armorial) Epitaph of Gllavenica Sign language Orders, decorations and medals Passport .al Other Public holidays Smoking Copyright law OutlineIndexBibliography Category
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Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Gregory"},{"link_name":"Wilson Kokalari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Kokalari"},{"link_name":"Laura Mersini-Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mersini-Houghton"},{"link_name":"Ferid Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferid_Murad"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arshi Pipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshi_Pipa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrea Shundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Shundi"},{"link_name":"Stavro Skëndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavro_Sk%C3%ABndi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Etel Adnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel_Adnan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mira Murati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Murati"},{"link_name":"OpenAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI"}],"text":"Carol Folt – American biologist and first woman leader of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and 12th president of the University of Southern California\nWilliam G. Gregory – American astronaut\nWilson Kokalari – Albanian-American aerospace engineer\nLaura Mersini-Houghton – Albanian-American cosmologist\nFerid Murad – American medical researcher Nobel laureate[2]\nArshi Pipa – philosopher, writer, poet and literary critic[3]\nAndrea Shundi – agronomist\nStavro Skëndi – linguist and historian[4]\nEtel Adnan – Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and visual artist[5]\nMira Murati – Albanian born American engineer, CTO of OpenAI","title":"Science and academia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Belushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Belushi"},{"link_name":"John Belushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi"},{"link_name":"Robert Belushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Belushi"},{"link_name":"James Biberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biberi"},{"link_name":"Mike Bongiorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bongiorno"},{"link_name":"Danny DeVito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"Nate Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Dushku"},{"link_name":"Mike Dusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dusi"},{"link_name":"Enver Gjokaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Gjokaj"},{"link_name":"Victor Gojcaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gojcaj"},{"link_name":"Agim Kaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agim_Kaba"},{"link_name":"Masiela Lusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiela_Lusha"},{"link_name":"Pjetër Malota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Malota"},{"link_name":"Andamion Murataj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamion_Murataj"},{"link_name":"Mitchel Musso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel_Musso"},{"link_name":"Tracee Chimo Pallero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracee_Chimo"},{"link_name":"J. J. Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Philbin"},{"link_name":"Nickola Shreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickola_Shreli"},{"link_name":"Nik Xhelilaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik_Xhelilaj"}],"text":"Jim Belushi – American actor\nJohn Belushi – American actor and film producer\nRobert Belushi – American actor\nJames Biberi – Albanian-American actor\nMike Bongiorno – Italian-American television host\nDanny DeVito – American actor\nEliza Dushku – American actress\nNate Dushku – American actor\nMike Dusi – American actor and film producer\nEnver Gjokaj – American actor\nVictor Gojcaj – American actor\nAgim Kaba – American actor and film producer\nMasiela Lusha – Albanian-American actress\nPjetër Malota – actor\nAndamion Murataj – Albanian film director, producer, and screenwriter\nMitchel Musso – American actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter and musician\nTracee Chimo Pallero – American actress\nJ. J. Philbin – American producer and screenwriter\nNickola Shreli – actor and producer\nNik Xhelilaj – actor","title":"Cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Bellusci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bellusci"},{"link_name":"Olivier Berggruen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Berggruen"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Moissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Moissi"},{"link_name":"Cindy Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Marina"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_Albania"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_2019"},{"link_name":"Big Body Bes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Body_Bes"},{"link_name":"Anita Bitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bitri"},{"link_name":"Njomza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njomza"},{"link_name":"Bleona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleona"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_The_Australian_Outback"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_Winners_at_War"},{"link_name":"Survivor: All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Action Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Bronson"},{"link_name":"Luke Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Burbank"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Drita D'Avanzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drita_D%27Avanzo"},{"link_name":"Kara DioGuardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_DioGuardi"},{"link_name":"Tony Dovolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dovolani"},{"link_name":"Stan Dragoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Dragoti"},{"link_name":"Kristine Elezaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Elezaj"},{"link_name":"Bosch Fawstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_Fawstin"},{"link_name":"Gashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashi_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Jen Selter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Selter"},{"link_name":"Genta Ismajli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genta_Ismajli"},{"link_name":"JMSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMSN"},{"link_name":"Joe Lala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lala"},{"link_name":"Paul Leka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leka"},{"link_name":"Lindita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindita_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ava Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Max"},{"link_name":"Gjon Mili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Mili"},{"link_name":"Burim Myftiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burim_Myftiu"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nassi"},{"link_name":"Vasiliev Nini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiliev_Nini"},{"link_name":"Tracee Chimo Pallero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracee_Chimo"},{"link_name":"George Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pali"},{"link_name":"Steven Parrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Parrino"},{"link_name":"Talip Peshkepia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talip_Peshkepia"},{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Bebe Rexha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Rexha"},{"link_name":"Sxip Shirey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sxip_Shirey"},{"link_name":"Bobbi Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbi_Starr"},{"link_name":"Aureta Thomollari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureta_Thomollari"},{"link_name":"Sislej Xhafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sislej_Xhafa"},{"link_name":"Unikkatil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikkatil"},{"link_name":"Melinda Ademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Ademi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Enisa Nikaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enisa_Nikaj"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Anxhelina Hadërgjonaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxhelina_Had%C3%ABrgjonaj"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeksteShqip-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Michael Bellusci – American musician and drummer\nOlivier Berggruen – art historian and curator; his maternal grandfather is Alessandro Moissi who is of Albanian origin\nCindy Marina – beauty pageant titleholder, model, TV host and volleyball player who was born in Chicago to Albanian parents. Marina was crowned Miss Universe Albania 2019 and placed Top 20 at Miss Universe 2019\nD J Ashba — American guitarist former member of Guns-N-Roses\nBig Body Bes – American hip-hop artist\nGenti Bejko – director, actor, producer\nAnita Bitri – singer\nNjomza – American singer\nBleona – Albanian and American singer\nAmber Brkich – American reality show contestant, 3 time player on Survivor (Seasons 2, 8, 40.) Winner of Survivor: All Stars.\nAction Bronson – American hip-hop artist\nLuke Burbank[6][7] – radio and podcast host\nDrita D'Avanzo – American television personality\nKara DioGuardi – American singer-songwriter and television personality\nTony Dovolani – Albanian-American professional ballroom dancer\nStan Dragoti – American film director, producer, artist\nKristine Elezaj – Albanian-American singer\nBosch Fawstin – American cartoonist\nGashi – American rapper\nJen Selter – American fitness model\nGenta Ismajli – American-Albanian singer-songwriter, and actress\nJMSN – American singer-songwriter and producer\nJoe Lala – American actor and singer\nPaul Leka – American music songwriter and producer\nLindita – singer-songwriter\nAva Max – American singer\nGjon Mili – pioneer master photographer\nBurim Myftiu – Albanian-American contemporary photographer, curator and visual artist\nJimmy Kimmel – American comedian and talk show host\nThomas Nassi – musician and composer\nVasiliev Nini – Albanian-born American sculptor\nTracee Chimo Pallero – Albanian American television, film and Broadway actress\nGeorge Pali – painter\nSteven Parrino – American artist and musician associated with energetic punk nihilism\nTalip Peshkepia – American film composer and songwriter\nRegis Philbin – American television personality\nBebe Rexha – American singer-songwriter\nSxip Shirey – American electric-acoustic composer, performer, and storyteller\nBobbi Starr – pornographic actress\nAureta Thomollari – Albanian-American luxury consultant\nSislej Xhafa – contemporary artist\nUnikkatil – Albanian-American rapper\nMelinda Ademi – Kosovo-Albanian and American rapper and singer[8]\nEnisa Nikaj – American singer-songwriter, model[9][10]\nAnxhelina Hadërgjonaj – Albanian-American singer, fashion blogger and influencer[11][12][13]","title":"Arts and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pema Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pema_Browne"},{"link_name":"Costa Chekrezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Chekrezi"},{"link_name":"Daniela Gioseffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi"},{"link_name":"Betim Muço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betim_Mu%C3%A7o"},{"link_name":"Emin Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Toro"},{"link_name":"Ardian Vehbiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardian_Vehbiu"}],"text":"Pema Browne – American abstract artist\nCosta Chekrezi – Albanian patriot, historian, and publicist\nDaniela Gioseffi – poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, and performer\nBetim Muço – writer, poet, translator, and seismologist\nEmin Toro – American lawyer\nArdian Vehbiu – author and translator","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Athanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Athanas"},{"link_name":"Ekrem Bardha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekrem_Bardha"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Berggruen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Berggruen"},{"link_name":"Mark Gjonaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gjonaj"},{"link_name":"Florin Krasniqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Krasniqi"},{"link_name":"James J. Schiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Schiro"},{"link_name":"Martin Shkreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shkreli"},{"link_name":"Ramiz Tafilaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiz_Tafilaj"},{"link_name":"Olsi Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsi_Rama"},{"link_name":"Louis V. Mato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_V._Mato"},{"link_name":"Rexh Xhakli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexh_Xhakli"}],"text":"Anthony Athanas – restaurateur\nEkrem Bardha – businessman, political activist\nNicolas Berggruen – businessman\nMark Gjonaj – businessman, politician\nFlorin Krasniqi – businessman, politician\nJames J. Schiro – businessman\nMartin Shkreli – businessman\nRamiz Tafilaj – businessman, political activist\nOlsi Rama – project manager\nLouis V. Mato – American politician and businessman\nRexh Xhakli – businessman, political activist and philanthropist","title":"Business and civil society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fadil Berisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadil_Berisha"},{"link_name":"Emin Kadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin_Kadi"},{"link_name":"Florina Kaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina_Kaja"},{"link_name":"Bill Kovach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kovach"},{"link_name":"Donald Lambro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Lambro"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Eric Margolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Margolis_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gjekë Marinaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjek%C3%AB_Marinaj"},{"link_name":"Gjon Mili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Mili"},{"link_name":"Burim Myftiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burim_Myftiu"},{"link_name":"Tom Perrotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Perrotta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Molly Qerim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Qerim"},{"link_name":"George Tames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tames"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nick Tosches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Tosches"},{"link_name":"Nexhmie Zaimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexhmie_Zaimi"},{"link_name":"Iliriana Sulkuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliriana_Sulkuqi"},{"link_name":"Andrew Kaczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kaczynski"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Fadil Berisha – photographer\nEmin Kadi – photographer, journalist, art director\nFlorina Kaja – singer and reality TV actress, The Bad Girls Club Season 4\nBill Kovach – journalist and editor\nDonald Lambro – journalist[14]\nEric Margolis – journalist and editor of the Toronto Sun; mother is Albanian[15]\nGjekë Marinaj – author and translator\nGjon Mili – photographer\nBurim Myftiu – photographer\nTom Perrotta – novelist and screenwriter[16]\nMolly Qerim – moderator, reporter\nGeorge Tames – photographer for The New York Times[17]\nNick Tosches – journalist, novelist, biographer, and poet\nNexhmie Zaimi – journalist\nIliriana Sulkuqi – journalist\nAndrew Kaczynski – journalist, and a political reporter for CNN[18][19]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emina Cunmulaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emina_Cunmulaj"},{"link_name":"Floriana Garo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriana_Garo"},{"link_name":"Afërdita Dreshaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C3%ABrdita_Dreshaj"},{"link_name":"Angela Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Martini"},{"link_name":"Cindy Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Marina"}],"text":"Emina Cunmulaj – model\nFloriana Garo – television presenter and model\nAfërdita Dreshaj – model, singer, beauty queen\nAngela Martini – model\nCindy Marina – model, volleyball player, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Albania 2019","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dilly Duka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilly_Duka"},{"link_name":"Lee Elia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Elia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeta Karabolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeta_Karabolli"},{"link_name":"Elvir Muriqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvir_Muriqi"},{"link_name":"Aaron Palushaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Palushaj"},{"link_name":"Andy Parrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Parrino"},{"link_name":"Enkelejda Shehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkelejda_Shehu"},{"link_name":"Jaren Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaren_Sina"},{"link_name":"Kristjan Sokoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristjan_Sokoli"},{"link_name":"Donald Suxho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Suxho"},{"link_name":"Andy Varipapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Varipapa"},{"link_name":"trick bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_bowling"},{"link_name":"Joe Albanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Albanese"},{"link_name":"Robert Baggio Kcira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baggio_Kcira"},{"link_name":"Šaćir Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0a%C4%87ir_Hot"},{"link_name":"Frank Leskaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leskaj"},{"link_name":"Halil Kanacević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Kanacevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Max Rugova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rugova"},{"link_name":"Sadri Gjonbalaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_Gjonbalaj"},{"link_name":"Tie Domi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Domi"},{"link_name":"Dominick Bellizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_Bellizzi"},{"link_name":"Kristina Maksuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Maksuti"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vera Razburgaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Razburgaj"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Max Rugova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rugova"}],"text":"Dilly Duka – MLS soccer player\nLee Elia – baseball player, coach and manager\nElizabeta Karabolli – shooting sport\nElvir Muriqi – professional boxer\nAaron Palushaj – professional hockey player\nAndy Parrino – baseball player\nEnkelejda Shehu – air pistol shooter\nJaren Sina – basketball player\nKristjan Sokoli – NFL player\nDonald Suxho – volleyball\nAndy Varipapa – professional trick bowler\nJoe Albanese – baseball player\nRobert Baggio Kcira – American soccer player\nŠaćir Hot – American soccer player\nFrank Leskaj – American swimmer\nHalil Kanacević – American-born Montenegrin professional basketball player\nMax Rugova – Kosovo Albanian professional footballer\nSadri Gjonbalaj – retired American soccer player\nTie Domi – professional ice hockey player\nDominick Bellizzi – American jockey\nKristina Maksuti – American-born Albanian professional footballer[20]\nVera Razburgaj – Albanian football midfielder[21]\nMax Rugova – soccer player","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop Nikon of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Nikon_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"OCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Diocese of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Diocese_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"Locum tenens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locum_tenens"},{"link_name":"Diocese of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Diocese_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"American Albanian Archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Albanian_Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"Baba Rexheb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Rexheb"}],"text":"Archbishop Nikon of Boston – OCA's Bishop of Diocese of New England, Locum tenens of Diocese of the South, and Archbishop of American Albanian Archdiocese\nBaba Rexheb","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Alite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alite"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ardizzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ardizzone"},{"link_name":"Ismail Lika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Lika"},{"link_name":"Zef Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zef_Mustafa"},{"link_name":"Nicolo Schiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolo_Schiro"},{"link_name":"Martin Shkreli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shkreli"},{"link_name":"Sami Osmakac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Osmakac"}],"text":"John Alite – mobster\nJoseph Ardizzone – mobster\nIsmail Lika – mobster\nZef Mustafa – mobster\nNicolo Schiro – mobster\nMartin Shkreli – convicted of securities fraud\nSami Osmakac – convicted terrorist","title":"Criminals"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Susan Araki Vergnani (2002). \"Albanian Merchants Add Verve to Bronx's \"Little Italy\"\". Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515051934/http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/cityscape/2002/littleitaly.asp","url_text":"\"Albanian Merchants Add Verve to Bronx's \"Little Italy\"\""},{"url":"http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/cityscape/2002/littleitaly.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferid Murad: Albanian-American Nobel Prize Winner\". frosina.org. August 6, 2004. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714082619/http://www.frosina.org/about/infobits.asp?id=138","url_text":"\"Ferid Murad: Albanian-American Nobel Prize Winner\""},{"url":"http://www.frosina.org/about/infobits.asp?id=138","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elsie, Robert. \"Arshi Pipa\". Robert Elsie. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Writer and scholar, Arshi Pipa (1920–1997) ..studied philosophy...published... poetry","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111201204412/http://www.albanianliterature.net/authors_modern1/pipa.html","url_text":"\"Arshi Pipa\""},{"url":"http://www.albanianliterature.net/authors_modern1/pipa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondi, Rafaela; Prifti, Peter (September 22, 2000). \"The Teaching of Albanian at Columbia University by Peter Prifti, Rafaela Kondi\". East European Quarterly. 34 (3): 381. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222258/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002366533","url_text":"\"The Teaching of Albanian at Columbia University by Peter Prifti, Rafaela Kondi\""},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002366533","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colby, Georgina (2019). Reading Experimental Writing. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781474440400.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h6MxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Etel+Adnan%22+%22Albanian%22&pg=PA15","url_text":"Reading Experimental Writing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474440400","url_text":"9781474440400"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Andrew. \"Episode #2248: A Very Specific Set Of Insecurities\". Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084213/http://www.infiniteguest.org/tbtl/2016/11/a-very-specific-set-of-insecurities/","url_text":"\"Episode #2248: A Very Specific Set Of Insecurities\""},{"url":"http://www.infiniteguest.org/tbtl/2016/11/a-very-specific-set-of-insecurities/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"15 European Pop Acts You Might Not Know\". The New York Times (NY Times). May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201227143828/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/22/arts/music/15-european-pop-acts-who-matter-right-now.html","url_text":"\"15 European Pop Acts You Might Not Know\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/22/arts/music/15-european-pop-acts-who-matter-right-now.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonilla, Brian (February 28, 2017). \"Star on the Rise: Enisa Nikaj from Brooklyn College | The University Network\". The University Network. Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tun.com/blog/star-on-the-rise-enisa-nikaj-brooklyn-college/","url_text":"\"Star on the Rise: Enisa Nikaj from Brooklyn College | The University Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"American singer adopts Nigerian name, after 'overwhelming' love from Nigerians\". Premium Times Nigeria. December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/429812-american-singer-adopts-nigerian-name-after-overwhelming-love-from-nigerians.html","url_text":"\"American singer adopts Nigerian name, after 'overwhelming' love from Nigerians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anxhelina Hadërgjonaj–Biografia\" (in Albanian). TeksteShqip. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teksteshqip.com/anxhelina-hadergjonaj/biografia","url_text":"\"Anxhelina Hadërgjonaj–Biografia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baballarët atraktivë të yjeve shqiptare\". Telegrafi (in Albanian). October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://telegrafi.com/baballaret-atraktiv-te-yjeve-shqiptare-foto/","url_text":"\"Baballarët atraktivë të yjeve shqiptare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi","url_text":"Telegrafi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161211023238/https://telegrafi.com/baballaret-atraktiv-te-yjeve-shqiptare-foto/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Partnerët e këngëtareve shqiptare që u përballën me drejtësinë\". Telegrafi (in Albanian). May 5, 2016. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://telegrafi.com/partneret-e-kengetareve-shqiptare-qe-u-perballen-drejtesine-foto/","url_text":"\"Partnerët e këngëtareve shqiptare që u përballën me drejtësinë\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi","url_text":"Telegrafi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170901044255/http://telegrafi.com/partneret-e-kengetareve-shqiptare-qe-u-perballen-drejtesine-foto/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Albanian Americans\". Everyculture.com. Retrieved February 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Albanian-Americans.html","url_text":"\"Albanian Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Elsie: Albanian Literature in Translation\". Albanianliterature.com. December 15, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://albanianliterature.com/authors3/AA3-46.html","url_text":"\"Robert Elsie: Albanian Literature in Translation\""}]},{"reference":"John Crace (February 21, 2009). \"Tom Perrotta interview\". Guardian. London. Retrieved February 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/21/tom-perrotta-interview","url_text":"\"Tom Perrotta interview\""}]},{"reference":"Binder, David (February 24, 1994). \"George Tames, Photographer, Dies at 75\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Binder_(journalist)","url_text":"Binder, David"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/24/obituaries/george-tames-photographer-dies-at-75.html","url_text":"\"George Tames, Photographer, Dies at 75\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twitter\". mobile.twitter.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listing_of_noted_Taoists
List of Taoists
["1 Classical","2 Modern","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Part of a series onTaoism Outline History Concepts Daoxue Dao De Wuji Taiji Yin-Yang Bagua Wu xing (Five Phases) Bianhua Fan (reversal) Wu-wei (non-action) Ziran Xian (immortal) Zhenren Zhenxing (true name) Three Treasures Jing Qi Shen Hun and po Practices Three Treasures (virtues) Five Precepts Ten Precepts Meditation Neidan Waidan Bugang Chu Diet (Bigu) Sexual practices Art Talismans Priesthood Texts I Ching Daodejing Zhuangzi Huainanzi Taipingjing Xiang'er Liezi Sanhuangjing Huahujing Qingjing Jing Baopuzi Daozang Deities Hongjun Laozu Three Pure Ones Yuanshi Tianzun Lingbao Tianzun Daode Tianzun Four Sovereigns Yuhuang Dadi(Great Jade Emperor) Ziwei Dadi(Great Emperor of the North Star) Gouchen Dadi(Great Emperor of the Curved Array) Houtu Huang Diqi(Empress of the Earth) Others Xiwangmu(Queen Mother of the West) Dongwanggong(King Father of the East) Three Great Emperor-Officials Eight Immortals Chang'e Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Yellow Emperor Guan Shengdi Li Hong Other deities People Laozi Zhuangzi Lie Yukou Heshanggong Wei Boyang Zhang Daoling Gan Ji Zhang Jue Zhang Lu Ge Xuan He Yan Wang Bi Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove Guo Xiang Sun Hanhua Wei Huacun Ge Hong Bao Jingyan Kou Qianzhi Lu Xiujing Tao Hongjing Cheng Xuanying Chen Tuan Zhang Boduan Sun Bu'er Wang Chongyang Qiu Chuji Zhang Guoxiang Zhang Sanfeng Zhu Quan Fangshi Schools Huang–Lao Way of the Taiping Xuanxue Shangqing Lijia Lingbao Chongxuan Quanzhen (Longmen) Wuliu Tianshi (Celestial Masters) Wudoumi Southern Tianshi Northern Tianshi Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity) Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Sacred places Grotto-heavens Sacred Mountains of China Wudang Mountains Mount Penglai Mount Kunlun Taoist temple White Cloud Temple (Baiyun Monastery) Louguantai Temple Cebu Taoist Temple Taoist Temple (Hanford, California) Institutions and organizations Chinese Taoist Association Celestial Masters Taoist priests vte List of Taoists or List of Daoists is a list of some historical figures in Taoism. Classical Laozi (601 BCE–531 BCE) (Founder of Philosophical Taoism) Wenzi (c. 5th century BCE) Lie Yukou (Liezi) (c. 400 BCE) Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu) (c. 4th century BCE) Guiguzi (c. 2nd century BCE) Yang Xiong (53 BCE–18) Maming Sheng (c. 100) Yin Changsheng (120–210) Wei Boyang (151–221) Ge Xuan (164–244) Zhang Jiao (d. 184) Gan Ji (d. 200) He Yan (195–249) Ji Kang (223–262) Zhang Daoling (Zhang Ling) (c. 2nd century) Zhongli Quan (c. 2nd century) (Legendary figure) Zhang Lu (d. 216) Wang Bi (226–249) Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang) (252–312) Fan Changsheng (d. 318) Bao Jing (d. 330) Wei Huacun (252–334) Ge Hong (284–364) Pao Ching-yen (c. 3rd century) Bao Gu (c. 4th century) Kou Qianzhi (365–448) Lu Xiujing (406–477) Ge Chaofu (c. 4th or 5th century) Tao Hongjing (456–536) Sun Simiao (d. 682) Li Bi (722–789) Lü Dongbin (c. 750–) Du Guangting (850–933) Chen Tuan (871–989) Wang Chongyang (1113–1170) Sun Bu'er (1119–1182) Wang Chuyi (1142–1217) Qiu Chuji (1148–1227) Zhang Sanfeng (b. 12th century) (Legendary figure) Zhang Sicheng (d. 1344) Zhang Guoxiang (d. 1611) Liu Yiming (1734–1821) Modern Moy Lin-shin (1931–1998) Shi Zhouren (1934–2021) Wang Liping (born 1949) Wu Chengzhen (born 1957) See also Taoism Daodejing Taoist schools List of people by belief References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Famous Taoists -- china.org.cn". China.org.cn. 20 Apr 2007. Archived from the original on 11 Dec 2023. Further reading Daoist Masters and Teachers External links Links for Chinese Religions and Philosophy, Daoism vteTaoismPhilosophyMetaphysics Tao (way) Taiji (ultimate) Wuji (non-polarity) Yin and yang (duality) Bagua (eight trigrams) Feng shui Wuxing (five phases) Bianhua (transformation) Fan (reversion) Ethics De (integrity) Wu wei (nonaction) Ziran (spontenaity) Pu (plainness) Zhenren Five Precepts Ten Precepts Practice Neidan (internal alchemy) Waidan (external alchemy) Yangsheng (self-cultivation) Daoyin (calisthenics) Meditation Three Treasures Jing (essence) Qi (breath) Shen (spirit) Diet Xian (immortality) Art Fulu (talismancy) Texts Tao Te Ching Zhuangzi Liezi Huainanzi Taipingjing Xiang'er Sanhuangjing Huahujing Qingjing Jing Baopuzi Daozang Deities Hongjun Laozu Three Pure Ones Yuanshi Tianzun Lingbao Tianzun Daode Tianzun Four Sovereigns Jade Emperor Ziwei Emperor Tianhuang Emperor Houtu Three Great Emperor-Officials Queen Mother of the West King Father of the East Eight Immortals Chang'e Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Yellow Emperor Guan Shengdi Other deities People Laozi Zhuang Zhou Lie Yukou Heshang Gong Wei Boyang Zhang Daoling Gan Ji Zhang Jue Zhang Lu Ge Xuan He Yan Wang Bi Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove Guo Xiang Wei Huacun Ge Hong Bao Jingyan Kou Qianzhi Lu Xiujing Tao Hongjing Cheng Xuanying Chen Tuan Zhang Boduan Sun Bu'er Wang Chongyang Qiu Chuji Zhang Guoxiang Zhang Sanfeng Zhu Quan Fangshi Schools Huang–Lao Taiping Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Way of the Celestial Masters Northern Celestial Masters Zhengyi Xuanxue Shangqing Lingbao Jingming Chongxuan Quanzhen (Dragon Gate) Wuliu Yao Sacred places Grotto-heavens Sacred Mountains of China Wudang Mountains Mount Penglai Mount Kunlun Temples Cebu Hanford Louguantai Tong Jee Teung White Cloud
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Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maming_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Yin Changsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Changsheng"},{"link_name":"Wei Boyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Boyang"},{"link_name":"Ge Xuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Xuan"},{"link_name":"Zhang Jiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jiao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Gan Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Ji"},{"link_name":"He Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Yan"},{"link_name":"Ji Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Kang"},{"link_name":"Zhang Daoling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Daoling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Zhongli Quan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongli_Quan"},{"link_name":"Zhang Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Wang Bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Bi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Guo Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Xiang"},{"link_name":"Fan Changsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Changsheng"},{"link_name":"Bao Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Jing"},{"link_name":"Wei Huacun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Huacun"},{"link_name":"Ge Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Hong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Pao Ching-yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pao_Ching-yen"},{"link_name":"Bao Gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Gu"},{"link_name":"Kou Qianzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi"},{"link_name":"Lu Xiujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xiujing"},{"link_name":"Ge Chaofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Chaofu"},{"link_name":"Tao Hongjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Hongjing"},{"link_name":"Sun Simiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Simiao"},{"link_name":"Li Bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bi"},{"link_name":"Lü Dongbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin"},{"link_name":"Du Guangting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Guangting"},{"link_name":"Chen Tuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Tuan"},{"link_name":"Wang Chongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chongyang"},{"link_name":"Sun Bu'er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Bu%27er"},{"link_name":"Wang Chuyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chuyi"},{"link_name":"Qiu Chuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Chuji"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Zhang Sanfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China.org.cn_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Zhang Sicheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Sicheng"},{"link_name":"Zhang Guoxiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guoxiang"},{"link_name":"Liu Yiming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yiming"}],"text":"Laozi (601 BCE–531 BCE) (Founder of Philosophical Taoism)[1]\nWenzi (c. 5th century BCE)\nLie Yukou (Liezi) (c. 400 BCE)[1]\nZhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu) (c. 4th century BCE)[1]\nGuiguzi (c. 2nd century BCE)\nYang Xiong (53 BCE–18)\nMaming Sheng (c. 100)\nYin Changsheng (120–210)\nWei Boyang (151–221)\nGe Xuan (164–244)\nZhang Jiao (d. 184)[1]\nGan Ji (d. 200)\nHe Yan (195–249)\nJi Kang (223–262)\nZhang Daoling (Zhang Ling) (c. 2nd century)[1]\nZhongli Quan (c. 2nd century) (Legendary figure)\nZhang Lu (d. 216)\nWang Bi (226–249)[1]\nGuo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang) (252–312)\nFan Changsheng (d. 318)\nBao Jing (d. 330)\nWei Huacun (252–334)\nGe Hong (284–364)[1]\nPao Ching-yen (c. 3rd century)\nBao Gu (c. 4th century)\nKou Qianzhi (365–448)\nLu Xiujing (406–477)\nGe Chaofu (c. 4th or 5th century)\nTao Hongjing (456–536)\nSun Simiao (d. 682)\nLi Bi (722–789)\nLü Dongbin (c. 750–)\nDu Guangting (850–933)\nChen Tuan (871–989)\nWang Chongyang (1113–1170)\nSun Bu'er (1119–1182)\nWang Chuyi (1142–1217)\nQiu Chuji (1148–1227)[1]\nZhang Sanfeng (b. 12th century) (Legendary figure)[1]\nZhang Sicheng (d. 1344)\nZhang Guoxiang (d. 1611)\nLiu Yiming (1734–1821)","title":"Classical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moy Lin-shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moy_Lin-shin"},{"link_name":"Shi Zhouren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristofer_Schipper"},{"link_name":"Wang Liping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Liping_(Taoist)"},{"link_name":"Wu Chengzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chengzhen"}],"text":"Moy Lin-shin (1931–1998)\nShi Zhouren (1934–2021)\nWang Liping (born 1949)\nWu Chengzhen (born 1957)","title":"Modern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daoist Masters and Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231211133413/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/daomasters.html"}],"text":"Daoist Masters and Teachers","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"title":"Daodejing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching"},{"title":"Taoist schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_schools"},{"title":"List of people by belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_by_belief"}]
[{"reference":"\"Famous Taoists -- china.org.cn\". China.org.cn. 20 Apr 2007. Archived from the original on 11 Dec 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231211114442/http://www.china.org.cn/english/daodejingforum/207908.htm","url_text":"\"Famous Taoists -- china.org.cn\""},{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/daodejingforum/207908.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231211114442/http://www.china.org.cn/english/daodejingforum/207908.htm","external_links_name":"\"Famous Taoists -- china.org.cn\""},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/daodejingforum/207908.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231211133413/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Religion/daomasters.html","external_links_name":"Daoist Masters and Teachers"},{"Link":"https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln270/links270.htm#DAOISM","external_links_name":"Links for Chinese Religions and Philosophy, Daoism"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_knot_theory
Physical knot theory
["1 References"]
Physical knot theory is the study of mathematical models of knotting phenomena, often motivated by considerations from biology, chemistry, and physics (Kauffman 1991). Physical knot theory is used to study how geometric and topological characteristics of filamentary structures, such as magnetic flux tubes, vortex filaments, polymers, DNAs, influence their physical properties and functions. It has applications in various fields of science, including topological fluid dynamics, structural complexity analysis and DNA biology (Kauffman 1991, Ricca 1998). Traditional knot theory models a knot as a simple closed loop in three-dimensional space. Such a knot has no thickness or physical properties such as tension or friction. Physical knot theory incorporates more realistic models. The traditional model is also studied but with an eye toward properties of specific embeddings ("conformations") of the circle. Such properties include ropelength and various knot energies (O’Hara 2003). Most of the work discussed in this article and in the references below is not concerned with knots tied in physical pieces of rope. For the more specific physics of such knots, see Knot: Physical theory of friction knots. References Kauffman, L.H. (1991) Knots and Physics. Series on Knots and Everything 1, World Scientific. Kauffman, L.H., Editor (1991) Knots and Applications. Series on Knots and Everything 6, World Scientific. O’Hara, J. (2003) Energy of Knots and Conformal Geometry. Series on Knots and Everything 33, World Scientific. Ricca, R.L. (1998) Applications of knot theory in fluid mechanics. In Knot Theory (ed. V.F.R. Jones et al.), pp. 321–346. Banach Center Publs. 42, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. This knot theory-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knot theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction"},{"link_name":"ropelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropelength"},{"link_name":"knot energies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_energy"},{"link_name":"Knot: Physical theory of friction knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot#Physical_theory_of_friction_knots"}],"text":"Traditional knot theory models a knot as a simple closed loop in three-dimensional space. Such a knot has no thickness or physical properties such as tension or friction. Physical knot theory incorporates more realistic models. The traditional model is also studied but with an eye toward properties of specific embeddings (\"conformations\") of the circle. Such properties include ropelength and various knot energies (O’Hara 2003).Most of the work discussed in this article and in the references below is not concerned with knots tied in physical pieces of rope. For the more specific physics of such knots, see Knot: Physical theory of friction knots.","title":"Physical knot theory"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_knot_theory&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority
Ministry of Information (State of Palestine)
["1 List of ministers","2 References"]
High government position Palestina Information Ministry of the Palestinian National AuthorityAgency overviewJurisdictionPalestinian National Authority The Information Minister of the Palestinian National Authority is the minister in charge of election polls, media and has a role in advising the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. In 2002, the ministry was merged the Culture and Arts Ministry. List of ministers Yasser Abed Rabbo - Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (1998-April 2003) Nabil Amr - Fatah (April 2003-October 2003) Ahmed Qurei - Fatah (November 2003-February 2005) Nabil Shaath - (February 2005-March 2006) Yousef Rizqa - Hamas (2006–2007) Riyad al-Malki - Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (July 2007–present) References ^ Ministry of Information ^ June - October 2002 Archived 2003-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Jerusalem Media and Communications Centre. This article about a Palestinian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Information Minister of the Palestinian National Authority is the minister in charge of election polls, media and has a role in advising the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority.[1] In 2002, the ministry was merged the Culture and Arts Ministry.[2]","title":"Ministry of Information (State of Palestine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yasser Abed Rabbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Abed_Rabbo"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Nabil Amr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Amr"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Qurei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Qurei"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"Nabil Shaath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Shaath"},{"link_name":"Yousef Rizqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yousef_Rizqa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Riyad al-Malki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_al-Malki"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"}],"text":"Yasser Abed Rabbo - Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (1998-April 2003)\nNabil Amr - Fatah (April 2003-October 2003)\nAhmed Qurei - Fatah (November 2003-February 2005)\nNabil Shaath - (February 2005-March 2006)\nYousef Rizqa - Hamas (2006–2007)\nRiyad al-Malki - Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (July 2007–present)","title":"List of ministers"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.minfo.ps/index.php?langid=2","external_links_name":"Ministry of Information"},{"Link":"http://www.jmcc.org/politics/pna/pnacabinet.htm","external_links_name":"June - October 2002"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031215212140/http://www.jmcc.org/politics/pna/pnacabinet.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Information_(State_of_Palestine)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Beichaon
Ou Beichoan Commune
["1 Villages","2 References"]
Coordinates: 13°44′16″N 102°44′27″E / 13.7377°N 102.7407°E / 13.7377; 102.7407Commune in Banteay Meanchey, CambodiaOu Beichoan ឃុំអូរបីជាន់CommuneOu BeichoanLocation within CambodiaCoordinates: 13°44′16″N 102°44′27″E / 13.7377°N 102.7407°E / 13.7377; 102.7407Country CambodiaProvinceBanteay MeancheyDistrictOu Chrov DistrictVillages11Time zoneUTC+07Geocode010509 Ou Beichoan is a khum (commune) of Ou Chrov District in Banteay Meanchey Province in north-western Cambodia. Villages Choan Banteay Thmei(ជាន់បន្ទាយថ្មី) Chouk Chey(ជោគជ័យ) Ou Bei Choan(អូរបីជាន់) Prasat(ប្រាសាទ) Prey Chan (ព្រៃចាន់) Preav(ព្រាវ) Seila Khmaer(សីលាខ្មែរ) Snuol Tret(ស្នូលទ្រេត) Thnal Bat(ថ្នល់បត់) Tumnob Dach(ទំនប់ដាច់) Yeang Dangkum(យាងដង្គុំ) References ^ "Banteay Meanchey". cambodia.gov.kh. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. vte Banteay Meanchey provinceCapital: Serei SaophoanMongkol Borei District Banteay Neang Bat Trang Chamnaom Kouk Ballangk Koy Maeng Ou Prasat Phnum Touch Rohat Tuek Ruessei Kraok Sambuor Soea Srah Reang Ta Lam Phnum Srok District Nam Tau Poy Char Phnum Dei Ponley Spean Sraeng Srah Chik Preah Netr Preah District Chnuor Mean Chey Chob Vari Phnum Lieb Prasat Preah Netr Preah Rohal Tean Kam Tuek Chour Bos Sbov Ou Chrov District Changha Koub Kuttasat Samraong Souphi Soengh Ou Beichaon Serei Saophoan Municipality (city) Kampong Svay Kaoh Pong Satv Mkak Ou Ambel Phniet Preah Ponlea Tuek Thla Thma Puok District Banteay Chhmar Kouk Romiet Phum Thmei Thma Puok Kouk Kakthen Kumru Svay Chek District Phkoam Sarongk Sla Kram Svay Chek Ta Baen Ta Phou Treas Roluos Malai District Boeng Beng Malai Ou Sampoar Ou Sralau Tuol Pongro Ta Kong Poipet Municipality (city) Nimit Poipet Phsar Kandal This Cambodian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrawijinie_Cave
Murrawijinie Cave
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 31°21′52″S 130°52′30″E / 31.36456°S 130.87505°E / -31.36456; 130.87505Cave in Australia Murrawijinie CaveMurrawijinie CaveLocationNullarbor, South Australia, AustraliaCoordinates31°21′52″S 130°52′30″E / 31.36456°S 130.87505°E / -31.36456; 130.87505Entrances3 Marrawijinie Cave is cave located in the Australian state of South Australia within the gazetted locality of Nullarbor on the Nullarbor Plain. This cave is open to the public but safety precautions should be taken before driving off the Eyre Highway. The entry is located approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of the Nullarbor Roadhouse along a rough track. The main entry is a doline, a collapsed cave, another two entries are close by which is typical of the Nullarbor's karst topography. Hawks and swallows use the caves as nesting sites. One of the entries has hand stencils made from ochre drawn by Indigenous Australians on the walls. Since June 2013, the cave has been located within the protected area known as the Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area. See also Sanctum (film) Andrew Wight References ^ a b "Search result for "Murrawijinie Caves (Cave)" (Record no. SA0048008) with the following layers selected - "Suburbs and Localities" and " Place names (gazetteer)"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016. ^ "Nullarbor Plains Journey - Eyre Highway". Spiritland. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ a b "Nullarbor". 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ Catherine Lawson (25 April 2012). "Highway One: Across the Nullarbor". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "Protected Areas of South Australia September (Map) 2015 Edition" (PDF). Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR). 30 July 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
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[]
[{"title":"Sanctum (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctum_(film)"},{"title":"Andrew Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wight"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Lucknow
Diocese of Lucknow (Church of North India)
["1 History","2 Bishops","3 References","4 External links"]
Diocese of Church of India headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Not to be confused with Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucknow. Diocese of LucknowLocationCountryIndiaTerritoryEastern Uttar PradeshDeaneriesLucknow, Jhansi, Prayagraj, Lakhimpur, Gorakhpur, Varanasi, MirzapurHeadquartersPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshStatisticsParishes73+Congregations73+Schools40+ schoolsMembers22000+InformationDenominationChurch of North IndiaCathedralAll Saints CathedralPatron saintAll canonized Saints before English ReformationLanguageEnglish, HindiCurrent leadershipBishopRt. Rev. Morris Edgar Dan The Diocese of Lucknow is a diocese of the Church of North India, headquartered in the city of Prayagraj. The jurisdiction of the diocese mainly covers the Eastern side of Uttar Pradesh. History The diocese of Lucknow was established in 1893 by carving it out from the Diocese of Calcutta. The diocese was given the name of Lucknow although the mother Cathedral, All Saints Cathedral and diocesan headquarters stayed in Prayagraj. It was because Prayagraj was situated within the legally defined territories of the diocese of Calcutta. It is the biggest Diocese in Uttar Pradesh and one of the oldest dioceses in north India. Bishops This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bishop of Lucknow was the Ordinary of the Anglican Diocese of Lucknow from its inception in 1893 until the foundation of the Church in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon in 1927 and its consequent merger with other Protestant Churches to form the Church of North India in 1970; and since then head of one of the united church's biggest dioceses. Late Rt. Rev. Lord Alfred Clifford 1893–1910 Late Most. Rev. Lord George Westcott 1910–1928 Late Rt. Rev. Lord Charles Saunders 1928–1938 Late Rt. Rev. Lord Sydney Bill 1939–1947 Late Rt. Rev. Lord Christopher Robinson 1947–1962 Church of North India Late Rt. Rev. Lord Joseph Amritanand 1962–1970 Late Most Rev. Lord Deen Dayal 1970–1976 Late Rt. Rev. Raja Yousef Rt. Rev. Anil R. Stephen Rt. Rev. Morris Edgar Dan – defrocked in 2013 Late Rt. Rev. Dr. Colin Christopher Theodore – Moderator's Episcopal Commissary Rev. Daniel Subhan – Moderator's Commissary Rt. Rev. Dr. Peter Baldev – Sent on long leave w.e.f. June, 2022 Rt. Rev. Manoj Charan - Moderator's Episcopal Commissary - Resigned Rt. Rev. Andrew Rathod - Moderator's Episcopal Commissary Rt. Rev. Morris Edgar Dan - Reinstated Bishop of Lucknow. (Current Bishop) References ^ "Diocese of Lucknow, The Church Of North India" (PDF). Cnisynod.org. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ^ "A History of the Church of England in India, by Eyre Chatterton (1924)". Anglicanhistory.org. 6 November 1910. Retrieved 13 February 2016. External links Church of North India Archived 10 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Christianity portal vteAnglican Bishops of Lucknow Alfred Clifford George Westcott Charles Saunders Sydney Bill Christopher Robinson Joseph Amritanand Din Dayal John Augustine vteChristianity in PrayagrajChurches All Saints Cathedral St. Joseph’s Cathedral Dioceses Diocese of Lucknow (Church of North India) Roman Catholic Diocese of Prayagraj Missionaries John Lawrence Goheen Sam Higginbottom William H. Wiser Societies American Presbyterian Mission
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_AJD-V6/PSA_DT17#3.0D/TDV6/SDV6
Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17
["1 Common construction","2 Lion V6","2.1 2.7HDi/TDV6/2.7TD","2.2 3.0HDi/TDV6/SDV6","3 Lion V8","3.1 3.6 TDV8","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reciprocating internal combustion engine Lion Diesel Engine FamilyOverviewManufacturer Ford of Europe PSA Group Jaguar Cars Land Rover Production2004–presentLayoutConfiguration60° V6, 90° V8Displacement2.7 L (2,720 cc)3.0 L (2,993 cc)3.6 L (3,630 cc)4.4 L (4,367 cc)Cylinder bore81 mm (3.19 in)84 mm (3.31 in)Piston stroke88 mm (3.46 in)90 mm (3.54 in)Cylinder block materialCompacted graphite iron cross boltedCylinder head materialHigh strength aluminiumValvetrainDOHC 4 valves x cyl. with VVTCompression ratio16.4:1, 17.3:1CombustionTurbochargerVariable geometry single or twin-turbo with air-to-air intercoolerFuel systemCommon rail direct injectionManagementSiemensFuel typeDieselCooling systemWater cooledOutputPower output140–225 kW (190–306 PS; 188–302 hp)Torque output440–700 N⋅m (325–516 lbf⋅ft)DimensionsDry weight202 kg (445 lb) The AJD is a family of V6 and V8 turbodiesel engines with a clean-sheet architecture and variable valve timing developed by Ford of Europe for its then-subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, as well as for its partner PSA Group working under the Gemini joint development and production agreement. It is called the AJD-V6 in the Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and the DT17/DT20 by Citroën and Peugeot. The engines share the same bore/stroke ratio, with the V6 version displacing 2.7 L (2,720 cc) and the V8 version displacing 3.6 L (3,630 cc). The V6 and the V8 were launched in 2004 and 2006 respectively. The V6 engine meets the Euro IV emissions standards. A DT20 3.0 L (2,993 cc) was added in 2009 and is based on the DT17 2.7 L (2,720 cc). The V6 is used across many vehicles, from the Citroën C5 and C6, to the Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover, multiple cars in the Jaguar range, and also the Ford Territory and next gen Ford Ranger. Common construction The engine family utilises twin overhead camshafts and multi-valves, single or twin-turbochargers with an air-to-air intercooler, and innovative compacted graphite iron (CGI) block construction that leads to a low weight of 202 kg (445 lb) dry. Fuel supply is high-pressure common rail direct injection. Lion V6 AJD-V6 engine in a 2006 Jaguar XJ To improve the engine's low-speed torque range for off-roading and towing applications, the Land Rover variant utilised a large capacity single-turbocharger, rather than use the twin-turbo design; in addition the engine is fitted with a large engine driven cooling fan to support low speed, high load driving as may be encountered in desert conditions. Furthermore, the Land Rover variant of the Lion V6 includes a deeper, high capacity sump with improved baffles to maintain oil pressure at off-roading extreme angles and multi-layered seals to keep dust, mud and water at bay and different transmission bell housing bolt pattern. The Lion V6 – constructed from compacted graphite iron – is a member of the Ford Duratorq family and is produced at Ford's Dagenham engine plant; 35,000 engines were produced from April to December 2004. The 3.0-litre design, known as the Gen III, superseded the 2.7-litre, and uses turbochargers on a series-sequential system and has an uprated common rail injection system incorporating fuel injectors with piezo crystals fitted nearer to the tip to reduce engine noise and a metering mode to reduce oversupplying fuel, decreasing fuel consumption and unused fuel temperature over the 2.7-litre model. The sequential turbocharger system utilizes the smaller of the two turbos when the engine is running at low revolutions; once the engine has reached 2,800 rpm, the larger turbocharger is also used to pressurize the intake. Jaguar tested fitting the engine to its XK model but didn't carry the project over to production. The 3.0-litre variants used by Land Rover feature the 2.7-litre's off-roading adaptations plus calibration of the engine's electronics to allow the use of low-quality fuels. 2.7HDi/TDV6/2.7TD Engine configuration & engine displacement 60-degree V6 engine, single- and twin-turbo diesel, 2,720 cc (2.7 L; 166.0 cu in), bore x stroke 81 mm × 88 mm (3.19 in × 3.46 in), compression ratio 17.3:1 Cylinder block & crankcase Compacted graphite iron cross bolted block Cylinder heads & valvetrain High strength aluminium, DOHC with four valves per cylinder Aspiration Single turbocharger or twin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, port deactivation system Fuel system & engine management Siemens Common rail (CR) direct diesel injection, maximum injection pressure of 1,650 bars (23,900 psi), piezo injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs 140 kW (190 PS; 188 hp), 440 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft) – Ford Territory, Land Rover Discovery 3, Range Rover Sport 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp), 440 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft) – Citroën C5, Citroën C6, Jaguar S-Type, Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Peugeot 407, Peugeot 607 References "Ford, PSA Announce New V6 Diesel" Auto Report, 10 June 2003 3.0HDi/TDV6/SDV6 See also: Ford Power Stroke engine § 3.0 Power Stroke Engine configuration & engine displacement 60-degree V6 engine, twin-turbo diesel, 2,993 cc (3.0 L; 182.6 cu in), bore x stroke 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in), compression ratio 16.4:1 Cylinder block & crankcase Compacted graphite iron cross bolted block Cylinder heads & valvetran High strength aluminium, DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder Aspiration Twin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, port deactivation system Fuel system & engine management Bosch Common rail (CR) direct diesel injection, utilising a Bosch EDC17CP11 engine management control unit and maximum injection pressure of 2,000 bars (29,000 psi), piezo injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs 180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp), 450 N⋅m (332 lbf⋅ft) – Citroën C5, Citroën C6, Peugeot 407, Peugeot 407 Coupé 180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp), 500 N⋅m (369 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Land Rover Discovery 4, Range Rover Sport 190 kW (258 PS; 255 hp), 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) – Land Rover Discovery 4, Discovery 5, Range Rover Sport 202 kW (275 PS; 271 hp), 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Range Rover 221 kW (300 PS; 296 hp), 700 N⋅m (516 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Range Rover Velar, Jaguar F-Pace 225 kW (306 PS; 302 hp), 700 N⋅m (516 lbf⋅ft) – Range Rover Sport, Discovery 5 Lion V8 See also: Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel Built at Ford's Dagenham engine plant in Essex, the 3.6-litre V8 twin-turbo diesel engine began production in April 2006. The 4.4 L variant is built in Ford's Chihuahua Engine plant in Mexico. Much speculation in the United States has focused on this engine as a possible Diesel entrant in the F-150 pickup truck and Expedition SUV. It was announced that the new F-150 engine was to be based on this engine and enlarged to 4.4 L, but that program was later cancelled. The Cleveland Engine plant recently began small-scale production of the exotic compacted graphite iron (CGI) used in the block's construction, leading many to expect production of the engine there. Ultimately, Ford went with the 3.0 L Lion V6 modified for US truck use, utilising a single turbocharger. 3.6 TDV8 Engine configuration & engine displacement 90-degree V8 engine, twin-turbo diesel, 3,630 cc (3.6 L; 221.5 cu in), bore x stroke 81 mm × 88 mm (3.19 in × 3.46 in), compression ratio 17.3:1 Cylinder block & crankcase Compacted graphite iron cross bolted block Cylinder heads & valvetrain High strength aluminium, DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder Aspiration Twin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, maximum boost pressure of 1.6 bars (23 psi), piezo injectors DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs 200 kW (272 PS; 268 hp), 640 N⋅m (472 lbf⋅ft) – Range Rover, Range Rover Sport See also List of Ford engines Notes ^ Guesser, Wilson Luiz; Duran, Pedro Ventrela; Krause, Walmor (12–13 May 2004). "Compacted Graphite Iron for Diesel Engine Cylinder Blocks" (PDF). Congrès le diesel. Ecole centrale Lyon. ^ Truett, Richard (31 July 2006). "Powertrain Plans". AutoWeek. Retrieved 2 August 2006. References "Third phase of Diesel cooperation" (PDF). Ford/PSA/Jaguar. June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2005. Kelly, Kevin (6 June 2003). "PSA, Ford Unveil Premium Diesel Engine". Ward's Auto World. Retrieved 1 March 2005.(subscription required) "Ford, PSA Announce New V6 Diesel". Auto Report. 10 June 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2005. "Jaguar To Premiere New V6 Diesel Engine". Carpages. 9 June 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2005. "Ford diesel plant adopts clean standards considered critical to modern assembly". AutoWeek. 22 April 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2005. "Ford Dagenham Designs and Builds New V8 Diesel Engine" (Press release). Ford Motor Company. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2006. External links Media related to Ford AJ-V6D/PSA DT17 engine at Wikimedia Commons
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It is called the AJD-V6 in the Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and the DT17/DT20 by Citroën and Peugeot. The engines share the same bore/stroke ratio, with the V6 version displacing 2.7 L (2,720 cc) and the V8 version displacing 3.6 L (3,630 cc). The V6 and the V8 were launched in 2004 and 2006 respectively. The V6 engine meets the Euro IV emissions standards. A DT20 3.0 L (2,993 cc) was added in 2009 and is based on the DT17 2.7 L (2,720 cc). The V6 is used across many vehicles, from the Citroën C5 and C6, to the Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover, multiple cars in the Jaguar range, and also the Ford Territory and next gen Ford Ranger.","title":"Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twin overhead camshafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"multi-valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-valve"},{"link_name":"twin-turbochargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-turbo"},{"link_name":"intercooler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercooler"},{"link_name":"compacted graphite iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacted_graphite_iron"},{"link_name":"common rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rail"},{"link_name":"direct injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection#Direct_injection_systems"}],"text":"The engine family utilises twin overhead camshafts and multi-valves, single or twin-turbochargers with an air-to-air intercooler, and innovative compacted graphite iron (CGI) block construction that leads to a low weight of 202 kg (445 lb) dry. Fuel supply is high-pressure common rail direct injection.","title":"Common construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaguar_XJ_(X350)_2.7_liter_V6_turbo_diesel_engine.jpg"},{"link_name":"compacted graphite iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacted_graphite_iron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ford Duratorq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Duratorq_engine"},{"link_name":"fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_consumption_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"XK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XK"}],"text":"AJD-V6 engine in a 2006 Jaguar XJTo improve the engine's low-speed torque range for off-roading and towing applications, the Land Rover variant utilised a large capacity single-turbocharger, rather than use the twin-turbo design; in addition the engine is fitted with a large engine driven cooling fan to support low speed, high load driving as may be encountered in desert conditions. Furthermore, the Land Rover variant of the Lion V6 includes a deeper, high capacity sump with improved baffles to maintain oil pressure at off-roading extreme angles and multi-layered seals to keep dust, mud and water at bay and different transmission bell housing bolt pattern. The Lion V6 – constructed from compacted graphite iron[1] – is a member of the Ford Duratorq family and is produced at Ford's Dagenham engine plant; 35,000 engines were produced from April to December 2004.The 3.0-litre design, known as the Gen III, superseded the 2.7-litre, and uses turbochargers on a series-sequential system and has an uprated common rail injection system incorporating fuel injectors with piezo crystals fitted nearer to the tip to reduce engine noise and a metering mode to reduce oversupplying fuel, decreasing fuel consumption and unused fuel temperature over the 2.7-litre model.\nThe sequential turbocharger system utilizes the smaller of the two turbos when the engine is running at low revolutions; once the engine has reached 2,800 rpm, the larger turbocharger is also used to pressurize the intake.Jaguar tested fitting the engine to its XK model but didn't carry the project over to production.The 3.0-litre variants used by Land Rover feature the 2.7-litre's off-roading adaptations plus calibration of the engine's electronics to allow the use of low-quality fuels.","title":"Lion V6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Territory_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Discovery 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR3#Discovery_3_.2F_LR3"},{"link_name":"Range Rover Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Sport"},{"link_name":"Citroën C5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5#Second_generation_.282008.E2.80.93present.29"},{"link_name":"Citroën C6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6"},{"link_name":"Jaguar S-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_S-Type_(1999)"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XF"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJ_(X350)"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_407"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_607"}],"sub_title":"2.7HDi/TDV6/2.7TD","text":"Engine configuration & engine displacement60-degree V6 engine, single- and twin-turbo diesel, 2,720 cc (2.7 L; 166.0 cu in), bore x stroke 81 mm × 88 mm (3.19 in × 3.46 in), compression ratio 17.3:1Cylinder block & crankcaseCompacted graphite iron cross bolted blockCylinder heads & valvetrainHigh strength aluminium, DOHC with four valves per cylinderAspirationSingle turbocharger or twin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, port deactivation systemFuel system & engine managementSiemens Common rail (CR) direct diesel injection, maximum injection pressure of 1,650 bars (23,900 psi), piezo injectorsDIN-rated motive power & torque outputs\n140 kW (190 PS; 188 hp), 440 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft) – Ford Territory, Land Rover Discovery 3, Range Rover Sport\n150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp), 440 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft) – Citroën C5, Citroën C6, Jaguar S-Type, Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Peugeot 407, Peugeot 607\nReferences\n\"Ford, PSA Announce New V6 Diesel\" Auto Report, 10 June 2003","title":"Lion V6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Power Stroke engine § 3.0 Power Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Power_Stroke_engine#3.0_Power_Stroke"},{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN"},{"link_name":"Citroën C5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5"},{"link_name":"Citroën C6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_407"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 407 Coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_407"},{"link_name":"Land Rover Discovery 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR4#Discovery_4_.2F_LR4"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJ_(X351)"},{"link_name":"Range Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_(L405)"},{"link_name":"Jaguar XJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_XJ_(X351)"},{"link_name":"Range Rover Velar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Velar"},{"link_name":"Jaguar F-Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_F-Pace"},{"link_name":"Range Rover Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_Sport"}],"sub_title":"3.0HDi/TDV6/SDV6","text":"See also: Ford Power Stroke engine § 3.0 Power StrokeEngine configuration & engine displacement60-degree V6 engine, twin-turbo diesel, 2,993 cc (3.0 L; 182.6 cu in), bore x stroke 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in), compression ratio 16.4:1Cylinder block & crankcaseCompacted graphite iron cross bolted blockCylinder heads & valvetranHigh strength aluminium, DOHC with 4 valves per cylinderAspirationTwin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, port deactivation systemFuel system & engine managementBosch Common rail (CR) direct diesel injection, utilising a Bosch EDC17CP11 engine management control unit and maximum injection pressure of 2,000 bars (29,000 psi), piezo injectorsDIN-rated motive power & torque outputs\n180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp), 450 N⋅m (332 lbf⋅ft) – Citroën C5, Citroën C6, Peugeot 407, Peugeot 407 Coupé\n180 kW (245 PS; 241 hp), 500 N⋅m (369 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Land Rover Discovery 4, Range Rover Sport\n190 kW (258 PS; 255 hp), 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) – Land Rover Discovery 4, Discovery 5, Range Rover Sport\n202 kW (275 PS; 271 hp), 600 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Range Rover\n221 kW (300 PS; 296 hp), 700 N⋅m (516 lbf⋅ft) – Jaguar XF, Jaguar XJ, Range Rover Velar, Jaguar F-Pace\n225 kW (306 PS; 302 hp), 700 N⋅m (516 lbf⋅ft) – Range Rover Sport, Discovery 5","title":"Lion V6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_4.4_Turbo_Diesel"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_Engine"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"F-150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_F-Series"},{"link_name":"Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Engine"},{"link_name":"compacted graphite iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacted_graphite_iron"}],"text":"See also: Ford 4.4 Turbo DieselBuilt at Ford's Dagenham engine plant in Essex, the 3.6-litre V8 twin-turbo diesel engine began production in April 2006. The 4.4 L variant is built in Ford's Chihuahua Engine plant in Mexico.Much speculation in the United States has focused on this engine as a possible Diesel entrant in the F-150 pickup truck and Expedition SUV.[2] It was announced that the new F-150 engine was to be based on this engine and enlarged to 4.4 L, but that program was later cancelled. The Cleveland Engine plant recently began small-scale production of the exotic compacted graphite iron (CGI) used in the block's construction, leading many to expect production of the engine there. Ultimately, Ford went with the 3.0 L Lion V6 modified for US truck use, utilising a single turbocharger.","title":"Lion V8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V8 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"Range Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_Rover_(L322)"}],"sub_title":"3.6 TDV8","text":"Engine configuration & engine displacement90-degree V8 engine, twin-turbo diesel, 3,630 cc (3.6 L; 221.5 cu in), bore x stroke 81 mm × 88 mm (3.19 in × 3.46 in), compression ratio 17.3:1Cylinder block & crankcaseCompacted graphite iron cross bolted blockCylinder heads & valvetrainHigh strength aluminium, DOHC with 4 valves per cylinderAspirationTwin-turbochargers with air-to-air intercooler, electronically actuated variable geometry with transient over-boost capability, maximum boost pressure of 1.6 bars (23 psi), piezo injectorsDIN-rated motive power & torque outputs\n200 kW (272 PS; 268 hp), 640 N⋅m (472 lbf⋅ft) – Range Rover, Range Rover Sport","title":"Lion V8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Compacted Graphite Iron for Diesel Engine Cylinder Blocks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tupy.com.br/downloads/guesser/compacted_graphite_iron_for_diesel.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Powertrain Plans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060802/FREE/60731013/1024/LATESTNEWS"},{"link_name":"AutoWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoWeek"}],"text":"^ Guesser, Wilson Luiz; Duran, Pedro Ventrela; Krause, Walmor (12–13 May 2004). \"Compacted Graphite Iron for Diesel Engine Cylinder Blocks\" (PDF). Congrès le diesel. Ecole centrale Lyon.\n\n^ Truett, Richard (31 July 2006). \"Powertrain Plans\". AutoWeek. Retrieved 2 August 2006.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"List of Ford engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_engines"}]
[{"reference":"Guesser, Wilson Luiz; Duran, Pedro Ventrela; Krause, Walmor (12–13 May 2004). \"Compacted Graphite Iron for Diesel Engine Cylinder Blocks\" (PDF). Congrès le diesel. Ecole centrale Lyon.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tupy.com.br/downloads/guesser/compacted_graphite_iron_for_diesel.pdf","url_text":"\"Compacted Graphite Iron for Diesel Engine Cylinder Blocks\""}]},{"reference":"Truett, Richard (31 July 2006). \"Powertrain Plans\". AutoWeek. Retrieved 2 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060802/FREE/60731013/1024/LATESTNEWS","url_text":"\"Powertrain Plans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoWeek","url_text":"AutoWeek"}]},{"reference":"\"Third phase of Diesel cooperation\" (PDF). Ford/PSA/Jaguar. June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060311050041/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_dossier/PKit_V61054906821.pdf","url_text":"\"Third phase of Diesel cooperation\""},{"url":"http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_dossier/PKit_V61054906821.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Kevin (6 June 2003). \"PSA, Ford Unveil Premium Diesel Engine\". Ward's Auto World. Retrieved 1 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://subscribers.wardsauto.com/ar/auto_psa_ford_unveil","url_text":"\"PSA, Ford Unveil Premium Diesel Engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford, PSA Announce New V6 Diesel\". Auto Report. 10 June 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auto-report.net/index.html?jagv6d.html","url_text":"\"Ford, PSA Announce New V6 Diesel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaguar To Premiere New V6 Diesel Engine\". Carpages. 9 June 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carpages.co.uk/jaguar/jaguar_to_premiere_new_v6_diesel_engine_09_06_03.asp?switched=on&echo=616714617","url_text":"\"Jaguar To Premiere New V6 Diesel Engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford diesel plant adopts clean standards considered critical to modern assembly\". AutoWeek. 22 April 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoweek.com/article/20050422/FREE/504220701","url_text":"\"Ford diesel plant adopts clean standards considered critical to modern assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Dagenham Designs and Builds New V8 Diesel Engine\" (Press release). Ford Motor Company. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515173639/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=23065","url_text":"\"Ford Dagenham Designs and Builds New V8 Diesel Engine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford Motor Company"},{"url":"http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=23065","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskelm%C3%A4-music
Schlager music
["1 Etymology","2 Central Europe","3 Finland","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Genre of popular music "Schlager" redirects here. For the "Schläger" duelling sword, see Academic fencing. For the surname, see Schlager (surname). For the 1979 Israeli film, see Schlager (film). SchlagerStylistic originsOriginal Poprock and rollswingcountryfolkJazz Subsequent:PopEuropopcountryfolkrockCultural origins1950s, West Germany, East Germany and AustriaSubgenresDansbandRegional scenesCentral EuropeNorthern EuropeSoutheast EuropeOther topicsMusic of Germany Schlager (German: , "hit(s)") is a style of European popular music and radio format generally defined by catchy instrumental accompaniments to vocal pieces of pop music with simple, easygoing, and often sentimental lyrics. Michelle performing in Berlin, 15 March 2017, where she sang schlagers as well as ballads Schlager tracks are typically light pop tunes or sweet, sentimental ballads with simple, catchy melodies. Their lyrics typically center on love, relationships, and feelings. The northern variant of schlager (notably in Finland) has taken elements from Finnic, Nordic, Slavic, and Eastern European folk songs, with lyrics tending toward melancholic and elegiac themes. Musically, schlager bears similarities to styles such as easy listening. The style has been frequently represented at the Eurovision Song Contest and has been popular since the contest began in 1956, though it is gradually being replaced by other pop music styles. Etymology Schlager is a loanword from German (from schlagen, "to hit"). It also came into some other languages (such as Bulgarian, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Czech, Finnish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Serbian, Turkish, Russian, Hebrew, and Romanian, for example), where it retained its meaning of a "(musical) hit". Central Europe Austrian singer and presenter Andy Borg and Swiss singer Francine Jordi The roots of German schlager are old. Originally, the word meant a hit or a strike. The first use of the word applied to music, in its original meaning, was in an opening night critique in the newspaper Wiener Fremden-Blatt on 17 February 1867 about The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss II. One ancestor of schlager music in its current meaning may be the operetta, which was highly popular in the early 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Comedian Harmonists and Rudi Schuricke laid the foundations for this new music. Well-known schlager singers of the 1950s and early 1960s include Lale Andersen, Freddy Quinn, Ivo Robić, Gerhard Wendland, Caterina Valente, Margot Eskens and Conny Froboess. Schlager reached a peak of popularity in Germany and Austria in the 1960s (featuring Peter Alexander and Roy Black) and the early 1970s. From the mid-1990s through the early 2000s, schlager also saw an extensive revival in Germany by, for example, Guildo Horn, Dieter Thomas Kuhn, Michelle, and Petra Perle. Dance clubs would play a stretch of schlager titles during the course of an evening, and numerous new bands were formed specialising in 1970s schlager cover versions and newer material.German artist Helene Fischer Some Germans view schlager as their country music, and American country and Tex-Mex music are both major elements in schlager culture. ("Is This the Way to Amarillo" is regularly played in schlager contexts, usually in the English-language original.) Popular schlager singers include Michael Holm, Roland Kaiser, Hansi Hinterseer, Jürgen Drews, Andrea Berg, Heintje Simons, Helene Fischer, Nicole, Claudia Jung, Andrea Jürgens, Michelle, Kristina Bach, Marianne Rosenberg, Simone Stelzer, Daniela Alfinito, Semino Rossi, Vicky Leandros, Leonard, DJ Ötzi, Andreas Gabalier and more recently, Beatrice Egli. In Hamburg in the 2010s, Schlager fans still gathered annually by the hundreds of thousands, dressing in 1970s clothing for street parades called "Schlager Move". The Schlager Move designation is also used for a number of smaller schlager music parties in several major German cities throughout the year. (This revival is sometimes associated with kitsch and camp.) Stylistically, schlager continues to influence German "party pop" or "party-schlager" (e.g. "Layla", 2022): that is, music most often heard in après-ski bars and Majorcan mass discos. In the English-speaking world, the most popular group to have included elements of schlager in their style is probably ABBA, a band that mixed traditional Swedish music, schlager, and pop-rock to create their own sound. Finland Main article: Finnish music § Iskelmä See also Schlager and Volksmusik Estrada (music genre) Levenslied, similar genre in the Netherlands Pimba, similar genre in Portugal Traditional pop Middle of the road Adult contemporary music Dance-pop References ^ Creekmur, Corey K., and Linda Y. Mokdad. The International Film Musical. Edinburgh University Press, 2012. ^ a b c Raykoff, Ivan; Deam Tobin, Robert (2007). A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. London England and Burlington, Vt. US: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 37–58. ISBN 9780754658795. ^ Шлягер (Shlyager) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 (in Russian) ^ "Dexonline". Dexonline.ro. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ Norbert Linke: Musik erobert die Welt. Wie die Wiener Familie Strauß die „Unterhaltungsmusik“ revolutionierte. Herold, Wien 1987, ISBN 3-7008-0361-3, S. 204. ^ Alsmann, Götz (8 May 2008). "Der Schlager hat sich selbst entmannt". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 26 September 2015. ^ Entry at Schlagerguide, (in German) ^ ""Schlagermove" - Atlantic Alliance". Archive.today. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ "Schlagermove - Home". Schlagermove.de. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ Koch, Tanit; mattwithers (27 July 2022). "Germansplaining: The song of the silly season". The New European. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ Harrison, A., "Why are ABBA so popular?," BBC Online, 21 October 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2022. External links Media related to Schlager at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases: National Germany vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_fencing"},{"link_name":"Schlager (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Schlager (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_(film)"},{"link_name":"[ˈʃlaːɡɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"hit(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schlager#German"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASEPMP-2"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"radio format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_in_Berlijn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(German_singer)"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"sentimental ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"folk songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"melancholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"elegiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegiac"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASEPMP-2"}],"text":"\"Schlager\" redirects here. For the \"Schläger\" duelling sword, see Academic fencing.For the surname, see Schlager (surname). For the 1979 Israeli film, see Schlager (film).Schlager (German: [ˈʃlaːɡɐ], \"hit(s)\")[2] is a style of European popular music and radio format generally defined by catchy instrumental accompaniments to vocal pieces of pop music with simple, easygoing, and often sentimental lyrics.Michelle performing in Berlin, 15 March 2017, where she sang schlagers as well as balladsSchlager tracks are typically light pop tunes or sweet, sentimental ballads with simple, catchy melodies. Their lyrics typically center on love, relationships, and feelings. The northern variant of schlager (notably in Finland) has taken elements from Finnic, Nordic, Slavic, and Eastern European folk songs, with lyrics tending toward melancholic and elegiac themes. Musically, schlager bears similarities to styles such as easy listening.[citation needed]The style has been frequently represented at the Eurovision Song Contest and has been popular since the contest began in 1956,[2] though it is gradually being replaced by other pop music styles.","title":"Schlager music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Schlager is a loanword from German (from schlagen, \"to hit\"). It also came into some other languages (such as Bulgarian, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Czech, Finnish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Serbian, Turkish, Russian,[3] Hebrew, and Romanian,[4] for example), where it retained its meaning of a \"(musical) hit\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musikantenstadl-Tournee_2010,_Wien_(18)_Francine_Jordi_und_Andy_Borg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Borg"},{"link_name":"Francine Jordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Jordi"},{"link_name":"The Blue Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Danube"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Comedian Harmonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian_Harmonists"},{"link_name":"Rudi Schuricke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Schuricke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lale Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lale_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Freddy Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Ivo Robić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Robi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Caterina Valente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Valente"},{"link_name":"Margot Eskens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Eskens"},{"link_name":"Conny Froboess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Froboess"},{"link_name":"Peter Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Alexander_(Austrian_actor_and_singer)"},{"link_name":"Roy Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Black_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Guildo Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildo_Horn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASEPMP-2"},{"link_name":"Dieter Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(German_singer)"},{"link_name":"Petra Perle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Perle"},{"link_name":"Dance clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helene-Fischer-Schleyerhalle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helene Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Is This the Way to Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_This_the_Way_to_Amarillo"},{"link_name":"Michael Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holm"},{"link_name":"Roland Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Hansi Hinterseer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansi_Hinterseer"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Drews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Drews"},{"link_name":"Andrea Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Berg"},{"link_name":"Heintje Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heintje_Simons"},{"link_name":"Helene Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_(German_singer)"},{"link_name":"Claudia Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Jung"},{"link_name":"Andrea Jürgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_J%C3%BCrgens"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(German_singer)"},{"link_name":"Kristina Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Bach"},{"link_name":"Marianne Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Simone Stelzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Stelzer"},{"link_name":"Daniela Alfinito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Alfinito"},{"link_name":"Semino Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semino_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Vicky Leandros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Leandros"},{"link_name":"Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_(S%C3%A4nger)"},{"link_name":"DJ Ötzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_%C3%96tzi"},{"link_name":"Andreas Gabalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Gabalier"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Egli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Egli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"kitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style)"},{"link_name":"Layla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_(DJ_Robin_%26_Sch%C3%BCrze_song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"après-ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%A8s-ski"},{"link_name":"Majorcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Austrian singer and presenter Andy Borg and Swiss singer Francine JordiThe roots of German schlager are old. Originally, the word meant a hit or a strike. The first use of the word applied to music, in its original meaning, was in an opening night critique in the newspaper Wiener Fremden-Blatt on 17 February 1867 about The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss II.[5]One ancestor of schlager music in its current meaning may be the operetta, which was highly popular in the early 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Comedian Harmonists and Rudi Schuricke laid the foundations for this new music.[6] Well-known schlager singers of the 1950s and early 1960s include Lale Andersen, Freddy Quinn, Ivo Robić, Gerhard Wendland, Caterina Valente, Margot Eskens and Conny Froboess. Schlager reached a peak of popularity in Germany and Austria in the 1960s (featuring Peter Alexander and Roy Black) and the early 1970s. From the mid-1990s through the early 2000s, schlager also saw an extensive revival in Germany by, for example, Guildo Horn,[2] Dieter Thomas Kuhn, Michelle, and Petra Perle. Dance clubs would play a stretch of schlager titles during the course of an evening, and numerous new bands were formed specialising in 1970s schlager cover versions and newer material.German artist Helene FischerSome Germans view schlager as their country music, and American country and Tex-Mex music are both major elements in schlager culture. (\"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" is regularly played in schlager contexts, usually in the English-language original.)Popular schlager singers include Michael Holm, Roland Kaiser, Hansi Hinterseer, Jürgen Drews, Andrea Berg, Heintje Simons, Helene Fischer, Nicole, Claudia Jung, Andrea Jürgens, Michelle, Kristina Bach, Marianne Rosenberg, Simone Stelzer, Daniela Alfinito, Semino Rossi, Vicky Leandros, Leonard, DJ Ötzi, Andreas Gabalier and more recently, Beatrice Egli.[7]In Hamburg in the 2010s, Schlager fans still gathered annually by the hundreds of thousands,[8] dressing in 1970s clothing for street parades called \"Schlager Move\". The Schlager Move designation is also used for a number of smaller schlager music parties in several major German cities throughout the year.[9] (This revival is sometimes associated with kitsch and camp.)Stylistically, schlager continues to influence German \"party pop\" or \"party-schlager\" (e.g. \"Layla\", 2022):[10] that is, music most often heard in après-ski bars and Majorcan mass discos. In the English-speaking world, the most popular group to have included elements of schlager in their style is probably ABBA, a band that mixed traditional Swedish music, schlager, and pop-rock to create their own sound.[11]","title":"Central Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finland"}]
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[{"title":"Schlager and Volksmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Schlager_and_Volksmusik"},{"title":"Estrada (music genre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada_(music_genre)"},{"title":"Levenslied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenslied"},{"title":"Pimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimba"},{"title":"Traditional pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_pop"},{"title":"Middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"title":"Adult contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"title":"Dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"}]
[{"reference":"Raykoff, Ivan; Deam Tobin, Robert (2007). A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. London England and Burlington, Vt. US: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 37–58. ISBN 9780754658795.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7nilnv93cC","url_text":"A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754658795","url_text":"9780754658795"}]},{"reference":"\"Dexonline\". Dexonline.ro. Retrieved 8 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dexonline.ro/definitie/%C8%99lag%C4%83r","url_text":"\"Dexonline\""}]},{"reference":"Alsmann, Götz (8 May 2008). \"Der Schlager hat sich selbst entmannt\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 26 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/deutsches-liedgut-a-949272.html","url_text":"\"Der Schlager hat sich selbst entmannt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Schlagermove\" - Atlantic Alliance\". Archive.today. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721003943/http://www.atlanticalliance.eu/event/schlagermove?page=15","url_text":"\"\"Schlagermove\" - Atlantic Alliance\""},{"url":"http://www.atlanticalliance.eu/event/schlagermove?page=15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schlagermove - Home\". Schlagermove.de. Retrieved 8 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schlagermove.de/","url_text":"\"Schlagermove - Home\""}]},{"reference":"Koch, Tanit; mattwithers (27 July 2022). \"Germansplaining: The song of the silly season\". The New European. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/germansplaining-the-song-of-the-silly-season/","url_text":"\"Germansplaining: The song of the silly season\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7nilnv93cC","external_links_name":"A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest"},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article124204.html","external_links_name":"Шлягер (Shlyager)"},{"Link":"http://dexonline.ro/definitie/%C8%99lag%C4%83r","external_links_name":"\"Dexonline\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/deutsches-liedgut-a-949272.html","external_links_name":"\"Der Schlager hat sich selbst entmannt\""},{"Link":"https://www.schlagerportal.com/biografien/beatrice-egli","external_links_name":"(in German)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721003943/http://www.atlanticalliance.eu/event/schlagermove?page=15","external_links_name":"\"\"Schlagermove\" - Atlantic Alliance\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlanticalliance.eu/event/schlagermove?page=15","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.schlagermove.de/","external_links_name":"\"Schlagermove - Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/germansplaining-the-song-of-the-silly-season/","external_links_name":"\"Germansplaining: The song of the silly season\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140415-why-are-abba-so-popular","external_links_name":"Why are ABBA so popular?"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179673-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i
Trần Quang Khải
["1 Background","2 History","2.1 In royal court and military activities","2.2 As scholar","3 Family","4 Legacy","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography"]
13th-century Vietnamese prince For South Vietnamese frigate, see RVNS Trần Quang Khải (HQ-02). Trần Quang Khải陳光啓Prince Chiêu MinhBorn1241Thăng Long, Đại ViệtDied1294Thăng Long, Đại ViệtHouseTrần dynastyFatherTrần Thái TôngMotherQueen Thuận Thiên Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải (1241–1294) was the third son of Trần Thái Tông, first emperor of the Trần dynasty of Vietnam. Being the younger brother of the Emperor Trần Thánh Tông and holding the position of grand chancellor of the Trần dynasty for many years, Trần Quang Khải was one of the most important figures of the Trần family and the royal court during the reigns of emperors Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông. In the second war of resistance against the Mongol invasion, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Hưng Đạo were two key commanders of the Đại Việt army who helped the Emperor defeat the troops of Kublai Khan's son prince Toghan. Besides his military and administrative activities, Prince Chiêu Minh was also a famous poet and was credited as the creator of the dance of flowers. Today, Trần Quang Khải is still considered one of the most famous historical figures of the Trần dynasty and is worshiped in several temples in Vietnam. Background Trần Quang KhảiVietnamese nameVietnameseTrần Quang KhảiHán-Nôm陳光啓 Prince Chiêu Minh (Vietnamese: Chiêu Minh vương) Trần Quang Khải was born in 1241 as the third son of the Emperor Trần Thái Tông and the Queen Thuận Thiên. Besides his elder brother the Emperor Trần Thánh Tông, Trần Quang Khải had two other famous younger brothers, Prince Chiêu Quốc (Chiêu Quốc vương) Trần Ích Tắc who was broadly known not only for his intelligence but also for his notorious defection to the Yuan dynasty side during the second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt and Prince Chiêu Văn (Chiêu Văn vương) Trần Nhật Duật who fought side by side with him in the war against the Yuan dynasty. History In royal court and military activities In 1261, at the age of only 20, Trần Quang Khải was appointed by Thánh Tông as minister instead of his elder brother Prince Tĩnh Quốc (Tĩnh Quốc Đại vương) Trần Quốc Khang because the Emperor considered Quốc Khang not capable for an important position in royal court. After the death of two grand chancellors: Trần Thủ Độ in 1264 and Trần Nhật Hiệu in 1269, Prince Chiêu Minh was promoted to this position in 1271 and thus became the most important official in the royal court. When Trần Nhân Tông succeeded Thánh Tông in 1278, Trần Quang Khải continued to take charge of administrative activities as grand chancellor while Trần Hưng Đạo was chosen as the grand commander of the Đại Việt army in 1283 to prepare for the threat from the Yuan dynasty. In 1279, the Yuan dynasty had the decisive victory over the Song dynasty in Battle of Yamen which marked the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of Kublai Khan over China. As a result, Kublai Khan began to pursue his attempt to take over the southern countries like Đại Việt or Champa. In December 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt began under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghan. Đại Việt was attacked from two directions, Toghan himself conducted the infantry invasion from the northern border while Yuan's navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through Champa's territory. It was Trần Quang Khải who conducted the Đại Việt army carrying the mission of stopping Toa Đô's troops before he could meet Toghan's troops as Yuan's plan. In the beginning, Trần Quang Khải had to retreat under pressure from Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghe An, the southern border province. However, the Trần dynasty began to change the situation after the victory of the Đại Việt army commanded by Trần Nhật Duật, Prince Chiêu Thành, Trần Quốc Toản and Nguyễn Khoái over Sogetu's troops in Battle of Hàm Tử. On the tenth day of the fifth lunar month (June 14) 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in Chương Dương where Yuan's navy was almost destroyed and therefore the balance in battlefield shifted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty. Ten days after Sogetu was killed and Trần's Emperor Nhân Tông and Retired Emperor Thánh Tông returned to capital Thăng Long on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month (July 19), 1285. After the Mongol invasions, Trần Quang Khải kept the position of grand chancellor until his death on July 3 of Lunar calendar, 1294. Despite the inherited hatred from their fathers Trần Cảnh and Trần Liễu, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Hưng Đạo were famous for their close relation which kept the royal court and Trần family united during not only the war but also the peaceful period afterwards. As scholar Like his brothers Trần Nhật Duật and Trần Ích Tắc, Trần Quang Khải was not only a capable official but also a well-known scholar. Prince Chiêu Minh had a collection of poems named Lạc đạo tập, his most famous poem might be Tụng giá hoàn kinh (chữ Hán: 從 駕 還 京) which was composed on the occasion of Đại Việt's victory over the Mongol army: chữ Hán: 從 駕 還 京 奪 槊 章 陽 渡 擒 胡 鹹 子 關 太 平 宜 努 力 萬 古 此 江 山 Vietnamese version: Tụng giá hoàn kinh Đoạt sáo Chương Dương độ Cầm Hồ Hàm Tử quan Thái bình tu trí lực Vạn cổ thử giang san. English version: Return to the capital At Chuong Duong Port, we seized the enemy's spears, At Ham Tu Pass, we held the barbars back. Peace is here: let's strive further To keep the Fatherland for ever. As Nam quốc sơn hà by Lý Thường Kiệt, Tụng giá hoàn kinh was considered one of the finest example for Vietnamese patriotic literature during feudal era. Besides his poems, Trần Quang Khải and his brother Trần Nhật Duật were credited as creators of dance of flowers (múa bài bông), a traditional dance which is still preserved in Nam Định. Prince Chiêu Minh could also speak languages of minority people in Đại Việt. Family Trần Quang Khải had a son named Prince Văn Túc (Văn Túc vương) Trần Đạo Tái who was also famous for his literature and since most favoured by the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông amongst other cousins. Trần Quang Khải also had a famous great grandson, Marquis Chương Túc (Chương Túc hầu) Trần Nguyên Đán, who was minister during the reign of the Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông and maternal grandfather of Nguyễn Trãi, a famous scholar and official who served the Lê dynasty. Legacy Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him. References Notes ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 166 ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 180 ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 193 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 193–194 ^ a b c Chapuis 1995, p. 83 ^ a b Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 58 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 176 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 178 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 181 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 189 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 186 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 189–190 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 192 ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 192–195 ^ a b c Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 205 ^ Trần Hưng Đạo's father, Trần Liễu, was forced by Trần Thủ Độ to give up his pregnant wife for Trần Cảnh, Trần Quang Khải's father. For this reason, Trần Liễu once rose a revolt against his younger brother Trần Cảnh and had Trần Hưng Đạo promise to revenge for him, a promise which Trần Hưng Đạo did not keep for the interest of the Trần dynasty. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp. 205–206 ^ Translated by Trần Trọng Kim. Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 58 ^ Translated by Tham Seong Chee. Tham Seong Chee 1981, p. 305 ^ Tham Seong Chee 1981, pp. 304–305 ^ Terry E. Miller, Sean Williams (2008). The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-415-96075-5. ^ a b Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, p. 206 ^ Vietnam Country Map. Periplus Travel Maps. March 2002. ISBN 0-7946-0070-0. Bibliography Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7 Tham Seong Chee (1981), Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia: Political and Sociological Perspectives, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 9971-69-036-5 vteTrần imperial family Colour note   Emperor, Empress Regnant, Retired Emperor   Prince   Princess Trần Kinh Trần Hấp Trần LýTrần Hoằng Nghi Trần Tự KhánhTrần ThừaLý Huệ TôngTrần Thị DungTrần Thủ Độ Princess Thuận Thiên Trần LiễuTrần Thái Tông Princess Chiêu ThánhLê Phụ Trần Tuệ TrungTrần Hưng ĐạoTrần Quốc KhangTrần Thánh TôngTrần Ích TắcTrần Quang KhảiTrần Nhật Duật Phạm Ngũ LãoPrincess Anh NguyênTrần Quốc TảngTrần Nhân TôngTrần Khánh DưTrần Đạo TáiPrincess An Tư Princess Huyền TrânTrần Quốc ChẩnTrần Anh TôngTrần Văn BíchPrincess Thụy Bảo Trần Minh TôngTrần Nguyên ĐánTrần Bình Trọng Prince Cung TúcTrần Hiến TôngTrần Dụ TôngTrần Nghệ TôngTrần Duệ TôngTrần Thị TháiNguyễn Phi Khanh Dương Nhật LễPrince Trang ĐịnhGiản Định ĐếTrần Thuận TôngTrần Phế ĐếNguyễn Trãi Trùng Quang ĐếTrần Thiếu Đế Notes: Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313296227 Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RVNS Trần Quang Khải (HQ-02)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RVNS_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_(HQ-02)"},{"link_name":"Trần Thái Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"first emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Trần dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Trần Thánh Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Nhân Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Trần Hưng Đạo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Toghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghan_(son_of_Kublai)"},{"link_name":"dance of flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_of_flowers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"For South Vietnamese frigate, see RVNS Trần Quang Khải (HQ-02).Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải (1241–1294) was the third son of Trần Thái Tông, first emperor of the Trần dynasty of Vietnam. Being the younger brother of the Emperor Trần Thánh Tông and holding the position of grand chancellor of the Trần dynasty for many years, Trần Quang Khải was one of the most important figures of the Trần family and the royal court during the reigns of emperors Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông. In the second war of resistance against the Mongol invasion, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Hưng Đạo were two key commanders of the Đại Việt army who helped the Emperor defeat the troops of Kublai Khan's son prince Toghan. Besides his military and administrative activities, Prince Chiêu Minh was also a famous poet and was credited as the creator of the dance of flowers. Today, Trần Quang Khải is still considered one of the most famous historical figures of the Trần dynasty and is worshiped in several temples in Vietnam.","title":"Trần Quang Khải"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Trần Thái Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Queen Thuận Thiên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Thi%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo166-1"},{"link_name":"Trần Thánh Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Trần Ích Tắc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo180-2"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion of Đại Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo193-3"},{"link_name":"Trần Nhật Duật","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Du%E1%BA%ADt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapuis83-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tran58-6"}],"text":"Prince Chiêu Minh (Vietnamese: Chiêu Minh vương) Trần Quang Khải was born in 1241 as the third son of the Emperor Trần Thái Tông and the Queen Thuận Thiên.[1] Besides his elder brother the Emperor Trần Thánh Tông, Trần Quang Khải had two other famous younger brothers, Prince Chiêu Quốc (Chiêu Quốc vương) Trần Ích Tắc who was broadly known not only for his intelligence[2] but also for his notorious defection to the Yuan dynasty side during the second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt[3] and Prince Chiêu Văn (Chiêu Văn vương) Trần Nhật Duật who fought side by side with him in the war against the Yuan dynasty.[4][5][6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trần Quốc Khang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Khang"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo176-7"},{"link_name":"Trần Thủ Độ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%99"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo178-8"},{"link_name":"Trần Nhật Hiệu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Hi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo180-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo181-9"},{"link_name":"Trần Nhân Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Trần Hưng Đạo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo189-10"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo186-11"},{"link_name":"Đại Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sogetu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sogetu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo193-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo192-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapuis83-5"},{"link_name":"Trần Nhật Duật","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Du%E1%BA%ADt"},{"link_name":"Trần Quốc Toản","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_To%E1%BA%A3n"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Khoái","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kho%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hàm Tử","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_H%C3%A0m_T%E1%BB%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chương Dương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chapuis83-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tran58-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo205-15"},{"link_name":"Trần Cảnh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_C%E1%BA%A3nh"},{"link_name":"Trần Liễu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Li%E1%BB%85u"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"In royal court and military activities","text":"In 1261, at the age of only 20, Trần Quang Khải was appointed by Thánh Tông as minister instead of his elder brother Prince Tĩnh Quốc (Tĩnh Quốc Đại vương) Trần Quốc Khang because the Emperor considered Quốc Khang not capable for an important position in royal court.[7] After the death of two grand chancellors: Trần Thủ Độ in 1264[8] and Trần Nhật Hiệu in 1269,[2] Prince Chiêu Minh was promoted to this position in 1271 and thus became the most important official in the royal court.[9] When Trần Nhân Tông succeeded Thánh Tông in 1278, Trần Quang Khải continued to take charge of administrative activities as grand chancellor while Trần Hưng Đạo was chosen as the grand commander of the Đại Việt army in 1283 to prepare for the threat from the Yuan dynasty.[10]In 1279, the Yuan dynasty had the decisive victory over the Song dynasty in Battle of Yamen which marked the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of Kublai Khan over China.[11] As a result, Kublai Khan began to pursue his attempt to take over the southern countries like Đại Việt or Champa. In December 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt began under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghan.[12] Đại Việt was attacked from two directions, Toghan himself conducted the infantry invasion from the northern border while Yuan's navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through Champa's territory.[3] It was Trần Quang Khải who conducted the Đại Việt army carrying the mission of stopping Toa Đô's troops before he could meet Toghan's troops as Yuan's plan.[13] In the beginning, Trần Quang Khải had to retreat under pressure from Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghe An, the southern border province.[5] However, the Trần dynasty began to change the situation after the victory of the Đại Việt army commanded by Trần Nhật Duật, Prince Chiêu Thành, Trần Quốc Toản and Nguyễn Khoái over Sogetu's troops in Battle of Hàm Tử. On the tenth day of the fifth lunar month (June 14) 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in Chương Dương where Yuan's navy was almost destroyed and therefore the balance in battlefield shifted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty.[5][6] Ten days after Sogetu was killed and Trần's Emperor Nhân Tông and Retired Emperor Thánh Tông returned to capital Thăng Long on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month (July 19), 1285.[14]After the Mongol invasions, Trần Quang Khải kept the position of grand chancellor until his death on July 3 of Lunar calendar, 1294.[15] Despite the inherited hatred from their fathers Trần Cảnh and Trần Liễu, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Hưng Đạo were famous for their close relation which kept the royal court and Trần family united during not only the war but also the peaceful period afterwards.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lạc đạo tập","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_t%E1%BA%ADp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo205-15"},{"link_name":"chữ Hán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"從","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%9E"},{"link_name":"駕","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A7%95"},{"link_name":"還","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%84"},{"link_name":"京","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC"},{"link_name":"Nam quốc sơn hà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_qu%E1%BB%91c_s%C6%A1n_h%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Lý Thường Kiệt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ki%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"dance of flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_of_flowers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nam Định","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo205-15"}],"sub_title":"As scholar","text":"Like his brothers Trần Nhật Duật and Trần Ích Tắc, Trần Quang Khải was not only a capable official but also a well-known scholar. Prince Chiêu Minh had a collection of poems named Lạc đạo tập,[15] his most famous poem might be Tụng giá hoàn kinh (chữ Hán: 從 駕 還 京) which was composed on the occasion of Đại Việt's victory over the Mongol army:As Nam quốc sơn hà by Lý Thường Kiệt, Tụng giá hoàn kinh was considered one of the finest example for Vietnamese patriotic literature during feudal era.[20] Besides his poems, Trần Quang Khải and his brother Trần Nhật Duật were credited as creators of dance of flowers (múa bài bông), a traditional dance which is still preserved in Nam Định.[21] Prince Chiêu Minh could also speak languages of minority people in Đại Việt.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trần Đạo Tái","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_T%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo206-22"},{"link_name":"Trần Nguyên Đán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nguy%C3%AAn_%C4%90%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngo206-22"},{"link_name":"Trần Nghệ Tông","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ngh%E1%BB%87_T%C3%B4ng"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Trãi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i"},{"link_name":"Lê dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Trần Quang Khải had a son named Prince Văn Túc (Văn Túc vương) Trần Đạo Tái who was also famous for his literature and since most favoured by the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông amongst other cousins.[22] Trần Quang Khải also had a famous great grandson, Marquis Chương Túc (Chương Túc hầu) Trần Nguyên Đán,[22] who was minister during the reign of the Emperor Trần Nghệ Tông and maternal grandfather of Nguyễn Trãi, a famous scholar and official who served the Lê dynasty.[citation needed]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.[23]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Terry E. Miller, Sean Williams (2008). The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-415-96075-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Williams_(ethnomusicologist)","url_text":"Sean Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96075-5","url_text":"978-0-415-96075-5"}]},{"reference":"Vietnam Country Map. Periplus Travel Maps. March 2002. ISBN 0-7946-0070-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0070-0","url_text":"0-7946-0070-0"}]},{"reference":"Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn","url_text":"Ngô Sĩ Liên"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0","url_text":"Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi","url_text":"Hanoi"}]},{"reference":"National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Bureau_for_Historical_Record_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"National Bureau for Historical Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c","url_text":"Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi","url_text":"Hanoi"}]},{"reference":"Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim","url_text":"Trần Trọng Kim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c","url_text":"Việt Nam sử lược"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon","url_text":"Saigon"}]},{"reference":"Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85","url_text":"A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29622-7","url_text":"0-313-29622-7"}]},{"reference":"Tham Seong Chee (1981), Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia: Political and Sociological Perspectives, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 9971-69-036-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore","url_text":"Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-036-5","url_text":"9971-69-036-5"}]},{"reference":"Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_S%C4%A9_Li%C3%AAn","url_text":"Ngô Sĩ Liên"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0","url_text":"Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư"}]},{"reference":"National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Bureau_for_Historical_Record_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"National Bureau for Historical Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c","url_text":"Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục"}]},{"reference":"Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim","url_text":"Trần Trọng Kim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c","url_text":"Việt Nam sử lược"}]},{"reference":"Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313296227","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85","url_text":"A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313296227","url_text":"0313296227"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Ljubljana
Mass graves in Ljubljana
["1 Background","2 List of mass graves","3 Other mass graves","4 Notes"]
Coordinates: 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833 Memorial at the Big Brezar Shaft, a mass grave in Ljubljana Mass graves in Ljubljana were created in Ljubljana, Slovenia during and after the Second World War. The Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia has registered five known mass graves in the city itself and an additional 15 in the City Municipality of Ljubljana. Background Main article: Bleiburg repatriations Except for the Orel Peak Mass Grave, which is a former wartime Home Guard cemetery, all of the concealed mass graves in Ljubljana were created in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, after British forces repatriated Home Guard soldiers that had fled to Austria to Yugoslavia from camps in Bleiburg,: 136 : 400  Lavamund,: 400  Rosenbach,: 400  Viktring (a district of Klagenfurt),: 394  and elsewhere. Many of the returnees were held at the St. Stanislaus Institute in the former village of Šentvid, just outside Ljubljana, which was used as a prison by the Partisans. Some died in Šentvid, but most were transported elsewhere and murdered. List of mass graves Cross in former Home Guard cemeteryChapel-shrineOrel Peak Mass Grave Five mass graves registered by the Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia are located inside the city limits: The Orel Peak Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Orlov vrh) is located at the southeast end of Castle Hill (Grajski grič) in central Ljubljana, about 580 meters (1,900 ft) from Ljubljana Castle. It is the site of a former military cemetery for 146 Home Guard soldiers that could not be buried in their home cemeteries due to circumstances during the war. Burials took place at the site from December 1943 until the end of April 1945, and a large-scale commemoration was held at the cemetery on All Saint's Day in 1944. After the war, the cemetery was destroyed and most of the remains were removed to an unknown location. Memorial crosses erected at the site since 1991 have repeatedly been vandalized.: 33  There is a chapel-shrine near the site, dating from before the First World War, where an annual memorial service is held. The Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave (Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno) is located in the Kucja Valley (Kucja dolina) on the northwest outskirts of the city. It contained the remains of a mix of Slovenian and Croatian prisoners of war from the St. Stanislaus Institute in nearby Šentvid and civilians, including women. The Kucja Valley Mass Grave (Grobišče v Kucji dolini) lies below the Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave. After seepage from the Big Brezar Shaft poisoned the groundwater in the area, German prisoners of war were forced to remove the bodies from the shaft on 12 and 13 June 1945 and bury them in the nearby mass grave at the head of the Kucja Valley.: 73  After this, the German prisoners were also executed and buried together with the bodies they had moved. Grave site behind cemeteryPlaques formerly on cemetery wallŠentvid Mass Graves The Šentvid 1 Mass Grave (Grobišče Šentvid 1) is located a few meters outside the cemetery wall in the Šentvid District, in the northwest part of the city, near the spot where a large oak tree fell during a storm in 1986. It contains the remains of Home Guard prisoners of war that were returned to Yugoslavia by British forces from prisoner of war camps in Austria but died before they could be transported to the Kočevje area, where most of them were murdered. The Šentvid 2 Mass Grave (Grobišče Šentvid 2) is located a few meters from the first grave and contains the remains of German prisoners of war and wounded prisoners. The Society for the Regulation of Concealed Graves (Slovene: Društvo za ureditev zamolčanih grobišč) installed a pair of plaques on the Šentvid cemetery wall facing the graves in 2002. They read: "The victims of violence from the Partisan collection center in Šentvid (May–September 1945) lie and await the resurrection behind this wall. In memory of the victims, a warning to the living," and quote the Book of Wisdom (3:4–5): "For though they be punished in the sight of men, yet is their hope full of immortality. And having been a little chastised, they shall be greatly rewarded: for God proved them, and found them worthy for himself." Other victims from the prison in Šentvid were killed outside Ljubljana, in Glažuta, Golo, Onek, and Setnica. An additional mass grave in the city is likely located in Dobrunje, but has not been registered by the commission. The memorial site at Saint Ulrich’s Church is believed to contain the remains of people liquidated by the Partisans during or after the war, including the "Šentpavel victims" (šentpavelske žrtve)—eight men abducted by Yugoslav military police (KNOJ) from the village of Šentpavel on 4 July 1945 and murdered. Other mass graves Fifteen additional mass graves are located in the City Municipality of Ljubljana outside the Ljubljana city limits. There are four graves in Pance and 11 graves in Selo pri Pancah. Notes ^ a b Booker, Christopher. 1997. A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214. ^ Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. "Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina." Pravnik 41(85): 125–150. ^ a b c d Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. "Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416. ^ a b c Ferenc, Tone. 1999. "Šentvid." Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28. ^ Podružnična kapela svetega Jurija na Ljubljanskem Gradu Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene) ^ "Na Orlovem vrhu. Zadnjem počivališču slovenskih junakov." Slovensko domobranstvo 1(8) (16 Nov. 1944): 4–5. Photos of commemoration ceremony. (in Slovene) ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Orlov vrh". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ a b Ferenc, Mitja, & Ksenija Kovačec-Naglič. 2005. Prikrito in očem zakrito: prikrita grobišča 60 let po koncu druge svetovne vojne. Celje: Muzej novejše zgodovine Celje. ^ Rant, Jože. 2008. Slovenski eksodus leta 1945. Ljubljana: Družina, p. 282. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče žrtev povojnih pobojev v Kucji dolini". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ Matija Škerbec. 1957. Krivda rdeče fronte. Cleveland: Author, pp. 25, 128. (in Slovene) ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče v Kucji dolini". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Šentvid 1". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved April 22, 2020. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Šentvid 2". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ a b Kržan, Vanja. 2010. "Mi pa oznanjamo Kristusa, križanega (1 Kor 1,23)." Zaveza 42 (25 February). Archived 2012-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene) ^ Društvo za zamolčane grobove in stranke slovenske pomladi. 1994. Letter to the editor. In: Naša skupnost (Ljubljana) 35(8) (29 November): 4. (in Slovene) ^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1991. Komunistični zločini na Slovenskem, vol. 1. Ljubljana: ČZP Novo Jutro, pp. 136–137. ^ "Pojdimo v Šentpavel" at druzina.si (in Slovene) ^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1990. "Komunistična grobišča na Slovenskem." Tribuna: študentski časopis 39(18):8–11, p. 9. (in Slovene) 46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veliko_Brezarjevo_brezno_grave,_Slovenia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Slovenia"}],"text":"Memorial at the Big Brezar Shaft, a mass grave in LjubljanaMass graves in Ljubljana were created in Ljubljana, Slovenia during and after the Second World War. The Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia has registered five known mass graves in the city itself and an additional 15 in the City Municipality of Ljubljana.","title":"Mass graves in Ljubljana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"camps in Bleiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleiburg_repatriations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahek-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booker-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahek-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahek-3"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grahek-3"},{"link_name":"St. Stanislaus Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stanislaus_Institute_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"Šentvid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entvid,_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferenc-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferenc-4"}],"text":"Except for the Orel Peak Mass Grave, which is a former wartime Home Guard cemetery, all of the concealed mass graves in Ljubljana were created in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, after British forces repatriated Home Guard soldiers that had fled to Austria to Yugoslavia from camps in Bleiburg,[1][2]: 136 [3]: 400  Lavamund,[1][3]: 400  Rosenbach,[3]: 400  Viktring (a district of Klagenfurt),[3]: 394  and elsewhere. Many of the returnees were held at the St. Stanislaus Institute in the former village of Šentvid, just outside Ljubljana, which was used as a prison by the Partisans.[4] Some died in Šentvid, but most were transported elsewhere and murdered.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orlov_Vrh_Ljubljana.JPG"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orlov_Vrh_shrine_Ljubljana.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chapel-shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayside_shrine"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferenc_Naglic-8"},{"link_name":"chapel-shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayside_shrine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kucja Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucja_Valley"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferenc_Naglic-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skerbec-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sentvid_Ljubljana_mass_grave.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sentvid_Ljubljana_plaque.JPG"},{"link_name":"Šentvid District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entvid,_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"Kočevje area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Devski_Rog_massacre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferenc-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Book of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Glažuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%C5%BEuta,_Lo%C5%A1ki_Potok"},{"link_name":"Golo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golo,_Ig"},{"link_name":"Onek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onek"},{"link_name":"Setnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setnica,_Dobrova%E2%80%93Polhov_Gradec"},{"link_name":"Dobrunje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrunje"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krzan-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZG-17"},{"link_name":"Šentpavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entpavel,_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krzan-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Cross in former Home Guard cemeteryChapel-shrineOrel Peak Mass GraveFive mass graves registered by the Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia are located inside the city limits:The Orel Peak Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Orlov vrh) is located at the southeast end of Castle Hill (Grajski grič) in central Ljubljana, about 580 meters (1,900 ft) from Ljubljana Castle. It is the site of a former military cemetery for 146 Home Guard soldiers that could not be buried in their home cemeteries due to circumstances during the war. Burials took place at the site from December 1943 until the end of April 1945,[5] and a large-scale commemoration was held at the cemetery on All Saint's Day in 1944.[6] After the war, the cemetery was destroyed and most of the remains were removed to an unknown location.[7] Memorial crosses erected at the site since 1991 have repeatedly been vandalized.[8]: 33  There is a chapel-shrine near the site, dating from before the First World War, where an annual memorial service is held.[9]\nThe Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave (Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno) is located in the Kucja Valley (Kucja dolina) on the northwest outskirts of the city. It contained the remains of a mix of Slovenian and Croatian prisoners of war from the St. Stanislaus Institute in nearby Šentvid and civilians, including women.[10]\nThe Kucja Valley Mass Grave (Grobišče v Kucji dolini) lies below the Big Brezar Shaft Mass Grave.[11] After seepage from the Big Brezar Shaft poisoned the groundwater in the area, German prisoners of war were forced to remove the bodies from the shaft on 12 and 13 June 1945 and bury them in the nearby mass grave at the head of the Kucja Valley.[8]: 73  After this, the German prisoners were also executed and buried together with the bodies they had moved.[12][13]Grave site behind cemeteryPlaques formerly on cemetery wallŠentvid Mass GravesThe Šentvid 1 Mass Grave (Grobišče Šentvid 1) is located a few meters outside the cemetery wall in the Šentvid District, in the northwest part of the city, near the spot where a large oak tree fell during a storm in 1986. It contains the remains of Home Guard prisoners of war that were returned to Yugoslavia by British forces from prisoner of war camps in Austria but died before they could be transported to the Kočevje area, where most of them were murdered.[4][14]\nThe Šentvid 2 Mass Grave (Grobišče Šentvid 2) is located a few meters from the first grave and contains the remains of German prisoners of war and wounded prisoners.[15]The Society for the Regulation of Concealed Graves (Slovene: Društvo za ureditev zamolčanih grobišč) installed a pair of plaques on the Šentvid cemetery wall facing the graves in 2002. They read: \"The victims of violence from the Partisan collection center in Šentvid (May–September 1945) lie and await the resurrection behind this wall. In memory of the victims, a warning to the living,\" and quote the Book of Wisdom (3:4–5): \"For though they be punished in the sight of men, yet is their hope full of immortality. And having been a little chastised, they shall be greatly rewarded: for God proved them, and found them worthy for himself.\"Other victims from the prison in Šentvid were killed outside Ljubljana, in Glažuta, Golo, Onek, and Setnica.An additional mass grave in the city is likely located in Dobrunje, but has not been registered by the commission. The memorial site at Saint Ulrich’s Church is believed to contain the remains of people liquidated by the Partisans during or after the war,[16][17] including the \"Šentpavel victims\" (šentpavelske žrtve)—eight men abducted by Yugoslav military police (KNOJ) from the village of Šentpavel on 4 July 1945 and murdered.[16][18][19][20]","title":"List of mass graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pance,_Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Selo pri Pancah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo_pri_Pancah"}],"text":"Fifteen additional mass graves are located in the City Municipality of Ljubljana outside the Ljubljana city limits. There are four graves in Pance and 11 graves in Selo pri Pancah.","title":"Other mass graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Booker_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Booker_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grahek_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grahek_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grahek_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grahek_3-3"},{"link_name":"Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. \"Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hrcak.srce.hr/file/74034"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferenc_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferenc_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferenc_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Podružnična kapela svetega Jurija na Ljubljanskem Gradu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zupnija-lj-sv-jakob.rkc.si/jakob/jurij.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150403022115/http://zupnija-lj-sv-jakob.rkc.si/jakob/jurij.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Na Orlovem vrhu. Zadnjem počivališču slovenskih junakov.\" Slovensko domobranstvo 1(8) (16 Nov. 1944): 4–5.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-1H2NY3Y3/9f3a6db3-6cc4-42c6-91eb-b0b960fd661c/PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče Orlov vrh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:283_x1615656.7368750437_y5787516.505932675_s15_b2345"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferenc_Naglic_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferenc_Naglic_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:146_x1607125.4550577716_y5793253.949185678_s15_b2345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče žrtev povojnih pobojev v Kucji dolini\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:147_x1606867.8532299362_y5793191.294100885_s15_b2345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Skerbec_12-0"},{"link_name":"Matija Škerbec. 1957. Krivda rdeče fronte. Cleveland: Author, pp. 25, 128.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.safaric-safaric.si/knjige/MS%201957%20Krivda%20rdece%20fronte%202a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče v Kucji dolini\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:144_x1610508.4802132538_y5796074.782513849_s15_b2345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče Šentvid 1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geopedia.si/?params=T105_L7387_F200#T105_F7387:144_x459193.852907351_y106123.94117865_s13_b4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Grobišče Šentvid 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:145_x1610529.2638826726_y5796060.271712722_s15_b2345"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krzan_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krzan_16-1"},{"link_name":"Kržan, Vanja. 2010. \"Mi pa oznanjamo Kristusa, križanega (1 Kor 1,23).\" Zaveza 42 (25 February).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/100-zaveza-t-42#index.xml-body.1_div.3_div.1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120629012543/http://www.zaveza.si/index.php/revija-zaveza/100-zaveza-t-42"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DZG_17-0"},{"link_name":"Društvo za zamolčane grobove in stranke slovenske pomladi. 1994. Letter to the editor. In: Naša skupnost (Ljubljana) 35(8) (29 November): 4.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-SPCLIBZW/240cce66-c64e-4621-a8b7-632b81ef19b5/PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Pojdimo v Šentpavel\" at druzina.si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.druzina.si/icd/spletnastran.nsf/all/6093B8A7A6DEA54CC125746C002F1F79?OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Žajdela, Ivo. 1990. \"Komunistična grobišča na Slovenskem.\" Tribuna: študentski časopis 39(18):8–11, p. 9.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-ZJP83ICH/99054d0f-eb74-47f5-88a5-bba953fe45c7/PDF"},{"link_name":"46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mass_graves_in_Ljubljana&params=46_03_20_N_14_30_30_E_region:SI_type:landmark"}],"text":"^ a b Booker, Christopher. 1997. A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214.\n\n^ Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. \"Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina.\" Pravnik 41(85): 125–150.\n\n^ a b c d Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. \"Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416.\n\n^ a b c Ferenc, Tone. 1999. \"Šentvid.\" Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28.\n\n^ Podružnična kapela svetega Jurija na Ljubljanskem Gradu Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene)\n\n^ \"Na Orlovem vrhu. Zadnjem počivališču slovenskih junakov.\" Slovensko domobranstvo 1(8) (16 Nov. 1944): 4–5. Photos of commemoration ceremony. (in Slovene)\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Orlov vrh\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 31, 2023.\n\n^ a b Ferenc, Mitja, & Ksenija Kovačec-Naglič. 2005. Prikrito in očem zakrito: prikrita grobišča 60 let po koncu druge svetovne vojne. Celje: Muzej novejše zgodovine Celje.\n\n^ Rant, Jože. 2008. Slovenski eksodus leta 1945. Ljubljana: Družina, p. 282.\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Veliko Brezarjevo brezno\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče žrtev povojnih pobojev v Kucji dolini\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n\n^ Matija Škerbec. 1957. Krivda rdeče fronte. Cleveland: Author, pp. 25, 128. (in Slovene)\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče v Kucji dolini\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Šentvid 1\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved April 22, 2020.\n\n^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Šentvid 2\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved October 18, 2023.\n\n^ a b Kržan, Vanja. 2010. \"Mi pa oznanjamo Kristusa, križanega (1 Kor 1,23).\" Zaveza 42 (25 February). Archived 2012-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Slovene)\n\n^ Društvo za zamolčane grobove in stranke slovenske pomladi. 1994. Letter to the editor. In: Naša skupnost (Ljubljana) 35(8) (29 November): 4. (in Slovene)\n\n^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1991. Komunistični zločini na Slovenskem, vol. 1. Ljubljana: ČZP Novo Jutro, pp. 136–137.\n\n^ \"Pojdimo v Šentpavel\" at druzina.si (in Slovene)\n\n^ Žajdela, Ivo. 1990. \"Komunistična grobišča na Slovenskem.\" Tribuna: študentski časopis 39(18):8–11, p. 9. (in Slovene)46°03′20″N 14°30′30″E / 46.05556°N 14.50833°E / 46.05556; 14.50833","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Memorial at the Big Brezar Shaft, a mass grave in Ljubljana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Veliko_Brezarjevo_brezno_grave%2C_Slovenia.jpg/220px-Veliko_Brezarjevo_brezno_grave%2C_Slovenia.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_with..._(2019_TV_series)
Walking with... (2019 TV series)
["1 Format","2 Yorkshire Walks","3 Winter Walks","4 Walking with...","5 Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me","6 Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life","7 Spring Walks","8 References","9 External links"]
BBC television series Walking with... is a BBC English Regions television series where presenters take solitary walks along scenic paths, filming themselves and their surroundings with a 360-degree camera on a selfie stick. It is produced by Cy Chadwick. The series follows the concept of the 2019 series Yorkshire Walks, which was followed by a number of regional programmes under the name Winter Walks, The Walk That Made Me and Walking with, with these regional titles acquiring national slots, on either BBC Two or BBC Four, for repeat showings. Format In each of the programmes the presenter walks through interesting scenery filming themself and their surroundings with a 360-degree camera on a selfie stick, and talking about the route and other matters. They record interviews with people they meet, and read one or two poems appropriate to their walk, but there is no other spoken voice-over commentary, as on-screen captions are used instead. The main captions appear on screen to show place names, the Ordnance Survey Grid reference points and distance travelled of the walker, with other information, describing points of interest, the time until sunset and facts from history, appearing at intervals along the walk, usually in smaller text at the bottom of the screen. There are clips of drone footage showing the walker in the landscape: their red rucksack makes them easily seen. Yorkshire Walks Cy Chadwick produced the series Yorkshire Walks for BBC Four and the northern regions in 2019, in which Bradford artist Shanaz Gulzar walked scenic paths in Yorkshire. The four episodes showed her walking from Leyburn to Bolton Castle, Heptonstall to Stoodley Pike, Runswick Bay to Whitby, and Bolton Abbey to Simon's Seat. The four episodes were all first broadcast at the same time in the BBC's northern regions starting on 25 November 2019 (as part of BBC One's regional opt-out slot at 7pm), before being repeated nationally on BBC Four the first week in December 2019. Since then the series has been repeated nationally on both BBC Two and BBC Four, with the northern regions last repeating their episodes as part of BBC One's schedule opt-outs on 20 July 2021 at 8:30pm. Winter Walks Filming shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Chadwick made the series Winter Walks for BBC England and its five episodes were broadcast in January 2021 on BBC Four. This used the same filming technique but a different walker for each episode. Selina Scott walked in Wharfedale; poet Simon Armitage walked on the Yorkshire Coast near Robin Hood's Bay; Lemn Sissay walked in Dentdale towards England's highest railway station; Baroness Sayeeda Warsi walked near Kettlewell; the Reverend Richard Coles walked from Sutton Bank to Rievaulx Abbey. The choice of many of the walkers ties in with the format of the series, as each contributor has poetry to read (used over drone footage) and as many of the walkers' routes pass sites of religious importance. A second series was broadcast in November and December 2021, with four episodes. Amanda Owen walked in Wensleydale and Raydale; Alastair Campbell walked near Settle, starting at Scaleber Force; Reverend Kate Bottley walked from Jervaulx Abbey to Middleham Castle along Wensleydale and Coverdale; and Nihal Arthanayake walked from Arnside, over Arnside Knott, to Jenny Brown's Point near Silverdale. Winter Walks is also broadcast on BBC One as part of the BBC's commitment to regional programming with all four programmes from series two being broadcast at the same time beginning on 8 December 2021 in Northern regions with, for example, Nihal Arthanayake's walk being shown on BBC One North West and Alastair Campbell's snow-covered walk going out in the main Yorkshire region. Walking with... Prior to the second series of Winter Walks, a summer series called Walking with... was developed for the regions, with all the episodes going out regionally starting on 27 October 2021, before being repeated weekly on BBC Two in late 2021. The walkers with the camera stick in series 1 were: Walking with Jim Moir (BBC One South East) Moir, the comedian also known as Vic Reeves, explores the shingle peninsula of Dungeness. Walking with Kate Garraway (BBC One West) A walk through the Cotswolds Walking with Monica Galetti (BBC One Yorks & Lincs) Rosedale and Farndale in the North York Moors. Walking with Nick Grimshaw (BBC One North East & Cumbria) Grimshaw walks through Warkworth and Amble in Northumberland. Walking with Shappi Khorsandi (BBC One East Midlands) Walking through Tideswell and Miller’s Dale before walking along the Monsal Trail. Walking with Steph McGovern (BBC One Yorkshire) From Foxup to Arncliffe in the valley of Littondale. Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me was a special hour-long version of the format with naturalist Chris Packham walking along the River Itchen in Hampshire towards Winchester Cathedral. The programme was first broadcast as a regional variation for people living in Oxfordshire and the south on BBC One, 9 July 2021, before being shown nationwide on BBC Two on 28 July 2021 (with further repeats on BBC Two in early August). Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life is the second extended version of the Winter Walks format that the BBC has produced, with the former Arsenal and England footballer Paul Merson walking through the North York Moors. The hour long programme debuted on BBC Two on 5 May 2022 and got a regional broadcast slot on BBC One North East & Cumbria on 24 July 2022. Spring Walks In February 2023, a new series of BBC Four's ...Walks format was broadcast, this time with the season shifted to Spring. Even though it was listed as a four-part series by BBC iPlayer, only two new episodes of Springs Walks were scheduled for the week beginning 6 February 2023, with Dragons’ Den regular Sara Davies walking around Healey and the Swinton Estate in North Yorkshire, and actress and comedian Nina Wadia walking through Swaledale in the Yorkshire Dales. Instead of a third episode being scheduled for 8 February 2023, BBC Four repeated Walking With...Steph McGovern instead, with Bob Ross' The Joy of Painting taking over the 7.30pm slot on the channel from 9 February 2023. References ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage". BBC. ^ Amanda Owen walked from Bainbridge to Semer Water on BBC Four 29 November 2021, with Bainbridge listed onscreen with a grid reference of SD 93378 90367 ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Amanda Owen". BBC. ^ a b "OS Maps: online mapping and walking, running and cycling routes". osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. ^ "Grid Reference Finder". gridreferencefinder.com. ^ From Alastair Campbell's walk in the Yorkshire Dales on BBC Four 30 November 2021/1 December 2021: Langcliffe (OS Grid Ref: SD 82248 65015) has a fact about Scottish raiders destroying the village ^ a b "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Alastair Campbell". BBC. ^ "BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Leyburn to Bolton Castle". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Heptonstall to Stoodley Pike". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Runswick Bay to Whitby". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Bolton Abbey to Simon's Seat". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Artist Shanaz Gulzar introduces her favourite Yorkshire walks in a new series for BBC Four". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Gordon, Maxine (16 November 2019). "New BBC show on Yorkshire walks". York Press. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Gulzar, Shanaz (2020). "Stepping out as lockdown lifts". Welcome to Yorkshire. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Selina Scott". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Lemn Sissay". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Baroness Sayeeda Warsi". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Richard Coles". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC England series Winter Walks comes to BBC Four". www.bbc.co.uk. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ "Winter Walks: Episodes". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC Four. Retrieved 25 March 2021. ^ Cooke, Rachel (2 January 2021). "Like Dickens, we're learning the value of plodding through our frigid streets". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Meek, Natasha (29 November 2021). "BBC Winter Walks walking routes and full line-up revealed". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Amanda Owen". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Alastair Campbell". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Kate Bottley". BBC. ^ "Winter Walks". BBC Four. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021. ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks - Next on". BBC. ^ Radio Times for the North, page 90 (BBC One listings), 4–10 December 2021 issue ^ "BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Nihal Arthanayake". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With... - Available now". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Jim Moir". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Kate Garraway". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Monica Galetti". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Nick Grimshaw". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Shappi Khorsandi". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Walking with Steph McGovern". BBC. ^ "BBC One - Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me". BBC. ^ Singh, Anita (5 May 2022). "A heartwarming walk with Paul Merson as he trades in booze for birdsong". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ Singh, Anita (29 November 2021). "Winter Walks, review: Amanda Owen's solo hike was restorative TV – if only it had a bit more peace and quiet". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ "Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life". Radio Times. 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ "Paul Merson - A Walk Through My Life". BBC Two. 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (6 February 2023). "Spring Walks review – not even a trampolining goat can save this feelbad TV". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Spring Walks - Episode guide". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Schedules". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Schedules, Monday 6 February 2023". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Spring Walks, Series 1, Sara Davies". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Spring Walks, Series 1, Nina Wadia". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Schedules, Wednesday 8 February 2023". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC One - Walking With..., Series 1, Steph McGovern". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - The Joy of Painting, Series 1, Winter Barn". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ "BBC Four - Schedules, Thursday 9 February 2023". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2023. External links Yorkshire Walks at IMDb Winter Walks at IMDb Walking with... at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC English Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_English_Regions"},{"link_name":"360-degree camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360-degree_camera"},{"link_name":"selfie stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie_stick"},{"link_name":"Cy Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Walking with... is a BBC English Regions television series where presenters take solitary walks along scenic paths, filming themselves and their surroundings with a 360-degree camera on a selfie stick. It is produced by Cy Chadwick.The series follows the concept of the 2019 series Yorkshire Walks, which was followed by a number of regional programmes under the name Winter Walks,[1] The Walk That Made Me and Walking with, with these regional titles acquiring national slots, on either BBC Two or BBC Four, for repeat showings.","title":"Walking with... (2019 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"360-degree camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360-degree_camera"},{"link_name":"selfie stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie_stick"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey Grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"}],"text":"In each of the programmes the presenter walks through interesting scenery filming themself and their surroundings with a 360-degree camera on a selfie stick, and talking about the route and other matters. They record interviews with people they meet, and read one or two poems appropriate to their walk, but there is no other spoken voice-over commentary, as on-screen captions are used instead. The main captions appear on screen to show place names, the Ordnance Survey Grid reference[2][3][4][5] points and distance travelled of the walker, with other information, describing points of interest, the time until sunset and facts from history,[6][4][7] appearing at intervals along the walk, usually in smaller text at the bottom of the screen. There are clips of drone footage showing the walker in the landscape: their red rucksack makes them easily seen.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cy Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"Shanaz Gulzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanaz_Gulzar"},{"link_name":"Leyburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyburn"},{"link_name":"Bolton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Castle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Heptonstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptonstall"},{"link_name":"Stoodley Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoodley_Pike"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Runswick Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runswick_Bay"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bolton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Simon's Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%27s_Seat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gordon-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Cy Chadwick produced the series Yorkshire Walks for BBC Four and the northern regions in 2019, in which Bradford artist Shanaz Gulzar walked scenic paths in Yorkshire. The four episodes showed her walking from Leyburn to Bolton Castle,[8] Heptonstall to Stoodley Pike,[9] Runswick Bay to Whitby,[10] and Bolton Abbey to Simon's Seat.[11]\n[12][13][14] The four episodes were all first broadcast at the same time in the BBC's northern regions starting on 25 November 2019 (as part of BBC One's regional opt-out slot at 7pm), before being repeated nationally on BBC Four the first week in December 2019. Since then the series has been repeated nationally on both BBC Two and BBC Four, with the northern regions last repeating their episodes as part of BBC One's schedule opt-outs on 20 July 2021 at 8:30pm.","title":"Yorkshire Walks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"BBC England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_England"},{"link_name":"Selina Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Scott"},{"link_name":"Wharfedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Simon Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Armitage"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Bay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lemn Sissay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemn_Sissay"},{"link_name":"Dentdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentdale"},{"link_name":"England's highest railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sayeeda Warsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi"},{"link_name":"Kettlewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettlewell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Richard Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coles"},{"link_name":"Sutton Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Bank"},{"link_name":"Rievaulx Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc21-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-episodes-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooke-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meek-23"},{"link_name":"Amanda Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Owen"},{"link_name":"Wensleydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale"},{"link_name":"Raydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raydale"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Alastair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Settle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Scaleber Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaleber_Force"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Reverend Kate Bottley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bottley"},{"link_name":"Jervaulx Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervaulx_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Middleham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Coverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverdale_(dale)"},{"link_name":"Nihal Arthanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihal_Arthanayake"},{"link_name":"Arnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnside"},{"link_name":"Arnside Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnside_Knott"},{"link_name":"Jenny Brown's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Brown%27s_Point"},{"link_name":"Silverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc4-episodes-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"}],"text":"Filming shortly before the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Chadwick made the series Winter Walks for BBC England and its five episodes were broadcast in January 2021 on BBC Four. This used the same filming technique but a different walker for each episode. Selina Scott walked in Wharfedale;[15] poet Simon Armitage walked on the Yorkshire Coast near Robin Hood's Bay;[16] Lemn Sissay walked in Dentdale towards England's highest railway station;[17] Baroness Sayeeda Warsi walked near Kettlewell;[18] the Reverend Richard Coles walked from Sutton Bank to Rievaulx Abbey.[19][20][21][22] The choice of many of the walkers ties in with the format of the series, as each contributor has poetry to read (used over drone footage) and as many of the walkers' routes pass sites of religious importance.A second series was broadcast in November and December 2021, with four episodes.[23] Amanda Owen walked in Wensleydale and Raydale;[24] Alastair Campbell walked near Settle, starting at Scaleber Force;[25] Reverend Kate Bottley walked from Jervaulx Abbey to Middleham Castle along Wensleydale[26] and Coverdale; and Nihal Arthanayake walked from Arnside, over Arnside Knott, to Jenny Brown's Point near Silverdale.[27]Winter Walks is also broadcast on BBC One as part of the BBC's commitment to regional programming with all four programmes from series two being broadcast at the same time beginning on 8 December 2021[28][29] in Northern regions with, for example, Nihal Arthanayake's[30] walk being shown on BBC One North West and Alastair Campbell's snow-covered walk going out in the main Yorkshire region.[7]","title":"Winter Walks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jim Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Dungeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeness"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Kate Garraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Garraway"},{"link_name":"Cotswolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswolds"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Monica Galetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Galetti"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Farndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farndale"},{"link_name":"North York Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nick Grimshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Grimshaw"},{"link_name":"Warkworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkworth,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Amble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amble"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Shappi Khorsandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shappi_Khorsandi"},{"link_name":"Tideswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tideswell"},{"link_name":"Monsal Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsal_Trail"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Steph McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steph_McGovern"},{"link_name":"Foxup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxup"},{"link_name":"Arncliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arncliffe,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Littondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littondale"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Prior to the second series of Winter Walks, a summer series called Walking with...[31] was developed for the regions, with all the episodes going out regionally starting on 27 October 2021, before being repeated weekly on BBC Two in late 2021. The walkers with the camera stick in series 1 were:Walking with Jim Moir (BBC One South East) Moir, the comedian also known as Vic Reeves, explores the shingle peninsula of Dungeness.[32]\nWalking with Kate Garraway (BBC One West) A walk through the Cotswolds[33]\nWalking with Monica Galetti (BBC One Yorks & Lincs) Rosedale and Farndale in the North York Moors.[34]\nWalking with Nick Grimshaw (BBC One North East & Cumbria) Grimshaw walks through Warkworth and Amble in Northumberland.[35]\nWalking with Shappi Khorsandi (BBC One East Midlands) Walking through Tideswell and Miller’s Dale before walking along the Monsal Trail.[36]\nWalking with Steph McGovern (BBC One Yorkshire) From Foxup to Arncliffe in the valley of Littondale.[37]","title":"Walking with..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Packham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Packham"},{"link_name":"River Itchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Winchester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me was a special hour-long version of the format with naturalist Chris Packham walking along the River Itchen in Hampshire towards Winchester Cathedral. The programme was first broadcast as a regional variation for people living in Oxfordshire and the south on BBC One, 9 July 2021, before being shown nationwide on BBC Two on 28 July 2021 (with further repeats on BBC Two in early August).[38]","title":"Chris Packham: The Walk That Made Me"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paul Merson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Merson"},{"link_name":"North York Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life[39] is the second extended version of the Winter Walks[40] format that the BBC has produced, with the former Arsenal and England footballer Paul Merson walking through the North York Moors.[41] The hour long programme debuted on BBC Two on 5 May 2022[42] and got a regional broadcast slot on BBC One North East & Cumbria on 24 July 2022.","title":"Paul Merson: A Walk Through My Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Sara Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Davies"},{"link_name":"Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healey,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Swinton Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinton_Estate"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Nina Wadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Wadia"},{"link_name":"Swaledale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaledale"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"The Joy of Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_of_Painting"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In February 2023, a new series of BBC Four's ...Walks format was broadcast, this time with the season shifted to Spring.[43] Even though it was listed as a four-part series by BBC iPlayer,[44] only two new episodes of Springs Walks were scheduled for the week beginning 6 February 2023,[45][46] with Dragons’ Den regular Sara Davies walking around Healey and the Swinton Estate in North Yorkshire,[47] and actress and comedian Nina Wadia walking through Swaledale in the Yorkshire Dales.[48] Instead of a third episode being scheduled for 8 February 2023,[49] BBC Four repeated Walking With...Steph McGovern instead,[50] with Bob Ross' The Joy of Painting[51][52] taking over the 7.30pm slot on the channel from 9 February 2023.","title":"Spring Walks"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qd6r","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Amanda Owen\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001226k","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Amanda Owen\""}]},{"reference":"\"OS Maps: online mapping and walking, running and cycling routes\". osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/route/714107/UK-Grid-Reference-Finder-Route","url_text":"\"OS Maps: online mapping and walking, running and cycling routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grid Reference Finder\". gridreferencefinder.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://gridreferencefinder.com/","url_text":"\"Grid Reference Finder\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Alastair Campbell\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0012290","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 2, Alastair Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Leyburn to Bolton Castle\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000brwb","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Leyburn to Bolton Castle\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Heptonstall to Stoodley Pike\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000bs11","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Heptonstall to Stoodley Pike\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Runswick Bay to Whitby\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000brtk","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Runswick Bay to Whitby\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Bolton Abbey to Simon's Seat\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000brvk","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Yorkshire Walks, Series 1, Bolton Abbey to Simon's Seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Shanaz Gulzar introduces her favourite Yorkshire walks in a new series for BBC Four\". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/yorkshire-walks","url_text":"\"Artist Shanaz Gulzar introduces her favourite Yorkshire walks in a new series for BBC Four\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Maxine (16 November 2019). \"New BBC show on Yorkshire walks\". York Press. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18039384.new-bbc-show-yorkshire-walks/","url_text":"\"New BBC show on Yorkshire walks\""}]},{"reference":"Gulzar, Shanaz (2020). \"Stepping out as lockdown lifts\". Welcome to Yorkshire. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshire.com/inspiration/features/stepping-out-as-lockdown-lifts","url_text":"\"Stepping out as lockdown lifts\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Selina Scott\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qfrw","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Selina Scott\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage\". BBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qd6r","url_text":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Simon Armitage\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four - Winter Walks, Series 1, Lemn Sissay\". BBC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
["1 History","2 Contents","3 Ad lectorem","4 Reception","5 Census of copies","6 Editions","7 Latin texts available","8 Translations","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
1543 book by Copernicus describing his heliocentric theory of the universe De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Original 1543 Nuremberg editionAuthorNicolaus CopernicusLanguageLatinSubjectAstronomyPublisherJohannes Petreius(Nuremberg)Publication date1543Pages405 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance. The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Order of the heavenly spheres annotated with periods of revolution from Chapter 10 of Copernicus' manuscript Latin: In medio uero omnium residet Sol. Translation: But the Sun resides at the centre of everything, a quote from the corresponding printed book page with the above diagram. Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous manuscript that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the Commentariolus. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the Commentariolus, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time. Most historians believe that he wrote the Commentariolus after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time. Among other techniques, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by the Arab astronomer Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a geocentric but non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion. Observations of Mercury by Bernhard Walther (1430–1504) of Nuremberg, a pupil of Regiomontanus, were made available to Copernicus by Johannes Schöner, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with longitude and latitude. Copernicus used three of them in De revolutionibus, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner. Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, . A manuscript of De revolutionibus in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil, Rheticus, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish. In 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript. In 1539, Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young mathematician from Wittenberg, arrived in Frauenburg (Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the Narratio Prima in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor Achilles Gasser published a second edition of the Narratio in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on trigonometry, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished De revolutionibus. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name. Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop Tiedemann Giese, to be delivered to Rheticus in Wittenberg for printing by Johannes Petreius at Nürnberg (Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543. Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later. It is kept at the Jagiellonian University Library in Kraków, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000. Contents Title page, 2nd edition, Basel, Officina Henricpetrina, 1566 From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths. Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by Lutheran preacher Andreas Osiander, who lived in Nuremberg when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to Pope Paul III and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis. De revolutionibus is divided into six "books" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's Almagest which it updated and replaced: Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his cosmology. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun. Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for chord geometry as well as a table of chords. Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars. Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the Sun and related phenomena. Book IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements. Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets. Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets. Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis. Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of epicycles similar to those of the Ptolemaic system. Despite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle's science—and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution. Ad lectorem Title page, 3rd ed., Amsterdam, Nicolaus Mulerius, publisher, 1617 Rheticus left Nürnberg to take up his post as professor in Leipzig. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication. In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis (To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work) printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title "Praefatio authoris" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author). Osiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth: it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study. Then he must conceive and devise the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them. Since he cannot in any way attain to the true causes, he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the motions to be computed correctly ... The present author has performed both these duties excellently. For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable. On the contrary, if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is enough ... For this art, it is quite clear, is completely and absolutely ignorant of the causes of the apparent . And if any causes are devised by the imagination, as indeed very many are, they are not put forward to convince anyone that they are true, but merely to provide a reliable basis for computation. However, since different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same ... the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp. The philosopher will perhaps rather seek the semblance of the truth. But neither of them will understand or state anything certain, unless it has been divinely revealed to him ... Let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart this study a greater fool than when he entered. As even Osiander's defenders point out, the Ad lectorem "expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory". Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the Catholic Encyclopedia, which states "Fortunately for him , he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus." While Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including "Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan." The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he "was such a notorious reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics", so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar). Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his "own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians'," and he had already been in trouble with his bishop, Johannes Dantiscus, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and since "the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?" Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope. Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for "improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations." In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the "fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of "Philosophical purists like the Averroists... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models." Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he "was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres." This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he "attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons." To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, "an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis". It was not until the Great Comet of 1577, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609, Johannes Kepler fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the Sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished. In his work, Copernicus "used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation". Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). "In spite of this defect in Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations." Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see "little technical or physical truth-gain" between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to "function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of Averroists." Writing Ad lectorem, Osiander was influenced by Pico della Mirandola's idea that humanity "orders cosmos out of the chaos of opinions." From Pico's writings, Osiander "learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them." The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of Nicholas of Cusa and his idea of coincidentia oppositorum. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are "no heretics of the intellect", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding that Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible. Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the Ad lectorem. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, "The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology." In his Disputations, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions? As Westman points out, to Rheticus "it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of De Revolutionibus itself." According to the notes of Michael Maestlin, "Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer . Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business." Objecting to the Ad lectorem, Tiedemann Giese urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten. Jan Broscius, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the Ad lectorem, writing "Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?" Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via Michael Mästlin, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword. The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing. Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his De revolutionibus from the widow of Philipp Apian; examining his books, he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander. Johannes Praetorius (1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus. All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander's foreword. Reception Even before the 1543 publication of De revolutionibus, rumors circulated about its central theses. In one of his Tischreden (Table Talks), Martin Luther is quoted as saying in 1539: People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred Scripture tells us that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth. When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out. Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy. And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy. Among some astronomers, the book "at once took its place as a worthy successor to the Almagest of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers". Erasmus Reinhold hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the Prutenic Tables ("Prussian Tables"; Latin: Tabulae prutenicae; German: Preußische Tafeln) using Copernicus' methods. The Prutenic Tables, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the calendar reform instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used Regiomontanus' Table of the Stars. In England, Robert Recorde, John Dee, Thomas Digges and William Gilbert were among those who adopted his position; in Germany, Christian Wurstisen, Christoph Rothmann and Michael Mästlin, the teacher of Johannes Kepler; in Italy, Giambattista Benedetti and Giordano Bruno whilst Franciscus Patricius accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the University of Salamanca gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus. One of those students, Diego de Zúñiga, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584. Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549, Melanchthon, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that "severe measures" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans. The works of Copernicus and Zúñiga—the latter for asserting that De revolutionibus was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication): This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and by Diego de Zúñiga's In Job ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus and Diego de Zúñiga be suspended until corrected. De revolutionibus was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending "corrections" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted. But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request. It remained on the Index until 1758, when Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index. Census of copies Arthur Koestler described De revolutionibus as "The Book That Nobody Read" saying the book "was and is an all-time worst seller", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times. Owen Gingerich, an eminent astronomer and historian of science who has written on both Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the marginalia shows that almost all of them ignored the cosmology at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new equant-free models of planetary motion in the later chapters. Also, Nicolaus Reimers in 1587 translated the book into German. Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of Shakespeare's First Folio) and 325 copies of the second. The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original Gutenberg Bible. One of the copies now resides at the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in the Miguel de Benavides Library. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from Heathrow Airport and remains unrecovered. Editions 1543 edition held by University of Edinburgh Library 1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius. A copy of this is held by the University of Edinburgh; it had been owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently by the Scottish economist Adam Smith. Another copy is held by the Cary Graphic Arts Collection in New York, alongside astronomer Johannes de Sacrobosco's manuscript "De sphaera mundi" (On the Sphere of the World), which supports the earlier Ptolemaic model of the universe. 1566, Basel, by Henricus Petrus. 1617, Amsterdam, by Nicolaus Mulerius. 1854, Warsaw, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus. 1873, Thorn; German translation sponsored by the local Coppernicus Society, with all of Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes. Latin texts available 1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius; online from Harvard University. Translations English translations of De revolutionibus have included: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the Great Books, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science, ISBN 1-57392-035-5. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-6927-X; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, ISBN 0-06-491279-5. On the Revolutions; translation and commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8018-4515-7. (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in Warsaw, Poland, 1978.) See also List of most expensive books and manuscripts Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus Notes ^ Gingerich 2004, p. 32 ^ Saliba (1979). ^ Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1960). The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-691-02350-6. ^ Teresa Borawska, The history of the original manuscript of "De revolutionibus" ^ a b c d Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1960). The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-691-02350-6. ^ Dreyer, John L E (1906). History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler. Cambridge University Press. p. 342. ^ Wallis's translation (1952, p.505) ^ David Luban (1994). Legal Modernism. University of Michigan. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Andreas Osiander's Contribution to the Copernican Achievement, by Bruce Wrightsman, Section VII, The Copernican Achievement, ed. Robert S. Westman, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1975 ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ a b c William Tobin (2003). The Life and Science of Léon Foucault: The Man who Proved the Earth Rotates. Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Robert S. Westman (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ^ "Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department, Book of the Month, Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz.1.13". Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. ^ Edward Rosen (2004). Three Copernican Treatises. Dover Publications, Incorporated. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0. ^ Koestler 1959, p. 169. ^ Robert Westman, "Three Responses to Copernican Theory", in Robert Westman, ed., The Copernican Achievement, 1975. ^ Gingerich 2004, pp. 159–164. ^ Quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1957, p. 191. ^ Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9, p. 354. ^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 185. ^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, pp. 186–87. ^ Dreyer 1906, p. 345 ^ Deming, David (2012). Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. McFarland & Company. p. 138. ISBN 9780786461721. ^ Gilbert, William (1998). "Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution". The Renaissance and The Reformation. Carrie. OCLC 817744956. ^ Dreyer 1906, pp. 346–352 ^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 192. Kuhn writes that Melanchthon emphasized Ecclesiastes 1:4–5 ("The earth abideth forever ... the sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose"). ^ Original Latin text Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine and an English translation. Also mentioned by W. R. Shea and M. Artigas in Galileo in Rome Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine (2003), pp. 84–85, ISBN 0-19-516598-5. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus", Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ "Benedict XIV", Catholic Encyclopedia. ^ Koestler 1959, p. 194. ^ Gingerich 2002 ^ Gingerich 2004, p. 121 ^ Peter DeMarco. "Book quest took him around the globe". Boston Globe. April 13, 2004 ^ McNearney, Allison (8 April 2017). "The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist". thedailybeast.com. Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist. The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus's On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the Sun—not the Earth—is the center of the universe. That book alone is worth over $250,000. ^ "Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT". 13 WHAM News. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024. References Copernicus, Nicolaus (1952), On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 16, translated by Charles Glenn Wallis, Chicago: William Benton, pp. 497–838 Gassendi, Pierre: The Life of Copernicus, biography (1654), with notes by Olivier Thill (2002), ISBN 1-59160-193-2 () Gingerich, Owen (2002). An annotated census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566). Leiden: Brill (Studia copernicana. Brill's series; v. 2). ISBN 90-04-11466-1. Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York : Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1415-3. Hannam, James (2007). "Deconstructing Copernicus". Medieval Science and Philosophy. Retrieved 2007-08-17. Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus. Heilbron, J.L.: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-674-85433-0 Koestler, Arthur (1959). The Sleepwalkers. Hutchison. Sobel, D, A More Perfect Heaven - How Copernicus Revolutionised the Cosmos, Bloomsbury 2011. Swerdlow, N.M., O. Neugebauer: Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus' De revolutionibus. New York : Springer, 1984 ISBN 0-387-90939-7 (Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10) Vermij, R.H.: The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750 Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine. Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002 ISBN 90-6984-340-4 Westman, R.S., ed.: The Copernican achievement. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975 ISBN 0-520-02877-5 Zinner, E.: Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre. 2. Aufl. durchgesehen und erg. von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler. München : C.H. Beck, 1988 ISBN 3-406-32049-X External links Manuscript of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus, from Jagiellonian Library, Poland. Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: De Revolutionibus (1543) German Wikisource has original text related to this article: Die Kreisbewegungen (1879) De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Harvard University. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Jagiellon University, Poland. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, from Rare Book Room. On the Revolutions, from WebExhibits. English translation of part of Book I. On the Revolutions, Warsaw-Cracow 1978. Full English translation. River Campus Libraries, Book of the Month December 2005: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) from the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1566) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) with annotations by Michael Maestlin from Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen City Library) vteNicolaus CopernicusScientific career Copernican heliocentrism Copernican Revolution Works Commentariolus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Locationes mansorum desertorum "Monetae cudendae ratio" Translations of Theophylact Simocatta Family Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (grandfather) Lucas Watzenrode (uncle) Related Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe Copernicus Law Copernican principle Frombork Cathedral Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God Monuments Chicago Los Angeles Montreal Toruń Kraków Warsaw Copernicium Copernicus (lunar crater) Copernicus (Martian crater) Portals: History Astronomy Stars Outer space Solar System Science Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heliocentric theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Polish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"geocentric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_system"}],"text":"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance. The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.","title":"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg"},{"link_name":"heavenly spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres"},{"link_name":"Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copernican_heliocentrism_(cropped)_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Commentariolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentariolus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-%27Urdi"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Walther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Walther"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Regiomontanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus"},{"link_name":"Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Johannes Schöner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sch%C3%B6ner"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_of_Nicolaus_Copernicus%27_De_revolutionibus"},{"link_name":"Rheticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Joachim_Rheticus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus von Schönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Sch%C3%B6nberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Georg Joachim Rheticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Joachim_Rheticus"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Frauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frombork"},{"link_name":"Narratio Prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio_Prima"},{"link_name":"Achilles Gasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_Gasser"},{"link_name":"trigonometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry"},{"link_name":"Tiedemann Giese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Johannes Petreius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Petreius"},{"link_name":"Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Order of the heavenly spheres annotated with periods of revolution from Chapter 10 of Copernicus' manuscriptLatin: In medio uero omnium residet Sol. Translation: But the Sun resides at the centre of everything, a quote from the corresponding printed book page with the above diagram.Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous manuscript that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the Commentariolus. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the Commentariolus, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time.[1] Most historians believe that he wrote the Commentariolus after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time. Among other techniques, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by the Arab astronomer Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a geocentric but non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.[2]Observations of Mercury by Bernhard Walther (1430–1504) of Nuremberg, a pupil of Regiomontanus, were made available to Copernicus by Johannes Schöner, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with longitude and latitude. Copernicus used three of them in De revolutionibus, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner.[citation needed] Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, [4°, Norimb. 1544].A manuscript of De revolutionibus in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil, Rheticus, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish.[citation needed] In 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript.[3]In 1539, Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young mathematician from Wittenberg, arrived in Frauenburg (Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the Narratio Prima in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor Achilles Gasser published a second edition of the Narratio in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on trigonometry, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished De revolutionibus. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name.Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop Tiedemann Giese, to be delivered to Rheticus in Wittenberg for printing by Johannes Petreius at Nürnberg (Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543.Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later.[4] It is kept at the Jagiellonian University Library in Kraków, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Officina Henricpetrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officina_Henricpetrina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillispie-5"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Andreas Osiander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Osiander"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Almagest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillispie-5"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillispie-5"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"wandering stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"epicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicycle"},{"link_name":"geocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"}],"text":"Title page, 2nd edition, Basel, Officina Henricpetrina, 1566From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths.[5] Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by Lutheran preacher Andreas Osiander, who lived in Nuremberg when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to Pope Paul III and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis.De revolutionibus is divided into six \"books\" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's Almagest which it updated and replaced:[6]Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his cosmology. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun.[5] Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for chord geometry as well as a table of chords.\nBook II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars.[5]\nBook III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the Sun and related phenomena.\nBook IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements.\nBook V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets.\nBook VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of epicycles similar to those of the Ptolemaic system.\nDespite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle's science—and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Mulerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Mulerius"},{"link_name":"Rheticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheticus"},{"link_name":"Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillispie-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Johannes Dantiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Averroists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tobin-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tobin-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tobin-11"},{"link_name":"Great Comet of 1577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Averroists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Pico della Mirandola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Cusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westman-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westman-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Maestlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maestlin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tiedemann Giese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese"},{"link_name":"Jan Broscius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wrightsman-9"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Michael Mästlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%A4stlin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Philipp Apian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Apian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159%E2%80%93164-17"},{"link_name":"Johannes Praetorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Title page, 3rd ed., Amsterdam, Nicolaus Mulerius, publisher, 1617Rheticus left Nürnberg to take up his post as professor in Leipzig. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication.[5] In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis (To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work)[7] printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title \"Praefatio authoris\" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author).\nOsiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth:it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study. Then he must conceive and devise the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them. Since he cannot in any way attain to the true causes, he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the motions to be computed correctly ... The present author has performed both these duties excellently. For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable. On the contrary, if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is enough ... For this art, it is quite clear, is completely and absolutely ignorant of the causes of the apparent [movement of the heavens]. And if any causes are devised by the imagination, as indeed very many are, they are not put forward to convince anyone that they are true, but merely to provide a reliable basis for computation. However, since different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same ... the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp. The philosopher will perhaps rather seek the semblance of the truth. But neither of them will understand or state anything certain, unless it has been divinely revealed to him ... Let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart this study a greater fool than when he entered.[8]As even Osiander's defenders point out, the Ad lectorem \"expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory\".[9]\nMany view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the Catholic Encyclopedia, which states \"Fortunately for him [the dying Copernicus], he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus.\"[10]While Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including \"Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan.\"[9]The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he \"was such a notorious [Protestant] reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics\",[9] so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar). Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his \"own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians',\"[9] and he had already been in trouble with his bishop, Johannes Dantiscus, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and since \"the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?[9]\" Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope.[9]Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for \"improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... [he shared in] the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations.\" In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the \"fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both\", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of \"Philosophical purists like the Averroists... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models.\"[9]Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he \"was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres.\"[11] This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he \"attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons.\"[11] To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, \"an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis\".[11] It was not until the Great Comet of 1577, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609, Johannes Kepler fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the Sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished.In his work, Copernicus \"used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation\".[9] Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). \"In spite of this defect in Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations.\"[9] Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see \"little technical or physical truth-gain\"[9] between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to \"function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of Averroists.\"[9]Writing Ad lectorem, Osiander was influenced by Pico della Mirandola's idea that humanity \"orders [an intellectual] cosmos out of the chaos of opinions.\"[9] From Pico's writings, Osiander \"learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them.\"[9] The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of Nicholas of Cusa and his idea of coincidentia oppositorum. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are \"no heretics of the intellect\", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding that Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible.Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the Ad lectorem. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, \"The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology.\"[12]In his Disputations, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions?As Westman points out, to Rheticus \"it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of De Revolutionibus itself.\"[12] According to the notes of Michael Maestlin, \"Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer [over the Ad lectorem]. Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business.\"[13]Objecting to the Ad lectorem, Tiedemann Giese urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten. Jan Broscius, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the Ad lectorem, writing \"Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?\"[9]Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via Michael Mästlin, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done[14][15] and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword.[16] The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing.Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his De revolutionibus from the widow of Philipp Apian; examining his books, he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander.[17]Johannes Praetorius (1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus.All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander's foreword.","title":"Ad lectorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BallParacelsus-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Reinhold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Reinhold"},{"link_name":"Prutenic Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutenic_Tables"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"calendar reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"Regiomontanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus"},{"link_name":"Robert Recorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde"},{"link_name":"John Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"Thomas Digges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Digges"},{"link_name":"William Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)"},{"link_name":"Christian Wurstisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wurstisen"},{"link_name":"Christoph Rothmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Rothmann"},{"link_name":"Michael Mästlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M%C3%A4stlin"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Benedetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Benedetti"},{"link_name":"Giordano Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Franciscus Patricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Patricius"},{"link_name":"University of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Diego de Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga"},{"link_name":"Index of Forbidden Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-encyc-28"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-encyc2-29"}],"text":"Even before the 1543 publication of De revolutionibus, rumors circulated\nabout its central theses. In one of his Tischreden (Table Talks), Martin Luther is quoted as saying in 1539:People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred Scripture tells us [Joshua 10:13] that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.[18]When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out.[19] Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy.[20] And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy.[21]Among some astronomers, the book \"at once took its place as a worthy successor to the Almagest of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers\".[22] Erasmus Reinhold hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the Prutenic Tables (\"Prussian Tables\"; Latin: Tabulae prutenicae; German: Preußische Tafeln) using Copernicus' methods. The Prutenic Tables, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the calendar reform instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used Regiomontanus' Table of the Stars. In England, Robert Recorde, John Dee, Thomas Digges and William Gilbert were among those who adopted his position; in Germany, Christian Wurstisen, Christoph Rothmann and Michael Mästlin, the teacher of Johannes Kepler; in Italy, Giambattista Benedetti and Giordano Bruno whilst Franciscus Patricius accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the University of Salamanca gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus.[23][24] One of those students, Diego de Zúñiga, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584.[25]Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549, Melanchthon, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that \"severe measures\" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans.[26]\nThe works of Copernicus and Zúñiga—the latter for asserting that De revolutionibus was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by a decree of the Sacred Congregation[which?] of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication):This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and by Diego de Zúñiga's In Job ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus [De revolutionibus] and Diego de Zúñiga [In Job] be suspended until corrected.[27]De revolutionibus was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending \"corrections\" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted.[28] But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request.[citation needed] It remained on the Index until 1758, when Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index.[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194-30"},{"link_name":"Owen Gingerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gingerich"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"marginalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalia"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"equant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant"},{"link_name":"planetary motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_motion"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Reimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Reimers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Gutenberg Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMarco-33"},{"link_name":"Archives of the University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Benavides Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides_Library"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Arthur Koestler described De revolutionibus as \"The Book That Nobody Read\" saying the book \"was and is an all-time worst seller\", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times.[30] Owen Gingerich, an eminent astronomer and historian of science who has written on both Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the marginalia shows that almost all of them ignored the cosmology at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new equant-free models of planetary motion in the later chapters. Also, Nicolaus Reimers in 1587 translated the book into German.Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census[31] included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of Shakespeare's First Folio) and 325 copies of the second.[32] The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original Gutenberg Bible.[33]\nOne of the copies now resides at the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in the Miguel de Benavides Library. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from Heathrow Airport and remains unrecovered.[34]","title":"Census of copies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0056786c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johannes Petreius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Petreius"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cary Graphic Arts Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Graphic_Arts_Collection"},{"link_name":"Johannes de Sacrobosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_de_Sacrobosco"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic model of the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Henricus Petrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Petrus"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Mulerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Mulerius"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"}],"text":"1543 edition held by University of Edinburgh Library1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius. A copy of this is held by the University of Edinburgh; it had been owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently by the Scottish economist Adam Smith. Another copy is held by the Cary Graphic Arts Collection in New York, alongside astronomer Johannes de Sacrobosco's manuscript \"De sphaera mundi\" (On the Sphere of the World), which supports the earlier Ptolemaic model of the universe.[35]\n1566, Basel, by Henricus Petrus.\n1617, Amsterdam, by Nicolaus Mulerius.\n1854, Warsaw, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus.\n1873, Thorn; German translation sponsored by the local Coppernicus Society, with all of Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/"}],"text":"1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius; online from Harvard University.","title":"Latin texts available"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Books of the Western World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57392-035-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-035-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7153-6927-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-6927-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-491279-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-491279-5"},{"link_name":"On the Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html"},{"link_name":"Edward Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rosen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8018-4515-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4515-7"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"}],"text":"English translations of De revolutionibus have included:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the Great Books, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science, ISBN 1-57392-035-5.\nOn the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, ISBN 0-7153-6927-X; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, ISBN 0-06-491279-5.\nOn the Revolutions; translation and commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8018-4515-7. (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in Warsaw, Poland, 1978.)","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Gingerich 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGingerich2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Gillispie, Charles Coulston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie"},{"link_name":"The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-02350-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The history of the original manuscript of \"De revolutionibus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//copernicus.torun.pl/en/archives/De_revolutionibus/2/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gillispie_5-3"},{"link_name":"Gillispie, Charles Coulston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coulston_Gillispie"},{"link_name":"The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-02350-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02350-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft"},{"link_name":"342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft/page/342"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCopernicus1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wrightsman_9-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Nicolaus Copernicus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tobin_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tobin_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tobin_11-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westman_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Westman_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department, Book of the Month, Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz.1.13\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130424101945/http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2008.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/apr2008.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Three Copernican Treatises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ceSnipu4MykC&pg=PA24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-43605-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43605-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959169_15-0"},{"link_name":"Koestler 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoestler1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingerich2004159%E2%80%93164_17-0"},{"link_name":"Gingerich 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGingerich2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"The Copernican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Copernican_Revolution_(book)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BallParacelsus_19-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-09-945787-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-945787-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Dreyer 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDreyer1906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&pg=PA138"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786461721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786461721"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html"},{"link_name":"The Renaissance and The Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/index.html"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"817744956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/817744956"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Dreyer 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDreyer1906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Original Latin text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?MODO=PAGINA&VOLPAG=19-323"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"English translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html#indexdecree"},{"link_name":"Galileo in 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XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1959194_30-0"},{"link_name":"Koestler 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoestler1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Gingerich 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGingerich2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Gingerich 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGingerich2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeMarco_33-0"},{"link_name":"Book quest took him around the globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2004/04/13/book_quest_took_him_around_the_globe/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/08/the-mystery-of-the-2-5-million-rare-book-heist.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//13wham.com/news/local/centuries-old-astronomy-texts-find-new-home-at-rit-copernicus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-on-the-revolutions-of-the-heavenly-spheres"}],"text":"^ Gingerich 2004, p. 32\n\n^ Saliba (1979).\n\n^ Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1960). The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-691-02350-6.\n\n^ Teresa Borawska, The history of the original manuscript of \"De revolutionibus\" \n\n^ a b c d Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1960). The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-691-02350-6.\n\n^ \nDreyer, John L E (1906). History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler. Cambridge University Press. p. 342.\n\n^ Wallis's translation (1952, p.505)\n\n^ David Luban (1994). Legal Modernism. University of Michigan.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Andreas Osiander's Contribution to the Copernican Achievement, by Bruce Wrightsman, Section VII, The Copernican Achievement, ed. Robert S. Westman, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1975\n\n^ \"Nicolaus Copernicus\". Catholic Encyclopedia.\n\n^ a b c William Tobin (2003). The Life and Science of Léon Foucault: The Man who Proved the Earth Rotates. Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ a b Robert S. Westman (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press.\n\n^ \"Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department, Book of the Month, Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz.1.13\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-24.\n\n^ Edward Rosen (2004). Three Copernican Treatises. Dover Publications, Incorporated. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0.\n\n^ Koestler 1959, p. 169.\n\n^ Robert Westman, \"Three Responses to Copernican Theory\", in Robert Westman, ed., The Copernican Achievement, 1975.\n\n^ Gingerich 2004, pp. 159–164.\n\n^ Quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1957, p. 191.\n\n^ Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9, p. 354.\n\n^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 185.\n\n^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, pp. 186–87.\n\n^ Dreyer 1906, p. 345\n\n^ Deming, David (2012). Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. McFarland & Company. p. 138. ISBN 9780786461721.\n\n^ Gilbert, William (1998). \"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution\". The Renaissance and The Reformation. Carrie. OCLC 817744956.\n\n^ Dreyer 1906, pp. 346–352\n\n^ Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, p. 192. Kuhn writes that Melanchthon emphasized Ecclesiastes 1:4–5 (\"The earth abideth forever ... the sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose\").\n\n^ Original Latin text Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine and an English translation. Also mentioned by W. R. Shea and M. Artigas in Galileo in Rome Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine (2003), pp. 84–85, ISBN 0-19-516598-5.\n\n^ \"Nicolaus Copernicus\", Catholic Encyclopedia.\n\n^ \"Benedict XIV\", Catholic Encyclopedia.\n\n^ Koestler 1959, p. 194.\n\n^ Gingerich 2002\n\n^ Gingerich 2004, p. 121\n\n^ Peter DeMarco. \"Book quest took him around the globe\". Boston Globe. April 13, 2004\n\n^ McNearney, Allison (8 April 2017). \"The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist\". thedailybeast.com. [Alessandro Meda] Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist. The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus's On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the Sun—not the Earth—is the center of the universe. That book alone is worth over $250,000.\n\n^ \"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT\". 13 WHAM News. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Order of the heavenly spheres annotated with periods of revolution from Chapter 10 of Copernicus' manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg/220px-De_Revolutionibus_manuscript_p9b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Latin: In medio uero omnium residet Sol. Translation: But the Sun resides at the centre of everything, a quote from the corresponding printed book page with the above diagram.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg/220px-Copernican_heliocentrism_%28cropped%29_-_In_medio_uero_omnium_residet_Sol.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page, 2nd edition, Basel, Officina Henricpetrina, 1566","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg/200px-De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page, 3rd ed., Amsterdam, Nicolaus Mulerius, publisher, 1617","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png/200px-De_revolutionibus_1617_Astronomia_instaurata.png"},{"image_text":"1543 edition held by University of Edinburgh Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/0056786c.jpg/205px-0056786c.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of most expensive books and manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts"},{"title":"Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_interpretation_of_Copernicus"}]
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Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. McFarland & Company. p. 138. ISBN 9780786461721.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&pg=PA138","url_text":"Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786461721","url_text":"9780786461721"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, William (1998). \"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution\". The Renaissance and The Reformation. Carrie. OCLC 817744956.","urls":[{"url":"http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/23.html","url_text":"\"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution\""},{"url":"http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/index.html","url_text":"The Renaissance and The Reformation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817744956","url_text":"817744956"}]},{"reference":"McNearney, Allison (8 April 2017). \"The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist\". thedailybeast.com. [Alessandro Meda] Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist. The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus's On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the Sun—not the Earth—is the center of the universe. That book alone is worth over $250,000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/08/the-mystery-of-the-2-5-million-rare-book-heist.html","url_text":"\"The Mystery of the $2.5 Million Rare Book Heist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT\". 13 WHAM News. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://13wham.com/news/local/centuries-old-astronomy-texts-find-new-home-at-rit-copernicus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-on-the-revolutions-of-the-heavenly-spheres","url_text":"\"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT\""}]},{"reference":"Copernicus, Nicolaus (1952), On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 16, translated by Charles Glenn Wallis, Chicago: William Benton, pp. 497–838","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus","url_text":"Copernicus, Nicolaus"}]},{"reference":"Gingerich, Owen (2002). An annotated census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566). Leiden: Brill (Studia copernicana. Brill's series; v. 2). ISBN 90-04-11466-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11466-1","url_text":"90-04-11466-1"}]},{"reference":"Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. New York : Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1415-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/booknobodyreadch00ging","url_text":"The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1415-3","url_text":"0-8027-1415-3"}]},{"reference":"Hannam, James (2007). \"Deconstructing Copernicus\". Medieval Science and Philosophy. Retrieved 2007-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://jameshannam.com/copernicus.htm","url_text":"\"Deconstructing Copernicus\""}]},{"reference":"Koestler, Arthur (1959). The Sleepwalkers. Hutchison.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Lewis
Iwan Lewis
["1 References"]
Welsh actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Iwan Lewis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Iwan LewisBornIwan Hedd Lewis (1988-12-28) 28 December 1988 (age 35)Llandeilo, WalesOccupation(s)Stage and Film ActorYears active2010–present Iwan Lewis (born 28 December 1988) is a Welsh theatre and film actor. He is known for the roles of Emmett in the UK tour of the stage version of Legally Blonde and Bahorel in the film version of Les Miserables. Lewis graduated from the Guildford School of Acting in 2010. In 2007, during his time at the GSA, he was a recipient of an award from the Elizabeth Evans Trust. In addition to his roles in Les Misérables and Legally Blonde, Lewis also appeared in the 2010 London Revival of Stephen Sondheim's Passion. Lewis appeared as Oarsman in the Park Theatre transfer of Therese Raquin, which ran from the end of July through to August in 2014. He is represented by Stuart Piper and Oliver Thomson at Cole-Kitchenn. In March 2017, he became Artistic Director of the Barn Theatre. The theatre's first production, a folk rework of The Secret Garden musical in March 2018, received 4 stars from The Stage, calling it "A delight for all ages". Lewis received a 2018 The Stage Debut Awards nomination for his direction on the theatre's 2018 Built By Barn production of Simon Stephens' One Minute. In 2023, Lewis became engaged to Faye Brookes after three months into their relationship and in August that year, is now married to her. References ^ Owens, David (9 August 2012). "Legally Blonde Star Iwan Lewis Aims To Be A Homecoming Hero". South Wales Echo. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ Moses-Lloyd, Rachel (10 January 2013). "Llandeilo actor on bet with Russell Crowe and filming Les Miserables with Hugh Jackman". This is South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ "Cast | Legally Blonde Tour". 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ "Recipients - Ymddiriedolaeth Elizabeth Evans". The Elizabeth Evans Trust. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ "Domnar Warehouse: Passion". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2013. ^ "Park Theatre". ^ "The Barn Theatre". The Barn Theatre - Cirencester. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Former actor launches 200-seat theatre in Cirencester". The Stage. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ Masso, Giverny (23 September 2018). "The Stage Debut Awards 2018: the winners in full | News". The Stage. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Faye Brookes kisses new husband after marrying in stunning Cotswolds wedding". Retrieved 3 January 2024.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(2000_film)
Aberdeen (2000 film)
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Critical response","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is about the 2000 Norwegian-British film. For the 2014 Hong Kong film, see Aberdeen (2014 film). For other uses of Aberdeen, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2000 British filmAberdeenSwedish DVD coverDirected byHans Petter MolandWritten byKristin Amundsen Lars Bill LundholmProduced byPetter J. Borgli Tom RemlovStarringStellan Skarsgård Lena Headey Charlotte RamplingCinematographyPhilip ØgaardEdited bySophie HesselbergMusic byZbigniew PreisnerDistributed bySvensk Filmindustri (SF) AB (Sweden) First Run Features (US)Release date 8 September 2000 (2000-09-08) (Norway) Running timeNorway: 113 minutes US: 106 minutesCountriesUnited KingdomNorwaySwedenLanguageEnglishBudget$6,500,000 Aberdeen is a 2000 Norwegian-British drama film directed by Hans Petter Moland and starring Stellan Skarsgård, Lena Headey and Charlotte Rampling. Synopsis Lawyer Kaisa Heller, just promoted, has no apparent emotional attachments, preferring nameless encounters with men. She is surprised to receive a call from Helen, her dying mother, with a final request to bring Kaisa's estranged father Tomas to see her at the hospital. The film is a bit of a road movie with encounters along the way, some confrontational, such as boozing louts who harass her father or angry stewardesses issuing ultimatums, while some are romantic, such as truck driver Clive whom Kaisa attempts to use, but instead finds herself attached to. What started as an unavoidable chore, perhaps the last she will have never been able to dodge, becomes a new starting point in her life. Cast Stellan Skarsgård - Tomas Heller Jean Anderson - Young Kaisa Lena Headey - Kairo 'Kaisa' Heller Charlotte Rampling - Helen Ian Hart - Clive Louise Goodall - Sara Jason Hetherington - Perkins Kate Lynn Evans - Emily John Killoran - Blake Fergis McLarnon - Eric Anders T. Andersen - Customs Official Nina Andresen Borud - Flight Attendant Henriette Steenstrup - Car Rental Clerk Kari Simonsen - Waitress J.J. Mckeown - Boy at door Jan Grønli - Granbakken Gard Eidsvold - Disagreeable Man Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 87%, with the site's consensus reading: "Though the characters are difficult to watch at times, Aberdeen burns with ferocious honesty and strong performances." References ^ "Aberdeen (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 20 December 2023. External links Aberdeen at IMDb Aberdeen at the Swedish Film Institute Database Aberdeen at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Hans Petter Moland The Last Lieutenant (1993) Zero Kelvin (1995) Aberdeen (2000) The Beautiful Country (2004) Comrade Pedersen (2006) A Somewhat Gentle Man (2010) In Order of Disappearance (2014) Cold Pursuit (2019) Out Stealing Horses (2019) Thug (TBA) Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This 2000s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Junior_League_World_Series
1983 Junior League World Series
["1 Teams","2 Results","3 References"]
1983 Junior League World SeriesTournament informationLocationTaylor, MichiganDatesAugust 16–20Final positionsChampions Manatí, Puerto RicoRunner-up Altamonte Springs, Florida← 19821984 → The 1983 Junior League World Series took place from August 16–20 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Manatí, Puerto Rico defeated Altamonte Springs, Florida in the championship game. Teams United States International Madison, WisconsinWest MadisonCentral Manatí, Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Seaford, DelawareEast Altamonte Springs, FloridaSouth Northridge, CaliforniaWest Results Opening GameFirst roundSemifinalsWorld championship1–0 Florida4— Florida23— Delaware1— Wisconsin72–0 Florida111–0 Puerto Rico12— California13— Puerto Rico162–0 Puerto Rico33–1 Florida0Lower round 1Lower round 2Lower final0–1 Wisconsin32–1 Florida60–1 California190–1 Delaware12–1 California31–1 California19 Consolation round — Third-place game 2–2 California 9 0–2 Wisconsin 5 1–2 Delaware 6 0–2 Delaware 16 1983 Junior League World Series Champions Manatí, Puerto Rico References ^ Altamonte Team Romps to Record-Setting Victory. Orlando Sentinel ^ All-Stars Win, Stay Alive in World Series. Los Angeles Times ^ Altamonte Team Rallies for Victory. Orlando Sentinel ^ California Eliminates Seaford Juniors 19-1. The News Journal ^ Hodges Gives Seaford 13's Consolation in Series. The News Journal ^ Seaford Juniors Take Fall. The Daily Times vteJunior League World SeriesWorld Series 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2022 RegionsUnited States Central East Host Southeast Southwest West International Asia–Pacific Australia Canada Europe–Africa Latin America Mexico / Puerto Rico vteLittle League Baseball Boys Little League Baseball Intermediate, Junior, Senior & Big League Baseball United States Central      Great Lakes      Midwest East      Mid-Atlantic      New England South      Southeast      Southwest West      Northwest      West International Far East      Asia-Pacific and Middle East      Australia      Japan Latin America      Caribbean      Latin America      Mexico Other      Canada      Europe and Africa World Series Boys baseball Regions (Little, Intermediate, Junior, Senior, Big WS) List of Champions Little League World Series Intermediate WS Junior WS Senior WS Big WS Girls softball List of Champions Girls Little WS Girls Junior WS Notable figures Carl Stotz Honors Little League Baseball awards Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum Popular culture Movies Mickey Video games Little League World Series Baseball Well-known players Danny Almonte Mo'ne Davis Aaron Durley Carolyn King Maria Pepe Related Little League elbow White House Tee Ball Initiative Thundering 13
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola
Vysoká škola
["1 See also"]
Type of institution of tertiary education in Slovakia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vysoká škola" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comenius University building in Bratislava Vysoká škola is a term used for institutions of tertiary education in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The Slovak/Czech term can be translated as “school of higher education” (literally “high school”, compare the German “Hochschule”) or, for lack of other expressions, it is also being translated into English as "college". The term can refer to all schools of higher (i.e. tertiary) education, or, in a narrower sense, only to those that are not universities. See also List of universities and colleges in Slovakia List of universities in the Czech Republic
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[{"image_text":"Comenius University building in Bratislava","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Comenius.JPG/220px-Comenius.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of universities and colleges in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Slovakia"},{"title":"List of universities in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Czech_Republic"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pr%C3%A1d
Páprád
[]
Coordinates: 45°54′N 18°01′E / 45.900°N 18.017°E / 45.900; 18.017You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (January 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hungarian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|hu|Páprád}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Páprád" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Baranya, HungaryPáprádVillage Coat of armsPáprádLocation of PáprádCoordinates: 45°54′N 18°01′E / 45.900°N 18.017°E / 45.900; 18.017Country HungaryCountyBaranyaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Páprád is a village in Sellye District, in Baranya county, Hungary. vteBaranya CountyCity with county rights Pécs (county seat) Towns Bóly Harkány Komló Kozármisleny Mágocs Mohács Pécsvárad Sásd Sellye Siklós Szentlőrinc Szigetvár Villány Large villages Beremend Szászvár Vajszló Villages Abaliget Adorjás Ág Almamellék Almáskeresztúr Alsómocsolád Alsószentmárton Apátvarasd Aranyosgadány Áta Babarc Babarcszőlős Bakóca Bakonya Baksa Bánfa Baranyahídvég Baranyajenő Baranyaszentgyörgy Basal Belvárdgyula Berkesd Besence Bezedek Bicsérd Bikal Birján Bisse Boda Bodolyabér Bogdása Bogád Bogádmindszent Boldogasszonyfa Borjád Bosta Botykapeterd Bükkösd Bár Bürüs Csányoszró Csarnóta Csebény Cserdi Cserkút Csertő Csonkamindszent Cún Dencsháza Dinnyeberki Diósviszló Drávacsehi Drávacsepely Drávafok Drávaiványi Drávakeresztúr Drávapalkonya Drávapiski Drávaszabolcs Drávaszerdahely Drávasztára Dunaszekcső Egerág Egyházasharaszti Egyházaskozár Ellend Endrőc Erdősmecske Erdősmárok Erzsébet Fazekasboda Feked Felsőegerszeg Felsőszentmárton Garé Gerde Geresdlak Gerényes Gilvánfa Gödre Görcsöny Görcsönydoboka Gordisa Gyód Gyöngyfa Gyöngyösmellék Hásságy Hegyhátmaróc Hegyszentmárton Helesfa Hetvehely Hidas Himesháza Hirics Hobol Homorúd Horváthertelend Hosszúhetény Husztót Ibafa Illocska Ipacsfa Ivánbattyán Ivándárda Kacsóta Kákics Kárász Kásád Kátoly Katádfa Kékesd Kémes Kemse Keresztespuszta Keszü Kétújfalu Királyegyháza Kisasszonyfa Kisbeszterce Kisbudmér Kisdobsza Kisdér Kishajmás Kisharsány Kisherend Kisjakabfalva Kiskassa Kislippó Kisnyárád Kisszentmárton Kistamási Kistapolca Kistótfalu Kisvaszar Kisújbánya Köblény Kökény Kölked Kórós Kővágószőlős Kővágótöttös Kovácshida Kovácsszénája Lánycsók Lapáncsa Liget Lippó Liptód Lothárd Lovászhetény Lúzsok Magyarbóly Magyaregregy Magyarhertelend Magyarlukafa Magyarmecske Magyarsarlós Magyarszék Magyartelek Majs Mánfa Márfa Máriakéménd Markóc Márok Martonfa Maráza Marócsa Matty Máza Mecseknádasd Mecsekpölöske Mekényes Merenye Meződ Mindszentgodisa Molvány Monyoród Mozsgó Nagybudmér Nagycsány Nagydobsza Nagyhajmás Nagyharsány Nagykozár Nagynyárád Nagypall Nagypeterd Nagytótfalu Nagyváty Nemeske Nyugotszenterzsébet Óbánya Ócsárd Ófalu Okorvölgy Okorág Olasz Old Orfű Oroszló Ózdfalu Palkonya Palotabozsok Palé Páprád Patapoklosi Pécsbagota Pécsdevecser Pécsudvard Pellérd Pereked Peterd Pettend Piskó Pócsa Pogány Rádfalva Regenye Romonya Rózsafa Sámod Sárok Sátorhely Siklósbodony Siklósnagyfalu Somberek Somogyapáti Somogyhatvan Somogyhárságy Somogyviszló Sósvertike Sumony Szabadszentkirály Szágy Szajk Szalatnak Szalánta Szaporca Szárász Szava Szebény Szederkény Székelyszabar Szellő Szemely Szentdénes Szentegát Szentkatalin Szentlászló Szilvás Szilágy Szőke Szőkéd Szörény Szulimán Szűr Tarrós Tékes Teklafalu Tengeri Tésenfa Téseny Tófű Tormás Tótszentgyörgy Töttös Túrony Udvar Újpetre Várad Varga Vásárosbéc Vásárosdombó Vázsnok Vejti Vékény Velény Véménd Versend Villánykövesd Vokány Zádor Zaláta Zengővárkony Zók Other topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Tourism This Baranya County–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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zalatnak"},{"link_name":"Szalánta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szal%C3%A1nta"},{"link_name":"Szaporca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaporca"},{"link_name":"Szárász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1r%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"Szava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szava"},{"link_name":"Szebény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeb%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Szederkény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szederk%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Székelyszabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelyszabar"},{"link_name":"Szellő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szell%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Szemely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szemely"},{"link_name":"Szentdénes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentd%C3%A9nes"},{"link_name":"Szentegát","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szenteg%C3%A1t"},{"link_name":"Szentkatalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentkatalin"},{"link_name":"Szentlászló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentl%C3%A1szl%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Szilvás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szilv%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Szilágy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%A1gy_(village)"},{"link_name":"Szőke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%91ke,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Szőkéd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%91k%C3%A9d"},{"link_name":"Szörény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6r%C3%A9ny_(village)"},{"link_name":"Szulimán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szulim%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Szűr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%B1r"},{"link_name":"Tarrós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarr%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Tékes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9kes"},{"link_name":"Teklafalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teklafalu"},{"link_name":"Tengeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeri,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Tésenfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9senfa"},{"link_name":"Téseny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9seny"},{"link_name":"Tófű","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3f%C5%B1"},{"link_name":"Tormás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torm%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Tótszentgyörgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3tszentgy%C3%B6rgy"},{"link_name":"Töttös","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6tt%C3%B6s"},{"link_name":"Túrony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArony"},{"link_name":"Udvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udvar"},{"link_name":"Újpetre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpetre"},{"link_name":"Várad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rad"},{"link_name":"Varga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varga,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vásárosbéc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1s%C3%A1rosb%C3%A9c"},{"link_name":"Vásárosdombó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1s%C3%A1rosdomb%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Vázsnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1zsnok"},{"link_name":"Vejti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejti"},{"link_name":"Vékény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9k%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Velény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Véménd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9m%C3%A9nd"},{"link_name":"Versend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versend"},{"link_name":"Villánykövesd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A1nyk%C3%B6vesd"},{"link_name":"Vokány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vok%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Zádor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1dor,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Zaláta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal%C3%A1ta"},{"link_name":"Zengővárkony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng%C5%91v%C3%A1rkony"},{"link_name":"Zók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_of_Baranya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Baranya_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Baranya County–related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranya_County"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1pr%C3%A1d&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baranya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Baranya-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baranya-geo-stub"}],"text":"Village in Baranya, HungaryPáprád is a village in Sellye District, in Baranya county, Hungary.vteBaranya CountyCity with county rights\nPécs (county seat)\nTowns\nBóly\nHarkány\nKomló\nKozármisleny\nMágocs\nMohács\nPécsvárad\nSásd\nSellye\nSiklós\nSzentlőrinc\nSzigetvár\nVillány\nLarge villages\nBeremend\nSzászvár\nVajszló\nVillages\nAbaliget\nAdorjás\nÁg\nAlmamellék\nAlmáskeresztúr\nAlsómocsolád\nAlsószentmárton\nApátvarasd\nAranyosgadány\nÁta\nBabarc\nBabarcszőlős\nBakóca\nBakonya\nBaksa\nBánfa\nBaranyahídvég\nBaranyajenő\nBaranyaszentgyörgy\nBasal\nBelvárdgyula\nBerkesd\nBesence\nBezedek\nBicsérd\nBikal\nBirján\nBisse\nBoda\nBodolyabér\nBogdása\nBogád\nBogádmindszent\nBoldogasszonyfa\nBorjád\nBosta\nBotykapeterd\nBükkösd\nBár\nBürüs\nCsányoszró\nCsarnóta\nCsebény\nCserdi\nCserkút\nCsertő\nCsonkamindszent\nCún\nDencsháza\nDinnyeberki\nDiósviszló\nDrávacsehi\nDrávacsepely\nDrávafok\nDrávaiványi\nDrávakeresztúr\nDrávapalkonya\nDrávapiski\nDrávaszabolcs\nDrávaszerdahely\nDrávasztára\nDunaszekcső\nEgerág\nEgyházasharaszti\nEgyházaskozár\nEllend\nEndrőc\nErdősmecske\nErdősmárok\nErzsébet\nFazekasboda\nFeked\nFelsőegerszeg\nFelsőszentmárton\nGaré\nGerde\nGeresdlak\nGerényes\nGilvánfa\nGödre\nGörcsöny\nGörcsönydoboka\nGordisa\nGyód\nGyöngyfa\nGyöngyösmellék\nHásságy\nHegyhátmaróc\nHegyszentmárton\nHelesfa\nHetvehely\nHidas\nHimesháza\nHirics\nHobol\nHomorúd\nHorváthertelend\nHosszúhetény\nHusztót\nIbafa\nIllocska\nIpacsfa\nIvánbattyán\nIvándárda\nKacsóta\nKákics\nKárász\nKásád\nKátoly\nKatádfa\nKékesd\nKémes\nKemse\nKeresztespuszta\nKeszü\nKétújfalu\nKirályegyháza\nKisasszonyfa\nKisbeszterce\nKisbudmér\nKisdobsza\nKisdér\nKishajmás\nKisharsány\nKisherend\nKisjakabfalva\nKiskassa\nKislippó\nKisnyárád\nKisszentmárton\nKistamási\nKistapolca\nKistótfalu\nKisvaszar\nKisújbánya\nKöblény\nKökény\nKölked\nKórós\nKővágószőlős\nKővágótöttös\nKovácshida\nKovácsszénája\nLánycsók\nLapáncsa\nLiget\nLippó\nLiptód\nLothárd\nLovászhetény\nLúzsok\nMagyarbóly\nMagyaregregy\nMagyarhertelend\nMagyarlukafa\nMagyarmecske\nMagyarsarlós\nMagyarszék\nMagyartelek\nMajs\nMánfa\nMárfa\nMáriakéménd\nMarkóc\nMárok\nMartonfa\nMaráza\nMarócsa\nMatty\nMáza\nMecseknádasd\nMecsekpölöske\nMekényes\nMerenye\nMeződ\nMindszentgodisa\nMolvány\nMonyoród\nMozsgó\nNagybudmér\nNagycsány\nNagydobsza\nNagyhajmás\nNagyharsány\nNagykozár\nNagynyárád\nNagypall\nNagypeterd\nNagytótfalu\nNagyváty\nNemeske\nNyugotszenterzsébet\nÓbánya\nÓcsárd\nÓfalu\nOkorvölgy\nOkorág\nOlasz\nOld\nOrfű\nOroszló\nÓzdfalu\nPalkonya\nPalotabozsok\nPalé\nPáprád\nPatapoklosi\nPécsbagota\nPécsdevecser\nPécsudvard\nPellérd\nPereked\nPeterd\nPettend\nPiskó\nPócsa\nPogány\nRádfalva\nRegenye\nRomonya\nRózsafa\nSámod\nSárok\nSátorhely\nSiklósbodony\nSiklósnagyfalu\nSomberek\nSomogyapáti\nSomogyhatvan\nSomogyhárságy\nSomogyviszló\nSósvertike\nSumony\nSzabadszentkirály\nSzágy\nSzajk\nSzalatnak\nSzalánta\nSzaporca\nSzárász\nSzava\nSzebény\nSzederkény\nSzékelyszabar\nSzellő\nSzemely\nSzentdénes\nSzentegát\nSzentkatalin\nSzentlászló\nSzilvás\nSzilágy\nSzőke\nSzőkéd\nSzörény\nSzulimán\nSzűr\nTarrós\nTékes\nTeklafalu\nTengeri\nTésenfa\nTéseny\nTófű\nTormás\nTótszentgyörgy\nTöttös\nTúrony\nUdvar\nÚjpetre\nVárad\nVarga\nVásárosbéc\nVásárosdombó\nVázsnok\nVejti\nVékény\nVelény\nVéménd\nVersend\nVillánykövesd\nVokány\nZádor\nZaláta\nZengővárkony\nZók\nOther topics\nHistory\nGeography\nGovernment\nEconomy\nCulture\nTourismThis Baranya County–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Páprád"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Street_Chapel
Cross Street Chapel
["1 History","2 The Chapel","3 Notable ministry and congregation","4 List of ministers","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°28′54″N 2°14′40″W / 53.4817°N 2.2444°W / 53.4817; -2.2444Unitarian church in Manchester, England The modern Cross Street Chapel Cross Street Chapel is a Unitarian church in central Manchester, England. It is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians. History Cross Street Chapel c.1835 The Act of Uniformity 1662 imposed state control on religion by regulating the style of worship in the Church of England. However, many clergy rejected the restrictions, and of the 2000 ministers who were ejected from the established church, Henry Newcome established his own congregation that same year. The "Dissenters' Meeting House" was opened in 1694 and holds a special place in the growth of nonconformism within the city. In 2012, the chapel became the first place of worship to be granted a civil partnership licence when the law changed in England. During the construction of Manchester Metrolink's second city crossing in the City Zone, 270 bodies from what used to be the chapel's graveyard had to be exhumed and reburied. The work took place from 2014–17. The Chapel The building was renamed the Cross Street Chapel and became a Unitarian meeting-house c.1761. It was wrecked by a Jacobite mob in 1715, rebuilt and destroyed during a World War II air raid in December 1940. A new building was constructed in 1959 and the present structure dates from 1997. The Gaskell Room of the new building houses a collection of memorabilia of novelist Elizabeth Gaskell. Notable ministry and congregation Urban historian Harold L. Platt notes that in the Victorian period "The importance of membership in this Unitarian congregation cannot be overstated: as the fountainhead of Manchester Liberalism it exerted tremendous influence on the city and the nation for a generation." Cross Street Chapel interior Sir Thomas Baker William Fairbairn Elizabeth Gaskell William Gaskell James Heywood Eaton Hodgkinson James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet Henry Newcome Thomas Potter John Henry Reynolds Thomas Worthington List of ministers Henry Newcome 1662–1695 John Chorlton 1687–1707 James Coningham 1700–1712 Eliezer Birch 1710–1717 Joseph Mottershead 1717–1771 Joshua Jones 1725–1740 John Seddon 1741–1769 Robert Gore 1770–1779 Ralph Harrison 1771–1810 Thomas Barnes 1780–1810 John Grundy 1811–1824 John Gooch Robberds 1811–1854 John Hugh Worthington 1825–1827 William Gaskell 1828–1884 James Panton Ham 1855–1859 James Drummond 1860–1869 Samuel Alfred Steinthall 1870–1893 Edwin Pinder Barrow 1893–1911 Emanuel L.H. Thomas 1912–1917 H. Harrold Johnson 1919–1928 Charles W. Townsend 1929–1942 F.H. Amphlett Micklewright 1943–1949 Fred Kenworthy 1950–1955 Reginald W. Wilde 1955–1959 Charles H. Bartlett 1960–1967 Kenneth B. Ridgway 1969–1971 E.J. Raymond Cook 1972–1987 Denise Boyd 1988–1996 John A. Midgley 1997–2008 Jane Barraclough 2008–2014 Cody Coyne 2014–present References ^ Find a Congregation: Manchester Cross Street, The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (Great Britain), archived from the original on 20 July 2011, retrieved 23 January 2011 ^ "Manchester Cross Street Chapel gains civil partnership licence". BBC News. 9 March 2012. ^ Cox, Charlotte (21 January 2017). "The last of the 270 bodies found beneath Metrolink's city crossing have been once again laid to rest". Manchester Evening News. ^ Shercliff WH Manchester: A Short History of its Development, Municipal Information Bureau, Town Hall, Manchester (1960) ^ a b Platt, Harold L. (2005). Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform of Manchester and Chicago. University of Chicago Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780226670768. ^ Hotz, Mary Elizabeth (Summer 2000). ""Taught by death what life should be": Elizabeth Gaskell's representation of death in "North and South"". Studies in the Novel. 32 (2): 165–184. JSTOR 29533389.(subscription required) Further reading Baker, Thomas (1884). Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel. External links Cross Street Chapel official site The Gaskell Society official site 53°28′54″N 2°14′40″W / 53.4817°N 2.2444°W / 53.4817; -2.2444 vteList of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churchesAustralia Unitarian Church of South Australia Canada First Unitarian Congregation of Toronto Ireland Unitarian Church in Ireland Romania Unitarian Church of Transylvania Unitarian church, Dârjiu United Kingdom Bank Street Unitarian Chapel Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel Brighton Unitarian Church Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford Brookfield Unitarian Church Chowbent Chapel Cross Street Chapel Dean Row Chapel, Wilmslow Essex Street Chapel Fulwood Old Chapel Gellionnen Chapel General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches Hastings Unitarian Church Horsham Unitarian Church King Edward Street Chapel, Macclesfield Meadrow Unitarian Chapel Mill Hill Chapel Unitarian Meeting House, Newcastle-under-Lyme Newington Green Unitarian Church Norcliffe Chapel Northiam Unitarian Chapel Nottage General Baptist & Unitarian Church Octagon Chapel, Norwich Richmond and Putney Unitarian Church Rivington Unitarian Chapel Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel Shrewsbury Unitarian Church Taunton Unitarian Chapel Todmorden Unitarian Church Toxteth Unitarian Chapel Underbank Chapel Ullet Road Unitarian Church Unitarian Meeting House, Ipswich Upper Chapel York Unitarian Chapel United States Alaska Anchorage Unitarian Universalist Fellowship California First Unitarian Church of Los Angeles First Unitarian Church of Oakland First Unitarian Church of San Jose First Unitarian Universalist Church of San Diego Mount Diablo Unitarian Universalist Church Northwest Unitarian Universalist Congregation Pacific Unitarian Church Sepulveda Unitarian Universalist Society Unitarian Universalist Church of Berkeley Universalist Unitarian Church of Riverside Colorado Unitarian Universalist Church of Boulder Connecticut Unitarian Church in Westport Unitarian Universalist Church Universalist Church of West Hartford District of Columbia All Souls Church, Unitarian Universalist National Memorial Church Georgia First Universalist Church Hawaii First Unitarian Church of Honolulu Illinois Beverly Unitarian Church Channing-Murray Foundation First Unitarian Church of Chicago Third Unitarian Church Unity Temple Universalist Unitarian Church of Joliet Indiana Temple Israel Iowa First Unitarian Church First Universalist Church of Cedar Rapids Universalist Church Maine Dexter Universalist Church First Universalist Church Pittsfield Universalist Church Stockton Springs Community Church Universalist-Unitarian Church Maryland Cedar Lane Unitarian Universalist Church First Unitarian Church Massachusetts All Souls Church Arlington Street Church Bernardston Congregational Unitarian Church Brattle Street Church First Parish in Cambridge First Church in Boston First Church in Roxbury First Church in Salem First Church of Christ, Unitarian First Parish Church (Duxbury, Massachusetts) First Parish Church (Taunton, Massachusetts) First Parish Church (Waltham, Massachusetts) First Parish Church in Plymouth First Parish Church of Dorchester First Parish Church, Arlington Massachusetts First Parish in Malden First Parish of Sudbury First Parish Unitarian Church First Parish Unitarian Universalist Church of Scituate First Religious Society Church and Parish Hall First Unitarian Church (Peabody, Massachusetts) First Unitarian Church (Somerville, Massachusetts) First Unitarian Church (Stoneham, Massachusetts) First Unitarian Society in Newton First Universalist Church (Provincetown, Massachusetts) First Universalist Church (Salem, Massachusetts) First Universalist Church (Somerville, Massachusetts) Follen Church Society-Unitarian Universalist Housatonic Congregational Church King's Chapel North Parish Church Old Ship Church Second Unitarian Church Theodore Parker Unitarian Universalist Church Unitarian Church of Barnstable Unitarian Memorial Church Unitarian Society Unitarian Universalist Church of Medford and the Osgood House United First Parish Church Universalist Society Meetinghouse Wollaston Unitarian Church Michigan Barn Church First Unitarian Universalist Church of Detroit Unitarian Universalist Church Minnesota First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis Nebraska First Unitarian Church of Omaha New Hampshire First Universalist Church Peterborough Unitarian Church South Parish Unitarian Church New Jersey Beacon Unitarian Universalist Congregation in Summit Old Stone Church New York Chapin Memorial Church Christ Church First Unitarian Church of Rochester First Unitarian Church of Rochester (building) First Universalist Church First Universalist Church of Portageville First Unitarian Congregational Society First Unitarian Universalist Church of Niagara Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York Pullman Memorial Universalist Church Second Unitarian Church Unitarian Church of All Souls Unitarian Universalist Church Unitarian Universalist Church of Buffalo North Carolina Eno River Unitarian Universalist Fellowship Long View Center The Unitarian Universalist Church of Charlotte Ohio All Souls Unitarian-Universalist Church Apostolic Bethlehem Temple Church First Unitarian Church First Unitarian Church of Marietta First Universalist Church of Lyons, Ohio First Universalist Church of Olmsted Unitarian Universalist Church of Kent Ohio Universalist Church of Westfield Center Oklahoma All Souls Unitarian Church Oregon First Congregational Church of Oregon City Philadelphia First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia First Universalist Church of Sharpsville Unitarian Universalist Church of Lancaster Rhode Island Bell Street Chapel First Unitarian Church of Providence First Universalist Church South Carolina Liberty Universalist Church and Feasterville Academy Historic District Unitarian Church in Charleston Tennessee Church of the River Vermont Cavendish Universalist Church Unitarian Church Virginia Mount Vernon Unitarian Church Unitarian Universalist Church of Arlington Washington University Unitarian Church Wisconsin Bradford Community Church First Unitarian Church First Unitarian Society of Madison First Universalist Church United Unitarian and Universalist Church Unity Chapel vteBuildings and structures in Manchester, EnglandSkyscrapers (over 100 metres) Deansgate Square South Tower (201m) Beetham Tower (169m) Deansgate Square East Tower (158m) The Blade (154m) Three60 (154m) Elizabeth Tower (153m) Deansgate Square West Tower (141m) Viadux (136m) Deansgate Square North Tower (122m) CIS Tower (118m) Affinity Living Circle Square (116m) Oxygen Towers (110m) Angel Gardens (108m) City Tower (107m) Bridgewater Heights (106m) High-rises (over 50 metres) Artisan Heights (95m) Axis Tower (93m) 1 Spinningfields (92m) River Street Tower (92m) Arndale House (90m) Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower (87m) Cambridge Street Block A (83m) One Regent (82m) Civil Justice Centre (81m) Manchester One (80m) 1 Circle Square (76m) 3 Hardman Street (75m) Great Northern Tower (72m) One Angel Square (72m) 3 St Peter's Square (72m) The Gate, Angel Meadow (68m) The Light House (67m) Victoria Residence (67m) The Principal Manchester (66m) Victoria Mill (65m) Albert Bridge House (64m) 111 Piccadilly (64m) Islington Wharf (64m) The Slate Yard Flint Building (64m) Skyline Central (63m) The Peninsula (63m) Cambridge Street Block B (63m) No. 1 Deansgate (62m) Owens Park Tower (61m) Brooklyn Hotel (61m) One Castle Wharf (61m) Manchester Business School Hotel (60m) St James's Buildings (60m) 2 Leftbank Apartments (60m) 3 Leftbank Apartments (60m) 3 Piccadilly Place (60m) Chancery Place (60m) The Lume (60m) Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2 (60m) One St Peter's Square (59m) Two St Peter's Square (59m) Landmark, St. Peter's Square (59m) 2 Circle Square (59m) Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square (59m) Lowry House (58m) Minshull Street Courts (57m) UNITE Tower (57m) Cornbrook Works Tower 1 (57m) Ramada Renaissance Hotel (56m) Parkway Gate Block 1 (56m) Royal Exchange Theatre (55m) 1 New York Street (55m) St James's House (55m) Bank Chambers (55m) Vita Circle Square Tower 1 (54m) Kampus Tower 1 (54m) Kampus Tower 2 (54m) Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3 (54m) No. 1 Marsden Street (53m) The Stile, Angel Meadow (53m) 82 King Street (52m) Oxygen Tower 2 (52m) Vox Tower 1 (51m) Kampus Tower 3 (51m) New Century House (50m) Hexagon Tower (50m) Parkway Gate Block 2 (50m) Notable low-rises(city centre or Grade II* listed) 1 The Avenue 1–3 York Street 25 St Ann Street 38 and 42 Mosley Street 46–48 Brown Street 50 Newton Street 53 King Street 84 Plymouth Grove 100 King Street Afflecks Alan Turing Building Albert Hall Ancoats Hospital Arkwright House Athenaeum Baguley Hall Bank Chambers Barlow Hall Barton Arcade Central Library Chetham's Library Chips Clayton Hall Corn Exchange County Court Daily Express Dalton-Ellis Hall Didsbury Campus Estate Exchange Former Bank of England Free Trade Hall Gateway House Old Granada Studios The Green Building Grove House The Haçienda Hanover Building Heaton Hall Holyoake House Hough End Hall Hulme Hall Hulme Hippodrome Institute of Biotechnology John Rylands Library John Rylands University Library Kendals Lawrence Buildings Law Library Lincoln House London Road Fire Station Manchester Art Gallery Manchester Museum Mechanics' Institute Memorial Hall Midland Hotel Minshull Street Crown Courts Science and Industry Museum National Graphene Institute Nicholls Building Odeon Cinema Old Wellington Inn One Piccadilly Gardens Pankhurst Centre People's History Museum Police Museum Portico Library Playhouse Theatre Redfern Building Reform Club Rose Hill Royal Eye Hospital Rylands Building Sackville Street Building Sharston Hall Ship Canal House Slade Hall Smithfield Market Hall St Anselm Hall Saint Mary's Hospital St Michael's Strangeways Sunlight House Theatre Royal Toast Rack The Towers Transport Museum Urbis Uttley House Victoria Baths Whitworth Art Gallery Whitworth Building Wythenshawe Bus Garage Wythenshawe Hall Mills and warehouses 107 Piccadilly 1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station Albion Mill Asia House Beehive Mill Bridgewater House Brownsfield Mill Brunswick Mill Canada House Chorlton New Mills Churchgate House Dale Street Warehouse Havelock Mills India House Jackson's Warehouse Lancaster House McConnel & Kennedy Mills Murrays' Mills Old Mill Piccadilly Mill Royal Mill Shudehill Mill Watts Warehouse Religious(Grade I or II* listed) British Muslim Heritage Centre Brookfield Church Castlefield Chapel Christ Church Cross Street Chapel Holy Name of Jesus Edgar Wood Centre Gorton Monastery Holy Trinity Platt Church The Hidden Gem (Church of St Mary) Jewish Museum Manchester Cathedral Manchester Reform Synagogue St Ann's St Chrysostom's Church Church of St Cross St George St James St John St Mary (Hulme) Church of St Michael St Nicholas St Peter Upper Brook Street Chapel St Wilfrid Transportation Manchester Airport Airport station Deansgate station Piccadilly station Victoria station Oxford Road station Piccadilly bus station Shudehill Interchange Entertainment O2 Apollo Arndale Centre Bridgewater Hall Castlefield Bowl Central Co-op Live Contact Theatre Cornerhouse The Factory Great Northern Warehouse HOME Palace Theatre Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre Opera House The Printworks Manchester Arena Manchester Academy O2 Ritz Royal Exchange Theatre Victoria Warehouse Sports venues Aquatics Centre Belle Vue Stadium Broadhurst Park National Cycling Centre (BMX Arena, Velodrome) Etihad Campus City of Manchester Stadium Manchester City Academy Stadium Manchester Regional Arena National Speedway Stadium National Squash Centre Memorials and sculptures Alan Turing Memorial Albert Memorial B of the Bang The Glade of Light Cenotaph Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue) Peacock Mausoleum Victory Over Blindness Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Corporation Street Bridge Hulme Arch Bridge Irwell Railway bridge Palatine Bridge Store Street Aqueduct Trinity Bridge Victoria Bridge Architecture Castles Churches Grade I listed Grade II* listed Grade II listed Mills Monuments Tallest Warehouses Italics denote building under construction Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrossStChapel_Manchester_frontDoor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches"},{"link_name":"umbrella organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_organisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Unitarian church in Manchester, EnglandThe modern Cross Street ChapelCross Street Chapel is a Unitarian church in central Manchester, England. It is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians.[1]","title":"Cross Street Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_Street_Chapel_Manchester_(1835).jpg"},{"link_name":"Act of Uniformity 1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"2000 ministers who were ejected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ejection"},{"link_name":"established church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Established_church"},{"link_name":"Henry Newcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newcome"},{"link_name":"nonconformism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"civil partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Manchester Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink"},{"link_name":"City Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Zone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cross Street Chapel c.1835The Act of Uniformity 1662 imposed state control on religion by regulating the style of worship in the Church of England. However, many clergy rejected the restrictions, and of the 2000 ministers who were ejected from the established church, Henry Newcome established his own congregation that same year. The \"Dissenters' Meeting House\" was opened in 1694 and holds a special place in the growth of nonconformism within the city.In 2012, the chapel became the first place of worship to be granted a civil partnership licence when the law changed in England.[2] During the construction of Manchester Metrolink's second city crossing in the City Zone, 270 bodies from what used to be the chapel's graveyard had to be exhumed and reburied. The work took place from 2014–17.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"air raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell"}],"text":"The building was renamed the Cross Street Chapel and became a Unitarian meeting-house c.1761.[4] It was wrecked by a Jacobite mob in 1715, rebuilt and destroyed during a World War II air raid in December 1940. A new building was constructed in 1959 and the present structure dates from 1997. The Gaskell Room of the new building houses a collection of memorabilia of novelist Elizabeth Gaskell.","title":"The Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platt2005-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrossStChapel_Manchester_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baker_(Unitarian)"},{"link_name":"William Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"William Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"James Heywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Heywood"},{"link_name":"Eaton Hodgkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson"},{"link_name":"James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Kay-Shuttleworth,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platt2005-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Newcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newcome"},{"link_name":"Thomas Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Potter_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Henry Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Reynolds_(educator)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(architect)"}],"text":"Urban historian Harold L. Platt notes that in the Victorian period \"The importance of membership in this Unitarian congregation cannot be overstated: as the fountainhead of Manchester Liberalism it exerted tremendous influence on the city and the nation for a generation.\"[5]Cross Street Chapel interiorSir Thomas Baker\nWilliam Fairbairn\nElizabeth Gaskell\nWilliam Gaskell\nJames Heywood\nEaton Hodgkinson\nJames Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet[5]\nHenry Newcome\nThomas Potter[6]\nJohn Henry Reynolds\nThomas Worthington","title":"Notable ministry and congregation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Newcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newcome"},{"link_name":"John Chorlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chorlton"},{"link_name":"James Coningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coningham"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mottershead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mottershead"},{"link_name":"John Seddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seddon_(Unitarian)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Thomas Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Barnes_(Unitarian)"},{"link_name":"John Gooch Robberds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gooch_Robberds"}],"text":"Henry Newcome 1662–1695\nJohn Chorlton 1687–1707\nJames Coningham 1700–1712\nEliezer Birch 1710–1717\nJoseph Mottershead 1717–1771\nJoshua Jones 1725–1740\nJohn Seddon 1741–1769\nRobert Gore 1770–1779\nRalph Harrison 1771–1810\nThomas Barnes 1780–1810\nJohn Grundy 1811–1824\nJohn Gooch Robberds 1811–1854\nJohn Hugh Worthington 1825–1827\nWilliam Gaskell 1828–1884\nJames Panton Ham 1855–1859\nJames Drummond 1860–1869\nSamuel Alfred Steinthall 1870–1893\nEdwin Pinder Barrow 1893–1911\nEmanuel L.H. Thomas 1912–1917\nH. Harrold Johnson 1919–1928\nCharles W. Townsend 1929–1942\nF.H. Amphlett Micklewright 1943–1949\nFred Kenworthy 1950–1955\nReginald W. Wilde 1955–1959\nCharles H. Bartlett 1960–1967\nKenneth B. Ridgway 1969–1971\nE.J. Raymond Cook 1972–1987\nDenise Boyd 1988–1996\nJohn A. Midgley 1997–2008\nJane Barraclough 2008–2014\nCody Coyne 2014–present","title":"List of ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baker, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baker_(Unitarian)"},{"link_name":"Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/memorialsadisse00bakegoog#page/n8/mode/2up"}],"text":"Baker, Thomas (1884). Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The modern Cross Street Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CrossStChapel_Manchester_frontDoor.jpg/200px-CrossStChapel_Manchester_frontDoor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross Street Chapel c.1835","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cross_Street_Chapel_Manchester_%281835%29.jpg/200px-Cross_Street_Chapel_Manchester_%281835%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cross Street Chapel interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/CrossStChapel_Manchester_interior.jpg/200px-CrossStChapel_Manchester_interior.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Find a Congregation: Manchester Cross Street, The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (Great Britain), archived from the original on 20 July 2011, retrieved 23 January 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112019/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/findcong.shtml?cong=Manchester%20Cross%20Street","url_text":"Find a Congregation: Manchester Cross Street"},{"url":"http://www.unitarian.org.uk/findcong.shtml?cong=Manchester%20Cross%20Street","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester Cross Street Chapel gains civil partnership licence\". BBC News. 9 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17311555","url_text":"\"Manchester Cross Street Chapel gains civil partnership licence\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Charlotte (21 January 2017). \"The last of the 270 bodies found beneath Metrolink's city crossing have been once again laid to rest\". Manchester Evening News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/last-270-bodies-discovered-beneath-12488487","url_text":"\"The last of the 270 bodies found beneath Metrolink's city crossing have been once again laid to rest\""}]},{"reference":"Platt, Harold L. (2005). Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform of Manchester and Chicago. University of Chicago Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780226670768.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UnhjN3ab2w8C","url_text":"Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform of Manchester and Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226670768","url_text":"9780226670768"}]},{"reference":"Hotz, Mary Elizabeth (Summer 2000). \"\"Taught by death what life should be\": Elizabeth Gaskell's representation of death in \"North and South\"\". Studies in the Novel. 32 (2): 165–184. JSTOR 29533389.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533389","url_text":"29533389"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Thomas (1884). Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baker_(Unitarian)","url_text":"Baker, Thomas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/memorialsadisse00bakegoog#page/n8/mode/2up","url_text":"Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purity_of_the_Turf_(short_story)
The Purity of the Turf (short story)
["1 Plot","2 Publication history","3 Adaptations","3.1 Television","3.2 Radio","4 References","5 External links"]
Short story by P. G. Wodehouse"The Purity of the Turf"Short story by P. G. Wodehouse1922 Cosmopolitan illustration by T. D. SkidmoreCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenre(s)ComedyPublicationPublisherThe Strand Magazine (UK)Cosmopolitan (US)Media typePrint (Magazine)Publication dateJuly 1922ChronologySeriesJeeves  The Great Sermon Handicap   The Metropolitan Touch "The Purity of the Turf" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, and features the young gentleman Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves. The story was published in The Strand Magazine in London in July 1922, and in Cosmopolitan in New York that same month. The story was also included in the 1923 collection The Inimitable Jeeves. The story features a school fair, where Bertie, Bertie's friend Bingo Little, and Jeeves form a syndicate to place bets on the contests. The underhanded bookmaker Steggles tries to rig the contests against them. Plot A school treat is to be held on the grounds at Twing Hall. Steggles, who organized the Sermon Handicap, is offering bets on victors for contests at the fair. Bertie funds bets for a syndicate of himself, Bingo Little, and Jeeves. Bingo suggests betting on Mrs. Penworthy for the Mother's Sack Race. Jeeves recommends they place a bet on Harold, an underestimated contestant, for the Choir-Boys' Hundred Yards Handicap. They place their bets and train Harold for the event. "In that case," he said, "those bets, you know – I'm afraid you lose your money, dear old boy. It's a pity you didn't put it on S.P. I always think S.P.'s the only safe way."I gave him one look. Not a bit of good, of course."And they talk about the Purity of the Turf!" I said. And I meant it to sting, by Jove! — Steggles taunts Bertie Steggles discovers Harold's skill, and they realize Steggles might try to prevent Harold from racing. Bertie attends service at church, where Harold is in the choir, to watch over Harold. Steggles is also in the choir. Suddenly, Harold cries out, disrupting the sermon. Harold complains that somebody put a beetle down his back. The parson, Heppenstall, doubts Harold, and dismisses him from the choir, disqualifying him from the race. Steggles smugly tells Bertie he has lost his money, since Bertie did not bet on starting price but instead placed an ante-post bet, meaning Bertie forfeits his wager if Harold cannot race. To make up for their loss over Harold, Jeeves tells Bingo to bet on Prudence Baxter for the Girls' Egg and Spoon Race. Bertie meets Prudence and doubts she will win. Mrs. Penworthy loses her race because Steggles gives her too much food. Prudence also loses her race. Just as Bertie starts to mourns his losses, Heppenstall announces that a servant—implied to be Jeeves—has confessed to paying several participants in the Girls' Egg and Spoon Race to finish. The four girls who finished ahead of Prudence are disqualified. Prudence is declared the winner. Publication history 1922 Strand illustration by A. Wallis Mills This story was illustrated by A. Wallis Mills in the Strand, and by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan. "The Purity of the Turf" was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse and in the 1960 collection The Most of P. G. Wodehouse. The 1981 collection of crime-related Wodehouse stories, Wodehouse on Crime, and the 1984 collection of clergy-related Wodehouse stories, The World of Wodehouse Clergy, featured this story. The story was included in the anthology Georgian Stories, published by Chapman and Hall in the UK and Putnam's in the US in 1924. Adaptations Television The television series The World of Wooster adapted the story. The episode–entitled "Jeeves and the Purity of the Turf"–was the fifth episode of the second series and was originally broadcast on 1 February 1966. This story was also adapted for the Jeeves and Wooster television series. "The Purity of the Turf" was broadcast as the third episode of the first series, first airing in the UK on 6 May 1990. The story featured Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry as, respectively, Wooster and Jeeves. Some differences in plot occur, including: Lord Wickhammersely, the owner of Twing Hall, is featured in the television episode; he is only mentioned in the original story. Lady Wickhammersley, never mentioned in the original story, plays a prominent role in the television episode: she attempts to ban gambling at Twing Hall. Bingo falls in love with a girl named Myrtle and then later with another girl named Beryl, neither of whom appears in the original story. Cynthia Wickhammersley and Freddie Widgeon, who do not appear in the original story, join the syndicate. In the original story, it is Bingo's fault that Harold's athletic skill is discovered because he has Harold caddy for him. In the television episode, it is not Bingo's fault because Harold works as a caddy anyway. In the episode, Bertie attempts to win money by entering Bingo in the Eighty Yards' Dash for Mature Gentlemen, an event not mentioned in the original story. In the television episode, no mention of Prudence Baxter or her race occurs. Instead, Jeeves makes money for the syndicate by rigging Bingo's event against him. Radio This story, along with the rest of The Inimitable Jeeves, was adapted into a radio drama in 1973 as part of the series What Ho! Jeeves starring Michael Hordern as Jeeves and Richard Briers as Bertie Wooster. References Notes ^ Cawthorne (2013), p. 57. ^ Wodehouse (2008) , chapter 14, p. 174. ^ McIlvaine (1990), p. 147, D17.20, and p. 184, D133.89. ^ McIlvaine (1990), pp. 113-114, B2a, and p. 120, B12a. ^ McIlvaine (1990), pp. 125-126, B23a, and pp. 128-129, B31a. ^ McIlvaine (1990), p. 195, E47. ^ Taves, Brian (2006). P. G. Wodehouse and Hollywood: Screenwriting, Satires and Adaptations. McFarland & Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-0786422883. ^ "Jeeves and Wooster Series 1, Episode 3". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 5 November 2017. ^ "What Ho, Jeeves!: 7: The Purity of the Turf". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 November 2017. Sources Cawthorne, Nigel (2013). A Brief Guide to Jeeves and Wooster. London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-78033-824-8. McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S.; Heineman, James H. (1990). P. G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist. New York: James H. Heineman Inc. ISBN 978-0-87008-125-5. Wodehouse, P. G. (2008) . The Inimitable Jeeves (Reprinted ed.). London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0099513681. External links The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with numerous book covers and lists of characters vteThe Inimitable Jeeves by P. G. Wodehouse "Jeeves in the Springtime" "Aunt Agatha Takes the Count" "Scoring off Jeeves" "Sir Roderick Comes to Lunch" "Jeeves and the Chump Cyril" "Comrade Bingo" "The Great Sermon Handicap" "The Purity of the Turf" "The Metropolitan Touch" "The Delayed Exit of Claude and Eustace" "Bingo and the Little Woman" The Inimitable Jeeves Carry On, Jeeves Very Good, Jeeves Thank You, Jeeves Right Ho, Jeeves The Code of the Woosters Joy in the Morning The Mating Season Ring for Jeeves Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit Jeeves in the Offing Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves Much Obliged, Jeeves Aunts Aren't Gentlemen
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Bertie Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Wooster"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet"},{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"The Strand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Inimitable Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inimitable_Jeeves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bingo Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_Little"},{"link_name":"Steggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_characters#Rupert_Steggles"}],"text":"Short story by P. G. Wodehouse\"The Purity of the Turf\" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, and features the young gentleman Bertie Wooster and his valet Jeeves. The story was published in The Strand Magazine in London in July 1922, and in Cosmopolitan in New York that same month. The story was also included in the 1923 collection The Inimitable Jeeves.[1]The story features a school fair, where Bertie, Bertie's friend Bingo Little, and Jeeves form a syndicate to place bets on the contests. The underhanded bookmaker Steggles tries to rig the contests against them.","title":"The Purity of the Turf (short story)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"Twing Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse_locations#Twing_Hall"},{"link_name":"the Sermon Handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Sermon_Handicap"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Heppenstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jeeves_characters#Francis_Heppenstall"},{"link_name":"starting price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_price"},{"link_name":"ante-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante-post"}],"text":"A school treat is to be held on the grounds at Twing Hall. Steggles, who organized the Sermon Handicap, is offering bets on victors for contests at the fair. Bertie funds bets for a syndicate of himself, Bingo Little, and Jeeves. Bingo suggests betting on Mrs. Penworthy for the Mother's Sack Race. Jeeves recommends they place a bet on Harold, an underestimated contestant, for the Choir-Boys' Hundred Yards Handicap. They place their bets and train Harold for the event.\"In that case,\" he said, \"those bets, you know – I'm afraid you lose your money, dear old boy. It's a pity you didn't put it on S.P. I always think S.P.'s the only safe way.\"I gave him one look. Not a bit of good, of course.\"And they talk about the Purity of the Turf!\" I said. And I meant it to sting, by Jove!\n\n\n— Steggles taunts Bertie[2]Steggles discovers Harold's skill, and they realize Steggles might try to prevent Harold from racing. Bertie attends service at church, where Harold is in the choir, to watch over Harold. Steggles is also in the choir. Suddenly, Harold cries out, disrupting the sermon. Harold complains that somebody put a beetle down his back. The parson, Heppenstall, doubts Harold, and dismisses him from the choir, disqualifying him from the race. Steggles smugly tells Bertie he has lost his money, since Bertie did not bet on starting price but instead placed an ante-post bet, meaning Bertie forfeits his wager if Harold cannot race.To make up for their loss over Harold, Jeeves tells Bingo to bet on Prudence Baxter for the Girls' Egg and Spoon Race. Bertie meets Prudence and doubts she will win.Mrs. Penworthy loses her race because Steggles gives her too much food. Prudence also loses her race. Just as Bertie starts to mourns his losses, Heppenstall announces that a servant—implied to be Jeeves—has confessed to paying several participants in the Girls' Egg and Spoon Race to finish. The four girls who finished ahead of Prudence are disqualified. Prudence is declared the winner.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Purity_of_the_Turf_illustration_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"A. Wallis Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wallis_Mills"},{"link_name":"A. Wallis Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wallis_Mills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1922 Strand illustration by A. Wallis MillsThis story was illustrated by A. Wallis Mills in the Strand, and by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan.[3]\"The Purity of the Turf\" was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse and in the 1960 collection The Most of P. G. Wodehouse.[4] The 1981 collection of crime-related Wodehouse stories, Wodehouse on Crime, and the 1984 collection of clergy-related Wodehouse stories, The World of Wodehouse Clergy, featured this story.[5]The story was included in the anthology Georgian Stories, published by Chapman and Hall in the UK and Putnam's in the US in 1924.[6]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The World of Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Wooster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jeeves and Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves_and_Wooster"},{"link_name":"The Purity of the Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purity_of_the_Turf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The television series The World of Wooster adapted the story. The episode–entitled \"Jeeves and the Purity of the Turf\"–was the fifth episode of the second series and was originally broadcast on 1 February 1966.[7]This story was also adapted for the Jeeves and Wooster television series. \"The Purity of the Turf\" was broadcast as the third episode of the first series, first airing in the UK on 6 May 1990.[8] The story featured Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry as, respectively, Wooster and Jeeves.Some differences in plot occur, including:Lord Wickhammersely, the owner of Twing Hall, is featured in the television episode; he is only mentioned in the original story. Lady Wickhammersley, never mentioned in the original story, plays a prominent role in the television episode: she attempts to ban gambling at Twing Hall.\nBingo falls in love with a girl named Myrtle and then later with another girl named Beryl, neither of whom appears in the original story.\nCynthia Wickhammersley and Freddie Widgeon, who do not appear in the original story, join the syndicate.\nIn the original story, it is Bingo's fault that Harold's athletic skill is discovered because he has Harold caddy for him. In the television episode, it is not Bingo's fault because Harold works as a caddy anyway.\nIn the episode, Bertie attempts to win money by entering Bingo in the Eighty Yards' Dash for Mature Gentlemen, an event not mentioned in the original story.\nIn the television episode, no mention of Prudence Baxter or her race occurs. Instead, Jeeves makes money for the syndicate by rigging Bingo's event against him.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What Ho! Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Ho!_Jeeves"},{"link_name":"Michael Hordern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hordern"},{"link_name":"Richard Briers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Briers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"This story, along with the rest of The Inimitable Jeeves, was adapted into a radio drama in 1973 as part of the series What Ho! Jeeves starring Michael Hordern as Jeeves and Richard Briers as Bertie Wooster.[9]","title":"Adaptations"}]
[{"image_text":"1922 Strand illustration by A. Wallis Mills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/The_Purity_of_the_Turf_illustration_01.jpg/220px-The_Purity_of_the_Turf_illustration_01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Taves, Brian (2006). P. G. Wodehouse and Hollywood: Screenwriting, Satires and Adaptations. McFarland & Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-0786422883.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786422883","url_text":"978-0786422883"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeeves and Wooster Series 1, Episode 3\". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 5 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/jeeves_and_wooster/episodes/1/3/","url_text":"\"Jeeves and Wooster Series 1, Episode 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Ho, Jeeves!: 7: The Purity of the Turf\". BBC Genome Project. Retrieved 19 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c667b70ed5e04d998dc119a5ba6ca998","url_text":"\"What Ho, Jeeves!: 7: The Purity of the Turf\""}]},{"reference":"Cawthorne, Nigel (2013). A Brief Guide to Jeeves and Wooster. London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-78033-824-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne","url_text":"Cawthorne, Nigel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson","url_text":"Constable & Robinson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-824-8","url_text":"978-1-78033-824-8"}]},{"reference":"McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S.; Heineman, James H. (1990). P. G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist. New York: James H. Heineman Inc. ISBN 978-0-87008-125-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87008-125-5","url_text":"978-0-87008-125-5"}]},{"reference":"Wodehouse, P. G. (2008) [1923]. The Inimitable Jeeves (Reprinted ed.). London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0099513681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse","url_text":"Wodehouse, P. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Books","url_text":"Arrow Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099513681","url_text":"978-0099513681"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/jeeves_and_wooster/episodes/1/3/","external_links_name":"\"Jeeves and Wooster Series 1, Episode 3\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c667b70ed5e04d998dc119a5ba6ca998","external_links_name":"\"What Ho, Jeeves!: 7: The Purity of the Turf\""},{"Link":"http://wodehouse.ru/31.htm","external_links_name":"The Russian Wodehouse Society's page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta1_Lyrae
Zeta1 Lyrae
["1 Observational history","2 Binary system","3 Variability","4 References"]
Star in the constellation Lyra For other stars with this Bayer designation, see ζ Lyrae. ζ1 Lyrae Location of ζ Lyrae (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) Constellation Lyra Right ascension 18h 44m 46.35735s Declination +37° 36′ 18.4171″ Apparent magnitude (V) 4.37 Characteristics Spectral type kA5hF0mF2 U−B color index +0.17 B−V color index +0.18 AstrometryProper motion (μ) RA: +29.04 mas/yr Dec.: +27.03 mas/yr Parallax (π)20.89 ± 0.17 masDistance156 ± 1 ly (47.9 ± 0.4 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)+0.94 OrbitPeriod (P)4.3 dEccentricity (e)0.01Periastron epoch (T)2440000.723 JDArgument of periastron (ω)(secondary)0.00°Semi-amplitude (K1)(primary)51.6 km/s DetailsMass2.36 M☉Radius2.5 R☉Luminosity31 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.7±0.1 cgsTemperature7914±112 KMetallicity 0.38±0.06 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)47 km/sAge500 Myr Other designations ζ1 Lyr, 6 Lyr, BD+37°3222, HD 173648, HIP 91971, HR 7056, SAO 67321. Database referencesSIMBADdata Zeta1 Lyrae, Latinized from ζ1 Lyrae, is a binary star in the northern constellation of Lyra. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 20.89 mas as seen from Earth, the pair are located about 156 light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37. Observational history The stars Zeta1 and Zeta2 Lyrae photographed with an amateur telescope by David Chifiriuc. The visual separation between the two stars is 43.7″ (in 2020). ζ1 Lyrae was discovered to be a spectroscopic binary by William Wallace Campbell and Heber Doust Curtis in 1905 from photographic plates taken at the Lick Observatory between 1902 and 1904. The first orbit was calculated by Frank Craig Jordan of Allegheny Observatory in 1910 with results in good agreement with the most recent orbit. Several other faint stars within about an arc-minute have been listed as companions, but none are physically associated with ζ1 Lyrae. Binary system This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 4.3 days and a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.01. The primary, component A, is an Am star with a stellar classification of kA5hF0mF2. This complex notation indicates that the spectral type determined solely from the calcium K line would be A5, the spectral type determined from other metallic lines would be F2, and the type determined from hydrogen lines would be F0. Variability ζ1 Lyrae appears to be slightly variable, with a frequency of 0.65256 cycles per day and an amplitude of 0.0032 in magnitude. The star has an estimated 2.36 times the mass of the Sun and around 2.5 times the Sun's radius. The position of this system is associated with an X-ray source with a luminosity of 571.6×1020 W. References ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600. ^ a b c d Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986), "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)", Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data, SIMBAD, Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M. ^ a b Abt, Helmut A.; Morrell, Nidia I. (1995), "The Relation between Rotational Velocities and Spectral Peculiarities among A-Type Stars", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 99: 135, Bibcode:1995ApJS...99..135A, doi:10.1086/192182. ^ Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644. ^ a b Pourbaix, D.; Tokovinin, A. A.; Batten, A. H.; Fekel, F. C.; Hartkopf, W. I.; et al. (2004), "SB9: The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 424 (2): 727–732, arXiv:astro-ph/0406573, Bibcode:2004A&A...424..727P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041213, S2CID 119387088. ^ a b c De Rosa, R. J.; et al. (2013), "The VAST Survey - III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437 (2): 1216, arXiv:1311.7141, Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437.1216D, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1932. ^ a b Pasinetti Fracassini, L. E.; Pastori, L.; Covino, S.; Pozzi, A. (February 2001), "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS)", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 367 (2) (3rd ed.): 521–524, arXiv:astro-ph/0012289, Bibcode:2001A&A...367..521P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451, S2CID 425754. ^ McDonald, I.; et al. (2012), "Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 427 (1): 343–57, arXiv:1208.2037, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x, S2CID 118665352. ^ a b c Prugniel, Ph.; et al. (2011), "The atmospheric parameters and spectral interpolator for the MILES stars", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 531: A165, arXiv:1104.4952, Bibcode:2011A&A...531A.165P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116769, S2CID 54940439. ^ Royer, F.; et al. (October 2002), "Rotational velocities of A-type stars in the northern hemisphere. II. Measurement of v sin i", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 393 (3): 897–911, arXiv:astro-ph/0205255, Bibcode:2002A&A...393..897R, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943, S2CID 14070763. ^ "* zet01 Lyr", SIMBAD, Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2017-03-17. ^ Campbell, W. W.; Curtis, H. D. (1905), "A list of nine stars whose radial velocities vary", The Astrophysical Journal, 21: 189, Bibcode:1905ApJ....21..185C, doi:10.1086/141200. ^ Jordan, Frank Craig (1910), "The orbit of ζ1 Lyrae", Publications of the Allegheny Observatory of the University of Pittsburgh, 1 (17): 115–118, Bibcode:1910PAllO...1..115J. ^ Mason, Brian D.; et al. (December 2001), "The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog", The Astronomical Journal, 122 (6): 3466–3471, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M, doi:10.1086/323920. ^ Koen, Chris; Eyer, Laurent (2002), "New periodic variables from the Hipparcos epoch photometry", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 331 (1): 45–59, arXiv:astro-ph/0112194, Bibcode:2002MNRAS.331...45K, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05150.x, S2CID 10505995. ^ Schröder, C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (November 2007), "X-ray emission from A-type stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 475 (2): 677–684, Bibcode:2007A&A...475..677S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077429. vteConstellation of Lyra List of stars in Lyra Lyra in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α (Vega) β (Sheliak) γ (Sulafat) δ1 δ2 ε1 ε2 ζ1 ζ2 η (Aladfar) θ ι κ λ μ (Alathfar) ν1 ν2 Flamsteed 16 17 19 Variable R (13) S T V W RR RV RZ TT TZ UZ XY AY CC CN CY DM EP EZ FL HK HP HR KX MV V344 V361 V404 V473 V477 V478 V533 V542 V543 V545 V550 V558 HR 6845 6847 6853 6901 6968 6984 6997 7016 7017 7019 7030 7033 7041 7043 (Xihe) 7044 7064 7073 7081 7112 7115 7118 7132 7140 7146 7162 7181 7202 7204 7212 7237 7238 7244 7253 7272 7280 7284 7302 7338 7345 7346 7359 7376 7382 HD 177830 179070 180314 181068 Kepler 7 8 9 13 14 19 20 24 25 26 30 37 38 46 59 60 62 65 75 88 91 92 93 94 95 98 100 102 103 104 105 109 128 130 131 138 160 174 177 238 277 279 282 350 410 421 429 444 635 705 1513 Other Gliese 758 GJ 4063 GSC 02652-01324 HAT-P-5 (Chasoň) KSw 71 LHS 6343 LSR J1835+3259 WASP-3 WASP-58 WISE 1828+2650 ExoplanetsKepler 7b 8b 9b c d 14b 20b c d e f g 24b c d e 25b c 26e 37b c d 59b 60d 62b c d e f 91b 93b 277b c 438b 440b 422b 453b 705b Other HAT-P-5b (Kráľomoc) HD 173416 b (Wangshu) HD 178911 Bb TrES-1b Star clusters δ Lyrae cluster Messier 56 NGC 6791 Nebulae Ring Nebula GalaxiesNGC 6606 6612 6640 6646 6657 6662 6663 6665 6671 6672 6675 6685 6686 6688 6692 6695 6700 6702 6703 6710 6713 6740 6745 6765 6792 Other IC 1296
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayer designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designation"},{"link_name":"ζ Lyrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Lyrae"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Lyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyra_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"parallax shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax"},{"link_name":"mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliarcsecond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanLeeuwen2007-1"},{"link_name":"light years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_year"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mermilliod1986-2"}],"text":"For other stars with this Bayer designation, see ζ Lyrae.Zeta1 Lyrae, Latinized from ζ1 Lyrae, is a binary star in the northern constellation of Lyra. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 20.89 mas as seen from Earth,[1] the pair are located about 156 light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37.[2]","title":"Zeta1 Lyrae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeta_Lyrae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zeta2 Lyrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta2_Lyrae"},{"link_name":"William Wallace Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Heber Doust Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heber_Doust_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Lick Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell1905-12"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jordan1910-13"},{"link_name":"arc-minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-minute"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wds-14"}],"text":"The stars Zeta1 and Zeta2 Lyrae photographed with an amateur telescope by David Chifiriuc. The visual separation between the two stars is 43.7″ (in 2020).ζ1 Lyrae was discovered to be a spectroscopic binary by William Wallace Campbell and Heber Doust Curtis in 1905 from photographic plates taken at the Lick Observatory between 1902 and 1904.[12] The first orbit was calculated by Frank Craig Jordan of Allegheny Observatory in 1910 with results in good agreement with the most recent orbit.[13]Several other faint stars within about an arc-minute have been listed as companions, but none are physically associated with ζ1 Lyrae.[14]","title":"Observational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectroscopic binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopic_binary"},{"link_name":"orbital period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pourbaix2004-5"},{"link_name":"Am star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_star"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"calcium K line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_K_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abt-3"}],"text":"This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary system with an orbital period of 4.3 days and a nearly circular orbit with an eccentricity of 0.01.[5] The primary, component A, is an Am star with a stellar classification of kA5hF0mF2. This complex notation indicates that the spectral type determined solely from the calcium K line would be A5, the spectral type determined from other metallic lines would be F2, and the type determined from hydrogen lines would be F0.[3]","title":"Binary system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koen2002-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeRosa2014-6"},{"link_name":"mass of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PasinettiFracassini2001-7"},{"link_name":"Sun's radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radius"},{"link_name":"X-ray source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_X-ray_source"},{"link_name":"luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schroeder2007-16"}],"text":"ζ1 Lyrae appears to be slightly variable, with a frequency of 0.65256 cycles per day and an amplitude of 0.0032 in magnitude.[15] The star has an estimated 2.36[6] times the mass of the Sun and around 2.5[7] times the Sun's radius. The position of this system is associated with an X-ray source with a luminosity of 571.6×1020 W.[16]","title":"Variability"}]
[{"image_text":"The stars Zeta1 and Zeta2 Lyrae photographed with an amateur telescope by David Chifiriuc. The visual separation between the two stars is 43.7″ (in 2020).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zeta_Lyrae.jpg/220px-Zeta_Lyrae.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"van Leeuwen, F. (2007), \"Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction\", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.1752","url_text":"0708.1752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V","url_text":"2007A&A...474..653V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357","url_text":"10.1051/0004-6361:20078357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18759600","url_text":"18759600"}]},{"reference":"Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986), \"Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)\", Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data, SIMBAD, Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMBAD","url_text":"SIMBAD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EgUBV........0M","url_text":"1986EgUBV........0M"}]},{"reference":"Abt, Helmut A.; Morrell, Nidia I. (1995), \"The Relation between Rotational Velocities and Spectral Peculiarities among A-Type Stars\", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 99: 135, Bibcode:1995ApJS...99..135A, doi:10.1086/192182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJS...99..135A","url_text":"1995ApJS...99..135A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F192182","url_text":"10.1086/192182"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), \"XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation\", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4971","url_text":"1108.4971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AstL...38..331A","url_text":"2012AstL...38..331A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063773712050015","url_text":"10.1134/S1063773712050015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257644","url_text":"119257644"}]},{"reference":"Pourbaix, D.; Tokovinin, A. A.; Batten, A. H.; Fekel, F. C.; Hartkopf, W. I.; et al. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(disambiguation)
Man in the Iron Mask (disambiguation)
["1 Film and television","2 Literature","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
The Man in the Iron Mask was an unidentified prisoner of state in France under the reign of Louis XIV. Man in the Iron Mask may also refer to: Film and television The Man in the Iron Mask (1923 film), a German silent film directed by Max Glass The Man in the Iron Mask (1928 film) , a 1928 British film directed by George J. Banfield and Leslie Eveleigh The Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film), an American black-and-white film directed by James Whale "The Man in the Iron Mask", a 1953 episode of the TV series Monodrama Theater The Man in the Iron Mask, a 1968 British TV series directed by Hugh David The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film), a British TV film The Man in the Iron Mask (1985 film), an Australian animated TV film The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film), a British/American film directed by Randall Wallace The Man in the Iron Mask, also known as The Mask of Dumas, a 1998 American film directed by William Richert "The Man in the Iron Mask", a 1988 documentary, an episode of Timewatch "The Man in the Iron Mask", a 2000 episode of History's Mysteries "The Man in the Iron Mask", a 2010 episode of Mystery Files "The Man in the Iron Mask", a 2012 episode of Ghost Hunters International "Man in the Iron Mask", a 2014 episode segment of Mysteries at the Castle Literature L’Homme au Masque de Fer, an 1804 book by Jean-Joseph Regnault-Warin L'Homme au Masque de Fer, an 1837 book by Paul Lacroix The Man in the Iron Mask, the third part of the novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later by Alexandre Dumas The Man in the Iron Mask, an 1873 book by George Gordon McCrae L'Homme au Masque de Fer, a 1930 novel by Arthur Bernède The Man in the Iron Mask: An Historical Detective Investigation, a 1987 non-fiction book by Harry Thompson Other uses "Man in the Iron Mask", a song by Billy Bragg originally released on the album Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy "Man in the Iron Mask", nickname of American college football player Jay Berwanger Saint Germaine: The Man in the Iron Mask, a one-shot comic book from Caliber Comics See also Iron Mask (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Man in the Iron Mask.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Man in the Iron Mask may also refer to:","title":"Man in the Iron Mask (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1923 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1928 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1928_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Homme_au_masque_de_fer_(film,_1928)"},{"link_name":"George J. Banfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Banfield"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Monodrama Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodrama_Theater"},{"link_name":"Hugh David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1985 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"William Richert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richert"},{"link_name":"Timewatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewatch"},{"link_name":"History's Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%27s_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"Mystery Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Files_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"episode of Ghost Hunters International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ghost_Hunters_International_episodes#Season_3_(2011%E2%80%9312)"},{"link_name":"Mysteries at the Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysteries_at_the_Castle"}],"text":"The Man in the Iron Mask (1923 film), a German silent film directed by Max Glass\nThe Man in the Iron Mask (1928 film) [fr], a 1928 British film directed by George J. Banfield and Leslie Eveleigh\nThe Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film), an American black-and-white film directed by James Whale\n\"The Man in the Iron Mask\", a 1953 episode of the TV series Monodrama Theater\nThe Man in the Iron Mask, a 1968 British TV series directed by Hugh David\nThe Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film), a British TV film\nThe Man in the Iron Mask (1985 film), an Australian animated TV film\nThe Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film), a British/American film directed by Randall Wallace\nThe Man in the Iron Mask, also known as The Mask of Dumas, a 1998 American film directed by William Richert\n\"The Man in the Iron Mask\", a 1988 documentary, an episode of Timewatch\n\"The Man in the Iron Mask\", a 2000 episode of History's Mysteries\n\"The Man in the Iron Mask\", a 2010 episode of Mystery Files\n\"The Man in the Iron Mask\", a 2012 episode of Ghost Hunters International\n\"Man in the Iron Mask\", a 2014 episode segment of Mysteries at the Castle","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Joseph Regnault-Warin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Regnault-Warin"},{"link_name":"Paul Lacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lacroix"},{"link_name":"The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vicomte_of_Bragelonne:_Ten_Years_Later#Part_Three:_The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(Chapters_181%E2%80%93269)"},{"link_name":"George Gordon McCrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_McCrae"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bernède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bern%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Harry Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Thompson"}],"text":"L’Homme au Masque de Fer, an 1804 book by Jean-Joseph Regnault-Warin\nL'Homme au Masque de Fer, an 1837 book by Paul Lacroix\nThe Man in the Iron Mask, the third part of the novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later by Alexandre Dumas\nThe Man in the Iron Mask, an 1873 book by George Gordon McCrae\nL'Homme au Masque de Fer, a 1930 novel by Arthur Bernède\nThe Man in the Iron Mask: An Historical Detective Investigation, a 1987 non-fiction book by Harry Thompson","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_a_Riot_with_Spy_vs_Spy"},{"link_name":"Jay Berwanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Berwanger"},{"link_name":"Caliber Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_Comics"}],"text":"\"Man in the Iron Mask\", a song by Billy Bragg originally released on the album Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy\n\"Man in the Iron Mask\", nickname of American college football player Jay Berwanger\nSaint Germaine: The Man in the Iron Mask, a one-shot comic book from Caliber Comics","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)
["1 Boundaries","1.1 1974–1983","1.2 1983–present","1.3 Proposed","2 History","3 2010 general election","4 2015 general election","5 2017 general election","6 2021 by-election","7 Members of Parliament","8 Elections","8.1 Elections in the 2020s","8.2 Elections in the 2010s","8.3 Elections in the 2000s","8.4 Elections in the 1990s","8.5 Elections in the 1980s","8.6 Elections in the 1970s","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References"]
Coordinates: 54°39′N 1°16′W / 54.650°N 1.267°W / 54.650; -1.267Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom HartlepoolBorough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Hartlepool in North East EnglandCountyCounty DurhamElectorate70,032 (2018)Major settlementsHartlepool, Seaton CarewCurrent constituencyCreated1974 (1974)Member of ParliamentJill Mortimer (Conservative)SeatsOneCreated fromThe Hartlepools Hartlepool /ˈhɑːrtlɪpʊl/ is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Jill Mortimer of the Conservative Party from 2021. The constituency covers the town of Hartlepool plus nearby settlements. Labour won every contest for the seat since the first at the February 1974 election (and mostly won the predecessor constituency of The Hartlepools from the 1945 election onward) until Mortimer won the 2021 by-election, becoming the first Conservative MP to represent Hartlepool since 1959. Boundaries Map of current boundaries 1974–1983 The County Borough of Hartlepool. Before 1974 the seat was known as The Hartlepools (reflecting the representation of both old Hartlepool and West Hartlepool). The name was changed following the merger in 1967 of the County Borough of West Hartlepool and the Municipal Borough of Hartlepool to form the County Borough of Hartlepool. 1983–present The Borough of Hartlepool. As a result of major local government boundary changes in 1974 arising from the Local Government Act 1972, the Borough of Hartlepool was incorporated into the new county of Cleveland. As a consequence, a small part of the pre-1983 Easington constituency was added to the seat. The seat is currently coterminous with the borough of Hartlepool, which has close to the average population for a UK parliamentary constituency. The seat includes the town of Hartlepool itself and the nearby villages of Hart, Elwick, Greatham, Newton Bewley and Dalton Piercy. Proposed Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 general election will be unchanged. History This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hartlepool" UK Parliament constituency – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The constituency had previously substantially been in the constituency of The Hartlepools. It became the constituency of Hartlepool in 1974. Hartlepool was a Labour constituency from its creation until 2021, although its predecessor did have Conservative MPs both in the early 1960s and during the Second World War. At the 1992 general election, Edward Leadbitter stood down and was succeeded by the former Labour Director of Communications Peter Mandelson. Mandelson's pivotal role in the reshaping of the Labour Party into New Labour attracted much attention, and he became a prominent target. During the first term of the Labour government led by Tony Blair, Mandelson was twice appointed to the Cabinet and twice forced to resign amid minor but controversial scandals. At the 2001 general election there was a notable contest when Arthur Scargill, former leader of the National Union of Mineworkers and the leader of the Socialist Labour Party, stood for election in the hope of exploiting uneasiness about New Labour in "traditional" Labour heartlands. In the event, Mandelson retained his seat, while Scargill polled only 912 votes. Mandelson shocked many with a triumphalist victory speech in which he declared "They underestimated Hartlepool, and they underestimated me, because I am a fighter and not a quitter!". The following year, the town's first direct Mayoral election generated surprise when the mascot of Hartlepool United F.C., H'Angus the Monkey (real name Stuart Drummond) was elected on a platform that included free bananas for schoolchildren. Mandelson resigned as MP for Hartlepool when he was appointed as a European Commissioner in the summer of 2004. This triggered a by-election that took place on 30 September. The Hartlepool by-election – the last held prior to the 2005 general election – saw Iain Wright retain the seat for Labour with a majority of 2,033 votes. That by-election marked the first time that the United Kingdom Independence Party had ever finished in third place at a by-election. The Labour Party has continued to hold the seat since the by-election, with a dwindling majority and falling share of the vote, and at the three most recent general elections, three parties have finished in second place: the Liberal Democrats in 2005 (following their strong performance at the by-election the previous year), the Conservative Party in 2010, and UKIP, going one better than its by-election showing, in 2015. In May 2010, the Conservatives gained their largest percentage vote increase in the country in Hartlepool, reducing the Labour majority to just over 5,500, whilst in 2015, UKIP recorded their eleventh-highest vote share in the United Kingdom, taking 28% and reducing the Labour majority to just over 3,000 votes. 2010 general election Both the 2010 and 2015 general elections (in addition to several local elections) took place against the backdrop of concerns regarding the potential closure of Hartlepool and Stockton hospitals and their replacement with a new "super hospital" in out of town Wynyard. This precipitated the closure of several departments, and the removal of services from Hartlepool. The move was initially supported by Hartlepool MP Iain Wright, and opposed by Stockton South candidate James Wharton at the 2010 general election. A substantial protest group was formed opposing Wynyard, and calling on services to remain at Hartlepool, backed by a campaign by the Hartlepool Mail, a local newspaper. Following the recession of 2008, the incoming coalition government announced it would scrap the Wynyard proposals, although no guarantees were made regarding the future of Hartlepool hospital. This issue continued to dominate politics in Hartlepool at both general elections and local council elections, which dented support for Iain Wright and Labour, who had backed the Wynyard plans, whilst many independent candidates gained traction. At the 2010 general election, the Conservative Party approached Alan Wright, a regional broadcaster for the BBC and columnist for the Hartlepool Mail, to stand as its candidate, despite his lack of political and campaigning experience, hoping that his high-profile would help. It was also noted that the similarity of his name to that of the town's MP, and the fact he would feature above him on the ballot paper, might result in additional votes. The Conservative Party gained a swing of 16.7%, the largest in the country, taking second place from the Liberal Democrats, and garnering it a vote share far exceeding their traditional local support. 2015 general election Sitting MP Iain Wright was the only candidate from 2010 to remain on the much-extended ballot paper in 2015, in which the three main parties faced competition from UKIP, the Green Party, and three independent candidates, each standing primarily on healthcare-related platforms. Popular local taxi driver and charity fundraiser Stephen Picton put himself forward as the voice of the hospital campaigners, although this was challenged by the last-minute candidacy of Sandra Allison, who stood under the banner of 'Your Vote Could Save Our Hospital'. John Hobbs, an 80 year old autism campaigner stood under the tagline 'Tell it like it is'. UKIP earmarked Hartlepool as a potential gain, and the seat became one of its top ten national targets as well as its main target in the north-east, attracting significant party funding, visits from leader Nigel Farage, and the regional party conference. It selected Philip Broughton, a former Stockton Conservative Councillor and wrestling entrepreneur, as its candidate. The Conservative Party selected public affairs consultant and competitive swimmer, Richard Royal, as its candidate. The Conservative Party's national '40/40 strategy' meant that much of its regional resources were directed towards the marginal seats of Stockton South and Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, forcing candidates to campaign outside of their selected seats. The Green Party selected local member Michael Holt, who had been arrested the previous year for obstructing a police officer at a protest in London, although charges were subsequently dropped. Just days before the nomination deadline, the Liberal Democrats selected Darlington-based Hilary Allen as its candidate. On Valentines Day in 2015, a 'We Love Our Hospital' rally was organised by Save Our Hospital and the Teesside Peoples' Assembly Against Austerity, attracting large crowds in Hartlepool town centre. Candidates Iain Wright, Richard Royal, Philip Broughton, Stephen Picton and Michael Holt each gave speeches alongside other selected speakers. It was reported that Wright was booed and heckled by the crowd. One day prior to the general election, local football club Hartlepool United F.C. took the unprecedented step of openly criticising Wright, and seemingly encouraging fans to support either Royal or Broughton, both of whom had met the club's leadership and shown support for its interests. The club had been under pressure, facing relegation and had an ongoing land dispute with the Labour council. Throughout the campaign, both Phillip Broughton and Richard Royal sought to portray themselves as the only viable alternative to Iain Wright, with Broughton distributing leaflets claiming that the Hartlepool election was a 'two horse race', and Royal referring to the close 2010 result, with his slogan "Wright for your town? Wrong for your future. Turn Hartlepool Royal Blue". As a result, much of the anti Labour vote was split, with UKIP and the Conservatives gaining a combined 48.9% compared to Iain Wright's 35.6%, but neither taking enough votes individually to defeat Labour. At one point during election night itself, the vote looked so close that a recount was reported to be due, but this proved to be unnecessary after the inclusion of postal votes. 2017 general election Following the 2015 general election result, Hartlepool became the 35th most vulnerable Labour seat in the country. At the EU referendum in 2016 Hartlepool voted to 'Leave' by 69.5%, making it one of the highest Leave-voting Labour-held seats in the UK. Despite this intense Euroscepticism in the area making it perceived as a vulnerable seat for Labour, at the 2017 general election Labour's new candidate Mike Hill retained the seat, with UKIP's vote falling by 17 points and Labour's rising by 17 points. This gave Labour their biggest total vote and popular vote majority in Hartlepool since 2001. Following an allegation of sexual assault made against him in September 2019, Hill sat as an Independent. However, three weeks later, the allegation was withdrawn, and he had the Labour whip restored. 2021 by-election Main article: 2021 Hartlepool by-election On 16 March 2021 Mike Hill resigned as the MP for Hartlepool, triggering a by-election. The election was won by Jill Mortimer of the Conservative Party. It is the first time the Conservatives have held the seat. Members of Parliament Election Member Party Feb 1974 Ted Leadbitter Labour 1992 Peter Mandelson Labour 2004 by-election Iain Wright Labour 2017 Mike Hill Labour 2019 Independent Labour 2021 by-election Jill Mortimer Conservative Elections Hartlepool vote share as a percentage since the seat's formation in 1974 Elections in the 2020s General election 2024: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Jonathan Brash Workers Party Thomas Dudley Independent Sam Lee Liberal Democrats Peter Maughan Conservative Jill Mortimer Reform UK Amanda Napper Heritage Vivienne Neville Green Jeremy Spyby-Steanson By-election 2021: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Jill Mortimer 15,529 51.9 +23.0 Labour Paul Williams 8,589 28.7 –9.0 Independent Sam Lee 2,904 9.7 N/A Heritage Claire Martin 468 1.6 N/A Reform UK John Prescott 368 1.2 –24.6 Green Rachel Featherstone 358 1.2 N/A Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 349 1.2 –2.9 Independent Thelma Walker 250 0.8 N/A No description Chris Killick 248 0.8 N/A North East Hilton Dawson 163 0.5 N/A Independent Ralph Ward-Jackson 157 0.5 N/A Women's Equality Gemma Evans 140 0.5 N/A Independent Adam Gaines 126 0.4 N/A SDP David Bettney 108 0.4 N/A Monster Raving Loony The Incredible Flying Brick 104 0.3 N/A Freedom Alliance Steve Jack 72 0.2 N/A Majority 6,940 23.2 N/A Turnout 29,933 42.7 –15.2 Conservative gain from Labour Swing +16.0 The result was the biggest swing towards an incumbent governing party in a by-election in the post war era; the record was formerly the 1945 Bournemouth by-election. Elections in the 2010s General election 2019: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Mike Hill 15,464 37.7 -14.8 Conservative Stefan Houghton 11,869 28.9 -5.3 Brexit Party Richard Tice 10,603 25.8 N/A Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 1,696 4.1 +2.3 Independent Joe Bousfield 911 2.2 N/A Socialist Labour Kevin Cranney 494 1.2 N/A Majority 3,595 8.8 -9.5 Turnout 41,037 57.9 -1.3 Labour hold Swing -4.8 General election 2017: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Mike Hill 21,969 52.5 +16.9 Conservative Carl Jackson 14,319 34.2 +13.3 UKIP Phillip Broughton 4,801 11.5 -16.5 Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 746 1.8 -0.1 Majority 7,650 18.3 +10.6 Turnout 41,835 59.2 +2.4 Labour hold Swing +1.8 General election 2015: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Iain Wright 14,076 35.6 -6.9 UKIP Phillip Broughton 11,052 28.0 +21.0 Conservative Richard Royal 8,256 20.9 -7.2 Independent Stephen Picton 2,954 7.5 N/A Green Michael Holt 1,341 3.4 N/A' Save Hartlepool Hospital Sandra Allison 849 2.0 N/A Liberal Democrats Hilary Allen 761 1.9 -15.2 Independent John Hobbs 201 0.5 N/A Majority 3,024 7.7 -6.7 Turnout 39,490 56.8 +1.3 Labour hold Swing -14.0 General election 2010: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Iain Wright 16,267 42.5 -9.0 Conservative Alan Wright 10,758 28.1 +16.6 Liberal Democrats Reg Clark 6,533 17.1 -13.3 UKIP Stephen Allison 2,682 7.0 +3.5 BNP Ronnie Bage 2,002 5.2 N/A Majority 5,509 14.4 -6.7 Turnout 38,242 55.5 +4.0 Labour hold Swing -12.9 Elections in the 2000s General election 2005: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Iain Wright 18,251 51.5 -7.6 Liberal Democrats Jody Dunn 10,773 30.4 +15.4 Conservative Amanda Vigar 4,058 11.5 -9.4 UKIP George Springer 1,256 3.5 N/A Socialist Labour Frank Harrison 373 1.1 -1.3 Green Iris Ryder 288 0.8 N/A Independent John Hobbs 275 0.8 N/A Monster Raving Loony Jedediah Caleb Bartimaeus Headbanger 162 0.5 N/A Majority 7,478 21.1 -17.1 Turnout 35,436 51.5 -4.3 Labour hold Swing -11.5 By-election 2004: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Iain Wright 12,752 40.7 -18.4 Liberal Democrats Jody Dunn 10,719 34.2 +19.2 UKIP Stephen Allison 3,193 10.2 N/A Conservative Jeremy Middleton 3,044 9.7 -11.2 Respect John Bloom 572 1.8 N/A Green Iris Ryder 255 0.8 N/A National Front Jim Starkey 246 0.8 N/A Fathers 4 Justice Peter Watson 139 0.4 N/A Socialist Labour Christopher Herriot 95 0.3 -2.1 Common Good Dick Rodgers 91 0.3 N/A Independent Philip Berriman 90 0.3 N/A Monster Raving Loony Alan Hope 80 0.3 N/A Independent Rainbow Ronnie Carroll 45 0.1 N/A English Democrat Ed Abrams 41 0.1 N/A Majority 2,033 6.5 -31.7 Turnout 31,362 45.8 -10.0 Labour hold Swing -11.5 General election 2001: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Peter Mandelson 22,506 59.1 -1.6 Conservative Augustine Robinson 7,935 20.9 -0.4 Liberal Democrats Nigel Boddy 5,717 15.0 +0.9 Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill 912 2.4 N/A Independent Ian Cameron 557 1.5 N/A Independent John Booth 424 1.1 N/A Majority 14,571 38.2 -1.2 Turnout 38,051 55.8 -9.8 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1990s General election 1997: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Peter Mandelson 26,997 60.7 +8.8 Conservative Michael Horsley 9,489 21.3 -13.6 Liberal Democrats Reginald Clark 6,248 14.1 +0.8 Referendum Maureen Henderson 1,718 3.9 N/A Majority 17,508 39.4 +22.4 Turnout 44,452 65.6 -10.5 Labour hold Swing +11.2 General election 1992: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Peter Mandelson 26,816 51.9 +3.4 Conservative Graham M. Robb 18,034 34.9 +1.0 Liberal Democrats Ian Cameron 6,860 13.3 -0.8 Majority 8,782 17.0 +2.4 Turnout 51,710 76.1 +3.1 Labour hold Swing +1.2 Elections in the 1980s General election 1987: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Edward Leadbitter 24,296 48.5 +3.0 Conservative Peter Catchpole 17,007 33.9 -5.3 Liberal Arthur Preece 7,047 14.1 -1.3 Independent Ian Cameron 1,786 3.6 N/A Majority 7,289 14.6 +8.3 Turnout 50,136 73.0 +3.2 Labour hold Swing General election 1983: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Edward Leadbitter 22,048 45.5 -9.9 Conservative Frank Rogers 18,958 39.2 +1.3 SDP Norman Bertram 7,422 15.3 +8.6 Majority 3,090 6.3 -10.4 Turnout 48,434 69.8 -4.9 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1970s General election 1979: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Edward Leadbitter 27,039 55.1 +3.4 Conservative K. Miller 18,887 38.4 +3.4 Liberal Christopher M. Abbott 3,193 6.5 -6.9 Majority 8,162 16.7 ±0.0 Turnout 49,109 74.7 +2.3 Labour hold Swing General election October 1974: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Edward Leadbitter 24,440 51.7 -2.6 Conservative Nicholas Freeman 16,546 35.0 -10.7 Liberal L Tostevin 6,314 13.4 N/A Majority 7,894 16.7 +8.1 Turnout 47300 72.4 -4.5 Labour hold Swing General election February 1974: Hartlepool Party Candidate Votes % Labour Edward Leadbitter 26,988 54.3 Conservative Nicholas Freeman 22,700 45.7 Majority 4,288 8.6 Turnout 49,688 76.9 Labour win (new seat) See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Cleveland History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Cleveland History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Durham Notes ^ As with all constituencies, Hartlepool elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years. ^ Not the former Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007 ^ Walker is a member of and endorsed by the Northern Independence Party, but appears on the ballot as an Independent due to that party not being registered with the Electoral Commission. References Specific ^ "England Parliamentary electorates 2010-2018". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 23 March 2019. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 130. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983" (PDF). p. 13. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995". In the County of Cleveland. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". In Hartlepool. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 4 North East region. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Save Hartlepool Hospital". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ "£464m HOSPITAL AXED: Healthcare blow for region". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Conservatives choose Alan Wright to take on Iain Wright for MP". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog: Hartlepool Conservatives select Alan Wright to take on Labour MP Iain Wright". conservativehome.blogs.com. ^ "Hartlepool taxi driver hopes to become town's MP". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Gran launches bid to become MP over Hartlepool A&E closure". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Meet the 80-year-old granddad running to become Hartlepool's MP". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "UKIP North East Conference 2015 announced". ^ "VIDEO: UKIP's Hartlepool candidate pokes fun at 'commoners' as bizarre wrestling character". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Royal to stand as Tory candidate in Hartlepool". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Non-target candidates are instructed to leave their seats and campaign in the 40/40 – even on polling day - Conservative Home". May 2015. ^ "Protest charges dropped against Hartlepool Green Party candidate". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "Lib Dem candidate hopes to be Hartlepool's MP". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "MP faces boos from crowd at Save Our Hospital demonstration". The Northern Echo. ^ Michelle Winship (14 February 2015). "Iain Wright - Save Our Hospital Valentines Day Rally". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Hartlepool United slam Labour candidate on eve of general election". ^ "UKIP targets North-East town". The Northern Echo. ^ "Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool". Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool. ^ Wearmouth, Rachel (8 May 2015). "General Election 2015: UKIP set to request recount in Hartlepool amid purple surge". ^ "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. ^ "Hartlepool votes with massive 70% support for Leave in EU Referendum". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk. ^ "MP for Hartlepool resigns with immediate effect meaning by-election will be held". Northern Echo. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1) ^ [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001272 Hartlepool ^ "'It is a privilege': Labour elect new candidate ahead of next general election". TeessideLive. Retrieved 21 January 2024. ^ https://workerspartybritain.org/elections-2024/ ^ https://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/politics/it-needs-to-change-independent-hartlepool-general-election-candidate-sam-lee-urges-voters-to-abandon-two-party-system-4667227 ^ "Jeremy Spyby-Steanson: The Green Party Parliamentary Candidate For Hartlepool". Stockton & Hartlepool Green Party. Retrieved 29 April 2024. ^ "Notice of Poll, Statement of Persons Nominated & Situation of Polling Stations". Hartlepool Burough Council. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "How the Tories' Hartlepool by-election victory set a postwar record". www.newstatesman.com. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021. ^ "Hartlepool Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "General Election 2017: Hartlepool". ITV news. 2 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Hartlepool". BBC News. Retrieved 15 May 2015. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/download/5989/parliamentary_notice_of_poll ^ "UK > England > North East > Hartlepool". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. General Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X. vteConstituencies in North East England (29)Labour (17) Blaydon City of Durham Easington Gateshead Houghton and Sunderland South Jarrow Middlesbrough Newcastle upon Tyne Central Newcastle upon Tyne North North Durham North Tyneside South Shields Stockton North Sunderland Central Tynemouth Wansbeck Washington and Sunderland West Conservative (11) Berwick-upon-Tweed Bishop Auckland Blyth Valley Darlington Hartlepool Hexham Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland North West Durham Redcar Sedgefield Stockton South Independent (1) Newcastle upon Tyne East East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. Authority control databases: People UK Parliament 54°39′N 1°16′W / 54.650°N 1.267°W / 54.650; -1.267
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The constituency covers the town of Hartlepool plus nearby settlements.Labour won every contest for the seat since the first at the February 1974 election (and mostly won the predecessor constituency of The Hartlepools from the 1945 election onward) until Mortimer won the 2021 by-election, becoming the first Conservative MP to represent Hartlepool since 1959.","title":"Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Map of current boundaries","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Hartlepools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartlepools"},{"link_name":"West Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartlepool"}],"sub_title":"1974–1983","text":"The County Borough of Hartlepool.[2]Before 1974 the seat was known as The Hartlepools (reflecting the representation of both old Hartlepool and West Hartlepool). The name was changed following the merger in 1967 of the County Borough of West Hartlepool and the Municipal Borough of Hartlepool to form the County Borough of Hartlepool.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_(county)"},{"link_name":"Easington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"borough of Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Elwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwick,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Greatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatham,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Newton Bewley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Bewley"},{"link_name":"Dalton Piercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Piercy"}],"sub_title":"1983–present","text":"The Borough of Hartlepool.[3][4][5]As a result of major local government boundary changes in 1974 arising from the Local Government Act 1972, the Borough of Hartlepool was incorporated into the new county of Cleveland. As a consequence, a small part of the pre-1983 Easington constituency was added to the seat.The seat is currently coterminous with the borough of Hartlepool, which has close to the average population for a UK parliamentary constituency. The seat includes the town of Hartlepool itself and the nearby villages of Hart, Elwick, Greatham, Newton Bewley and Dalton Piercy.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Proposed","text":"Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, the composition of the constituency from the 2024 general election will be unchanged.[6]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituency of The Hartlepools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_of_The_Hartlepools"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1992 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Edward Leadbitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leadbitter"},{"link_name":"Peter Mandelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mandelson"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Blair_ministry"},{"link_name":"2001 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Arthur Scargill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Scargill"},{"link_name":"National Union of Mineworkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour heartlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wall_(British_politics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"direct Mayoral election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"H'Angus the Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%27Angus_the_Monkey"},{"link_name":"Stuart Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Drummond"},{"link_name":"European Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Hartlepool_by-election"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Iain Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Wright"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Independence Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"The constituency had previously substantially been in the constituency of The Hartlepools. It became the constituency of Hartlepool in 1974.Hartlepool was a Labour constituency from its creation until 2021, although its predecessor did have Conservative MPs both in the early 1960s and during the Second World War. At the 1992 general election, Edward Leadbitter stood down and was succeeded by the former Labour Director of Communications Peter Mandelson. Mandelson's pivotal role in the reshaping of the Labour Party into New Labour attracted much attention, and he became a prominent target.During the first term of the Labour government led by Tony Blair, Mandelson was twice appointed to the Cabinet and twice forced to resign amid minor but controversial scandals. At the 2001 general election there was a notable contest when Arthur Scargill, former leader of the National Union of Mineworkers and the leader of the Socialist Labour Party, stood for election in the hope of exploiting uneasiness about New Labour in \"traditional\" Labour heartlands. In the event, Mandelson retained his seat, while Scargill polled only 912 votes. Mandelson shocked many with a triumphalist victory speech in which he declared \"They underestimated Hartlepool, and they underestimated me, because I am a fighter and not a quitter!\".[7]The following year, the town's first direct Mayoral election generated surprise when the mascot of Hartlepool United F.C., H'Angus the Monkey (real name Stuart Drummond) was elected on a platform that included free bananas for schoolchildren.Mandelson resigned as MP for Hartlepool when he was appointed as a European Commissioner in the summer of 2004. This triggered a by-election that took place on 30 September. The Hartlepool by-election – the last held prior to the 2005 general election – saw Iain Wright retain the seat for Labour with a majority of 2,033 votes. That by-election marked the first time that the United Kingdom Independence Party had ever finished in third place at a by-election.The Labour Party has continued to hold the seat since the by-election, with a dwindling majority and falling share of the vote, and at the three most recent general elections, three parties have finished in second place: the Liberal Democrats in 2005 (following their strong performance at the by-election the previous year), the Conservative Party in 2010, and UKIP, going one better than its by-election showing, in 2015.In May 2010, the Conservatives gained their largest percentage vote increase in the country in Hartlepool, reducing the Labour majority to just over 5,500, whilst in 2015, UKIP recorded their eleventh-highest vote share in the United Kingdom, taking 28% and reducing the Labour majority to just over 3,000 votes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartlepool and Stockton hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tees_and_Hartlepool_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Wynyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynyard_Park,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"incoming coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Both the 2010 and 2015 general elections (in addition to several local elections) took place against the backdrop of concerns regarding the potential closure of Hartlepool and Stockton hospitals and their replacement with a new \"super hospital\" in out of town Wynyard. This precipitated the closure of several departments, and the removal of services from Hartlepool. The move was initially supported by Hartlepool MP Iain Wright, and opposed by Stockton South candidate James Wharton at the 2010 general election. A substantial protest group was formed opposing Wynyard, and calling on services to remain at Hartlepool,[8] backed by a campaign by the Hartlepool Mail, a local newspaper.Following the recession of 2008, the incoming coalition government announced it would scrap the Wynyard proposals, although no guarantees were made regarding the future of Hartlepool hospital.[9] This issue continued to dominate politics in Hartlepool at both general elections and local council elections, which dented support for Iain Wright and Labour, who had backed the Wynyard plans, whilst many independent candidates gained traction.At the 2010 general election, the Conservative Party approached Alan Wright, a regional broadcaster for the BBC and columnist for the Hartlepool Mail, to stand as its candidate,[10] despite his lack of political and campaigning experience, hoping that his high-profile would help. It was also noted that the similarity of his name to that of the town's MP, and the fact he would feature above him on the ballot paper, might result in additional votes.[11] The Conservative Party gained a swing of 16.7%, the largest in the country, taking second place from the Liberal Democrats, and garnering it a vote share far exceeding their traditional local support.","title":"2010 general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UKIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nigel Farage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stockton South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_South_and_East_Cleveland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Valentines Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentines_Day"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Labour council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Phillip Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Broughton"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Sitting MP Iain Wright was the only candidate from 2010 to remain on the much-extended ballot paper in 2015, in which the three main parties faced competition from UKIP, the Green Party, and three independent candidates, each standing primarily on healthcare-related platforms.Popular local taxi driver and charity fundraiser Stephen Picton put himself forward as the voice of the hospital campaigners,[12] although this was challenged by the last-minute candidacy of Sandra Allison, who stood under the banner of 'Your Vote Could Save Our Hospital'.[13] John Hobbs, an 80 year old autism campaigner stood under the tagline 'Tell it like it is'.[14]UKIP earmarked Hartlepool as a potential gain, and the seat became one of its top ten national targets as well as its main target in the north-east, attracting significant party funding, visits from leader Nigel Farage, and the regional party conference.[15] It selected Philip Broughton, a former Stockton Conservative Councillor and wrestling entrepreneur, as its candidate.[16] The Conservative Party selected public affairs consultant and competitive swimmer, Richard Royal, as its candidate.[17]The Conservative Party's national '40/40 strategy' meant that much of its regional resources were directed towards the marginal seats of Stockton South and Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, forcing candidates to campaign outside of their selected seats.[18] The Green Party selected local member Michael Holt, who had been arrested the previous year for obstructing a police officer at a protest in London, although charges were subsequently dropped.[19] Just days before the nomination deadline, the Liberal Democrats selected Darlington-based Hilary Allen as its candidate.[20]On Valentines Day in 2015, a 'We Love Our Hospital' rally was organised by Save Our Hospital and the Teesside Peoples' Assembly Against Austerity, attracting large crowds in Hartlepool town centre. Candidates Iain Wright, Richard Royal, Philip Broughton, Stephen Picton and Michael Holt each gave speeches alongside other selected speakers. It was reported that Wright was booed and heckled by the crowd.[21][22]One day prior to the general election, local football club Hartlepool United F.C. took the unprecedented step of openly criticising Wright, and seemingly encouraging fans to support either Royal or Broughton, both of whom had met the club's leadership and shown support for its interests.[23] The club had been under pressure, facing relegation and had an ongoing land dispute with the Labour council.Throughout the campaign, both Phillip Broughton and Richard Royal sought to portray themselves as the only viable alternative to Iain Wright, with Broughton distributing leaflets claiming that the Hartlepool election was a 'two horse race',[24] and Royal referring to the close 2010 result, with his slogan \"Wright for your town? Wrong for your future. Turn Hartlepool Royal Blue\".[25] As a result, much of the anti Labour vote was split, with UKIP and the Conservatives gaining a combined 48.9% compared to Iain Wright's 35.6%, but neither taking enough votes individually to defeat Labour. At one point during election night itself, the vote looked so close that a recount was reported to be due,[26] but this proved to be unnecessary after the inclusion of postal votes.","title":"2015 general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"EU referendum in 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Euroscepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Mike Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hill_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_(politics)"}],"text":"Following the 2015 general election result, Hartlepool became the 35th most vulnerable Labour seat in the country.[27] At the EU referendum in 2016 Hartlepool voted to 'Leave' by 69.5%, making it one of the highest Leave-voting Labour-held seats in the UK.[28] Despite this intense Euroscepticism in the area making it perceived as a vulnerable seat for Labour, at the 2017 general election Labour's new candidate Mike Hill retained the seat, with UKIP's vote falling by 17 points and Labour's rising by 17 points. This gave Labour their biggest total vote and popular vote majority in Hartlepool since 2001.Following an allegation of sexual assault made against him in September 2019, Hill sat as an Independent. However, three weeks later, the allegation was withdrawn, and he had the Labour whip restored.","title":"2017 general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hartlepool_by-election"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resignation-30"},{"link_name":"Jill Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Mortimer"}],"text":"On 16 March 2021 Mike Hill resigned as the MP for Hartlepool, triggering a by-election.[29] The election was won by Jill Mortimer of the Conservative Party. It is the first time the Conservatives have held the seat.","title":"2021 by-election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hartlepool.png"}],"text":"Hartlepool vote share as a percentage since the seat's formation in 1974","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1945 Bournemouth by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Bournemouth_by-election"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","text":"The result was the biggest swing towards an incumbent governing party in a by-election in the post war era; the record was formerly the 1945 Bournemouth by-election.[37]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"former Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prescott"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walker_39-0"},{"link_name":"Northern Independence Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Independence_Party"}],"text":"^ As with all constituencies, Hartlepool elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\n\n^ Not the former Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007\n\n^ Walker is a member of and endorsed by the Northern Independence Party, but appears on the ballot as an Independent due to that party not being registered with the Electoral Commission.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hartlepool vote share as a percentage since the seat's formation in 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hartlepool.png/500px-Hartlepool.png"}]
[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cleveland"},{"title":"History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Cleveland"},{"title":"History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_constituencies_and_boundaries_in_Durham"}]
[{"reference":"\"England Parliamentary electorates 2010-2018\". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 23 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/England-Parliamentary-electorates-for-2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"England Parliamentary electorates 2010-2018\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 130. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/539011","url_text":"Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-09-4","url_text":"0-900178-09-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/539011","url_text":"539011"}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983\" (PDF). p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1983/417/pdfs/uksi_19830417_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995\". In the County of Cleveland.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1626/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007\". In Hartlepool.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1681/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\". Schedule 1 Part 4 North East region.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1230/schedules/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103173918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1375000/video/_1376807_mandelson02_speech_vi.ram","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1375000/video/_1376807_mandelson02_speech_vi.ram","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Save Hartlepool Hospital\". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164400/http://www.savehartlepoolhospital.com/","url_text":"\"Save Hartlepool Hospital\""},{"url":"http://www.savehartlepoolhospital.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"£464m HOSPITAL AXED: Healthcare blow for region\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/163-464m-hospital-axed-healthcare-blow-for-region-1-1003515","url_text":"\"£464m HOSPITAL AXED: Healthcare blow for region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservatives choose Alan Wright to take on Iain Wright for MP\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/conservatives-choose-alan-wright-to-take-on-iain-wright-for-mp-1-1041415","url_text":"\"Conservatives choose Alan Wright to take on Iain Wright for MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog: Hartlepool Conservatives select Alan Wright to take on Labour MP Iain Wright\". conservativehome.blogs.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/2009/08/hartlepool-conservatives-select-alan-wright-to-take-on-labour-mp-iain-wright.html","url_text":"\"ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog: Hartlepool Conservatives select Alan Wright to take on Labour MP Iain Wright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartlepool taxi driver hopes to become town's MP\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/hartlepool-taxi-driver-hopes-to-become-town-s-mp-1-7043583","url_text":"\"Hartlepool taxi driver hopes to become town's MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gran launches bid to become MP over Hartlepool A&E closure\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/health/gran-launches-bid-to-become-mp-over-hartlepool-a-e-closure-1-7214281","url_text":"\"Gran launches bid to become MP over Hartlepool A&E closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the 80-year-old granddad running to become Hartlepool's MP\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/meet-the-80-year-old-granddad-running-to-become-hartlepool-s-mp-1-7220454","url_text":"\"Meet the 80-year-old granddad running to become Hartlepool's MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"UKIP North East Conference 2015 announced\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukip.org/ukip_north_east_conference_2015_announced","url_text":"\"UKIP North East Conference 2015 announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: UKIP's Hartlepool candidate pokes fun at 'commoners' as bizarre wrestling character\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/video-ukip-s-hartlepool-candidate-pokes-fun-at-commoners-as-bizarre-wrestling-character-1-6593980","url_text":"\"VIDEO: UKIP's Hartlepool candidate pokes fun at 'commoners' as bizarre wrestling character\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal to stand as Tory candidate in Hartlepool\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/royal-to-stand-as-tory-candidate-in-hartlepool-1-7052800","url_text":"\"Royal to stand as Tory candidate in Hartlepool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Non-target candidates are instructed to leave their seats and campaign in the 40/40 – even on polling day - Conservative Home\". May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2015/05/non-target-candidates-are-instructed-to-leave-their-seats-and-campaign-in-the-4040-even-on-polling-day.html","url_text":"\"Non-target candidates are instructed to leave their seats and campaign in the 40/40 – even on polling day - Conservative Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protest charges dropped against Hartlepool Green Party candidate\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/crime/protest-charges-dropped-against-hartlepool-green-party-candidate-1-7216242","url_text":"\"Protest charges dropped against Hartlepool Green Party candidate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lib Dem candidate hopes to be Hartlepool's MP\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/lib-dem-candidate-hopes-to-be-hartlepool-s-mp-1-7188996","url_text":"\"Lib Dem candidate hopes to be Hartlepool's MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP faces boos from crowd at Save Our Hospital demonstration\". The Northern Echo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/11794806.MP_faces_boos_from_crowd_at_Save_Our_Hospital_demonstration/?ref=mr","url_text":"\"MP faces boos from crowd at Save Our Hospital demonstration\""}]},{"reference":"Michelle Winship (14 February 2015). \"Iain Wright - Save Our Hospital Valentines Day Rally\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPT0KhHOLI4","url_text":"\"Iain Wright - Save Our Hospital Valentines Day Rally\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HPT0KhHOLI4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hartlepool United slam Labour candidate on eve of general election\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off-the-pitch/hartlepool-united/news/hartlepool-slam-labour-candidate_221359.html","url_text":"\"Hartlepool United slam Labour candidate on eve of general election\""}]},{"reference":"\"UKIP targets North-East town\". The Northern Echo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/local/teesvalley/11534393.UKIP_targets_North_East_town/","url_text":"\"UKIP targets North-East town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool\". Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.richardroyal.com/#!LESS-THAN-3000-VOTES-TO-CHANGE-YOUR-MP/cph7/5546178d0cf2487417083a99","url_text":"\"Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool\""}]},{"reference":"Wearmouth, Rachel (8 May 2015). \"General Election 2015: UKIP set to request recount in Hartlepool amid purple surge\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/general-election-2015-ukip-set-9209208","url_text":"\"General Election 2015: UKIP set to request recount in Hartlepool amid purple surge\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Polling Report\". ukpollingreport.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/2015guide/labour-defence/","url_text":"\"UK Polling Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartlepool votes with massive 70% support for Leave in EU Referendum\". www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/hartlepool-votes-with-massive-70-support-for-leave-in-eu-referendum-1-7980572","url_text":"\"Hartlepool votes with massive 70% support for Leave in EU Referendum\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP for Hartlepool resigns with immediate effect meaning by-election will be held\". Northern Echo. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19163562.mp-hartlepool-resigns-immediate-effect-meaning-by-election-will-held/","url_text":"\"MP for Hartlepool resigns with immediate effect meaning by-election will be held\""}]},{"reference":"\"'It is a privilege': Labour elect new candidate ahead of next general election\". TeessideLive. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/it-privilege-labour-elect-new-24516734","url_text":"\"'It is a privilege': Labour elect new candidate ahead of next general election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Spyby-Steanson: The Green Party Parliamentary Candidate For Hartlepool\". Stockton & Hartlepool Green Party. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://stocktonhartlepool.greenparty.org.uk/2024/04/29/jeremy-spyby-steanson-the-green-party-parliamentary-candidate-for-hartlepool/","url_text":"\"Jeremy Spyby-Steanson: The Green Party Parliamentary Candidate For Hartlepool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of Poll, Statement of Persons Nominated & Situation of Polling Stations\". Hartlepool Burough Council. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507095927/https://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/downloads/file/6825/notice_of_poll_statement_of_persons_nominated_and_situation_of_polling_stations","url_text":"\"Notice of Poll, Statement of Persons Nominated & Situation of Polling Stations\""},{"url":"https://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/downloads/file/6825/notice_of_poll_statement_of_persons_nominated_and_situation_of_polling_stations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How the Tories' Hartlepool by-election victory set a postwar record\". www.newstatesman.com. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. 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Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK > England > North East > Hartlepool\". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/c06.stm","url_text":"\"UK > England > North East > Hartlepool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1997\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1992\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054418/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Politics Resources\". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020412/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"\"Politics Resources\""},{"url":"http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1987\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054243/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1983\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054231/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1983\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAD
KCAD
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°56′10″N 102°43′55″W / 46.936°N 102.732°W / 46.936; -102.732Radio station in Dickinson, North Dakota For the airport in Cadillac, Michigan assigned the ICAO code KCAD, see Wexford County Airport. KCADDickinson, North DakotaFrequency99.1 MHzBranding99.1 KCADProgrammingFormatCountry musicAffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKLTCKZRXHistoryFirst air dateNovember 1996(27 years ago) (1996-11)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID57740ClassC1ERP100,000 wattsHAAT122 meters (400 ft)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen live (via iHeartRadio)Website991kcad.iheart.com KCAD (99.1 FM, "99.1 KCAD") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format serving western and central North Dakota, parts of northwest South Dakota and eastern Montana from Dickinson, North Dakota. The station is owned by iHeartMedia. KCAD signed on the air in November 1996 and was the first FM country station in southwestern North Dakota. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for KCAD". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. External links Roughrider Country 99.1 KCAD in the FCC FM station database KCAD in Nielsen Audio's FM station database vteRadio stations in the Dickinson, North Dakota, micropolitan areaBy AM frequency 1230 1460 By FM frequency 89.9 90.7 92.1 93.9 99.1 102.3 105.7 LPFM 103.3 Translators 88.1 By call sign K201FN KCAD KDIX KDPR KDXN KLTC KPAR-LP KSLS KXDI KZRN KZRX Nearby regions Bismarck Glendive Minot Rapid City Williston-Sidney See also List of radio stations in North Dakota vteCountry radio stations in the state of North DakotaStations KAOC – Langdon KBMR – Bismarck KBTO – Bottineau KCAD – Dickinson KCJB – Minot KDDR – Oakes KDLR – Devils Lake KEYZ - Williston KKBO – Flasher KLTC – Dickinson KNDC – Hettinger KNDK – Langdon KOVC – Valley City KPOK – Bowman KQDY – Bismarck KQLX-FM – Lisbon KSJB – Jamestown KUSB – Hazelton KWGO – Burlington KXDI – Belfield KXGT - Carrington KXPO – Grafton KXWI – Williston KYNU – Jamestown KYYX – Minot KYYZ – Williston KZTK – Arthur KZZJ – Rugby KZZY – Devils Lake See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in North Dakota vteThe Bobby Bones ShowAffiliate stations Pure Country Canada CJHK-FM CKRY-FM CISN-FM CKYL-FM CFQX-FM K245CO K296GB KAGG KAJA KALF KASE-FM KATP KBQI KCAD KCCY-FM KDES-FM KFLY KFXR-FM/KGLX KGBL KGGL KHEY-FM KHGE KHTR KIKN-FM KIOK KIQK KKIA KKIX KKSY-FM KKXK KMAG KMCX-FM KMFX-FM KMYY KOSO KQDY KQSN KQLA KRAZ KRJK KSD KSED KSKG KSNR KSSN KSWF KTGX KTOM-FM KTRA-FM KTST KUPL KUTQ KWBL KTHK KWFS-FM KWNR KYKR KYYX KISC HD2 KZSN W259BW W260CH WAMZ WAVW WBBG WBBI WBBS-FM WBFB/WBFE/WMCM WBJI WBLJ-FM/WBYL WBRB WBTU WBUL-FM WBWL WCKT WCKY-FM WCTH WCYQ WDVI WDSD WEGX WEZL WFUS WGAR-FM WIHB-FM WKCY-FM WKHK WKKJ WKNN WKSJ WLUB WMAD W284CS WMRN-FM WMSI WMSR-FM WMUS WMZQ WNCB WNCO-FM WNOE WOBB WPGB WQNY WRNS-FM WRNX WRUF-FM WRWD-FM WSEK-FM WSIX-FM WSTH WTBU WTNT-FM WTQR WTXT WTWF WUSH WICY/WPDM WWZD WYNK WYNR WYYD KASH-FM WKSF WUBL WPOC WDXB KAWO WKAZ WKKT WMKC WCOS WYGB WCOL KRYS WLLR WKRO K245CO WQRB KIAK WHWY WMIL WSSL WRBT WWYZ WHUC WTCR WDRM WQIK KBEQ WIMT KYKX KQBR WNLF WMEV KAKT KEEY KMRK WLWF WPAP KNIX WCOY KOLC WYOT KQSW WWFG WUBB WTNN WNUS WACO KSDR KYSN KTEX WCJM WOVK KOLV WUSQ WKKR Chris Country Radio KHUD KNUC KXKT WHQX/WHKX KMNT WCHI-HD2 WIBM WXXK KPFM WGTR WBBI WWGY CFWC W258BI WCSR-FM KPFM WQCC CKHK WCPV WZDA vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO) Board of directors Lowry Mays Irving Azoff B. J. "Red" McCombs J. C. Watts John H. Williams AM radio stations KABQ KAKC KASI KATZ KBFP KBME KBMR KCBL KCJB KCOL KCQL KCSJ KDFD KEIB KENI KEX KFAB KFAN KFBK KFBX KFI KFIV KFOO KFXR KFYI KFYR KGB KGHM KGME KGMY KHEY KHHO KHOW KHTY KHVH KHVN KIIX KIKI KION KJR KKGM KKSF KKTX KKXL KLAC KLSD KLTC KLVI KMJM KMNS KNEW KNRS KNST KOA KOGA KOGO KOY KPOJ KPRC KPTR KPWK KQNT KRDU KRRZ KRZR KSSK KSTE KTBZ KTKR KTLK KTOK KTRH KTSM KTZN KTZR KUBE KUNO KVET KVNS KWHN KWSL KWSX KWTX KXEW KXIC KXMR KXNO KXYZ KZFS WAAX WAEB WARF WAVZ WBBD WBEX WBGA WBGG WBHP WBIN WBIZ WBZ WBZT WCAO WCCF WCHI WCHO WCKY WCOS WCWA WDAE WDAK WDAS WDFN WDIA WDIZ WDOV WDSC WELI WENE WERC WESC WFLA WFLF WFNN WFXJ WFXN WGIG WGIR WGRB WGST WGVL WGY WHAM WHAS WHEN WHJJ WHLO WHNZ WHO WHOS WHP WHTK WHTY WHUC WHYN WIBA WIHB WILM WIMA WINR WINZ WIOD WISN WIZE WJAS WJBO WJDX WJDY WJET WJIP WJMX WJNO WJYZ WKBN WKBZ WKCY WKDW WKIP WKJK WKMQ WKRC WKRD WLAC WLAN WLAP WLTP WLW WMAN WMEQ WMFN WMGE WMMB WMMV WMRE WMRN WMT WMXF WNCO WNDE WNIO WNTM WOAI WOC WODT WOFX WOKY WONE WONW WOOD WOR WPCH WPEK WPKX WPOP WQLL WRAK WRAW WREC WRKK WRKO WRSO WRZX WSAI WSAN WSDV WSEK WSFC WSFZ WSOK WSPD WSRW WSYR WTAG WTAM WTEL WTGM WTKG WTKS WTKT WTLM WTLY WTSO WTUP WTVN WUST WVHU WVOC WWCD WWNC WWRK WWRL WWTF WWTX WWVA WXBN WXKS WYGM WYLD WYNF WYTS WZMG WZTA WZWB FM radio stations KAAZ-FM KABQ-FM KAKQ-FM KAGG KAJA KALZ KASE-FM (HD2) KASH-FM KATZ-FM (HD2) KBCO KBEB KBFM KBFP-FM KBFX KBGO (HD2) KBIG KBKS-FM KBOS-FM KBPI KBPL KBQI (HD2) KBRQ KCAD KCCY-FM KCDA KCOL-FM KCQQ KCYZ KDAG KDFO KDGE KDHT KDJE KDMX KDNN (HD2) KDON-FM KDRB KDWB-FM KEEY-FM KEGL (HD2) KESZ KEZA KFBK-FM KFBT KFBW KFFF (HD2) KFMQ KFOO-FM KFSO-FM KFXN-FM KFXR-FM KGB-FM KGBX-FM KGGI KGLI KGLX KGOR KGOT KHEY-FM KHFI-FM KHGE KHKN KHKS (HD2) KHKZ KHTS-FM KHUD KHYL KIAK-FM KIBT KIGL KIIS-FM KIIZ-FM KIOC KIOI KIOZ KISC (HD2) KISO (HD2) KISQ KIZS KIZZ KJAQ (HD2) KJEB KJKJ KJMS KJMY (HD2) KJR-FM (HD2) KJSN KJYO KKBD KKCW KKDM KKED KKFG KKIX KKLI KKMY (HD2) KKRQ KKRZ (HD2) KKSY-FM KKXL-FM KKYS KKZX KLFX KLOU KLTH KMAG KMCX-FM KMEL KMFX-FM KMJX KMMA KMOD-FM KMRQ KMXA-FM KMXF KMXG KMXP KMXR KMYI KMYT KNCN KNFX-FM KNIX-FM KNRS-FM KOCN KODA KODJ KOGA-FM KOHT KOKQ (HD2) KOLT-FM (HD2) KOLZ KOSF KOSO KOST KOSY-FM KPAW KPEK KPEZ (HD2) KPHT KPRC-FM KPRR (HD2) KQBT KQDY KQHT KQOD KQQL (HD2) (HD3) KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3) KQXX-FM KRAB KRBB KRCH KRFX KRPT KRQQ KRRL KRVE KRYS-FM KSAB KSD KSEZ KSFT-FM KSLZ (HD2) KSME (HD2) KSNE-FM KSNR KSOF KSRY KSSK-FM KSSN KSSS KSSX KSWF KTBT KTBZ-FM KTCL KTCZ-FM (HD2) KTEG KTEX KTGX (HD2) KTHR KTLK-FM KTMQ KTOM-FM KTOZ-FM KTRA-FM KTSM-FM KTST KUBT (HD2) KUCD (HD2) KUUL KVDU KVET-FM KVJM KVUU KVVS KWBL KWNR KWNW KWTX-FM KXBG (HD2) KXJM KXKT KXNO-FM (HD2) KXTC KXUS KXXM KXXY-FM KYKR KYLD KYMG KYMT (HD2) KYOT KYRV (HD2) KYSR KYYX KYYY KZBB KZCH KZEP-FM KZHT KZIS KZOK-FM KZPR KZPS KZRR (HD2) KZRX KZSN KZZP WACL WACO-FM WACT WAEB-FM WAEV WAGH WAIO WAKS (HD2) WAKZ WAMX WAMZ WASH-FM WATQ WAVW WAXQ WAYV WAZR WBBG WBBI WBBQ-FM WBBS WBCG WBCT WBFX WBGG-FM WBIG-FM WBIZ-FM WBKS WBNW-FM WBTP WBTT WBUL-FM (HD2) WBUV WBVB WBWL WBWZ WBYL WBZW WBZY WCHD WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3) WCHO-FM WCIB WCJM-FM WCKT WCKY-FM WCOD-FM WCOL-FM WCOS-FM WCTQ WCTW WCVU WCZR WDAR-FM WDAS-FM WDCG (HD2) WDFM WDMX WDRM WDSD WDVE WDVI WDXB (HD2) WEBG WEBN (HD2) (HD3) WEBZ WEGR WEGW WEGX WEII WEND WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3) WERZ WESC-FM WESE WEZL WFBQ WFFX WFKS WFLA-FM WFLF-FM WFLZ-FM WFMF WFQX WFSY WFUS (HD2) WFXN-FM WGAR-FM WGCI-FM WGEX WGIR-FM WGMY (HD2) (HD3) WGMZ WGSY WGTR WGY-FM WHAL-FM WHBT-FM WHCN WHCY WHEB WHFX WHJY WHKF WHLH WHLK WHLW WHOF (HD2) WHQC WHRK WHTZ WHYI-FM (HD2) WHYN-FM WIBA-FM (HD2) WIBB-FM WIHB-FM WIHT (HD2) WIKX WIMT WIOQ (HD2) WIOT WJBT (HD2) WJDX-FM WJIZ-FM WJJS WJJX WJKX WJLB WJMN WJMX-FM WJQQ WJRR (HD3) WKCI-FM (HD2) WKCY-FM WKDD WKEE-FM WKFS WKGB-FM WKGR WKGS WKKF WKKJ WKKR WKKT WKKV-FM WKNN-FM WKQI WKQQ WKSB WKSC-FM WKSF (HD2) (HD3) WKSI-FM (HD2) WKSJ-FM WKSL WKSP WKSS WKST-FM WKTU WKWK-FM WKZP WLAN-FM WLDI WLIT-FM WLKO WLKT (HD2) WLLK-FM WLLR-FM (HD2) WLLZ (HD2) (HD3) WLQB WLRQ-FM WLTW WLTY WLUB (HD2) WLVH WMAD WMAG WMAN-FM WMAX-FM WMEQ-FM WMGF (HD2) WMGP WMIA-FM (HD2) WMIB (HD3) WMIL-FM WMJI WMJJ (HD2) WMJY WMKS WMLX WMMS (HD2) WMMX WMOV-FM WMRN-FM WMRR WMRZ WMSI-FM WMTX WMUS WMXA WMXC (HD2) WMXD WMXL WMXW WMXY WMYI WMZQ-FM WNBL WNCB WNCD WNCI WNCO-FM WNDH WNIC WNNJ WNOE-FM WNOH WNOK WNRQ (HD2) WNRW WNSL WNUS WOBB WODC WOLL WOLT (HD3) WOLZ WOOD-FM WOVK WOWI WPAP (HD2) WPGB WPKF WPLA WPOC WPRW-FM WPTI WPYX WQBT WQBZ WQEN (HD2) (HD3) WQGA WQHQ WQIK-FM (HD2) WQLX WQMF (HD2) WQNQ WQNS WQOL WQRB WQRV (HD2) (HD3) WQSO WQSR WQUE-FM WQYZ WRBT WRBV WRDG WRDU WRDX WRFF WRFQ WRFX (HD2) WRFY-FM (HD2) WRGV WRIT-FM WRKF-FM WRKH (HD2) WRKT WRLX WRNO-FM (HD2) WRNQ WRNW WRNX WROO WROV-FM (HD2) WRTR WRTS WRUB WRUM (HD2) WRVB WRVE (HD2) WRVF WRVV WRVW WRWB-FM WRWD-FM WRXZ WRZE WSBY-FM WSCC-FM WSDF WSEK-FM WSIX-FM (HD3) WSNE-FM WSNX-FM WSOL-FM WSRS WSRW-FM WSRZ-FM WSSL-FM WSTH-FM WSTV (HD2 WSTZ-FM WSUS WSVO WSWR WSYR-FM WTAK-FM WTBU (HD2) WTCR-FM WTFX-FM WTKK WTKS-FM (HD2) WTKX-FM WTNT-FM WTQR WTRY-FM WTTH WTUE WTUP-FM WTWF WTXT WTZB WUBL (HD2) WUBT WUCS WUMR (HD2) WUSL WUSQ-FM WVAZ WVBZ WVKF WVKS (HD2) WVOR WVRK WVRT WWDC (HD2) WWBB WWFG WWHT WWKZ WWMG WWPR-FM WWPW WWSW-FM (HD2) WWYZ WWXM WWZD-FM WXBB WXBT (HD2) WXDX-FM WXKS-FM WXLY WXSR WXTB WXTK WXXF WXXL (HD2) WXXM WXZX WYHT WYKZ WYLD-FM WYNA WYNK-FM (HD2) WYNR WYNT WYYD WYYY WZBQ WZBZ WZCB (HD2) WZCR WZDA WZEE WZFT WZHT WZJZ WZLD WZLX WZOM WZRL WZRM WZRX-FM WZTF WZTU WZXL WZZO WZZR (HD2) Radio networks Black Information Network Evolution Pride Fox Sports Radio Premiere Networks Premium Choice Total Traffic and Weather Network Miscellaneous Clear Channel Outdoor Clear Channel UK HowStuffWorks iHeartRadio List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia List of radio stations owned by iHeartMedia Mediabase Radio Computing Services Clear Channel memorandum 46°56′10″N 102°43′55″W / 46.936°N 102.732°W / 46.936; -102.732 This article about a radio station in North Dakota is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ra
Téra
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Commerce","5 Notable people","6 Gallery","7 References"]
Coordinates: 14°00′38″N 0°45′11″E / 14.01056°N 0.75306°E / 14.01056; 0.75306Commune in Tillabéri Region, NigerTéraCommuneTéra Town HallTéraLocation in NigerCoordinates: 14°00′38″N 0°45′11″E / 14.01056°N 0.75306°E / 14.01056; 0.75306Country NigerRegionTillabéri RegionDepartmentTéra DepartmentArea • Commune2,071 km2 (800 sq mi)Elevation227 m (748 ft)Population (2012 census) • Commune71,648 • Density35/km2 (90/sq mi) • Urban29,119 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WAT) Téra is a city in the Tillabéri Region, Tera Department of Niger. It is situated 175 km north-west of the capital Niamey, close to the border with Burkina Faso. It is mainly inhabited by Songhai, Fulani, Gourmantche and Buzu ethnic groups. The majority of the population are farmers. Geography Téra is the capital of the Téra department of the same name, which belongs to the Tillabéri region. The municipality is located on the Dargol, a tributary of the Niger River. It borders the neighboring state of Burkina Faso to the west. The neighboring communities in Niger are Bankilaré in the north, Dargol and Kokorou in the east and Diagourou in the south. The northern half of the municipality of Téra is included in the Sahel, while the southern half is part of the transition zone between the Sahel and Sudan regions. The municipality consists of an urban and a rural area. Climate Téra has a dry desert climate. The temperature is between 18 °C and 30 °C from November to February and between 36 °C and 44 °C from March to April. Annual rainfall varies from 250 mm to 400 mm. History The place name Téra comes from the Gourmanchéma language and means “frog”. After the fall of the Songhai Empire in 1591, the area of what later became Téra was one of the places in today's Niger where Songhai refugees settled under a descendant of the former Askiya ruling dynasty. Abaza, son of Alazi, founded the independent state of Tougana here. Under Abaza's son Marounfa, Tougana was defeated by Gorouol. Marounfa's nephew Ama Kassa eventually founded Téra. The reigns of Ama Kassa's successors Ali Ama, Tienda and Gabélinga were marked by military conflicts with neighboring groups. Around 1839, Téra and Kokorou were attacked by Silanké, a subgroup of the Fulani who came from Dori in Liptako. Téra called Tuareg from the left bank of the Niger for help. The Silanké, allied with other Fulani groups and Kurtey, were defeated in two battles. However, Téra could not get rid of the Tuareg, who caused insecurity in the area around the city. A new war soon broke out: Téra, still in alliance with the Tuareg and the Mossi of Diagourou, lost to Liptako, which took around 2,000 prisoners from Téra. The Tuareg and Mossi soon turned against Téra and drove out the ruler Gabélinga after murdering his nephew Sidi. Gabélinga was able to regain power in Téra one last time in 1878, but was murdered in 1885. In 1899, Téra came under French military administration as part of the newly created Sinder district (cercle de Sinder). The place was annexed to the new military territory of Niger in 1905. The French set up the first school in town in 1917. The Dakar Rally passed through Téra in 1986. In 1988, Téra, along with nine other Nigerien towns, received the status of an independent municipality. Demographics In the 2012 census, the municipality had 71,201 inhabitants living in 9157 households. Around 30,000 people lived in the urban area. The municipality is a settlement area of the Songhai, Tuareg and Mossi. Census Population 2001 67,996 2012 71,648 Commerce Thursday is market day in Téra. Animals – mainly cattle, goats, sheep and domestic birds – are traded by farmers from all corners of the Department. Notable people Fatou Djibo – educator, feminist and trade unionist Gallery House of Youth and Culture Amadou Soumaila School References ^ Faba, Ong Zaka (2007). "Projet de réalisation d'un écomusée (Kassai Goria) de Wanzerbé (Niger)" (PDF). Cadernos de Sociomuseologia (in French). 28 (28). Lusófona University: 192. Archived from the original on 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2021-01-30. ^ de Rivières, Edmond Séré (1965), Histoire du Niger (in French), Paris: Berger-Levrault, pp. 74–75 ^ de Rivières, Edmond Séré (1965), Histoire du Niger (in French), Paris: Berger-Levrault, pp. 96–97 ^ Meunier, Olivier (2000), Bilan d’un siècle de politiques éducatives au Niger (in French), Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 46, ISBN 2-7384-9036-0 ^ a b "Téra (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-19. vteCommunes of NigerCapital: NiameyUrban communes Abalak Agadez Aguie Arlit Bilma Birni N'Gaoure Birni-N'Konni Bouza Dakoro Diffa Dogondoutchi Dosso Filingué Gaya Guidanroumdji Goure Illela Keita Kollo Loga Madaoua Madarounfa Magaria Maine-Soroa Maradi I II III Matameye Mayahi Mirriah N'guigmi Niamey Commune I II III IV V Ouallam Say Tahoua I II Tanout Tchin-Tabaraden Tchirozerine Tessaoua Téra Tibiri Tillabéri Zinder I II III IV V Rural communes Abala Aderbissinat Adjekoria Affala Akoubounou Albarkaram Alakoss Allakaye Allela Anzourou Attantane Ayerou Azagor Azarori Azeye Babankatami Badaguichiri Bader Goula Bagaroua Bambeye Bana Bande Bangui Banibangou Bankilare Baoudetta Barmou Bazaga Bengou Bermo Bibiyergou Birni Lalle Bitinkodji Bosso Boune Chadakori Chetimari Dabaga Dakoussa Damagaram Takaya Dan-Barto Dan-Goulbi Dan-Issa Dan-Kassari Dannet Dantchiao Daouche Dargol Deoule Dessa Diagourou Diantchandou Dingazi Dirkou Dioundiou Djado Djiratawa Dogo Dogo-Dogo Dogonkiria Doguerawa Doumega Doungou Droum Dungass El Allassane Maireyrey Fabidji Fachi Fakara Falenko Falmey Falwel Farey Foulatari Gabi Gababedji Gaffati Galma Koudawatche Gamou Gangara Gangara Garagoumsa Garhanga Garankedey Gazaoua Golle Goroubankassam Gorouol Gothèye Gouchi Goudoumaria Goûgaram Gouna Guecheme Gueskerou Guidan Amoumoune Guidan Sori Guidiguir Guidimouni Guilladje Hamdallaye Hamdara Harikanassou Hawandawaki Ibrohamane Ichirnawa Iferouane Imanan Inates In-Gall Issawane Kablewa Kao Kalfou Kanan-Bakache Kankandi Kantche Karakara Kargiubangou Karma Karofane Kelle Kieche Kiota Kirtachi Kokorou Kolleram Koona Korahane Koré Maïroua Korgom Kornaka Kouré Kourfeye Kourni Kourteye Koygolo Kwaya Libore Maijirgiu Maiyara Makalondi Malawa Malbaza Matankari Mehana Moa Mokko N'Dounga N'Gonga N'Gourti N'Guelbély Namaro Ollelewa Ourafane Ouro Gueladjo Ourno Roumboui Sabon-Guida Sabon-Machi Sae Saboua Safo Sakoira Sambera Sanam Sarkin Haoussa Sarkin Yamma Sassoumbroum Simiri Sinder Sokorbe Soucoucoutane Tabalak Tabelot Tabotaki Tagazar Tagriss Tajae Takanamat Tama Tamaske Tamaya Tamou Tanda Tarka Tassara Tchadoua Tchake Tebaram Tenhya Tesker Tessa Tibiri (Doutchi) Timia Tillia Tirmini Tombokoirey I Tombokoirey II Tondikandia Tondikiwindi Torodi Toumour Tounounga Tsaouni Tsernaoua Wacha Wame Yaouri Yekoua Yelou Youri Zermou Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States This Niger location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tillabéri Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region"},{"link_name":"Tera Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_Department"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Songhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people_(subgroup)"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani"},{"link_name":"Gourmantche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmantche"},{"link_name":"Buzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzu"}],"text":"Commune in Tillabéri Region, NigerTéra is a city in the Tillabéri Region, Tera Department of Niger. It is situated 175 km north-west of the capital Niamey, close to the border with Burkina Faso. It is mainly inhabited by Songhai, Fulani, Gourmantche and Buzu ethnic groups. The majority of the population are farmers.","title":"Téra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dargol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargol"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Bankilaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankilare"},{"link_name":"Dargol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargol"},{"link_name":"Kokorou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokorou"},{"link_name":"Diagourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagourou,_Niger"},{"link_name":"Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel"},{"link_name":"Sudan regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)"}],"text":"Téra is the capital of the Téra department of the same name, which belongs to the Tillabéri region. The municipality is located on the Dargol, a tributary of the Niger River. It borders the neighboring state of Burkina Faso to the west. The neighboring communities in Niger are Bankilaré in the north, Dargol and Kokorou in the east and Diagourou in the south. The northern half of the municipality of Téra is included in the Sahel, while the southern half is part of the transition zone between the Sahel and Sudan regions. The municipality consists of an urban and a rural area.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Téra has a dry desert climate. The temperature is between 18 °C and 30 °C from November to February and between 36 °C and 44 °C from March to April. Annual rainfall varies from 250 mm to 400 mm.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gourmanchéma language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmanch%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadernos_192-1"},{"link_name":"Songhai Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire"},{"link_name":"Songhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people"},{"link_name":"Askiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askiya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people"},{"link_name":"Liptako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptako"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"Kurtey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtey_people"},{"link_name":"Mossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dakar Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally"}],"text":"The place name Téra comes from the Gourmanchéma language and means “frog”.[1]After the fall of the Songhai Empire in 1591, the area of what later became Téra was one of the places in today's Niger where Songhai refugees settled under a descendant of the former Askiya ruling dynasty. Abaza, son of Alazi, founded the independent state of Tougana here. Under Abaza's son Marounfa, Tougana was defeated by Gorouol. Marounfa's nephew Ama Kassa eventually founded Téra. The reigns of Ama Kassa's successors Ali Ama, Tienda and Gabélinga were marked by military conflicts with neighboring groups.[2]Around 1839, Téra and Kokorou were attacked by Silanké, a subgroup of the Fulani who came from Dori in Liptako. Téra called Tuareg from the left bank of the Niger for help. The Silanké, allied with other Fulani groups and Kurtey, were defeated in two battles. However, Téra could not get rid of the Tuareg, who caused insecurity in the area around the city. A new war soon broke out: Téra, still in alliance with the Tuareg and the Mossi of Diagourou, lost to Liptako, which took around 2,000 prisoners from Téra. The Tuareg and Mossi soon turned against Téra and drove out the ruler Gabélinga after murdering his nephew Sidi. Gabélinga was able to regain power in Téra one last time in 1878, but was murdered in 1885.[3]In 1899, Téra came under French military administration as part of the newly created Sinder district (cercle de Sinder). The place was annexed to the new military territory of Niger in 1905. The French set up the first school in town in 1917.[4]The Dakar Rally passed through Téra in 1986. In 1988, Téra, along with nine other Nigerien towns, received the status of an independent municipality.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Songhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people"},{"link_name":"Tuareg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"Mossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_people"}],"text":"In the 2012 census, the municipality had 71,201 inhabitants living in 9157 households. Around 30,000 people lived in the urban area.[5] The municipality is a settlement area of the Songhai, Tuareg and Mossi.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Thursday is market day in Téra. Animals – mainly cattle, goats, sheep and domestic birds – are traded by farmers from all corners of the Department.","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatou Djibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatou_Djibo"}],"text":"Fatou Djibo – educator, feminist and trade unionist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_des_Jeunes_et_de_la_Culture_de_Tera_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complexe_d%27enseignement_Sup%C3%A9rieur_(C.E.S_T%C3%A9ra)_9.jpg"}],"text":"House of Youth and Culture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmadou Soumaila School","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Faba, Ong Zaka (2007). \"Projet de réalisation d'un écomusée (Kassai Goria) de Wanzerbé (Niger)\" [Project to create an ecomuseum (Kassai Goria) in Wanzerbé (Niger)] (PDF). Cadernos de Sociomuseologia (in French). 28 (28). Lusófona University: 192. Archived from the original on 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2021-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/cadernosociomuseologia/article/view/526","url_text":"\"Projet de réalisation d'un écomusée (Kassai Goria) de Wanzerbé (Niger)\""},{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240206033034/http://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/cadernosociomuseologia/article/view/526","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"de Rivières, Edmond Séré (1965), Histoire du Niger (in French), Paris: Berger-Levrault, pp. 74–75","urls":[]},{"reference":"de Rivières, Edmond Séré (1965), Histoire du Niger (in French), Paris: Berger-Levrault, pp. 96–97","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meunier, Olivier (2000), Bilan d’un siècle de politiques éducatives au Niger (in French), Paris: L’Harmattan, p. 46, ISBN 2-7384-9036-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-9036-0","url_text":"2-7384-9036-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Téra (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/admin/t%C3%A9ra/NER006011005__t%C3%A9ra/","url_text":"\"Téra (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merise_(Mustjala)
Merise, Estonia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°29′31″N 22°09′54″E / 58.49194°N 22.16500°E / 58.49194; 22.16500Village in Estonia Village in Saare County, EstoniaMeriseVillageCountry EstoniaCountySaare CountyParishSaaremaa ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Merise is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Mustjala Parish. References ^ "Lisa. Asustusüksuste nimistu" (PDF). haldusreform.fin.ee (in Estonian). Rahandusministeerium. Retrieved 3 December 2017. ^ "Saaremaa külad endiste valdade piires". www.saaremaa.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017. vteSettlements in Saaremaa ParishTown Kuressaare Small boroughs Aste Kihelkonna Kudjape Kärla Leisi Nasva Orissaare Salme Valjala Villages Aaviku Abaja Abruka Abula Allikalahe Anepesa Angla Anijala Anseküla Ansi Arandi Ardla Are Ariste Arju Aru Aruste Aste Asuka Asuküla Asva Atla Audla Aula-Vintri Austla Easte Eeriksaare Eikla Eiste Endla Ennu Haamse Haapsu Haeska Hakjala Hiievälja Himmiste Hindu Hirmuste Hämmelepa Hänga Hübja Iide Iilaste Ilpla Imara Imavere Irase Iruste Jaani Jauni Jootme Jursi Jõe Jõelepa Jõempa Jõgela Jõiste Jämaja Järise Järve Järveküla Jööri Kaali Kaali-Liiva Kaarma Kaarma-Jõe Kaarma-Kirikuküla Kaarma-Kungla Kaarmise Kaavi Kahtla Kahutsi Kailuka Kaimri Kaisa Kaisvere Kakuna Kalju Kallaste Kallemäe Kalli Kalma Kalmu Kandla Kangrusselja Kanissaare Kapra Karala Kareda Kargi Karida Karja Karujärve Karuste Kasti Kaubi Kaugatoma Kaunispe Kavandi Kehila Kellamäe Keskranna Keskvere Kihelkonna-Liiva Kiirassaare Kingli Kipi Kiratsi Kirderanna Kiritu Kiruma Kogula Koidula Koiduvälja Koigi Koigi-Väljaküla Koikla Koimla Koki Koksi Koovi Kopli Kotlandi Kotsma Kugalepa Kuiste Kuke Kungla Kuninguste Kuralase Kuremetsa Kurevere Kuumi Kuuse Kuusiku Kuusnõmme Kõiguste Kõinastu Kõljala Kõnnu Kõriska Kõrkküla Kõrkvere Kõruse Kõruse-Metsaküla Kõõru Käesla Käku Käo Kärdu Kärla-Kirikuküla Kärla-Kulli Kärneri Kübassaare Küdema Külma Laadjala Laadla Laevaranna Laheküla Lahetaguse Laimjala Laoküla Lassi Laugu Laugu-Liiva Leedri Leina Leisi Levala Liigalaskma Liiküla Liiva Liivanõmme Liiva-Putla Liivaranna Lilbi Lindmetsa Linnaka Linnuse Loona Lussu Luulupe Lõmala Lõpi Lõu Lõupõllu Läbara Länga Lätiniidi Läägi Läätsa Lööne Lülle Lümanda Lümanda-Kulli Maantee Maasi Maleva Masa Matsiranna Meedla Mehama Meiuste Merise Metsaküla Metsalõuka Metsapere Metsara Metsaääre Metsküla Moosi Mui Mujaste Mullutu Muraja Muratsi Murika Mustjala Mustla Mõisaküla Mõnnuste Mõntu Mäebe Mäeküla Mägi-Kurdla Mändjala Männiku Mässa Mätasselja Mätja Möldri Nava Neeme Neemi Nenu Nihatu Ninase Nurme Nõmjala Nõmme Nõmpa Nässuma Odalätsi Oessaare Ohessaare Ohtja Oitme Oju Orinõmme Oti Paaste Paatsa Paevere Pahapilli Pahavalla Paiküla Paimala Paju-Kurdla Pajumõisa Pamma Pammana Panga Parasmetsa Parila Peederga Pidula Pidula-Kuusiku Pihtla Piila Poka Praakli Puka Pulli Purtsa Põlluküla Põripõllu Pähkla Pärni Pärsama Pöide Pöide-Keskvere Pöitse Püha Püha-Kõnnu Rahniku Rahtla Rahu Rahuste Randküla Randvere Rannaküla Ratla Raugu Reeküla Reina Reo Ridala Riksu Roobaka Rootsiküla Ruhve Räimaste Räägi Röösa Saareküla Saaremetsa Sagariste Saia Saikla Sakla Salavere Salu Sandla Sauaru Saue-Mustla Saue-Putla Sauvere Selgase Selja Sepa Sepise Siiksaare Sikassaare Silla Soela Soodevahe Sundimetsa Sutu Suure-Rootsi Suurna Suur-Pahila Suur-Rahula Suur-Randvere Sõmera Sõrve-Hindu Sääre Taaliku Tagamõisa Tagaranna Tagavere Tahula Talila Tammese Tammuna Tareste Taritu Tehumardi Tiirimetsa Tiitsuotsa Tirbi Tohku Toomalõuka Torgu-Mõisaküla Tornimäe Triigi Tuiu Tumala Turja Tutku Tõlli Tõlluste Tõnija Tõre Tõrise Tõru Täätsi Türju Uduvere Ula Ulje Undimäe Undva Unguma Unimäe Upa Uuemõisa Vahva Vaigu Vaigu-Rannaküla Vaivere Valjala-Ariste Valjala-Kogula Valjala-Nurme Vanakubja Vana-Lahetaguse Vanalõve Vanamõisa Vantri Varkja Varpe Vatsküla Vedruka Veere Veeremäe Veeriku Vendise Vennati Veske Vestla Viidu Viidu-Mäebe Viira Viki Vilidu Vilsandi Viltina Vintri Virita Võhma Võrsna Väike-Pahila Väike-Rahula Väike-Rootsi Väike-Ula Väike-Võhma Väkra Väljaküla Väljamõisa Välta Õeste Õha Ööriku Üru Üüdibe Üüvere 58°29′31″N 22°09′54″E / 58.49194°N 22.16500°E / 58.49194; 22.16500 This Saare County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saaremaa Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaa_Parish"},{"link_name":"Saare County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saare_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reform-1"},{"link_name":"Mustjala Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustjala_Parish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saaremaa-k%C3%BClad-2"}],"text":"Village in EstoniaVillage in Saare County, EstoniaMerise is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.[1]Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Mustjala Parish.[2]","title":"Merise, Estonia"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Lisa. Asustusüksuste nimistu\" (PDF). haldusreform.fin.ee (in Estonian). Rahandusministeerium. Retrieved 3 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riigiteataja.ee/aktilisa/1161/0201/7001/Asustusuksuste_nimistu_lisa_10112017.pdf#","url_text":"\"Lisa. Asustusüksuste nimistu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saaremaa külad endiste valdade piires\". www.saaremaa.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224556/http://www.saaremaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=189&Itemid=69","url_text":"\"Saaremaa külad endiste valdade piires\""},{"url":"http://www.saaremaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=189&Itemid=69","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredstedt
Bredstedt
["1 Notable people","2 References"]
Coordinates: 54°37′12″N 8°57′52″E / 54.62000°N 8.96444°E / 54.62000; 8.96444You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|da|Bredsted}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Bredstedt}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Town in Schleswig-Holstein, GermanyBredstedtBräist / Bredsted TownSt. Nicholas church in Bredstedt FlagCoat of armsLocation of BredstedtBräist / Bredsted within Nordfriesland district BredstedtBräist / Bredsted Show map of GermanyBredstedtBräist / Bredsted Show map of Schleswig-HolsteinCoordinates: 54°37′12″N 8°57′52″E / 54.62000°N 8.96444°E / 54.62000; 8.96444CountryGermanyStateSchleswig-HolsteinDistrictNordfriesland Municipal assoc.Mittleres Nordfriesland Government • MayorChristian SchmidtArea • Total9.75 km2 (3.76 sq mi)Elevation7 m (23 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total5,736 • Density590/km2 (1,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes25821Dialling codes04671Vehicle registrationNFWebsitewww.bredstedt.de Bredstedt (Low German: Bredstedt; Danish: Bredsted; North Frisian: Bräist, German pronunciation: ⓘ) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 20 km northwest of Husum. Notable people Christian Albrecht Jensen (1792–1870), portrait painter who depicted most of the leading figures of the Danish Golden Age Hans Carl Knudtzon (1751–1823) emigrated to Norway and became a merchant, ship-owner and politician. References ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2022" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. vteTowns and municipalities in Nordfriesland Achtrup Ahrenshöft Ahrenviöl Ahrenviölfeld Alkersum Almdorf Arlewatt Aventoft Bargum Behrendorf Bohmstedt Bondelum Bordelum Borgsum Bosbüll Braderup Bramstedtlund Bredstedt Breklum Dagebüll Drage Drelsdorf Dunsum Elisabeth-Sophien-Koog Ellhöft Emmelsbüll-Horsbüll Enge-Sande Fresendelf Friedrich-Wilhelm-Lübke-Koog Friedrichstadt Galmsbüll Garding Garding, Kirchspiel Goldebek Goldelund Gröde Grothusenkoog Haselund Hattstedt Hattstedtermarsch Högel Holm Hooge Hörnum Horstedt Hude Humptrup Husum Immenstedt Joldelund Kampen Karlum Katharinenheerd Klanxbüll Klixbüll Koldenbüttel Kolkerheide Kotzenbüll Ladelund Langeneß Langenhorn Leck Lexgaard List Löwenstedt Lütjenholm Midlum Mildstedt Nebel Neukirchen Nieblum Niebüll Norddorf Norderfriedrichskoog Nordstrand Norstedt Ockholm Oevenum Oldenswort Oldersbek Olderup Oldsum Ostenfeld Oster-Ohrstedt Osterhever Pellworm Poppenbüll Ramstedt Rantrum Reußenköge Risum-Lindholm Rodenäs Sankt Peter-Ording Schwabstedt Schwesing Seeth Simonsberg Sollwitt Sönnebüll Sprakebüll Stadum Stedesand Struckum Süderende Süderhöft Süderlügum Südermarsch Sylt Tating Tetenbüll Tinningstedt Tönning Tümlauer-Koog Uelvesbüll Uphusum Utersum Viöl Vollerwiek Vollstedt Welt Wenningstedt-Braderup Wester-Ohrstedt Westerhever Westre Winnert Wisch Witsum Wittbek Wittdün Witzwort Wobbenbüll Wrixum Wyk auf Föhr Coat of arms Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic This Nordfriesland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_(Star_Trek)
Chang (Star Trek)
["1 Overview","2 Development","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Fictional character from Star Trek This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chang" Star Trek – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This Star Trek-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character ChangStar Trek characterChristopher Plummer as General Chang in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered CountryPortrayed byChristopher PlummerIn-universe informationSpeciesKlingonAffiliationKlingon EmpirePositionChief of staff to Chancellor GorkonRankGeneral General Chang is the central antagonist in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, a feature film released in 1991,. Chang, who is portrayed by Christopher Plummer, is Chancellor Gorkon's chief of staff and subsequently serves Chancellor Azetbur in 2293. He is depicted as being a fan of William Shakespeare, quoting him frequently, much to the chagrin of the Enterprise crew. Also noteworthy, the character is almost completely bald, a trait not seen among Klingons before the release of Star Trek VI. Plummer's depiction of this character has been praised in the Star Trek franchise. Overview This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Specifically, it summarizes Star Trek: Klingon Academy and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Chang is a well-known Klingon general who believes that "in space all warriors are cold warriors." Throughout the film he is often depicted as fierce, cunning and willing to participate in battles personally. Chang has a deep-seated hatred for the United Federation of Planets and believes that a war with them is inevitable. As a result, in the events described in the video game Star Trek: Klingon Academy, he creates a simulated campaign against the Federation and uses it to train students at an Academy for future starship commanders. This hatred eventually leads him to participate in a conspiracy to thwart plans for a lasting peace between his people and the Federation. Development This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chang's makeup originally included a wig appliance. However, Christopher Plummer felt removing the wig made the character more distinct. He also asked that Chang's Klingon makeup be made less severe. Chang's attire is unique in that an apparent eye injury is disguised with a metal eyepatch, which is attached directly to his skull by bolts bearing the Klingon emblem. Later depictions of Klingons with eye injuries, such as Deep Space Nine's Martok, had them flaunting their mutilations as battle scars. Reception In 2013, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Chang the 9th best villain of the Star Trek franchise, praising the performance of actor Christopher Plummer. Time magazine rated General Chang the second best villain of the Star Trek franchise in 2016. In 2019, SyFy rated General Chang as the 8th greatest Klingon of the Star Trek franchise, noting Plummer's brilliant delivery of lines as well as an exceptional Klingon court scene with Captain Kirk (played by William Shatner) and Doctor McCoy (DeForest Kelley). Plummer reprised the role in the computer game Star Trek: Klingon Academy (2000), where Chang gives the player's missions Shakespearean names. See also Errand of Mercy (a television episode which aired in March 1967, introducing the Klingon aliens in Star Trek) Shakespeare and Star Trek The Klingon Hamlet References ^ Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) - IMDb, retrieved October 21, 2023 ^ a b c Silliman, Brian (March 6, 2019). "IT IS A GOOD DAY TO DIE: RANKING THE TOP TEN KLINGONS IN ALL OF STAR TREK". Syfy.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2023. ^ "Christopher Plummer | Actor, Producer, Music Department". IMDb. Retrieved September 25, 2023. ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Vozick-Levinson, Simon (May 16, 2013). "The Top 10 'Star Trek' Villains". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 10, 2021. ^ "Star Trek's 10 Most Villainous Villains". Time. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ^ Washington, Kevin (September 11, 2000). "'Klingon Academy' teaches art of war". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 2, 2020. ^ "Star Trek: Klingon Academy - IGN". IGN. June 24, 2000. Retrieved April 2, 2020. External links Chang at Memory Alpha vteKlingonOverview Bat'leth Klingon starships Klingon culture Klingon Language Klingon grammar Klingon scripts Klingon Language Institute Characters B'Elanna Torres Chang Gowron Kahless Martok Worf Stage shows A Klingon Christmas Carol ʼuʼ
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He is depicted as being a fan of William Shakespeare, quoting him frequently, much to the chagrin of the Enterprise crew. Also noteworthy, the character is almost completely bald, a trait not seen among Klingons before the release of Star Trek VI.Plummer's depiction of this character has been praised in the Star Trek franchise.[2]","title":"Chang (Star Trek)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cold warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"United Federation of Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Klingon Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Klingon_Academy"}],"text":"In Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Chang is a well-known Klingon general who believes that \"in space all warriors are cold warriors.\" Throughout the film he is often depicted as fierce, cunning and willing to participate in battles personally. Chang has a deep-seated hatred for the United Federation of Planets and believes that a war with them is inevitable.As a result, in the events described in the video game Star Trek: Klingon Academy, he creates a simulated campaign against the Federation and uses it to train students at an Academy for future starship commanders. This hatred eventually leads him to participate in a conspiracy to thwart plans for a lasting peace between his people and the Federation.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"eyepatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyepatch"},{"link_name":"Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Martok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martok"}],"text":"Chang's makeup originally included a wig appliance. However, Christopher Plummer[3] felt removing the wig made the character more distinct. He also asked that Chang's Klingon makeup be made less severe. Chang's attire is unique in that an apparent eye injury is disguised with a metal eyepatch, which is attached directly to his skull by bolts bearing the Klingon emblem. Later depictions of Klingons with eye injuries, such as Deep Space Nine's Martok, had them flaunting their mutilations as battle scars.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SyFy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Captain Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Kirk"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"Doctor McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_McCoy"},{"link_name":"DeForest Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeForest_Kelley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Klingon Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Klingon_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2013, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Chang the 9th best villain of the Star Trek franchise, praising the performance of actor Christopher Plummer.[4]Time magazine rated General Chang the second best villain of the Star Trek franchise in 2016.[5] In 2019, SyFy rated General Chang as the 8th greatest Klingon of the Star Trek franchise,[2] noting Plummer's brilliant delivery of lines as well as an exceptional Klingon court scene with Captain Kirk (played by William Shatner) and Doctor McCoy (DeForest Kelley).[2]Plummer reprised the role in the computer game Star Trek: Klingon Academy (2000), where Chang gives the player's missions Shakespearean names.[6][7]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Library
Royal Danish Library
["1 References"]
National library organisation of Denmark Royal Danish LibraryDet Kgl. BibliotekThe Royal Library in CopenhagenLocationAarhus, Denmark,Copenhagen, Denmark, DenmarkTypeNational Library, University Library, National Center for Shared Services for Public LibrariesEstablished1648CollectionSize42,504,062 physical units, 8,615,234 electronic titles (as of 2017)Legal depositSince 1697Other informationDirectorSvend LarsenEmployees800+Websitewww.kb.dk/en Royal Danish Library (Danish: Det Kgl. Bibliotek) is a merger of the two previous national libraries in Denmark: the State and University Library in Aarhus and the Royal Library in Copenhagen. Although now under a single organisation, the separate locations in both cities are maintained. The merger came into effect on January 1, 2017. References ^ "Årsrapport 2017 for Det Kgl. Bibliotek" (PDF) (in Danish). Det Kgl. Bibliotek. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Job og karriere" (in Danish). Det Kgl. Bibliotek. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Det nye nationalbibliotek kommer til at hedde Det Kgl. Bibliotek" (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-03-03. This Denmark-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a library-related building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Awerbuch
Baruch Awerbuch
["1 Academic biography","2 Research contributions","3 Awards and honors","4 References","5 External links"]
Israeli-American computer scientist Baruch Awerbuch (born 1958) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and a professor of computer science at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for his research on distributed computing. Academic biography Awerbuch was educated at the Technion in Haifa, Israel, earning a bachelor's degree in 1978, a master's degree in 1982, and a Ph.D. in 1984 under the supervision of Shimon Even. He worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral researcher, faculty member in applied mathematics, and research associate in computer science from 1984 until 1994, when he joined the Johns Hopkins faculty. Awerbuch's former doctoral students include UCSD professor George Varghese. Research contributions Awerbuch has published many highly cited research papers on topics including Cryptographic primitives for verifiable secret sharing and fault tolerant broadcasting Synchronization of asynchronous distributed systems Network routing methods that are both fault-tolerant and have a highly competitive throughput Awards and honors Awerbuch and David Peleg were the 2008 winners of the Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing for their work on sparse partitions. References ^ a b Baruch Awerbuch at the Mathematics Genealogy Project. ^ Short bio, Awebuch's JHU web site, retrieved 2012-02-18. ^ Faculty profile, Johns Hopkins Univ., retrieved 2012-02-18. ^ Chor, Benny; Goldwasser, Shafi; Micali, Silvio; Awerbuch, Baruch (1985), "Verifiable secret sharing and achieving simultaneity in the presence of faults", 26th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '85), pp. 383–395, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1985.64, ISBN 978-0-8186-0644-1, S2CID 12004245. ^ Awerbuch, Baruch (1985), "Complexity of network synchronization", Journal of the ACM, 32 (4): 804–823, doi:10.1145/4221.4227, S2CID 14872212 ^ Awerbuch, Baruch; Holmer, David; Nita-Rotaru, Cristina; Rubens, Herbert (2002), "An on-demand secure routing protocol resilient to byzantine failures", Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (WiSE '02), pp. 21–30, doi:10.1145/570681.570684, ISBN 978-1581135855, S2CID 8563202. ^ Awerbuch, B.; Azar, Y.; Plotkin, S. (1993), "Throughput-competitive on-line routing", Proc. 34th IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '93), pp. 32–40, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1993.366884, ISBN 978-0-8186-4370-5, S2CID 7319638. ^ Taubenfeld, Gadi, ed. (2008), "The 2008 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing", Distributed Computing: 22nd International Symposium, DISC 2008, Arcachon, France, September 2008, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5218, Springer, p. vii, ISBN 9783540877783. External links Home page at Johns Hopkins Baruch Awerbuch at DBLP Bibliography Server Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus zbMATH
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tae-woo_(singer)
Kim Tae-woo (singer)
["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 1998–2005: Early years and g.o.d","2.2 2006–2014: Solo career","2.3 2014–present: g.o.d reunion and other solo activities","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 Filmography","5.1 Television show","5.2 Web show","6 Awards","6.1 Mnet Asian Music Awards","7 References","8 External links"]
South Korean musician For the actor of the same name, see Kim Tae-woo (actor). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kim Tae-woo" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. Kim Tae-wooKim Tae Woo at Samsung LiveSets concert, on March 25, 2011Born (1981-05-12) May 12, 1981 (age 43)Gumi, North Gyeongsang, South KoreaEducationKyung Hee UniversityOccupations Singer Music producer SpouseKim Ae-ri (m. 2011)Children3Musical careerGenres K-pop R&B Electropop Years active1999–presentLabelsIOK CompanyMember ofg.o.d Korean nameHangul김태우Revised RomanizationGim Tae-uMcCune–ReischauerKim T'aeu Kim Tae-woo (Korean: 김태우; born May 12, 1981) is a South Korean singer, best known as the lead vocalist of boy band g.o.d. He debuted in 1999 as a member of g.o.d and continued as a solo artist after the group went on hiatus in 2006. In addition to his solo career, Kim has also sung the OSTs of award-winning popular dramas and performed in musicals. Background Kim was born in Gumi, North Gyeongsang Province, the only son and youngest of three children. Despite not having a musical background, Kim dreamed of becoming a singer as a teenager, especially after watching HOT, and sent in a demo tape to Park Jin-young, who was recruiting a final member for the project group that would become g.o.d. He bought a one-way ticket to Seoul after being called in for an audition and eventually signed with Park's company JYP Entertainment. He studied Postmodern Music at Kyung Hee University. Career 1998–2005: Early years and g.o.d From 1997 to 1998, Park Joon-hyung and Park Jin-young had been holding auditions and putting together a six-member mixed group. Danny Ahn, Son Ho-young, Yoon Kye-sang and Kim Sun-a had already been recruited for the project group, which was planned to be called "GOT6" but Kim Sun-a eventually left to pursue acting. In July 1998, he was the youngest and final member added after passing his audition. Kim's bandmates later stated that they had resented Kim up until their debut due to the change in line-up and Kim's relatively short training period compared to them. Eventually the group became g.o.d, an acronym for "Groove Over Dose". Despite a lukewarm response to their debut performance in January 1999, g.o.d went on to establish themselves as one of the most popular first-generation K-pop groups. Yoon left the group in 2004 and g.o.d continued as a four-man group before going on hiatus in late December 2005. 2006–2014: Solo career With g.o.d having gone on hiatus, Kim and the remaining members at JYP Entertainment left for other agencies. Although he did guest vocals for other artists, Kim did not release his own solo album until October 26, 2006. He enlisted in the army on March 20, 2007 for mandatory military service and was discharged on February 25, 2009. After his discharge, Kim returned to the entertainment industry, joining the KBS Variety Show, Invincible Youth as a permanent cast member. He left after the first season to undergo throat surgery. Kim released his second album T-Virus on September 3, 2009. The album featured the lead single "Love Rain" (Korean: 사랑비; RR: Sarang bi), which has since become one of Kim's most well-known songs and remains a popular noraebang song based on figures compiled by the Gaon Music Chart. The song has also won first place on various music programs. He won the Best Ballad/R&B Performance Award at the 11th Mnet Asian Music Awards. In February 2010, Kim and toured overseas together for the first time with his g.o.d bandmate and close friend Son Ho-young. They held six concerts in Chicago, Seattle and Vancouver. Kim was one of three former JYP Entertainment artists, the others being Son and their close friend Rain, invited to perform at the first JYP Nation concert TEAMPLAY held at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena that December. In March 2011, Kim terminated his contract with Polaris Entertainment and established his own one-man agency, Soul Shop Entertainment. Shortly after, he released his third album T-School, which peaked at No. 3 on the Gaon Album Chart. The song "Echo" (메아리) earned him a second nomination at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album also featured "Brothers & Me", composed by Park Jin-young and featured Park and fellow former JYP Entertainment artist Rain. Kim maintained contact with his bandmates, often performing or appearing on variety shows with Son. They also performed together with Danny Ahn during the "Legends" stage of the Music Bank special celebrating 600 episodes and at the 2012 Korean Music Festival. Son and Ahn have both featured in Kim's albums as guest artists. 2014–present: g.o.d reunion and other solo activities After lengthy discussions and organization, it was announced that all five members of g.o.d would reunite for their 15th anniversary and release a new album. Chapter 8 was released on July 8, 2014 and was co-produced by Kim and renowned songwriting duo Duble Sidekick. They will concentrate mainly on releasing new material and holding live concerts rather than promoting or performing on music programs as a group. In 2015 Kim made his first comeback as a solo artist since g.o.d's reunion with his fifth album T-Road. Released on June 18, the album contained two lead singles, one of which was "Lonely Funk", which featured hip hop artist and former 2PM member Jay Park. Kim's bandmate Danny Ahn starred in the accompanying music video. Ahn also co-wrote with Kim and featured in the song "Hometown" (뽀레버막내) (also "Forever the Youngest"), which was a humorous tribute to his g.o.d bandmates and recounted his experiences of being the youngest member of the group. Following a successful national tour in January and February 2017, the group went on a break. Kim released in sixth album, entitled T-WITH, in June 2017. The title alludes to the fact that all the tracks, except for one, features guest singers. The album includes two singles which had been pre-released in June and July 2016 respectively as T-With Vol.1 and T-WITH Vol.2. He was invited to KCON Los Angeles for the first time and performed g.o.d's 2000 hit song "One Candle" with rookie boy band ASTRO before performing "Following" (따라가), the lead single of his latest album. In December he held a series of joint concerts with bandmate Son Ho-young, the first time they have ever held a concert together domestically, over three days in Seoul and Busan. In May 2018 Kim replaced Hwang Chi-yeul as a waiting room MC on the popular singing program Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend; he had previously been a guest MC during Moon Hee-joon's temporary absence. He was one of fifteen artists or groups, including the likes of Insooni, 2PM and DJ Doc, headlining the medal ceremony aftershow for each day of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County. During the latter half of the year, Kim was mostly focused on g.o.d's 20th anniversary projects. He produced their anniversary album Then & Now and co-wrote its lead single "Snowfall", which was pre-released as a digital single. On August 1, 2019, via Instagram, Kim and Son announced that they were collaborating as a project duo under the name HoooW (Korean: 호우; RR: Ho-u), a portmanteau combining one character from each of their given names. As HoooW, they have appeared on Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend and You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook and performed as guests at Psy's summer concerts. On August 16, they released the digital single "Game Over" (Korean: 친구는 이제 끝내기로 해; RR: Chinguneun ije kkeutnaegiro hae). In 2022, Kim signed with IOK Company. Personal life Kim Tae Woo married his wife Kim Aeri, who is a year younger than him, at the Sheraton Hotel in Seoul in December 2011. They are parents to daughters So-yool (born April 2012) and Ji-yool (born August 2013) and son Hae-yool (born September 2015). In 2014, Kim, his wife, and his two daughters were regulars on the SBS reality show Oh! My Baby. Discography Main article: Kim Tae-woo discography See also: g.o.d discography Filmography Television show Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2009 - 2010 Invincible Youth Season 1 Host 2021 Sing Together Season 2 Host with KCM Web show Year Title Role Ref. 2021 Osinger's Game Host Awards Mnet Asian Music Awards Year Category Work Result 2009 Best Ballad/R&B Performance "Love Rain" (사랑비) Won 2011 Best Male Artist "Echo" (메아리) Nominated References ^ "'1대100' 김태우 "H.O.T. 재결합했으면, 40대 '캔디' 궁금"". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). July 25, 2017. ^ "2TV… <해피투게더-프렌즈> 김태우, 손호영 편" (in Korean). KBS. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017. ^ " 김태우 "작은 눈 콤플렉스..선글라스만 6~70개 있죠"". JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). November 5, 2009. ^ "손담비, 경희대 수시모집에 합격". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). November 5, 2009. ^ "We Can See Korea Trip (part 2)". 2 Days & 1 Night. Season 3. Episode 414. October 18, 2015. KBS2. ^ "다섯 남자 god의 귀환…가슴에 담아뒀던 이야기 첫 공개" (in Korean). MBC. November 29, 2014. ^ "Episode 9". Handsome Boys of the 20th Century. June 11, 2013. QTV. ^ "Singer Kim Tae-woo Discharged from Military". KBS. February 25, 2009. ^ "김태우, 성대폴립 수술...'청춘불패' 잠시만 안녕". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). August 18, 2010. ^ "Gaon Music Chart – Artist search: Kim Tae-woo" (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. ^ "KBS Music Bank – Kim TaeWoo is No. 1 for 2nd week". Soompi. October 9, 2009. ^ "Kim Tae Woo claims his second Mutizen on Inkigayo". allkpop. October 25, 2009. ^ "김태우-손호영, 북미 투어 공연 '매진'". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). February 9, 2010. ^ "First "JYP Nation – Team Play" concert delivers explosive performances". December 25, 2010. ^ "Kim Tae Woo terminates contract with Polaris, establishes his own one-man agency". allkpop. ^ "Kim Tae Woo releases "Brothers & Me" MV featuring Rain & JYP!". allkpop. March 15, 2011. ^ "g.o.d's Kim Tae Woo and Son Ho Young perform "Lie" and "Friday Night" on 'Yoo Hee Yeol's Sketchbook'". allkpop. April 14, 2013. ^ "Winter Special with Friends". Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend. Episode 79. December 15, 2012. KBS2. ^ "KBS Music Bank 04.22.11". Soompi. April 22, 2011. ^ "g.o.d. makes grand return with new LP 'Chapter 8'". The Korea Herald. July 8, 2014. ^ "'컴백' 김태우 "소속 가수들과 분쟁, 안 힘들었다면 거짓말"". JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). June 17, 2015. ^ "Kim Tae Woo brings on some 'Lonely Funk' in MV for new title track featuring Jay Park". allkpop. June 17, 2015. ^ "Danny Ahn talks about his bed scene in Kim Tae Woo's MV". allkpop. June 27, 2015. ^ "김태우가 직접 밝힌 god 컴백과 분쟁 후 심경". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). June 18, 2015. ^ "Kim Tae Woo to Make Comeback With ′T-WITH′". Mnet. June 20, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017. ^ Brown, August (August 21, 2017). "KCON was a blast of joy in ever-darkening times". Los Angeles Times. ^ "It Was Tough – But We Narrowed Down The Absolute Best Moments From An Epic KCON LA 2017". Soompi. August 24, 2017. ^ '호우주의보' 손호영X김태우, god 막내라인 케미 "오래오래 함께하자". 10Asia (Korea Economic Daily) (in Korean). January 2, 2018. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ^ " '불후의명곡' 황치열, MC 17개월만 하차..김태우 후임 발탁". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). May 7, 2018. ^ "'불후의 명곡' 측 "황치열 하차, 김태우 후임 MC 투입" ". JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). May 7, 2018. ^ " 헤드라이너쇼 – 김태우" (in Korean). pyeongchang2018.com. ^ "Korean Singers, K-Pop Acts Get Drawn into Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics: EXO, CL to Perform At Closing Ceremony". Billboard. February 8, 2018. ^ "하늘색 물결·전곡 떼창…god "팬과 보낸 20년 '그레이티스트'"" (in Korean). Korean Broadcasting System. December 1, 2018. ^ ""3년 만에 돌아온 감성 발라드"…god, '눈이 내린다' 커버 이미지". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). November 23, 2018. ^ "손호영X김태우, god 첫 유닛 '호우'로 뭉쳤다". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). August 1, 2019. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ^ "호우 손호영X김태우, 20년 만에 god 첫 유닛 결성···'최파타' 인증샷". JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). August 20, 2019. ^ Son Jin-ah (March 16, 2022). "김태우, 아이오케이 컴퍼니와 한식구 됐다(공식)" (in Korean). MK Sports. Retrieved March 16, 2022 – via Naver. ^ "데뷔 15주년 'god' 재결합 이끈 김태우". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). September 13, 2014. ^ Lee, Ji-seok (September 2, 2015). "김태우-김애리 부부, 오늘 오후 셋째 득남". Sports Chosun (in Korean). SportsSeoul. Retrieved September 2, 2015. ^ Lee, Min-ji. "g.o.d. Kim Tae Woo's Family to Join 'Oh! My Baby'". Mwave. CJ E&M Corporation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2015. ^ "완전체 god, 노래로 대박 터뜨리고 예능서 펄펄 날고". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). October 8, 2014. ^ Choi Jin-kyung (June 15, 2021). "싱투게더 시즌2', 김태우·KCM 공동 MC…7월6일 첫방송". Naver (in Korean). Newsis. Retrieved June 15, 2021. ^ Jeon Hyo-jin (November 4, 2021). "김태우 '오싱어게임', 5일 첫방송" (in Korean). Sports Donga. Retrieved November 4, 2021 – via Naver. ^ "2000 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list" Archived June 13, 2014, at archive.today. MAMA. Retrieved June 12, 2014. ^ "2011Mnet Asian Music Awards part 1" Archived December 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. MAMA. Retrieved January 20, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Tae-Woo. Kim Tae-woo on Instagram Soul Shop Entertainment website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz vteg.o.d Park Joon-hyung Yoon Kye-sang Danny Ahn Son Ho-young Kim Tae-woo Studio albums Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Letter An Ordinary Day Into the Sky Chapter 8 Compilation album Then & Now Singles "To Mother" "Love and Remember" "Lies" "One Candle" "Road" "An Ordinary Day" "The Lone Duckling" Related topics Park Jin-young JYP Entertainment SidusHQ Category Discography Awards and nominations Concert tours vteJYP EntertainmentExecutives J. Y. Park Subsidiaries andjoint ventures Studio J Beyond Live ArtistsSoloists J. Y. Park Jun. K Wooyoung Junho Nichkhun Young K Wonpil Nayeon Jihyo Groups 2PM Day6 (Even of Day) Twice (MiSaMo) Stray Kids Boy Story Itzy NiziU Xdinary Heroes Nmixx Vcha Golden Girls Nexz Actors Kim Dong-hee Shin Eun-soo Shin Ye-eun Former artists Pearl Park Ji-yoon Byul Noel g.o.d Rain Jay Park Lim Jeong-hee San E Joo Wonder Girls 2AM G.Soul Ok Taecyeon Miss A Jeon Somi 15& Baek A-yeon Woojin Got7 Jae Chansung Bernard Park Jinni Former actors Choi Woo-shik Jang Hee-ryung Kim Ha-eun Kim Ji-min Kim Ye-won Lee Jung-jin Min Hyo-rin Park Gyu-young Park Ji-bin Cho Yi-hyun Park Si-eun Ryu Won Song Ha-yoon Yeon Jung-hoon Yoon Park Park Jin-young Related articles One Day Discography Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Tae-woo (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tae-woo_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"g.o.d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.o.d_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"OSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_soundtrack"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theater"}],"text":"For the actor of the same name, see Kim Tae-woo (actor).In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Tae-woo (Korean: 김태우; born May 12, 1981) is a South Korean singer, best known as the lead vocalist of boy band g.o.d. He debuted in 1999 as a member of g.o.d and continued as a solo artist after the group went on hiatus in 2006. In addition to his solo career, Kim has also sung the OSTs of award-winning popular dramas and performed in musicals.","title":"Kim Tae-woo (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumi,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Gyeongsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gyeongsang"},{"link_name":"HOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.O.T._(band)"},{"link_name":"Park Jin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"g.o.d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.o.d"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"JYP Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kyung Hee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyung_Hee_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kim was born in Gumi, North Gyeongsang Province, the only son and youngest of three children. Despite not having a musical background, Kim dreamed of becoming a singer as a teenager, especially after watching HOT, and sent in a demo tape to Park Jin-young, who was recruiting a final member for the project group that would become g.o.d.[1][2] He bought a one-way ticket to Seoul after being called in for an audition and eventually signed with Park's company JYP Entertainment.[3] He studied Postmodern Music at Kyung Hee University.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Joon-hyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joon_Park"},{"link_name":"Park Jin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"Danny Ahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ahn"},{"link_name":"Son Ho-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ho-young"},{"link_name":"Yoon Kye-sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Kye-sang"},{"link_name":"Kim Sun-a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sun-a"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBC2014-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1998–2005: Early years and g.o.d","text":"From 1997 to 1998, Park Joon-hyung and Park Jin-young had been holding auditions and putting together a six-member mixed group. Danny Ahn, Son Ho-young, Yoon Kye-sang and Kim Sun-a had already been recruited for the project group, which was planned to be called \"GOT6\" but Kim Sun-a eventually left to pursue acting.[5] In July 1998, he was the youngest and final member added after passing his audition.[6] Kim's bandmates later stated that they had resented Kim up until their debut due to the change in line-up and Kim's relatively short training period compared to them.[7] Eventually the group became g.o.d, an acronym for \"Groove Over Dose\". Despite a lukewarm response to their debut performance in January 1999, g.o.d went on to establish themselves as one of the most popular first-generation K-pop groups. Yoon left the group in 2004 and g.o.d continued as a four-man group before going on hiatus in late December 2005.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JYP Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"mandatory military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Invincible Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_Youth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"noraebang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraebang"},{"link_name":"Gaon Music Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"music programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_programs_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Best Ballad/R&B Performance Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Award_for_Best_Ballad/R%26B_Performance"},{"link_name":"11th Mnet Asian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Son Ho-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ho-young"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Olympic Gymnastics Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gymnastics_Arena"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Polaris Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gaon Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"Mnet Asian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_Asian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Park Jin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Danny Ahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ahn"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Korean Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Music_Festival"}],"sub_title":"2006–2014: Solo career","text":"With g.o.d having gone on hiatus, Kim and the remaining members at JYP Entertainment left for other agencies. Although he did guest vocals for other artists, Kim did not release his own solo album until October 26, 2006. He enlisted in the army on March 20, 2007 for mandatory military service and was discharged on February 25, 2009.[8]After his discharge, Kim returned to the entertainment industry, joining the KBS Variety Show, Invincible Youth as a permanent cast member. He left after the first season to undergo throat surgery.[9]Kim released his second album T-Virus on September 3, 2009. The album featured the lead single \"Love Rain\" (Korean: 사랑비; RR: Sarang bi), which has since become one of Kim's most well-known songs and remains a popular noraebang song based on figures compiled by the Gaon Music Chart.[10] The song has also won first place on various music programs.[11][12] He won the Best Ballad/R&B Performance Award at the 11th Mnet Asian Music Awards.In February 2010, Kim and toured overseas together for the first time with his g.o.d bandmate and close friend Son Ho-young. They held six concerts in Chicago, Seattle and Vancouver.[13] Kim was one of three former JYP Entertainment artists, the others being Son and their close friend Rain, invited to perform at the first JYP Nation concert TEAMPLAY held at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena that December.[14]In March 2011, Kim terminated his contract with Polaris Entertainment and established his own one-man agency, Soul Shop Entertainment.[15] Shortly after, he released his third album T-School, which peaked at No. 3 on the Gaon Album Chart. The song \"Echo\" (메아리) earned him a second nomination at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album also featured \"Brothers & Me\", composed by Park Jin-young and featured Park and fellow former JYP Entertainment artist Rain.[16]Kim maintained contact with his bandmates, often performing or appearing on variety shows with Son.[17][18] They also performed together with Danny Ahn during the \"Legends\" stage of the Music Bank special celebrating 600 episodes[19] and at the 2012 Korean Music Festival. Son and Ahn have both featured in Kim's albums as guest artists.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapter 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_8_(g.o.d_album)"},{"link_name":"Duble Sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2PM"},{"link_name":"Jay Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Park"},{"link_name":"Danny Ahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ahn"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Youngest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EB%82%B4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"KCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCON_(music_festival)"},{"link_name":"g.o.d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.o.d"},{"link_name":"One Candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Candle_(g.o.d_song)"},{"link_name":"ASTRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Son Ho-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ho-young"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hwang Chi-yeul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Chi-yeul"},{"link_name":"Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Songs:_Singing_the_Legend"},{"link_name":"Moon Hee-joon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Hee-joon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Insooni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insooni"},{"link_name":"2PM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2PM"},{"link_name":"DJ Doc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Doc"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang_County"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_producer"},{"link_name":"Then & Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Then_%26_Now_(g.o.d_album)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Songs:_Singing_the_Legend"},{"link_name":"You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Hee-yeol%27s_Sketchbook"},{"link_name":"Psy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psy"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2014–present: g.o.d reunion and other solo activities","text":"After lengthy discussions and organization, it was announced that all five members of g.o.d would reunite for their 15th anniversary and release a new album. Chapter 8 was released on July 8, 2014 and was co-produced by Kim and renowned songwriting duo Duble Sidekick.[20] They will concentrate mainly on releasing new material and holding live concerts rather than promoting or performing on music programs as a group.In 2015 Kim made his first comeback as a solo artist since g.o.d's reunion with his fifth album T-Road.[21] Released on June 18, the album contained two lead singles, one of which was \"Lonely Funk\", which featured hip hop artist and former 2PM member Jay Park. Kim's bandmate Danny Ahn starred in the accompanying music video.[22][23] Ahn also co-wrote with Kim and featured in the song \"Hometown\" (뽀레버막내) (also \"Forever the Youngest\"), which was a humorous tribute to his g.o.d bandmates and recounted his experiences of being the youngest member of the group.[24]Following a successful national tour in January and February 2017, the group went on a break. Kim released in sixth album, entitled T-WITH, in June 2017. The title alludes to the fact that all the tracks, except for one, features guest singers.[25] The album includes two singles which had been pre-released in June and July 2016 respectively as T-With Vol.1 and T-WITH Vol.2. He was invited to KCON Los Angeles for the first time and performed g.o.d's 2000 hit song \"One Candle\" with rookie boy band ASTRO before performing \"Following\" (따라가), the lead single of his latest album.[26][27] In December he held a series of joint concerts with bandmate Son Ho-young, the first time they have ever held a concert together domestically, over three days in Seoul and Busan.[28]In May 2018 Kim replaced Hwang Chi-yeul as a waiting room MC on the popular singing program Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend; he had previously been a guest MC during Moon Hee-joon's temporary absence.[29][30] He was one of fifteen artists or groups, including the likes of Insooni, 2PM and DJ Doc, headlining the medal ceremony aftershow for each day of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County.[31][32] During the latter half of the year, Kim was mostly focused on g.o.d's 20th anniversary projects.[33] He produced their anniversary album Then & Now and co-wrote its lead single \"Snowfall\", which was pre-released as a digital single.[34]On August 1, 2019, via Instagram, Kim and Son announced that they were collaborating as a project duo under the name HoooW (Korean: 호우; RR: Ho-u), a portmanteau combining one character from each of their given names.[35] As HoooW, they have appeared on Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend and You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook and performed as guests at Psy's summer concerts. On August 16, they released the digital single \"Game Over\" (Korean: 친구는 이제 끝내기로 해; RR: Chinguneun ije kkeutnaegiro hae).[36]In 2022, Kim signed with IOK Company.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"SBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Oh! My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Kim Tae Woo married his wife Kim Aeri, who is a year younger than him, at the Sheraton Hotel in Seoul in December 2011.[38] They are parents to daughters So-yool (born April 2012) and Ji-yool (born August 2013) and son Hae-yool (born September 2015).[39] In 2014, Kim, his wife, and his two daughters were regulars on the SBS reality show Oh! My Baby.[40][41]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"g.o.d discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.o.d_discography"}],"text":"See also: g.o.d discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mnet Asian Music Awards","title":"Awards"}]
[]
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August 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/08/18/2010081801995.html","url_text":"\"김태우, 성대폴립 수술...'청춘불패' 잠시만 안녕\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo","url_text":"The Chosun Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Music Chart – Artist search: Kim Tae-woo\" (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/search/list.gaon?serviceGbn=&nationGbn=T&condition=2&search_str=%EA%B9%80%ED%83%9C%EC%9A%B0","url_text":"\"Gaon Music Chart – Artist search: Kim Tae-woo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Music_Content_Industry_Association","url_text":"Korea Music Content Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"KBS Music Bank – Kim TaeWoo is No. 1 for 2nd week\". Soompi. 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December 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/12/first-jyp-nation-team-play-concert-delivers-explosive-performances","url_text":"\"First \"JYP Nation – Team Play\" concert delivers explosive performances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Tae Woo terminates contract with Polaris, establishes his own one-man agency\". allkpop.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allkpop.com/2011/03/kim-tae-woo-terminates-contract-with-polaris-establishes-his-own-one-man-agency","url_text":"\"Kim Tae Woo terminates contract with Polaris, establishes his own one-man agency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allkpop","url_text":"allkpop"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Tae Woo releases \"Brothers & Me\" MV featuring Rain & JYP!\". allkpop. 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Retrieved June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010552195","url_text":"\"싱투게더 시즌2', 김태우·KCM 공동 MC…7월6일 첫방송\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsis","url_text":"Newsis"}]},{"reference":"Jeon Hyo-jin (November 4, 2021). \"김태우 '오싱어게임', 5일 첫방송\" [Kim Tae-woo's 'Osinger Game' premieres on the 5th] (in Korean). Sports Donga. Retrieved November 4, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000942591","url_text":"\"김태우 '오싱어게임', 5일 첫방송\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Kim Tae-woo\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kim+Tae-woo%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/07/25/2017072503127.html","external_links_name":"\"'1대100' 김태우 \"H.O.T. 재결합했으면, 40대 '캔디' 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performances\""},{"Link":"http://www.allkpop.com/2011/03/kim-tae-woo-terminates-contract-with-polaris-establishes-his-own-one-man-agency","external_links_name":"\"Kim Tae Woo terminates contract with Polaris, establishes his own one-man agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.allkpop.com/article/2011/03/kim-tae-woo-releases-brothers-me-mv-featuring-rain-jyp","external_links_name":"\"Kim Tae Woo releases \"Brothers & Me\" MV featuring Rain & JYP!\""},{"Link":"http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/04/g-o-ds-kim-tae-woo-and-son-ho-young-perform-lie-and-friday-night-on-yoo-hee-yeols-sketchbook","external_links_name":"\"g.o.d's Kim Tae Woo and Son Ho Young perform \"Lie\" and \"Friday Night\" on 'Yoo Hee Yeol's Sketchbook'\""},{"Link":"https://www.soompi.com/2011/04/22/kbs-music-bank-042211/","external_links_name":"\"KBS Music Bank 04.22.11\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140708000741","external_links_name":"\"g.o.d. makes grand return with new LP 'Chapter 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발탁\""},{"Link":"https://news.joins.com/article/22600542","external_links_name":"\"'불후의 명곡' 측 \"황치열 하차, 김태우 후임 MC 투입\" [공식]\""},{"Link":"https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/ko/culture/venue-culture-event/%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%B0-%ED%97%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88%EC%87%BC-%EA%B9%80%ED%83%9C%EC%9A%B0","external_links_name":"\"[강원도] [공연] 헤드라이너쇼 – 김태우\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8098875/korean-singers-k-pop-acts-pyeongchang-2018-winter-olympics","external_links_name":"\"Korean Singers, K-Pop Acts Get Drawn into Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics: EXO, CL to Perform At Closing Ceremony\""},{"Link":"http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4085921","external_links_name":"\"하늘색 물결·전곡 떼창…god \"팬과 보낸 20년 '그레이티스트'\"\""},{"Link":"http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/11/23/2018112301412.html","external_links_name":"\"\"3년 만에 돌아온 감성 발라드\"…god, '눈이 내린다' 커버 이미지\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190830084750/http://star.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201908010943030387","external_links_name":"\"손호영X김태우, god 첫 유닛 '호우'로 뭉쳤다\""},{"Link":"http://star.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201908010943030387","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.joins.com/article/23556794","external_links_name":"\"호우 손호영X김태우, 20년 만에 god 첫 유닛 결성···'최파타' 인증샷\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000854136","external_links_name":"\"김태우, 아이오케이 컴퍼니와 한식구 됐다(공식)\""},{"Link":"http://news.donga.com/List/Series_70060000000030/3/70060000000030/20140912/66356349/1","external_links_name":"\"[토요일에 만난 사람]데뷔 15주년 'god' 재결합 이끈 김태우\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/285514","external_links_name":"\"김태우-김애리 부부, 오늘 오후 셋째 득남\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063126/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/75973/oh-my-baby-to-feature-kimtaewoo-family","external_links_name":"\"g.o.d. Kim Tae Woo's Family to Join 'Oh! My Baby'\""},{"Link":"http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/75973/oh-my-baby-to-feature-kimtaewoo-family","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/10/08/2014100803178.html","external_links_name":"\"완전체 god, 노래로 대박 터뜨리고 예능서 펄펄 날고\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010552195","external_links_name":"\"싱투게더 시즌2', 김태우·KCM 공동 MC…7월6일 첫방송\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000942591","external_links_name":"\"김태우 '오싱어게임', 5일 첫방송\""},{"Link":"http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2000","external_links_name":"\"2000 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140613182320/http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=142142","external_links_name":"\"2011Mnet Asian Music Awards part 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209215003/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=142142","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/soulking191/","external_links_name":"Kim Tae-woo"},{"Link":"http://www.soulshop.co.kr/eng/main/main.php","external_links_name":"Soul Shop Entertainment website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cf723016-6175-4466-98ad-92d6c7ff18d1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapleura_(plant)
Tetrapleura (plant)
["1 References"]
Genus of legumes For Tetrapleura Parl., see Daucus. Tetrapleura Tetrapleura tetraptera Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae Clade: Mimosoid clade Genus: TetrapleuraBenth. (1841) Tetrapleura is a genus of flowering plants in the mimosoid clade of the family Fabaceae. It includes two species of trees native to sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Senegal to Kenya and Tanzania, and south to Angola. They grow in tropical lowland rain forest, secondary thicket, and fringing forest in the Guineo-Congolian forest and Lake Victoria basin. Species in this genus include: Tetrapleura chevalieri (Harms) Baker f. Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. – Prekese tree References ^ The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658. ^ a b "Tetrapleura Benth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 22 September 2023. Taxon identifiersTetrapleura Wikidata: Q7706667 Wikispecies: Tetrapleura APDB: 195391 CoL: 922JC GBIF: 2939637 GRIN: 11997 iNaturalist: 426819 IPNI: 23685-1 IRMNG: 1363679 NCBI: 148727 Open Tree of Life: 213991 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:23685-1 WFO: wfo-4000037966 This Mimosoideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daucus"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"mimosoid clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosoideae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpwg-1"},{"link_name":"Guineo-Congolian forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_forest"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Basin_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-2"},{"link_name":"Tetrapleura chevalieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapleura_chevalieri"},{"link_name":"Tetrapleura tetraptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapleura_tetraptera"}],"text":"For Tetrapleura Parl., see Daucus.Tetrapleura is a genus of flowering plants in the mimosoid clade of the family Fabaceae.[1] It includes two species of trees native to sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Senegal to Kenya and Tanzania, and south to Angola. They grow in tropical lowland rain forest, secondary thicket, and fringing forest in the Guineo-Congolian forest and Lake Victoria basin.[2]Species in this genus include:[2]Tetrapleura chevalieri (Harms) Baker f.\nTetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. – Prekese tree","title":"Tetrapleura (plant)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). \"A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny\". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12705%2F661.3","url_text":"\"A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_(journal)","url_text":"Taxon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12705%2F661.3","url_text":"10.12705/661.3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10568%2F90658","url_text":"10568/90658"}]},{"reference":"\"Tetrapleura Benth\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:23685-1","url_text":"\"Tetrapleura Benth\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_220
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 220
["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References"]
Highway in Newfoundland and Labrador Route 220Burin Peninsula HighwayHeritage RunRoute informationMaintained by Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and InfrastructureLength118 km (73 mi)Major junctionsWest end Route 210 in Grand BankMajor intersections Route 222 in Burin Route 221 in Burin Route 220A in Marystown East end Route 210 in Marystown LocationCountryCanadaProvinceNewfoundland and Labrador Highway system Highways in Newfoundland and Labrador ← Route 215→ Route 220A Route 220 is the southern portion of the Heritage Run in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, running along the southern and western coastlines of the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland. It is a loop road, running due south from the town of Marystown and continues until the town of Grand Bank where it transitions into Route 210 - and vice versa. The speed limit along much of Route 220 is 80 km/h, except in communities where the speed limit is reduced to 50 km/h (however, through the town of Fortune, the speed limit is reduced to 30 km/h). Route description Beginning at its western end, Route 220 begins as a continuation of Route 210 (Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run) at an intersection with Marine Drive at the eastern end of Grand Bank. Route 220 bypasses the town to the south along Grandview Boulevard before leaving and heading west along the coastline for a few kilometres. The highway now passes through Fortune, where one can access the ferry to St. Pierre and Miquelon, before turning south to pass by Fortune Head and the towns of Lories and Point May. Route 220 heads eastward to pass through Calmer (minor settlement with only two dwellings) and Lamaline, where a local road provides access to the village of Allan's Island. It now meets a local road to Point au Gaul before passing through Taylor's Bay, Lord's Cove, Lawn, St. Lawrence, and Little St. Lawrence. Between Lord's Cove and Lawn, Route 220 meets local roads leading to Roundabout and Webbers Cove. The highway now winds its way northeast through inland rural terrain for several kilometres (where it has an intersection with local road leading to Epworth, Great Salmonier, Wandsworth, L'Anse-à-l'Eau, and Corbin) to pass through Lewin's Cove before entering Burin. Route 220 passes through the Salt Pond portion of town, where it has intersections with Route 222 (Salt Pond-Winterland Road) and Route 221 (Burin Road) before leaving Burin and winding its way along a lake for several kilometres to enter Marystown at an intersection/partial interchange with Route 220A (Creston Boulevard). The highway now passes through the Creston North neighbourhood along the Creston Causeway to cross a river before coming to an end at the western edge of town at another intersection with Route 210. As with most highways in Newfoundland and Labrador, the entire length of Route 220 is a two-lane highway. Major intersections Route 220 in Lamaline LocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Grand Bank0.00.0Transitions to Route 210 north (Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run) to Route 1 (TCH) – MarystownWestern terminus Fortune8.15.0Piercy Street - St. Pierre and Miquelon Ferry 10.86.7Hornehouse Road - Fortune Head Lamaline42.126.2High Road - Allan's Island ​46.328.8Point au Gaul Road - Point au Gaul ​65.340.6Roundabout Road - Roundabout ​65.540.7Webbers Cove Road - Webbers Cove ​10263Corbin Road - Epworth, Great Salmonier, Wandsworth, L'Anse-à-l'Eau, Corbin Burin11068 Route 222 north (Salt Pond-Winterland Road) – WinterlandSouthern terminus of Route 222 11169 Route 221 east (Burin Road) – Downtown, Port au Bras, Fox Cove-MortierWestern terminus of Route 221 Marystown11571 Route 220A north (Creston Boulevard) – DowntownSouthern terminus of Route 220A 11873 Route 210 (Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run) – Grand Bank, Fortune, MarystownEastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Route transition References ^ Google (August 2013). "Route 220 transition to Route 210 at Grand Bank". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Google (September 4, 2017). "Route 222 intersection at Route 220 in Burin" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Google (October 2018). "Route 221 intersection at Route 220 in Burin". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Google (February 4, 2020). "Route 220A intersection at Route 220 in Marystown" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 4, 2020. ^ Google (February 4, 2020). "Route 220 intersection at Route 210 in Marystown" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 4, 2020. ^ Google (August 2013). "Speed limit 30 km/h signage in Fortune". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Google (August 2013). "Settlement of Calmer along Route 220 with signage". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved September 5, 2017. vteNewfoundland and Labrador highwaysMain provincial highways 1 (TCH) 210 230 320 330 340 350 360 410 430 480 500 (TLH) 510 (TLH) Avalon Peninsula 2 3 3A 10 11 13 20 21 30 40 41 50 60 62 63 70 71 72 73 74 75 80 81 90 91 92 93 94 100 101 102 201 202 203 Burin Peninsula 210 211 212 213 214 215 220 220A 221 222 Bonavista Peninsula and area 204 205 230 230A 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Kittiwake Coast, Fogo Island, and Twillingate area 301 310 320 330 331 332 333 334 335 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 Exploits Valley and Bay d'Espoir area 350 351 352 360 361 362 363 364 365 370 371 Baie Verte area 380 381 382 390 391 392 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 Great Northern Peninsula area 401 420 421 422 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 Western Newfoundland 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 440 450 450A 460 461 462 463 470 480 490 Labrador 500 (TLH) 503 510 (TLH) 513 514 516 520
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Burin Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(Island)"},{"link_name":"Marystown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marystown,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Route 220 is the southern portion of the Heritage Run in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, running along the southern and western coastlines of the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland. It is a loop road, running due south from the town of Marystown and continues until the town of Grand Bank where it transitions into Route 210 - and vice versa. The speed limit along much of Route 220 is 80 km/h, except in communities where the speed limit is reduced to 50 km/h (however, through the town of Fortune, the speed limit is reduced to 30 km/h[6]).","title":"Newfoundland and Labrador Route 220"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Route 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_210"},{"link_name":"Grand Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bank,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"St. Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"Fortune Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Head"},{"link_name":"Lories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lories,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Point May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_May,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Calmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmer,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lamaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaline,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Allan's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%27s_Island,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Point au Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_au_Gaul,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Taylor's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%27s_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Lord's Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Cove,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Lawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Little St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_St._Lawrence,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Roundabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Webbers Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webbers_Cove,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Epworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Great Salmonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salmonier,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsworth,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"L'Anse-à-l'Eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Anse-%C3%A0-l%27Eau,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin,_Burin_Peninsula,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Lewin's Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewin%27s_Cove,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Burin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Route 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_222"},{"link_name":"Route 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_221"},{"link_name":"Marystown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marystown,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Route 220A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_220A"}],"text":"Beginning at its western end, Route 220 begins as a continuation of Route 210 (Burin Peninsula Highway/Heritage Run) at an intersection with Marine Drive at the eastern end of Grand Bank. Route 220 bypasses the town to the south along Grandview Boulevard before leaving and heading west along the coastline for a few kilometres. The highway now passes through Fortune, where one can access the ferry to St. Pierre and Miquelon, before turning south to pass by Fortune Head and the towns of Lories and Point May. Route 220 heads eastward to pass through Calmer (minor settlement with only two dwellings)[7] and Lamaline, where a local road provides access to the village of Allan's Island. It now meets a local road to Point au Gaul before passing through Taylor's Bay, Lord's Cove, Lawn, St. Lawrence, and Little St. Lawrence. Between Lord's Cove and Lawn, Route 220 meets local roads leading to Roundabout and Webbers Cove. The highway now winds its way northeast through inland rural terrain for several kilometres (where it has an intersection with local road leading to Epworth, Great Salmonier, Wandsworth, L'Anse-à-l'Eau, and Corbin) to pass through Lewin's Cove before entering Burin. Route 220 passes through the Salt Pond portion of town, where it has intersections with Route 222 (Salt Pond-Winterland Road) and Route 221 (Burin Road) before leaving Burin and winding its way along a lake for several kilometres to enter Marystown at an intersection/partial interchange with Route 220A (Creston Boulevard). The highway now passes through the Creston North neighbourhood along the Creston Causeway to cross a river before coming to an end at the western edge of town at another intersection with Route 210. As with most highways in Newfoundland and Labrador, the entire length of Route 220 is a two-lane highway.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamaline_NL.jpg"}],"text":"Route 220 in Lamaline","title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"Route 220 in Lamaline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lamaline_NL.jpg/250px-Lamaline_NL.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfried_G%C3%BCnther_Freiherr_von_H%C3%BCnefeld
Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld
["1 Early life","2 First east-west transatlantic flight","3 Round-the-world flight attempt","4 References","5 Literature"]
German aviation pioneer Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von HünefeldFreiherr von HünefeldBorn(1892-05-01)1 May 1892Königsberg, East PrussiaDied5 February 1929(1929-02-05) (aged 36)Berlin, GermanyResting placeLandeseigener Friedhof Berlin-SteglitzNationality GermanOccupationAviatorKnown forFirst transatlantic flight from East to West Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld (1 May 1892 – 5 February 1929) was a German aviation pioneer and initiator of the first transatlantic aeroplane flight from East to West. Early life Hünefeld was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, the son of the owner of Braxeinswalde near Preußisch Eylau, where he grew up. He was blind in his left eye and near-sighted in his right, and his childhood was characterized by several serious diseases. After attending school in Berlin, he studied at Berlin University and came in contact with the first flight pioneers at Berlin's Johannisthal Air Field. At the beginning of World War I, he tried to join the German Air Service as a volunteer but was rejected due to his poor health. After that, he volunteered again as a motorcyclist and was wounded in September 1914 in Flanders, which led to a shortened left leg. Due to his handicaps, he could not return to service and joined the German Diplomatic Service, serving in Sofia, Constantinople, and as an Imperial Vice Consul in the Netherlands. After the end of World War I, he stayed in the Netherlands for one and a half years with the German Crown Prince Wilhelm, before returning to Germany, where he worked as a spokesman for the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company in Bremen. First east-west transatlantic flight The Bremen after the transatlantic crossing After Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic from West to East in May 1927, the idea of flying in the opposite direction, which is more difficult because of the prevailing winds, became more and more popular. In 1927 Hünefeld bought two Junkers W 33 aircraft from the Junkers company in Dessau, naming them after the two Norddeutscher Lloyd flagships SS Bremen and SS Europa (unlikely as they did not exist at the time). His plans were supported by Hugo Junkers and Hermann Köhl, a World War I pilot and head of the Deutsche Luft Hansa Nightflight Branch. After some test flights, and breaking the record for flight duration, Hünefeld and Köhl flew to Baldonnel, Ireland, where they met James C. Fitzmaurice, the Irish Air Corps Commandant of the Baldonnel Airodrome. On 12 April 1928, these three left Baldonnel in the Bremen and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Greenly Island on the south coast of Labrador, Canada. Even though they failed to reach their original goal, New York City, they were the first to cross the Atlantic from Europe to America. By a special act of the Congress of the United States on 2 May 1928, Hünefeld and his two companions were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Round-the-world flight attempt On 18 September 1928, von Hünefeld and Swedish pilot Karl Gunnar Lindner took off from Berlin in the Europa in an attempt to fly around the world. In Bushire, Iran, they met Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen who went on to complete the first solo circumnavigation principally by air.: 58–9  After they arrived in Tokyo on 20 October, the flight was abandoned because of poor weather conditions and Hünefeld's declining health. Hünefeld died in February 1929 in Berlin from stomach cancer and is buried in the Landeseigener Friedhof Berlin-Steglitz cemetery. References ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as Baron). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin. ^ von Koenig-Warthausen, Baron F K (1930). Wings Around the World. ^ "Baron Hunefeld and Lindner Round-The-World Flight Attempt". Round the World Flights. 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ Berlin.de Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld. Kohl, Hermann (1928). The Three Musketeers Of The Air. Putnam. Walter, Friedrich (1929). Trutz Tod – Des jungen Hünefeld Werden und Weg. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam. Walter, Friedrich (1930). Hünefeld – Ein Leben der Tat. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam. Hofbauer, Michael; Leder, Dieter; Schmelzle, Peter (2003). Die Welt der Überflieger – 75 Jahre Nordatllantikflug Ost-West. Deutsche Post AG. Hotson, Fred W (1996). Die Bremen. NARA-Verlag. ISBN 3-925671-22-6. Blendermann, Karl-August (1995). Atlantikflug D 1167. Verlag Hauschild. ISBN 3-929902-71-0. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Australia People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"}],"text":"Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr[1] von Hünefeld (1 May 1892 – 5 February 1929) was a German aviation pioneer and initiator of the first transatlantic aeroplane flight from East to West.","title":"Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Preußisch Eylau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationovsk"},{"link_name":"near-sighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-sighted"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Berlin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_University"},{"link_name":"Johannisthal Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannisthal_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"German Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_German_Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norddeutscher Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"}],"text":"Hünefeld was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, the son of the owner of Braxeinswalde near Preußisch Eylau, where he grew up. He was blind in his left eye and near-sighted in his right, and his childhood was characterized by several serious diseases. After attending school in Berlin, he studied at Berlin University and came in contact with the first flight pioneers at Berlin's Johannisthal Air Field. At the beginning of World War I, he tried to join the German Air Service as a volunteer but was rejected due to his poor health. After that, he volunteered again as a motorcyclist and was wounded in September 1914 in Flanders, which led to a shortened left leg. Due to his handicaps, he could not return to service and joined the German Diplomatic Service, serving in Sofia, Constantinople, and as an Imperial Vice Consul in the Netherlands. After the end of World War I, he stayed in the Netherlands for one and a half years with the German Crown Prince Wilhelm[citation needed], before returning to Germany, where he worked as a spokesman for the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company in Bremen.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junkers_aircraft_Bremen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"Junkers W 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_W_33"},{"link_name":"Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers"},{"link_name":"Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau"},{"link_name":"SS Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Bremen_(1928)"},{"link_name":"SS Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Europa_(1928)"},{"link_name":"Hugo Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Junkers"},{"link_name":"Hermann Köhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_K%C3%B6hl"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Luft Hansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa"},{"link_name":"Baldonnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldonnel,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"James C. Fitzmaurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fitzmaurice_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"Irish Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Baldonnel Airodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"Greenly Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenly_Island,_Canada"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"}],"text":"The Bremen after the transatlantic crossingAfter Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic from West to East in May 1927, the idea of flying in the opposite direction, which is more difficult because of the prevailing winds, became more and more popular. In 1927 Hünefeld bought two Junkers W 33 aircraft from the Junkers company in Dessau, naming them after the two Norddeutscher Lloyd flagships SS Bremen and SS Europa (unlikely as they did not exist at the time). His plans were supported by Hugo Junkers and Hermann Köhl, a World War I pilot and head of the Deutsche Luft Hansa Nightflight Branch.After some test flights, and breaking the record for flight duration, Hünefeld and Köhl flew to Baldonnel, Ireland, where they met James C. Fitzmaurice, the Irish Air Corps Commandant of the Baldonnel Airodrome. On 12 April 1928, these three left Baldonnel in the Bremen and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Greenly Island on the south coast of Labrador, Canada. Even though they failed to reach their original goal, New York City, they were the first to cross the Atlantic from Europe to America. By a special act of the Congress of the United States on 2 May 1928, Hünefeld and his two companions were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.","title":"First east-west transatlantic flight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bushire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushire"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_von_Koenig-Warthausen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warthausen-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"stomach cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"Steglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steglitz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 18 September 1928, von Hünefeld and Swedish pilot Karl Gunnar Lindner took off from Berlin in the Europa in an attempt to fly around the world. In Bushire, Iran, they met Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen who went on to complete the first solo circumnavigation principally by air.[2]: 58–9After they arrived in Tokyo on 20 October, the flight was abandoned because of poor weather conditions and Hünefeld's declining health.[3]Hünefeld died in February 1929 in Berlin from stomach cancer and is buried in the Landeseigener Friedhof Berlin-Steglitz cemetery.[4]","title":"Round-the-world flight attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Ehrenfried_G%C3%BCnther_Freiherr_von_H%C3%BCnefeld"},{"link_name":"Kohl, Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kohl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-925671-22-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925671-22-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-929902-71-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-929902-71-0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q74947#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1654053/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066754199"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/17989454"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRQhxvyCkFfpW3FhjjYP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/117049867"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298678805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006068939"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35415628"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117049867.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/944754"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62d2kjj"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld.Kohl, Hermann (1928). The Three Musketeers Of The Air. Putnam.\nWalter, Friedrich (1929). Trutz Tod – Des jungen Hünefeld Werden und Weg. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam.\nWalter, Friedrich (1930). Hünefeld – Ein Leben der Tat. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam.\nHofbauer, Michael; Leder, Dieter; Schmelzle, Peter (2003). Die Welt der Überflieger – 75 Jahre Nordatllantikflug Ost-West. Deutsche Post AG.\nHotson, Fred W (1996). Die Bremen. NARA-Verlag. ISBN 3-925671-22-6.\nBlendermann, Karl-August (1995). Atlantikflug D 1167. Verlag Hauschild. ISBN 3-929902-71-0.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nAustralia\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Literature"}]
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null
[{"reference":"von Koenig-Warthausen, Baron F K (1930). Wings Around the World.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Baron Hunefeld and Lindner Round-The-World Flight Attempt\". Round the World Flights. 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wingnet.org/rtw/RTW001S.HTM","url_text":"\"Baron Hunefeld and Lindner Round-The-World Flight Attempt\""}]},{"reference":"Kohl, Hermann (1928). The Three Musketeers Of The Air. Putnam.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kohl","url_text":"Kohl, Hermann"}]},{"reference":"Walter, Friedrich (1929). Trutz Tod – Des jungen Hünefeld Werden und Weg. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walter, Friedrich (1930). Hünefeld – Ein Leben der Tat. Ernte-Verlag Potsdam.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hofbauer, Michael; Leder, Dieter; Schmelzle, Peter (2003). Die Welt der Überflieger – 75 Jahre Nordatllantikflug Ost-West. Deutsche Post AG.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hotson, Fred W (1996). Die Bremen. NARA-Verlag. ISBN 3-925671-22-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925671-22-6","url_text":"3-925671-22-6"}]},{"reference":"Blendermann, Karl-August (1995). Atlantikflug D 1167. Verlag Hauschild. ISBN 3-929902-71-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-929902-71-0","url_text":"3-929902-71-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrio_River
Agrio River
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 38°22′02″S 69°42′22″W / 38.3672°S 69.7061°W / -38.3672; -69.7061River in ArgentinaAgrio RiverAgrio River in Caviahue, ArgentinaLocationCountryArgentinaPhysical characteristicsLength400km The Agrio River is a river of Argentina. The river starts in the Andes Mountains and eventually joins the Neuquén River. See also List of rivers of Argentina References Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. GEOnet Names Server Archived 2020-04-10 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agrio River. 38°22′02″S 69°42′22″W / 38.3672°S 69.7061°W / -38.3672; -69.7061 This article about a place in Neuquén Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Neuquén River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_River"}],"text":"River in ArgentinaThe Agrio River is a river of Argentina. The river starts in the Andes Mountains and eventually joins the Neuquén River.","title":"Agrio River"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of rivers of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Argentina"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agrio_River&params=38.3672_S_69.7061_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"38°22′02″S 69°42′22″W / 38.3672°S 69.7061°W / -38.3672; -69.7061"},{"Link":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html","external_links_name":"GEOnet Names Server"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200410113457/https://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Agrio_River&params=38.3672_S_69.7061_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"38°22′02″S 69°42′22″W / 38.3672°S 69.7061°W / -38.3672; -69.7061"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrio_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrio_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb_Academy_of_Fine_Arts
Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb
["1 Organisation","2 Notable faculty","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°48′44″N 15°57′45″E / 45.8121°N 15.9624°E / 45.8121; 15.9624Fine arts school of the University of Zagreb This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academy of Fine Arts ZagrebAkademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu (ALU)TypePublicEstablished1907DeanTomislav BuntakStudents365LocationZagreb, Croatia45°48′44″N 15°57′45″E / 45.8121°N 15.9624°E / 45.8121; 15.9624Websitealu.hr The Academy of Fine Arts Zagreb (Croatian: Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu or ALU) is a Croatian art school based in Zagreb. It is one of the three art academies affiliated with the University of Zagreb, along with the Academy of Dramatic Art (ADU) and the Academy of Music (MUZA). The Academy was established in June 1907 as the Royal College for Arts and Crafts (Croatian: Kraljevsko zemaljsko više obrazovalište za umjetnost i umjetni obrt) and initially had three departments, for sculpting, painting and art education. Academy's first professors were Robert Frangeš-Mihanović, Rudolf Valdec, Robert Auer, Oton Iveković, Bela Čikoš Sesija, Menci Klement Crnčić and Branko Šenoa. The Academy is still based in its original location at 85 Ilica street in Zagreb. Since 1926 the architecture department was briefly active at the academy, and was headed by Drago Ibler. The graphic arts department was established in 1956, the restoration department in 1997 and the department for animation and new media in 1998. Today the academy has six departments, with a total of 365 students enrolled. Organisation The Academy currently has six departments: Painting department Graphic arts department Sculpting department Art education department Conservation-restoration department Animation and new media department Notable faculty Antun Augustinčić Vladimir Becić Robert Frangeš Mihanović Drago Ibler Oton Iveković Frano Kršinić Ivan Meštrović Ivan Ladislav Galeta Ivan Sabolić Miroslav Šutej Milan Trenc Maksimilijan Vanka Notable alumni Marina Abramović Otti Berger Ivica Buljan Vera Dajht-Kralj Braco Dimitrijević Marta Ehrlich Oton Gliha Fadil Hadžić Jacques Hnizdovsky Živa Kraus Edo Murtić Stjepan Planić Dimitrije Popović Vanja Radauš Željko Senečić Goran Trbuljak Ivana Tomljenović-Meller Seka Severin de Tudja References ^ a b "History of the Academy". www.alu.unizg.hr. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-04-18. External links Official website (in Croatian) vteUniversity of ZagrebFaculties Faculty of Architecture Catholic Faculty of Theology Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Faculty of Economics and Business Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Faculty of Geodesy Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty of Law Faculty of Metallurgy Faculty of Organization and Informatics Faculty of Political Science Faculty of Science Faculty of Teacher Education School of Dental Medicine School of Medicine Academies Academy of Dramatic Art Academy of Fine Arts Academy of Music Other related articles 2009 student protests in Croatia Mladost (sports society) National and University Library in Zagreb SDEWES Centre University Computing Centre Zagreb Botanical Garden vteZagrebHistoryvteHistory of ZagrebEvolution Andautonia Kaptol Gradec Zagreb Novi Zagreb City of Zagreb Zagreb County Timeline Coat of arms of ZagrebEvents Golden Bull of 1242 Great Zagreb earthquake Visit of Emperor Franz Joseph World War II 1974 Zagreb train disaster 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision 1987 Summer Universiade Eurovision Song Contest 1990 Bombing of the Banski Dvori Zagreb rocket attacks 2020 (Earthquake Flash flood COVID-19 Shooting Petrinja earthquake) 2022 Tu-141 crash 2024 protest Structures Croatian Parliament Zagreb Cathedral St. Mark's Church Medvedgrad Ban Jelačić Square St. Mark's Square Pleso Airport Zagreb Fair Zagreb Stock Exchange Stone Gate Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall Mirogoj Cemetery Buildings Kallina House Esplanade Zagreb Hotel Manors of Kaptol National Home Palace Banski dvori Cibona Tower Zagrepčanka Vjesnik Building Neboder (Ilica 1) Chromos Tower Coat of arms of ZagrebDistricts Brezovica Črnomerec Donja Dubrava Donji grad Gornja Dubrava Gornji Grad–Medveščak Maksimir Novi Zagreb-istok Novi Zagreb-zapad Peščenica-Žitnjak Podsljeme Podsused-Vrapče Sesvete Stenjevec Trešnjevka-jug Trešnjevka-sjever Trnje Buildings and landmarks 1 Ilica Street Banski dvori Cibona Tower Esplanade Zagreb Hotel General Post Office Kallina House Villa Kallina Lotrščak Tower Medvedgrad Meštrović Pavilion Mirogoj Cemetery National Home Palace Nine Views Old City Hall Rudolf barracks Stone Gate Sabor Palace Villa Rebar Zagrepčanka Sky Office Tower Adriatic Bridge Homeland Bridge HOTO Tower Eurotower Mamutica Squaresand streets Ban Jelačić Square British Square Croatian Nobles Square Dolac Market Eugen Kvaternik Square Ilica Street Krvavi Most Lenuci Horseshoe Nova Ves Oktogon Republic of Croatia Square Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square St. Mark's Square Tkalčićeva Street Square of the Victims of Fascism Parks, gardens,and recreation Lenuci Horseshoe Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square Maksimir Park Botanical Garden Bundek Jarun Medvednica Zagreb Zoo Places ofworship Zagreb Cathedral St. Mark's Church St. Catherine's Church Orthodox Cathedral Zagreb Mosque Zagreb Synagogue Evangelical Church Greek Catholic Co-cathedral Basilica of the Heart of Jesus Church of Saint Blaise Culture Croatian National Theatre Gavella Drama Theatre Mala Scena Theatre Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall National and University Library Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra The Cravat Regiment Zagreb Film Zagreb school of animated films Galleries and museums Archaeological Museum Art Pavilion Croatian History Museum Croatian Museum of Naïve Art Croatian Natural History Museum Croatian Railway Museum Ethnographic Museum Glyptotheque Klovićevi Dvori Gallery Lauba Mimara Museum Modern Gallery Museum of Arts and Crafts Museum of Broken Relationships Museum of Contemporary Art Strossmayer Gallery Technical Museum Zagreb City Museum Education High schools in Zagreb Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts University of Zagreb Academies: Dramatic Art Fine Arts Music Faculties: Architecture Chemical Engineering Dental Medicine Economics and Business Electrical Engineering and Computing Geodesy Humanities and Social Sciences Medicine Science Teacher Education Sports venues Arena Zagreb Dom Sportova Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall Maksimir Stadium Kranjčevićeva Stadium ŠRC Sesvete Stadium NŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium Transport Zagreb International Airport Zagreb Glavni kolodvor Zagreb Zapadni railway station Funicular Trams Commuter Rail Metro (proposed) Events Animafest Zagreb INmusic Festival Interliber Music Biennale Zagreb Zagreb Film Festival ZagrebDox Zagreb Fair Subversive Festival Sport events Golden Spin (ice skating) Hanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics) Snow Queen Trophy (skiing) Zagreb Indoors (tennis) Zagreb Marathon Media Jutarnji list Večernji list Sportske novosti Jabuka TV Z1 TV Zagreb TV Tower Category:Zagreb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States This Croatian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"art school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_school"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Dramatic_Art,_University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music,_University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Robert Frangeš-Mihanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frange%C5%A1-Mihanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Valdec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Valdec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Auer"},{"link_name":"Oton Iveković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bela Čikoš Sesija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_%C4%8Ciko%C5%A1_Sesija"},{"link_name":"Menci Klement Crnčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menci_Klement_Crn%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branko Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_%C5%A0enoa"},{"link_name":"Ilica street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilica_(street)"},{"link_name":"Drago Ibler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago_Ibler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Fine arts school of the University of ZagrebThe Academy of Fine Arts Zagreb (Croatian: Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu or ALU) is a Croatian art school based in Zagreb. It is one of the three art academies affiliated with the University of Zagreb, along with the Academy of Dramatic Art (ADU) and the Academy of Music (MUZA).The Academy was established in June 1907 as the Royal College for Arts and Crafts[1] (Croatian: Kraljevsko zemaljsko više obrazovalište za umjetnost i umjetni obrt) and initially had three departments, for sculpting, painting and art education. Academy's first professors were Robert Frangeš-Mihanović, Rudolf Valdec, Robert Auer, Oton Iveković, Bela Čikoš Sesija, Menci Klement Crnčić and Branko Šenoa. The Academy is still based in its original location at 85 Ilica street in Zagreb.Since 1926 the architecture department was briefly active at the academy, and was headed by Drago Ibler. The graphic arts department was established in 1956, the restoration department in 1997 and the department for animation and new media in 1998.Today the academy has six departments,[1] with a total of 365 students enrolled.","title":"Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graphic arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_arts"},{"link_name":"Art education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_education"},{"link_name":"Conservation-restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation-restoration"},{"link_name":"Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"new media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"}],"text":"The Academy currently has six departments:Painting department\nGraphic arts department\nSculpting department\nArt education department\nConservation-restoration department\nAnimation and new media department","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antun Augustinčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Augustin%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Becić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Beci%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Robert Frangeš Mihanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frange%C5%A1_Mihanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Drago Ibler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago_Ibler"},{"link_name":"Oton Iveković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Frano Kršinić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frano_Kr%C5%A1ini%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Meštrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Ladislav Galeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ladislav_Galeta"},{"link_name":"Ivan Sabolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Saboli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Šutej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_%C5%A0utej"},{"link_name":"Milan Trenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Trenc"},{"link_name":"Maksimilijan Vanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimilijan_Vanka"}],"text":"Antun Augustinčić\nVladimir Becić\nRobert Frangeš Mihanović\nDrago Ibler\nOton Iveković\nFrano Kršinić\nIvan Meštrović\nIvan Ladislav Galeta\nIvan Sabolić\nMiroslav Šutej\nMilan Trenc\nMaksimilijan Vanka","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marina Abramović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Otti Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otti_Berger"},{"link_name":"Ivica Buljan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_Buljan"},{"link_name":"Vera Dajht-Kralj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Dajht-Kralj"},{"link_name":"Braco Dimitrijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braco_Dimitrijevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Marta Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"Oton Gliha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oton_Gliha"},{"link_name":"Fadil Hadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadil_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jacques Hnizdovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Hnizdovsky"},{"link_name":"Živa Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiva_Kraus"},{"link_name":"Edo Murtić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Murti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Planić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Plani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dimitrije Popović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrije_Popovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vanja Radauš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanja_Radau%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Željko Senečić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Sene%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Trbuljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Trbuljak"},{"link_name":"Ivana Tomljenović-Meller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Tomljenovi%C4%87-Meller"},{"link_name":"Seka Severin de Tudja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seka_Severin_de_Tudja"}],"text":"Marina Abramović\nOtti Berger\nIvica Buljan\nVera Dajht-Kralj\nBraco Dimitrijević\nMarta Ehrlich\nOton Gliha\nFadil Hadžić\nJacques Hnizdovsky\nŽiva Kraus\nEdo Murtić\nStjepan Planić\nDimitrije Popović\nVanja Radauš\nŽeljko Senečić\nGoran Trbuljak\nIvana Tomljenović-Meller\nSeka Severin de Tudja","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Zagreb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Zagreb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agh_Veran
Agh Veran
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°11′34″N 44°25′18″E / 39.19278°N 44.42167°E / 39.19278; 44.42167Village in West Azerbaijan, IranAgh Veran اغورانvillageAgh VeranCoordinates: 39°11′34″N 44°25′18″E / 39.19278°N 44.42167°E / 39.19278; 44.42167Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyChaldoranBakhshCentralRural DistrictChaldoran-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total59Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Agh Veran (Persian: اغوران, also Romanized as Āgh Verān; also known as Āqverān and Āq Verān) is a village in Chaldoran-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 20 families. References ^ Agh Veran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3826476" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Chaldoran CountyCapital Siah Cheshmeh DistrictsCentralCities Siah Cheshmeh Rural Districts and villagesBaba Jik Abbas Kandi Abd ol Razzaq Aghdash Ali Mardan Arafat Arkavin Baba Ahmad Bayetmish Dash Kasan Dilbilmaz Hasan Kandi Jaffal Karan-e Olya Karan-e Sofla Karan-e Vasat Mashhadi Kandi Mirabad Mohammad Aqa-ye Olya Mohammad Aqa-ye Sofla Mohammad Salah Niaz Qarah Tulki-ye Olya Qaranqu Qareh Kelisa Qerkh Bolagh Qezkhachlu Qular Qurniav-e Sofla Qusha Bolagh-e Olya Qusha Bolagh-e Sofla Shur Bolagh Sona Bolagh Tazeh Kand Yaychi Yumoridash Chaldoran-e Jonubi(South Chaldoran) Ab-e Garm Amukhanzi-ye Olya Amukhanzi-ye Sofla Anbar-e Maran Anbar-e Olya Anbar-e Sofla Baba Nur Baghlachi-ye Olya Baghlachi-ye Sofla Dalikdash Dar Darreh Si Dushan Tappeh Incheh Salah-e Olya Incheh Salah-e Sofla Isa Golik Khan Baghalachi Khan-e Sadr Khezerlu Kord Kandi Makhmur Malhamlu-ye Olya Malhamlu-ye Sofla Mokhvor Nabi Kandi Naderabad Navar Paizabad Qarahchi Bolagh Qarahjah Veran-e Olya Qarahjah Veran-e Sofla Qashqa Bolagh-e Sofla Sadr Saidabad Segrik Sheykh Saluy-e Olya Sheykh Saluy-e Sofla Taqi Kandi Tat Kandi Teghnit-e Olya Teghnit-e Vasat Tulki Tappehsi Yekmaleh-ye Sofla Yusefabad Chaldoran-e Shomali(North Chaldoran) Abarabashi Abbas Kandi Agh Dizaj Agh Veran Antar Kandi Aq Bolagh-e Meydan Aqduz Asadollah Kandi Babalu Bozghaleh Chokhur Kand Emamqoli Kandi-ye Olya Emamqoli Kandi-ye Sofla Gal Ashaqi Gergereh Haramlu Incheh-ye Olya Incheh-ye Sofla Jabbar Kandi Jaganlu Jalil Kandi Khan Amir Madlu Masum Kandi Mazraeh Meydan Qadu Kandi Qarah Aghol Qermezdash Ravaz Reyhanluy-e Olya Reyhanluy-e Sofla Reyhanluy-e Vosta Sadal Sadr ol Din Takht-e Ravan-e Olya Takht-e Ravan-e Sofla Tazehkand Vakil Zaviyeh-ye Olya Zaviyeh-ye Sofla DashtakiCities Avajiq Rural Districts and villagesAvajiq-e Jonubi(South Avajiq) Arab Dizaji Arkhashan Delakverdi Gol Seyyed Gol Halhal-e Olya Halhal-e Sofla Jang Tappeh Majnun-e Olya Majnun-e Sofla Masudabad Ojaqabad Oruj Kandi Qahreman Kandi Qaleh Khach Qezel Suri Qoli Dizaji Safu Sazaghol Shadluy-e Olya Shadluy-e Sofla Sufiabad Tahmaseb Kandi Avajiq-e Shomali(North Avajiq) Aghbolagh-e Kalisa Kandi Aliabad Alujenni Baduli Beyg Kandi Jamal Kandi Javzar Keshtaz Pir Ahmad Kandi Qayan Kandi Qezel Bolagh Salmanabad Sarem Saqlu Sari Ojaq Siran Soleyman Aghol Sufali Iran portal This Chaldoran County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrum
Partus sequitur ventrem
["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Mixed-race slaves","2 Mixed-race communities in the Deep South","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
Former legal doctrine of slavery by birth The Modern Medea (1867), an illustration of Margaret Garner, an escaped enslaved African American who in 1856, about to be captured, killed her daughter, Mary, to ensure Mary was not returned to slavery Partus sequitur ventrem (lit. 'that which is born follows the womb'; also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of slave mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers. As such, children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property (chattels), as well as the common law of personal property; analogous legislation existed in other civilizations including Medieval Egypt in Africa and Korea in Asia. The doctrine's most significant effect was placing into chattel slavery all children born to enslaved women. Partus sequitur ventrem soon spread from the colony of Virginia to all of the Thirteen Colonies. As a function of the political economy of chattel slavery in Colonial America, the legalism of partus sequitur ventrem exempted the biological father from relationship toward children he fathered with enslaved women, and gave all rights in the children to the enslaver. The denial of paternity to enslaved children secured the enslavers' right to profit from exploiting the labour of children engendered, bred, and born into slavery. The doctrine also meant that multiracial children with white mothers were born free. Early generations of Free Negros in the American South were formed from unions between free working-class, usually mixed race women, and black men. Similar legal doctrines of inheritable slavery also derived from the civil law, operated in all the various European colonies in the Americas and Africa which were established by the British, Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Dutch, and these doctrines often carried over after the colonies became independent. History Part of a series onForced labour and slavery Contemporary Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Contemporary Africa 21st-century jihadism Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical Antiquity Egypt Babylonia Greece Rome Medieval Europe Ancillae Black Sea slave trade Byzantine Empire Kholop Prague slave trade Serfs History In Russia Emancipation Thrall Venetian slave trade Balkan slave trade Muslim world Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate Slavery in Al-Andalus ‎ Baqt Contract of manumission Bukhara slave trade Crimean slave trade Khazar slave trade Khivan slave trade Ottoman Empire Avret Esir Pazarları Barbary Coast slave trade pirates Sack of Baltimore Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish Abductions Concubinage history Ma malakat aymanukum Avret Esir Pazarları Harem Abbasid harem Ottoman Imperial Harem Safavid harem Qajar harem Jarya/Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm walad Circassian slave trade Saqaliba Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate Slavery in Volga Bulgaria 21st century Atlantic slave trade Bristol Brazil Database Dutch Middle Passage Nantes New France Panyarring Spanish Empire Slave Coast Thirteen colonies Topics and practice Conscription Ghilman Mamluk Devshirme Blackbirding Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States Treatment House slaves Saqaliba Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers White slavery Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Trans-Saharan slave trade Red Sea slave trade Indian Ocean slave trade Zanzibar slave trade Angola Chad Comoros Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Seychelles Somalia Somali slave trade South Africa Sudan Zanzibar North and South America Pre-Columbian America Aztec Americas indigenous U.S. Natives United States Field slaves female Contemporary maps partus prison labor Slave codes Treatment interregional Human trafficking The Bahamas Canada Caribbean Barbados British Virgin Islands Trinidad Code Noir Latin America Brazil Lei Áurea Colombia Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek (Encomienda) Puerto Rico East, Southeast, and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Indonesia Japan comfort women Korea Kwalliso Malaysia Maldives Slavery in the Mongol Empire Thailand Yankee princess Vietnam Australia and Oceania Australia Human trafficking Blackbirding Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden North Africa and West Asia Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Egypt Human trafficking in the Middle East Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Qatar Yemen United Arab Emirates Religion Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam Judaism Baháʼí Faith Opposition and resistance 1926 Slavery Convention Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Abolitionists Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law Third Servile War 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf  Related Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners last survivors of American slavery Marriage of enslaved people (United States) Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project breeding court cases Washington Jefferson J.Q. Adams Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau Iron bit Emancipation Day vte Background Further information: Slavery in the colonial history of the United States Cultures as diverse as Egypt, in Africa, and Korea, in Asia, have had the rule that the children of enslaved women are born slaves themselves; towards the end of the first millenium AD, most slaves in Egypt were born to enslaved women. A few years later, in 1036, Korea passed legislation whereby the children of slaves were also born slaves. In 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" Negroes were landed in the Colony of Virginia, marking the beginning of the importation of Africans into England's colonies in continental North America. They had been captured from a Portuguese slaver, the Portuguese having begun the Atlantic slave trade a century earlier. During the colonial era, English colonial administration struggled to determine the status of the children born in the colonies, where their births were the product of a union between an English subject and a "foreigner", or entirely between foreigners. English common law mandated that the legal place or status of an English subject's children was based on that of their father as the head of the household, known as pater familias. Common law stipulated that men were legally required to acknowledge their bastard children in addition to their legal ones and give them food and shelter—while they also had the right to put their children to work or hire them out taking any earnings, or arranging an apprenticeship or indenture so that they could become a self-supporting adult. Child labor was a critical benefit both to the family headed by a father in England, and to the development of England's colonies—the child was as property to the father, or to those who stood in place of the father, but the child grew out of that condition as they came of age. Regarding personal property (chattels), common law mandated that the profits and increase generated by personal property (live stock, mobile property) accrued to the owner of the chattel property. Beginning in the Virginia royal colony in 1662, colonial governments incorporated the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem into the laws of slavery, ruling that the children born in the colonies took the place or status of their mothers; therefore, children of enslaved mothers were born into slavery as chattel, regardless of the status of their fathers. The doctrine existed in English common law (which agreed with the civil law in such matters as live stock), but in England, the partus sequitur ventrem doctrine did not make chattels of English subjects. In 1656, multiracial woman Elizabeth Key Grinstead, then classified by an owner's estate as being "Negro" and thus enslaved, won her freedom lawsuit and legal recognition as a free woman of color in colonial Virginia. Key's successful lawsuit was based upon the circumstances of her birth: her English father was a member of the House of Burgesses; had acknowledged his paternity of Elizabeth, who was baptized as a Christian in the Church of England; and, before his death, had arranged a guardianship for her, by way of indentured servitude until she came of age. When the man to whom Key was indentured returned to England, he sold her indenture contract to a second man. The latter prolonged Key's servitude beyond the indenture's original term. At the death of the second owner of her indenture, his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her mixed-race son (who also had a white father, William Grinstead) as "Negro slaves" who were the personal property of the deceased. With William acting as her attorney, Elizabeth sued the estate over her status, claiming that she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus freeborn. This was eventually accepted by the Virginia General Court, though it overturned the decision after an appeal from the estate. Elizabeth took the case to the Virginia General Assembly, which accepted her arguments. According to scholar Taunya Lovell Banks, children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become "naturalized subjects" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European). As a direct result of freedom suits such as those filed by Elizabeth, the Virginian House of Burgesses passed the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem, noting that "doubts have arisen whether children got by an Englishmen upon a negro woman should be slave or free". After the American Revolution, slave law in the United States continued to maintain such distinctions. Virginia established a law that no one could be enslaved in the state other than those who had that status on October 17, 1785, "and the descendants of the females of them." Kentucky adopted this law in 1798; Mississippi passed a similar law in 1822, using the phrase about females and their descendants, as did Florida in 1828. Louisiana, whose legal system was based on civil law (following its French colonial past), in 1825 added this language to its code: "Children born of a mother then in a state of slavery, whether married or not, follow the condition of their mother." Other states adopted this "norm" through judicial rulings. In summary, the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem functioned economically to provide a steady supply of slaves. Mixed-race slaves By the 18th century, the colonial slave population included mixed-race children of white ancestry, sometimes classified as mulattoes (half Black), quadroons (one-quarter Black), and octoroons (one-eighth Black). They were fathered by white planters, overseers, and other men with power, with enslaved women and girls who were also sometimes of mixed race. Numerous multiracial enslaved people lived in stable families at the Monticello plantation of Thomas Jefferson. In 1773 his wife, Martha Wayles, inherited more than one hundred enslaved people from her father John Wayles. These included the six mixed-race children (identified as being three-quarters white) whom he fathered with his enslaved concubine Betty Hemings, a multiracial woman born of an Englishman and an enslaved African (Black) woman. Martha Wayles's three-quarters white ("quadroon") half-brothers and half-sisters included the much younger Sally Hemings. Some years later, it is believed the widower Jefferson took Sally Hemings (then between 14 and 16 years of age) as a concubine. Over the 38 years, he may have sired six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. As their mother was enslaved, they, too, were enslaved from birth. Partus sequitur ventrem: A slaver sells his mulatto son into slavery. (The House that Jeff Built, David Claypoole Johnston, 1863) Under Virginia law at the time, being seven-eighths European ("octoroon") would have made the Jefferson–Hemings children legally white if they had been free. Jefferson allowed the two eldest to "escape" and freed the two youngest in his will. As adults, three Jefferson–Hemings children passed into white society: Beverly and Harriet Hemings in the Washington, D.C., area, and Eston Hemings Jefferson in Wisconsin. He had married a mixed-race woman in Virginia, and both their sons served as regular Union soldiers. The oldest gained the rank of colonel. In 1998, a Y-DNA test confirmed that a contemporary male descendant of Sally Hemings (through Eston Heming's descendants) shared genetic relation in the male line with Field Jefferson, a paternal uncle of Thomas Jefferson which provides evidence that Thomas may have been the biological father of Eston Heming Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson is documented as having been at Monticello each time Hemings conceived, and the historical evidence favors his paternity but there are other possible suspects such as his younger brother Randolph. Mixed-race communities in the Deep South In the colonial cities on the Gulf of Mexico, New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, there arose the Creole peoples as a social class of educated free people of color, descended from white fathers and enslaved black or mixed-race women. As a class, they intermarried, sometimes gained formal education, and owned property, including enslaved people. Moreover, in the Upland South, some enslavers freed their slaves after the Revolution through manumission. The population of free black men and free black women rose from less than 1% in 1780 to more than 10% in 1810, when 7.2% of Virginia's population was free black people, and 75% of Delaware's black population was free. Concerning the sexual hypocrisy related to whites and their sexual abuse of enslaved women, the diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut said: This only I see: like the patriarchs of old our men live all in one house with their wives and their concubines, the Mulattoes one sees in every family exactly resemble the white children—every lady tells you who is the father of all the Mulatto children in every body's household, but those in her own , she seems to think drop from the clouds or pretends so to think ... Likewise, in the Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839 (1863), Fanny Kemble, the English wife of an American planter, noted the immorality of white enslavers who kept their mixed-race children enslaved. But some white fathers established common-law marriages with enslaved women. They emancipated the woman and children, or sometimes transferred property to them, arranged apprenticeships and education, and resettled in the North. Some white fathers paid for the higher education of their mixed-race children at colour-blind colleges, such as Oberlin College. In 1860 Ohio, at Wilberforce University (est. 1855) owned and operated by the African Methodist Episcopal church, most of the two hundred subscribed students were mixed-race, natural sons of the white men paying their tuition. See also Children of the plantation Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean Female slavery in the United States Freedom of wombs History of sexual slavery in the United States Marriage of enslaved people (United States) One-drop rule Rio Branco Law Sally Miller (American slave) Slave breeding in the United States Slave Trade Act References ^ Lamb, Gregory M. (January 25, 2005). "The Peculiar Color of Racial Justice". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ a b c Banks, Taunya (2008). "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit - Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia". Akron Law Review. 41 (799). ^ Heinegg, Paul (1995–2005). "Free African Americans in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Delaware and Maryland". ^ Miles H. Davidson (1997). Columbus Then and Now, a life re-examined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780806129341. ^ (Bruning 2020, pp. 689–690): “ninth century, slaves in Egypt were mostly born into slavery or were the captives of slavers” ^ Seung B. Kye (2021). "12. Slavery in Medieval Korea". In Craig Perry; David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; David Richardson (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. II: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. doi:10.1017/9781139024723. ISBN 9781139024723. the heritability of slave status was enacted as evidenced by the Matrilineal Succession Law (chongmopŏp) of 1036, which stated that the offspring of nobi shall inherit the status of the mother ^ a b Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3. ^ "From Father's Property To Children's Rights: A History of Child Custody Preview". Berkeley Law. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3. ^ Kathleen Brown (1996). Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 129–132. ^ Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc. pp. 311. ISBN 978-0393324945. ^ a b c Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9780807848173. ^ Ellis, Joseph American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (1993) p. 000. ^ Davis, Angela (1972). "Reflections on the Black Woman's Role in the Community of Slaves". The Massachusetts Review. 13 (1/2): 81–100. JSTOR 25088201. ^ a b "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account". The Jefferson Monticello. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Ten years later , TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings. ^ Helen F.M. Leary (September 2001). "Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence". National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 89, no. 3. pp. 165–207. ^ Kolchin, Peter American Slavery, 1619–1865, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 82–83. ^ Kolchin, American Slavery, p. 81. ^ Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1981). Mary Chesnut's Civil War. Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780300029796. ^ Fanny Kemble (1863). Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839. Harper & Brothers. Retrieved December 20, 2009 – via Internet Archive. Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839 ^ Campbell, James T. (1995). Songs of Zion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9780195360059. Retrieved January 13, 2009. Bibliography Bruning, Jelle (2020). "Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 63 (5–6). Brill Publishers: 689–690. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341524. hdl:1887/3133408. ISSN 0022-4995. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_modern_Medea_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Garner"},{"link_name":"colonial Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"crown colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony"},{"link_name":"the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"chattels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"chattel slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattel_slavery"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"link_name":"chattel slavery in Colonial America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"exploiting the labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-2"},{"link_name":"multiracial children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"Free Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Negro"},{"link_name":"American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinegg-3"},{"link_name":"European colonies in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M.H.Davidson_1997_p.417-4"}],"text":"The Modern Medea (1867), an illustration of Margaret Garner, an escaped enslaved African American who in 1856, about to be captured, killed her daughter, Mary, to ensure Mary was not returned to slaveryPartus sequitur ventrem (lit. 'that which is born follows the womb'; also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of slave mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers. As such, children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. [1] The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property (chattels), as well as the common law of personal property; analogous legislation existed in other civilizations including Medieval Egypt in Africa and Korea in Asia.The doctrine's most significant effect was placing into chattel slavery all children born to enslaved women. Partus sequitur ventrem soon spread from the colony of Virginia to all of the Thirteen Colonies. As a function of the political economy of chattel slavery in Colonial America, the legalism of partus sequitur ventrem exempted the biological father from relationship toward children he fathered with enslaved women, and gave all rights in the children to the enslaver. The denial of paternity to enslaved children secured the enslavers' right to profit from exploiting the labour of children engendered, bred, and born into slavery.[2] The doctrine also meant that multiracial children with white mothers were born free. Early generations of Free Negros in the American South were formed from unions between free working-class, usually mixed race women, and black men.[3]Similar legal doctrines of inheritable slavery also derived from the civil law, operated in all the various European colonies in the Americas and Africa which were established by the British, Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Dutch, and these doctrines often carried over after the colonies became independent.[4]","title":"Partus sequitur ventrem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slavery in the colonial history of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"colonial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris-7"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"bastard children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_(law_of_England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"indenture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indenture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"personal property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property"},{"link_name":"royal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_colony"},{"link_name":"colonial governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Key Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead"},{"link_name":"freedom lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_suit"},{"link_name":"free woman of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"indentured servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude"},{"link_name":"indenture contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indenture"},{"link_name":"freeborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeborn"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-2"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"slave law in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris47-48-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris47-48-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morris47-48-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Further information: Slavery in the colonial history of the United StatesCultures as diverse as Egypt, in Africa, and Korea, in Asia, have had the rule that the children of enslaved women are born slaves themselves; towards the end of the first millenium AD, most slaves in Egypt were born to enslaved women.[5] A few years later, in 1036, Korea passed legislation whereby the children of slaves were also born slaves.[6]In 1619, a group of \"twenty and odd\" Negroes were landed in the Colony of Virginia, marking the beginning of the importation of Africans into England's colonies in continental North America. They had been captured from a Portuguese slaver, the Portuguese having begun the Atlantic slave trade a century earlier. During the colonial era, English colonial administration struggled to determine the status of the children born in the colonies, where their births were the product of a union between an English subject and a \"foreigner\", or entirely between foreigners.[7] \nEnglish common law mandated that the legal place or status of an English subject's children was based on that of their father as the head of the household, known as pater familias. Common law stipulated that men were legally required to acknowledge their bastard children in addition to their legal ones and give them food and shelter—while they also had the right to put their children to work or hire them out taking any earnings, or arranging an apprenticeship or indenture so that they could become a self-supporting adult.[7] Child labor was a critical benefit both to the family headed by a father in England, and to the development of England's colonies—the child was as property to the father, or to those who stood in place of the father, but the child grew out of that condition as they came of age.[8]Regarding personal property (chattels), common law mandated that the profits and increase generated by personal property (live stock, mobile property) accrued to the owner of the chattel property. Beginning in the Virginia royal colony in 1662, colonial governments incorporated the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem into the laws of slavery, ruling that the children born in the colonies took the place or status of their mothers; therefore, children of enslaved mothers were born into slavery as chattel, regardless of the status of their fathers. The doctrine existed in English common law (which agreed with the civil law in such matters as live stock), but in England, the partus sequitur ventrem doctrine did not make chattels of English subjects.[9]In 1656, multiracial woman Elizabeth Key Grinstead, then classified by an owner's estate as being \"Negro\" and thus enslaved, won her freedom lawsuit and legal recognition as a free woman of color in colonial Virginia. Key's successful lawsuit was based upon the circumstances of her birth: her English father was a member of the House of Burgesses; had acknowledged his paternity of Elizabeth, who was baptized as a Christian in the Church of England; and, before his death, had arranged a guardianship for her, by way of indentured servitude until she came of age. When the man to whom Key was indentured returned to England, he sold her indenture contract to a second man. The latter prolonged Key's servitude beyond the indenture's original term. At the death of the second owner of her indenture, his estate classified Elizabeth Key and her mixed-race son (who also had a white father, William Grinstead) as \"Negro slaves\" who were the personal property of the deceased. With William acting as her attorney, Elizabeth sued the estate over her status, claiming that she was an indentured servant who had served past her term and that her son was thus freeborn. This was eventually accepted by the Virginia General Court, though it overturned the decision after an appeal from the estate. Elizabeth took the case to the Virginia General Assembly, which accepted her arguments.[10]According to scholar Taunya Lovell Banks,children born to English parents outside the country became English subjects at birth, others could become \"naturalized subjects\" (although there was no process at the time in the colonies). What was unsettled was the status of children if only one of the parents was an English subject, as foreigners (including Africans) were not considered subjects. Because non-whites came to be denied civil rights as foreigners, mixed-race people seeking freedom often had to stress their English ancestry (and later, European).[2]As a direct result of freedom suits such as those filed by Elizabeth, the Virginian House of Burgesses passed the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem, noting that \"doubts have arisen whether children got by an Englishmen upon a negro woman should be slave or free\".[11]After the American Revolution, slave law in the United States continued to maintain such distinctions. Virginia established a law that no one could be enslaved in the state other than those who had that status on October 17, 1785, \"and the descendants of the females of them.\" Kentucky adopted this law in 1798; Mississippi passed a similar law in 1822, using the phrase about females and their descendants, as did Florida in 1828.[12] Louisiana, whose legal system was based on civil law (following its French colonial past), in 1825 added this language to its code: \"Children born of a mother then in a state of slavery, whether married or not, follow the condition of their mother.\"[12] Other states adopted this \"norm\" through judicial rulings.[12] In summary, the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem functioned economically to provide a steady supply of slaves.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mulattoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"quadroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadroon"},{"link_name":"octoroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octoroon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"John Wayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayles"},{"link_name":"concubine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage"},{"link_name":"Betty Hemings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hemings"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sally Hemings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Hemings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemings-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_That_Jeff_Built_p8.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Claypoole Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Claypoole_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Eston Hemings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston_Hemings"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemings-15"}],"sub_title":"Mixed-race slaves","text":"By the 18th century, the colonial slave population included mixed-race children of white ancestry, sometimes classified as mulattoes (half Black), quadroons (one-quarter Black), and octoroons (one-eighth Black). They were fathered by white planters, overseers, and other men with power, with enslaved women and girls who were also sometimes of mixed race.[13]Numerous multiracial enslaved people lived in stable families at the Monticello plantation of Thomas Jefferson. In 1773 his wife, Martha Wayles, inherited more than one hundred enslaved people from her father John Wayles. These included the six mixed-race children (identified as being three-quarters white) whom he fathered with his enslaved concubine Betty Hemings, a multiracial woman born of an Englishman and an enslaved African (Black) woman.[14] Martha Wayles's three-quarters white (\"quadroon\") half-brothers and half-sisters included the much younger Sally Hemings. Some years later, it is believed the widower Jefferson took Sally Hemings (then between 14 and 16 years of age) as a concubine. Over the 38 years, he may have sired six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood. As their mother was enslaved, they, too, were enslaved from birth.[15][16]Partus sequitur ventrem: A slaver sells his mulatto son into slavery. (The House that Jeff Built, David Claypoole Johnston, 1863)Under Virginia law at the time, being seven-eighths European (\"octoroon\") would have made the Jefferson–Hemings children legally white if they had been free. Jefferson allowed the two eldest to \"escape\" and freed the two youngest in his will. As adults, three Jefferson–Hemings children passed into white society: Beverly and Harriet Hemings in the Washington, D.C., area, and Eston Hemings Jefferson in Wisconsin. He had married a mixed-race woman in Virginia, and both their sons served as regular Union soldiers. The oldest gained the rank of colonel.In 1998, a Y-DNA test confirmed that a contemporary male descendant of Sally Hemings (through Eston Heming's descendants) shared genetic relation in the male line with Field Jefferson, a paternal uncle of Thomas Jefferson which provides evidence that Thomas may have been the biological father of Eston Heming Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson is documented as having been at Monticello each time Hemings conceived, and the historical evidence favors his paternity but there are other possible suspects such as his younger brother Randolph.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creole peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_peoples"},{"link_name":"free people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Upland South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_South"},{"link_name":"manumission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mary Boykin Chesnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boykin_Chesnut"},{"link_name":"the patriarchs of old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fanny Kemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Kemble"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kemble-20"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"Wilberforce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce_University"},{"link_name":"African Methodist Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell.google.com-21"}],"text":"In the colonial cities on the Gulf of Mexico, New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, there arose the Creole peoples as a social class of educated free people of color, descended from white fathers and enslaved black or mixed-race women. As a class, they intermarried, sometimes gained formal education, and owned property, including enslaved people.[17] Moreover, in the Upland South, some enslavers freed their slaves after the Revolution through manumission. The population of free black men and free black women rose from less than 1% in 1780 to more than 10% in 1810, when 7.2% of Virginia's population was free black people, and 75% of Delaware's black population was free.[18]Concerning the sexual hypocrisy related to whites and their sexual abuse of enslaved women, the diarist Mary Boykin Chesnut said:This only I see: like the patriarchs of old our men live all in one house with their wives and their concubines, the Mulattoes one sees in every family exactly resemble the white children—every lady tells you who is the father of all the Mulatto children in every body's household, but those [Mulatto children] in her own [household], she seems to think drop from the clouds or pretends so to think ...[19]Likewise, in the Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839 (1863), Fanny Kemble, the English wife of an American planter, noted the immorality of white enslavers who kept their mixed-race children enslaved.[20]But some white fathers established common-law marriages with enslaved women. They emancipated the woman and children, or sometimes transferred property to them, arranged apprenticeships and education, and resettled in the North. Some white fathers paid for the higher education of their mixed-race children at colour-blind colleges, such as Oberlin College. In 1860 Ohio, at Wilberforce University (est. 1855) owned and operated by the African Methodist Episcopal church, most of the two hundred subscribed students were mixed-race, natural sons of the white men paying their tuition.[21]","title":"Mixed-race communities in the Deep South"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brill.com/view/journals/jesh/63/5-6/article-p682_2.xml?language=en"},{"link_name":"Brill Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/15685209-12341524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341524"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1887/3133408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3133408"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-4995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4995"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"History of slavery in the United 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Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands#Danish_period"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slavery among Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slavery in New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Slavery in New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France"},{"link_name":"Slavery in the colonial history of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Indentured servitude in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slave trade in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Slave markets and slave jails in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kidnapping into slavery in the United 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populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations"},{"link_name":"Modern social statistics of Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_social_statistics_of_Native_Americans"},{"link_name":"Reservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"Reservation poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_poverty"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"American Indian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_English"},{"link_name":"Native American Pidgin English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Pidgin_English"},{"link_name":"Native American languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Native_American_majority_populations"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Natives"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indians_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Native_Americans_in_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_peoples_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists"},{"link_name":"actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_actors"},{"link_name":"Native American War Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_leaders_of_the_Indian_Wars"},{"link_name":"musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_musicians"},{"link_name":"Native American politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writers_from_peoples_indigenous_to_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Native American Medal of Honor recipients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_Medal_of_Honor_recipients"},{"link_name":"List of federally recognized tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes"},{"link_name":"by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state"},{"link_name":"State-recognized tribes in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"List of Indian reservations in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Native_American_culture"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"}],"text":"Bruning, Jelle (2020). \"Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 63 (5–6). Brill Publishers: 689–690. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341524. hdl:1887/3133408. ISSN 0022-4995. Retrieved September 30, 2023.vteHistory of slavery in the United StatesStates\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nFederal districtDistrict of ColumbiaTerritories\nPuerto Rico\nU.S. Virgin Islands\nTopicsHistory\nSlavery among Native Americans\nSlavery in New Spain\nSlavery in New France\nSlavery in the colonial history of the United States\nIndentured servitude in the Americas\nSlavery in the United States\nSlave trade in the United States\nSlave markets and slave jails in the United States\nKidnapping into slavery in the United States\nSlave states and free states\nSlave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863\nSlavery at American colleges and universities\nGlossary\nBibliography\nCultural andsocial history\nAmerican proslavery movement\nSlavery as a positive good in the United States\nTreatment\nHealth\nMandatory illiteracy\nEducation during the slave period\nSlave quarters\nDomestic slave trade\nList of American slave traders\nRunaway slave ad\nSlave catcher\nAbolitionism\nUnderground Railroad\nFreedmen's towns\nBlack Canadians\nList of abolitionists\nAfrican American founding fathers\nPlantations\nField slaves\nGang system\nTask system\nPlanter class\nList of plantations\nNative American slave owners\nBlack slave owners\nAmerican Colonization Society\nSlave narrative\nLaw and politics\nSlavery and the United States Constitution\nAmerican slave court cases\nFreedom suits\nFugitive Slave Clause\nThree-fifths Compromise\nSlave and free states\nHistory of slavery by U.S. state\nFugitive slaves\nFugitive Slave Act of 1793\nAct Prohibiting Importation of Slaves (1808)\nGag rule (1836–1840)\nNullifiers\nFire-Eaters\nMovement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade\nFugitive Slave Act of 1850\nPartus sequitur ventrem\nDred Scott v. Sandford\nThirteenth Amendment of the Constitution\nPresidents and slavery\nGeorge Washington and slavery\nThomas Jefferson and slavery\nJames Madison and slavery\nJohn Quincy Adams and abolitionism\nJohn Tyler and slavery\nZachary Taylor and slavery\nAbraham Lincoln and slavery\nAndrew Johnson and slavery\nVice presidents\nMembers of Congress\nSupreme Court Justices\nMarriage, sexual slavery and procreation\nSexual slavery\nFemale slavery\nSexual relations and rape\nSlave breeding\nMarriage of enslaved people\nPlaçage\nChildren of the plantation\nShadow family\nCivil War and after\nOrigins of the American Civil War\nSlavery during the American Civil War\nEnd of slavery in the United States\nCompensated emancipation\nContraband\nColored Troops\nEmancipation Proclamation\nJuneteenth\nReconstruction era\nRadical Republicans\nFreedmen's Bureau\nCivil rights movement (1865–1896)\nFamily reunification ads after emancipation\nFreedmen's town\nlistvteAfrican AmericansHistory\nTimeline\nAbolitionism\nAfrican American founding fathers\nAfrocentrism\nAmerican Civil War\nAtlantic slave trade\nBlack genocide\nBlack Lives Matter\nBrown v. Board of Education (1954)\nChildren of the plantation\nCivil Rights Acts\n1964\nVoting Rights Act of 1965\n1968\nCivil rights movement 1865–1896\nCivil right movement 1896–1954\nCivil rights movement 1954–1968\nMontgomery bus boycott\nBrowder v. Gayle (1956)\nSit-in movement\nFreedom Riders\nBirmingham movement\nMarch on Washington\nSelma to Montgomery marches\nChicago Freedom Movement\nPost–civil rights era\nCornerstone Speech\nCOVID-19 impact\nDred Scott v. Sandford (1857)\nFree Negro\nFree people of color\nGeorge Floyd protests\nGreat Migration\nSecond\nNew\nInauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013\nJim Crow laws\nLynching\nMilitary history\nMillion Man March\nNadir of American race relations\nThe Negro Motorist Green Book\nPartus sequitur ventrem\nPlantations\nPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)\nReconstruction Amendments\nReconstruction era\nRedlining\nSeparate but equal\nSilent Parade\nSlavery\nTreatment of slaves\nTulsa race massacre\nUnderground Railroad\nWomen's suffrage movement\nCulture\nAfrofuturism\nArt\nBlack mecca\nBusinesses\nDance\nFamily structure\nFilm\nFolktales\nHair\nHarlem Renaissance\nNew Negro\nHoodoo\nJuneteenth\nKwanzaa\nLGBT community\nLiterature\nMusic\nMusical theater\nNames\nNegro National Anthem\nNeighborhoods\nNewspapers\nSoul food\nStereotypes\nMiddle class\nUpper class\nNotable people\nRalph Abernathy\nMaya Angelou\nCrispus Attucks\nJames Baldwin\nJames Bevel\nJulian Bond\nAmelia Boynton\nJames Bradley\nCarol Moseley Braun\nEdward Brooke\nBlanche Bruce\nRalph Bunche\nGeorge Washington Carver\nShirley Chisholm\nClaudette Colvin\nFrederick Douglass\nW. E. B. Du Bois\nMedgar Evers\nJames Farmer\nHenry Highland Garnet\nMarcus Garvey\nFred Gray\nFannie Lou Hamer\nKamala Harris\nJimi Hendrix\nJesse Jackson\nKetanji Brown Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nHarriet Jacobs\nBarbara Jordan\nCoretta Scott King\nMartin Luther King Jr.\nBernard Lafayette\nJames Lawson\nHuddie Ledbetter\nJohn Lewis\nJoseph Lowery\nMalcolm X\nThurgood Marshall\nToni Morrison\nBob Moses\nDiane Nash\nBarack Obama\nMichelle Obama\nRosa Parks\nAdam Clayton Powell Jr.\nColin Powell\nGabriel Prosser\nJoseph Rainey\nA. Philip Randolph\nHiram Revels\nPaul Robeson\nAl Sharpton\nFred Shuttlesworth\nClarence Thomas\nEmmett Till\nSojourner Truth\nHarriet Tubman\nNat Turner\nDenmark Vesey\nC. T. Vivian\nDavid Walker\nBooker T. Washington\nIda B. Wells\nRoy Wilkins\nOprah Winfrey\nAndrew Young\nWhitney Young\nEducation, scienceand technology\nBlack studies\nBlack schools\nHistorically black colleges and universities\nInventors and scientists\nMuseums\nWomen\nin computer science\nin medicine\nin STEM fields\nReligion\nAfrican-American Jews\nIslam\nAmerican Society of Muslims\nNation of Islam\nBlack church\nAzusa Street Revival\nBlack Hebrew Israelites\nBlack theology\nDoctrine of Father Divine\nPolitical movements\nAnarchism\nBack-to-Africa movement\nBlack power\nMovement\nCapitalism\nConservatism\nLeftism\nPan-Africanism\nPopulism\nRaised fist\nSelf-determination\nNationalism\nSocialism\nCivic and economicgroups\nAssociation for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)\nBlack Panther Party\nCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)\nNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)\nNashville Student Movement\nNational Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)\nNational Council of Negro Women (NCNW)\nNational Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)\nNational Urban League (NUL)\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)\nThurgood Marshall College Fund\nUnited Negro College Fund (UNCF)\nUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)\nSports\nNegro league baseball\nBaseball color line\nBlack players in professional American football\nBlack NFL quarterbacks\nBlack players in ice hockey\nMuhammad Ali\nArthur Ashe\nJack Johnson\nJoe Louis\nJesse Owens\nJackie Robinson\nSerena Williams\nAthletic associationsand conferences\nCentral (CIAA)\nMid-Eastern (MEAC)\nSouthern (SIAC)\nSouthwestern (SWAC)\nEthnic subdivisions\nBy African descent\nFula\nGullah\nIgbo\nYoruba\nAlabama Creole\nBlack Indians\nBlack Seminoles\nCherokee freedmen controversy\nChoctaw freedmen\nCreek Freedmen\nBlack Southerners\nBlaxicans\nGreat Dismal Swamp maroons\nLouisiana Creole\nof color\nMelungeon\nDemographics\nNeighborhoods\nlist\nU.S. cities with large populations\n2000 majorities\n2010 majorities\nMetropolitan areas\nStates and territories\nIllinois\nOhio\nLanguages\nAfro-Seminole Creole\nAmerican Sign\nBlack American Sign\nEnglish\nAmerican English\nAfrican-American English\nAfrican-American Vernacular English\nsocial context\nGullah\nLouisiana Creole\nBy state/city\nAlabama\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nLos Angeles\nSan Francisco\nCleveland\nFlorida\nJacksonville\nTallahassee\nGeorgia\nAtlanta\nHawaii\nIllinois\nChicago\nIndiana\nIowa\nDavenport\nKansas\nKentucky\nLexington\nLouisiana\nMaryland\nBaltimore\nMassachusetts\nBoston\nMichigan\nDetroit\nMississippi\nNebraska\nOmaha\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNew York City\nNorth Carolina\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nPhiladelphia\nPuerto Rico\nSouth Carolina\nTennessee\nTexas\nAustin\nDallas–Fort Worth\nHouston\nSan Antonio\nUtah\nVirginia\nWest Virginia\nDiaspora\nAfrica\nGambia\nGhana\nLiberia\nSierra Leone\nAmerica\nCanada\nDominican Republic\nHaiti\nMexico\nTrinidad and Tobago\nIsrael\nEurope\nFrance\nLists\nAfrican Americans\nActivists\nActors\nAstronauts\nBillionaires\nJournalists\nJurists\nMathematicians\nRepublicans\nSingers\nSportspeople\nSpingarn Medal winners\nUS cabinet members\nUS representatives\nUS senators\nVisual artists\nWriters\nAfrican-American firsts\nMayors\nSports firsts\nUS state firsts\nHistoric places\nIndex of related articles\nLandmark African-American legislation\nLynching victims\nMonuments\nNeighborhoods\nTopics related to the African diaspora\n\nCategory\n United States portalvteNative American topicsHistory\nPaleo-Indians\nLithic stage\nArchaic period in the Americas\nFormative stage\nClassic stage\nPost-Classic stage\nWoodland period\nTrade\nAge of Discovery\nEuropean colonization of the Americas\nPopulation history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas\nGenocide\nPartus sequitur ventrem\nFive Civilized Tribes\nSlavery\nownership\nIndian removal\nTrail of Tears\nIndian Territory\nNative Americans in the American Civil War\nDawes Rolls\nCertificate Degree of Indian Blood\nCultural assimilation of Native Americans\nIndian Appropriations Act\nRacial Integrity Act\nIndian Citizenship Act of 1924\nIndian Reorganization Act of 1934\nJim Crow laws\nBlood quantum laws\nNative Americans and World War II\nAmerican Indian boarding schools\nCivil rights movement / Native American Rights Fund\nNative American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)\nNative American civil rights\nDiscrimination\nCulture\nMississippian culture\nAdena culture\n Hohokam culture\nIroquois culture\nArt\nFood\nMusic\nFilm\nIndigenous Peoples' Day\nMesoamerican literature\nFashion\nNeighborhoods\nNative American disease and epidemics\nNative American identity in the United States\nPow wow\nWars\nBeaver Wars\nAnglo-Powhatan Wars\nPequot War\nKieft's War\nPeach Tree War\nEsopus Wars\nKing Philip's War\nTuscarora War\nYamasee War\nDummer's War\nPontiac's War\nLord Dunmore's War\nAmerican Revolutionary War\nCherokee–American wars\nNorthwest Indian War\nWar of 1812\nCreek War\nArikara War\nSeminole Wars / Second Seminole War\nOsage Indian War \nAmerican Civil War\nTexas–Indian wars (1836–1877) / Comanche Wars (1836–1877) / Antelope Hills expedition (1858) / Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) / Red River War (1874–1875) / Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)\nCayuse War\nApache Wars (1849–1924) / Jicarilla War (1849–1855) / Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) / Tonto War (1871–1875) / Victorio's War (1879–1880) / Geronimo's War (1881–1886) / Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)\nYuma War\nUte Wars(1850–1923) / Battle at Fort Utah (1850) / Walker War (1853–1854) / Tintic War (1856) / Black Hawk War (1865–1872) / White River War (1879) / Ute War (1887) / Bluff War (1914–1915) / Bluff Skirmish (1921)\nPosey War (1923)\nSioux Wars (1854–1891) / First Sioux War (1854-1856) / Dakota War (1862) / Colorado War (1863–1865) / Powder River War (1865) / Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) / Great Sioux War (1876–1877) / Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) / Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)\nRogue River Wars (1855–1856)\nYakima War (1855–1858) / Puget Sound War (1855–1856) / Coeur d'Alene War (1858)\n Mohave War(1858–1859)\nNavajo Wars (1849–1866)\nPaiute War(1860)\nYavapai Wars(1861–1875)\nSnake War (1864–1869)\nHualapai War (1865–1870)\nModoc War (1872–1873)\nNez Perce War (1877)\nBannock War (1878)\nCrow War (1887)\nBannock Uprising (1895)\nYaqui Uprising (1896)\nBattle of Sugar Point (1898)\nCrazy Snake Rebellion (1909)\nLast Massacre (1911)\nBattle of Kelley Creek (1911)\nBattle of Bear Valley (1918)\nEducation, science and technology\nNative American studies\nReligion\nAmerican Indian Religious Freedom Act\nEagle feather law\nNative American religions\nNative American people and Mormonism\nNative American church\nSmudging\nSun Dance\nSweat lodge\nLonghouse Religion\nPolitical movements\nNative American civil rights\nNational Congress of American Indians\nAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)\nRed Power Movement\nOccupation of Alcatraz\nTrail of Broken Treaties\nOccupation of Wounded Knee\nSame-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States\nMissing and Murdered Indigenous Women (Red handprint)\nNative American recognition in the United States\nTribal sovereignty\nLand Back\nCivic and economicgroups\nNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)\nNative American Rights Fund (NARF)\nNational Congress of American Indians\nNational Indian Youth Council (NIYC)\nWomen of All Red Nations (WARN)\nThe International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)\nEthnic subdivisions\nBlack Indians in the United States\nIndigenous peoples of the Americas\nLouisiana Creole people\nPretendian\nDemographics\nList of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations\nModern social statistics of Native Americans\nReservations\nReservation poverty\nLanguages\nEnglish\nAmerican English\nAmerican Indian English\nNative American Pidgin English\nNative American languages\nBy state/city\nList\nAlaska\nArizona\nCalifornia\nColorado\nFlorida\nHawaii\nIowa\nMaryland\nBaltimore\nMichigan\nNebraska\nNorth Carolina\nOklahoma\nOregon\nVirginia\nWisconsin\nLists\nNative Americans\nartists\nactors\nNative American War Leaders\nmusicians\nNative American politicians\nwriters\nNative American Medal of Honor recipients\nList of federally recognized tribes\nby state\nState-recognized tribes in the United States\nList of Indian reservations in the United States\nMassacres\n\nCategory\nPortal","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Modern Medea (1867), an illustration of Margaret Garner, an escaped enslaved African American who in 1856, about to be captured, killed her daughter, Mary, to ensure Mary was not returned to slavery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_modern_Medea_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-The_modern_Medea_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partus sequitur ventrem: A slaver sells his mulatto son into slavery. (The House that Jeff Built, David Claypoole Johnston, 1863)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/House_That_Jeff_Built_p8.jpg/300px-House_That_Jeff_Built_p8.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Children of the plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation"},{"title":"Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enslaved_women%27s_resistance_in_the_United_States_and_Caribbean"},{"title":"Female slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Freedom of wombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_wombs"},{"title":"History of sexual slavery in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Marriage of enslaved people (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)"},{"title":"One-drop rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule"},{"title":"Rio Branco Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law"},{"title":"Sally Miller (American slave)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Miller_(American_slave)"},{"title":"Slave breeding in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Slave Trade Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act"}]
[{"reference":"Lamb, Gregory M. (January 25, 2005). \"The Peculiar Color of Racial Justice\". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/p15s01-bogn.html","url_text":"\"The Peculiar Color of Racial Justice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802145308/https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/p15s01-bogn.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Banks, Taunya (2008). \"Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit - Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia\". Akron Law Review. 41 (799).","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/52","url_text":"\"Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit - Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Heinegg, Paul (1995–2005). \"Free African Americans in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Delaware and Maryland\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/","url_text":"\"Free African Americans in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Delaware and Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"Miles H. Davidson (1997). Columbus Then and Now, a life re-examined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780806129341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806129341","url_text":"9780806129341"}]},{"reference":"Seung B. Kye (2021). \"12. Slavery in Medieval Korea\". In Craig Perry; David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; David Richardson (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. II: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. doi:10.1017/9781139024723. ISBN 9781139024723. the heritability of slave status was enacted as evidenced by the Matrilineal Succession Law (chongmopŏp) of 1036, which stated that the offspring of nobi shall inherit the status of the mother","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139024723","url_text":"10.1017/9781139024723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139024723","url_text":"9781139024723"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VmPWCKh0hZAC","url_text":"Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4817-3","url_text":"978-0-8078-4817-3"}]},{"reference":"\"From Father's Property To Children's Rights: A History of Child Custody Preview\". Berkeley Law. Retrieved June 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-sites/mary-ann-mason/books/from-fathers-property-to-childrens-rights-a-history-of-child-custody-preview/","url_text":"\"From Father's Property To Children's Rights: A History of Child Custody Preview\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VmPWCKh0hZAC","url_text":"Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4817-3","url_text":"978-0-8078-4817-3"}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Brown (1996). Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 129–132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc. pp. 311. ISBN 978-0393324945.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanslaverya00morg_0/page/311","url_text":"American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanslaverya00morg_0/page/311","url_text":"311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393324945","url_text":"978-0393324945"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9780807848173.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VmPWCKh0hZAC&q=partus+sequitur+ventrem","url_text":"Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807848173","url_text":"9780807848173"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Angela (1972). \"Reflections on the Black Woman's Role in the Community of Slaves\". The Massachusetts Review. 13 (1/2): 81–100. JSTOR 25088201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25088201","url_text":"25088201"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account\". The Jefferson Monticello. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Ten years later [referring to their 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/","url_text":"\"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account\""}]},{"reference":"Helen F.M. Leary (September 2001). \"Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence\". National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 89, no. 3. pp. 165–207.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1981). Mary Chesnut's Civil War. Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780300029796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boykin_Chesnut","url_text":"Chesnut, Mary Boykin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WojvfHAX4lgC&dq=Mary%20Chesnut%27s%20Civil%20War&pg=PA29","url_text":"Mary Chesnut's Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300029796","url_text":"9780300029796"}]},{"reference":"Fanny Kemble (1863). Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839. Harper & Brothers. Retrieved December 20, 2009 – via Internet Archive. Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journalaresiden00kembgoog","url_text":"Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, James T. (1995). Songs of Zion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9780195360059. Retrieved January 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XfWCqvkp_OUC&pg=PA215","url_text":"Songs of Zion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195360059","url_text":"9780195360059"}]},{"reference":"Bruning, Jelle (2020). \"Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 63 (5–6). Brill Publishers: 689–690. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341524. hdl:1887/3133408. ISSN 0022-4995. Retrieved September 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/63/5-6/article-p682_2.xml?language=en","url_text":"\"Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341524","url_text":"10.1163/15685209-12341524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3133408","url_text":"1887/3133408"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4995","url_text":"0022-4995"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figures_in_a_Landscape:_People_and_Places
Figures in a Landscape: People and Places
["1 Contents","2 Reception","3 References"]
Figures In a Landscape Cover, 1st edition, USAuthorPaul TherouxLanguageEnglishSubjectCollection of essaysPublisherHoughton Mifflin HarcourtPublication dateMay 8, 2018Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint, hardbackPages386ISBN978-0-544-87030-7 Figures in a Landscape, subtitled: People and Places; Essays: 2001-2016, is a collection of thirty essays, profiles, articles and book introductions all by Paul Theroux. The thirty pieces cover a wide variety of topics including authors, artists, celebrities, Africa, travel experiences, reading and the craft of writing. This 2018 volume is a companion to earlier published collections of Theroux's essays and articles including Sunrise with Seamonsters (1985) and Fresh Air Fiend (2000). Contents # Title Topic(s) Previously appeared 1 My Drug Tour: Searching for Ayahuasca Trip to Ecuador in search of a psychoactive plant as "Honey, the Shaman Shrunk My Head", Men's Journal 2 Thoreau in the Wilderness Henry David Thoreau, author Introduction to The Maine Woods (Princeton University Press) 3 Liz in Neverland Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Jackson, celebrities and close friends Talk magazine (defunct) 4 Greeneland Graham Greene, author New York Times and introductions to the Penguin editions of Greene's Journey Without Maps and The Comedians 5 Hunter in the Kingdom of Fear Hunter S. Thompson, author and gonzo journalist The Guardian, newspaper 6 Conrad at Sea Joseph Conrad, author Introduction to Typhoon and Other Tales (Folio Society) 7 Simenon's World Georges Simenon, author Introduction to The Widow (New York Review Books Classics) 8 Dr. Sacks, the Healer Oliver Sacks, neurologist, naturalist and author as "My Friend the Doctor", Prospect (February 20, 1999) 9 Nurse Wolf, the Hurter A professional dominatrix in New York The New Yorker (June 7, 1998) 10 Robin Williams: "Who’s He When He’s at Home?" Robin Williams, comedian and actor Talk magazine 11 Tea with Muriel Spark Muriel Spark, Scottish author Talk magazine 12 Mrs. Robinson Revisited Older women, younger men Harper's Bazaar (March, 2002) 13 Talismans for Our Dreams Collecting objects in travels Departures (March 30, 2010) 14 The Rock Star's Burden Bono, Africa, charity & harm done New York Times (December 15, 2005) 15 Living with Geese Raising geese, anthropomorphism and E.B. White Smithsonian (December 2006) 16 Trespassing in Africa A harrowing experience of Theroux as a young man in Africa Granta 17 The Seizures in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe commercial farmers chased from their farms by local gangs and politicians Epilogue to the paperback edition of Dark Star Safari 18 Stanley: The Ultimate African Explorer Review of biography of Henry Morton Stanley by Tim Jeal New York Times book review (September 30, 2007) 19 Paul Bowles: Not a Tourist Paul Bowles Introduction to The Sheltering Sky (Penguin) 20 Maugham: Up and Down in Asia W. Somerset Maugham Introduction to The Gentleman in the Parlour (Vintage Classics) 21 English Hours: Nothing Personal Memories as an expatriate living in England in 1970s and ‘80s Granta #114 (February 10, 2011) 22 Traveling Beyond Google Traveling to places despite receiving warnings to stay away as "Why We Travel", New York Times (April 1, 2011) 23 Hawaii: Islands upon Islands Hawaii; reflections on the author's adopted home of 22 years as "One Man's Islands", Smithsonian magazine (May 2012) 24 Mockingbird in Monroeville A visit to the Monroeville Alabama home town of Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird as "Return of the Mockingbird" in Smithsonian magazine (July 2015) 25 Benton's America Thomas Hart Benton and his work America Today Smithsonian magazine (December 2014) 26 My Life as a Reader Author's reading passions Introduction to On Reading, photographs by Steve McCurry (Phaidon) 27 The Real Me: A Memory A harrowing experience of Theroux as a college student n/a 28 Life and the Magazine Life magazine and meeting Gardner McKay New York Times Magazine 29 Dear Old Dad: Memories of My Father The author's father Granta #98 (July 2, 2007) 30 The Trouble with Autobiography The genre of autobiography Smithsonian magazine (January 2011) Reception In the Irish Times Dervla Murphy found favor with "a superb set of musings on Graham Greene’s life and works." In the New York Times Tom Zoellner said "What emerges is a portrait of an optimist with curiosity and affection for humanity in all its forms, as well as a ravenous appetite for the literary efforts of others." Kirkus Review called it "A masterfully simple and satisfying collection." In the Guardian Robert McCrum said "There are several highly entertaining essays here, and some quotably arresting lines, but the voice is elusive, unfixed and dissonant – an echo of the divisions within." References ^ a b c Theroux, Paul. Figures in a Landscape. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ^ Murphy, Dervla (19 May 2018). "Figures in a Landscape: People and Places by Paul Theroux". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019. ^ Zoellner, Tom (1 Jun 2018). "Paul Theroux's New Book Ranges From Literature to Landscapes, With Surprising Cheer". New York Times. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019. ^ "FIGURES IN A LANDSCAPE". Kirkus Review. No. March 15th, 2018. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019. ^ McCrum, Robert (24 Jun 2018). "Figures in a Landscape by Paul Theroux review – a writer driven by divided loyalties". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019. vtePaul TherouxNovels Waldo (1967) Jungle Lovers (1971) Saint Jack (1973) The Family Arsenal (1976) The Mosquito Coast (1981) Doctor Slaughter (1984) O-Zone (1986) My Secret History (1989) Millroy the Magician (1993) Kowloon Tong (1997) Blinding Light (2006) Travel writing The Great Railway Bazaar (1975) The Old Patagonian Express (1979) The Kingdom by the Sea (1983) Riding the Iron Rooster (1988) The Happy Isles of Oceania (1992) The Pillars of Hercules (1995) Dark Star Safari (2002) Ghost Train to the Eastern Star (2008) Deep South: Four Seasons on Back Roads (2015) Figures in a Landscape: People and Places (2018)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Theroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Theroux"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIAL-1"},{"link_name":"Sunrise with Seamonsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunrise_with_Seamonsters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fresh Air Fiend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresh_Air_Fiend&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Figures in a Landscape, subtitled: People and Places; Essays: 2001-2016, is a collection of thirty essays, profiles, articles and book introductions all by Paul Theroux.[1] The thirty pieces cover a wide variety of topics including authors, artists, celebrities, Africa, travel experiences, reading and the craft of writing.This 2018 volume is a companion to earlier published collections of Theroux's essays and articles including \nSunrise with Seamonsters (1985) and Fresh Air Fiend (2000).","title":"Figures in a Landscape: People and Places"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dervla Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervla_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Zoellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zoellner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert McCrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCrum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the Irish Times Dervla Murphy found favor with \"a superb set of musings on Graham Greene’s life and works.\"[2]In the New York Times Tom Zoellner said \"What emerges [instead] is a portrait of an optimist with curiosity and affection for humanity in all its forms, as well as a ravenous appetite for the literary efforts of others.\"[3]Kirkus Review called it \"A masterfully simple and satisfying collection.\"[4]In the Guardian Robert McCrum said \"There are several highly entertaining essays here, and some quotably arresting lines, but the voice is elusive, unfixed and dissonant – an echo of the divisions within.\"[5]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Theroux, Paul. Figures in a Landscape. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Murphy, Dervla (19 May 2018). \"Figures in a Landscape: People and Places by Paul Theroux\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/figures-in-a-landscape-people-and-places-by-paul-theroux-1.3496140","url_text":"\"Figures in a Landscape: People and Places by Paul Theroux\""}]},{"reference":"Zoellner, Tom (1 Jun 2018). \"Paul Theroux's New Book Ranges From Literature to Landscapes, With Surprising Cheer\". New York Times. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/books/review/paul-theroux-figures-in-a-landscape.html","url_text":"\"Paul Theroux's New Book Ranges From Literature to Landscapes, With Surprising Cheer\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIGURES IN A LANDSCAPE\". Kirkus Review. No. March 15th, 2018. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/paul-theroux/figures-in-a-landscape/","url_text":"\"FIGURES IN A LANDSCAPE\""}]},{"reference":"McCrum, Robert (24 Jun 2018). \"Figures in a Landscape by Paul Theroux review – a writer driven by divided loyalties\". the Guardian. Retrieved 21 Dec 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/24/figures-in-a-landscape-paul-theroux-review","url_text":"\"Figures in a Landscape by Paul Theroux review – a writer driven by divided loyalties\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Condon
Eva Condon
["1 Stage career","2 Select theatre credits","3 References","4 External links"]
American actress This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Eva CondonBornSeptember 26, 1880DiedSeptember 25, 1956OccupationActress Eva Condon (1880–1956) was an actress of the Broadway stage and vaudeville, from the early to mid 20th century. Stage career She resolved to pursue acting at the age of 16. Condon graduated from Hunter College before becoming an understudy in the John Drew Jr. company for several seasons. Her ambition was to excel in high comedy. Her first appearance was in Columbia, South Carolina in A Single Man. She portrayed a villainess in a Thais Lawton role. Condon acted in Too Many Cooks at the 39th Street Theater in February 1914. This was her favorite theatrical production. Written by Frank Craven, the comedy featured its author in the part of the home builder. The following October she was in The Moneymakers at the Booth Theatre on Broadway. The play was written by Charles Klein who was once in the British Army and helped protect Westminster Abbey. In 1930–31 Condon played the role of Mrs. Amos Evans in the touring production of Strange Interlude, a nine-act, Pulitzer Prize winning play by Eugene O'Neill. At the American Theater in St. Louis, Missouri Condon was with a troupe that performed You Can't Take It with You in November 1938. She had the role of Penny, the playwriting mother. Clarence Oliver headed a cast which was replete with some of Broadway's best actors. In 1947 she appeared as a nun in an orphanage opposite Victor Mature in Henry Hathaway's Kiss of Death (1947). She appeared with Katharine Cornell and Tyrone Power in The Dark Is Light Enough in 1955. In vaudeville Condon paired with Florence Nash. In motion pictures she performed with Madge Kennedy. Select theatre credits 1910: The Other Fellow 1912: C.O.D. 1922: Spite Corner 1923: Icebound 1924: The Best People 1926: Move On 1928: Gods of the Lightning 1934: Small Miracle 1935: The Hook-up 1940: Higher and Higher 1943: The World's Full of Girls 1949: The Closing Door 1955: The Dark Is Light Enough References ^ Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. "(still image) Eva Condon as Mrs. Amos Evans (1930-1931)". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lennox, and Tilden Foundation. Retrieved November 16, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Eva Condon". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Notes "Editorial Notes". Denton Journal. April 26, 1930. p. 4. "Another Prize Winning Play At American In St. Louis Nov. 6". Edwardsville Intelligencer. October 31, 1910. p. 10. "Kit Cornell, Power Team In Fry Drama". Los Angeles Times. February 26, 1955. p. 15. "Varied Offerings For First-Nighters". New York Times. October 30, 1910. p. X1. "Theatrical Notes". New York Times. October 29, 1912. p. 13. "Theatrical Notes". New York Times. January 23, 1913. p. 11. "Shakespeare's Thriller Lost In A Year Of Thrills". New York Times. February 22, 1914. p. X6. "The First Night Calendar". New York Times. October 4, 1914. p. 65. "Topping The Vaudeville Bills". New York Times. January 17, 1915. p. X7. "Brooklyn Amusements". New York Times. February 7, 1915. p. X5. "Who's Who". New York Times. April 19, 1925. p. X2. "Daly's To Present Move On". New York Times. January 15, 1926. p. 18. "Up And Down Broadway". New York Times. April 25, 1940. p. 6. "Closing Door Is A Tense Melodrama". Syracuse Herald Journal. December 2, 1949. p. 52. External links Eva Condon at IMDb Eva Condon at the Internet Broadway Database
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Condon graduated from Hunter College before becoming an understudy in the John Drew Jr. company for several seasons. Her ambition was to excel in high comedy. Her first appearance was in Columbia, South Carolina in A Single Man. She portrayed a villainess in a Thais Lawton role.Condon acted in Too Many Cooks at the 39th Street Theater in February 1914. This was her favorite theatrical production. Written by Frank Craven, the comedy featured its author in the part of the home builder. The following October she was in The Moneymakers at the Booth Theatre on Broadway. The play was written by Charles Klein who was once in the British Army and helped protect Westminster Abbey.In 1930–31 Condon played the role of Mrs. Amos Evans in the touring production of Strange Interlude, a nine-act, Pulitzer Prize winning play by Eugene O'Neill.[1] At the American Theater in St. Louis, Missouri Condon was with a troupe that performed You Can't Take It with You in November 1938. She had the role of Penny, the playwriting mother. Clarence Oliver headed a cast which was replete with some of Broadway's best actors.In 1947 she appeared as a nun in an orphanage opposite Victor Mature in Henry Hathaway's Kiss of Death (1947).She appeared with Katharine Cornell and Tyrone Power in The Dark Is Light Enough in 1955.[2]In vaudeville Condon paired with Florence Nash. In motion pictures she performed with Madge Kennedy.","title":"Stage career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"Icebound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebound_(play)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"Gods of the Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_of_the_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"Small Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Miracle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"Higher and Higher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_and_Higher_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"The World's Full of Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Full_of_Girls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"},{"link_name":"The Dark Is Light Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Light_Enough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Condon_IBDb-2"}],"text":"1910: The Other Fellow[2]\n1912: C.O.D.[2]\n1922: Spite Corner[2]\n1923: Icebound[2]\n1924: The Best People\n1926: Move On[2]\n1928: Gods of the Lightning[2]\n1934: Small Miracle[2]\n1935: The Hook-up[2]\n1940: Higher and Higher[2]\n1943: The World's Full of Girls[2]\n1949: The Closing Door[2]\n1955: The Dark Is Light Enough[2]","title":"Select theatre credits"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. \"(still image) Eva Condon as Mrs. Amos Evans (1930-1931)\". The New York Public Library, Astor, Lennox, and Tilden Foundation. Retrieved November 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-fb24-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99","url_text":"\"(still image) Eva Condon as Mrs. Amos Evans (1930-1931)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eva Condon\". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved November 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibdb.com/Person/View/35997","url_text":"\"Eva Condon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database","url_text":"Internet Broadway Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Notes\". Denton Journal. April 26, 1930. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Another Prize Winning Play At American In St. Louis Nov. 6\". Edwardsville Intelligencer. October 31, 1910. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville_Intelligencer","url_text":"Edwardsville Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"\"Kit Cornell, Power Team In Fry Drama\". Los Angeles Times. February 26, 1955. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Varied Offerings For First-Nighters\". New York Times. October 30, 1910. p. X1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Notes\". New York Times. October 29, 1912. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Theatrical Notes\". New York Times. January 23, 1913. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shakespeare's Thriller Lost In A Year Of Thrills\". New York Times. February 22, 1914. p. X6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The First Night Calendar\". New York Times. October 4, 1914. p. 65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Topping The Vaudeville Bills\". New York Times. January 17, 1915. p. X7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Amusements\". New York Times. February 7, 1915. p. X5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Who's Who\". New York Times. April 19, 1925. p. X2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Daly's To Present Move On\". New York Times. January 15, 1926. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Up And Down Broadway\". New York Times. April 25, 1940. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Closing Door Is A Tense Melodrama\". Syracuse Herald Journal. December 2, 1949. p. 52.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleeping_Children
The Sleeping Children
["1 Subject","2 Construction and display","3 Legacy","3.1 Literature","3.2 Television","4 References"]
Coordinates: 52°41′08″N 1°49′47″W / 52.685665°N 1.829768°W / 52.685665; -1.829768Marble memorial to Ellen-Jane and Marianne Robinson, in Lichfield cathedral The Sleeping ChildrenArtistFrancis ChantreyYear1816 (1816)TypeMarble sculptureLocationLichfield Cathedral, LichfieldOwnerThe Dean and Chapter The Sleeping Children is a marble sculpture by Francis Chantrey. The statue depicts Ellen-Jane and Marianne Robinson asleep in each other's arms on a bed. The statue was commissioned by the mother of the two children, also named Ellen-Jane Robinson, whose daughters had died in 1813 and 1814. The statue was placed in the south east corner of Lichfield Cathedral in 1817 where it remains today. The work is considered to be one of Chantrey's finest works and one of the greatest works of English sculpture during the period. Subject The sculpture depicts the two daughters of Ellen-Jane Robinson (née Woodhouse) lying asleep on a bed in each other's arms. The tragic story depicted by the sculpture begins in 1812 when Ellen-Jane's husband, the clergyman Reverend William Robinson, who had recently become a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral, contracted tuberculosis and died. Reverend William Robinson was in his thirties at the time of his death and left his wife with their two daughters. In 1813 Ellen-Jane and her daughter, Ellen-Jane, were on a trip in Bath. During the trip the daughter's nightdress caught fire while she was preparing for bed and she died of the burns she received. The following year the younger daughter, Marianne, sickened and died while they were in London. Within three years Ellen-Jane had lost her entire family and in her distress she commissioned Francis Chantrey to secure a likeness of her lost children. During a meeting with Chantrey, Ellen-Jane expressed to him a clear idea of what she wanted. She told Chantrey of how in the past she had watched as her daughters fell asleep in each other's arms and this is how she wanted them represented. She had also taken inspiration from Thomas Banks’ Boothby Monument in St Oswald's Church, Ashbourne. The statue depicts the daughter of Sir Brooke Boothby who had died during childhood. Chantrey visited this monument and then returned to his home to make a model of his proposed sculpture. Construction and display The statue was carved from white marble. The carving was entrusted to Chantrey's assistant, Mr. F. A. Lege, and it was his suggestion that the younger sister hold a bunch of snowdrops. The work was completed in time for the Royal Academy Art Exhibition of 1816, where it was a sensation. The statue was moved to the south east corner of Lichfield Cathedral in 1817 and remains there to this day. Above the statue is a black marble plaque dedicated to William Robinson (the father of the two children). Legacy Literature In 1826 the poet William Lisle Bowles wrote a poem about the sculpture: Look at those sleeping children; softly tread, Lest thou do mar their dream, and come not nigh Till their fond mother, with a kiss, shall cry, 'Tis morn, awake! awake! Ah! they are dead! Yet folded in each other's arms they lie, So still—oh, look! so still and smilingly, So breathing and so beautiful, they seem, As if to die in youth were but to dream Of spring and flowers! Of flowers? Yet nearer stand There is a lily in one little hand, Broken, but not faded yet, As if its cup with tears were wet. So sleeps that child, not faded, though in death, And seeming still to hear her sister's breath, As when she first did lay her head to rest Gently on that sister's breast, And kissed her ere she fell asleep! The archangel's trump alone shall wake that slumber deep. Take up those flowers that fell From the dead hand, and sigh a long farewell! Your spirits rest in bliss! Yet ere with parting prayers we say, Farewell for ever to the insensate clay, Poor maid, those pale lips we will kiss! Ah! 'tis cold marble! Artist, who hast wrought This work of nature, feeling, and of thought; Thine, Chantrey, be the fame That joins to immortality thy name. For these sweet children that so sculptured rest A sister's head upon a sister's breast Age after age shall pass away, Nor shall their beauty fade, their forms decay. For here is no corruption; the cold worm Can never prey upon that beauteous form: This smile of death that fades not, shall engage The deep affections of each distant age! Mothers, till ruin the round world hath rent, Shall gaze with tears upon the monument! And fathers sigh, with half-suspended breath: How sweetly sleep the innocent in death! Television In 2011 the sculpture was featured on the BBC programme Romancing the Stone: The Golden Ages of British Sculpture. References ^ "Chantrey's Sleeping Children, Lichfield Cathedral - Cornell University Library Digital Collections". digital.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h Clayton, Howard (1981), Cathedral City: A Look at Victorian Lichfield, Abottsford Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9503563-1-0 52°41′08″N 1°49′47″W / 52.685665°N 1.829768°W / 52.685665; -1.829768
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marble sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Francis Chantrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"Lichfield Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral"}],"text":"Marble memorial to Ellen-Jane and Marianne Robinson, in Lichfield cathedralThe Sleeping Children is a marble sculpture by Francis Chantrey.[1] The statue depicts Ellen-Jane and Marianne Robinson asleep in each other's arms on a bed. The statue was commissioned by the mother of the two children, also named Ellen-Jane Robinson, whose daughters had died in 1813 and 1814.[2]The statue was placed in the south east corner of Lichfield Cathedral in 1817 where it remains today. The work is considered to be one of Chantrey's finest works and one of the greatest works of English sculpture during the period.","title":"The Sleeping Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Chantrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Banks_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"St Oswald's Church, Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Oswald%27s_Church,_Ashbourne"},{"link_name":"Sir Brooke Boothby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Brooke_Boothby,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"}],"text":"The sculpture depicts the two daughters of Ellen-Jane Robinson (née Woodhouse) lying asleep on a bed in each other's arms. The tragic story depicted by the sculpture begins in 1812 when Ellen-Jane's husband, the clergyman Reverend William Robinson, who had recently become a prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral, contracted tuberculosis and died. Reverend William Robinson was in his thirties at the time of his death and left his wife with their two daughters.[2]In 1813 Ellen-Jane and her daughter, Ellen-Jane, were on a trip in Bath. During the trip the daughter's nightdress caught fire while she was preparing for bed and she died of the burns she received. The following year the younger daughter, Marianne, sickened and died while they were in London.[2] Within three years Ellen-Jane had lost her entire family and in her distress she commissioned Francis Chantrey to secure a likeness of her lost children.[2]During a meeting with Chantrey, Ellen-Jane expressed to him a clear idea of what she wanted. She told Chantrey of how in the past she had watched as her daughters fell asleep in each other's arms and this is how she wanted them represented.[2] She had also taken inspiration from Thomas Banks’ Boothby Monument in St Oswald's Church, Ashbourne. The statue depicts the daughter of Sir Brooke Boothby who had died during childhood. Chantrey visited this monument and then returned to his home to make a model of his proposed sculpture.[2]","title":"Subject"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-2"}],"text":"The statue was carved from white marble. The carving was entrusted to Chantrey's assistant, Mr. F. A. Lege, and it was his suggestion that the younger sister hold a bunch of snowdrops.[2] The work was completed in time for the Royal Academy Art Exhibition of 1816, where it was a sensation.[2] The statue was moved to the south east corner of Lichfield Cathedral in 1817 and remains there to this day. Above the statue is a black marble plaque dedicated to William Robinson (the father of the two children).","title":"Construction and display"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lisle Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lisle_Bowles"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"In 1826 the poet William Lisle Bowles wrote a poem about the sculpture:Look at those sleeping children; softly tread,\nLest thou do mar their dream, and come not nigh\nTill their fond mother, with a kiss, shall cry,\n'Tis morn, awake! awake! Ah! they are dead!\nYet folded in each other's arms they lie,\nSo still—oh, look! so still and smilingly,\nSo breathing and so beautiful, they seem,\nAs if to die in youth were but to dream\nOf spring and flowers! Of flowers? Yet nearer stand\nThere is a lily in one little hand,\nBroken, but not faded yet,\nAs if its cup with tears were wet.\nSo sleeps that child, not faded, though in death,\nAnd seeming still to hear her sister's breath,\nAs when she first did lay her head to rest\nGently on that sister's breast,\nAnd kissed her ere she fell asleep!\nThe archangel's trump alone shall wake that slumber deep.\nTake up those flowers that fell\nFrom the dead hand, and sigh a long farewell!\nYour spirits rest in bliss!\nYet ere with parting prayers we say,\nFarewell for ever to the insensate clay,\nPoor maid, those pale lips we will kiss!\nAh! 'tis cold marble! Artist, who hast wrought\nThis work of nature, feeling, and of thought;\nThine, Chantrey, be the fame\nThat joins to immortality thy name.\nFor these sweet children that so sculptured rest\nA sister's head upon a sister's breast\nAge after age shall pass away,\nNor shall their beauty fade, their forms decay.\nFor here is no corruption; the cold worm\nCan never prey upon that beauteous form:\nThis smile of death that fades not, shall engage\nThe deep affections of each distant age!\nMothers, till ruin the round world hath rent,\nShall gaze with tears upon the monument!\nAnd fathers sigh, with half-suspended breath:\nHow sweetly sleep the innocent in death!","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"In 2011 the sculpture was featured on the BBC programme Romancing the Stone: The Golden Ages of British Sculpture.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Chantrey's Sleeping Children, Lichfield Cathedral - Cornell University Library Digital Collections\". digital.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3874568","url_text":"\"Chantrey's Sleeping Children, Lichfield Cathedral - Cornell University Library Digital Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Howard (1981), Cathedral City: A Look at Victorian Lichfield, Abottsford Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9503563-1-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9503563-1-0","url_text":"978-0-9503563-1-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweel_(A_Martian_Odyssey)
Tweel (A Martian Odyssey)
["1 Appearance","2 Species","3 Psychology and intelligence","4 Civilization","5 Potential sequel","6 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tweel" A Martian Odyssey – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tweel (also referred to as a "Tweerl", the exact pronunciation of the word is said to be impossible for humans) is a fictional extraterrestrial from the planet Mars, featured in two short stories by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The alien was featured in A Martian Odyssey, first published in 1934, and Valley of Dreams four months later. Weinbaum died of lung cancer soon after, and a third installment in the series never saw fruition. Tweel remains one of the most recognised aliens in early science fiction, and is said to be an inspiration for aliens in the works of Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke. Asimov described Tweel as being the first creation in science fiction to fulfill John W. Campbell's request for "(...)a creature that thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man." According to Jacques Baudou, Tweel is the first non-anthropomorphic thinking creature represented in american science fiction. Appearance Tweel's appearance is described as follows: The Martian wasn't a bird, really. It wasn't even bird-like, except at first glance. It had a beak, alright, and a few feathery appendages, but the beak wasn't really a beak. It was somewhat flexible; I could see the tip bend from side to side; it was almost like a cross between a beak and a trunk. It had four toed feet, and four fingered things--hands, you'd have to call them, a little roundish body, and a long neck ending in a tiny head--and that beak. --A Martian Odyssey, paragraph 24. Illustration of the Egyptian god Thoth, revealed by Weinbaum to be based on millennia-old visits to Earth by Tweel's species. Species In the second story in the series, Valley of Dreams, Tweel's species is revealed to be known as the Thoth: Tweel shows its human companions an ancient Martian mural portraying its species surrounded by what are recognizably ancient Egyptians. When one human describes the mural as resembling the Egyptian god Thoth, Tweel's response is "Yes! Yes! Yes! Thoth! Yes!"; the humans then realize that Martians - collectively known as "Thoth" - visited ancient Egypt, where they gave humans the gift of writing and were perceived as gods. The Thoth are neither animal nor plant, but something else altogether, which humans could consider to be in-between a plant and an animal judging by the standards set by life which has evolved on planet Earth. The Thoth do not sleep, nor eat or drink. For a few hours each Martian day, they stick their beaks into the Martian soil. They gain nutrients from the soil, in a similar way to how the roots of a plant gain nutrients from the ground. The Thoth reproduce asexually, with two members of the species making contact for a small amount of time until an infant "buds" between the two. The creatures are highly active and agile, and usually travel in tremendous, city-block-long leaps through the thin Martian air and also aided by the weak Martian gravity. These leaps end with the long beak buried in the ground, as the secondary function of this beak is to stop the creature. They can leap up the Martian cliffs and across valleys with ease. However, they can also move slowly by walking. Upon seeing Jarvis (the human protagonist), trudge along, Tweel walks beside him. Although the Thoth are more or less humanoid in appearance, their physiology is remarkably different from that of humans; one example of this would be the fact that their brain in located in the chest, and not the head. The Thoth have feather-like appendages that protect them from the chilly Martian nights very well, but these are retracted and invisible during the day. Different members of this species have different-coloured feathers; Tweel's feathers are orange. The Thoth also have sharp retractable claws, but they are very rarely exposed, and only used for defense. The Thoth have an exceptionally unassuming and friendly nature, but are also formidable opponents when backed into a corner. Psychology and intelligence Tweel is a very intelligent creature, despite the fact that he thinks very differently from humans. When Jarvis, the story's protagonist, draws the first four inner planets and the sun in the sand, Tweel successfully identifies Mars as the fourth planet, and the Earth as the third. He therefore is civilized, but he thinks differently from humans, for he jumps directly into the circle in the sand that represents the sun on its beak, which he does not consider unusual at all. The Thoth communicate in distinct forms of whistles, clicks, and shrills, and also have a system of writing for which they use a mysterious kind of leathery paper. The human protagonist explains this system of writing merely looks like circles and spirals, but yet is too complicated for humans to translate, and is far too alien for humans to grasp. The language of the Thoth is also exceptionally complex, with no one word for anything—every time something is described, it will never be described in the same way any two times. The human protagonist, Jarvis, cannot grasp even a faint light of this language. The central alien, Tweel, is able to grasp various words in the human's language, English, such as "breet" (supposed to be "breathe") to designate living creatures, "no breet" for inanimate objects, "rock" to indicate silicon-based life forms, "one one two" to indicate a rudimentary level of intelligence, and "two two four" for a higher level of intelligence. With these smatterings of human language, Tweel puts forward advanced ideas and concepts, thus proving he is intelligent. Tweel does however find it incredibly strange and even funny that humans use the same words for the same purpose more than once, whereas he does not. Civilization The civilization of the Thoth is apparently old and ragged, much older than human beings, though its species still remains advanced in terms of intelligence. Vast ruined buildings are all that remains of their cities which evidently once thrived and housed millions (the architecture of the buildings is odd as the bases are small but widen out as they get higher). Much of their technology has since been lost to history as the limited natural resources of Mars were completely depleted long ago. Only a few hundred Thoth remain on the dying world. It is hinted that devilish, imp-like creatures (described in another short story of Weinbaum's, The Mad Moon as "Slinkers") are the cause of their cities' demise. One Slinker is described either reading or eating a page of a book in a great Thoth library, before being scared off by Tweel. The Thoth never developed nuclear power, but evidently had some other power source which has since been lost to them. It is suggested that Tweel's race travelled across the solar system at least 10,000 years ago, as Jarvis, Tweel's human partner and the protagonist of A Martian Odyssey describes seeing three eyes in the darkness inside a building - similar to the eyes of Triops Noctivians, a creature featured in a later story of Weinbaum's, Parasite Planet. The Thoth first visited the planet Earth when mankind was in the Stone Age. They were looked up to as gods by the Ancient Egyptians, to whom they gave the gift of writing. A strange leathery substance of unknown origin is used by the Thoth to make bags and containers, and also to write on. The Thoth also have a device which the human protagonist notes resembles a continually burning piece of coal. This device is used as an energy and heat source, to make fires, and as a torch in dark areas. The Thoth also use chemicals and steam propulsion in weaponry. Tweel carries a bizarre firearm made from a transparent glass-like material, which fires poisoned splinters. Potential sequel Weinbaum had planned at least two sequels to A Martian Odyssey; the first, Valley of Dreams, was published four months later. Weinbaum died of lung cancer before finishing the second. Questions are put forward in Valley of Dreams, which were most likely to be answered in the third part to the trilogy. For example, why would the Martians (who gain all their nutrients from soil the way plants do) need canals, since they do not drink water directly? It is hinted at (among other things) in Valley of Dreams that the Martians were gathering water for a higher creature that needed it. Tweel makes a brief appearance in Larry Niven's Rainbow Mars. References ^ Jacques Baudou, Que sais-je : La science-fiction, Presses Universitaires de France, 2003, chapter 3
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Weinbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Weinbaum"},{"link_name":"A Martian Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Valley of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"John W. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Campbell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tweel (also referred to as a \"Tweerl\", the exact pronunciation of the word is said to be impossible for humans) is a fictional extraterrestrial from the planet Mars, featured in two short stories by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The alien was featured in A Martian Odyssey, first published in 1934, and Valley of Dreams four months later. Weinbaum died of lung cancer soon after, and a third installment in the series never saw fruition. Tweel remains one of the most recognised aliens in early science fiction, and is said to be an inspiration for aliens in the works of Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke.Asimov described Tweel as being the first creation in science fiction to fulfill John W. Campbell's request for \"(...)a creature that thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man.\" According to Jacques Baudou, Tweel is the first non-anthropomorphic thinking creature represented in american science fiction.[1]","title":"Tweel (A Martian Odyssey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"feathery appendages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Trunk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thothbw1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth"}],"text":"Tweel's appearance is described as follows:The Martian wasn't a bird, really. It wasn't even bird-like, except at first glance. It had a beak, alright, and a few feathery appendages, but the beak wasn't really a beak. It was somewhat flexible; I could see the tip bend from side to side; it was almost like a cross between a beak and a trunk. It had four toed feet, and four fingered things--hands, you'd have to call them, a little roundish body, and a long neck ending in a tiny head--and that beak.--A Martian Odyssey, paragraph 24.Illustration of the Egyptian god Thoth, revealed by Weinbaum to be based on millennia-old visits to Earth by Tweel's species.","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian god Thoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth"},{"link_name":"asexually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"}],"text":"In the second story in the series, Valley of Dreams, Tweel's species is revealed to be known as the Thoth: Tweel shows its human companions an ancient Martian mural portraying its species surrounded by what are recognizably ancient Egyptians. When one human describes the mural as resembling the Egyptian god Thoth, Tweel's response is \"Yes! Yes! Yes! Thoth! Yes!\"; the humans then realize that Martians - collectively known as \"Thoth\" - visited ancient Egypt, where they gave humans the gift of writing and were perceived as gods.The Thoth are neither animal nor plant, but something else altogether, which humans could consider to be in-between a plant and an animal judging by the standards set by life which has evolved on planet Earth. The Thoth do not sleep, nor eat or drink. For a few hours each Martian day, they stick their beaks into the Martian soil. They gain nutrients from the soil, in a similar way to how the roots of a plant gain nutrients from the ground. The Thoth reproduce asexually, with two members of the species making contact for a small amount of time until an infant \"buds\" between the two.The creatures are highly active and agile, and usually travel in tremendous, city-block-long leaps through the thin Martian air and also aided by the weak Martian gravity. These leaps end with the long beak buried in the ground, as the secondary function of this beak is to stop the creature. They can leap up the Martian cliffs and across valleys with ease. However, they can also move slowly by walking. Upon seeing Jarvis (the human protagonist), trudge along, Tweel walks beside him.Although the Thoth are more or less humanoid in appearance, their physiology is remarkably different from that of humans; one example of this would be the fact that their brain in located in the chest, and not the head. The Thoth have feather-like appendages that protect them from the chilly Martian nights very well, but these are retracted and invisible during the day. Different members of this species have different-coloured feathers; Tweel's feathers are orange. The Thoth also have sharp retractable claws, but they are very rarely exposed, and only used for defense. The Thoth have an exceptionally unassuming and friendly nature, but are also formidable opponents when backed into a corner.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"Tweel is a very intelligent creature, despite the fact that he thinks very differently from humans. When Jarvis, the story's protagonist, draws the first four inner planets and the sun in the sand, Tweel successfully identifies Mars as the fourth planet, and the Earth as the third. He therefore is civilized, but he thinks differently from humans, for he jumps directly into the circle in the sand that represents the sun on its beak, which he does not consider unusual at all.The Thoth communicate in distinct forms of whistles, clicks, and shrills, and also have a system of writing for which they use a mysterious kind of leathery paper. The human protagonist explains this system of writing merely looks like circles and spirals, but yet is too complicated for humans to translate, and is far too alien for humans to grasp. The language of the Thoth is also exceptionally complex, with no one word for anything—every time something is described, it will never be described in the same way any two times. The human protagonist, Jarvis, cannot grasp even a faint light of this language. The central alien, Tweel, is able to grasp various words in the human's language, English, such as \"breet\" (supposed to be \"breathe\") to designate living creatures, \"no breet\" for inanimate objects, \"rock\" to indicate silicon-based life forms, \"one one two\" to indicate a rudimentary level of intelligence, and \"two two four\" for a higher level of intelligence. With these smatterings of human language, Tweel puts forward advanced ideas and concepts, thus proving he is intelligent. Tweel does however find it incredibly strange and even funny that humans use the same words for the same purpose more than once, whereas he does not.","title":"Psychology and intelligence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp"},{"link_name":"The Mad Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mad_Moon"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"A Martian Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Martian_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"Parasite Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Planet"},{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing"}],"text":"The civilization of the Thoth is apparently old and ragged, much older than human beings, though its species still remains advanced in terms of intelligence. Vast ruined buildings are all that remains of their cities which evidently once thrived and housed millions (the architecture of the buildings is odd as the bases are small but widen out as they get higher). Much of their technology has since been lost to history as the limited natural resources of Mars were completely depleted long ago. Only a few hundred Thoth remain on the dying world.It is hinted that devilish, imp-like creatures (described in another short story of Weinbaum's, The Mad Moon as \"Slinkers\") are the cause of their cities' demise. One Slinker is described either reading or eating a page of a book in a great Thoth library, before being scared off by Tweel.The Thoth never developed nuclear power, but evidently had some other power source which has since been lost to them. It is suggested that Tweel's race travelled across the solar system at least 10,000 years ago, as Jarvis, Tweel's human partner and the protagonist of A Martian Odyssey describes seeing three eyes in the darkness inside a building - similar to the eyes of Triops Noctivians, a creature featured in a later story of Weinbaum's, Parasite Planet. The Thoth first visited the planet Earth when mankind was in the Stone Age. They were looked up to as gods by the Ancient Egyptians, to whom they gave the gift of writing.A strange leathery substance of unknown origin is used by the Thoth to make bags and containers, and also to write on. The Thoth also have a device which the human protagonist notes resembles a continually burning piece of coal. This device is used as an energy and heat source, to make fires, and as a torch in dark areas. The Thoth also use chemicals and steam propulsion in weaponry. Tweel carries a bizarre firearm made from a transparent glass-like material, which fires poisoned splinters.","title":"Civilization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Mars"}],"text":"Weinbaum had planned at least two sequels to A Martian Odyssey; the first, Valley of Dreams, was published four months later. Weinbaum died of lung cancer before finishing the second.Questions are put forward in Valley of Dreams, which were most likely to be answered in the third part to the trilogy. For example, why would the Martians (who gain all their nutrients from soil the way plants do) need canals, since they do not drink water directly? It is hinted at (among other things) in Valley of Dreams that the Martians were gathering water for a higher creature that needed it.Tweel makes a brief appearance in Larry Niven's Rainbow Mars.","title":"Potential sequel"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration of the Egyptian god Thoth, revealed by Weinbaum to be based on millennia-old visits to Earth by Tweel's species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thothbw1.JPG/140px-Thothbw1.JPG"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Night
City of Night
["1 Plot summary","2 Reception and influences","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"]
1963 novel by John Rechy This article is about the John Rechy novel. For the 2005 novel, see City of Night (Koontz and Gorman novel). For other uses, see City of Night (disambiguation). City of Night First edition coverAuthorJohn RechyCover artistRichard SeaverLanguageEnglishGenreGay novelPublisherGrove Press, Inc., N.Y.Publication date1963Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages410 pp City of Night is a novel written by John Rechy. It was originally published in 1963 in New York by Grove Press. Earlier excerpts had appeared in Evergreen Review, Big Table, Nugget, and The London Magazine. City of Night is notable for its exposé approach to and stark depiction of hustling, as well as its stream of consciousness narrative style. Plot summary A young man (Rechy uses the term “youngman” when referring to hustlers) travels across the country while working as a hustler. The book focuses chapters on locations that the youth visits and certain personages he meets there, from New York City, to Los Angeles, San Francisco and New Orleans. Throughout the novel, the unnamed narrator has trysts with various peculiar characters, including another hustler, an older man, an S&M enthusiast and a bed-ridden old man. All of these relationships range in the extent of their emotional and sexual nature, as well as in their peculiarity. The book includes writing about the Cooper Do-nuts Riot, which happened in 1959 in Los Angeles, when the lesbians, gay men, transgender people, and drag queens who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for back-up and arrested a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape. Reception and influences The narrator shares many characteristics, including his ethnicity and relative age, with the author at the time. The author uses curious methods to achieve verisimilitude, for instance, omitting the apostrophe in contractions, in order to recreate the speech of characters who are barely literate. Pornographer David Hurles wrote that "Rechy's story set me free... His story told me of a world I had only hoped might really exist. The effect was visceral, sexy, frightening, and it made my spirit soar. In 1965 this book helped lure me to California." City of Night inspired film director Gus Van Sant to write the screenplay for My Own Private Idaho. City of Night is quoted as the main reason film director Toby Ross came to the United States from Switzerland to start his American film career. Upon arrival in LA, he started searching and looking for the characters mentioned in the book. City of Night was ranked number 22 on a list of the best 100 gay and lesbian novels compiled by The Publishing Triangle in 1999. In the song "L.A. Woman" by The Doors, the phrase "City of Night" is repeated in the lyrics, in reference to this book. Footnotes ^ Modern first editions - a set on Flickr ^ Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-465-02288-X ^ In a review of the book on amazon.com, posted June 19, 2000, retrieved 2014-08-14 ^ Fuller, Graham (1993). "Gus Van Sant: Swimming Against the Current". Even Cowgirls Get the Blues and My Own Private Idaho. Faber & Faber. pp. xxi. ^ The Publishing Triangle's list of the 100 best lesbian and gay novels ^ Cacouris, Christina (2017-07-19). "John Rechy's City Of Night Is A Must Read". V Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2019-11-07. ^ Inman, Davis (2012-02-20). "The Doors, "L.A. Woman"". American Songwriter. Archived from the original on 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2019-11-07. References Bronski, Michael (2003). Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps (1st ed.). New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-25267-0. Gunn, Drewey (2009). The Golden Age of Gay Fiction (1st ed.). Albion, NY: MLR Press. ISBN 978-1-60820-048-1. Sarotte, Georges-Michel (1978). Like a Brother, Like a Lover: Male Homosexuality in the American Novel and Theatre from Herman Melville to James Baldwin (1st English ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-12765-3. Slide, Anthony (2003). Lost Gay Novels: A Reference Guide to Fifty Works from the First Half of the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-413-5. External links "A Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration of John Rechy's City of Night ", videotape by UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Bredbeck, Gregory W. "Rechy, John (b. 1934)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015. Summers, Claude J. (October 25, 2013). "John Rechy's City of Night at 50". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
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For other uses, see City of Night (disambiguation).City of Night is a novel written by John Rechy. It was originally published in 1963 in New York by Grove Press. Earlier excerpts had appeared in Evergreen Review, Big Table, Nugget, and The London Magazine.City of Night is notable for its exposé approach to and stark depiction of hustling, as well as its stream of consciousness narrative style.","title":"City of Night"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Cooper Do-nuts Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Do-nuts_Riot"},{"link_name":"drag queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A young man (Rechy uses the term “youngman” when referring to hustlers) travels across the country while working as a hustler. The book focuses chapters on locations that the youth visits and certain personages he meets there, from New York City, to Los Angeles, San Francisco and New Orleans. Throughout the novel, the unnamed narrator has trysts with various peculiar characters, including another hustler, an older man, an S&M enthusiast and a bed-ridden old man. All of these relationships range in the extent of their emotional and sexual nature, as well as in their peculiarity.The book includes writing about the Cooper Do-nuts Riot, which happened in 1959 in Los Angeles, when the lesbians, gay men, transgender people, and drag queens who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for back-up and arrested a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape.[2]","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"verisimilitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisimilitude"},{"link_name":"David Hurles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hurles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gus Van Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant"},{"link_name":"My Own Private Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Own_Private_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-4"},{"link_name":"Toby Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Ross"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"The Publishing Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Publishing_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"\"L.A. 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In 1965 this book helped lure me to California.\"[3]City of Night inspired film director Gus Van Sant to write the screenplay for My Own Private Idaho.[4]City of Night is quoted as the main reason film director Toby Ross came to the United States from Switzerland to start his American film career. Upon arrival in LA, he started searching and looking for the characters mentioned in the book.City of Night was ranked number 22 on a list of the best 100 gay and lesbian novels compiled by The Publishing Triangle in 1999.[5]In the song \"L.A. Woman\" by The Doors, the phrase \"City of Night\" is repeated in the lyrics, in reference to this book.[6][7]","title":"Reception and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Modern first editions - a set on Flickr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/13313279@N04/sets/72157625652290628/show/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Faderman, Lillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Faderman"},{"link_name":"Stuart Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Timmons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-465-02288-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02288-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"review of the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A3ASNS9MQRU0FZ/ref=pdp_new_read_full_review_link?ie=UTF8&page=1&sort_by=MostRecentReview#RYE24RTKY9937"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fuller_4-0"},{"link_name":"Gus Van Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant"},{"link_name":"Faber & Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Publishing Triangle's list of the 100 best lesbian and gay novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.publishingtriangle.org/100best.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"John Rechy's City Of Night Is A Must Read\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vmagazine.com/article/john-rechys-city-of-night/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170719222447/http://vmagazine.com/article/john-rechys-city-of-night/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Doors, \"L.A. Woman\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americansongwriter.com/the-doors-l-a-woman/davis-inman/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191107151606/https://americansongwriter.com/the-doors-l-a-woman/davis-inman/"}],"text":"^ Modern first editions - a set on Flickr\n\n^ Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. Basic Books. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-465-02288-X\n\n^ In a review of the book on amazon.com, posted June 19, 2000, retrieved 2014-08-14\n\n^ Fuller, Graham (1993). \"Gus Van Sant: Swimming Against the Current\". Even Cowgirls Get the Blues and My Own Private Idaho. Faber & Faber. pp. xxi.\n\n^ The Publishing Triangle's list of the 100 best lesbian and gay novels\n\n^ Cacouris, Christina (2017-07-19). \"John Rechy's City Of Night Is A Must Read\". V Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2019-11-07.\n\n^ Inman, Davis (2012-02-20). \"The Doors, \"L.A. Woman\"\". American Songwriter. Archived from the original on 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2019-11-07.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bonner
Isabel Bonner
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
American stage actress Isabel BonnerBonner in c. 1955Born(1907-06-12)June 12, 1907Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedJuly 1, 1955(1955-07-01) (aged 48)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1935–1955 (Broadway)SpouseJoseph Kramm Isabel Bonner (June 12, 1907 – July 1, 1955) was an American stage actress. Biography Bonner was born on June 12, 1907, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a child, she began her career in her father's stock company. She later studied in New York under Alex Koiransky and Maria Ouspenskaya, and made her Broadway debut as the ingénue in Let Freedom Ring. She had several later theatre roles, including parts in Processional, Trojan Incident, Uncle Harry, Liliom, Medicine Show, Laura, Foolish Nation, The Front Page, and The Biggest Thief in Town. She also had some roles in television productions, such as Suspense and The Philco Television Playhouse, and in the radio serials Nora Drake and The Right to Happiness. She played roles multiple times in The Shrike, a drama play written by her husband, Joseph Kramm. She first portrayed Dr. Barrow, a psychiatrist, during its Broadway debut in 1952. Then, when the show went on an extended tour of the east, she played the wife of the male lead, who was portrayed by Dane Clark. In 1955, she took the role of the wife again in a four-week run at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles, California. On July 1, 1955, while performing a scene in the play that took place in a hospital, she collapsed on a bed, having died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Clark, ad-libbing, put his arm around Bonner and said "Ann, speak to me. Is something the matter? What's wrong, darling? I love you." Then, realizing something was wrong, he turned to the wings and said "Bring down the curtain." A film editor in the audience, Harold Cornsweet, later said of the ad-libbed scene: "It was so realistic that people in the audience were crying." Bonner's funeral service was held on July 7, 1955, at the Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal in Manhattan, New York City. Bonner appeared in the 1955 film adaptation of The Shrike, released after her death, as Dr. Barrow. References ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (eds.). "Bonner, Isabel (1907–1955)". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Yorkin Publications. p. 231. Gale CX2588802893. ^ a b c d "Audience Thinks It's Part of Play As Actress Dies During Scene". The Evening Star. Associated Press. July 2, 1955. Retrieved March 7, 2021 – via Chronicling America. ^ "Isabel Bonner – Broadway Cast & Staff". Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ a b "'Shrike' Casts Isabel Bonner". The Los Angeles Times. June 1, 1955. Retrieved March 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Cerebral Hemorrhage Fatal To Actress". The Knoxville Journal. Associated Press. July 3, 1955. Retrieved March 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Rites for Isabel Bonner". The New York Times. July 6, 1955. ProQuest 113429951. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ Weiler, A. H. (July 8, 1955). "Tamed 'Shrike'; Film Wife Less Deadly Than One in Play". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2021. External links Isabel Bonner at IMDb Isabel Bonner at the Internet Broadway Database
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontextualisation
Recontextualisation
["1 Levels and Dimensions of Recontextualisation","1.1 Bauman and Briggs and the \"political economy of texts\"","1.2 Per Linell distinguishes recontextualisation at three different levels","2 Basil Bernstein's Three Fields","3 Precontextualization","4 See also","5 References","6 Literature"]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: possible expansion and more exact references. Please help improve this article if you can. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Recontextualisation is a process that extracts text, signs or meaning from its original context (decontextualisation) and reuses it in another context. Since the meaning of texts, signs and content is dependent on its context, recontextualisation implies a change of meaning and redefinition. The linguist Per Linell defines recontextualisation as: the dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context ... to another. Scholars have theorized a number of theoretical conceptions of recontextualisation, each highlighting different aspects of the reusing of texts, signs, and meaning from its original context. More importantly, recontextualisation has been studied within the field of linguistics and inter-disciplinary Levels and Dimensions of Recontextualisation Bauman and Briggs and the "political economy of texts" Bauman and Briggs argue that recontextualisation (and contextualisation) are informed by "the political economy of texts". Recontextualisation and recentering is culturally and socially situated, therefore it is bound in socially produced norms and structures including, but not limited to, power differentials. Bauman and Briggs claim that recontextualisation of texts includes a varying amount of control that depends on access, legitimacy, competency, and value. Access refers to the location of the sourced text, sign, or meaning, which can all be shaped by institutional structures. Legitimacy refers to the perceived legitimacy in the source of text, sign, or meaning. Competency refers to the "knowledge and ability to carry out the decontextualisation and recontextualisation of performed discourse successfully and appropriately". Was the act done well and what factors are at play for it to be considered well done? This can include cultural competency, an understanding of the meaning and/or value of a text to a specific cultural context. Value refers to the social importance of the text. Access, legitimacy, competency and value are all culturally situated social constructions that vary among contexts. Therefore, the manner in which each of these elements is embodied through the act of recontextualisation can, and will, vary. Per Linell distinguishes recontextualisation at three different levels Intratextual: recontextualisation within the same text, discourse or conversation. Intratextual recontextualisation plays an important part in most discourse in so far as it refers to what has been said before, or anticipates what is to be said. In conversation, for instance, the one part usually infuses what the other part just – or earlier – has said in a new context thus adding new meaning to it. Such turns of decontextualisation and recontextualisation combined with metadiscursive regulation are crucial for the continual unfolding of texts, discourses and conversations. Intertextual: recontextualisation that relates elements from different texts, signs, and meaning. For example, the author or speaker can explicitly or implicitly utilize elements from other texts. The importance of this becomes clear when the meaning of a word is clearly based on its meaning in other contexts. Interdiscursive: recontextualisation across different types of discourse, such as genres in which it is more abstract and less specific. In Fairclough, chains of genres are closely connected to interdiscursive recontextualisation. Chains of genres denote how genres are interdependent of discursive material, such as the relation between interviews, transcription of interviews, and the analysis of interviews. However, interdiscursive recontextualisation is also abundant between large interdiscursive entities or formation and is part of society's discursive workshare. An example of this could be the usage of results from a statistical theory into social science, with the purpose of testing quantitative analyses. Basil Bernstein's Three Fields Though recontextualisation is often used within linguistics, it also has interdisciplinary applications. Basil Bernstein uses recontextualisation to study the state and pedagogical discourse, the construction of educational knowledge. His concept of the pedagogic device consists of three fields: the fields of production, recontextualisation and reproduction. The Field of Production: where "new" knowledge is constructed (i.e. academic institutions). To be recontextulised, there must be an original context and thus decontextualised from that. The Field of Recontextualisation: mediates between the field of production and reproduction. This field "is composed of two sub-fields; namely, the official recontextualising field (ORF) and the pedagogic recontextualising field (PRF). The ORF consists of 'specialized departments and sub-agencies of the State and local educational authorities'. The PRF consists of university departments of education, their research as well as specialised educational media. The Field of Reproduction: where pedagogic practice takes place Precontextualization Rhetorical scholar John Oddo argues that recontextualisation has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization". According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold." See also Quoting out of context Intertextuality References ^ a b Connolly, John H. (2014-06-01). "Recontextualisation, resemiotisation and their analysis in terms of an FDG-based framework". Pragmatics. 24 (2): 377–397. doi:10.1075/prag.24.2.09con. ISSN 1018-2101. ^ Linell 1998: 154 ^ a b c Bauman, R (1990-01-01). "Poetics And Performance As Critical Perspectives On Language And Social Life". Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 (1): 76. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.19.1.59. ISSN 0084-6570. ^ Blommaert 2005: 47-48 ^ a b Linell, Per (1998). "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse" (PDF). TEXT and Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse. ^ a b Fairclough, Norman (2003-04-24). Analysing Discourse. doi:10.4324/9780203697078. ISBN 9780203697078. ^ a b c d e Basil., Bernstein (2003). Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203011263. OCLC 437065904. ^ a b Oddo, John. “Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's UN Address on NBC News.” Discourse & Communication 7, no. 1 (February 2013): 25–53. Literature Attenborough, F. T. (2014). "Jokes, pranks, blondes and banter: recontextualising sexism in the British print press". Journal of Gender Studies. 23 (3): 137–154. doi:10.1080/09589236.2013.774269. Bernstein, Basil (1990). "The Social Construction of Pedagogic Discourse". Class, Codes and Control. Vol. IV. Blommaert, Jan (2005). Discourse – a critical introduction. Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521535311. Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse – textual research for social research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415258937. Linell, Per (1998). Approaching Dialogue. IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/impact.3. ISBN 9789027218339. Oddo, John (2013). "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News". Discourse & Communication. 7 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1177/1750481312466480. Oddo, John (2014). Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-1611861402. vteAppropriation in the artsBy fieldMusic Bootleg recording Chopped and screwed Contrafact list Contrafactum Cover version DJ mix Interpolation Medley Music mashup Music plagiarism Musical quotation Nightcore Parody music Pasticcio Plunderphonics Potpourri Quodlibet Remix Riddim Sampling Sound collage Standard Tribute act Trope Variation Vaporwave Literature / theatre Assemblage Cut-up technique Flarf poetry Found poetry Jukebox musical Trope Verbatim theatre Visual arts Collage Combine painting Photographic mosaic Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Swipe By source material Mona Lisa Michelangelo's David Michelangelo's Pietà Statue of Liberty Cinema / television / video Abridged series Anime music video Collage film Found footage Literal music video Parody film Re-cut trailer Remake Shot-for-shot Supercut TV format Vidding Video mashup YouTube poop Other arts In-joke Internet meme Joke theft Parody advertisement Revivalism (architecture) Video game modding General conceptsIntertextual figures Allusion Calque Parody Pastiche Plagiarism Quotation Translation Adaptation Film Literary Theatre Other concepts After (art) Assemblage (art) Bricolage Citation Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Satire Source criticism in the arts Related artisticconcepts Aesthetic interpretation Anti-art Archetypal literary criticism Artistic inspiration "The Death of the Author" Divine inspiration Afflatus Genius (literature) Muses Fan labor Fan fiction Genre Genre studies Originality Simulacrum Western canon Standard blocksand forms Archetype Formula fiction Genre fiction Jazz standard Plot device Stock character Story structure Epoch-markingworks L.H.O.O.Q. (1919) "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" (1939) Reality Hunger: A Manifesto (2010) Theorization Dada De Copia Rerum Diegesis Dionysian imitatio Mimesis Nachahmung Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree The Pictures Generation Pop art Postmodernism Russian formalism Related non-artistic concepts Academic dishonesty Appropriation in sociology Articulation in sociology Cultural appropriation History of printing Information society Intellectual property Copyright infringement Derivative work Fair use Meme Open source Participatory culture Pirate politics Recontextualisation Remix culture
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Bauman and Briggs claim that recontextualisation of texts includes a varying amount of control that depends on access, legitimacy, competency, and value.[3]Access refers to the location of the sourced text, sign, or meaning, which can all be shaped by institutional structures.Legitimacy refers to the perceived legitimacy in the source of text, sign, or meaning.Competency refers to the \"knowledge and ability to carry out the decontextualisation and recontextualisation of performed discourse successfully and appropriately\".[3] Was the act done well and what factors are at play for it to be considered well done? This can include cultural competency, an understanding of the meaning and/or value of a text to a specific cultural context.Value refers to the social importance of the text.Access, legitimacy, competency and value are all culturally situated social constructions that vary among contexts. 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The importance of this becomes clear when the meaning of a word is clearly based on its meaning in other contexts.\nInterdiscursive: recontextualisation across different types of discourse, such as genres in which it is more abstract and less specific.[5] In Fairclough, chains of genres are closely connected to interdiscursive recontextualisation. Chains of genres denote how genres are interdependent of discursive material, such as the relation between interviews, transcription of interviews, and the analysis of interviews.[6] However, interdiscursive recontextualisation is also abundant between large interdiscursive entities or formation and is part of society's discursive workshare.[6] An example of this could be the usage of results from a statistical theory into social science, with the purpose of testing quantitative analyses.","title":"Levels and Dimensions of Recontextualisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basil Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"text":"Though recontextualisation is often used within linguistics, it also has interdisciplinary applications. Basil Bernstein uses recontextualisation to study the state and pedagogical discourse, the construction of educational knowledge.[7] His concept of the pedagogic device consists of three fields: the fields of production, recontextualisation and reproduction.[7]The Field of Production: where \"new\" knowledge is constructed (i.e. academic institutions).[7] To be recontextulised, there must be an original context and thus decontextualised from that.\nThe Field of Recontextualisation: mediates between the field of production and reproduction. This field \"is composed of two sub-fields; namely, the official recontextualising field (ORF) and the pedagogic recontextualising field (PRF). The ORF consists of 'specialized departments and sub-agencies of the State and local educational authorities'.[7] The PRF consists of university departments of education, their research as well as specialised educational media.\nThe Field of Reproduction: where pedagogic practice takes place[7]","title":"Basil Bernstein's Three Fields"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"Rhetorical scholar John Oddo argues that recontextualisation has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs \"precontextualization\".[8] According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein \"a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold.\"[8]","title":"Precontextualization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/09589236.2013.774269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2013.774269"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521535311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521535311"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415258937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415258937"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1075/impact.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1075%2Fimpact.3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789027218339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027218339"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/1750481312466480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1750481312466480"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1611861402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611861402"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts"},{"link_name":"Appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"link_name":"Bootleg recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Chopped and screwed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed"},{"link_name":"Contrafact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrafact"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts"},{"link_name":"Contrafactum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrafactum"},{"link_name":"Cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"DJ mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_mix"},{"link_name":"Interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"Music mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"Music plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_plagiarism"},{"link_name":"Musical quotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_quotation"},{"link_name":"Nightcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcore"},{"link_name":"Parody music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_music"},{"link_name":"Pasticcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasticcio"},{"link_name":"Plunderphonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunderphonics"},{"link_name":"Potpourri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potpourri_(music)"},{"link_name":"Quodlibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quodlibet"},{"link_name":"Remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Riddim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddim"},{"link_name":"Sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Sound collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_collage"},{"link_name":"Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(music)"},{"link_name":"Tribute act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_act"},{"link_name":"Trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(music)"},{"link_name":"Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_(music)"},{"link_name":"Vaporwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporwave"},{"link_name":"Assemblage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Cut-up technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-up_technique"},{"link_name":"Flarf poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flarf_poetry"},{"link_name":"Found poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_poetry"},{"link_name":"Jukebox musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_musical"},{"link_name":"Trope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Verbatim theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbatim_theatre"},{"link_name":"Collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"Combine painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_painting"},{"link_name":"Photographic mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_mosaic"},{"link_name":"Readymades of Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Swipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swipe_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo's David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo's Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Abridged series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abridged_series"},{"link_name":"Anime music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_music_video"},{"link_name":"Collage film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage_film"},{"link_name":"Found footage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)"},{"link_name":"Literal music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_music_video"},{"link_name":"Parody film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_film"},{"link_name":"Re-cut trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-cut_trailer"},{"link_name":"Remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"Shot-for-shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot-for-shot"},{"link_name":"Supercut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercut"},{"link_name":"TV format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_format"},{"link_name":"Vidding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidding"},{"link_name":"Video mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(video)"},{"link_name":"YouTube poop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_poop"},{"link_name":"In-joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"Joke theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke_theft"},{"link_name":"Parody advertisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_advertisement"},{"link_name":"Revivalism (architecture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Video game modding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_modding"},{"link_name":"Intertextual figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertextuality"},{"link_name":"Allusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"Calque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Pastiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastiche"},{"link_name":"Plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"Quotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation"},{"link_name":"Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"},{"link_name":"Adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation"},{"link_name":"After (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_(art)"},{"link_name":"Assemblage (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage_(art)"},{"link_name":"Bricolage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricolage"},{"link_name":"Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation"},{"link_name":"Détournement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement"},{"link_name":"Found object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_object"},{"link_name":"Homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Imitation in art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation_(art)"},{"link_name":"Mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(culture)"},{"link_name":"Reprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise"},{"link_name":"Satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Source criticism in the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts"},{"link_name":"Aesthetic interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation"},{"link_name":"Anti-art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-art"},{"link_name":"Archetypal literary criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism"},{"link_name":"Artistic inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration"},{"link_name":"The Death of the Author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author"},{"link_name":"Divine inspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_inspiration"},{"link_name":"Afflatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afflatus"},{"link_name":"Genius (literature)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses"},{"link_name":"Fan labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_labor"},{"link_name":"Fan fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction"},{"link_name":"Genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"Genre studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_studies"},{"link_name":"Originality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality"},{"link_name":"Simulacrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrum"},{"link_name":"Western canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon"},{"link_name":"Archetype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"Formula fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_fiction"},{"link_name":"Genre fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_fiction"},{"link_name":"Jazz standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_standard"},{"link_name":"Plot device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_device"},{"link_name":"Stock character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_character"},{"link_name":"Story structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_structure"},{"link_name":"L.H.O.O.Q.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q."},{"link_name":"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Reality Hunger: A Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_Hunger"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"De Copia Rerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style"},{"link_name":"Diegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diegesis"},{"link_name":"Dionysian imitatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio"},{"link_name":"Mimesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis"},{"link_name":"Nachahmung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence"},{"link_name":"Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree"},{"link_name":"The Pictures Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation"},{"link_name":"Pop art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Russian formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_formalism"},{"link_name":"Academic dishonesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dishonesty"},{"link_name":"Appropriation in sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Articulation in sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"link_name":"History of printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_printing"},{"link_name":"Information society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society"},{"link_name":"Intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"Derivative work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work"},{"link_name":"Fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"},{"link_name":"Meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"Open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"},{"link_name":"Participatory culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_culture"},{"link_name":"Pirate politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party"},{"link_name":"Recontextualisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Remix culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_culture"}],"text":"Attenborough, F. T. (2014). \"Jokes, pranks, blondes and banter: recontextualising sexism in the British print press\". Journal of Gender Studies. 23 (3): 137–154. doi:10.1080/09589236.2013.774269.\nBernstein, Basil (1990). \"The Social Construction of Pedagogic Discourse\". Class, Codes and Control. Vol. IV.\nBlommaert, Jan (2005). Discourse – a critical introduction. Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521535311.\nFairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse – textual research for social research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415258937.\nLinell, Per (1998). Approaching Dialogue. IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/impact.3. ISBN 9789027218339.\nOddo, John (2013). \"Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News\". Discourse & Communication. 7 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1177/1750481312466480.\nOddo, John (2014). Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-1611861402.vteAppropriation in the artsBy fieldMusic\nBootleg recording\nChopped and screwed\nContrafact\nlist\nContrafactum\nCover version\nDJ mix\nInterpolation\nMedley\nMusic mashup\nMusic plagiarism\nMusical quotation\nNightcore\nParody music\nPasticcio\nPlunderphonics\nPotpourri\nQuodlibet\nRemix\nRiddim\nSampling\nSound collage\nStandard\nTribute act\nTrope\nVariation\nVaporwave\nLiterature / theatre\nAssemblage\nCut-up technique\nFlarf poetry\nFound poetry\nJukebox musical\nTrope\nVerbatim theatre\nVisual arts\nCollage\nCombine painting\nPhotographic mosaic\nReadymades of Marcel Duchamp\nSwipe\nBy source material\nMona Lisa\nMichelangelo's David\nMichelangelo's Pietà\nStatue of Liberty\nCinema / television / video\nAbridged series\nAnime music video\nCollage film\nFound footage\nLiteral music video\nParody film\nRe-cut trailer\nRemake\nShot-for-shot\nSupercut\nTV format\nVidding\nVideo mashup\nYouTube poop\nOther arts\nIn-joke\nInternet meme\nJoke theft\nParody advertisement\nRevivalism (architecture)\nVideo game modding\nGeneral conceptsIntertextual figures\nAllusion\nCalque\nParody\nPastiche\nPlagiarism\nQuotation\nTranslation\nAdaptation\nFilm\nLiterary\nTheatre\nOther concepts\nAfter (art)\nAssemblage (art)\nBricolage\nCitation\nDétournement\nFound object\nHomage\nImitation in art\nMashup\nReprise\nSatire\nSource criticism in the arts\nRelated artisticconcepts\nAesthetic interpretation\nAnti-art\nArchetypal literary criticism\nArtistic inspiration\n\"The Death of the Author\"\nDivine inspiration\nAfflatus\nGenius (literature)\nMuses\nFan labor\nFan fiction\nGenre\nGenre studies\nOriginality\nSimulacrum\nWestern canon\nStandard blocksand forms\nArchetype\nFormula fiction\nGenre fiction\nJazz standard\nPlot device\nStock character\nStory structure\nEpoch-markingworks\nL.H.O.O.Q. (1919)\n\"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote\" (1939)\nReality Hunger: A Manifesto (2010)\nTheorization\nDada\nDe Copia Rerum\nDiegesis\nDionysian imitatio\nMimesis\nNachahmung\nPalimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree\nThe Pictures Generation\nPop art\nPostmodernism\nRussian formalism\nRelated non-artistic concepts\nAcademic dishonesty\nAppropriation in sociology\nArticulation in sociology\nCultural appropriation\nHistory of printing\nInformation society\nIntellectual property\nCopyright infringement\nDerivative work\nFair use\nMeme\nOpen source\nParticipatory culture\nPirate politics\nRecontextualisation\nRemix culture","title":"Literature"}]
[]
[{"title":"Quoting out of context","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context"},{"title":"Intertextuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertextuality"}]
[{"reference":"Connolly, John H. (2014-06-01). \"Recontextualisation, resemiotisation and their analysis in terms of an FDG-based framework\". Pragmatics. 24 (2): 377–397. doi:10.1075/prag.24.2.09con. ISSN 1018-2101.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fprag.24.2.09con","url_text":"\"Recontextualisation, resemiotisation and their analysis in terms of an FDG-based framework\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fprag.24.2.09con","url_text":"10.1075/prag.24.2.09con"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1018-2101","url_text":"1018-2101"}]},{"reference":"Bauman, R (1990-01-01). \"Poetics And Performance As Critical Perspectives On Language And Social Life\". Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 (1): 76. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.19.1.59. ISSN 0084-6570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.19.1.59","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.19.1.59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570","url_text":"0084-6570"}]},{"reference":"Linell, Per (1998). \"Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse\" (PDF). TEXT and Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse.","urls":[{"url":"https://ipkl.gu.se/digitalAssets/1475/1475825_96-discourse-across-boundaries-text-98.pdf","url_text":"\"Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse\""}]},{"reference":"Fairclough, Norman (2003-04-24). Analysing Discourse. doi:10.4324/9780203697078. ISBN 9780203697078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203697078","url_text":"10.4324/9780203697078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203697078","url_text":"9780203697078"}]},{"reference":"Basil., Bernstein (2003). Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203011263. OCLC 437065904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203011263","url_text":"9780203011263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437065904","url_text":"437065904"}]},{"reference":"Attenborough, F. T. (2014). \"Jokes, pranks, blondes and banter: recontextualising sexism in the British print press\". Journal of Gender Studies. 23 (3): 137–154. doi:10.1080/09589236.2013.774269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2013.774269","url_text":"10.1080/09589236.2013.774269"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Basil (1990). \"The Social Construction of Pedagogic Discourse\". Class, Codes and Control. Vol. IV.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blommaert, Jan (2005). Discourse – a critical introduction. Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521535311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521535311","url_text":"978-0521535311"}]},{"reference":"Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing Discourse – textual research for social research. New York: Routledge. 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Discourse & Communication. 7 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1177/1750481312466480.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750481312466480","url_text":"10.1177/1750481312466480"}]},{"reference":"Oddo, John (2014). Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-1611861402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611861402","url_text":"978-1611861402"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_de_Mariposa
Butterfly Wings (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Accolades","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1991 Spanish film by Juanma Bajo Ulloa Butterfly WingsSpanishAlas de mariposa Directed byJuanma Bajo UlloaWritten byJuanma Bajo UlloaEduardo Bajo UlloaStarringSílvia MuntFernando ValverdeSusana GarcíaLaura VaqueroCinematographyAitor MantxolaEnric DavíEdited byPablo BlancoMusic byBingen MendizábalRelease dates September 1991 (1991-09) (Zinemaldia) 18 October 1991 (1991-10-18) (Spain) Running time1h 48minCountrySpainLanguageSpanish Butterfly Wings (Spanish: Alas de mariposa) is a 1991 Spanish drama film directed by Juanma Bajo Ulloa. Plot A poor couple wants to have a boy but instead they get a girl, Ami. A male son is born afterwards but Ami kills the newborn, straining the relationship between mother and daughter. Cast Sílvia Munt as Carmen Tito Valverde as Gabriel Susana García Díez as Ami Laura Vaquero as Ami niña Txema Blasco  as Alejandro Alberto Martín as Gorka Release The film screened at the 39th San Sebastián International Film Festival in September 1991. It was released theatrically on 18 October 1991. Accolades Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. 1991 39th San Sebastián International Film Festival Golden Shell Won 1992 6th Goya Awards Best New Director Juanma Bajo Ulloa Won Best Original Screenplay Juanma Bajo Ulloa, Eduardo Bajo Ulloa Won Best Actress Sílvia Munt Won See also List of Spanish films of 1991 References ^ "Alas de Mariposa (Butterfly Wings, 1991)". Spanish Film Review Club. Retrieved 2018-03-28. ^ "Alas de mariposa". Fotogramas. 29 May 2008. ^ Recio Gil, David (2004). "Alas mariposa, de Juanma Bajo Ulloa" (PDF). Pliegos de la Insula Barataria: Revista de Creación Literaria y de Filología (7): 122. ISSN 1134-0193. ^ Recio Gil 2004, p. 122. ^ a b "'Secretos del corazón' inaugura mañana un Seminario de Cine Vasco en el Congreso de la Nación Argentina". Euskal Kultura. 10 September 2012. ^ Recio Gil 2004, p. 123. ^ Recio Gil 2004, p. 124. ^ Recio Gil 2004, p. 121. ^ Torreiro, Casimiro (29 September 1991). "El filme español 'Alas de mariposa', del debutante Juanma Bajo Ulloa, gana la Concha de Oro". El País. ^ Viaje al cine español. 25 años de los Premios Goya (PDF), Lunwerg, 2011, p. 274, ISBN 978-84-9785-791-8 External links Butterfly Wings at IMDb Butterfly Wings at Rotten Tomatoes vteGolden Shell1953–1975 I Was a Parish Priest (1953) Sierra maldita (1954) Days of Love (1955) The Railroad Man (1956) Oh! Sabella (1957) Ewa chce spac (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (1960) One-Eyed Jacks (1961) Arturo's Island (1962) Mafioso (1963) America America (1964) Golden Queen / Mirage (1965) I Was Happy Here (1966) Two for the Road (1967) The Long Day's Dying (1968) The Rain People (1969) Dead of Summer (1970) Claire's Knee (1971) The Glass House (1972) The Spirit of the Beehive (1973) Badlands (1974) Furtivos (1975) 1976–2000 Gypsies Are Found Near Heaven (1976) An Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano (1977) Alambrista! (1978) Autumn Marathon (1979) The Orchestra Conductor (1980) Tales of Ordinary Madness (1981) Demons in the Garden (1982) Entre Nous (1983) Rumble Fish (1984) Yesterday (1985) Half of Heaven (1986) Wedding in Galilee (1987) On the Black Hill (1988) Homer and Eddie / La nación clandestina (1989) Letters from Alou (1990) Butterfly Wings (1991) A Place in the World (1992) The Beginning and the End / Sara (1993) Dias contados (1994) Margaret's Museum (1995) Bwana / Trojan Eddie (1996) The Swindle (1997) Wind with the Gone (1998) What's Life? (1999) The Ruination of Men (2000) 2001–present A Cab for Three (2001) Mondays in the Sun (2002) Gun-shy (2003) Turtles Can Fly (2004) Something Like Happiness (2005) Half Moon / Mon fils à moi (2006) A Thousand Years of Good Prayers (2007) Pandora's Box (2008) City of Life and Death (2009) Neds (2010) Los pasos dobles (2011) In the House (2012) Bad Hair (2013) Magical Girl (2014) Sparrows (2015) I Am Not Madame Bovary (2016) The Disaster Artist (2017) Between Two Waters (2018) Pacified (2019) Beginning (2020) Blue Moon (2021) The Kings of the World (2022) The Rye Horn (2023) This article related to a Spanish film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1990s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Spanish films of 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1991"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrolobium_praemorsum
Gastrolobium praemorsum
["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 References"]
Species of legume Gastrolobium praemorsum Gastrolobium praemorsum 'BronzeButterfly' Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Genus: Gastrolobium Species: G. praemorsum Binomial name Gastrolobium praemorsum(Meisn.) G.Chandler & Crisp Synonyms Brachysema praemorsum Meisn. Gastrolobium praemorsum is a scrambling shrub which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a member of the family Fabaceae and produces red pea-flowers from late winter to early summer (August to December in Australia). It is not known whether this species shares the toxic properties of many other members of the genus Gastrolobium. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner and published in Plantae Preissianae in 1844. Meissner assigned it the name Brachysema praemorsa. In 2002 botanists Gregory Chandler and Michael Crisp reassigned this species to the genus Gastrolobium along with other Brachysema species. Distribution It is found between Geographe Bay and Albany. An isolated population at Bullsbrook north of Perth is its northernmost occurrence. References Chandler, G. T.; M.D. Crisp; L.W. Cayzer & R.J. Bayer (2002). "Monograph of Gastrolobium (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae)" (PDF). Australian Systematic Botany. 15 (5): 619–739. doi:10.1071/SB01010. "Gastrolobium praemorsum". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. "Gastrolobium praemorsum". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Taxon identifiersGastrolobium praemorsum Wikidata: Q5526856 Wikispecies: Gastrolobium praemorsum APNI: 167749 FloraBase: 20512 GBIF: 5627849 GRIN: 443698 IPNI: 20009059-1 NCBI: 150634 Open Tree of Life: 555968 Plant List: tro-50225980 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:20009059-1 Tropicos: 50225980 WFO: wfo-0001267300 Brachysema praemorsum Wikidata: Q15525817 APNI: 66202 CoL: MZRB EoL: 644753 GBIF: 5358677 GRIN: 443699 IPNI: 482180-1 IRMNG: 11172462 Open Tree of Life: 555968 Plant List: ild-34767 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:482180-1 Tropicos: 13048990 WFO: wfo-0001057291
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Wosikowski
Irene Wosikowski
["1 Life","1.1 Provenance and early years","1.2 Politics","1.3 National Socialist years and Moscow exile","1.4 Paris","1.5 War","1.6 Internment","1.7 Marseilles","1.8 Arrest and \"questioning\"","1.9 Final months","1.10 Afterwards","2 Notes","3 References"]
German political activist Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski (9 February 1910 – 27 October 1944) was a German political activist (KPD). After 1933 she continued with her (now illegal) political activity in Germany till 1935. The next two years were spent in Moscow after which, as instructed by the party, she moved to Paris, which had become one of two de facto capitals for the exiled German Communist Party. She worked on political education and publishing till 1940 when she was placed in the Gurs internment camp. After her escape she joined the Résistance. Living "underground" (unregistered) she remained at liberty till July 1943, despite the intensely dangerous nature of much of her resistance work, which included approaching German soldiers and engaging in "political" discussions to try to persuade them to face up to the accelerating savagery of the Shoah. Following her arrest Wosikowski was subjected to a sustained programme of torture and taken back to Germany, where she was executed at Plötzensee on the edge of Berlin. Life Provenance and early years Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski was born in Danzig (as Gdańsk was known at that time) and grew up in a politicised social-democratic household. Her mother later came to prominence as the politician and Hamburg parliamentarian Alice Wosikowski (1886-1949). Her father, the factory worker Wilhelm Wosikowski, was killed in October 1914 at the start the war, when she was four. The pension provided to the widows of fallen soldiers was meagre, and her mother struggled financially to support the young family. At one stage Irene's older brother Eberhard (born in 1908) was forced by the family's poverty temporarily to leave middle school. In 1911 Wilhelm Wosikowski had received an employment ban ("Berufsverbot") in Danzig on account of his trades union involvement and the family relocated to Kiel. In 1921 Alice Wosikowski married her dead husband's brother and the family moved again, this time to Hamburg. Politics Irene attended a "Handelsschule" (commercially oriented school) and on completion of the middle school stage took a job as a typist. After two years she moved on to work in an export agency. Her next job was with the Hamburg branch of the Soviet trade mission. She was sent in 1930 to work at the (implausibly large) Soviet trade mission in Berlin. She had been only 14 in 1924 when she joined the Young Communists: between 1926 and 1930 she was the "political leader" ("politische Leiterin") with the Young Communists' Hamburg group. 1930 was the year in which she joined the Communist Party. In 1932 she became a member of the party's "Antimilitaristischer Apparat Abteilung Militärpolitik“ (AM-Apparat), which is generally identified as a cover name for the Communist Party's Intelligence Service. National Socialist years and Moscow exile The change of government in January 1933 was followed by a rapid transition to one-party dictatorship. During March 1933, irrespective of any residual legal niceties, the police and the courts began to operate on the basis that Communist Party membership was an act of treason. Irene Wosikowski became a member of the party's Berlin region leadership team ("Landesleitung"). During 1934 the authorities scheduled her arrest, but she was alerted in time to be able to escape to Czechoslovakia. There is a lack of precision in the sources over her movements during these months, but at some point in 1935 she moved to Moscow where in September of that year she was enrolled on a two-year course at the Comintern's International Lenin School. It was usual under these circumstances for comrades to be identified by pseudonyms. Irene Wosikowski's "party name" was "Helga Rühler". Paris At the end of 1937 the party sent Wosikowski to Paris where she worked as a typist and "political co-worker" in the editorial office of the "Deutsche Volks-Zeitung". That name had and has been revived many times. This version was a German-language weekly newspaper published by and for German speaking political exiles. In addition to he work in the editorial office, she was involved in the distribution of a publication intended for readers across Europe and in America. For a time she also worked as a close assistant to Franz Dahlem (who after 1945 would enjoy a long - though not uninterrupted - career as a senior national politician in the Soviet occupation zone (of Germany) and the German Democratic Republic.) The French government granted Wosikowski political asylum, but they did not provide a work permit, so she was desperately short of money. She did receive some support from the German League for Human Rights and from the Rothschild Committee, but the amounts involved were very small. During her time in Paris she lived with others refugees in cheap "migrant-hotels". War Although the French and British governments declared war in Germany following the German invasion of Poland at the start of September 1939, on the street of Paris there were no sudden changes, even after the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the other side two weeks later. On 10 May 1940 the Germany army invaded France, however, and this time the impact in Paris was immediate, especially for political exiles from Germany. All German women in France were ordered to report to the authorities on 13 May 1940. Irene Wosikowski was unable to comply with the requirement because she was arrested overnight on 12/13 May and taken to the Gurs internment camp to the south of Bordeaux. The German army overran northern France in approximately six weeks. Under the terms of the Franco-German armistice of 22 June 1940 the northern half of France was now to be placed under direct German control, while the southern half - defined at the time as the "free zone", was to be administered from Vichy by a puppet government to be led by a respected French war hero. Over the next couple of years the already limited autonomy of the Vichy government would be further diminished, but in 1940 it was significant that the internment camp was located not in the "occupied zone" but, along with the important cities of Toulouse, Lyon and Marseilles, in the "free zone". Internment The Gurs internment camp had been set up at the end of the Spanish Civil War as a resettlement camp for escaping fighters from Spain. It had not been constructed as a "concentration camp". A committed sportswoman, Wosikowski organised other internees to become more physically active (whether they liked it or not). Two of her fellow internees, Luise Kraushaar and Thea Saefkow had, like her, been working for the party in Paris and in the camp the three of them teamed up. By the end of June 1940 Irene Wosikowski had escaped with her two comrades. Wosikowski now took the train for Marseilles, intending to join up with the Résistance. Marseilles On the train she was caught up in a check and arrested by a French policeman who presumably determined that her identity papers were not in order. She was held at Baumettes Prison, a Marseilles penitemtiary reserved at that time for "dangerous" women, in till January 1941. Following her release she was required to report regularly to the "Vichy" police. What she did not know was that at some stage the Reich Security Main Office had already placed her name, along with one of her cover names, "Erna", on the "manhunt targets lists" ("Sonderfahndungsliste") of government opponents to be sought out and rounded up following any successful German invasion of the Soviet Union. During the first part of 1941, using false identity papers, she joined with others to form a German resistance group in Marseilles, still at this stage part of the "free zone" controlled from Vichy rather than Berlin. She shared an apartment with another German emigre called Thérèse Schmidt, and earned a small amount of money through dress-making. With other KPD members, such as Fritz Fugmann, Walter Janka and "Lex" Ende, she maintained contact with internees/prisoners still held in French internment camps, many of whom were veterans of the Spanish Civil War which had ended in defeat for the anti-fascists in 1939. She also helped organise the delivery of food parcels. The nature of Irene Wosikowski's resistance work completely changed after November 1942. Probably as a response to the landing of large numbers of Anglo-American troops in North Africa, the Germans dusted off and implemented plans for a "direct military occupation of southern France. Marseilles had till now been a principal transit point for refugees desperate to escape occupied Europe for reasons of race or politics, but now the escape channels dried up. Over the next few months German soldiers and Gestapo personnel became a common sight as military occupation took hold. Fluent German became a valuable asset, but the resistance activity involved in what was known as "enlightenment work" ("Aufklärungsarbeit") among the German soldiers was massively dangerous. At its simplest it involved distributing copies of the innocuously titled newspaper "Soldat am Mittelmeer" ("Soldier on the Mediterranean") to German military personnel, possibly by leaving copies on tables outside cafés where off-duty soldiers liked to gather. The newspaper comprised antifascist propaganda designed, with varying degrees of subtlety, to persuade German soldiers to lay down their arms. Shortly after the German occupation Irene Wosikowski relocated (illegally) to a different part of the city and using forged papers took on a couple of new identities, as "Marie-Louise Durand" and "Poulette Monier". She teamed up with her comrade Thea Saefkow, and the two of them took to engaging in casual conversation with off-duty German soldiers. They would discuss the course of the war and, where appropriate, hand out (illegal) pamphlets, always trying to convince the men of the war's senselessness. During the course of this activity, in or shortly before July 1943, Wosikowski, found herself chatting with a German sailor called Hermann Frischalowski from Cuxhaven. He seemed genuinely persuaded by her arguments for quitting the army. After a period of caution, she came to believe in his stated anti-Hitler beliefs, but it turned out that quite soon after they first met he had denounced her to the Gestapo. Arrest and "questioning" After that "Paulette Monier" (being the name she was using) met up with Frischalowski a few more times. He asked her to obtain false identity documents and civilian clothes for him. Then, on 26 July 1943, facilitated her arrest by the Gestapo. In the words of a note made by the security police on 27 July 1943, "on the basis of the denunciation by the sailor Hermann Frischalowski, the arrest of the German emigrant Irene Wosikowski took place in Marseilles on 26 July 1943". Only after "intensified interrogation" did she disclose her real identity. Later, after long days of torture, she confirmed her own identity and that she had spent time training in Moscow. But still, despite brutal torture at the Gestapo main office in Marseilles, she never disclosed the names of those comrades with whom she was working. Final months In the Fall/Autumn of 1943 she was transferred to Fresnes Prison, on the edge of Paris, where further unsuccessful attempts were made to induce her to disclose the identities of her Résistance co-activists. On 30 October 1943 she was transferred to the prison at Hamburg=Fuhlsbüttel. Here the interrogation under torture continued, but Wosikowski still refused to betray resistance comrades. A Gestapo report dated 5 April 1944 states: "...as far as Marseilles is concerned, she has not told us the whole truth. It is impossible to image that the accused, who must be viewed as a cadre member, schooled in the methods and modalities of the Communist Party, really has no understanding of the organisation to which she belongs. From that it can be deduced that she is a hardened militant who wants to protect her comrades and conceal their activities". The previous month Irene's mother Alice Wosikowski, who herself had several years as an inmate of a succession of concentration camps behind her, received notification from her daughter that she was back in Hamburg and the Gestapo had agreed visiting rights. Mother and daughter were permitted a brief discussion in the "Civil Justice Building" at the Hamburg Justice Complex. Alice Wosikowski later recalled her daughter's words: "Mother, if they tell you I have made a confession, do not believe it. I remain true to our cause". One of her interrogators in Hamburg was a man called "Kriminalsekretär" Heinrich Teege. Teege took advantage of her mother's visit to make an offer to Alice Wosikowski. She could save her daughter's life if she would work for the Gestapo. Alice Wosikowski refused. Irene Wosikowski took her leave of fellow prisoner on 20 April 1944 and was taken away for judicial investigatory detention and trial, first, on 22 May 1944, before a tribunal in Hamburg and then on 9 June 1944 to the women's prison in Cottbus. Finally Irene Wosikowski was moved to the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin. The charge was the conventional one of "preparing to commit high treason" ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). As was usual with "political" trials, the case was heard at the special "People's Court". On 13 September 1944 the verdict and sentence were delivered by the court president Roland Freisler in person: "Irene Wosikowski, an incorrigible communist for almost twenty years, underground militant in Berlin since the start of the National Socialist order. Emigrant, pupil of the Lenin School in Moscow, which sent her to Paris, from where she hounded the state with communist organisations till the start of the war. In 1943 she tried to distribute communist propaganda to German soldiers in Marseilles. Thereby she made herself guilty of treason on behalf of our enemies and dishonoured herself in perpetuity ... Through her secret work in Paris she committed a heavy treason against the German people. For the purity of the German people and also to ensure our victory against the clandestine currents of defeatism, she must be condemned to death". On 13 September 1944 Irene Wosikowski became the one hundred and eighty-fifth of the two-hundred and forty-one women executed at the Plötzensee Prison. She was thirty-four when beheaded. Afterwards Court president Roland Freisler was killed less than five months after delivering his sentence against Wosikowski when a US bomber scored a direct hit on his court building in a daytime bombing raid. On 13 January 1948 Alice Wosikowski lodged a charge against the sailor at the district court in Stade Hermann Frischalowski, in which she accused him of a "crime against humanity and denunciation for political reasons, causing death". A tribunal rejected the case against the former sailor because of his motive which amounted to "doing his duty against forces seeking to demoralise the army". Irene Wosikowski appealed the decision, but again the appeal was rejected because the sailor's actions were consistent with the law as it existed at the time. Alice Wosikowski died in 1949. The judgment was rescinded not until 1998, when by Sections 1 and 2 of the German law repealing wrongful National Socialist judgments in the administration of criminal justice of August 25, 1998, these verdicts of the People's Court (Germany) were vacated. Notes ^ "Aufgrund der Denunziation des Matrosen Hermann Frischalowski erfolgte am 26.7.1943 die Verhaftung der deutschen Emigrantin Irene Wosikowski in Marseille.". References ^ Claudia Koonz (7 May 2013). Courage and choice. Routledge. pp. 318–320. ISBN 978-1-136-21380-9. Retrieved 20 May 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b c d e f g h Rita Bake. "Irene Wosikowski: 3.2.1910 Hamburg - hingerichtet 27.10.1944 Berlin-Plötzensee". Der Verein Garten der Frauen. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Wosikowski, Irene: * 9.2.1910, † 13.9.1944". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ a b c d Bernhard Röhl (24 December 2004). "Sie blieb standhaft bis zum Ende". Die Tageszeitung: Taz. TAZ Verlags- und Vertriebs GmbH, Berlin. p. 27. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski: hingerichtet am 27.10. 44". Neues Deutschland, Berlin. 28 October 1947. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ a b Rita Bake. "Alice Wosikowski (... geb. Ludwig )". hamburg.de GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ a b Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Wosikowski, Alice * 18.10.1886, † 7.4.1949". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Rita Bake. "Irene Wosikowski". hamburg.de GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York City: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0141009759. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ursel Hochmuth (2005). Niemand und nichts wird vergessen .... Biogramme und Briefe Hamburger Widerstandskämpfer 1933-1945. VSA: Verlag Hamburg GmbH. ISBN 3-89965-121-9. Retrieved 21 May 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Jean Sarsiat (30 April 2019). "Camp de Gurs: le témoignage du perturbateur contesté". L’Office national des anciens combattants réagit aux propos de l’octogénaire qui voulait la parole lors de la commémoration en l’honneur des déportés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Sud Ouest, Bordeaux. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ Kurt Hälker (May 2001). "La Femme Allemande" (PDF). Vor 60 Jahren / 22. Juni 1941 / Erinnerungen an ein historisches Datum der Mahnung. Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung „Freies Deutschland“ e.V. (DRAFD). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ Andreas Jordan (May 2008). "Thea Saefkow, deutsche Widerstandskämpferin in der Résistance". Gelsenkirchener Widerständler in der Resistance. Gelsenzentrum. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Christine Levisse-Touzé (14 February 2003). Irene Wosikowski. Tallandier. pp. 188–91. ISBN 979-10-210-1675-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Deutsche Antifaschisten in Frankreich". Studylib. Retrieved 21 May 2019. ^ Ruth Sanio-Metafides (compiler). Irene Wosikowski. Landesbezirk Hamburg, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit & Kommunikation. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ 'Hitler's Helfer - Roland Freisler' (Hitler's Henchmen - Roland Freisler) television documentary, by Guido Knopp, (ZDF Enterprizes, 1998) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
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After 1933 she continued with her (now illegal) political activity in Germany till 1935. The next two years were spent in Moscow after which, as instructed by the party, she moved to Paris, which had become one of two de facto capitals for the exiled German Communist Party. She worked on political education and publishing till 1940 when she was placed in the Gurs internment camp. After her escape she joined the Résistance. Living \"underground\" (unregistered) she remained at liberty till July 1943, despite the intensely dangerous nature of much of her resistance work, which included approaching German soldiers and engaging in \"political\" discussions to try to persuade them to face up to the accelerating savagery of the Shoah. Following her arrest Wosikowski was subjected to a sustained programme of torture and taken back to Germany, where she was executed at Plötzensee on the edge of Berlin.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Irene Wosikowski"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danzig (as Gdańsk was known at that time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"Hamburg parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWlautRB01-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWlautRB01-6"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWlautHDK-7"}],"sub_title":"Provenance and early years","text":"Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski was born in Danzig (as Gdańsk was known at that time) and grew up in a politicised social-democratic household.[2] Her mother later came to prominence as the politician and Hamburg parliamentarian Alice Wosikowski (1886-1949).[3] Her father, the factory worker Wilhelm Wosikowski, was killed in October 1914 at the start the war, when she was four.[6] The pension provided to the widows of fallen soldiers was meagre, and her mother struggled financially to support the young family. At one stage Irene's older brother Eberhard (born in 1908) was forced by the family's poverty temporarily to leave middle school.[6] In 1911 Wilhelm Wosikowski had received an employment ban (\"Berufsverbot\") in Danzig on account of his trades union involvement and the family relocated to Kiel. In 1921 Alice Wosikowski married her dead husband's brother and the family moved again, this time to Hamburg.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Handelsschule\" (commercially oriented school)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelsschule"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"},{"link_name":"Young Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Irene attended a \"Handelsschule\" (commercially oriented school) and on completion of the middle school stage took a job as a typist. After two years she moved on to work in an export agency. Her next job was with the Hamburg branch of the Soviet trade mission. She was sent in 1930 to work at the (implausibly large) Soviet trade mission in Berlin.[8] She had been only 14 in 1924 when she joined the Young Communists: between 1926 and 1930 she was the \"political leader\" (\"politische Leiterin\") with the Young Communists' Hamburg group.[8] 1930 was the year in which she joined the Communist Party.[3] In 1932 she became a member of the party's \"Antimilitaristischer Apparat Abteilung Militärpolitik“ (AM-Apparat), which is generally identified as a cover name for the Communist Party's Intelligence Service.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"change of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"rapid transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichschaltung"},{"link_name":"one-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party"},{"link_name":"dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Comintern's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International"},{"link_name":"International Lenin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lenin_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"}],"sub_title":"National Socialist years and Moscow exile","text":"The change of government in January 1933 was followed by a rapid transition to one-party dictatorship. During March 1933, irrespective of any residual legal niceties, the police and the courts began to operate on the basis that Communist Party membership was an act of treason.[9] Irene Wosikowski became a member of the party's Berlin region leadership team (\"Landesleitung\").[3] During 1934 the authorities scheduled her arrest, but she was alerted in time to be able to escape to Czechoslovakia.[2] There is a lack of precision in the sources over her movements during these months, but at some point in 1935 she moved to Moscow where in September of that year she was enrolled on a two-year course at the Comintern's International Lenin School. It was usual under these circumstances for comrades to be identified by pseudonyms. Irene Wosikowski's \"party name\" was \"Helga Rühler\".[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"German speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"Franz Dahlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Dahlem"},{"link_name":"after 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautHDK-3"},{"link_name":"German League for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_League_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"}],"sub_title":"Paris","text":"At the end of 1937 the party sent Wosikowski to Paris where she worked as a typist and \"political co-worker\" in the editorial office of the \"Deutsche Volks-Zeitung\". That name had and has been revived many times. This version was a German-language weekly newspaper published by and for German speaking political exiles. In addition to he work in the editorial office, she was involved in the distribution of a publication intended for readers across Europe and in America.[10] For a time she also worked as a close assistant to Franz Dahlem (who after 1945 would enjoy a long - though not uninterrupted - career as a senior national politician in the Soviet occupation zone (of Germany) and the German Democratic Republic.[3]) The French government granted Wosikowski political asylum, but they did not provide a work permit, so she was desperately short of money. She did receive some support from the German League for Human Rights and from the Rothschild Committee, but the amounts involved were very small. During her time in Paris she lived with others refugees in cheap \"migrant-hotels\".[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Germany army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"invaded France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gurs internment camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"},{"link_name":"overran northern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"Franco-German armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940"},{"link_name":"\"free zone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_libre"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy"},{"link_name":"puppet government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"war hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain"},{"link_name":"\"occupied zone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"\"free zone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_libre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gursenzonelibre-11"}],"sub_title":"War","text":"Although the French and British governments declared war in Germany following the German invasion of Poland at the start of September 1939, on the street of Paris there were no sudden changes, even after the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the other side two weeks later. On 10 May 1940 the Germany army invaded France, however, and this time the impact in Paris was immediate, especially for political exiles from Germany. All German women in France were ordered to report to the authorities on 13 May 1940. Irene Wosikowski was unable to comply with the requirement because she was arrested overnight on 12/13 May and taken to the Gurs internment camp to the south of Bordeaux.[8] The German army overran northern France in approximately six weeks. Under the terms of the Franco-German armistice of 22 June 1940 the northern half of France was now to be placed under direct German control, while the southern half - defined at the time as the \"free zone\", was to be administered from Vichy by a puppet government to be led by a respected French war hero. Over the next couple of years the already limited autonomy of the Vichy government would be further diminished, but in 1940 it was significant that the internment camp was located not in the \"occupied zone\" but, along with the important cities of Toulouse, Lyon and Marseilles, in the \"free zone\".[11]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gurs internment camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"escaping fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LKlautDRAFD-12"},{"link_name":"Luise Kraushaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Kraushaar"},{"link_name":"Thea Saefkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Saefkow"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FluchtlautAJ-13"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"Résistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"}],"sub_title":"Internment","text":"The Gurs internment camp had been set up at the end of the Spanish Civil War as a resettlement camp for escaping fighters from Spain. It had not been constructed as a \"concentration camp\". A committed sportswoman, Wosikowski organised other internees to become more physically active (whether they liked it or not).[12] Two of her fellow internees, Luise Kraushaar and Thea Saefkow had, like her, been working for the party in Paris and in the camp the three of them teamed up. By the end of June 1940 Irene Wosikowski had escaped with her two comrades.[13] Wosikowski now took the train for Marseilles, intending to join up with the Résistance.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Baumettes Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumettes_Prison"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"Reich Security Main Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office"},{"link_name":"\"manhunt targets lists\" (\"Sonderfahndungsliste\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderfahndungsliste"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"\"free zone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_libre"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautStudylib-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"KPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Walter Janka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Janka"},{"link_name":"\"Lex\" Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ende"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"French internment camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"landing of large numbers of Anglo-American troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"\"direct military occupation of southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Anton"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"Thea Saefkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Saefkow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"Cuxhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"}],"sub_title":"Marseilles","text":"On the train she was caught up in a check and arrested by a French policeman who presumably determined that her identity papers were not in order. She was held at Baumettes Prison, a Marseilles penitemtiary reserved at that time for \"dangerous\" women, in till January 1941.[14] Following her release she was required to report regularly to the \"Vichy\" police.[10] What she did not know was that at some stage the Reich Security Main Office had already placed her name, along with one of her cover names, \"Erna\", on the \"manhunt targets lists\" (\"Sonderfahndungsliste\") of government opponents to be sought out and rounded up following any successful German invasion of the Soviet Union.[10] During the first part of 1941, using false identity papers, she joined with others to form a German resistance group in Marseilles, still at this stage part of the \"free zone\" controlled from Vichy rather than Berlin.[15] She shared an apartment with another German emigre called Thérèse Schmidt, and earned a small amount of money through dress-making.[14] With other KPD members, such as Fritz Fugmann, Walter Janka and \"Lex\" Ende,[14] she maintained contact with internees/prisoners still held in French internment camps, many of whom were veterans of the Spanish Civil War which had ended in defeat for the anti-fascists in 1939. She also helped organise the delivery of food parcels.[2][10]The nature of Irene Wosikowski's resistance work completely changed after November 1942.[10] Probably as a response to the landing of large numbers of Anglo-American troops in North Africa, the Germans dusted off and implemented plans for a \"direct military occupation of southern France. Marseilles had till now been a principal transit point for refugees desperate to escape occupied Europe for reasons of race or politics, but now the escape channels dried up. Over the next few months German soldiers and Gestapo personnel became a common sight as military occupation took hold. Fluent German became a valuable asset, but the resistance activity involved in what was known as \"enlightenment work\" (\"Aufklärungsarbeit\") among the German soldiers was massively dangerous. At its simplest it involved distributing copies of the innocuously titled newspaper \"Soldat am Mittelmeer\" (\"Soldier on the Mediterranean\") to German military personnel, possibly by leaving copies on tables outside cafés where off-duty soldiers liked to gather.[2][10] The newspaper comprised antifascist propaganda designed, with varying degrees of subtlety, to persuade German soldiers to lay down their arms.Shortly after the German occupation Irene Wosikowski relocated (illegally) to a different part of the city and using forged papers took on a couple of new identities, as \"Marie-Louise Durand\" and \"Poulette Monier\". She teamed up with her comrade Thea Saefkow, and the two of them took to engaging in casual conversation with off-duty German soldiers. They would discuss the course of the war and, where appropriate, hand out (illegal) pamphlets, always trying to convince the men of the war's senselessness.[2][10] During the course of this activity, in or shortly before July 1943, Wosikowski, found herself chatting with a German sailor called Hermann Frischalowski from Cuxhaven. He seemed genuinely persuaded by her arguments for quitting the army.[14] After a period of caution, she came to believe in his stated anti-Hitler beliefs, but it turned out that quite soon after they first met he had denounced her to the Gestapo.[10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautBR-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"}],"sub_title":"Arrest and \"questioning\"","text":"After that \"Paulette Monier\" (being the name she was using) met up with Frischalowski a few more times. He asked her to obtain false identity documents and civilian clothes for him.[14] Then, on 26 July 1943, facilitated her arrest by the Gestapo.[10] In the words of a note made by the security police on 27 July 1943, \"on the basis of the denunciation by the sailor Hermann Frischalowski, the arrest of the German emigrant Irene Wosikowski took place in Marseilles on 26 July 1943\".[2][a] Only after \"intensified interrogation\" did she disclose her real identity.[10] Later, after long days of torture, she confirmed her own identity and that she had spent time training in Moscow.[14] But still, despite brutal torture at the Gestapo main office in Marseilles, she never disclosed the names of those comrades with whom she was working.[4][8][14]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fresnes Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnes_Prison"},{"link_name":"Résistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautBR-4"},{"link_name":"the prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justizvollzugsanstalt_Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Hamburg=Fuhlsbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautBR-4"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Justice Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justizforum_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justizforum_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRSM-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"Barnimstrasse women's prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnimstrasse_women%27s_prison"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"special \"People's Court\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Roland Freisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Freisler"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Plötzensee Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B6tzensee_Prison"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB02-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"}],"sub_title":"Final months","text":"In the Fall/Autumn of 1943 she was transferred to Fresnes Prison, on the edge of Paris, where further unsuccessful attempts were made to induce her to disclose the identities of her Résistance co-activists.[4] On 30 October 1943 she was transferred to the prison at Hamburg=Fuhlsbüttel. Here the interrogation under torture continued, but Wosikowski still refused to betray resistance comrades.[4] A Gestapo report dated 5 April 1944 states: \"...as far as Marseilles is concerned, she [still] has not told us the whole truth. It is impossible to image that the accused, who must be viewed as a cadre member, schooled in the methods and modalities of the Communist Party, really has no understanding of the organisation to which she belongs. From that it can be deduced that she is a hardened militant who wants to protect her comrades and conceal their activities\".[14] The previous month Irene's mother Alice Wosikowski, who herself had several years as an inmate of a succession of concentration camps behind her, received notification from her daughter that she was back in Hamburg and the Gestapo had agreed visiting rights. Mother and daughter were permitted a brief discussion in the \"Civil Justice Building\" at the Hamburg Justice Complex. Alice Wosikowski later recalled her daughter's words: \"Mother, if they tell you I have made a confession, do not believe it. I remain true to our cause\". One of her interrogators in Hamburg was a man called \"Kriminalsekretär\" Heinrich Teege. Teege took advantage of her mother's visit to make an offer to Alice Wosikowski. She could save her daughter's life if she would work for the Gestapo. Alice Wosikowski refused. Irene Wosikowski took her leave of fellow prisoner on 20 April 1944 and was taken away for judicial investigatory detention and trial, first, on 22 May 1944, before a tribunal in Hamburg[14] and then on 9 June 1944 to the women's prison in Cottbus.[16][10]Finally Irene Wosikowski was moved to the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin.[10] The charge was the conventional one of \"preparing to commit high treason\" (\"Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat\"). As was usual with \"political\" trials, the case was heard at the special \"People's Court\". On 13 September 1944 the verdict and sentence were delivered by the court president Roland Freisler in person:[10] \"Irene Wosikowski, an incorrigible communist for almost twenty years, underground militant in Berlin since the start of the National Socialist order. Emigrant, pupil of the Lenin School in Moscow, which sent her to Paris, from where she hounded the [German] state with communist organisations till the start of the war. In 1943 she tried to distribute communist propaganda to German soldiers in Marseilles. Thereby she made herself guilty of treason on behalf of our enemies and dishonoured herself in perpetuity ... Through her secret work in Paris she committed a heavy treason against the German people. For the purity of the German people and also to ensure our victory against the clandestine currents of defeatism, she must be condemned to death\".[14]On 13 September 1944 Irene Wosikowski became the one hundred and eighty-fifth of the two-hundred and forty-one women executed at the Plötzensee Prison.[14] She was thirty-four when beheaded.[8][10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland Freisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Freisler"},{"link_name":"US bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgericht_Stade"},{"link_name":"Stade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautVSA-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levisse-Touz%C3%A92003-14"},{"link_name":"Alice Wosikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Wosikowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWlautHDK-7"},{"link_name":"People's Court (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Germany)"}],"sub_title":"Afterwards","text":"Court president Roland Freisler was killed less than five months after delivering his sentence against Wosikowski when a US bomber scored a direct hit on his court building in a daytime bombing raid.[17]On 13 January 1948 Alice Wosikowski lodged a charge against the sailor at the district court in Stade Hermann Frischalowski, in which she accused him of a \"crime against humanity and denunciation for political reasons, causing death\". A tribunal rejected the case against the former sailor because of his motive which amounted to \"doing his duty against forces seeking to demoralise the army\". Irene Wosikowski appealed the decision, but again the appeal was rejected because the sailor's actions were consistent with the law as it existed at the time.[10][14] Alice Wosikowski died in 1949.[7] The judgment was rescinded not until 1998, when by Sections 1 and 2 of the German law repealing wrongful National Socialist judgments in the administration of criminal justice of August 25, 1998, these verdicts of the People's Court (Germany) were vacated.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWlautRB01-2"}],"text":"^ \"Aufgrund der Denunziation des Matrosen Hermann Frischalowski erfolgte am 26.7.1943 die Verhaftung der deutschen Emigrantin Irene Wosikowski in Marseille.\".[2]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Claudia Koonz (7 May 2013). Courage and choice. Routledge. pp. 318–320. ISBN 978-1-136-21380-9. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lSs6I3qKroUC&pg=PA319","url_text":"Courage and choice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21380-9","url_text":"978-1-136-21380-9"}]},{"reference":"Rita Bake. \"Irene Wosikowski: 3.2.1910 Hamburg - hingerichtet 27.10.1944 Berlin-Plötzensee\". Der Verein Garten der Frauen. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.garten-der-frauen.de/erinnerung.html#wosikowski_i","url_text":"\"Irene Wosikowski: 3.2.1910 Hamburg - hingerichtet 27.10.1944 Berlin-Plötzensee\""}]},{"reference":"Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. \"Wosikowski, Irene: * 9.2.1910, † 13.9.1944\". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weber","url_text":"Hermann Weber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Herbst","url_text":"Andreas Herbst"},{"url":"https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=5455","url_text":"\"Wosikowski, Irene: * 9.2.1910, † 13.9.1944\""}]},{"reference":"Bernhard Röhl (24 December 2004). \"Sie blieb standhaft bis zum Ende\". Die Tageszeitung: Taz. TAZ Verlags- und Vertriebs GmbH, Berlin. p. 27. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taz.de/!657354/","url_text":"\"Sie blieb standhaft bis zum Ende\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski: hingerichtet am 27.10. 44\". Neues Deutschland, Berlin. 28 October 1947. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd-archiv.de/ausgabe/1947-10-28","url_text":"\"Judith Auer Irene Wosikowski: hingerichtet am 27.10. 44\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland","url_text":"Neues Deutschland"}]},{"reference":"Rita Bake. \"Alice Wosikowski (... geb. Ludwig )\". hamburg.de GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hamburg.de/clp/frauenbiografien-namensregister/clp1/hamburgde/onepage.php?BIOID=3105","url_text":"\"Alice Wosikowski (... geb. Ludwig )\""}]},{"reference":"Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. \"Wosikowski, Alice * 18.10.1886, † 7.4.1949\". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weber","url_text":"Hermann Weber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Herbst","url_text":"Andreas Herbst"},{"url":"https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=5454","url_text":"\"Wosikowski, Alice * 18.10.1886, † 7.4.1949\""}]},{"reference":"Rita Bake. \"Irene Wosikowski\". hamburg.de GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hamburg.de/clp/frauenbiografien-namensregister/clp1/hamburgde/onepage.php?BIOID=3116&qR=W&PR=1","url_text":"\"Irene Wosikowski\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York City: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0141009759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Evans","url_text":"Evans, Richard J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Reich_Trilogy#The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich","url_text":"The Coming of the Third Reich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group","url_text":"Penguin Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141009759","url_text":"978-0141009759"}]},{"reference":"Ursel Hochmuth (2005). Niemand und nichts wird vergessen .... Biogramme und Briefe Hamburger Widerstandskämpfer 1933-1945. VSA: Verlag Hamburg GmbH. ISBN 3-89965-121-9. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vsa-verlag.de/nc/detail/artikel/niemand-und-nichts-wird-vergessen-1/","url_text":"Niemand und nichts wird vergessen .... Biogramme und Briefe Hamburger Widerstandskämpfer 1933-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89965-121-9","url_text":"3-89965-121-9"}]},{"reference":"Jean Sarsiat (30 April 2019). \"Camp de Gurs: le témoignage du perturbateur contesté\". L’Office national des anciens combattants réagit aux propos de l’octogénaire qui voulait la parole lors de la commémoration en l’honneur des déportés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Sud Ouest, Bordeaux. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sudouest.fr/2019/04/30/gurs-le-temoignage-du-perturbateur-conteste-6029435-4164.php","url_text":"\"Camp de Gurs: le témoignage du perturbateur contesté\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Ouest_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sud Ouest"}]},{"reference":"Kurt Hälker [in German] (May 2001). \"La Femme Allemande\" (PDF). Vor 60 Jahren / 22. Juni 1941 / Erinnerungen an ein historisches Datum der Mahnung. Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung „Freies Deutschland“ e.V. (DRAFD). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_H%C3%A4lker","url_text":"Kurt Hälker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200237/http://www.drafd.de/files/drafd_info_01_05.pdf","url_text":"\"La Femme Allemande\""},{"url":"http://www.drafd.de/files/drafd_info_01_05.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreas Jordan (May 2008). \"Thea Saefkow, deutsche Widerstandskämpferin in der Résistance\". Gelsenkirchener Widerständler in der Resistance. Gelsenzentrum. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gelsenzentrum.de/resistance_gelsenkirchen.htm","url_text":"\"Thea Saefkow, deutsche Widerstandskämpferin in der Résistance\""}]},{"reference":"Christine Levisse-Touzé (14 February 2003). Irene Wosikowski. Tallandier. pp. 188–91. ISBN 979-10-210-1675-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K8ZSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188","url_text":"Irene Wosikowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-210-1675-0","url_text":"979-10-210-1675-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Antifaschisten in Frankreich\". Studylib. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://studylibde.com/doc/5746508/deutsche-antifaschisten-in-frankreich","url_text":"\"Deutsche Antifaschisten in Frankreich\""}]},{"reference":"Ruth Sanio-Metafides (compiler). Irene Wosikowski. Landesbezirk Hamburg, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit & Kommunikation.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle_Municipality
Gävle Municipality
["1 Geography","1.1 Localities","2 Economy","2.1 Whisky","3 Demographics","4 Politics","5 Education","6 International relations","6.1 Town twinning","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 60°40′N 17°10′E / 60.667°N 17.167°E / 60.667; 17.167Municipality in Gävleborg County, SwedenGävle Municipality Gävle kommunMunicipalityGävle Firestation Coat of armsCoordinates: 60°40′N 17°10′E / 60.667°N 17.167°E / 60.667; 17.167CountrySwedenCountyGävleborg CountySeatGävleArea • Total3,199.84 km2 (1,235.47 sq mi) • Land1,613.37 km2 (622.93 sq mi) • Water1,586.47 km2 (612.54 sq mi) Area as of 1 January 2014.Population (31 December 2023) • Total103,532 • Density32/km2 (84/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSEProvinceGästriklandMunicipal code2180Websitewww.gavle.se Gävle Municipality (Gävle kommun) is a municipality in east central Sweden. The municipal seat is located in the Stad (city) of Gävle. Geographically the municipality is situated north of the mouth of the river Dalälven and is the southernmost municipality of the historical land of Norrland. The present municipality was created in 1971, when the City of Gävle was amalgamated with four surrounding rural municipalities. All of them were original entities, instituted as municipalities by the local government acts of 1862. The area had not been affected by the national subdivision reform in 1952. Geography Gävle is situated by the Baltic Sea near the mouth of the river Dalälven. At 60 degrees north and 17 degrees east, Gävle has the same latitude as Helsinki and the same longitude as Vienna and Cape Town. Gävle has a similar continental climate to the rest of central Sweden with an average temperature of −5 °C (23 °F) in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July. Yearly rainfall is around 600 mm (24 in). Localities Data from 2000. Town Population Area (km²) Gävle 92,681 41.58 Valbo 6,984 8.14 Forsbacka 1,716 1.71 Hedesunda 1,071 1.67 Norrsundet 1,044 1.89 Bergby 834 1.91 Forsby 617 0.87 Hamrångefjärden 558 1.57 Furuvik 472 0.96 Åbyggeby 457 0.87 Lund 380 1.14 Björke 362 0.58 Trödje 321 0.67 Bönan 273 0.65 Totra 255 0.76 Berg 231 0.51 Hagsta 206 0.74 Economy Major employers in Gävle: Gävle Municipality 8,000 County Council 8,000 Stora Enso 1,200 Ericsson 1,100 BillerudKorsnäs 1,100 Lantmäteriet 900 Whisky Mackmyra Whisky in Valbo, a suburb of Gävle, is the only whisky distillery in Sweden. Malt whisky is produced since 1999. Demographics This is a demographic table based on Gävle Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 78,868 Swedish citizens of voting age resident in the municipality. 48.9% voted for the left coalition and 49.8% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. Location Residents Citizen adults Left vote Right vote Employed Swedish parents Foreign heritage Income SEK Degree % % Andersberg C 2,576 1,324 74.7 20.5 49 25 75 12,443 19 Andersberg N 1,720 1,276 53.3 44.3 73 67 33 24,148 40 Andersberg-Sälgsjön 1,859 1,476 49.6 49.6 81 81 19 27,276 40 Bergby-Axmar 1,683 1,416 42.9 55.6 82 93 7 23,236 25 Björke-Trödje 2,124 1,708 37.4 61.6 88 94 6 29,602 37 Bomhus C 1,629 1,155 48.9 50.6 89 87 13 30,616 49 Bomhus N 1,796 1,381 42.7 56.1 82 85 15 27,566 38 Bomhus SO 1,861 1,370 51.1 47.5 82 85 15 25,202 33 Bomhus SV 2,010 1,434 49.0 49.9 85 85 15 28,901 41 Bomhus V 2,108 1,482 50.9 48.0 71 74 26 20,459 35 Bomhus Ö 2,018 1,553 42.9 56.7 89 90 10 30,638 40 Brynäs C 1,999 1,732 55.6 42.2 72 76 24 21,964 35 Brynäs S 2,024 1,619 55.7 42.4 72 67 33 22,721 39 Brynäs V 1,800 1,339 56.9 40.9 71 62 38 21,588 35 Brynäs Ö 2,075 1,546 55.8 41.6 68 60 40 20,873 31 Forsbacka 1,892 1,545 46.4 53.1 78 87 13 25,011 32 Fridhem 1,716 1,226 50.8 48.0 92 90 10 34,474 68 Furuvik-Ytterharnäs 1,367 1,016 39.8 59.6 87 92 8 29,847 42 Gävle Strand 1,696 1,563 45.2 53.8 80 79 21 31,057 47 Hagaström C 2,162 1,572 50.8 48.2 90 93 7 32,233 60 Hedesunda N 1,324 1,057 34.9 64.0 82 92 8 23,444 24 Hedesunda S 1,381 1,119 39.9 58.5 87 94 6 25,984 31 Hemlingby 2,249 1,709 42.7 56.6 90 92 8 33,071 56 Hemsta 1,671 1,484 54.2 44.5 78 81 19 24,991 43 Hille 2,319 1,718 45.1 54.2 89 95 5 30,366 48 Nordost 2,029 1,363 64.4 33.6 58 33 67 15,621 25 Norr 1,304 1,128 47.0 52.1 83 81 19 26,267 49 Norrlandet-Utvalnäs 2,317 1,766 37.0 62.6 88 92 8 35,076 35 Norrsundet-Hamrångef. 1,655 1,334 49.3 49.8 73 89 11 21,631 22 Norrtull-Lexe 2,103 1,805 51.5 47.9 84 88 12 29,883 56 Olsbacka 1,569 1,168 50.1 49.3 85 87 13 30,740 57 Stigslund 2,209 1,780 47.9 51.4 85 89 11 27,352 46 Strömsbro 2,391 1,930 45.2 54.3 88 93 7 31,506 56 Sätra C 2,120 1,551 60.5 37.7 63 60 40 17,831 36 Sätra NO 2,201 1,520 61.3 35.3 70 56 44 20,414 38 Sätra NV 2,200 1,596 53.2 45.1 83 74 26 29,093 52 Sätra V 2,280 1,558 52.1 46.2 80 73 27 25,727 43 Sätra Ö 2,902 1,539 60.9 35.0 54 32 68 11,899 34 Söder V 2,123 1,881 49.6 48.8 79 80 20 25,261 42 Söder Ö 2,155 1,846 49.3 48.0 79 79 21 24,303 42 Södertull 1,867 1,710 49.0 49.8 78 85 15 24,406 45 Sörby 2,432 1,770 54.1 43.6 76 72 28 23,291 44 Valbo C 2,123 1,601 45.5 53.1 83 90 10 26,306 34 Valbo N 2,081 1,683 46.5 52.3 77 86 14 22,290 32 Valbo V 2,174 1,631 44.0 55.7 90 95 5 31,360 44 Valbo Ö-Hagaström 2,518 1,907 42.7 56.7 90 93 7 31,798 45 Vallbacken 2,054 1,753 52.7 46.0 80 85 15 26,492 52 Villastaden 2,215 1,812 42.4 57.1 66 86 14 24,501 65 Väster N 1,813 1,666 48.5 49.8 83 85 15 27,724 52 Väster S 1,448 1,314 49.0 50.2 81 81 19 24,479 41 Åbyggeby 2,162 1,555 39.7 59.8 91 95 5 31,767 44 Öster-Alderholmen 1,432 881 65.5 30.7 59 36 64 16,442 29 Source: SVT Politics The municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige) has 65 members, elected for a four-year period. The last election was held in September 2022. Eight parties are represented in the assembly. The largest party is the Swedish Social Democratic Party which has 21 seats. The current chairman of the municipal assembly is the liberal Per-Åke Fredriksson, with the current chairman of the municipal executive committee (kommunstyrelsen) is Åsa Wiklund Lång. Education The University College of Gävle currently enrolls 12,500 students. It offers courses of study at six departments: Business Administration, Education and Psychology, Caring Sciences and Sociology, Humanities and Social Sciences, Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences and Technology, and Built Environment. Some courses are given in English taught both to visiting students from foreign partner institutions and to Swedish students. International relations Town twinning The municipality's is twinned with: Buffalo City, South Africa Álftanes, Iceland Gjøvik, Norway Næstved Municipality, Denmark Rauma, Finland Jūrmala, Latvia Galva, Illinois, United States See also Municipalities of Sweden List of Swedish municipalities International Ice Hockey Federation World Championships (1995) Gävleborg County Administrative Board List of Gävleborg Governors References Notes ^ "Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 2014-01-01. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-04-18. ^ "Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. February 22, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024. ^ "Befolkning". Archived from the original on 2005-11-20. ^ a b c "Valresultat 2022 för Gävle i riksdagsvalet" (in Swedish). SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ "Galva - Illinois, USA". Archived from the original on 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2010-01-18. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gävle Municipality. Gävle - Official site National Atlas of Sweden - Statistics Places adjacent to Gävle Municipality Söderhamn OckelboSandviken Gävle Bothnian SeaÄlvkarleby (Uppsala)Tierp (Uppsala) Heby (Uppsala) vteMunicipalities and seats of Gävleborg CountyMunicipalities Bollnäs Gävle Hofors Hudiksvall Ljusdal Nordanstig Ockelbo Ovanåker Sandviken Söderhamn Municipal seats Bergsjö Bollnäs Edsbyn Gävle Hofors Hudiksvall Ljusdal Ockelbo Sandviken Söderhamn Counties of Sweden Sweden vteLocalities in Gävle Municipality, Gävleborg County, SwedenLocalities: Åbyggeby Berg Bergby Björke Bönan Forsbacka Forsby Furuvik Gävle (seat) Hamrångefjärden Hedesunda Lund Norrlandet Norrsundet Sälgsjön Skutskär (part of) Totra Trödje Valbo Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Sweden Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Dalälven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%C3%A4lven"},{"link_name":"Norrland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland"}],"text":"Municipality in Gävleborg County, SwedenGävle Municipality (Gävle kommun) is a municipality in east central Sweden. The municipal seat is located in the Stad (city) of Gävle.Geographically the municipality is situated north of the mouth of the river Dalälven and is the southernmost municipality of the historical land of Norrland.The present municipality was created in 1971, when the City of Gävle was amalgamated with four surrounding rural municipalities. All of them were original entities, instituted as municipalities by the local government acts of 1862. The area had not been affected by the national subdivision reform in 1952.","title":"Gävle Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Dalälven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%C3%A4lven"},{"link_name":"60 degrees north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"17 degrees east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"}],"text":"Gävle is situated by the Baltic Sea near the mouth of the river Dalälven. At 60 degrees north and 17 degrees east, Gävle has the same latitude as Helsinki and the same longitude as Vienna and Cape Town.Gävle has a similar continental climate to the rest of central Sweden with an average temperature of −5 °C (23 °F) in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July. Yearly rainfall is around 600 mm (24 in).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Localities","text":"Data from 2000.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stora Enso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_Enso"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"BillerudKorsnäs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BillerudKorsn%C3%A4s"},{"link_name":"Lantmäteriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantm%C3%A4teriet"}],"text":"Major employers in Gävle:Gävle Municipality 8,000\nCounty Council 8,000\nStora Enso 1,200\nEricsson 1,100\nBillerudKorsnäs 1,100\nLantmäteriet 900","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mackmyra Whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackmyra_Whisky"},{"link_name":"Valbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valbo"},{"link_name":"whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky"},{"link_name":"distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"Malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt"},{"link_name":"whisky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisky"}],"sub_title":"Whisky","text":"Mackmyra Whisky in Valbo, a suburb of Gävle, is the only whisky distillery in Sweden. Malt whisky is produced since 1999.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Swedish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television"},{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%A4vleVal2022-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%C3%A4vleVal2022-4"}],"text":"This is a demographic table based on Gävle Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.[4]In total there were 78,868 Swedish citizens of voting age resident in the municipality.[4] 48.9% voted for the left coalition and 49.8% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kommunfullmäktige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunfullm%C3%A4ktige"},{"link_name":"Swedish Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"kommunstyrelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunstyrelse"}],"text":"The municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige) has 65 members, elected for a four-year period. The last election was held in September 2022. Eight parties are represented in the assembly. The largest party is the Swedish Social Democratic Party which has 21 seats. The current chairman of the municipal assembly is the liberal Per-Åke Fredriksson, with the current chairman of the municipal executive committee (kommunstyrelsen) is Åsa Wiklund Lång.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University College of Gävle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_G%C3%A4vle"},{"link_name":"Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Caring Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caring_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Science"},{"link_name":"Computer Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"Built Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_Environment"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"The University College of Gävle currently enrolls 12,500 students.It offers courses of study at six departments: Business Administration, Education and Psychology, Caring Sciences and Sociology, Humanities and Social Sciences, Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences and Technology, and Built Environment.Some courses are given in English taught both to visiting students from foreign partner institutions and to Swedish students.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Buffalo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_City_Local_Municipality"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Álftanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lftanes"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Gjøvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Næstved Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6stved_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Rauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Jūrmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Galva, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galva,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"Town twinning","text":"The municipality's is twinned with:[5]Buffalo City, South Africa\n Álftanes, Iceland\n Gjøvik, Norway\n Næstved Municipality, Denmark\n Rauma, Finland\n Jūrmala, Latvia\n Galva, Illinois, United States","title":"International relations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Municipalities of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"title":"List of Swedish municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_municipalities"},{"title":"International Ice Hockey Federation World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation_World_Championships"},{"title":"Gävleborg County Administrative Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A4vleborg_County_Administrative_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"List of Gävleborg Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G%C3%A4vleborg_Governors"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Lliga_Catalana_de_B%C3%A0squet
1989 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet
["1 Group stage","1.1 Group A","1.2 Group B","2 Final","3 References"]
Sports season1989 Lliga Catalana de BàsquetLeagueLliga Catalana de BàsquetSportBasketballNumber of teams6Top scorer Marvin Alexander (Valvi Girona) 29.0Finals champions FC Barcelona Banca CatalanaLliga Catalana de Bàsquet seasons← 19881990 → The 1989 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet was the tenth edition of the Catalan Basketball League. Group stage Group A Team Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 Grupo IFA Granollers 2 2 0 171 153 +18 2 Ram Joventut 2 1 1 173 159 +14 3 TDK Manresa 2 0 2 156 188 –32 Local \ Visitor GRA CJB MAN Grupo IFA Granollers 80-76 91-77 Ram Joventut 97-79 TDK Manresa Group B Team Pld W L PF PA PD Qualification 1 FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 2 2 0 175 139 +36 2 Valvi Girona 2 1 1 206 193 +13 3 Andorra 2 0 2 164 213 –49 Local \ Visitor FCB GIR AND FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 112-96 103-83 Valvi Girona 110-81 Andorra Final 4 October 1989 FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 99–88 Grupo IFA Granollers Scoring by half: 49–51, 50–37 Pts: Martínez 28Rebs: Martínez 10Asts: Solozábal 4Rec: Costa 4 Pts: Bosch 30Rebs: Riley 8Asts: Creus 2Rec: Davis 2 Palau dels Esports de Barcelona, BarcelonaReferees: Mas, Galerón FC Barcelona Banca Catalana Grupo IFA Granollers 1989 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet Champions FC Barcelona Banca Catalana 7th title References ^ "97-79: Mucho Joventut para el TDK". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 10 September 1989. p. 71. Retrieved 29 November 2022. ^ "91-97: Los yankees del ifa, la clave". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 12 September 1989. p. 71. Retrieved 29 November 2022. ^ "Basket. LLiga Catalana Trofeo". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 12 September 1989. p. 47. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre_(theater_audience)
Parterre (theater audience)
["1 Audience","2 Practices","2.1 The parterre as critic","2.2 Enforcing order","3 19th-century changes","3.1 Improved lighting and staging techniques","3.2 Seating arrangements","3.3 New codes of polite behavior","3.4 Changes in music","4 Historians' views on the parterre & the public sphere","4.1 According to Jeffrey Ravel","4.2 According to Paul Friedland","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
This article is about theatre audiences. For the gardening arrangement, see Parterre. The word parterre comes from the French par and terre and literally translated means "on the ground". The main meaning of the word is the front section of a formal garden, but by the mid-17th century, it was also used to refer both to the ground level of a theatre where spectators stood to watch performances and to the group of spectators who occupied that space. Although the word parterre originated in France, historians use the term interchangeably with its English equivalent, "the pit", to designate the same part of the audience in England, present-day Italy, and Austria. While parterre audiences differed in social status, size, inclusion of women, and seating arrangements, they shared the characteristic of being noisy, often boisterous, interactive audiences. Today, historians are divided over whether or not parterre audiences deliberately challenged political authority, what role they played in constructing public opinion, and whether they contributed to the formation of a public sphere in early modern Europe. Audience People socializing at the Théâtre Montansier in the 18th century. It is impossible to categorize parterre audiences as belonging exclusively to one social class, but historians agree that cheaper parterre tickets drew a proportionately higher number of lower-level professionals and commercial labourers, such as artisans, students, journalists, and lawyers, to the pit. However, the occupation, wealth, sex, and social standing of parterre spectators differed depending on geographical location. Historians studying theater audiences in France have traditionally identified the parterre as the exclusive domain of lower-class males, with the exception of female prostitutes. More recently, scholars such as Jeffrey Ravel argue that parterre audiences were more socially heterogeneous than previously believed. For one, spectators who sat in the more expensive loges (balcony boxes) were free to meander into the parterre as they wished, and it was fashionable for younger well-off men to stand in the parterre. As well, despite restrictions against women entering the parterre, cross-dressing was not uncommon. 1830 illustration of Vienna's Kärntnertor theater. England's parterre audiences differed from France because of the relatively high number of elites and "fashionable women" who socialized in the pit. Historian Jennifer Hall-Witt provides several possible explanations for the unique character of England's parterre. In English theaters some bench seats were available to parterre spectators, while theatergoers who could not find seats socialized in wide corridors known as fop-allies that ran down the sides and centre of the benches. Also in England, unlike in France or Austria, parterre tickets were not the cheapest; a galley ticket was less than the average half-guinea price of a parterre seat in a London theater. Ultimately, the pit in England was more socially respectable than elsewhere in Europe. If separation between "nobles and commoners" in English or French theaters was informal, in Austrian theaters, the parterre formally differentiated between elites and non-elites. For instance; in 1748, Vienna's Kärntnertor theater partitioned a section of the standing parterre to create a second parterre behind the orchestra where only elites could sit. Practices Parterre practices ranged from harmless gossiping to violent rioting. Talking, laughing, whistling, drunken brawls, and hissing, even dancing and singing was common behaviour. Prostitution was normal and individuals who ventured into the parterre could expect to be pick-pocketed, spied upon, and jostled about, in spite of the police or doormen who were charged with maintaining order. Yet, according to historian and musicologist James Johnson, Few complained about the noise and bustle ... eighteenth-century audiences considered music little more than an agreeable ornament of a magnificent spectacle, in which they themselves played the principal part. The antics of parterre audiences included mimicking performances, ogling at the women in the boxes, and making fun of people, as in one performance when "a few misfits in the parterre made sure the whole hall noticed one unlucky woman whose wig was taller than the door to her box." It is not surprising then, that for theatergoers the spectacle in the pit was the primary source of "endless amusement". The parterre as critic 18th-century watercolour of the Salle Richelieu in Paris Audience members in the parterre did not hesitate to approve, or censure, plays, performers, royal edicts, or offending individuals. For example, "it was in the parterre that Jean-Jacques Rousseau received "kicks in the rear: after his withering attack on French music". Responses could take less-intrusive forms of applause or booing, but the parterre was not always so kind. James Van Horn Melton writes that "audiences at London's Drury Lane Theater expressed their dissatisfaction by pelting the stage with oranges." What influence did parterre audiences have? Though only informal critics, the size of the parterre, which ranged from around 500 to over 1000 spectators, meant their voice carried some weight with theater managers, whose commercial success depended partly on their patronage. On many occasions, for example, audience members from the parterre succeeded in forcing performers to switch programs mid-act, or repeat their favourite arias. By the mid-18th century the word parterre acquired additional meaning as contemporaries increasingly identified the parterre as a "public judge", whose response to a performance could determine the success of a play or even the careers of actors, actresses, and playwrights. The wide range of 18th century sources defining the parterre as a judge, include personal letters, memoirs, and published periodicals, such as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's The Spectator and The Tatler, which circulated in London's Coffeehouses. Historians frequently quote portions from the French philosopher and playwright, Jean-François Marmontel's entry for "parterre", published in the 1776 supplement to Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, which declares, "the parterre is the best of all judges". However, scholars caution against equating the parterre with "the public", especially since the latter term has changed meanings in the past two centuries. While parterre audiences were located at, or near, the bottom of the theater's social hierarchy, attending the theater was still an exclusive activity, limited mostly to the middle ranks of people and above. Thus, "the public" that was the parterre was distinct from "the people" who could not afford even the cheapest theater tickets. Enforcing order In the late 17th century, royal authorities in England, France, and regions in present-day Italy published numerous edicts threatening to discipline unruly behaviour, from interrupting performances to wearing hats, that were distributed as pamphlets or read aloud in theaters. These edicts where directed at the parterre, and many theater managers, performers, music critics, and individuals from the loges applauded such efforts to enforce order in the parterre. Disciplinary measures varied, but police records from the 18th century tell of police banning disruptive individuals after fights, and punishing unacceptable behaviour, such as defecating in the parterre, as well as guarding against petty crime, such as theft. Yet, parterre behaviour continued largely unchanged. In Rome and Parma, efforts to regulate start times were ineffective and ignored, especially by "the notorious minor abbots who littered the parterre. Even a request from a bishop in England to lower the curtain before the start of the Sabbath at midnight could not prevent the pit from rioting and trashing the theater when the stage manager attempted to comply. Whether the inability of all efforts to impose order in the parterre reflects poor policing capabilities, the declining authority of the monarchy, or the deliberate resistance of the parterre is undecided. 19th-century changes Between the late 18th and early 19th centuries there was a transformation in theater audiences from active participants to passive viewers, most noticeably in the parterre. While there is consensus among scholars that such a transformation occurred, how and why it occurred is highly contested. Improved lighting and staging techniques Towards the end of the 18th century, theater designs and lighting technology improved dramatically. Previously, the theaters' lighting came from individual candles surrounding the stage, small chandeliers hanging from the boxes, or larger chandeliers that illuminated the whole theater. The smoke from the candles often surrounded the stage with a cloud of haze, leading one historian to remark, "spectators sometimes saw one another more clearly than the performers". New lighting systems, such as the innovation of gaslights in England, reduced smoke and the invention of a system of pulleys to manipulate chandeliers enabled stage managers to direct the theater's primary light-source, and thus the audiences' gaze, towards the stage. Changes in theater design complemented the new lighting. Early 17th century theater-houses, which were often converted tennis courts, were not conducive to creating the illusion of a single vantage point on the stage. Instead, the boxes often faced each other and an audience member in the parterre would be equally comfortable looking into the loges. While historians agree that technological changes affected the attentiveness of parterre audiences, they also agree that these innovations alone do not account for silent audiences. Seating arrangements Historians specializing in the history of the parterre in France attribute the movement to install seats in playhouses with efforts to silence the unwieldy parterre. Seats were installed in the Comédie-Française in 1782 and in 1788 benches were installed in the Comédie-Italienne. In 1777 Jean-François de La Harpe's proposal to install seats in the parterre sparked the debates between philosophes, playwrights, and officials about the desirability and motives behind seating the parterre. Marmontel insisted that plans to seat the parterre was really an imposition of the "aristocracy" on "theatrical democracy". The theater architect, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, saw the plans for seating in a more positive light, and wrote that "he cabal will end, and we will judge authors more rationally once we have destroyed what is incorrectly called the enthusiasm of the parterre." Among those who favoured seating the parterre were stage managers and independent music critics, who linked the boisterous parterre to moral decline in the theatre and saw benches as a way to "tame" them. Regardless of whether individuals advocated for or against installing benches, what is consistent is the belief that seating would pacify the parterre. Other records indicate that the move was also prompted by the series of fires in theater-houses and the realization that packed parterre crowds were a possible fire hazard. How silent was the seated parterre? Evidence shows that noise and disruptions continued throughout the first half of the 19th century. In England and in regions, such as Rome and Parma, partial seating had always been available for parterre audiences and did not guarantee calmer audiences. According to Martha Feldman, the theaters in Rome were "the wildest in Europe". However, for historians who identify the parterre as a site of public opinion, the debates over seating are significant because they provide evidence that disorder in the parterre was an act of disobedience against authorities and that the parterre was able to withstand attempts to pacify them and continued to act as arbiters of public opinion outside the realm of the monarchy. New codes of polite behavior An etching by William Hogarth showing "The Laughing Audience" and a sour-faced critic, 1733. Another explanation for the transformation of parterre audiences by the end of the 18th century is that changes in elite culture and in their behavior at the theater was mirrored by the parterre and the growing "bourgeois" audience whose values, according to some historians, included "politeness and emotional self-restraint". Changing prescriptions for appropriate theater behavior found in conduct books reflect such a shift. Where it was once fashionable to arrive late and not pay too much attention to the performances, the new culture of politeness emphasized the importance of silence and attentiveness. Hall-Witt argues that the shift in elite behavior in theatres was prompted by changes to the theater's subscription to the loges, which meant that box seats would be available to non-elites. As a result, the social hierarchy that was mirrored in the seating arrangements of the theater were blurred. By adhering to a new etiquette of politeness that valued silence and attentiveness, elites could replace old methods of differentiation based on seating, with 'superior' behavior. Changes in music Scholars analyzing parterre audiences from a musicology perspective argue that changes in musical composition, illustrated by the works of composers such as Christoph Willibald Gluck, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, changed how spectators listened. James Johnson is foremost among the scholars who argue that new styles of music precipitated quieter audiences. In his work, Listening in Paris: A Cultural History, Johnson argues that in pre-19th century theaters, listening was superficial. The transformation to "engaged listening, and by extension, from talkative to silent audiences", paralleled new theories of music that required more attentive listening. Other scholars writing on the listening habits of audiences in the 18th and 19th century are critical of Johnson's approach. William Weber writes that current "ideological construct of taste and proper listening dates ... from the early nineteenth century" and cautions that approaching the 18th century listening habits from this perspective undermines their musical culture. In Weber's view, socializing and talking did not exclude listening. Historians' views on the parterre & the public sphere Jürgen Habermas's influential work The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere provides historians with the theoretical foundation for scholarship on the rise of a public sphere in Europe. For Habermas the public sphere constitutes a "realm of communication" that is open, egalitarian, rational, and critical and can be traced to the rise of the "bourgeois" in the 17th and 18th centuries. Significantly, for scholars interested in the history of the theater Habermas argues that the "realm of arts" served as training grounds for a critical public opinion, which later manifested itself in the realm of politics. Keith Baker's work, which builds on Habermas's model of the public sphere, provides historians of theater audiences with another useful framework. Baker's analysis of the 18th century rhetorical construction of "public opinion" as a tribunal and symbol of political culture is especially influential. According to Jeffrey Ravel Jeffrey Ravel's recent work, which is a cultural history of The Contested Parterre: Public Theatre and French Political Culture: 1680-1791, is the first scholarly study devoted to writing the history of the parterre. The significance of the parterre for Ravel is how it functioned as a critical segment of public opinion in an absolutist state, eventually becoming a symbol of political culture in France. Ravel writes that in France, public opinion had already emerged by the 1750s, decades before the date most historians associate with the emergence of public opinion. Ravel finds evidence of an emerging public opinion in the parterre audiences of the theater, which in his view was "one of the first forums in France where the subjects of the Bourbon Crown insisted on their place in French political culture". Using 18th century police records, Ravel argues that disorderliness in the pit demonstrates the critical nature of parterre audiences, who were not merely responding to performances and the social activates around them, but were undermining the very authority of the court, who remained, at the same time, the patrons of France's "privileged" theaters, the Comédie-Française, Comédie-Italienne, and the Paris Opera. In other words, "the public theatre ... did not reproduce the forms of political and cultural authority generated at Versailles." As part of his analysis, Ravel examines representations of the parterre in literature, from the 17th to 18th centuries. Ravel demonstrates how writers constructed an image of the parterre as a legitimate public critic, endowing it with an authority equivalent to that of the king. By the end of 18th century, the parterre was synonymous with the nation. Thomas Kaiser summarized the effect of this process well when he wrote, "the evolution of arts and letters ... created an international tribunal of public judgement that it did not control." According to Paul Friedland In 2002 Paul Friedland published his work Political Actors: Representative Bodies and Theatricality in the Age of the French Revolution. Friedland disagrees with the "equation of the theatrical parterre with the nation" and with the way historians have "imbued" the parterre "with political culture". More than Ravel, Friedland is highly critical of Habermas and writes that for historians of the theater the implications of Habermas's model of the "public sphere" is "a reading of public opinion in the arts as if it were veiled political metaphor". "Theater", according to Friedland, "was not 'really' about politics any more than politics was 'really' about theater". What theater and politics did share was the "same underlying representative process". 18th century transformations in modes of political representation paralleled new theories of representation on the stage. Friedland writes that Antoine-François Riccoboni's L'art du Theatre marked the shift in theories of theatrical representation, from a system where the performers' "representation of a character necessarily entailed the actor's actual physical experience of the character's emotions", to a new system of representation where the actors performance was not 'true' but resembled what was true. In Friedland's words "... this new, artificial system depended, not on the actors' belief – or, as we tend to refer to it today, on the spectator's suspension of disbelief". At the same time, as modes of representation shifted in the world of theater, parallels emerged in the representation of the king. In an absolutist monarchy the king was the source of his own legitimacy, whereas under the new system of representation the king's legitimacy came from the critical judgement of the individual. Thus, Friedland's examination of theater audiences and the political sphere does not see parterre audiences as the basis of political culture in France. Rather the "participatory" parterre audiences of the 18th century reflected a particular mode of representation, just as the possibility of shaping a modern silent spectator emerged with new conditions of theatergoing that were dictated by changes in theories of representation. See also Groundling Theater (structure) Public Sphere Querelle des Bouffons References ^ Feldman (2007), p. 168. ^ Weber (1997), p. 688. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 9. ^ Ravel (1999), pp. 15–17. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 19; Weber (1980), p. 69. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 18 ^ Hall-Witt (2007), p. 62. ^ Hall-Witt (2007), p. 62. ^ Hall-Witt (2007), p. 107. ^ Weber (1980), p. 22. ^ Van Horn Melton (2004), p. 271. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 10. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 26. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 26. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 17. ^ Van Horn Melton (2004), pp. 251–279. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 14. ^ Hall-Witt (2007), p. 5. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 84. ^ Lough (1957), p. 5. ^ Roche (1987), p. 53. ^ Lough (1957), p. 5. ^ Roche (1987), p. 53. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 27. ^ Hall-Witt (2007), p. 32. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 13. ^ Feldman (2007), p. 156. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 220–21. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 213. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 87–89. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 87–88. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 9. ^ Ravel (1999), pp. 41–42. ^ Feldman (2007), p. 156. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 3.; Hall-Witt (2007), p. 6. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 9. ^ Hall-Witt (2007), pp. 3–6. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 50. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 3. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 3. ^ Weber (1997), pp. 678–89. ^ Weber (1997), p. 679. ^ Van Horn Melton (2001), p. 3. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 53. ^ Johnson (1995), p. 92. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 101. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 26. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 9. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 101. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 49. ^ Ravel (1999), p. 191. ^ Kaiser (1989), p. 189. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 55. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 54. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 55. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 55. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 21. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 23. ^ Friedland (2002), p. 55. Bibliography Feldman, Martha. Opera And Sovereignty. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2007. Friedland, Paul. Political Actors: Representative Bodies and Theatricality in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002. Hall-Witt, Jennifer. Fashionable Acts: Opera and Elite Culture in London: 1780-1880. Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2007. Johnson, James. Listening in Paris: A Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Kaiser, Thomas E. "Rhetoric in the Service of the King: The Abbe Dubos and the Concept of Public Judgment". Eighteenth-Century Studies 23 (1989–1990):182–199. Lough, John. Paris Theater Audiences In the Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries. London: Oxford University Press, 1957. Mittman, Barbara G. Spectators on the Paris Stage in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Michigan, UMI Research Press, 1984. Ravel, Jeffrey S. The Contested Parterre: Public Theater and French Political Culture: 1680-1791. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. Roche, Daniel. "Who were 'le peuple'? Chapter 2 in The People of Paris. Translated by Marie Evans. Berg Publishers Limited, 1987. Van Horn Melton, James. The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Van Horn Melton, James. "School, Stage, Salon: Musical Cultures in Haydn's Vienna". The Journal of Modern History 76 (2004): 251–279. Weber, William. "Did People Listen in the 18th Century?" Early Music 25 (1997): 678–691. Weber, William. "Learned and General Musical Taste in Eighteenth-Century France". Past & Present 89 (1980): 58–85. Weber, William. "Concepts and Contexts". Chapter 1 in The Great Transformation of Musical Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parterre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"front section of a formal garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"public sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere"},{"link_name":"early modern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Europe"}],"text":"This article is about theatre audiences. For the gardening arrangement, see Parterre.The word parterre comes from the French par and terre and literally translated means \"on the ground\".[1] The main meaning of the word is the front section of a formal garden, but by the mid-17th century, it was also used to refer both to the ground level of a theatre where spectators stood to watch performances and to the group of spectators who occupied that space.Although the word parterre originated in France, historians use the term interchangeably with its English equivalent, \"the pit\", to designate the same part of the audience in England, present-day Italy, and Austria.[2] While parterre audiences differed in social status, size, inclusion of women, and seating arrangements, they shared the characteristic of being noisy, often boisterous, interactive audiences.Today, historians are divided over whether or not parterre audiences deliberately challenged political authority, what role they played in constructing public opinion, and whether they contributed to the formation of a public sphere in early modern Europe.","title":"Parterre (theater audience)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foyer_du_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Montansier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Théâtre Montansier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%A4rntnertortheater_1830.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kärntnertor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rntnertor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"People socializing at the Théâtre Montansier in the 18th century.It is impossible to categorize parterre audiences as belonging exclusively to one social class, but historians agree that cheaper parterre tickets drew a proportionately higher number of lower-level professionals and commercial labourers, such as artisans, students, journalists, and lawyers, to the pit. However, the occupation, wealth, sex, and social standing of parterre spectators differed depending on geographical location.Historians studying theater audiences in France have traditionally identified the parterre as the exclusive domain of lower-class males, with the exception of female prostitutes.[3] More recently, scholars such as Jeffrey Ravel argue that parterre audiences were more socially heterogeneous than previously believed.[4] For one, spectators who sat in the more expensive loges (balcony boxes) were free to meander into the parterre as they wished, and it was fashionable for younger well-off men to stand in the parterre.[5] As well, despite restrictions against women entering the parterre, cross-dressing was not uncommon.[6]1830 illustration of Vienna's Kärntnertor theater.England's parterre audiences differed from France because of the relatively high number of elites and \"fashionable women\" who socialized in the pit.[7] Historian Jennifer Hall-Witt provides several possible explanations for the unique character of England's parterre. In English theaters some bench seats were available to parterre spectators, while theatergoers who could not find seats socialized in wide corridors known as fop-allies that ran down the sides and centre of the benches.[8] Also in England, unlike in France or Austria, parterre tickets were not the cheapest; a galley ticket was less than the average half-guinea price of a parterre seat in a London theater.[9] Ultimately, the pit in England was more socially respectable than elsewhere in Europe.If separation between \"nobles and commoners\" in English or French theaters was informal, in Austrian theaters, the parterre formally differentiated between elites and non-elites.[10] For instance; in 1748, Vienna's Kärntnertor theater partitioned a section of the standing parterre to create a second parterre behind the orchestra where only elites could sit.[11]","title":"Audience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Parterre practices ranged from harmless gossiping to violent rioting. Talking, laughing, whistling, drunken brawls, and hissing, even dancing and singing was common behaviour. Prostitution was normal and individuals who ventured into the parterre could expect to be pick-pocketed, spied upon, and jostled about, in spite of the police or doormen who were charged with maintaining order. Yet, according to historian and musicologist James Johnson,Few complained about the noise and bustle ... eighteenth-century audiences considered music little more than an agreeable ornament of a magnificent spectacle, in which they themselves played the principal part.[12]The antics of parterre audiences included mimicking performances, ogling at the women in the boxes, and making fun of people, as in one performance when \"a few misfits in the parterre made sure the whole hall noticed one unlucky woman whose wig was taller than the door to her box.\"[13] It is not surprising then, that for theatergoers the spectacle in the pit was the primary source of \"endless amusement\".[14]","title":"Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_Comedie-Francaise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salle Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salle_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Joseph Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison"},{"link_name":"Richard Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Steele"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"The Tatler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatler_(1709_journal)"},{"link_name":"Coffeehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouses"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Marmontel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel"},{"link_name":"Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"The parterre as critic","text":"18th-century watercolour of the Salle Richelieu in ParisAudience members in the parterre did not hesitate to approve, or censure, plays, performers, royal edicts, or offending individuals. For example, \"it was in the parterre that Jean-Jacques Rousseau received \"kicks in the rear: after his withering attack on French music\".[15] Responses could take less-intrusive forms of applause or booing, but the parterre was not always so kind. James Van Horn Melton writes that \"audiences at London's Drury Lane Theater expressed their dissatisfaction by pelting the stage with oranges.\"[16]What influence did parterre audiences have? Though only informal critics, the size of the parterre, which ranged from around 500 to over 1000 spectators, meant their voice carried some weight with theater managers, whose commercial success depended partly on their patronage.[17] On many occasions, for example, audience members from the parterre succeeded in forcing performers to switch programs mid-act, or repeat their favourite arias.By the mid-18th century the word parterre acquired additional meaning as contemporaries increasingly identified the parterre as a \"public judge\", whose response to a performance could determine the success of a play or even the careers of actors, actresses, and playwrights.[18] The wide range of 18th century sources defining the parterre as a judge, include personal letters, memoirs, and published periodicals, such as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's The Spectator and The Tatler, which circulated in London's Coffeehouses. Historians frequently quote portions from the French philosopher and playwright, Jean-François Marmontel's entry for \"parterre\", published in the 1776 supplement to Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, which declares, \"the parterre is the best of all judges\".[19]However, scholars caution against equating the parterre with \"the public\", especially since the latter term has changed meanings in the past two centuries. While parterre audiences were located at, or near, the bottom of the theater's social hierarchy, attending the theater was still an exclusive activity, limited mostly to the middle ranks of people and above.[20] Thus, \"the public\" that was the parterre was distinct from \"the people\" who could not afford even the cheapest theater tickets.[21]","title":"Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Enforcing order","text":"In the late 17th century, royal authorities in England, France, and regions in present-day Italy published numerous edicts threatening to discipline unruly behaviour, from interrupting performances to wearing hats, that were distributed as pamphlets or read aloud in theaters.[22] These edicts where directed at the parterre, and many theater managers, performers, music critics, and individuals from the loges applauded such efforts to enforce order in the parterre. Disciplinary measures varied, but police records from the 18th century tell of police banning disruptive individuals after fights, and punishing unacceptable behaviour, such as defecating in the parterre, as well as guarding against petty crime, such as theft.[23]Yet, parterre behaviour continued largely unchanged. In Rome and Parma, efforts to regulate start times were ineffective and ignored, especially by \"the notorious minor abbots who littered the parterre.[24] Even a request from a bishop in England to lower the curtain before the start of the Sabbath at midnight could not prevent the pit from rioting and trashing the theater when the stage manager attempted to comply.[25] Whether the inability of all efforts to impose order in the parterre reflects poor policing capabilities, the declining authority of the monarchy, or the deliberate resistance of the parterre is undecided.","title":"Practices"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Between the late 18th and early 19th centuries there was a transformation in theater audiences from active participants to passive viewers, most noticeably in the parterre. While there is consensus among scholars that such a transformation occurred, how and why it occurred is highly contested.","title":"19th-century changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Improved lighting and staging techniques","text":"Towards the end of the 18th century, theater designs and lighting technology improved dramatically. Previously, the theaters' lighting came from individual candles surrounding the stage, small chandeliers hanging from the boxes, or larger chandeliers that illuminated the whole theater. The smoke from the candles often surrounded the stage with a cloud of haze, leading one historian to remark, \"spectators sometimes saw one another more clearly than the performers\".[26] New lighting systems, such as the innovation of gaslights in England, reduced smoke and the invention of a system of pulleys to manipulate chandeliers enabled stage managers to direct the theater's primary light-source, and thus the audiences' gaze, towards the stage.Changes in theater design complemented the new lighting. Early 17th century theater-houses, which were often converted tennis courts, were not conducive to creating the illusion of a single vantage point on the stage. Instead, the boxes often faced each other and an audience member in the parterre would be equally comfortable looking into the loges.[27]While historians agree that technological changes affected the attentiveness of parterre audiences, they also agree that these innovations alone do not account for silent audiences.","title":"19th-century changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comédie-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Comédie-Italienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jean-François de La Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Harpe"},{"link_name":"philosophes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophes"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Claude Nicolas Ledoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Seating arrangements","text":"Historians specializing in the history of the parterre in France attribute the movement to install seats in playhouses with efforts to silence the unwieldy parterre. Seats were installed in the Comédie-Française in 1782 and in 1788 benches were installed in the Comédie-Italienne.[28]In 1777 Jean-François de La Harpe's proposal to install seats in the parterre sparked the debates between philosophes, playwrights, and officials about the desirability and motives behind seating the parterre.[29] Marmontel insisted that plans to seat the parterre was really an imposition of the \"aristocracy\" on \"theatrical democracy\".[30] The theater architect, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, saw the plans for seating in a more positive light, and wrote that \"[T]he cabal will end, and we will judge authors more rationally once we have destroyed what is incorrectly called the enthusiasm of the parterre.\"[31] Among those who favoured seating the parterre were stage managers and independent music critics, who linked the boisterous parterre to moral decline in the theatre and saw benches as a way to \"tame\" them.[32] Regardless of whether individuals advocated for or against installing benches, what is consistent is the belief that seating would pacify the parterre. Other records indicate that the move was also prompted by the series of fires in theater-houses and the realization that packed parterre crowds were a possible fire hazard.[33]How silent was the seated parterre? Evidence shows that noise and disruptions continued throughout the first half of the 19th century. In England and in regions, such as Rome and Parma, partial seating had always been available for parterre audiences and did not guarantee calmer audiences. According to Martha Feldman, the theaters in Rome were \"the wildest in Europe\".[34] However, for historians who identify the parterre as a site of public opinion, the debates over seating are significant because they provide evidence that disorder in the parterre was an act of disobedience against authorities and that the parterre was able to withstand attempts to pacify them and continued to act as arbiters of public opinion outside the realm of the monarchy.","title":"19th-century changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Laughing_Audience_(or_A_Pleased_Audience)_by_William_Hogarth.jpg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"New codes of polite behavior","text":"An etching by William Hogarth showing \"The Laughing Audience\" and a sour-faced critic, 1733.Another explanation for the transformation of parterre audiences by the end of the 18th century is that changes in elite culture and in their behavior at the theater was mirrored by the parterre and the growing \"bourgeois\" audience whose values, according to some historians, included \"politeness and emotional self-restraint\".[35]Changing prescriptions for appropriate theater behavior found in conduct books reflect such a shift. Where it was once fashionable to arrive late and not pay too much attention to the performances, the new culture of politeness emphasized the importance of silence and attentiveness.[36] Hall-Witt argues that the shift in elite behavior in theatres was prompted by changes to the theater's subscription to the loges, which meant that box seats would be available to non-elites.[37] As a result, the social hierarchy that was mirrored in the seating arrangements of the theater were blurred. By adhering to a new etiquette of politeness that valued silence and attentiveness, elites could replace old methods of differentiation based on seating, with 'superior' behavior.[38]","title":"19th-century changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christoph Willibald Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Changes in music","text":"Scholars analyzing parterre audiences from a musicology perspective argue that changes in musical composition, illustrated by the works of composers such as Christoph Willibald Gluck, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, changed how spectators listened. James Johnson is foremost among the scholars who argue that new styles of music precipitated quieter audiences. In his work, Listening in Paris: A Cultural History, Johnson argues that in pre-19th century theaters, listening was superficial.[39] The transformation to \"engaged listening, and by extension, from talkative to silent audiences\", paralleled new theories of music that required more attentive listening.[40]Other scholars writing on the listening habits of audiences in the 18th and 19th century are critical of Johnson's approach. William Weber writes that current \"ideological construct[s] of taste and proper listening dates ... from the early nineteenth century\" and cautions that approaching the 18th century listening habits from this perspective undermines their musical culture.[41] In Weber's view, socializing and talking did not exclude listening.[42]","title":"19th-century changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jürgen Habermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas"},{"link_name":"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Jürgen Habermas's influential work The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere provides historians with the theoretical foundation for scholarship on the rise of a public sphere in Europe. For Habermas the public sphere constitutes a \"realm of communication\" that is open, egalitarian, rational, and critical and can be traced to the rise of the \"bourgeois\" in the 17th and 18th centuries.[43] Significantly, for scholars interested in the history of the theater Habermas argues that the \"realm of arts\" served as training grounds for a critical public opinion, which later manifested itself in the realm of politics.[44] Keith Baker's work, which builds on Habermas's model of the public sphere, provides historians of theater audiences with another useful framework. Baker's analysis of the 18th century rhetorical construction of \"public opinion\" as a tribunal and symbol of political culture is especially influential.[45]","title":"Historians' views on the parterre & the public sphere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"According to Jeffrey Ravel","text":"Jeffrey Ravel's recent work, which is a cultural history of The Contested Parterre: Public Theatre and French Political Culture: 1680-1791, is the first scholarly study devoted to writing the history of the parterre. The significance of the parterre for Ravel is how it functioned as a critical segment of public opinion in an absolutist state, eventually becoming a symbol of political culture in France. Ravel writes that in France, public opinion had already emerged by the 1750s, decades before the date most historians associate with the emergence of public opinion.[46] Ravel finds evidence of an emerging public opinion in the parterre audiences of the theater, which in his view was \"one of the first forums in France where the subjects of the Bourbon Crown insisted on their place in French political culture\".[47]Using 18th century police records, Ravel argues that disorderliness in the pit demonstrates the critical nature of parterre audiences, who were not merely responding to performances and the social activates around them, but were undermining the very authority of the court, who remained, at the same time, the patrons of France's \"privileged\" theaters, the Comédie-Française, Comédie-Italienne, and the Paris Opera.[48] In other words, \"the public theatre ... did not reproduce the forms of political and cultural authority generated at Versailles.\"[49]As part of his analysis, Ravel examines representations of the parterre in literature, from the 17th to 18th centuries. Ravel demonstrates how writers constructed an image of the parterre as a legitimate public critic, endowing it with an authority equivalent to that of the king.[50] By the end of 18th century, the parterre was synonymous with the nation.[51] Thomas Kaiser summarized the effect of this process well when he wrote, \"the evolution of arts and letters ... created an international tribunal of public judgement that it did not control.\"[52]","title":"Historians' views on the parterre & the public sphere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Antoine-François Riccoboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Riccoboni"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"According to Paul Friedland","text":"In 2002 Paul Friedland published his work Political Actors: Representative Bodies and Theatricality in the Age of the French Revolution. Friedland disagrees with the \"equation of the theatrical parterre with the nation\" and with the way historians have \"imbued\" the parterre \"with political culture\".[53] More than Ravel, Friedland is highly critical of Habermas and writes that for historians of the theater the implications of Habermas's model of the \"public sphere\" is \"a reading of public opinion in the arts as if it were veiled political metaphor\".[54] \"Theater\", according to Friedland, \"was not 'really' about politics any more than politics was 'really' about theater\".[55] What theater and politics did share was the \"same underlying representative process\".[56]18th century transformations in modes of political representation paralleled new theories of representation on the stage. Friedland writes that Antoine-François Riccoboni's L'art du Theatre marked the shift in theories of theatrical representation, from a system where the performers' \"representation of a character necessarily entailed the actor's actual physical experience of the character's emotions\", to a new system of representation where the actors performance was not 'true' but resembled what was true.[57] In Friedland's words \"... this new, artificial system depended, not on the actors' belief – or, as we tend to refer to it today, on the spectator's suspension of disbelief\".[58] At the same time, as modes of representation shifted in the world of theater, parallels emerged in the representation of the king. In an absolutist monarchy the king was the source of his own legitimacy, whereas under the new system of representation the king's legitimacy came from the critical judgement of the individual.[59]Thus, Friedland's examination of theater audiences and the political sphere does not see parterre audiences as the basis of political culture in France. Rather the \"participatory\" parterre audiences of the 18th century reflected a particular mode of representation, just as the possibility of shaping a modern silent spectator emerged with new conditions of theatergoing that were dictated by changes in theories of representation.","title":"Historians' views on the parterre & the public sphere"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Feldman, Martha. Opera And Sovereignty. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2007.\nFriedland, Paul. Political Actors: Representative Bodies and Theatricality in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.\nHall-Witt, Jennifer. Fashionable Acts: Opera and Elite Culture in London: 1780-1880. Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2007.\nJohnson, James. Listening in Paris: A Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.\nKaiser, Thomas E. \"Rhetoric in the Service of the King: The Abbe Dubos and the Concept of Public Judgment\". Eighteenth-Century Studies 23 (1989–1990):182–199.\nLough, John. Paris Theater Audiences In the Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.\nMittman, Barbara G. Spectators on the Paris Stage in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Michigan, UMI Research Press, 1984.\nRavel, Jeffrey S. The Contested Parterre: Public Theater and French Political Culture: 1680-1791. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.\nRoche, Daniel. \"Who were 'le peuple'? Chapter 2 in The People of Paris. Translated by Marie Evans. Berg Publishers Limited, 1987.\nVan Horn Melton, James. The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.\nVan Horn Melton, James. \"School, Stage, Salon: Musical Cultures in Haydn's Vienna\". The Journal of Modern History 76 (2004): 251–279.\nWeber, William. \"Did People Listen in the 18th Century?\" Early Music 25 (1997): 678–691.\nWeber, William. \"Learned and General Musical Taste in Eighteenth-Century France\". Past & Present 89 (1980): 58–85.\nWeber, William. \"Concepts and Contexts\". Chapter 1 in The Great Transformation of Musical Taste. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"People socializing at the Théâtre Montansier in the 18th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Foyer_du_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Montansier.jpg/275px-Foyer_du_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Montansier.jpg"},{"image_text":"1830 illustration of Vienna's Kärntnertor theater.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/K%C3%A4rntnertortheater_1830.jpg/250px-K%C3%A4rntnertortheater_1830.jpg"},{"image_text":"18th-century watercolour of the Salle Richelieu in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Paris_Comedie-Francaise.jpg/220px-Paris_Comedie-Francaise.jpg"},{"image_text":"An etching by William Hogarth showing \"The Laughing Audience\" and a sour-faced critic, 1733.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Laughing_Audience_%28or_A_Pleased_Audience%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg/200px-The_Laughing_Audience_%28or_A_Pleased_Audience%29_by_William_Hogarth.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Groundling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundling"},{"title":"Theater (structure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_(structure)"},{"title":"Public Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sphere"},{"title":"Querelle des Bouffons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querelle_des_Bouffons"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Pyne
Stephen J. Pyne
["1 Education","2 Career and research","3 Bibliography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American academic Stephen J. Pyne (1949–present) is an emeritus professor at Arizona State University, specializing in environmental history, the history of exploration, and especially the history of fire. Education Pyne received his bachelor's degree at Stanford University after graduating from Brophy College Preparatory, a Jesuit high school, in Phoenix, Arizona. He later attained his master's (1974) and Ph.D. degrees (1976) at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a MacArthur Fellowship in 1988. He also received a Fulbright Fellowship to Sweden, was awarded two National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships, and had two tours at the National Humanities Center. He was a professor at Arizona State University from 1985 to 2018. Pyne spent fifteen seasons as a wildland firefighter at the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park between 1967 and 1981. He later spent the summers of 1983–85 writing fire plans for Rocky Mountain and Yellowstone national parks. Career and research Many of Pyne's works recount the history of exploration. These writings include his biography of G.K. Gilbert, The Ice, How the Canyon Became Grand, and Voyager. Other works include The Last Lost World, which he wrote with his daughter, Lydia V. Pyne, and two books on writing nonfiction, Voice and Vision and Style and Story. Since the 1982 publication of his second book, Fire in America, Pyne has become an authority on the history and management of fire, cataloging the fire histories of Australia, Canada, Europe (including Russia), and the overall planet. Pyne has been consulted to rank the severity and destructive effects of historical fires to contextualize recent wildfires intensified by climate change. He has written and co-authored three textbooks on landscape fires and their management. His 2015 book Between Two Fires and nine-volume series To the Last Smoke have summarized America's fire history, arguing that the US Forest Service was formed based on the European ideals of Bernhard Fernow, the third chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry, and it acquired significant government funding after successfully combating the Great Fire of 1910. Pyne has criticized the proposed Anthropocene epoch as emphasizing a single species' domination over the environment. He instead advocates for a "Pyrocene epoch" defined by humanity's usage of fire, opposite to the Pleistocene epoch's Ice Age. Managed combustion of fossil fuels has supported the industrialization that is causing significant reductions in biodiversity and climate change, while the nuclear weapons testing has increased the soil concentration of trace elements. Bibliography Stephen J. Pyne has authored the following books, and his papers are housed in the Arizona State University Archives: Grove Karl Gilbert (University of Texas Press, 1980; out of print) Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (1982; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1997) Dutton's Point: A Natural History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1983; out of print) Introduction to Wildland Fire: Fire Management in the United States (New York: Wiley, 1984; out of print) The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica (1986; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1998) Wildland Fires and Nuclear Winters: Selected Reconstruction of Historic Large Fires. (Defense Documentation Center, DNA-TR-85-396, February 1986), 167 pp, illus, unclassified report to Defense Nuclear Agency. Co-author, Dr Philip N. Omi. Fire on the Rim. A Firefighter's Season at the Grand Canyon (1989; Bantam paperback edition, 1990; University of Washington Press paperback edition, 1995) Burning Bush. A Fire History of Australia (1991; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1998) World Fire. The Culture of Fire on Earth (Henry Holt and Co., 1995; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1997; Japanese edition, Hosei University Press, 2001) Introduction to Wildland Fire, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1996). Co-authors: Patricia Andrews and Richard Laven. America's Fires. Management in Wildlands and Forests (Durham: Forest History Society, 1997) How the Canyon Became Grand: A Short History (Viking, 1998; Penguin Books, pb edition, 1999) Vestal Fire. An Environmental History, Told Through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World (1997; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 2000) Fire: A Brief History (University of Washington Press and British Museum, 2001) Year of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910 (New York: Viking, 2001; Penguin, pb edition, 2002) Smokechasing (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2003) Tending Fire: Coping With America's Wildfires (Island Press, 2004) Brittlebush Valley (Patsons Press, 2005) The Still-Burning Bush (Scribe Publications, 2006) Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada (University of British Columbia Press, 2007) Voice and Vision: A Guide to Writing History and Other Serious Nonfiction (Harvard University Press, 2009) America's Fires. A Historical Context for Policy and Practice (Forest History Society, 2010) Voyager: seeking newer worlds in the third great age of discovery (Viking, 2010) The Last Lost World: Ice Ages, Human Origins, and the Invention of the Pleistocene (Viking Penguin, 2012). Co-author: Lydia V. Pyne. Fire: Nature and Culture (Reaktion Books, 2012) Fire on Earth: An Introduction (Wiley Blackwell, 2013). Co-authors: Andrew Scott, William Bond, David Bowman, M.E. Alexander Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America (University of Arizona Press, 2015) To the Last Smoke Vol. 1 Florida, Vol. 2 California, Vol. 3 Northern Rockies, Vol. 4 Southwest, Vol. 5 Great Plains, Vol. 6 The Interior West, Vol. 7 The Northeast, Vol. 8 Slopovers: Oak Woodlands, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska, and Vol. 9 Here and There. (University of Arizona Press, 2016–2018) Style and Story. Literary Methods for Writing Nonfiction (University of Arizona Press, 2018) The Pyrocene: How We Created an Age of Fire and What Happens Next (University of California Press, 2021) See also Wildfire References ^ a b c Nelson, Amy (Fall 2022). "Fire on the Landscape Expert Q&A: Stephen J. Pyne". Biohabitats. Retrieved 2022-11-25. ^ "Stephen J. Pyne". MacArthur Foundation. July 2015. Retrieved 2022-11-24. ^ a b "Stephen J. Pyne". Arizona State University Sun Devil Shelf Life. Retrieved 2022-11-25. ^ Chang, Charis (2020-01-08). "How the 2019 Australian bushfire season compares to other fire disasters". news.com.au. ^ Knowles, Scott Gabriel (2020-12-02). "First Person: Stephen J. Pyne". American Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (5 May 2015). "How humans made fire, and fire made us human | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2022-11-24. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (20 November 2019). "The planet is burning around us: is it time to declare the Pyrocene? | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 2022-11-24. External links Pyne's Website How fire shapes everything | Stephen Pyne - TED Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Stephen J. Pyne (1949–present) is an emeritus professor at Arizona State University, specializing in environmental history, the history of exploration, and especially the history of fire.[1]","title":"Stephen J. Pyne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Brophy College Preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brophy_College_Preparatory"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fulbright Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"National Humanities Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Humanities_Center"},{"link_name":"wildland firefighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"North Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rim"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Pyne received his bachelor's degree at Stanford University after graduating from Brophy College Preparatory, a Jesuit high school, in Phoenix, Arizona. He later attained his master's (1974) and Ph.D. degrees (1976) at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving a MacArthur Fellowship in 1988.[2] He also received a Fulbright Fellowship to Sweden, was awarded two National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships, and had two tours at the National Humanities Center. He was a professor at Arizona State University from 1985 to 2018.Pyne spent fifteen seasons as a wildland firefighter at the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park between 1967 and 1981. He later spent the summers of 1983–85 writing fire plans for Rocky Mountain and Yellowstone national parks.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.K. Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Lydia V. Pyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_V._Pyne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"wildfires intensified by climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire#Climate_change_effects"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"US Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Fernow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Fernow"},{"link_name":"USDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1910"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anthropocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene epoch's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"reductions in biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_loss"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing"},{"link_name":"trace elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_element"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Many of Pyne's works recount the history of exploration. These writings include his biography of G.K. Gilbert, The Ice, How the Canyon Became Grand, and Voyager. Other works include The Last Lost World, which he wrote with his daughter, Lydia V. Pyne, and two books on writing nonfiction, Voice and Vision and Style and Story.[3]Since the 1982 publication of his second book, Fire in America, Pyne has become an authority on the history and management of fire, cataloging the fire histories of Australia, Canada, Europe (including Russia), and the overall planet. Pyne has been consulted to rank the severity and destructive effects of historical fires to contextualize recent wildfires intensified by climate change.[4] He has written and co-authored three textbooks on landscape fires and their management. His 2015 book Between Two Fires and nine-volume series To the Last Smoke have summarized America's fire history, arguing that the US Forest Service was formed based on the European ideals of Bernhard Fernow, the third chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry, and it acquired significant government funding after successfully combating the Great Fire of 1910.[1][5]Pyne has criticized the proposed Anthropocene epoch as emphasizing a single species' domination over the environment. He instead advocates for a \"Pyrocene epoch\" defined by humanity's usage of fire, opposite to the Pleistocene epoch's Ice Age.[6] Managed combustion of fossil fuels has supported the industrialization that is causing significant reductions in biodiversity and climate change, while the nuclear weapons testing has increased the soil concentration of trace elements.[7]","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Awful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awful_Splendour"}],"text":"Stephen J. Pyne has authored the following books, and his papers are housed in the Arizona State University Archives:[3]Grove Karl Gilbert (University of Texas Press, 1980; out of print)\nFire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (1982; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1997)\nDutton's Point: A Natural History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon Natural History Association, 1983; out of print)\nIntroduction to Wildland Fire: Fire Management in the United States (New York: Wiley, 1984; out of print)\nThe Ice: A Journey to Antarctica (1986; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1998)\nWildland Fires and Nuclear Winters: Selected Reconstruction of Historic Large Fires. (Defense Documentation Center, DNA-TR-85-396, February 1986), 167 pp, illus, unclassified report to Defense Nuclear Agency. Co-author, Dr Philip N. Omi.\nFire on the Rim. A Firefighter's Season at the Grand Canyon (1989; Bantam paperback edition, 1990; University of Washington Press paperback edition, 1995)\nBurning Bush. A Fire History of Australia (1991; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1998)\nWorld Fire. The Culture of Fire on Earth (Henry Holt and Co., 1995; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 1997; Japanese edition, Hosei University Press, 2001)\nIntroduction to Wildland Fire, 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1996). Co-authors: Patricia Andrews and Richard Laven.\nAmerica's Fires. Management in Wildlands and Forests (Durham: Forest History Society, 1997)\nHow the Canyon Became Grand: A Short History (Viking, 1998; Penguin Books, pb edition, 1999)\nVestal Fire. An Environmental History, Told Through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World (1997; paperback edition, University of Washington Press, 2000)\nFire: A Brief History (University of Washington Press and British Museum, 2001)\nYear of the Fires: The Story of the Great Fires of 1910 (New York: Viking, 2001; Penguin, pb edition, 2002)\nSmokechasing (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2003)\nTending Fire: Coping With America's Wildfires (Island Press, 2004)\nBrittlebush Valley (Patsons Press, 2005)\nThe Still-Burning Bush (Scribe Publications, 2006)\nAwful Splendour: A Fire History of Canada (University of British Columbia Press, 2007)\nVoice and Vision: A Guide to Writing History and Other Serious Nonfiction (Harvard University Press, 2009)\nAmerica's Fires. A Historical Context for Policy and Practice (Forest History Society, 2010)\nVoyager: seeking newer worlds in the third great age of discovery (Viking, 2010)\nThe Last Lost World: Ice Ages, Human Origins, and the Invention of the Pleistocene (Viking Penguin, 2012). Co-author: Lydia V. Pyne.\nFire: Nature and Culture (Reaktion Books, 2012)\nFire on Earth: An Introduction (Wiley Blackwell, 2013). Co-authors: Andrew Scott, William Bond, David Bowman, M.E. Alexander\nBetween Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America (University of Arizona Press, 2015)\nTo the Last Smoke Vol. 1 Florida, Vol. 2 California, Vol. 3 Northern Rockies, Vol. 4 Southwest, Vol. 5 Great Plains, Vol. 6 The Interior West, Vol. 7 The Northeast, Vol. 8 Slopovers: Oak Woodlands, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska, and Vol. 9 Here and There. (University of Arizona Press, 2016–2018)\nStyle and Story. Literary Methods for Writing Nonfiction (University of Arizona Press, 2018)\nThe Pyrocene: How We Created an Age of Fire and What Happens Next (University of California Press, 2021)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Wildfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"}]
[{"reference":"Nelson, Amy (Fall 2022). \"Fire on the Landscape Expert Q&A: Stephen J. Pyne\". Biohabitats. Retrieved 2022-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biohabitats.com/newsletter/fire-on-the-landscape/expert-qa-stephen-j-pyne/","url_text":"\"Fire on the Landscape Expert Q&A: Stephen J. Pyne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen J. Pyne\". MacArthur Foundation. July 2015. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1988/stephen-j-pyne","url_text":"\"Stephen J. Pyne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen J. Pyne\". Arizona State University Sun Devil Shelf Life. Retrieved 2022-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.asu.edu/shelf-life/contributor/stephen-j-pyne","url_text":"\"Stephen J. Pyne\""}]},{"reference":"Chang, Charis (2020-01-08). \"How the 2019 Australian bushfire season compares to other fire disasters\". news.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/how-the-2019-australian-bushfire-season-compares-to-other-fire-disasters/news-story/7924ce9c58b5d2f435d0ed73ffe34174","url_text":"\"How the 2019 Australian bushfire season compares to other fire disasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Scott Gabriel (2020-12-02). \"First Person: Stephen J. Pyne\". American Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanscientist.org/article/first-person-stephen-j.-pyne","url_text":"\"First Person: Stephen J. Pyne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist","url_text":"American Scientist"}]},{"reference":"Pyne, Stephen J. (5 May 2015). \"How humans made fire, and fire made us human | Aeon Essays\". Aeon. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://aeon.co/essays/how-humans-made-fire-and-fire-made-us-human","url_text":"\"How humans made fire, and fire made us human | Aeon Essays\""}]},{"reference":"Pyne, Stephen J. (20 November 2019). \"The planet is burning around us: is it time to declare the Pyrocene? | Aeon Essays\". Aeon. Retrieved 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://aeon.co/essays/the-planet-is-burning-around-us-is-it-time-to-declare-the-pyrocene","url_text":"\"The planet is burning around us: is it time to declare the Pyrocene? | Aeon Essays\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Davis_Cup_team
China Davis Cup team
["1 Current team (2022)","2 History","3 See also","4 External links"]
ChinaCaptainZeng ShaoxuanITF ranking70 6 (20 September 2022)Colorsred & whiteFirst year1924Years played36Ties played (W–L)78 (36-42)Years inWorld Group0 (0-0)Best finishWG Play-off (1990)EAS final (1987)Most total winsXia Jiaping (29-18)Most singles winsXia Jiaping (20-12)Most doubles winsZeng Shaoxuan (12-6)Best doubles teamPan Bing / Xia Jiaping (7-2)Most ties playedZeng Shaoxuan (18)Most years playedXia Jiaping (9) The China men's national tennis team represents the People's Republic of China in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Chinese Tennis Association. It was represented by the Republic of China from 1924-1946. The team did not participate between 1946-1983, and in 1983 the People's Republic of China competed for the first time. China currently competes in the Asia/Oceania Zone of Group I. They have never competed in the World Group, but reached the Play-offs in 1990 and also reached the Eastern Zone final in 1987. Current team (2022) Zhang Zhizhen Wu Yibing Bu Yunchaokete Li Hanwen Te Rigele History China competed in its first Davis Cup in 1924. See also China Fed Cup team Tennis in China External links Team page on DavisCup.com, the official website of the Davis Cup vteDavis Cup teamsFinals  Argentina  Australia  Belgium  Brazil  Canada  Chile  Czech Republic  Finland  France  Germany  Great Britain  Italy  Netherlands  Slovakia  Spain  United States World Group I  Austria  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Chinese Taipei  Colombia  Croatia  Denmark  Egypt  Greece  Hungary  India  Israel  Japan  Kazakhstan  Lithuania  Norway  Peru  Poland  Portugal  Serbia  South Korea  Sweden   Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine World Group II  Barbados  Bolivia  Bulgaria  China  Ecuador  El Salvador  Georgia  Hong Kong  Ireland  Latvia  Lebanon  Luxembourg  Morocco  Mexico  Monaco  New Zealand  Pakistan  Romania  South Africa  Togo  Tunisia  Uruguay  Uzbekistan Group IIIAmericas zone  Bahamas  Bermuda  Costa Rica  Dominican Republic  Guatemala  Jamaica  Paraguay  Puerto Rico  Venezuela Asia/Oceania zone  Indonesia  Iran  Jordan  Malaysia  Pacific Oceania  Saudi Arabia  Singapore  Syria  Thailand  Vietnam Europe zone  Azerbaijan  Cyprus  Estonia  Kosovo  Moldova  Montenegro  North Macedonia  Slovenia Africa zone  Benin  Ghana  Ivory Coast  Namibia  Nigeria  Zimbabwe Group IVAmericas zone  Antigua and Barbuda  Aruba  Cuba  Haiti  Honduras  Nicaragua  Panama  Trinidad and Tobago  U.S. Virgin Islands Asia/Oceania zone  Cambodia  Iraq  Kuwait  Kyrgyzstan  Myanmar  Qatar  Sri Lanka  United Arab Emirates Europe zone  Albania  Andorra  Armenia  Iceland  Liechtenstein  Malta  San Marino Africa zone  Algeria  Angola  Burundi  Cameroon  DR Congo  Kenya  Rwanda  Senegal Group VAsia/Oceania zone  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Brunei  Guam  Maldives  Mongolia  Philippines  Tajikistan  Turkmenistan  Yemen Africa zone  Botswana  Congo  Djibouti  Ethiopia  Gabon  Lesotho  Madagascar  Mauritius  Mozambique  Tanzania  Uganda Suspended  Belarus  Russia Inactive  Burkina Faso  Eastern Caribbean  Libya  Mali  Oman  Saint Lucia  Sudan  Zambia Former  Australasia Caribbean/West Indies  Czechoslovakia  Fiji  Hawaii  Netherlands Antilles  Serbia and Montenegro  Soviet Union  Yugoslavia vteDavis Cup Current champions (2023):  Italy Editions 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 World Groups / Finals 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 World Groups play-offs 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Qualifying rounds 2019 2020–21 2022 2023 2024 2023 Davis Cup Finals teams  Australia  Canada  Chile  Croatia  Czech Republic  Finland  France  Great Britain  Italy  Netherlands  Serbia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden   Switzerland  United States Former World Group / Finals teams  Argentina  Austria  Belgium  Brazil  Belarus  Colombia  Cuba  Czechoslovakia  Denmark  Ecuador  Germany  Hungary  India  Indonesia  Ireland  Israel  Japan  Kazakhstan  Mexico  Morocco  New Zealand  Paraguay  Peru  Poland  Romania  Russia  Slovakia  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Zimbabwe Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Croatian Cuban Czech Czechoslovak Danish Dutch Ecuadorian Finnish French German Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Kazakhstani Korean Kosovar Mexican Montenegrin Moroccan New Zealand Peruvian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovakian South African Soviet Spanish Swedish Swiss Yugoslavian Zimbabwean List of champions Winning players vte National sports teams of China A1GP Acceleration Badminton Bandy M W Baseball U18 Baseball5 Basketball M M-U19 M-U17 M-3x3 W W-U19 W-U17 W-3x3 Beach handball Bobsleigh Cricket M W Field hockey M W Football M M-B M-U23 M-U20 M-U17 W W-U20 W-U17 Futsal Futsal-W Beach Floorball Gymnastics M W Handball M W Ice hockey M M-U20 M-U18 W W-U18 sledge hockey Inline hockey Korfball Rugby Union M W M7's W7's Softball W-U19 Superleague Formula Table tennis Tennis M W X Volleyball M M-U21 M-U19 W W-U23 W-U20 W-U18 Water polo M W Wheelchair basketball M W Wushu Olympics Paralympics Youth Olympics Deaflympics Asian Games Asian Para Games Universiade This article related to Davis Cup tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Chinese sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"China Fed Cup team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Fed_Cup_team"},{"title":"Tennis in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_in_China"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaton
Galaton
["1 References"]
Galaton (Ancient Greek: Γαλάτων) was an ancient Greek painter, whose picture representing Homer vomiting with other poets gathering up the vomit, is mentioned by Aelian ( V. H. xiii. 22) and by a scholiast to Lucian (i. p. 499, ed. Wetstein), who calls the painter Gelaton. He probably lived under the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (222–205 BC), and his picture was no doubt intended to ridicule the Alexandrian epic poets. References Galaton (Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology). Meyer, Kunstgeschichte vol. ii. p. 193 ; Muller, Archaeol. d. Kunsl, § 163, n. 3. vteAncient Greek painters Agatharchus Anaxandra Androcydes Antiphilus Aglaophon Antidotus Antorides Apelles Apollodorus Aregon Aristarete Aristides of Thebes Aristoclides Aristolaos Ariston Aristophon Artemon Athenion of Maroneia Asclepiodorus Cimon of Cleonae Ctesilochus Echion Euphranor Eupompus Galaton Heraclides Melanthius Micon Mnasitheus of Sicyon Nealkes Nicomachus of Thebes Pamphilus Panaenus Parrhasius Pausias Peiraikos Philoxenus of Eretria Polyidus Polygnotus Protogenes Thales Theon of Samos Timanthes Timanthes of Sicyon Timarete Timomachus Zeuxis This Ancient Greek biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Greek painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSG5
PSG5
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens PSG5IdentifiersAliasesPSG5, FL-NCA-3, PSG, pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5External IDsOMIM: 176394; GeneCards: PSG5; OMA:PSG5 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 19 (human)Band19q13.31Start43,166,256 bpEnd43,186,536 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inplacentadeciduabuccal mucosa celltesticlestromal cell of endometriumendothelial cellgonadcardiagerm cellmale germ celln/aMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function protein binding Cellular component extracellular region Biological process female pregnancy Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5673n/aEnsemblENSG00000204941n/aUniProtQ15238n/aRefSeq (mRNA)NM_001130014NM_002781n/aRefSeq (protein)NP_001123486NP_002772n/aLocation (UCSC)Chr 19: 43.17 – 43.19 Mbn/aPubMed searchn/aWikidataView/Edit Human Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSG5 gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000204941 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Khan WN, Hammarstrom S (Jul 1989). "Carcinoembryonic antigen gene family: molecular cloning of cDNA for a PS beta G/FL-NCA glycoprotein with a novel domain arrangement". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 161 (2): 525–35. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92631-4. PMID 2735907. ^ "Entrez Gene: PSG5 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5". Further reading Panzetta-Dutari GM, Bocco JL, Reimund B, et al. (1993). "Nucleotide sequence of a pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein gene family member. Identification of a functional promoter region and several putative regulatory sequences". Mol. Biol. Rep. 16 (4): 255–62. doi:10.1007/BF00419665. PMID 1454058. S2CID 7303287. Thompson J, Koumari R, Wagner K, et al. (1990). "The human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein genes are tightly linked on the long arm of chromosome 19 and are coordinately expressed". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167 (2): 848–59. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.655.1870. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)92103-7. PMID 1690992. Chan WY, Zheng QX, McMahon J, Tease LA (1991). "Characterization of new members of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein family". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 106 (2): 161–70. doi:10.1007/BF00230182. PMID 1922019. S2CID 21581759. Thompson JA, Mauch EM, Chen FS, et al. (1989). "Analysis of the size of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family: isolation and sequencing of N-terminal domain exons". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 158 (3): 996–1004. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.657.2780. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92821-0. PMID 2537643. Oikawa S, Inuzuka C, Kuroki M, et al. (1989). "A pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, a CEA gene family member, expressed in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60: structures of protein, mRNA and gene". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163 (2): 1021–31. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92324-3. PMID 2789512. Teglund S, Zhou GQ, Hammarström S (1995). "Characterization of cDNA encoding novel pregnancy-specific glycoprotein variants". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211 (2): 656–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1862. PMID 7794280. Olsen A, Teglund S, Nelson D, et al. (1995). "Gene organization of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein region on human chromosome 19: assembly and analysis of a 700-kb cosmid contig spanning the region". Genomics. 23 (3): 659–68. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1555. PMID 7851895. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Colland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, et al. (2004). "Functional Proteomics Mapping of a Human Signaling Pathway". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1324–32. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMC 442148. PMID 15231748. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026. Blanchon L, Nores R, Gallot D, et al. (2006). "Activation of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein PSG-5 promoter by KLF4 and Sp1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343 (3): 745–53. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.032. PMID 16563348. Okazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, et al. (2007). "Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (5): 1130–6. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67. PMID 17978129. S2CID 24566450. This article on a gene on human chromosome 19 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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gene.[3][4]","title":"PSG5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00419665","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00419665"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1454058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1454058"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7303287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7303287"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.655.1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.655.1870"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(90)92103-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2890%2992103-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1690992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1690992"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00230182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00230182"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1922019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1922019"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21581759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21581759"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.657.2780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.657.2780"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(89)92821-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2889%2992821-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2537643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2537643"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(89)92324-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2889%2992324-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2789512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2789512"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1995.1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1995.1862"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7794280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7794280"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1994.1555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1555"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7851895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851895"},{"link_name":"\"Generation 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19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_19"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSG5&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-19-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-19-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-19-stub"}],"text":"Panzetta-Dutari GM, Bocco JL, Reimund B, et al. (1993). \"Nucleotide sequence of a pregnancy-specific beta 1 glycoprotein gene family member. Identification of a functional promoter region and several putative regulatory sequences\". Mol. Biol. Rep. 16 (4): 255–62. doi:10.1007/BF00419665. PMID 1454058. S2CID 7303287.\nThompson J, Koumari R, Wagner K, et al. (1990). \"The human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein genes are tightly linked on the long arm of chromosome 19 and are coordinately expressed\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167 (2): 848–59. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.655.1870. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)92103-7. PMID 1690992.\nChan WY, Zheng QX, McMahon J, Tease LA (1991). \"Characterization of new members of the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein family\". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 106 (2): 161–70. doi:10.1007/BF00230182. PMID 1922019. S2CID 21581759.\nThompson JA, Mauch EM, Chen FS, et al. (1989). \"Analysis of the size of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family: isolation and sequencing of N-terminal domain exons\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 158 (3): 996–1004. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.657.2780. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92821-0. PMID 2537643.\nOikawa S, Inuzuka C, Kuroki M, et al. (1989). \"A pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, a CEA gene family member, expressed in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60: structures of protein, mRNA and gene\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163 (2): 1021–31. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92324-3. PMID 2789512.\nTeglund S, Zhou GQ, Hammarström S (1995). \"Characterization of cDNA encoding novel pregnancy-specific glycoprotein variants\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211 (2): 656–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1862. PMID 7794280.\nOlsen A, Teglund S, Nelson D, et al. (1995). \"Gene organization of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein region on human chromosome 19: assembly and analysis of a 700-kb cosmid contig spanning the region\". Genomics. 23 (3): 659–68. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1555. PMID 7851895.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nColland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, et al. (2004). \"Functional Proteomics Mapping of a Human Signaling Pathway\". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1324–32. doi:10.1101/gr.2334104. PMC 442148. PMID 15231748.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nRual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.\nBlanchon L, Nores R, Gallot D, et al. (2006). \"Activation of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein PSG-5 promoter by KLF4 and Sp1\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343 (3): 745–53. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.032. PMID 16563348.\nOkazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, et al. (2007). \"Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women\". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (5): 1130–6. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67. PMID 17978129. S2CID 24566450.This article on a gene on human chromosome 19 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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(1995). \"Gene organization of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein region on human chromosome 19: assembly and analysis of a 700-kb cosmid contig spanning the region\". Genomics. 23 (3): 659–68. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1555. PMID 7851895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1555","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851895","url_text":"7851895"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. 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PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R","url_text":"2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209","url_text":"10.1038/nature04209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514","url_text":"16189514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026","url_text":"4427026"}]},{"reference":"Blanchon L, Nores R, Gallot D, et al. (2006). \"Activation of the human pregnancy-specific glycoprotein PSG-5 promoter by KLF4 and Sp1\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343 (3): 745–53. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.032. PMID 16563348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.03.032","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16563348","url_text":"16563348"}]},{"reference":"Okazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, et al. (2007). \"Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women\". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (5): 1130–6. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67. PMID 17978129. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88.2_FM
88.2 FM
["1 China","2 Malaysia","3 New Zealand","4 Turkey","5 United Kingdom","6 References"]
FM radio frequency The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 88.2 MHz: China CNR The Voice of China in Panjin Malaysia Hot FM in Alor Setar, Kedah and Penang New Zealand Various low-power stations up to 1 watt Turkey TRT-3 at Istanbul United Kingdom BBC Radio 2 (Betws Y Coed, Bexhill, Calne, Elgin, Gloucestershire, Newbury, South West Wales) References ^ New Zealand RSM bulletin regarding LPFM Broadcasting; retrieved July 19, 2020. ^ Ofcom Technical parameters for broadcast radio received vteLists of radio stations by frequencyStations that broadcast for public receptionContinuous wave/MorseVLFin kHz 17.2 20.5 23 25 25.1 25.5 LF (LW)Radio clocks 40 50 60 60 60 66.67 68.5 77.5 77.5 100 162 By AMfrequenciesLF (LW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 153 162 1641 171 1771 180 1831 189 198 207 2091 216 225 2271 234 243 252 261 270 279 MF (MW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing 531 540 549 558 567 576 585 594 603 612 621 630 639 648 657 666 675 684 693 702 711 720 729 738 747 756 765 774 783 792 801 810 819 828 837 846 855 864 873 882 891 900 909 918 927 936 945 954 963 972 981 990 999 1008 1017 1026 1035 1044 1053 1062 1071 1080 1089 1098 1107 1116 1125 1134 1143 1152 1161 1170 1179 1188 1197 1206 1215 1224 1233 1242 1251 1260 1269 1278 1287 1296 1305 1314 1323 1332 1341 1350 1359 1368 1377 1386 1395 1404 1413 1422 1431 1440 1449 1458 1467 1476 1485 1494 1503 1512 1521 1530 1539 1548 1557 1566 1575 1584 1593 1602 1611 1620 1629 1638 1647 1656 1665 1674 1683 1692 1701 1710 Region 2, 10 kHz spacing 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 High frequency shortwave frequencies in MHz120 m 2.5 2.5 2.5 90 m 3.2474 3.25 3.33 75 m 3.81 4.015 4.146 4.2075 4.213 4.363 4.372 4.387 4.414 60 m 4.8615 4.996 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.006 5.025 5.13 5.83 49 m 6.03 6.07 6.15 6.16 6.16 6.317 6.318 6.351 6.37 6.51 6.9 41 m 7.49 7.505 7.6 7.646 7.795 7.8 7.85 31 m 8.006 8.113 8.120 8.291 8.421 8.473 8.4785 8.625 8.646 8.686 8.728 8.728 8.746 8.749 8.809 9.265 9.275 9.33 9.395 9.475 9.955 9.835 9.996 10 10 10 10 25 m 12.5815 12.5905 12.6645 12.691 12.857 13.026 13.0425 13.14 13.173 13.146 13.191 19 m 14.67 14.996 15 15 15 15 15 15.42 15.77 16 m 16.809 16.905 16.957 16.9615 17.094 17.257 17.26 15 m 19.6855 20 13 m 22.3835 22.447 22.461 22.735 22.762 22.783 11 m 25 By FMfrequenciesVHF (Band I/ OIRT FM)Regions 1 and 3, 30 kHz spacing3 65.84 74.00 VHF (Band II/ CCIR FM)Regions 1 and 3, 50/100 kHz spacing3 87.5 87.6 87.7 87.8 87.9 88.0 88.2 88.4 88.6 88.8 89.0 89.2 89.4 89.6 89.8 90.0 90.2 90.4 90.6 90.8 91.0 91.2 91.4 91.6 91.8 92.0 92.2 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.0 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 99.0 99.2 99.4 99.6 99.8 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.8 101.0 101.2 101.4 101.6 101.8 102.0 102.2 102.4 102.6 102.8 103.0 103.2 103.4 103.6 103.8 104.0 104.2 104.4 104.6 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.4 105.6 105.8 106.0 106.2 106.4 106.6 106.8 107.0 107.2 107.4 107.6 107.8 108.0 Region 2, 200 kHz spacing 87.7 87.9 88.1 88.3 88.5 88.7 88.9 89.1 89.3 89.5 89.7 89.9 90.1 90.3 90.5 90.7 90.9 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.7 91.9 92.1 92.3 92.5 92.7 92.9 93.1 93.3 93.5 93.7 93.9 94.1 94.3 94.5 94.7 94.9 95.1 95.3 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.1 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.9 100.1 100.3 100.5 100.7 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.5 101.7 101.9 102.1 102.3 102.5 102.7 102.9 103.1 103.3 103.5 103.7 103.9 104.1 104.3 104.5 104.7 104.9 105.1 105.3 105.5 105.7 105.9 106.1 106.3 106.5 106.7 106.9 107.1 107.3 107.5 107.7 107.9 Japan FM, Brazil eFM 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 76.8 76.9 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.9 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.7 78.8 78.9 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 79.9 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 80.9 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 81.9 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 82.9 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 83.8 83.9 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 84.9 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 85.6 85.7 85.8 85.9 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 86.6 86.7 86.8 86.9 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Weather radio 162.400 162.425 162.450 162.475 162.500 162.525 162.550 1 Non-standard frequency 2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at 3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing. 4 See also: Template:Audio broadcasting, Apex (radio band) and OIRT
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"}],"text":"The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 88.2 MHz:","title":"88.2 FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Radio"},{"link_name":"The Voice of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_China_(radio_channel)"}],"text":"CNR The Voice of China in Panjin","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_FM_(Malaysia)"}],"text":"Hot FM in Alor Setar, Kedah and Penang","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Various low-power stations up to 1 watt[1]","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TRT-3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"}],"text":"TRT-3 at Istanbul","title":"Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfcomTxParams-2"}],"text":"BBC Radio 2 (Betws Y Coed, Bexhill, Calne, Elgin, Gloucestershire, Newbury, South West Wales)[2]","title":"United Kingdom"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2010-go4604?year=2010&noticeNumber=4604","external_links_name":"New Zealand RSM bulletin regarding LPFM Broadcasting; retrieved July 19, 2020."},{"Link":"https://www.ofcom.org.uk/spectrum/information/radio-tech-parameters","external_links_name":"Ofcom Technical parameters for broadcast radio received"},{"Link":"http://www.eibispace.de/dx/freq-a16.txt","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Spinner
Francis E. Spinner
["1 Life","1.1 Early career","1.2 Congressman","1.3 Treasurer","1.4 Resignation and later career","2 Death and legacy","3 Notes","4 Sources","5 External links"]
American politician Francis E. Spinner10th Treasurer of the United StatesIn officeMarch 16, 1861 – July 30, 1875PresidentAbraham LincolnAndrew JohnsonUlysses S. GrantPreceded byWilliam C. PriceSucceeded byJohn C. NewMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New York's 17th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1855 – March 3, 1861Preceded byBishop PerkinsSucceeded bySocrates N. Sherman Personal detailsBornFrancis Elias Spinner(1802-01-21)January 21, 1802German Flatts, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 31, 1890(1890-12-31) (aged 88)Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.Resting placeMohawk CemeteryMohawk, New YorkParent(s)John Peter SpinnerMary Magdalene Fidelis Brument SpinnerSignature Francis Elias Spinner (January 21, 1802 – December 31, 1890) was an American politician from New York. He served as Treasurer of the United States from 1861 to 1875, and was the first administrator in the federal government to employ women for clerical jobs. Life His father was John Peter Spinner (born in Werbach, Baden, January 18, 1768; died in German Flatts, New York, May 27, 1848), a Catholic priest who became a Protestant, married Mary Magdalene Fidelis Brument, emigrated to the United States in 1801, and was pastor of two German-speaking Dutch Reformed churches, at Herkimer and German Flatts until his death. Francis Spinner was the eldest of nine children, six sons and three daughters. His father instructed him in languages, and in the common schools of Herkimer County he learned English grammar, reading, writing and arithmetic. His father required Spinner to learn a trade. Early career Francis elected to become a merchant, and for about a year was employed as a clerk in a store. The store failed, and Francis was apprenticed to a confectioner in Albany. In Albany, Spinner made the acquaintance of some educated men who took an interest in his welfare. Peter Gansevoort allowed him the use of his library. Two years after his arrival, when his father found he was being employed as a salesman and bookkeeper, Spinner was removed from that situation and apprenticed to a saddle and harness maker in Amsterdam, New York. Here Spinner became a shareholder in the circulating library, and studied its volumes when he wasn't busy learning his trade. In 1824, Spinner moved back to Herkimer County, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1826, he married Caroline Caswell of Herkimer. He entered the state militia, and by 1834 had risen to the rank of major general. He was appointed deputy sheriff in 1829, and was sheriff of the County from 1834 to 1837. He was appointed one of the commissioners for the construction of the state lunatic asylum at Utica, New York in 1838. When he was removed from this post on political grounds, he engaged in banking, first as cashier and later as president, at the Mohawk Bank. He was state inspector of turnpikes, and served as commissioner and supervisor of schools. He was appointed auditor and deputy naval officer in charge of the Port of New York in 1845 and served four years. Congressman Spinner was elected as an anti-slavery Democrat to the 34th Congress. An active Republican from the formation of the party, he was re-elected as a Republican to the 35th and 36th United States Congresses, altogether serving from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1861. He served on the Committee on Privileges and Elections, on a special committee to investigate the assault made by Preston Brooks on Charles Sumner, and on a conference committee of both houses on the Army appropriation bill, which the senate had rejected on account of a clause that forbade the use of the military against Kansas settlers. During his last term (36th Congress), he was chairman of the Committee on Accounts. Treasurer Fifty-cent Fractional Currency depicting Spinner, with autograph signature. On the recommendation of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, he was appointed by President Lincoln as Treasurer of the United States and served from March 16, 1861, until his resignation on July 1, 1875. Within 60 days of his assuming office, the expenditures of the federal government increased dramatically. He was the first to suggest the employment of women in government offices. During the Civil War, many of the clerks of the Treasury Department joined the army, and Spinner suggested to Secretary Chase the advisability of employing women. After much persuasion, his suggestion was taken up, and he carried it into effect successfully, though not without much opposition. The women were first employed to count money, and later took up various clerical duties. He eventually hired over 100 women, paid them well, and retained them after the war was over. Spinner's signature on an 1862 issue United States Note. He signed the different series of paper money in a singular handwriting, which he cultivated in order to prevent counterfeiting. His signature on the "greenbacks" of the United States was the most familiar autograph in the country. The history Spinner gave of his signature was: I first practiced it while in the sheriff's office about 1835; I used it while commissioner for building the asylum at Utica, and as cashier and president of the Mohawk valley bank, and for franking while in congress. It was brought to its highest perfection when I was treasurer. Resignation and later career He resigned his office because of a disagreement over staffing appointments. A new Secretary refused to give him final say over his staff. Spinner thought that, as a bonded officer, he should have control over the appointment of clerks for whose acts he was responsible. When he resigned his office, the money in the treasury was counted. The result showed a very small discrepancy, and many days were spent in recounting and examining the books of accounts, until finally the mistake was discovered. In 1875, he ran on the Republican ticket for New York State Comptroller but was defeated by Democrat Lucius Robinson. He moved south, and for some years he lived in camp at Pablo Beach, Florida, where he lived a vigorous outdoor life, and also took up the study of Greek. He was survived by one of his three daughters. Death and legacy Francis E. Spinner (1894, installed 1909) by Henry Jackson Ellicott. The base prominently features Spinner's signature. Spinner was buried at the Mohawk Cemetery, in Mohawk, New York. Following Spinner's death, sculptor Henry Jackson Ellicott was commissioned to create a bronze statue of him. A group of women who worked in the Treasury Department contributed $10,000 toward the monument's $20,000 cost. It was completed in 1894, but never installed in front of the U.S. Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. Following years in storage, the Herkimer chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution petitioned for the statue to be transferred to his home town. On June 29, 1909, the bronze statue was unveiled "with impressive ceremonies" in Herkimer's Myers Park. "aid to be a very good likeness," the 7.5 ft (2.3 m) "splendid piece of bronze" faces Spinner's birthplace. The statue's base bears a likeness of his famous signature, which was then well-known from its appearance on U.S. Treasury notes. The inscription reads: The fact that I was instrumental in introducing women to employment in the offices of the government gives me more real satisfaction than all the other deeds of my life. Notes ^ a b c d Shaw, William Bristol (1935). "Spinner, Francis Elias". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ a b c Field, Phyllis (1999). "Spinner, Francis Elias". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400935. (subscription required) ^ a b A. Hardin, ed. (1893). History of Herkimer County, New York. Syracuse, N.Y., D. Mason & co. pp. 464–466. ^ a b "COUNTED MONEY 49 YEARS. Miss Graves, 81 Years Old, One of Treasury's First Women Clerks". The New York Times. June 9, 1913. ^ a b c Hartley, Issac S. (1891). "General Francis E. Spinner the Financier". Magazine of American History: 185–200. ^ McCulloch, Hugh (1888). Men and measures of half a century. New York, C. Scribner's sons. ^ a b c General Spinner from Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS). ^ a b "The Spinner Memorial". Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. 36. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution: 166. 1910. Retrieved January 25, 2019. ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Volume 19. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1910. p. 189. Retrieved January 25, 2019. Sources United States Congress. "Francis E. Spinner (id: S000737)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Spinner, Francis Elias" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Spinner, Francis Elias" . Encyclopedia Americana. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Spinner, Francis Elias" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. External links Biography portal Francis E. Spinner at Find a Grave U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byBishop Perkins Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 17th congressional district 1855–1861 Succeeded bySocrates N. Sherman Government offices Preceded byWilliam C. Price Treasurer of the United States March 16, 1861 – July 30, 1875 Succeeded byJohn C. New vteTreasurers of the United States Hillegas Meredith Tucker Wm Clark Campbell Selden Sloane Casey Price Spinner New Wyman Gilfillan Wyman Jordan Hyatt Huston Nebeker Morgan Roberts Treat McClung Thompson Burke White Tate Woods Julian G Clark Priest Smith Granahan Kabis (Elston) Bañuelos Neff Morton Buchanan Ortega Villalpando Withrow Marin Cabral Rios Carranza Malerba Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treasurer of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Francis Elias Spinner (January 21, 1802 – December 31, 1890) was an American politician from New York. He served as Treasurer of the United States from 1861 to 1875, and was the first administrator in the federal government to employ women for clerical jobs.","title":"Francis E. Spinner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werbach"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"German Flatts, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Flatts,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"link_name":"Herkimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer,_New_York"}],"text":"His father was John Peter Spinner (born in Werbach, Baden, January 18, 1768; died in German Flatts, New York, May 27, 1848), a Catholic priest who became a Protestant, married Mary Magdalene Fidelis Brument,[1] emigrated to the United States in 1801, and was pastor of two German-speaking Dutch Reformed churches,[2] at Herkimer and German Flatts until his death.Francis Spinner was the eldest of nine children, six sons and three daughters. His father instructed him in languages, and in the common schools of Herkimer County he learned English grammar, reading, writing and arithmetic. His father required Spinner to learn a trade.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apprenticed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice"},{"link_name":"confectioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectioner"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herkimer-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Gansevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gansevoort_(state_senator)"},{"link_name":"saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herkimer-3"},{"link_name":"Herkimer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"state lunatic asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica_Psychiatric_Center"},{"link_name":"Utica, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"turnpikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"Port of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Francis elected to become a merchant, and for about a year was employed as a clerk in a store. The store failed, and Francis was apprenticed to a confectioner in Albany.[3]In Albany, Spinner made the acquaintance of some educated men who took an interest in his welfare. Peter Gansevoort allowed him the use of his library. Two years after his arrival, when his father found he was being employed as a salesman and bookkeeper, Spinner was removed from that situation and apprenticed to a saddle and harness maker in Amsterdam, New York. Here Spinner became a shareholder in the circulating library, and studied its volumes when he wasn't busy learning his trade.[3]In 1824, Spinner moved back to Herkimer County, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1826, he married Caroline Caswell of Herkimer.[1] He entered the state militia, and by 1834 had risen to the rank of major general. He was appointed deputy sheriff in 1829, and was sheriff of the County from 1834 to 1837. He was appointed one of the commissioners for the construction of the state lunatic asylum at Utica, New York in 1838. When he was removed from this post on political grounds, he engaged in banking, first as cashier and later as president, at the Mohawk Bank.He was state inspector of turnpikes, and served as commissioner and supervisor of schools. He was appointed auditor and deputy naval officer in charge of the Port of New York in 1845 and served four years.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"34th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"35th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"36th United States Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Preston Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Charles Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"}],"sub_title":"Congressman","text":"Spinner was elected as an anti-slavery Democrat to the 34th Congress. An active Republican from the formation of the party, he was re-elected as a Republican to the 35th and 36th United States Congresses, altogether serving from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1861. He served on the Committee on Privileges and Elections, on a special committee to investigate the assault made by Preston Brooks on Charles Sumner, and on a conference committee of both houses on the Army appropriation bill, which the senate had rejected on account of a clause that forbade the use of the military against Kansas settlers. During his last term (36th Congress), he was chairman of the Committee on Accounts.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-Fractional_(3rd_Issue)-$0.50-Fr.1328.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Salmon P. Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Elias_Spinner_(Engraved_Signature).jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Note"},{"link_name":"greenbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(money)"},{"link_name":"autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financier-5"}],"sub_title":"Treasurer","text":"Fifty-cent Fractional Currency depicting Spinner, with autograph signature.On the recommendation of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, he was appointed by President Lincoln as Treasurer of the United States and served from March 16, 1861, until his resignation on July 1, 1875. Within 60 days of his assuming office, the expenditures of the federal government increased dramatically.[1]He was the first to suggest the employment of women in government offices. During the Civil War, many of the clerks of the Treasury Department joined the army, and Spinner suggested to Secretary Chase the advisability of employing women. After much persuasion,[4] his suggestion was taken up, and he carried it into effect successfully, though not without much opposition. The women were first employed to count money, and later took up various clerical duties.[1] He eventually hired over 100 women, paid them well, and retained them after the war was over.[2]Spinner's signature on an 1862 issue United States Note.He signed the different series of paper money in a singular handwriting, which he cultivated in order to prevent counterfeiting. His signature on the \"greenbacks\" of the United States was the most familiar autograph in the country. The history Spinner gave of his signature was:I first practiced it while in the sheriff's office about 1835; I used it while commissioner for building the asylum at Utica, and as cashier and president of the Mohawk valley bank, and for franking while in congress. It was brought to its highest perfection when I was treasurer.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcculloch-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1875"},{"link_name":"New York State Comptroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller"},{"link_name":"Lucius Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Pablo Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anb-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financier-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financier-5"}],"sub_title":"Resignation and later career","text":"He resigned his office because of a disagreement over staffing appointments. A new Secretary refused to give him final say over his staff. Spinner thought that, as a bonded officer, he should have control over the appointment of clerks for whose acts he was responsible.[6] When he resigned his office, the money in the treasury was counted. The result showed a very small discrepancy, and many days were spent in recounting and examining the books of accounts, until finally the mistake was discovered.[citation needed]In 1875, he ran on the Republican ticket for New York State Comptroller but was defeated by Democrat Lucius Robinson. He moved south, and for some years he lived in camp at Pablo Beach, Florida, where he lived a vigorous outdoor life,[2] and also took up the study of Greek.[5] He was survived by one of his three daughters.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_E._Spinner_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mohawk, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk,_Herkimer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Henry Jackson Ellicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Ellicott"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-7"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DARMag-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DARMag-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAR-9"}],"text":"Francis E. Spinner (1894, installed 1909) by Henry Jackson Ellicott. The base prominently features Spinner's signature.Spinner was buried at the Mohawk Cemetery, in Mohawk, New York.Following Spinner's death, sculptor Henry Jackson Ellicott was commissioned to create a bronze statue of him.[7] A group of women who worked in the Treasury Department contributed $10,000 toward the monument's $20,000 cost.[4] It was completed in 1894, but never installed in front of the U.S. Treasury Building in Washington, D.C.[7] Following years in storage, the Herkimer chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution petitioned for the statue to be transferred to his home town.[7] On June 29, 1909, the bronze statue was unveiled \"with impressive ceremonies\" in Herkimer's Myers Park.[8] \"[S]aid to be a very good likeness,\" the 7.5 ft (2.3 m) \"splendid piece of bronze\"[8] faces Spinner's birthplace.[9] The statue's base bears a likeness of his famous signature, which was then well-known from its appearance on U.S. Treasury notes. The inscription reads:The fact that I was instrumental in introducing women to employment in the offices of the government gives me more real satisfaction than all the other deeds of my life.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dab_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dab_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dab_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dab_1-3"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anb_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anb_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-anb_2-2"},{"link_name":"American National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0400935"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-herkimer_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-herkimer_3-1"},{"link_name":"History of Herkimer County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofherkime00hard"},{"link_name":"464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofherkime00hard/page/464"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"COUNTED MONEY 49 YEARS. Miss Graves, 81 Years Old, One of Treasury's First Women Clerks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D12F6345E13738DDDA00894DE405B838DF1D3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-financier_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-financier_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-financier_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"General Francis E. Spinner the Financier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qD2yJCIGP8YC&pg=PA185"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mcculloch_6-0"},{"link_name":"Men and measures of half a century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/menmeasureshalf00mccurich"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRIS_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRIS_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRIS_7-2"},{"link_name":"General Spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=16PK663R00434.2046&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!330062~!13&ri=1&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Ellicott,+Henry&index=.AW&uindex=&aspect=Keyword&menu=search&ri=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DARMag_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DARMag_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Spinner Memorial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=F8sWAAAAYAAJ&q=statue+in+myers+Park+herkimer+francis+spinner+signature&pg=PA166"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DAR_9-0"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Volume 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U2MUAAAAYAAJ&q=statue+in+myers+Park+herkimer+francis+spinner+dedicated&pg=PA189"}],"text":"^ a b c d Shaw, William Bristol (1935). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.\n\n^ a b c Field, Phyllis (1999). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400935. (subscription required)\n\n^ a b A. Hardin, ed. (1893). History of Herkimer County, New York. Syracuse, N.Y., D. Mason & co. pp. 464–466.\n\n^ a b \"COUNTED MONEY 49 YEARS. Miss Graves, 81 Years Old, One of Treasury's First Women Clerks\". The New York Times. June 9, 1913.\n\n^ a b c Hartley, Issac S. (1891). \"General Francis E. Spinner the Financier\". Magazine of American History: 185–200.\n\n^ McCulloch, Hugh (1888). Men and measures of half a century. New York, C. Scribner's sons.\n\n^ a b c General Spinner from Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS).\n\n^ a b \"The Spinner Memorial\". Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. 36. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution: 166. 1910. Retrieved January 25, 2019.\n\n^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Volume 19. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1910. p. 189. Retrieved January 25, 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Francis E. Spinner (id: S000737)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000737"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Wilson, J. G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Fiske, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Spinner,_Francis_Elias"},{"link_name":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Spinner,_Francis_Elias"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana"},{"link_name":"Gilman, D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman"},{"link_name":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Spinner,_Francis_Elias"},{"link_name":"New International Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"Francis E. Spinner (id: S000737)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . Encyclopedia Americana.\nGilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Fifty-cent Fractional Currency depicting Spinner, with autograph signature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US-Fractional_%283rd_Issue%29-%240.50-Fr.1328.jpg/220px-US-Fractional_%283rd_Issue%29-%240.50-Fr.1328.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spinner's signature on an 1862 issue United States Note.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Francis_Elias_Spinner_%28Engraved_Signature%29.jpg/220px-Francis_Elias_Spinner_%28Engraved_Signature%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francis E. Spinner (1894, installed 1909) by Henry Jackson Ellicott. The base prominently features Spinner's signature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Francis_E._Spinner_statue.jpg/220px-Francis_E._Spinner_statue.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Shaw, William Bristol (1935). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Field, Phyllis (1999). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography","url_text":"American National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0400935","url_text":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400935"}]},{"reference":"A. Hardin, ed. (1893). History of Herkimer County, New York. Syracuse, N.Y., D. Mason & co. pp. 464–466.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofherkime00hard","url_text":"History of Herkimer County, New York"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofherkime00hard/page/464","url_text":"464"}]},{"reference":"\"COUNTED MONEY 49 YEARS. Miss Graves, 81 Years Old, One of Treasury's First Women Clerks\". The New York Times. June 9, 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D12F6345E13738DDDA00894DE405B838DF1D3","url_text":"\"COUNTED MONEY 49 YEARS. Miss Graves, 81 Years Old, One of Treasury's First Women Clerks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hartley, Issac S. (1891). \"General Francis E. Spinner the Financier\". Magazine of American History: 185–200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qD2yJCIGP8YC&pg=PA185","url_text":"\"General Francis E. Spinner the Financier\""}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Hugh (1888). Men and measures of half a century. New York, C. Scribner's sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/menmeasureshalf00mccurich","url_text":"Men and measures of half a century"}]},{"reference":"\"The Spinner Memorial\". Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. 36. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution: 166. 1910. Retrieved January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F8sWAAAAYAAJ&q=statue+in+myers+Park+herkimer+francis+spinner+signature&pg=PA166","url_text":"\"The Spinner Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Volume 19. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1910. p. 189. Retrieved January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U2MUAAAAYAAJ&q=statue+in+myers+Park+herkimer+francis+spinner+dedicated&pg=PA189","url_text":"Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Volume 19"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Francis E. Spinner (id: S000737)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000737","url_text":"\"Francis E. Spinner (id: S000737)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Spinner,_Francis_Elias","url_text":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . Encyclopedia Americana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Spinner,_Francis_Elias","url_text":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Spinner, Francis Elias\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Spinner,_Francis_Elias","url_text":"\"Spinner, Francis Elias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabe_Thomas
Jabe Thomas
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
American racing driver NASCAR driver Cerry Ezra "Jabe" ThomasJabe Thomas showing off his #25 Plymouth Roadrunner (circa 1971)Born(1930-05-12)May 12, 1930Christiansburg, Virginia, U.S. Best_Cup_Pos = 6th (1971)DiedJune 4, 2015(2015-06-04) (aged 85)NASCAR Cup Series career322 races run over 13 yearsFirst race1965 Greenville 200 (Greenville-Pickens Speedway)Last race1978 Delaware 500 (Dover Downs International Speedway) Wins Top tens Poles 0 77 0 Cerry Ezra "Jabe" Thomas (May 12, 1930 – June 4, 2015) was a NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup Series driver who competed from the mid-1960s through the late 1970s. His son Ronnie was also a NASCAR Cup Series driver; competing from 1977 to 1989 and winning NASCAR's Rookie of the Year award in 1978. Career Thomas drove 75,243 laps of racing and earned $295,497 in total career money ($1,380,393.13 when adjusted for inflation). All of the laps that Thomas raced were the equivalent of 65,631.9 miles (105,624.3 km) or circumnavigating the world at least once. Three finishes in the top five, 77 finishes in the top ten, and an average finish of 18th (his average start was 22nd) in his career were a part of his total statistics in the motorsport. Thomas started his Winston Cup Career at the age of 35 and ended it when he was 48 years old. Thomas competed in a total of 322 NASCAR Winston Cup events. He was a competitor at least three major races of that era (the Fireball 300, the Tidewater 300, and the Yankee 400) along with the other important racing events of that era. Thomas is best known, however, for his performance during the 1971 and the 1974 NASCAR Cup Series seasons. References ^ a b c d e f "Jabe Thomas information (second information)". Legends of NASCAR. Retrieved 2011-01-09. ^ a b c d e "Jabe Thomas information". Racing Reference. Retrieved 2011-01-09. External links Jabe Thomas driver statistics at Racing-Reference This biographical article related to NASCAR is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Winston Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legendsofnascar-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabethomas-2"},{"link_name":"Ronnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Thomas"}],"text":"NASCAR driverCerry Ezra \"Jabe\" Thomas (May 12, 1930 – June 4, 2015) was a NASCAR Grand National/Winston Cup Series driver who competed from the mid-1960s through the late 1970s.[1][2] His son Ronnie was also a NASCAR Cup Series driver; competing from 1977 to 1989 and winning NASCAR's Rookie of the Year award in 1978.","title":"Jabe Thomas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabethomas-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabethomas-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabethomas-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jabethomas-2"},{"link_name":"Fireball 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Fireball_300"},{"link_name":"Tidewater 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Tidewater_300"},{"link_name":"Yankee 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Yankee_400"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_NASCAR_Winston_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legendsofnascar-1"}],"text":"Thomas drove 75,243 laps of racing and earned $295,497 in total career money ($1,380,393.13 when adjusted for inflation).[2] All of the laps that Thomas raced were the equivalent of 65,631.9 miles (105,624.3 km) or circumnavigating the world at least once.[2] Three finishes in the top five, 77 finishes in the top ten, and an average finish of 18th (his average start was 22nd) in his career were a part of his total statistics in the motorsport.[2] Thomas started his Winston Cup Career at the age of 35 and ended it when he was 48 years old.[2] Thomas competed in a total of 322 NASCAR Winston Cup events.He was a competitor at least three major races of that era (the Fireball 300, the Tidewater 300, and the Yankee 400) along with the other important racing events of that era. Thomas is best known, however, for his performance during the 1971 and the 1974 NASCAR Cup Series seasons.[1]","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Jabe Thomas information (second information)\". Legends of NASCAR. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legendsofnascar.com/Jabe_Thomas.htm","url_text":"\"Jabe Thomas information (second information)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jabe Thomas information\". Racing Reference. Retrieved 2011-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.racing-reference.info/driver?id=thomaja01","url_text":"\"Jabe Thomas information\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyroid_membrane
Cricothyroid ligament
["1 Structure","1.1 Relations","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","4 History","5 Other animals","6 Additional images","7 References"]
Cricothyroid ligamentThe ligaments of the larynx. Antero-lateral view.DetailsIdentifiersLatinligamentum cricothyroideumFMA55233Anatomical terminology The cricothyroid ligament (also known as the cricothyroid membrane or cricovocal membrane) is a ligament in the neck. It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. It prevents these cartilages from moving too far apart. It is cut during an emergency cricothyrotomy to treat upper airway obstruction. Structure The cricothyroid ligament is composed of two parts: the median cricothyroid ligament along the midline (a thickening of the cricothyroid membrane). It is a flat band of white connective tissue that connects the front parts of the contiguous margins of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. It is a thick and strong ligament, narrow above and broad below. Each lateral ligament is known as the conus elasticus. the lateral cricothyroid ligaments on each side (these are also called conus elasticus). Each is overlapped on either side by laryngeal muscles. The conus elasticus (which means elastic cone in Latin) is the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament. The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the upper border of the cricoid cartilage to the lower margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous. The vocal ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of each conus elasticus. They extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders. Relations The prelaryngeal lymph node (also known as the Delphian lymph node) sits anterior to the median cricothyroid ligament. Function The cricothyroid ligament prevents the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage from moving too far apart. Clinical significance The cricothyroid ligament is cut during an emergency cricothyrotomy. This kind of surgical intervention is necessary during airway obstruction above the level of vocal folds. History The cricothyroid ligament is named after the two structures it connects: the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It is also known as the cricothyroid membrane, and the cricovocal membrane. The various parts of the cricothyroid ligament have been named in many different ways, which can cause confusion. Other animals The cricothyroid ligament can be found in many other animals, such as cats, dogs, and horses. The trachea can be accessed through the cricothyroid ligament, such as for aspiration. It can be an important landmark. Additional images Cricothyroid ligament Cricothyroid ligament Cricothyroid ligament Cricothyroid ligament Muscles, nerves and arteries of neck. Deep dissection. Anterior view. Cricothyroid ligament References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1078 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) ^ a b c Brandwein-Gensler, Margaret S.; Mahadevia, Panna; Gnepp, Douglas R. (2009). "5 - Nonsquamous Pathologic Diseases of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea". Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 309–411. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-2589-4.00005-X. ISBN 978-1-4377-1951-2. OCLC 460904310. ^ McGee, Steven R. (2018). "25 - Thyroid and Its Disorders". Evidence-based physical diagnosis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 203–220. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-39276-1.00025-1. ISBN 978-0-323-50871-1. OCLC 959371826. ^ Prithishkumar, Ivan James; Felicia, Christilda (2014). "Histology of the cricothyroid membrane: a clinical perspective". Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 66 (Suppl 1): 316–319. doi:10.1007/s12070-011-0375-7. ISSN 2231-3796. PMC 3918312. PMID 24533406. ^ a b c Burkhard, Mary Jo (2016). "5 - Respiratory Tract". Canine and feline cytology: a color atlas and interpretation guide (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Saunders. pp. 138–190. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-4083-3.00005-X. ISBN 978-0-323-24363-6. OCLC 910513174. ^ a b Lane, J Geoffrey (2007). "31 - Fourth Branchial Arch Defects". Equine respiratory medicine and surgery. Edinburgh: Saunders. pp. 467–472. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-2759-8.50036-2. ISBN 978-0-7020-2759-8. OCLC 460904360. vteAnatomy of the larynxCartilage Epiglottis Vallecula Thyroid Adam's apple Cricoid Paired Arytenoid Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate Cuneiform Ligaments and folds Extrinsic ligaments Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Lateral ligament Median ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament Intrinsic ligaments Quadrangular membrane Aryepiglottic Vestibular fold Cricothyroid ligament Vocal cords Histology Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet Vestibule Rima vestibuli Ventricle Rima glottidis/Glottis Infraglottic cavity Muscles Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid thyroepiglottic Other Cricothyroid joint Cricoarytenoid joint Portal: Anatomy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck"},{"link_name":"cricoid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"thyroid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"cricothyrotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy"},{"link_name":"airway obstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_obstruction"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament (also known as the cricothyroid membrane or cricovocal membrane) is a ligament in the neck. It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. It prevents these cartilages from moving too far apart. It is cut during an emergency cricothyrotomy to treat upper airway obstruction.","title":"Cricothyroid ligament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connective tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue"},{"link_name":"cricoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoid"},{"link_name":"thyroid cartilages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"conus elasticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus_elasticus"},{"link_name":"laryngeal muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx#Muscles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"mucous membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"vocal ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_ligament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"vocal processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_process"},{"link_name":"arytenoid cartilages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arytenoid_cartilage"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament is composed of two parts:the median cricothyroid ligament along the midline (a thickening of the cricothyroid membrane). It is a flat band of white connective tissue that connects the front parts of the contiguous margins of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. It is a thick and strong ligament, narrow above and broad below. Each lateral ligament is known as the conus elasticus.\nthe lateral cricothyroid ligaments on each side (these are also called conus elasticus). Each is overlapped on either side by laryngeal muscles.The conus elasticus (which means elastic cone in Latin) is the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament.[1] The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the upper border of the cricoid cartilage to the lower margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous.[1] The vocal ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of each conus elasticus.[1] They extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelaryngeal lymph node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelaryngeal_lymph_nodes"},{"link_name":"Delphian lymph node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphian_lymph_node"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Relations","text":"The prelaryngeal lymph node (also known as the Delphian lymph node) sits anterior to the median cricothyroid ligament.[2]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricoid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"thyroid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament prevents the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage from moving too far apart.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricothyrotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy"},{"link_name":"airway obstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_obstruction"},{"link_name":"vocal folds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cords"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament is cut during an emergency cricothyrotomy. This kind of surgical intervention is necessary during airway obstruction above the level of vocal folds.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricoid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"thyroid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament is named after the two structures it connects: the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It is also known as the cricothyroid membrane, and the cricovocal membrane.[3] The various parts of the cricothyroid ligament have been named in many different ways, which can cause confusion.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"trachea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea"},{"link_name":"aspiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-needle_aspiration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The cricothyroid ligament can be found in many other animals, such as cats,[4] dogs,[4] and horses.[5] The trachea can be accessed through the cricothyroid ligament, such as for aspiration.[4] It can be an important landmark.[5]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide5e.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3f.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide6lll.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide5ooo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2deded.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larynx_detailed.jpg"}],"text":"Cricothyroid ligament\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCricothyroid ligament\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCricothyroid ligament\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCricothyroid ligament\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuscles, nerves and arteries of neck. Deep dissection. Anterior view.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCricothyroid ligament","title":"Additional images"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Brandwein-Gensler, Margaret S.; Mahadevia, Panna; Gnepp, Douglas R. (2009). \"5 - Nonsquamous Pathologic Diseases of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, and Trachea\". Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 309–411. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-2589-4.00005-X. ISBN 978-1-4377-1951-2. OCLC 460904310.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460904310","url_text":"Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia","url_text":"Philadelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_(imprint)","url_text":"Saunders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-2589-4.00005-X","url_text":"10.1016/B978-1-4160-2589-4.00005-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1951-2","url_text":"978-1-4377-1951-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460904310","url_text":"460904310"}]},{"reference":"McGee, Steven R. (2018). \"25 - Thyroid and Its Disorders\". Evidence-based physical diagnosis (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 203–220. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-39276-1.00025-1. ISBN 978-0-323-50871-1. OCLC 959371826.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959371826","url_text":"Evidence-based physical diagnosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia","url_text":"Philadelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-39276-1.00025-1","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-323-39276-1.00025-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-50871-1","url_text":"978-0-323-50871-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959371826","url_text":"959371826"}]},{"reference":"Prithishkumar, Ivan James; Felicia, Christilda (2014). \"Histology of the cricothyroid membrane: a clinical perspective\". Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 66 (Suppl 1): 316–319. doi:10.1007/s12070-011-0375-7. ISSN 2231-3796. PMC 3918312. PMID 24533406.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918312","url_text":"\"Histology of the cricothyroid membrane: a clinical perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12070-011-0375-7","url_text":"10.1007/s12070-011-0375-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2231-3796","url_text":"2231-3796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3918312","url_text":"3918312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24533406","url_text":"24533406"}]},{"reference":"Burkhard, Mary Jo (2016). \"5 - Respiratory Tract\". Canine and feline cytology: a color atlas and interpretation guide (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Saunders. pp. 138–190. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-4083-3.00005-X. ISBN 978-0-323-24363-6. OCLC 910513174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910513174","url_text":"Canine and feline cytology: a color atlas and interpretation guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis","url_text":"St. Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_(imprint)","url_text":"Saunders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-4083-3.00005-X","url_text":"10.1016/B978-1-4557-4083-3.00005-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-24363-6","url_text":"978-0-323-24363-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910513174","url_text":"910513174"}]},{"reference":"Lane, J Geoffrey (2007). \"31 - Fourth Branchial Arch Defects\". Equine respiratory medicine and surgery. Edinburgh: Saunders. pp. 467–472. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-2759-8.50036-2. ISBN 978-0-7020-2759-8. OCLC 460904360.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460904360","url_text":"Equine respiratory medicine and surgery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh","url_text":"Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders_(imprint)","url_text":"Saunders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-7020-2759-8.50036-2","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-7020-2759-8.50036-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2759-8","url_text":"978-0-7020-2759-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460904360","url_text":"460904360"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Virginia
Bank of Virginia
["1 Acquisition by First Citizens Bank","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Bibliography"]
1861 Bank of Virginia 1 dollar banknote Cordia Bancorp Inc (formerly trading as NCM:BVA) was a bank holding company for the Midlothian, VA-based Bank of Virginia. Before being acquired by First Citizens Bank, Cordia Bancorp operated six full-service banking branches around the Richmond, VA area. In addition, the bank operated student loan services at offices in Midlothian, VA and Washington, DC. Bank of Virginia was charted in 1804. Acquisition by First Citizens Bank On May 23, 2016, Cordia Bancorp and its subsidiary, Bank of Virginia, announced that First Citizens Bank would acquire them for $35 million at $5.15 per share in cash. With the acquisition, First Citizens Bank added six banks to its 550 nationwide branches. Following the merge on September 1, 2016, the former branches were rebranded as First Citizen Bank branches. References Notes ^ a b Times-Dispatch, CAROL HAZARD Richmond. "Bank of Virginia merged into First Citizens". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2017-08-19. ^ "N.C. buyer snatches up Bank of Virginia". Richmond BizSense. 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2017-08-19. ^ Chapman & Westerfield 1980, p. 38 Bibliography Chapman, John Martin; Westerfield, Ray Bert (1980). Branch Banking. Ayer Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-405-13640-5. This Virginia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?CIK=BVA&owner=exclude&action=getcompany"},{"link_name":"Midlothian, VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"First Citizens Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Citizens_BancShares"},{"link_name":"Richmond, VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cordia Bancorp Inc (formerly trading as NCM:BVA) was a bank holding company for the Midlothian, VA-based Bank of Virginia. Before being acquired by First Citizens Bank, Cordia Bancorp operated six full-service banking branches around the Richmond, VA area. In addition, the bank operated student loan services at offices in Midlothian, VA and Washington, DC.[1][2]Bank of Virginia was charted in 1804.[3]","title":"Bank of Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"On May 23, 2016, Cordia Bancorp and its subsidiary, Bank of Virginia, announced that First Citizens Bank would acquire them for $35 million at $5.15 per share in cash. With the acquisition, First Citizens Bank added six banks to its 550 nationwide branches.[1] Following the merge on September 1, 2016, the former branches were rebranded as First Citizen Bank branches.","title":"Acquisition by First Citizens Bank"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Times-Dispatch, CAROL HAZARD Richmond. \"Bank of Virginia merged into First Citizens\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2017-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/business/local/bank-of-virginia-merged-into-first-citizens/article_c42add4e-5b69-5034-bdcd-97d5ee157f47.html","url_text":"\"Bank of Virginia merged into First Citizens\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.C. buyer snatches up Bank of Virginia\". Richmond BizSense. 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2017-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://richmondbizsense.com/2016/05/23/n-c-buyer-snatches-up-bank-of-virginia/","url_text":"\"N.C. buyer snatches up Bank of Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, John Martin; Westerfield, Ray Bert (1980). Branch Banking. Ayer Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-405-13640-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=taGmSdPAI9IC&dq=bank%20of%20virginia&pg=RA1-PA38","url_text":"Branch Banking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-13640-5","url_text":"978-0-405-13640-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca
Enzo Maiorca
["1 Biography","2 Freediving","3 Post-diving","4 Prizes","4.1 Variable buoyancy","4.2 Constant weight","5 Awards","6 Bibliography","7 Film and music","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Italian free diver Enzo MaiorcaMaiorca in 1974.Personal informationNationalityItalianBorn(1931-06-21)21 June 1931Syracuse, ItalyDied13 November 2016(2016-11-13) (aged 85)Syracuse, ItalySportSportFreediving Enzo Maiorca (21 June 1931 – 13 November 2016) was an Italian free diver who held several world freediving records. Born Vincenzo Maiorca on 21 June 1931 in Syracuse, Sicily, he died on 13 November 2016 in the same city. Biography Maiorca was born in Syracuse, Sicily, where he also died in 2016. Maiorca was a vegetarian. In 1977, Maiorca was initiated into Scottish Rite Freemasonry at the "Archimede di Siracusa" Lodge in Italy. With the agreement of the Grand Orient of Italy lodge, this element of his biography was publicly revealed in 2017. Freediving Maiorca learned to swim at age 4 and soon began to dive, although expressing a great fear of the sea. In 1956 a friend showed him an article about a new depth record of 41 meters set by spearfishing champions Ennio Falco and Alberto Novelli. Maiorca was led by the article to begin competing in order to achieve the title of the "man who reaches the deepest." He achieved this in 1960, when he reached 45 metres to beat Brazilian Americo Santarelli. That same year, however, Santarelli reclaimed the title by reaching 46 metres, which Maiorca soon surpassed at 49 metres. In 1967 Maiorca ceased spearfishing, while still competing in freediving. He explained in an interview why he abandoned spearfishing: "It all happened suddenly. I was diving in the shallows not far from the cape that reaches out to the open sea south of the bay of Syracuse. That morning I happened to spear a grouper. A strong and combative grouper. On the bottom a real titanic struggle broke out, between me who wanted to take its life and the grouper who tried to save itself. The grouper was caught in a cavity between two rocks; trying to understand its position, I ran my right hand down the fish's belly. Its heart was pounding in terror, mad with fear. And with that pulsing of blood I realized that I was killing a living being. Since then my speargun lies like a derelict, an archaeological item, in the dusty basement of my house. That was in 1967." On 22 September 1974, in the Bay of Ieranto (or 'Jeranto') at the western end of the Gulf of Salerno, Maiorca attempted to establish a new world record for freediving, aiming for 90 metres. The event was televised live, for the first time in the history of RAI (the Italian national broadcaster). Less than 20 metres into his dive, Maiorca bumped into Enzo Bottesini, an expert scuba instructor, and upon resurfacing he let out a string of strong expletives, many of which were clearly audible to the television audience. His outburst led to a television ban for many years, and led to his retirement from competition for more than a decade. In 1988, Maiorca returned to free diving and set his final record of 101 metres. Maiorca's main rivals were the Brazilian Amerigo Santarelli (who retired from the sport in 1963), Teteke Williams, Robert Croft, and Jacques Mayol. Post-diving From 1994 to 1996, Maiorca was elected to the Senate for the right-wing Alleanza Nazionale party. Maiorca also appeared on Lineablu, a RAI broadcast news series, from 2000 to 2002. The character Enzo Molinari, portrayed by Jean Reno, in the 1988 Luc Besson film The Big Blue was based on Maiorca. Prizes Variable buoyancy 1960 September depth 45 Metres 1960 November depth 49 Metres 1962 August depth 51 Metres 1964 August depth 53 Metres 1965 August depth 54 Metres 1966 November depth 62 Metres 1967 September depth 64 Metres 1968 August depth 69 Metres 1969 August depth 72 Metres 1970 August depth 74 Metres 1971 August depth 77 Metres 1972 August depth 78 Metres 1973 August depth 80 Metres 1974 September depth 87 Metres 1986 depth 91 Metres 1987 depth 94 Metres 1988 depth 101 Metres Constant weight August 1961 50 Metres August 1972 57 Metres August 1973 58 Metres September 1976 60 Metres 1978 52 Metres (new regulation) 1979 55 Metres Awards Gold Medal of the President of the Republic (1964) for athletic prowess Ustica Golden Trident CONI's Literary Award for his book Headlong into the Blue (1976) Sport merits Gold Star from CONI Gold Medal of Merit Marina (not only for sports but also for the defence of the environment, 2006) His 80th birthday was celebrated in La Spezia with the conferring of the Award of the Maritime Festival. Bibliography Maiorca was the author of several books: Headlong into the Blue: The Life and Business of a World Record. Milan, ed. Murcia, 1977. School Apnea. Rome, ed. Cuba, 1982. The Sea with a Capital S. Lights, 2001. Under the Sign of Tanit. Milan, Murcia, 2011 ISBN 9788842548799 Film and music Maiorca co-starred as himself in the film Challenge on the Bottom (1975), directed by Melchiade Coletti. The rivalry between Maiorca and Jacques Mayol inspired the 1988 film The Big Blue by Luc Besson. The movie was not shown in Italy until 2002 due to Maiorca's objections. Recognizing his own caricature in the character of Enzo Molinari, Maiorca considered the portrayal detrimental to his image. After the death of Jacques Mayol in 2001 and Maiorca's retirement from competitions, he relented, and the film was shown. Quoted by the protagonist of the film I Am Self Sufficient (1976) by Nanni Moretti. Mentioned in the song "The Ballad of Cimino" by Davide Van de Sfroos. Cited by the plaintiff Guido Nickel in the film Monte Carlo Grand Casino. See also Legends of Italian sport - Walk of Fame The Big Blue References ^ "È morto l'apneista Enzo Maiorca". ilpost.it (in Italian). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ "Addio Enzo Maiorca – "Quella cernia mi fece sentire un barbaro" / intervista audio". restiamoanimali.it (in Italian). 15 November 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2021. Vegetariano dichiarato, grande amante degli acquatici e difensore dei mari ^ "Enzo Maiorca obituary". theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 January 2023. ^ "Massoneria, Gran Loggia 2017: il Gran Maestro omaggia Arnoldo Foà e Enzo Maiorca". blitzquotidiano.it (in Italian). 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ "Gran Loggia 2017. Massoneria e i suoi trecento anni di modernità, una mostra ricorda i massoni protagonisti del Novecento". Grand Orient of Italy (in Italian). 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2018. ^ "È morto Enzo Maiorca, "il signore degli abissi"" . lastampa.it (in Italian). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ Mulder, Peter De. "RETRO 1967 DIVE – ABOVE AND UNDERWATER". Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "La storia di Enzo Maiorca" . saivivere.it (in Italian). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ "Addio a Enzo Maiorca, il "re degli abissi"" . Sport. rainews.it (in Italian). 13 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Enzo Maiorca morto, addio al Signore degli abissi. Recordman di immersione in apnea, arrivò a -101 metri" . Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ "Big Blue freediver Enzo Maiorca dies in Sicily". ^ "Rivali: Maiorca vs Mayol, l'arte dell'apnea tra irruenza e meditazione". calcioweb.eu (in Italian). 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2021. Dialogue on 50 years of television among Marino Bartoletti and Paul Limits (3rd chapter). TV Smiles and Canzoni.com, 7 January 2004. Retrieved on 24 November 2010. card activity to the Senate Umberto Veronesi, Towards the vegetarian choice, Giunti Editore, 2011, p. 8. ISBN 978-88-09-76687-7 Quoted in Lawrence Guadagnucci, Remain Animals, Terre di mezzo, Milan, 2012, p. 72. ISBN 978-88-6189-224-8 External links Official website vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal vteWalk of Fame of Italian sportFirst 100 names Gian Giorgio Trissino Giovanni Raicevich Giorgio Zampori Paolo Salvi Tazio Nuvolari Costante Girardengo Nedo Nadi Ottavio Bottecchia Carlo Galimberti Ugo Frigerio Alfredo Binda Learco Guerra Romeo Neri Giulio Gaudini Primo Carnera Giuseppe Meazza Silvio Piola Gino Bartali Agostino Straulino Ondina Valla Adolfo Consolini Alberto Ascari Valentino Mazzola Edoardo Mangiarotti Fausto Coppi Zeno Colò Fiorenzo Magni Giuseppe Delfino Piero D'Inzeo Cesare Rubini Raimondo D'Inzeo Irene Camber Pino Dordoni Eugenio Monti Enzo Maiorca Antonio Maspes Nicola Pietrangeli Abdon Pamich Lea Pericoli Graziano Mancinelli Eraldo Pizzo Nino Benvenuti Livio Berruti Sante Gaiardoni Franco Nones Marco Bollesan Franco Menichelli Bruno Arcari Dino Zoff Giacomo Agostini Felice Gimondi Mauro Checcoli Gianni Rivera Roberto Marson Gigi Riva Luciano Giovannetti Renato Molinari Klaus Dibiasi Dino Meneghin Adriano Panatta Gustav Thöni Oreste Perri Pietro Mennea Pierluigi Marzorati Corrado Barazzutti Sara Simeoni Piero Gros Novella Calligaris Daniele Masala Costantino Rocca Gabriella Dorio Giuseppe Di Capua Alberto Cova Ezio Gamba Patrizio Oliva Gelindo Bordin Giuseppe Abbagnale Paola Fantato Andrea Benelli Mauro Numa Carmine Abbagnale Manuela Di Centa Francesco Attolico Sandro Campagna Luca Pancalli Josefa Idem Agostino Abbagnale Alberto Tomba Roberto Baggio Lorenzo Bernardi Antonio Rossi Stefania Belmondo Giorgio Lamberti Jury Chechi Alessandra Sensini Andrea Giani Giovanna Trillini Deborah Compagnoni Stefano Baldini Domenico Fioravanti 2015 inductees Maurizio Damilano Gianni De Magistris Duilio Loi Francesco Moser Enrico Fabris Armin Zoeggeler Dorando Pietri 2016 inductees Alberto Braglia Sandro Mazzinghi Paola Pigni Mario Fiorillo Valentina Vezzali 2018 inductees Luigi Beccali Ercole Baldini Paolo Maldini Samuele Papi Massimiliano Rosolino 2019 inductees Sara Anzanello Antonella Bellutti Roberto Cammarelle 2021 inductees Paolo Rossi Alessandro Andrei Vincenzo Maenza Gabriella Paruzzi Paolo Bettini 2023 inductees Flavia Pennetta Tania Cagnotto Niccolò Campriani Fabio Cannavaro Amedeo Pomilio Giulia Quintavalle Carlo Molfetta Marco Galiazzo Daniele Molmenti Antonio Tartaglia Günther Huber Marco Albarello Maurilio De Zolt Silvio Fauner Giorgio Vanzetta Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_diver"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Enzo Maiorca (21 June 1931 – 13 November 2016) was an Italian free diver who held several world freediving records. Born Vincenzo Maiorca on 21 June 1931 in Syracuse, Sicily, he died on 13 November 2016 in the same city.[1]","title":"Enzo Maiorca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish Rite Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rite_Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Archimede di Siracusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes"},{"link_name":"Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_Lodge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Maiorca was born in Syracuse, Sicily, where he also died in 2016. Maiorca was a vegetarian.[2][3]In 1977, Maiorca was initiated into Scottish Rite Freemasonry at the \"Archimede di Siracusa\" Lodge in Italy.[4] With the agreement of the Grand Orient of Italy lodge, this element of his biography was publicly revealed in 2017.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"},{"link_name":"spearfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfishing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Salerno"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"Enzo Bottesini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Bottesini"},{"link_name":"scuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"expletives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Amerigo Santarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amerigo_Santarelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teteke Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teteke_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Mayol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mayol"}],"text":"Maiorca learned to swim at age 4 and soon began to dive, although expressing a great fear of the sea. In 1956 a friend showed him an article about a new depth record of 41 meters set by spearfishing champions Ennio Falco and Alberto Novelli. Maiorca was led by the article to begin competing in order to achieve the title of the \"man who reaches the deepest.\" He achieved this in 1960, when he reached 45 metres to beat Brazilian Americo Santarelli. That same year, however, Santarelli reclaimed the title by reaching 46 metres, which Maiorca soon surpassed at 49 metres.[6]In 1967 Maiorca ceased spearfishing,[7] while still competing in freediving. He explained in an interview why he abandoned spearfishing:\"It all happened suddenly. I was diving in the shallows not far from the cape that reaches out to the open sea south of the bay of Syracuse. That morning I happened to spear a grouper. A strong and combative grouper. On the bottom a real titanic struggle broke out, between me who wanted to take its life and the grouper who tried to save itself. The grouper was caught in a cavity between two rocks; trying to understand its position, I ran my right hand down the fish's belly. Its heart was pounding in terror, mad with fear. And with that pulsing of blood I realized that I was killing a living being. Since then my speargun lies like a derelict, an archaeological item, in the dusty basement of my house. That was in 1967.\"[8]On 22 September 1974, in the Bay of Ieranto (or 'Jeranto') at the western end of the Gulf of Salerno, Maiorca attempted to establish a new world record for freediving, aiming for 90 metres. The event was televised live, for the first time in the history of RAI (the Italian national broadcaster). Less than 20 metres into his dive, Maiorca bumped into Enzo Bottesini, an expert scuba instructor, and upon resurfacing he let out a string of strong expletives, many of which were clearly audible to the television audience. His outburst led to a television ban for many years, and led to his retirement from competition for more than a decade.[9]In 1988, Maiorca returned to free diving and set his final record of 101 metres.[10]Maiorca's main rivals were the Brazilian Amerigo Santarelli (who retired from the sport in 1963), Teteke Williams, Robert Croft, and Jacques Mayol.","title":"Freediving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alleanza Nazionale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleanza_Nazionale"},{"link_name":"Lineablu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lineablu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"Jean Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Reno"},{"link_name":"Luc Besson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Besson"},{"link_name":"The Big Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Blue"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From 1994 to 1996, Maiorca was elected to the Senate for the right-wing Alleanza Nazionale party. Maiorca also appeared on Lineablu, a RAI broadcast news series, from 2000 to 2002. The character Enzo Molinari, portrayed by Jean Reno, in the 1988 Luc Besson film The Big Blue was based on Maiorca.[11]","title":"Post-diving"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Variable buoyancy","text":"1960 September depth 45 Metres\n1960 November depth 49 Metres\n1962 August depth 51 Metres\n1964 August depth 53 Metres\n1965 August depth 54 Metres\n1966 November depth 62 Metres\n1967 September depth 64 Metres\n1968 August depth 69 Metres\n1969 August depth 72 Metres\n1970 August depth 74 Metres\n1971 August depth 77 Metres\n1972 August depth 78 Metres\n1973 August depth 80 Metres\n1974 September depth 87 Metres\n1986 depth 91 Metres\n1987 depth 94 Metres\n1988 depth 101 Metres","title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Constant weight","text":"August 1961 50 Metres\nAugust 1972 57 Metres\nAugust 1973 58 Metres\nSeptember 1976 60 Metres\n1978 52 Metres (new regulation)\n1979 55 Metres","title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gold Medal of the President of the Republic (1964) for athletic prowess\nUstica Golden Trident\nCONI's Literary Award for his book Headlong into the Blue (1976)\nSport merits Gold Star from CONI\nGold Medal of Merit Marina (not only for sports but also for the defence of the environment, 2006)\nHis 80th birthday was celebrated in La Spezia with the conferring of the Award of the Maritime Festival.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788842548799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788842548799"}],"text":"Maiorca was the author of several books:Headlong into the Blue: The Life and Business of a World Record. Milan, ed. Murcia, 1977.\nSchool Apnea. Rome, ed. Cuba, 1982.\nThe Sea with a Capital S. Lights, 2001.\nUnder the Sign of Tanit. Milan, Murcia, 2011 ISBN 9788842548799","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Mayol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Mayol"},{"link_name":"The Big Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Blue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"I Am Self Sufficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Self_Sufficient"}],"text":"Maiorca co-starred as himself in the film Challenge on the Bottom (1975), directed by Melchiade Coletti.\nThe rivalry between Maiorca and Jacques Mayol inspired the 1988 film The Big Blue by Luc Besson.[12] The movie was not shown in Italy until 2002 due to Maiorca's objections. Recognizing his own caricature in the character of Enzo Molinari, Maiorca considered the portrayal detrimental to his image. After the death of Jacques Mayol in 2001 and Maiorca's retirement from competitions, he relented, and the film was shown.\nQuoted by the protagonist of the film I Am Self Sufficient (1976) by Nanni Moretti.\nMentioned in the song \"The Ballad of Cimino\" by Davide Van de Sfroos.\nCited by the plaintiff Guido Nickel in the film Monte Carlo Grand Casino.","title":"Film and music"}]
[]
[{"title":"Legends of Italian sport - Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Italian_sport_-_Walk_of_Fame"},{"title":"The Big Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Blue"}]
[{"reference":"\"È morto l'apneista Enzo Maiorca\". ilpost.it (in Italian). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilpost.it/2016/11/13/enzo-maiorca-morto-apneista/","url_text":"\"È morto l'apneista Enzo Maiorca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Addio Enzo Maiorca – \"Quella cernia mi fece sentire un barbaro\" / intervista audio\". restiamoanimali.it (in Italian). 15 November 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2021. Vegetariano dichiarato, grande amante degli acquatici e difensore dei mari","urls":[{"url":"http://www.restiamoanimali.it/blog/2016/addio-enzo-maiorca-quella-cernia-mi-fece-sentire-un-barbaro-intervista-audio/","url_text":"\"Addio Enzo Maiorca – \"Quella cernia mi fece sentire un barbaro\" / intervista audio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massoneria, Gran Loggia 2017: il Gran Maestro omaggia Arnoldo Foà e Enzo Maiorca\". blitzquotidiano.it (in Italian). 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/societa/massoneria-gran-loggia-2017-gran-maestro-omaggia-arnoldo-foa-enzo-maiorca-2662583","url_text":"\"Massoneria, Gran Loggia 2017: il Gran Maestro omaggia Arnoldo Foà e Enzo Maiorca\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331150028/http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/societa/massoneria-gran-loggia-2017-gran-maestro-omaggia-arnoldo-foa-enzo-maiorca-2662583","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gran Loggia 2017. Massoneria e i suoi trecento anni di modernità, una mostra ricorda i massoni protagonisti del Novecento\". Grand Orient of Italy (in Italian). 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grandeoriente.it/gran-loggia-2017-massoneria-e-trecento-anni-di-modernita-una-mostra-ricorda-i-massoni-protagonisti-del-novecento","url_text":"\"Gran Loggia 2017. Massoneria e i suoi trecento anni di modernità, una mostra ricorda i massoni protagonisti del Novecento\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204111/http://www.grandeoriente.it/gran-loggia-2017-massoneria-e-trecento-anni-di-modernita-una-mostra-ricorda-i-massoni-protagonisti-del-novecento","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"È morto Enzo Maiorca, \"il signore degli abissi\"\" [Enzo Maiorca, \"the lord of the abyss\", has died]. lastampa.it (in Italian). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2016/11/14/news/e-morto-enzo-maiorca-il-signore-degli-abissi-1.34770511","url_text":"\"È morto Enzo Maiorca, \"il signore degli abissi\"\""}]},{"reference":"Mulder, Peter De. \"RETRO 1967 DIVE – ABOVE AND UNDERWATER\". Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://above-and-underwater.com/index.php/2016/11/15/retro-1967-dive/","url_text":"\"RETRO 1967 DIVE – ABOVE AND UNDERWATER\""}]},{"reference":"\"La storia di Enzo Maiorca\" [The story of Enzo Maiorca]. saivivere.it (in Italian). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saivivere.it/contenuti-tematiche/natura-ed-ecologia/item/393-la-storia-di-enzo-maiorca","url_text":"\"La storia di Enzo Maiorca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Addio a Enzo Maiorca, il \"re degli abissi\"\" [Farewell to Enzo Maiorca, the \"king of the abyss\"]. Sport. rainews.it (in Italian). 13 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/addio-a-maiorca-il-sub-siracusano-recordman-di-immersioni-69111995-d2da-40fe-a7db-8f3e52291405.html","url_text":"\"Addio a Enzo Maiorca, il \"re degli abissi\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enzo Maiorca morto, addio al Signore degli abissi. Recordman di immersione in apnea, arrivò a -101 metri\" [Enzo Maiorca dead, farewell to the Lord of the abyss. Freediving record holder, he reached -101 metres]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2016/11/13/enzo-maiorca-morto-addio-al-signore-degli-abissi-recordman-di-immersione-in-apnea-arrivo-a-101-metri/3188790/","url_text":"\"Enzo Maiorca morto, addio al Signore degli abissi. Recordman di immersione in apnea, arrivò a -101 metri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Blue freediver Enzo Maiorca dies in Sicily\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelocal.it/20161113/big-blue-freediver-enzo-maiorca-dies-in-sicily","url_text":"\"Big Blue freediver Enzo Maiorca dies in Sicily\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rivali: Maiorca vs Mayol, l'arte dell'apnea tra irruenza e meditazione\". calcioweb.eu (in Italian). 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calcioweb.eu/2015/04/rivali-maiorca-vs-mayol-larte-dellapnea-tra-irruenza-e-meditazione/194387/","url_text":"\"Rivali: Maiorca vs Mayol, l'arte dell'apnea tra irruenza e meditazione\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Pettus
John Pettus (courtier)
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Family","4 Notes"]
English politician Sir John Pettus Sir John Pettus (1613–1690) was an English royalist, politician and natural philosopher. Pettus was an expert on metallurgy and became a deputy governor of the royal mines in England and Wales under Charles I and II. He is known for the first English translation of the work of the German metallurgist Lazarus Ercker. Life He was the third son of Sir Augustine Pettus of Rackheath, Norfolk, by his second wife, Abigail, third daughter of Sir Arthur Heveningham of Heveningham, Suffolk. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1632. He entered the service of Charles I in 1639, and was knighted on 25 November 1641, as a mark of the king's favour to Sir Richard Gurney, his father-in-law. Taken prisoner during the First English Civil War by Oliver Cromwell at Lowestoft, he was exchanged after 14 months' confinement in Windsor Castle. Pettus then raised a regiment of horse, at his own expense; but moved on to garrison work, at Bath and Bristol. At the 1645 siege of Bristol his life was saved by Colonel Charles Fleetwood, a relation by marriage. Four charges were brought against him by the parliamentary committees of Norfolk and Suffolk, to two of which he gave satisfactory answers on his examination by the committee of sequestrations in September 1645. In November 1646 the remaining two charges were still unheard. In that year, however, he compounded, receiving support from Charles Fleetwood, whose friendship for him then caused Pettus to be suspected of disloyalty to the royalist cause. He took part in attempts to save the life of Charles I, and had to sell some of his property to meet the expenses. After the king's execution Pettus supplied Charles II with money from time to time. He was confined by John Bradshaw for corresponding with the young king Charles, but after examination by the Council of State he was set free on bail of £4,000. In August 1651 he was assessed again but he was deep in debt, and paid only £40. In 1655 he addressed a petition to Cromwell, expressing fidelity to his government, and became deputy governor of the royal mines. In 1663 Pettus became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was elected Member of Parliament for Dunwich on 21 March 1670, and in 1672 he was appointed deputy lieutenant for Suffolk, deputy to the vice-admiral, and colonel of a regiment of the trained bands. In these post he saw service during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and was instrumental in raising £10,000 for the sick and wounded. Originally wealthy, Pettus had purchased Cheston Hall, Suffolk, and other estates, but in later life was imprisoned for debt. In July 1679 he wrote to William Sancroft from the King's Bench Prison, begging for a loan to set him free, and in 1683 he was said to be without financial resources. He remained deputy governor of the royal mines for more than 35 years, with a short break, and died in 1690. Works Pettus published: Illustration from Fleta Minor (1683) on copper assaying Fodinæ Regales; or the History, Laws, and Places of the chief Mines and Mineral Works in England, Wales, and the English Pale in Ireland, as also of the Mint and Mony ... with a clavis, London, 1670. This work was undertaken at the request of Prince Rupert and the Earl of Shaftesbury. England's Independency upon the Papal Power, London, 1674, consisting of reports by Sir John Davies and Sir Edward Coke, with a preface by Pettus. Volatiles from the History of Adam and Eve, containing many unquestioned Truths and allowable Notions of several Natures', London, 1674. The Case and Justification of Sir J. Pettus ... concerning two charitable Bills now depending in the House of Lords, under his care, one for the better settling of Mr. Henry Smith's Estate ... the other for settling of charitable uses in the Town of Kelshall, , 1677–8. The Constitution of Parliaments in England, deduced from the time of King Edward II, illustrated by King Charles II, in his Parliament summon'd the 18 of Feb. 1660–1, and dissolved 24 Jan. 1678–9, with an Appendix of its Sessions, London, 1680. Fleta Minor, or the Laws of Art and Nature ... in ... assaying, fining, refining ... of confin'd Metals, London, 1683. Translation from Aula Subterranea (Prague, 1574) by Lazarus Ercker. He left also unpublished and unfinished works, including an autobiography to 1645. Family Pettus married Elizabeth Gurney in 1639. They had two children: Richard, who died in 1662 Elizabeth, who married Samuel Sandys, and died on 25 May 1714, aged 74. Relations with his wife were unhappy. She deserted him in 1657, returned after five years' absence, but after a short time left him again and entered a nunnery. In 1672 she secured his excommunication. In defence of his conduct he published A Narrative of the Excommunication of Sir J. Pettus, of the County of Suffolk ... obtained against him by his lady, a Roman Catholic ... with his ... Answers to several aspersions raised against him by her, London, 1674. Notes ^ a b c Porter, Stephen. "Pettus, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22068. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d e f g h i Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). "Pettus, John" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ "Pettus, John (PTS632J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ John Arthur PHILLIPS (1859). A Manual of Metallurgy ... Third edition, revised. p. 2. ^ "Pettus, Richard (PTS656R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). "Pettus, John". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Australia Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Pettus_1889_copy.jpg"},{"link_name":"royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Lazarus Ercker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Ercker"}],"text":"Sir John PettusSir John Pettus (1613–1690) was an English royalist, politician and natural philosopher.[1] Pettus was an expert on metallurgy and became a deputy governor of the royal mines in England and Wales under Charles I and II. He is known for the first English translation of the work of the German metallurgist Lazarus Ercker.","title":"John Pettus (courtier)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Pettus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackheath"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Heveningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Arthur_Heveningham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heveningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heveningham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Gurney"},{"link_name":"First English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"1645 siege of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bristol_(1645)"},{"link_name":"Charles Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Council_of_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Dunwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"William Sancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sancroft"},{"link_name":"King's Bench Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Prison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"}],"text":"He was the third son of Sir Augustine Pettus of Rackheath, Norfolk, by his second wife, Abigail, third daughter of Sir Arthur Heveningham of Heveningham, Suffolk.[2] He matriculated at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1632.[3] He entered the service of Charles I in 1639, and was knighted on 25 November 1641, as a mark of the king's favour to Sir Richard Gurney, his father-in-law. Taken prisoner during the First English Civil War by Oliver Cromwell at Lowestoft, he was exchanged after 14 months' confinement in Windsor Castle.[2]Pettus then raised a regiment of horse, at his own expense; but moved on to garrison work, at Bath and Bristol. At the 1645 siege of Bristol his life was saved by Colonel Charles Fleetwood, a relation by marriage. Four charges were brought against him by the parliamentary committees of Norfolk and Suffolk, to two of which he gave satisfactory answers on his examination by the committee of sequestrations in September 1645. In November 1646 the remaining two charges were still unheard. In that year, however, he compounded, receiving support from Charles Fleetwood, whose friendship for him then caused Pettus to be suspected of disloyalty to the royalist cause. He took part in attempts to save the life of Charles I, and had to sell some of his property to meet the expenses.[2]After the king's execution Pettus supplied Charles II with money from time to time. He was confined by John Bradshaw for corresponding with the young king Charles, but after examination by the Council of State he was set free on bail of £4,000. In August 1651 he was assessed again but he was deep in debt, and paid only £40. In 1655 he addressed a petition to Cromwell, expressing fidelity to his government, and became deputy governor of the royal mines.[2]In 1663 Pettus became a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] He was elected Member of Parliament for Dunwich on 21 March 1670, and in 1672 he was appointed deputy lieutenant for Suffolk, deputy to the vice-admiral, and colonel of a regiment of the trained bands. In these post he saw service during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, and was instrumental in raising £10,000 for the sick and wounded.[2]Originally wealthy, Pettus had purchased Cheston Hall, Suffolk, and other estates, but in later life was imprisoned for debt. In July 1679 he wrote to William Sancroft from the King's Bench Prison, begging for a loan to set him free, and in 1683 he was said to be without financial resources. He remained deputy governor of the royal mines for more than 35 years, with a short break, and died in 1690.[1][2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fleta_Minor_copper_assay.jpg"},{"link_name":"assaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert"},{"link_name":"Earl of Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Sir John Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Davies"},{"link_name":"Edward Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke"},{"link_name":"Lazarus Ercker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Ercker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"}],"text":"Pettus published:[2]Illustration from Fleta Minor (1683) on copper assayingFodinæ Regales; or the History, Laws, and Places of the chief Mines and Mineral Works in England, Wales, and the English Pale in Ireland, as also of the Mint and Mony ... with a clavis, London, 1670. This work was undertaken at the request of Prince Rupert and the Earl of Shaftesbury.\nEngland's Independency upon the Papal Power, London, 1674, consisting of reports by Sir John Davies and Sir Edward Coke, with a preface by Pettus.\nVolatiles from the History of Adam and Eve, containing many unquestioned Truths and allowable Notions of several Natures', London, 1674.\nThe Case and Justification of Sir J. Pettus ... concerning two charitable Bills now depending in the House of Lords, under his care, one for the better settling of Mr. Henry Smith's Estate ... the other for settling of charitable uses in the Town of Kelshall, [London], 1677–8.\nThe Constitution of Parliaments in England, deduced from the time of King Edward II, illustrated by King Charles II, in his Parliament summon'd the 18 of Feb. 1660–1, and dissolved 24 Jan. 1678–9, with an Appendix of its Sessions, London, 1680.\nFleta Minor, or the Laws of Art and Nature ... in ... assaying, fining, refining ... of confin'd Metals, London, 1683. Translation from Aula Subterranea (Prague, 1574) by Lazarus Ercker.[4]He left also unpublished and unfinished works, including an autobiography to 1645.[2]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sandys_(died_1701)"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pettus married Elizabeth Gurney in 1639. They had two children:Richard, who died in 1662\nElizabeth, who married Samuel Sandys, and died on 25 May 1714, aged 74.Relations with his wife were unhappy. She deserted him in 1657, returned after five years' absence, but after a short time left him again and entered a nunnery. In 1672 she secured his excommunication. In defence of his conduct he published A Narrative of the Excommunication of Sir J. Pettus, of the County of Suffolk ... obtained against him by his lady, a Roman Catholic ... with his ... Answers to several aspersions raised against him by her, London, 1674.[2][5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/22068","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22068"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_2-8"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"Pettus, John\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Pettus,_John"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Pettus, John (PTS632J)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PTS632J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"A Manual of Metallurgy ... 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Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22068. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). \"Pettus, John\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. \n\n^ \"Pettus, John (PTS632J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ John Arthur PHILLIPS (1859). A Manual of Metallurgy ... Third edition, revised. p. 2.\n\n^ \"Pettus, Richard (PTS656R)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). \"Pettus, John\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man_(disambiguation)
Thin Man
["1 Arts and entertainment","2 Other uses","3 See also"]
Thin Man may refer to: Arts and entertainment The Thin Man, a 1933 mystery novel by Dashiell Hammett, also a character in the novel The Thin Man (film) (1934), based on the novel The Thin Man (TV series) (1957–1959), an NBC TV series based on the novel The Thin Man, a character in the 1927 German expressionist film Metropolis Thin Man (comics), a Marvel Comics character, unrelated to Hammett's novel The Thin Man, a character in the Charlie's Angels film series Noble "Thin Man" Watts (1926–2004), American blues musician Thin Man (band), Chinese punk band "Thin Man", a song from the 1996 album Nine Objects of Desire by Suzanne Vega Other uses Thin Man (nuclear bomb), an early nuclear weapon design named after Dashiell Hammett's character Thin Man Films, a British film production company Thin Man Press, a London-based publisher See also "Ballad of a Thin Man", a 1965 song by Bob Dylan Slender Man, a fictional supernatural character that originated as a creepypasta Internet meme in 2009 Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Thin Man.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Generation_3
Capcom Generations
["1 Capcom Generations 1: Wings of Destiny","2 Capcom Generations 2: Chronicles of Arthur","3 Capcom Generations 3: The First Generation","4 Capcom Generations 4: Blazing Guns","5 Capcom Generations 5: Street Fighter Collection 2","6 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Capcom Generations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1998 video gameCapcom GenerationsDeveloper(s)CapcomPublisher(s)JP: CapcomNA: CapcomEU: Virgin InteractivePlatform(s)PlayStation, Sega SaturnRelease Volume 1 JP: August 27, 1998EU: September 3, 1999 (PS only) Volume 2 JP: September 23, 1998EU: September 3, 1999 (PS only) Volume 3 JP: October 15, 1998EU: September 3, 1999 (PS only) Volume 4 JP: November 12, 1998EU: September 3, 1999 (PS only) Volume 5 NA: October 31, 1998 (PS only)JP: December 3, 1998EU: May 1999 (PS only)EU: November 10, 2000 (Value Series, PS only) Genre(s)VariousMode(s)Single-player ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video GamesGameSpotVol. 2: 7.1/10Jeuxvideo.com7/20PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia5/10Superjuegos93/100Sega Saturn MagazineVol. 1: 66%Vol 2: 92% Capcom Generations (カプコン ジェネレーション, Kapukon Jenerēshon, Capcom Generation) is a series of five video game compilations produced by Capcom for PlayStation and Sega Saturn. Each volume contains three or four games from a particular series or game genre and were ported directly from their original arcade versions (with the exception of Super Ghouls'n Ghosts, which was originally a Super NES game). Each disc also contains a "collection mode" featuring history, tips, artwork, character profiles, arranged music (which can be enabled on the game themselves as well) and other unlockable contents for each game. The PlayStation versions of the games also featured support for the DualShock controller. In Japan, the series was released individually with 5 discs. In Europe, Virgin Interactive released Volumes 1–4 in a single bundle (retaining the 4 discs) whereas Volume 5 (which focused on the Street Fighter series) was released separately without any ties to the Capcom Generations series and it is the only volume in the series to be released in North America. The 16 games in the series were later collected in both Capcom Classics Collection and Capcom Classics Collection Reloaded, based on their Capcom Generations versions. Capcom Generations 1: Wings of Destiny Capcom Generations: Wings of Destiny (カプコン ジェネレーション －第1集 撃墜王の時代－, Capcom Generation Dai-ichi-shū Gekitsui Ō no Jidai, Capcom Generation Collection 1: The Era of Flying Aces) features the first three games in 194X series of shoot 'em up genre. 1942 (1984) 1943: The Battle of Midway (1987) 1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen (1987) Capcom Generations 2: Chronicles of Arthur Capcom Generations: Chronicles of Arthur (カプコン ジェネレーション －第2集 魔界と騎士－, Capcom Generation Dai-ni-shū Makai to Kishi, Capcom Generation Collection 2: The Demon World and the Knight) features the first three titles of the Ghosts'n Goblins series. Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985) Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1988) Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1991) Capcom Generations 3: The First Generation Capcom Generations: First Generation (カプコン ジェネレーション －第3集 ここに歴史はじまる－, Capcom Generation Dai-san-shū Koko ni Rekishi Hajimaru, Capcom Generation Collection 3: History Begins Here) features four of Capcom's first five titles (with 1942 already featured in the first compilation). Vulgus (1984) SonSon (1984) Pirate Ship Higemaru (1984) Exed Exes (1985) Capcom Generations 4: Blazing Guns Capcom Generations: Blazing Guns (カプコン ジェネレーション －第4集 弧高の英雄－, Capcom Generation Dai-yon-shū Kokō no Eiyū, Capcom Generation Collection 4: Lone Hero) features three run and gun-style shoot 'em up games. In the German version, this disc was removed completely. Commando (1985) Gun.Smoke (1985) Mercs (1990) Capcom Generations 5: Street Fighter Collection 2 Capcom Generations: Street Fighter Collection 2 (カプコン ジェネレーション －第5集 格闘家たち－, Capcom Generation Dai-go-shū Kakutōka-tachi, Capcom Generation Collection 5: The Fighters), although it was not marketed as part of the Capcom Generations outside Japan, instead being a "sequel" to Street Fighter Collection, which packaged Super Street Fighter II, Super Street Fighter II Turbo and Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold. It contains the first three versions of the original Street Fighter II. Street Fighter II: The World Warrior (the original Street Fighter II) (1991) Street Fighter II: Champion Edition (Street Fighter II Dash in Japan) (1992) Street Fighter II: Hyper Fighting (Street Fighter II Dash Turbo in Japan) (1992) Some minor changes were made to gameplay, compared to the arcade versions of the games. A "Collection" mode is also featured where the player can view strategies, character profiles and artwork specific to each game, some which become available after meeting certain requirements. Each game features an "Arcade", "Versus" and "Training" mode. Upon completing a game's single-player mode, an option is unlocked to give the player a choice between the original CPS soundtracks and an arranged version (previously available in the FM Towns port of Super Street Fighter II and the 3DO version of Super Street Fighter II Turbo). After completing the single-player mode of each game at least once, a "Super Vs. Mode" becomes available at the main menu. The Super Vs. Mode allows two players to compete against each other by selecting between characters from any three versions of Street Fighter II in the compilation (Capcom would employ the same concept for Hyper Street Fighter II). If the player completes a game's single-player mode without using continues, a "CPU Battle" mode is unlocked. CPU Battle allows the player to battle any CPU opponent at the game's highest difficulty. If the player manages to defeat the CPU opponent, the game's staff roll will instantly play. Like with the full single-player mode, the player must defeat the CPU opponent without losing a round in order to view the original credits. If the player loses a round but still manages to win, the text-only credits will play. References ^ "Capcom Generations". Computer and Video Games. No. 214. September 1999. pp. 18–19. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Mielke, James. "Capcom Generation 2 (Import) Review". GameSpot. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Kornifex (October 14, 1999). "Test de Capcom Generations sur PS1". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Evans, Dean (August 1999). "Capcom Generations". PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia. No. 25. pp. 88–89. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ "Clasicos populares". Superjuegos (in Spanish). No. 88. pp. 86–87. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (November 1998). "Capcom Generations Vol 1". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 37. pp. 58–59. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (November 1998). "Capcom Generations Vol 2". Sega Saturn Magazine. No. 37. pp. 60–61. Retrieved September 2, 2021. vteCapcom video game compilationsArcade Capcom Generations Capcom Classics Collection Capcom Puzzle World Capcom Digital Collection Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom Beat 'Em Up Bundle Capcom Arcade Stadium Capcom Fighting Collection Ace Attorney Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Trilogy The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles Darkstalkers Vampire: Darkstalkers Collection Darkstalkers Resurrection Marvel vs. Capcom Marvel vs. Capcom Origins Marvel vs. Capcom Fighting Collection Mega Man Mega Man: The Wily Wars Mega Man Anniversary Collection Mega Man X Collection Mega Man Zero Collection Mega Man Legacy Collection Street Fighter Street Fighter Collection Street Fighter Anniversary Collection Street Fighter Alpha Anthology Street Fighter 30th Anniversary Collection Other series Buster Bros. Collection Dungeons & Dragons: Chronicles of Mystara The Disney Afternoon Collection Related games vte194X by CapcomGames 1942 1943: The Battle of Midway 1943 Kai 1941: Counter Attack 19XX: The War Against Destiny 1944: The Loop Master 1942: Joint Strike Compilations Capcom Generations Capcom Classics Collection Capcom Digital Collection Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom Arcade Stadium vteCommandoGames Commando Mercs Wolf of the Battlefield: Commando 3 Related Tokuro Fujiwara Bionic Commando Gun.Smoke Compilations Capcom Generations Capcom Classics Collection Capcom Digital Collection Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom Arcade Stadium vteGhosts 'n GoblinsMain series Ghosts 'n Goblins Ghouls 'n Ghosts Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts Makaimura for WonderSwan Ultimate Ghosts 'n Goblins Ghosts 'n Goblins: Gold Knights Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection Gargoyle's Quest series Gargoyle's Quest Gargoyle's Quest II Demon's Crest Maximo series Maximo: Ghosts to Glory Maximo vs. Army of Zin Puzzle gamesArthur to Astaroth no Nazomakaimura: Incredible ToonsCompilations Capcom Generations Capcom Classics Collection Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom Arcade Stadium Related Tokuro Fujiwara Cannon Spike SVC Chaos Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Ultimate Infinite Namco × Capcom Project X Zone Teppen vteStreet FighterVideo gamesMain series Street Fighter II Champion Edition Turbo Super Super Turbo Hyper HD Remix Ultra Alpha 2 3 III 2nd Impact 3rd Strike IV Super Arcade Edition 3D Edition Ultra V 6 Final Fight series Final Fight 2 Mighty 3 Revenge Streetwise Other games The Movie (arcade) The Movie (console) The Interactive Movie Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo EX 2 3 Super Gem Fighter Mini Mix Puzzle Fighter Teppen Related games Cannon Spike Captain Commando Fighting Layer Fighting EX Layer Rival Schools: United by Fate Project Justice Saturday Night Slam Masters Street Fighter 2010: The Final Fight Crossovers Asura's Wrath Brawlhalla Capcom Fighting All-Stars Capcom Fighting Evolution Fighter Maker Fortnite Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law Marvel vs. Capcom series Mouse Generation Namco × Capcom Power Rangers Legacy Wars Battle for the Grid Project X Zone 2 SNK vs. Capcom series SNK Heroines Street Fighter X Mega Man Street Fighter X Tekken Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Ultimate Tatsunoko vs. Capcom Tekken 7 Tekken X Street Fighter The King of Fighters All Star X-Men: Children of the Atom Compilations Collection Capcom Generations Anniversary Collection Capcom Classics Collection Alpha Anthology Capcom Puzzle World Capcom Digital Collection 30th Anniversary Collection Capcom Arcade Stadium Capcom Fighting Collection CharactersStreet Fighter Ryu Ken Birdie Final Fight Mike Haggar Poison Street Fighter II Akuma Blanka Cammy Chun-Li Dee Jay Dhalsim E. Honda Guile M. Bison Vega Zangief Street Fighter Alpha Dan Sakura R. Mika Street Fighter III Elena Makoto Street Fighter IV Juri Rufus Seth Street Fighter V F.A.N.G. Laura Street Fighter 6 Kimberly Mai (Guest) Terry (Guest) Related List of Rival Schools characters Sheng Long MediaAnimated II: The Animated Movie Alpha: The Animation Alpha: Generations IV: The Ties That Bind Street Fighter II V Street Fighter Live-action Street Fighter (soundtrack) The Legend of Chun-Li Assassin's Fist Resurrection Print media Manga Street Fighter II Sakura Ganbaru! Comics Malibu Comics UDON IDW The Storytelling Game Organizations and peopleOrganizations Capcom Arika UDON Entertainment People Takashi Nishiyama Yoshiki Okamoto Akira Nishitani Akira Yasuda Kinu Nishimura Yoshinori Ono Masaomi Kanzaki RelatedFurther reading Fighting game community Evo Moment #37 Fiasco versus Umehara Hadouken "Itoshisa to Setsunasa to Kokoro Zuyosa to" Capcom U.S.A. Inc. v. Data East Corp. Unofficial Human Killing Machine "Chun-Li's Spinning Bird Kick" City Hunter Future Cops Hi Score Girl Street Fighter II: Rainbow Edition Street Chaves "Chun-Li" Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Official_Magazine_%E2%80%93_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Sega Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Saturn"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Super Ghouls'n Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ghouls%27n_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"DualShock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DualShock"},{"link_name":"Virgin Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Capcom Classics Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Classics_Collection"},{"link_name":"Capcom Classics Collection Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Classics_Collection_Reloaded"}],"text":"1998 video gameReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games[1]GameSpotVol. 2: 7.1/10[2]Jeuxvideo.com7/20[3]PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia5/10[4]Superjuegos93/100[5]Sega Saturn MagazineVol. 1: 66%[6]Vol 2: 92%[7]Capcom Generations (カプコン ジェネレーション, Kapukon Jenerēshon, Capcom Generation) is a series of five video game compilations produced by Capcom for PlayStation and Sega Saturn. Each volume contains three or four games from a particular series or game genre and were ported directly from their original arcade versions (with the exception of Super Ghouls'n Ghosts, which was originally a Super NES game). Each disc also contains a \"collection mode\" featuring history, tips, artwork, character profiles, arranged music (which can be enabled on the game themselves as well) and other unlockable contents for each game. The PlayStation versions of the games also featured support for the DualShock controller.In Japan, the series was released individually with 5 discs. In Europe, Virgin Interactive released Volumes 1–4 in a single bundle (retaining the 4 discs) whereas Volume 5 (which focused on the Street Fighter series) was released separately without any ties to the Capcom Generations series and it is the only volume in the series to be released in North America. The 16 games in the series were later collected in both Capcom Classics Collection and Capcom Classics Collection Reloaded, based on their Capcom Generations versions.","title":"Capcom Generations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"1943: The Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943:_The_Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"1943 Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943:_The_Battle_of_Midway#1943_Kai:_The_Battle_of_Midway"}],"text":"Capcom Generations: Wings of Destiny (カプコン ジェネレーション －第1集 撃墜王の時代－, Capcom Generation Dai-ichi-shū Gekitsui Ō no Jidai, Capcom Generation Collection 1: The Era of Flying Aces) features the first three games in 194X series of shoot 'em up genre.1942 (1984)\n1943: The Battle of Midway (1987)\n1943 Kai: Midway Kaisen (1987)","title":"Capcom Generations 1: Wings of Destiny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghosts'n Goblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts%27n_Goblins"},{"link_name":"Ghosts 'n Goblins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_%27n_Goblins_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Ghouls 'n Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouls_%27n_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ghouls_%27n_Ghosts"}],"text":"Capcom Generations: Chronicles of Arthur (カプコン ジェネレーション －第2集 魔界と騎士－, Capcom Generation Dai-ni-shū Makai to Kishi, Capcom Generation Collection 2: The Demon World and the Knight) features the first three titles of the Ghosts'n Goblins series.Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985)\nGhouls 'n Ghosts (1988)\nSuper Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1991)","title":"Capcom Generations 2: Chronicles of Arthur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vulgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgus"},{"link_name":"SonSon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonSon"},{"link_name":"Pirate Ship Higemaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Ship_Higemaru"},{"link_name":"Exed Exes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exed_Exes"}],"text":"Capcom Generations: First Generation (カプコン ジェネレーション －第3集 ここに歴史はじまる－, Capcom Generation Dai-san-shū Koko ni Rekishi Hajimaru, Capcom Generation Collection 3: History Begins Here) features four of Capcom's first five titles (with 1942 already featured in the first compilation).Vulgus (1984)\nSonSon (1984)\nPirate Ship Higemaru (1984)\nExed Exes (1985)","title":"Capcom Generations 3: The First Generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"run and gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_and_gun_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Gun.Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun.Smoke"},{"link_name":"Mercs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercs"}],"text":"Capcom Generations: Blazing Guns (カプコン ジェネレーション －第4集 弧高の英雄－, Capcom Generation Dai-yon-shū Kokō no Eiyū, Capcom Generation Collection 4: Lone Hero) features three run and gun-style shoot 'em up games. In the German version, this disc was removed completely.Commando (1985)\nGun.Smoke (1985)\nMercs (1990)","title":"Capcom Generations 4: Blazing Guns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"Super Street Fighter II Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Street_Fighter_II_Turbo"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha_2"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter#Street_Fighter_II_(1991)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II: The World Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_The_World_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II: Champion Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_Champion_Edition"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II: Hyper Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_Hyper_Fighting"},{"link_name":"single-player mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player_video_game"},{"link_name":"FM Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_Towns"},{"link_name":"3DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"Hyper Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_Street_Fighter_II"}],"text":"Capcom Generations: Street Fighter Collection 2 (カプコン ジェネレーション －第5集 格闘家たち－, Capcom Generation Dai-go-shū Kakutōka-tachi, Capcom Generation Collection 5: The Fighters), although it was not marketed as part of the Capcom Generations outside Japan, instead being a \"sequel\" to Street Fighter Collection, which packaged Super Street Fighter II, Super Street Fighter II Turbo and Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold. It contains the first three versions of the original Street Fighter II.Street Fighter II: The World Warrior (the original Street Fighter II) (1991)\nStreet Fighter II: Champion Edition (Street Fighter II Dash in Japan) (1992)\nStreet Fighter II: Hyper Fighting (Street Fighter II Dash Turbo in Japan) (1992)Some minor changes were made to gameplay, compared to the arcade versions of the games. A \"Collection\" mode is also featured where the player can view strategies, character profiles and artwork specific to each game, some which become available after meeting certain requirements.Each game features an \"Arcade\", \"Versus\" and \"Training\" mode. Upon completing a game's single-player mode, an option is unlocked to give the player a choice between the original CPS soundtracks and an arranged version (previously available in the FM Towns port of Super Street Fighter II and the 3DO version of Super Street Fighter II Turbo). After completing the single-player mode of each game at least once, a \"Super Vs. Mode\" becomes available at the main menu. The Super Vs. Mode allows two players to compete against each other by selecting between characters from any three versions of Street Fighter II in the compilation (Capcom would employ the same concept for Hyper Street Fighter II). If the player completes a game's single-player mode without using continues, a \"CPU Battle\" mode is unlocked. CPU Battle allows the player to battle any CPU opponent at the game's highest difficulty. If the player manages to defeat the CPU opponent, the game's staff roll will instantly play. Like with the full single-player mode, the player must defeat the CPU opponent without losing a round in order to view the original credits. If the player loses a round but still manages to win, the text-only credits will play.","title":"Capcom Generations 5: Street Fighter Collection 2"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Malaysian_musical_instruments
Traditional Malaysian musical instruments
["1 Percussion Instruments","2 String Instruments","3 Wind Instruments","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Malaysian musical instruments Malays playing gongs Traditional Bertitik Bongai Boria Branyo Caklempong Dikir barat Dondang Sayang Gamelan Jawa Gamelan Melayu Gendang Ghazal Melayu Ghazal Parti Kroncong Kompang Kulintangan Mata-kantiga Nobat Rodat 24 Festive Drums Modern Contemporary Hip Hop Pop Rock Music of Malaysia Media and performance Music awards Anugerah Industri Muzik Anugerah Juara Lagu Anugerah Planet Muzik Sarawak Music Awards Music festivals Rainforest World Music Festival Borneo Jazz Festival Penang Island Jazz Festival Music media RIM Charts Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem Negaraku vte Traditional Malaysian instruments are the musical instruments used in the traditional and classical music of Malaysia. They comprise a wide range of wind, string, and percussion instruments, used by both the Malay majority as well as the nation's ethnic minorities. Percussion Instruments Bebendil - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Bonang Baron - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Bungkau - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Canang Canang Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Canang Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Gabbang - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Gambang Kayu - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Gedombak Gedombak Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Gedombak Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Geduk Geduk Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Geduk Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Gendang - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and Malay Gamelan, and traditional performances such as Zapin. Gendang Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Gendang Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Gongs or Tetawak - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and traditional performances such as Dondang Sayang. Gong Agung - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Gong Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Gong Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Kenong - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Kerincing - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Gedek Kertok Ulu - used in traditional performances in Terengganu. Kesi - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Kompang - used in traditional performance at weddings. Konga - used in traditional performances such as Hamdolok Kulintangan - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Marakas - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and Hamdolok. Marwas - used in traditional performances such as Zapin and Hamdolok. Mong - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit. Rebana - used in traditional performances such as Zapin and Dondang Sayang. Rabana Perak - used in traditional performances in Perak. Rabana Ubi - used in traditional performances in Kelantan. Saron Saron Baron - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Saron Demung - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan. Tabla - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal. Tamborin - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Hamdolok. Togunggak - used in traditional performances in Sabah. String Instruments A Sape player performing in traditional costume. Biola - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Dondang Sayang. Kreb - used in traditional performances by Orang Asli. Gambus - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Zapin and Hamdolok. Gambus Arab Gambus Melayu Gitar - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal. Rebab - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Melayu, Mak Yong and Main Puteri. Sape - used in traditional performances in Sarawak. Sundatang - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Tongkungon - used in traditional performances in Sabah. Wind Instruments A Murut Sompoton. Accordion Harmonium - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal. Nafiri - used in classical Malay music of Nobat Seruling Serunai - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Menora and Silat. Serunai Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Serunai Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Sompoton - used in traditional performances in Sabah Turali - used in traditional performances in Sabah See also Music portalMalaysia portal Music of Malaysia References ^ "THE RICH HISTORY OF MALAYSIAN MUSIC AND ITS INSTRUMENTS". Retrieved 13 November 2020. External links vteTraditional musical instruments of Asia Arab world Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Iran Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Tuva Vietnam vteList of traditional Malaysian musical instruments by classificationGamelan • Ghazal • Kulintangan • CaklempongAerophones Accordion Harmonium Nafiri Seruling Serunai Sompoton Turali Chordophones Biola Kreb Gambus Gitar Rebab Sapeh Sundatang Tongkungon Umbang Idiophones Agung Gong Kulintangan Togunggak Membranophones Gendang/Tontog Kompang/Rebana Marwas
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Traditional Malaysian instruments are the musical instruments used in the traditional and classical music of Malaysia. They comprise a wide range of wind, string, and percussion instruments, used by both the Malay majority as well as the nation's ethnic minorities.[1]","title":"Traditional Malaysian musical instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bebendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babendil"},{"link_name":"Bonang Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonang_barung"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Bungkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungkau"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabbang"},{"link_name":"Gambang Kayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang_Kayu"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Gendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang"},{"link_name":"Nobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Zapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin"},{"link_name":"Gendang Anak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gendang Ibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongs"},{"link_name":"Nobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat"},{"link_name":"Dondang Sayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondang_Sayang"},{"link_name":"Gong Agung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongs"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Gong Anak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongs"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gong Ibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongs"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenong"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Kerincing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kompang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompang"},{"link_name":"Konga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"Kulintangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulintang"},{"link_name":"Marakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraca"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Marwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirwas"},{"link_name":"Zapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Rebana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebana"},{"link_name":"Zapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin"},{"link_name":"Dondang Sayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondang_Sayang"},{"link_name":"Rabana Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebana"},{"link_name":"Rabana Ubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebana"},{"link_name":"Saron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Saron Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Saron Demung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saron_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Malay Gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Tamborin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"}],"text":"Bebendil - used in traditional performances in Sabah.\nBonang Baron - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nBungkau - used in traditional performances in Sabah.\nCanang\nCanang Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nCanang Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nGabbang - used in traditional performances in Sabah.\nGambang Kayu - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nGedombak\nGedombak Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nGedombak Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nGeduk\nGeduk Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nGeduk Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nGendang - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and Malay Gamelan, and traditional performances such as Zapin.\nGendang Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nGendang Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nGongs or Tetawak - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and traditional performances such as Dondang Sayang.\nGong Agung - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nGong Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nGong Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nKenong - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nKerincing - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Gedek\nKertok Ulu - used in traditional performances in Terengganu.\nKesi - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nKompang - used in traditional performance at weddings.\nKonga - used in traditional performances such as Hamdolok\nKulintangan - used in traditional performances in Sabah.\nMarakas - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and Hamdolok.\nMarwas - used in traditional performances such as Zapin and Hamdolok.\nMong - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit.\nRebana - used in traditional performances such as Zapin and Dondang Sayang.\nRabana Perak - used in traditional performances in Perak.\nRabana Ubi - used in traditional performances in Kelantan.\nSaron\nSaron Baron - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nSaron Demung - used in classical Malay music of Malay Gamelan.\nTabla - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal.\nTamborin - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Hamdolok.\nTogunggak - used in traditional performances in Sabah.","title":"Percussion Instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapeh_player,_Central_Market,_Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia_-_20070401.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Dondang Sayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondang_Sayang"},{"link_name":"Kreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krem_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Gambus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambus"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Zapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapin"},{"link_name":"Gambus Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambus"},{"link_name":"Gambus Melayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambus"},{"link_name":"Gitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Rebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Mak Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Yong"},{"link_name":"Main Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Puteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapeh"}],"text":"A Sape player performing in traditional costume.Biola - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Dondang Sayang.\nKreb - used in traditional performances by Orang Asli.\nGambus - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal and traditional performances such as Zapin and Hamdolok.\nGambus Arab\nGambus Melayu\nGitar - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal.\nRebab - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit Melayu, Mak Yong and Main Puteri.\nSape - used in traditional performances in Sarawak.\nSundatang - used in traditional performances in Sabah.\nTongkungon - used in traditional performances in Sabah.","title":"String Instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandakan_Sabah_Sompoton-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murut_people"},{"link_name":"Accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Nafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafir"},{"link_name":"Nobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat"},{"link_name":"Seruling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suling"},{"link_name":"Serunai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehnai"},{"link_name":"Nobat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Nobat"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Menora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silat"},{"link_name":"Serunai Anak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehnai"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Serunai Ibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehnai"},{"link_name":"Wayang Kulit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Kulit"},{"link_name":"Sompoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompoton"}],"text":"A Murut Sompoton.Accordion\nHarmonium - used in classical Malay music of Malay Ghazal.\nNafiri - used in classical Malay music of Nobat\nSeruling\nSerunai - used in classical Malay music of Nobat and traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit, Menora and Silat.\nSerunai Anak - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nSerunai Ibu - used in traditional performances such as Wayang Kulit\nSompoton - used in traditional performances in Sabah\nTurali - used in traditional performances in Sabah","title":"Wind Instruments"}]
[{"image_text":"A Sape player performing in traditional costume.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sapeh_player%2C_Central_Market%2C_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_-_20070401.jpg/300px-Sapeh_player%2C_Central_Market%2C_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_-_20070401.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Murut Sompoton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandakan_Sabah_Sompoton-01.jpg/300px-Sandakan_Sabah_Sompoton-01.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Baynton
Mathew Baynton
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Acting and writing","2.2 Music","2.3 Radio","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Stage","4.4 Radio","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
English actor, musician and writer Mathew BayntonBaynton at the 2011 Glasgow Film FestivalBornMathew John Baynton (1980-11-18) 18 November 1980 (age 43)Southend-on-Sea, Essex, EnglandAlma materRose Bruford CollegeOccupation(s)Actor, comedian, musician, writerYears active2000s–presentPartnerKelly RobinsonChildren2RelativesDaisy May Cooper (second cousin)Charlie Cooper (second cousin) Mathew John Baynton (born 18 November 1980) is an English actor, comedian, musician and writer. He is best known as a member of the Them There collective in which he wrote and starred in shows including Horrible Histories, Yonderland and Ghosts. He was also the co-creator, writer and star of the comedy-drama The Wrong Mans. Other major television roles include Deano in Gavin & Stacey, Chris Pitt-Goddard in Spy, Simon in Peep Show, William Agar in Quacks and twin brothers Jamie Winton and Ariel Conroy in You, Me and the Apocalypse. He has appeared in several films, including Wonka (2023) and Bill (2015), and is due to appear in the upcoming TV adaptation of A Good Girl's Guide to Murder. Early life Baynton grew up in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. He is the youngest of three boys, with two older brothers, Daniel and Andrew. He was educated at Southend High School for Boys. He graduated with first class honours from the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, and later trained in clowning at École Philippe Gaulier in Paris. Baynton explained his motivation in an interview with Metro: "The performing instinct came from making my family laugh, so I've always been drawn to the funny side of things. Comedy is really rewarding." Baynton's second cousins Daisy May Cooper and Charlie Cooper are also in the acting profession. Career Acting and writing Baynton is one of the performers of the hit children's television series Horrible Histories, appearing in the first five series as an actor, singer, and occasional writer. Baynton and the other five members of the main Horrible Histories cast form the Them There troupe, which has since created other shows. L-R: Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Mathew Baynton, Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond and Jim Howick at the 2011 Children's BAFTAs. Along with the other members of the troupe, Baynton is the creator, writer, and star of Yonderland, a family fantasy comedy series that premiered on Sky1 on 10 November 2013. He starred with the same troupe in Bill, a BBC family comedy film based loosely around the early life of William Shakespeare, who ventures to London to pursue his dream of becoming a playwright. The troupe also reunited in 2019 to create the BBC series Ghosts, with Baynton appearing as a romantic poet named Thomas Thorne. Baynton teamed with friend and fellow Gavin & Stacey alumnus James Corden to create, write, and star in The Wrong Mans, a comedy-thriller for BBC Two that premiered in autumn 2013. The series is co-produced by online television provider Hulu.com in the United States, where it premiered in November 2013. The first six-part series proved a critical and commercial success, and a similarly well-received two-part sequel was broadcast in December 2014. Other notable TV comedy roles include Deano in Gavin & Stacey; Chris in the Darren Boyd sitcom vehicle Spy; and William in the 2017 black comedy series Quacks. In 2009, he appeared in a music video for Mercury Prize-nominated band, The Bees. Baynton appeared at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, starring in the world premiere of Tom Basden's play Holes. He reprised his role of Gus in a London revival of the same play in summer 2014. In late 2015, Baynton portrayed Jamie Winton and his brother Ariel Conroy in Sky1's science fiction comedy-drama miniseries You, Me and the Apocalypse. In January 2024, Baynton made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut in Eleanor Rhode's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream as Nick Bottom. Music Baynton is a former member of the band Special Benny as a vocalist and guitarist. Their debut album Toys was released in 2010. He has also performed as a solo act under the name Dog Ears. His debut solo EP, So It Goes, was released in November 2011. It consists of four self-penned songs. Radio He appeared in 'John Finnemore's Double Acts' Personal life He and his partner Kelly Robinson, a film historian, have two children: a son, Bo, born in 2011, and a daughter, Ida, born in 2016. Baynton and Robinson had a civil partnership ceremony in 2023. Baynton has commented on his son's skewed view of his father's profession: "He thinks work is putting on a beard. One day his eyes will be opened, but I do find it wonderful that that's his view of work." He commented during the same interview that while many actors do not want their children to become actors as well, he sees no problem with his son following in his footsteps, stating that "if he enjoys it, so why shouldn't I let him?". Bo appeared as the young Mary, Queen of Scots in one episode of Horrible Histories. Baynton tries to keep Bo and Ida out of the spotlight. However, Baynton raised awareness about breaking gender barriers after Bo was mocked in the park for wearing a pink bicycle helmet. Baynton expressed his belief that he lets his son express his likes and dislikes freely without categorising toys and colours in gendered categories. Baynton stated "I won't be teaching my boy how to be a 'boy'." Filmography Key † Denotes works that have not yet been released Film Year Film Role Notes 2007 Learners Howard Television film 2008 1234 Neil Telstar Ritchie Blackmore 2009 Purves & Pekkala Derrin Television film Brave Young Men Dylan Television film City Rats Barista 2010 Hereafter College Receptionist 2011 Tooty's Wedding Aiden Short film You Instead Tyko 2014 The Falling Mr. Hopkins 2015 Bill William "Bill" Shakespeare/Lord Burghley/English Messenger/Customs Official Across the Sea Short film 2023 Wonka Felix Fickelgruber Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Roman's Empire Davvy Miniseries; 1 episode 2008 Ashes to Ashes Tom Robinson 1 episode 2008-09 Gavin & Stacey Deano Recurring role; 3 episodes 2009 Horne & Corden Various roles Series regular; 6 episodes Doc Martin Junior Chef Episode: "Do Not Disturb" 2009–10 The Armstrong & Miller Show Various roles Recurring role; 2 episodes 2009–13 Horrible Histories Various roles Series regular; 46 episodes 2010 The Stephen K. Amos Show Whale Charity Fundraiser 1 episode 2010–12 Peep Show Simon Recurring role; 4 episodes 2011 Horrible Histories with Stephen Fry Various roles 1 episode BBC Proms Various roles Episode: "Prom 20: Horrible Histories Big Prom Party" 2011–12 Spy Chris Pitt-Goddard Series regular; 16 episodes 2013 Psychobitches Jesus 1 episode 2013–14 The Wrong Mans Sam Pinkett Series regular; 10 episodes 2013–16 Yonderland Various roles Series regular; 25 episodes 2014 Blandings Pongo Episode: "Throwing Eggs" Psychobitches Witch of Wookey Hole 1 episode 2015 You, Me and the Apocalypse Jamie Winton/Ariel Conroy Series regular; 10 episodes 2015–17 Bob the Builder Roland Voice role; 5 episodes 2016 Year Friends Reporter Episode: "December" 2016–17 Drunk History Various roles Recurring role; 4 episodes 2017 Inside No. 9 Ted Episode: "Diddle Diddle Dumpling" Quacks William Series regular; 6 episodes Thunderbirds Are Go Jimmy/Crewman Hooper Episode: "Rigged for Disaster" 2018 Pixies Tatum 1 episode Vanity Fair Bute Crawley Miniseries; 4 episodes 2018–20 The Split Rex Pope Recurring role; 5 episodes 2019 Urban Myths Kenny Everett Recurring role; 2 episodes 2019–23 Ghosts Thomas Thorne Series regular; 35 episodes 2021 Hitmen Kieran Roberts Episode: "Impersonation" Death in Paradise Colin Babcock Episode: "Christmas Special" 2022 Ghosts Actor Pete Episode: "Dumb Deaths" 2023 Murder Is Easy Dr. Thomas Miniseries; 2 episodes 2024 † A Good Girl's Guide to Murder Elliot Ward Post-production Stage Year Title Role Venue Notes 2003 Loot Meadows & Mrs. McLeavy Derby Playhouse, Derby 2005 The Bubonic Play Minstrel Pleasance Dome, Edinburgh as part of Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2006 Hello Dalai Various Roles Underbelly, Edinburgh as part of Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2007 Office Party Barbican Centre, London 2011 Horrible Histories: BBC Proms 2011 Various Roles Royal Albert Hall, London as part of BBC Proms 2013 Holes Gus Assembly George Square Studios, Edinburgh as part of Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2024 A Midsummer Night's Dream Bottom Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon RSC debut 2024—2025 A Midsummer Night's Dream Bottom Barbican Centre, London as part of RSC's winter transfer Radio Year Title Role Ref. 2015 Double Acts Mike 2015–2021 Reluctant Persuaders Joe Starling 2016 Forty Weeks Sam 2018 My Boy Jack Reader 2022 The Miser Valère The World of Simon Rich Various characters 2023 She Stoops to Conquer Marlow Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 2006 Fringe Report Awards Best Farce (with all crew & cast) The Bubonic Play Won 2010 British Academy Children's Awards Best Writing (with writing team) Horrible Histories - Series 2 Won 2011 British Comedy Awards Best Sketch Show (with writing team) Horrible Histories - Series 2 Won 2012 British Academy Children's Awards Best Performer Horrible Histories Nominated 2014 RTS Programme Awards Best Writer – Comedy (with James Corden & Tom Basden) The Wrong Mans Won British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Writer – Comedy (with James Corden) The Wrong Mans Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best Male Comedy Performance The Wrong Mans Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy The Wrong Mans Nominated Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy The Wrong Mans Nominated British Comedy Awards Best New Comedy Programme (with James Corden) The Wrong Mans Nominated BANFF World Media Rockie Awards Best Sitcom The Wrong Mans Nominated 2015 British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Writer – Comedy (with James Corden) The Wrong Mans (Episode: "X-Mans") Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best Scripted Comedy (with Jim Field Smith & James Corden) The Wrong Mans Nominated 2022 National Comedy Awards Outstanding Comedy Actor Ghosts Nominated References ^ a b "Mathew Baynton — the Protagonist". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. ^ "Cal McCrystal". ^ "Mathew Baynton: We couldn't have asked for The Wrong Mans to go any better". Metro. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013. ^ Grant, Olly (20 February 2018). "This Country creators Charlie and Daisy May Cooper: 'The best storylines are usually things we've lived through'". The Telegraph. ^ West, Naomi (25 May 2010). "How Horrible Histories grew up to be a hit comedy show". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2010. ^ "Sky1 to visit Yonderland". Sky1 website. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013. ^ "Stars of Horrible Histories to make Shakespeare film". BBC Media Centre. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013. ^ "Bill: production details". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. ^ "BBC Two announces new comedy, The Wrong Mans". BBC Media Centre. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012. ^ "BBC, Hulu team on James Corden laffer". Variety online. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012. ^ "Corden Hints at Second Series of The Wrong Mans". Digital Spy. 31 October 2013. ^ The Bees - Listening Man, retrieved 22 November 2022 ^ "Holes announcement". The Invisible Dot Ltd. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2013. ^ "Holes announcement". Arcola Theatre, summer 2014 program. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ "About". Special Benny. ^ "Dog Ears". Dog Ears. ^ Williams, Holly (13 September 2015). "Mathew Baynton interview". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. ^ a b "Celebrity interview: Mathew Baynton". Yorkshire Evening Post. 11 November 2013. ^ a b ""Let kids wear what they want," says actor Mathew Baynton". Glamour Magazine. 13 November 2017. ^ "Casting revealed for Murder is Easy, based on the classic mystery by Agatha Christie". bbc.co.uk/mediacentre. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Anna Maxwell Martin, Gary Beadle and Mathew Baynton join Holly Jackson's A Good Girl's Guide To Murder on BBC Three". bbc.co.uk/mediacentre. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - John Finnemore's Double Acts, Series 1, Hot Desk". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Reluctant Persuaders". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra - Katherine Jakeways - Forty Weeks". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Short Works, My Boy Jack". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "Drama on 3 - The Miser - BBC Sounds". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ "BBC Sounds - The World of Simon Rich - Available Episodes". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "BBC Radio 3 - Drama on 3, She Stoops to Conquer". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2023. ^ "Fringe Report Awards Book – 2016". Fringe Report. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Children's in 2010". BAFTA. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "WINNERS 2010". British Comedy Award. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Children's Performer in 2012". ^ "Winners Announced at RTS Programme Awards 2013". Royal Television Society. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014. ^ "Television Craft Writer - Comedy in 2014". ^ "Male Performance in a Comedy Programme in 2014". ^ a b "Satellite Awards (2014)". International Press Academy. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "WINNERS 2014". British Comedy Awards. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Nominees for the Banff World Media Festival Rockie Awards Announced". Variety. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Television Craft in 2015". BAFTA. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "Scripted Comedy in 2015". ^ "Winners unveiled at National Comedy Awards for Stand Up To Cancer | Channel 4". Channel 4. External links Mathew Baynton at IMDb Mathew Baynton on X vteThem There Mathew Baynton Simon Farnaby Martha Howe-Douglas Jim Howick Laurence Rickard Ben Willbond Television series Horrible Histories Yonderland Ghosts Films Bill Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Them There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_There"},{"link_name":"Horrible Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Yonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonderland"},{"link_name":"Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Wrong Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Mans_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gavin & Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_%26_Stacey"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Peep Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quacks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"You, Me and the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You,_Me_and_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Wonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonka_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"A Good Girl's Guide to Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Girl%27s_Guide_to_Murder_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Mathew John Baynton (born 18 November 1980) is an English actor, comedian, musician and writer. He is best known as a member of the Them There collective in which he wrote and starred in shows including Horrible Histories, Yonderland and Ghosts. He was also the co-creator, writer and star of the comedy-drama The Wrong Mans. Other major television roles include Deano in Gavin & Stacey, Chris Pitt-Goddard in Spy, Simon in Peep Show, William Agar in Quacks and twin brothers Jamie Winton and Ariel Conroy in You, Me and the Apocalypse. He has appeared in several films, including Wonka (2023) and Bill (2015), and is due to appear in the upcoming TV adaptation of A Good Girl's Guide to Murder.","title":"Mathew Baynton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southend-on-Sea, Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theprotagonistmagazine_mathew-baynton-1"},{"link_name":"Southend High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_High_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"first class honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_honours"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College_of_Speech_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"École Philippe Gaulier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Gaulier"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Daisy May Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_May_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Charlie Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Cooper_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Baynton grew up in Southend-on-Sea, Essex.[1]\nHe is the youngest of three boys, with two older brothers, Daniel and Andrew. He was educated at Southend High School for Boys. He graduated with first class honours from the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama,[2] and later trained in clowning at École Philippe Gaulier in Paris. Baynton explained his motivation in an interview with Metro: \"The performing instinct came from making my family laugh, so I've always been drawn to the funny side of things. Comedy is really rewarding.\"[3]Baynton's second cousins Daisy May Cooper and Charlie Cooper are also in the acting profession.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horrible Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelWest-5"},{"link_name":"Them There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Them_There"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_starring_cast_of_TV_series_Horrible_Histories_arrives_at_the_Children%27s_BAFTAs,_27_November_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simon Farnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Farnaby"},{"link_name":"Martha Howe-Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Howe-Douglas"},{"link_name":"Laurence Rickard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Rickard"},{"link_name":"Ben Willbond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Willbond"},{"link_name":"Jim Howick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Howick"},{"link_name":"BAFTAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTAs"},{"link_name":"Yonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonderland"},{"link_name":"Sky1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Gavin & Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_%26_Stacey"},{"link_name":"James Corden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Corden"},{"link_name":"The Wrong Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Mans_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hulu.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu.com"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gavin & Stacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_%26_Stacey"},{"link_name":"Darren Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quacks_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bees_(English_band)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Tom Basden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Basden"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"You, Me and the Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You,_Me_and_the_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rhode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rhode"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Nick Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bottom"}],"sub_title":"Acting and writing","text":"Baynton is one of the performers of the hit children's television series Horrible Histories, appearing in the first five series as an actor, singer, and occasional writer.[5]\nBaynton and the other five members of the main Horrible Histories cast form the Them There troupe, which has since created other shows.L-R: Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Mathew Baynton, Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond and Jim Howick at the 2011 Children's BAFTAs.Along with the other members of the troupe, Baynton is the creator, writer, and star of Yonderland, a family fantasy comedy series that premiered on Sky1 on 10 November 2013.[6] He starred with the same troupe in Bill, a BBC family comedy film based loosely around the early life of William Shakespeare, who ventures to London to pursue his dream of becoming a playwright.[7][8] The troupe also reunited in 2019 to create the BBC series Ghosts, with Baynton appearing as a romantic poet named Thomas Thorne.Baynton teamed with friend and fellow Gavin & Stacey alumnus James Corden to create, write, and star in The Wrong Mans, a comedy-thriller for BBC Two that premiered in autumn 2013.[9] The series is co-produced by online television provider Hulu.com in the United States, where it premiered in November 2013.[10] The first six-part series proved a critical and commercial success, and a similarly well-received two-part sequel was broadcast in December 2014.[11]Other notable TV comedy roles include Deano in Gavin & Stacey; Chris in the Darren Boyd sitcom vehicle Spy; and William in the 2017 black comedy series Quacks.In 2009, he appeared in a music video for Mercury Prize-nominated band, The Bees.[12]Baynton appeared at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, starring in the world premiere of Tom Basden's play Holes.[13] He reprised his role of Gus in a London revival of the same play in summer 2014.[14]In late 2015, Baynton portrayed Jamie Winton and his brother Ariel Conroy in Sky1's science fiction comedy-drama miniseries You, Me and the Apocalypse.In January 2024, Baynton made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut in Eleanor Rhode's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream as Nick Bottom.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Benny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_Benny&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Baynton is a former member of the band Special Benny as a vocalist and guitarist.[15] Their debut album Toys was released in 2010.He has also performed as a solo act under the name Dog Ears. His debut solo EP, So It Goes, was released in November 2011.[16] It consists of four self-penned songs.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"He appeared in 'John Finnemore's Double Acts'","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"}],"text":"He and his partner Kelly Robinson, a film historian, have two children: a son, Bo, born in 2011, and a daughter, Ida, born in 2016. Baynton and Robinson had a civil partnership ceremony in 2023. [17]Baynton has commented on his son's skewed view of his father's profession: \"He thinks work is putting on a beard. One day his eyes will be opened, but I do find it wonderful that that's his view of work.\"[18] He commented during the same interview that while many actors do not want their children to become actors as well, he sees no problem with his son following in his footsteps, stating that \"if he enjoys it, so why shouldn't I let him?\".[18] Bo appeared as the young Mary, Queen of Scots in one episode of Horrible Histories.Baynton tries to keep Bo and Ida out of the spotlight. However, Baynton raised awareness about breaking gender barriers after Bo was mocked in the park for wearing a pink bicycle helmet.[19] Baynton expressed his belief that he lets his son express his likes and dislikes freely without categorising toys and colours in gendered categories. Baynton stated \"I won't be teaching my boy how to be a 'boy'.\"[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"L-R: Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Mathew Baynton, Laurence Rickard, Ben Willbond and Jim Howick at the 2011 Children's BAFTAs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_starring_cast_of_TV_series_Horrible_Histories_arrives_at_the_Children%27s_BAFTAs%2C_27_November_2011.jpg/220px-The_starring_cast_of_TV_series_Horrible_Histories_arrives_at_the_Children%27s_BAFTAs%2C_27_November_2011.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mathew Baynton — the Protagonist\". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212746/https://www.theprotagonistmagazine.com/performances/mathew-baynton","url_text":"\"Mathew Baynton — the Protagonist\""},{"url":"https://www.theprotagonistmagazine.com/performances/mathew-baynton","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cal McCrystal\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calmccrystal.com/index.php?feature_id=33","url_text":"\"Cal McCrystal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mathew Baynton: We couldn't have asked for The Wrong Mans to go any better\". Metro. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2013/11/20/matthew-baynton-we-couldnt-have-asked-for-the-wrong-mans-to-go-any-better-4192397/","url_text":"\"Mathew Baynton: We couldn't have asked for The Wrong Mans to go any better\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Olly (20 February 2018). \"This Country creators Charlie and Daisy May Cooper: 'The best storylines are usually things we've lived through'\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2018/02/20/country-creators-charlie-daisy-may-cooper-best-storylines-usually/#:~:text=They%20finally%20got%20an%20entr%C3%A9e,was%20famous%2C%E2%80%9D%20Charlie%20jokes","url_text":"\"This Country creators Charlie and Daisy May Cooper: 'The best storylines are usually things we've lived through'\""}]},{"reference":"West, Naomi (25 May 2010). \"How Horrible Histories grew up to be a hit comedy show\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7765195/How-Horrible-Histories-grew-up-to-be-a-hit-comedy-show.html","url_text":"\"How Horrible Histories grew up to be a hit comedy show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7765195/How-Horrible-Histories-grew-up-to-be-a-hit-comedy-show.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky1 to visit Yonderland\". Sky1 website. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sky1.sky.com/yonderland/sky-1-to-visit-yonderland","url_text":"\"Sky1 to visit Yonderland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stars of Horrible Histories to make Shakespeare film\". BBC Media Centre. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/bbc-films-bill-press-release.html","url_text":"\"Stars of Horrible Histories to make Shakespeare film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill: production details\". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150455/http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/film/bill/details/","url_text":"\"Bill: production details\""},{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/film/bill/details/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Two announces new comedy, The Wrong Mans\". BBC Media Centre. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/the-wrong-mans.html","url_text":"\"BBC Two announces new comedy, The Wrong Mans\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC, Hulu team on James Corden laffer\". Variety online. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118060475","url_text":"\"BBC, Hulu team on James Corden laffer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corden Hints at Second Series of The Wrong Mans\". Digital Spy. 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a527754/james-corden-hints-at-second-series-of-the-wrong-mans.html","url_text":"\"Corden Hints at Second Series of The Wrong Mans\""}]},{"reference":"The Bees - Listening Man, retrieved 22 November 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUNWqj5d_b4","url_text":"The Bees - Listening Man"}]},{"reference":"\"Holes announcement\". The Invisible Dot Ltd. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224433/http://www.theinvisibledot.com/events/the-invisible-dot-ltd-edinburgh-2013/174-holes-by-tom-basden","url_text":"\"Holes announcement\""},{"url":"http://www.theinvisibledot.com/events/the-invisible-dot-ltd-edinburgh-2013/174-holes-by-tom-basden","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holes announcement\". Arcola Theatre, summer 2014 program. Retrieved 30 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holestheplay.com/","url_text":"\"Holes announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Special Benny.","urls":[{"url":"http://specialbenny.com/site/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dog Ears\". Dog Ears.","urls":[{"url":"http://dogears.org/","url_text":"\"Dog Ears\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Holly (13 September 2015). \"Mathew Baynton interview\". The Independent. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Paus
Bernhard Paus
["1 Biography","2 Ranks and honours","2.1 Military ranks","2.2 Honours","2.3 Other","3 References"]
Norwegian orthopedic surgeon and humanitarian For his grandfather, the theologian, see Bernhard Pauss. Bernhard Paus as chief surgeon of the Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital and chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces during the Korean War Bernhard Cathrinus Paus (9 November 1910 – 9 February 1999) was a Norwegian orthopedic surgeon and humanitarian. He participated in humanitarian work during the Winter War in Finland, during the 1940 Norwegian Campaign and during the Korean War, when he served as chief surgeon of the Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital. He was also the chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces (1951–1958) and President of the Norwegian Association for Military Medicine (1954–1955). He was senior consultant and managing director of the Martina Hansen Hospital in Bærum (1964–1980). He was Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons from 1969 to 1990. He was married to the noted humanitarian Brita Collett Paus, and they introduced the hospice concept in Norway. Biography Coat of arms of Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons Born in Oslo, he was a member of the Drammen branch of the Paus family and the son of the surgeon and President of the Norwegian Red Cross, Nikolai Nissen Paus. Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons He finished medical school in 1936 and served as an officer during the Winter War in Finland and the war in Norway in 1940. Later he served in the Korean War, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1951 to 1958 he served as chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and from 1964 to 1980 he was the director of the Martina Hansen Hospital in Bærum. He was chairman of the Norwegian Association for Military Medicine (1954–55) and President of the Nordic Orthopaedic Federation (1974–76). His wife, Brita Collett Paus (née Collett), founded the Catholic charitable organization Fransiskushjelpen in Norway. She was the daughter of Axel Collett, a co-owner of the Firma Albert Collett company, one of the largest land-owners in Norway. They had six children, including politician Lucie Paus Falck, surgeon Albert Collett Paus and businessman and investor Nikolai Bent Paus. He died in Agadir, Morocco. His brother, lawyer and businessman Vilhelm Christian Paus (born 1915), was married to his wife's sister, Anne Collett (born 1918). Ranks and honours Military ranks 1951–1953 Major 1953–1999 Lieutenant-colonel Honours Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1980) Knight of the Order of Charles XIII (Sweden) Order of Vasa (Sweden, 1942) Decoration of honour of the Norwegian Red Cross Order of the Cross of Liberty with Sword (Finland) United Nations Korea Medal Bronze Star Medal (United States) Order of Diplomatic Service Merit of Korea Other Honorary member of the Danish Order of Freemasons Honorary member of the Icelandic Order of Freemasons Honorary member of the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany Honorary member of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA Honorary member of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA) References ^ "Bernhard Cathrinus Paus," in Terje Helsingeng (ed.), Stormesteren, Den Norske frimurerorden, 2005, ISBN 82-996484-1-6 ^ Henriksen, Petter, ed. (1978–2007). "Bernhard Paus". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ "Paus, Bernhard Cathrinus," in Norges leger, 1996, Vol. 4, p. 381 ^ Rolf Hagen (September 11, 1985). "Sentral i ortopedisk kirurgi". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 22. ^ Rolf Hagen (1999-02-18). "Bernhard Cathrinus Paus". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 17. ^ "Matrikel for Den Danske Frimurerorden 1977–1978" (PDF). ^ a b c d "Internasjonalt kontaktnett". Bergens Arbeiderblad 1988-12-12 vteGrand Masters of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons King Charles III John King Oscar I King Carl IV King Oscar II Johan Gottfried Conradi August Christian Mohr Wilhelm Hansen Færden Carl Fredrik Johannes Bødtker Hans Johndal Rønneberg Jacob Hvinden Haug Carl Kaas Anton Cathinco Stub Holmboe Bernhard Paus Ola Knutrud Syver Hagen Magne Frode Nygaard Ivar A. Skar Tore Evensen
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He was also the chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces (1951–1958) and President of the Norwegian Association for Military Medicine (1954–1955). He was senior consultant and managing director of the Martina Hansen Hospital in Bærum (1964–1980). He was Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons from 1969 to 1990.[1]He was married to the noted humanitarian Brita Collett Paus, and they introduced the hospice concept in Norway.[2][3]","title":"Bernhard Paus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernhard_Paus_v%C3%A5pen_som_stormester_for_Frimurerordenen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grand Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Order of Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Order_of_Freemasons"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Paus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Nissen Paus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Nissen_Paus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernhard_Paus_by_Hiorth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Martina Hansen Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martina_Hansen_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Nordic Orthopaedic Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Orthopaedic_Federation"},{"link_name":"Brita Collett Paus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_Collett_Paus"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Fransiskushjelpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskushjelpen"},{"link_name":"Axel Collett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Collett"},{"link_name":"Lucie Paus Falck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Paus_Falck"},{"link_name":"Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"Coat of arms of Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of FreemasonsBorn in Oslo, he was a member of the Drammen branch of the Paus family and the son of the surgeon and President of the Norwegian Red Cross, Nikolai Nissen Paus.Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of FreemasonsHe finished medical school in 1936 and served as an officer during the Winter War in Finland and the war in Norway in 1940. Later he served in the Korean War, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1951 to 1958 he served as chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces, and from 1964 to 1980 he was the director of the Martina Hansen Hospital in Bærum.He was chairman of the Norwegian Association for Military Medicine (1954–55) and President of the Nordic Orthopaedic Federation (1974–76).His wife, Brita Collett Paus (née Collett), founded the Catholic charitable organization Fransiskushjelpen in Norway. She was the daughter of Axel Collett, a co-owner of the Firma Albert Collett company, one of the largest land-owners in Norway. They had six children, including politician Lucie Paus Falck, surgeon Albert Collett Paus and businessman and investor Nikolai Bent Paus. He died in Agadir, Morocco.His brother, lawyer and businessman Vilhelm Christian Paus (born 1915), was married to his wife's sister, Anne Collett (born 1918).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ranks and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel"}],"sub_title":"Military ranks","text":"1951–1953 Major\n 1953–1999 Lieutenant-colonel","title":"Ranks and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_XIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Vasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Order of the Cross of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"United Nations Korea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Order of Diplomatic Service Merit of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Diplomatic_Service_Merit_(Korea)"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1980)[4][5]\n Knight of the Order of Charles XIII (Sweden)\n Order of Vasa (Sweden, 1942)\n Decoration of honour of the Norwegian Red Cross\n Order of the Cross of Liberty with Sword (Finland)\n United Nations Korea Medal\n Bronze Star Medal (United States)\n Order of Diplomatic Service Merit of Korea","title":"Ranks and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish Order of Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Order_of_Freemasons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Order of Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-7"},{"link_name":"Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Landlodge_of_the_Freemasons_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-7"},{"link_name":"Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite,_Northern_Jurisdiction,_USA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-7"},{"link_name":"Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite_(Southern_Jurisdiction,_USA)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-7"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Honorary member of the Danish Order of Freemasons[6]\nHonorary member of the Icelandic Order of Freemasons[7]\nHonorary member of the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany[7]\nHonorary member of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA[7]\nHonorary member of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)[7]","title":"Ranks and honours"}]
[{"image_text":"Bernhard Paus as chief surgeon of the Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital and chief physician of the Norwegian Armed Forces during the Korean War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bernhard_Paus_in_Korea.jpg/220px-Bernhard_Paus_in_Korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bernhard_Paus_v%C3%A5pen_som_stormester_for_Frimurerordenen.jpg/220px-Bernhard_Paus_v%C3%A5pen_som_stormester_for_Frimurerordenen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bernhard Paus as Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bernhard_Paus_by_Hiorth.jpg/170px-Bernhard_Paus_by_Hiorth.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Den_Norske_Frimurerorden.gif/40px-Den_Norske_Frimurerorden.gif"}]
null
[{"reference":"Henriksen, Petter, ed. (1978–2007). \"Bernhard Paus\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"http://snl.no/Bernhard_Paus","url_text":"\"Bernhard Paus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Rolf Hagen (September 11, 1985). \"Sentral i ortopedisk kirurgi\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rolf Hagen (1999-02-18). \"Bernhard Cathrinus Paus\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Matrikel for Den Danske Frimurerorden 1977–1978\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922856.pdf","url_text":"\"Matrikel for Den Danske Frimurerorden 1977–1978\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://snl.no/Bernhard_Paus","external_links_name":"\"Bernhard Paus\""},{"Link":"http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/050cde9249bac217bfb841227541cd83?index=3#382","external_links_name":"Paus, Bernhard Cathrinus"},{"Link":"https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922856.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Matrikel for Den Danske Frimurerorden 1977–1978\""},{"Link":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_bergensarbeiderblad_null_null_19881212_62_289_1","external_links_name":"Internasjonalt kontaktnett"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics
China at the 1996 Summer Olympics
["1 Medalists","2 Archery","3 Athletics","4 Badminton","5 Basketball","5.1 Men's tournament","5.2 Women's tournament","6 Boxing","7 Canoeing","8 Cycling","9 Diving","10 Fencing","11 Football","12 Gymnastics","13 Handball","14 Judo","15 Rhythmic gymnastics","16 Rowing","17 Sailing","18 Shooting","19 Softball","19.1 Women's Team Competition","20 Swimming","21 Synchronized swimming","22 Table tennis","23 Tennis","24 Volleyball","24.1 Women's Indoor Team Competition","25 Weightlifting","26 Wrestling","27 References","28 External links"]
Sporting event delegationChina at the1996 Summer OlympicsIOC codeCHNNOCChinese Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olympic.cn (in Chinese and English)in AtlantaCompetitors294 (111 men and 183 women) in 25 sportsFlag bearer Liu YudongMedalsRanked 4th Gold 16 Silver 22 Bronze 12 Total 50 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19521956–198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances Republic of China (1924–1948) The People's Republic of China competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 294 competitors, 111 men and 183 women, took part in 155 events in 25 sports. Medalists Medals by sport Sport Total Table Tennis 4 3 1 8 Diving 3 1 1 5 Shooting 2 2 1 5 Weightlifting 2 1 1 4 Gymnastics 1 4 1 6 Swimming 1 3 2 6 Athletics 1 2 1 4 Badminton 1 1 2 4 Judo 1 0 1 2 Archery 0 1 0 1 Football 0 1 0 1 Rowing 0 1 0 1 Softball 0 1 0 1 Volleyball 0 1 0 1 Wrestling 0 0 1 1 Total 16 22 12 50 Medal Name Event  Gold Wang Junxia Athletics, Women's 5000 m  Gold Ge FeiGu Jun Badminton, Women's doubles  Gold Xiong Ni Diving, Men's 3 m springboard  Gold Fu Mingxia Diving, Women's 3 m springboard  Gold Fu Mingxia Diving, Women's 10 m platform  Gold Li Xiaoshuang Gymnastics, Men's Individual all-around  Gold Sun Fuming Judo, Women's +72 kg  Gold Yang Ling Shooting, Men's 10 m Running Target  Gold Li Duihong Shooting, Women's 25 m Pistol  Gold Le Jingyi Swimming, Women's 100 m freestyle  Gold Liu Guoliang Table Tennis, Men's singles  Gold Liu GuoliangKong Linghui Table Tennis, Men's doubles  Gold Deng Yaping Table Tennis, Women's singles  Gold Deng YapingQiao Hong Table Tennis, Women's doubles  Gold Tang Ningsheng Weightlifting, Men's 59 kg  Gold Zhan Xugang Weightlifting, Men's 70 kg  Silver He Ying Archery, Women's Individual Competition  Silver Wang Junxia Athletics, Women's 10000 m  Silver Sui Xinmei Athletics, Women's Shot put  Silver Dong Jiong Badminton, Men's singles  Silver Yu Zhuocheng Diving, Men's 3 m springboard  Silver Chen YufengFan YunjieGao HongLiu AilingLiu YingShi GuihongShui QingxiaSun QingmeiSun WenWang LipingWei HaiyingWen LirongXie HuilinYu HongqiZhao LihongZhong Honglian Football, Women's team competition  Silver Li Xiaoshuang Gymnastics, Men's Floor exercise  Silver Li XiaoshuangFan BinFan HongbinHuang HuadongHuang LipingShen JianZhang Jinjing Gymnastics, Men's team competition  Silver Mo Huilan Gymnastics, Women's Vault  Silver Bi Wenjing Gymnastics, Women's Uneven bars  Silver Xiuyun ZhangCao Mianyin Rowing, Women's Double Sculls  Silver Wang Yifu Shooting, Men's 10 m Air Pistol  Silver Xiao Jun Shooting, Men's 10 m Running Target  Silver Wei QiangTao HuaXu JianZhang ChunfangYan FangWang YingAn ZhongxinWang LihongChen HongHe LipingLei LiLiu XuqingLiu YajuMa YingOu JingbaiSarah Ford Softball, Women's team competition  Silver Le Jingyi Swimming, Women's 50 m freestyle  Silver Liu Limin Swimming, Women's 100 m butterfly  Silver Le JingyiChao NaNian YunShan Ying Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay  Silver Wang Tao Table Tennis, Men's singles  Silver Wang TaoLü Lin Table Tennis, Men's doubles  Silver Liu WeiQiao Yunping Table Tennis, Women's doubles  Silver Lai YawenCui YongmeiPan WenliWang ZilingYue SunLi YanHe QiLiu XiaoningWu YongmeiZhu YunyingWang LinaWang Yi Volleyball, Women's team competition  Silver Zhang Xiangsen Weightlifting, Men's 56 kg  Bronze Wang Yan Athletics, Women's 10 km walk  Bronze Qin YiyuanTang Yongshu Badminton, Women's doubles  Bronze Liu JianjunSun Man Badminton, Mixed doubles  Bronze Xiao Hailiang Diving, Men's 10 metre platform  Bronze Fan Bin Gymnastics, Men's Horizontal bar  Bronze Wang Xianbo Judo, Women's 66 kg  Bronze Zhang Bing Shooting, Men's Double Trap  Bronze Chen YanHan XueCai HuijueShan Ying Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay  Bronze Lin Li Swimming, Women's 200 m IM  Bronze Qiao Hong Table Tennis, Women's singles  Bronze Xiao Jiangang Weightlifting, Men's 64 kg  Bronze Sheng Zetian Wrestling, Men's 57 kg Greco-Roman Archery Main article: Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics The People's Republic of China sent three men and three women to Atlanta for archery. As usual, the Chinese women were the more successful squad, with He Ying winning a silver medal. They went a combined 9-3 in individual competition as opposed the men's 1-3 record. They also won their first team match before being defeated. Women's Individual Competition: He Ying → Final, Silver Medal (5-1) Wang Xiaozhu → Quarterfinal, 7th place (3-1) Yang Jianping → Round of 32, 29th place (1-1) Men's Individual Competition: Tang Hua → Round of 32, 23rd place (1-1) Luo Hengyu → Round of 64, 36th place (0-1) Shen Jun → Round of 64, 40th place (0-1) Women's Team Competition: He, Wang, and Yang → Quarterfinal, 6th place (1-1) Men's Team Competition: Tang, Luo, and Shen → Round of 16, 12th place (0-1) Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's 100 metres Chen Wenzhong Men's 200 metres Chen Wenzhong Men's 110 metres Hurdles Li Tong Chen Yanhao Men's 20 km Walk Yu Guohui Li Zewen Li Mingcai Men's 50 km Walk Zhang Huiqiang Final — 3:53:10 (→ 14th place) Mao Xinyuan Final — DSQ (→ no ranking) Zhao Yongsheng Final — DSQ (→ no ranking) Men's Long Jump Huang Geng Qualification — 8.12 m Final — 7.99 m (→ 9th place) Chen Jing Qualification — 7.70 m (→ did not advance, 29th place) Men's triple jump Zou Sixin Qualification — 16.53 m (→ did not advance, 21st place) Men's Discus Throw Li Shaojie Qualification — 60.20 m (→ did not advance) Men's Javelin Throw Zhang Lianbiao Qualification — 79.88 m Final — 80.96 m (→ 11th place) Women's 400 metres Du Xiujie Heat — 53.95 (→ did not advance) Women's 10,000 metres Wang Junxia Qualification — 32:36.53 Final — 31:02.58 (→ Silver Medal) Wang Mingxia Qualification — 32:10.26 Final — 32:38.98 (→ 15th place) Yang Siju Qualification — 32:22.77 Final — 33:15.29 (→ 19th place) Women's Javelin Throw Li Lei Qualification — 61.48 m Final — 60.74 m (→ 8th place) Women's Discus Throw Xiao Yanling Qualification — 65.10m Final — 64.72m (→ 5th place) Women's Shot Put Sui Xinmei Qualification — 19.36m Final — 19.88m (→ Silver Medal) Li Meisu Qualification — 18.39m (→ did not advance) Huang Zhihong Qualification — did not start (→ did not advance) Women's Triple Jump Ren Ruiping Qualification — 14.56m Final — 14.30m (→ 7th place) Wang Xiangrong — 13.32m (→ did not advance) Women's Marathon Ren Xiujuan — 2:31.21 (→ 9th place) Women's 10 km Walk Wang Yan — 42:19 (→ Bronze Medal) Gu Yan — 42:34 (→ 4th place) Gao Hongmiao — dsq (→ no ranking) Badminton Main article: Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball Main article: Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's tournament Main article: Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament Team roster Mengke Bateer Gong Xiaobin Hu Weidong Li Nan Li Xiaoyong Liu Yudong Shan Tao Sun Jun Wang Zhizhi Wu Naiqun Wu Qinglong Zheng Wu Preliminary round Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1  United States (H) 5 5 0 522 345 +177 10 Quarterfinals 2  Lithuania 5 3 2 427 354 +73 8 3  Croatia 5 3 2 422 386 +36 8 4  China 5 2 3 360 502 −142 7 5  Argentina 5 2 3 351 396 −45 7 9th place playoff 6  Angola 5 0 5 280 379 −99 5 11th place playoff Source: FIBA archiveRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.(H) HostsNotes: ^ a b Head-to-head record: Lithuania 1–0 Croatia ^ a b Head-to-head record: China 1–0 Argentina 20 July 1996 (1996-07-20) Report China  70–67  Angola Scoring by half: 36–36, 34–31 Pts: Wang 17Rebs: Wang 11Asts: Hu 3 Pts: Â. Victoriano, Carvalho 13Rebs: Â. Victoriano 6Asts: Avô 5 AtlantaReferees: Jose Piovesan Neto (BRA), Juan Brea Diaz (CUB) 22 July 1996 (1996-07-22) Report Croatia  109–78  China Scoring by half: 56–44, 53–34 Pts: Komazec 36Rebs: Vranković 9Asts: Kukoč 12 Pts: Wang, Zheng 15Rebs: Gong 8Asts: Sun 6 AtlantaReferees: Jose Pelissari (BRA), Kim Chul-Hwan (KOR) 24 July 1996 (1996-07-24) Report China  87–77  Argentina Scoring by half: 51–38, 36–39 Pts: Zheng, Hu 22Rebs: Zheng 9Asts: Li 5 Pts: Espil 25Rebs: Pérez 7Asts: Milanesio 8 AtlantaReferees: Robert Barnett (AUS), Roman Ryzhyk (UKR) 26 July 1996 (1996-07-26) Report United States  133–70  China Scoring by half: 65–28, 68–42 Pts: Pippen 24Rebs: O'Neal 10Asts: Hardaway 10 Pts: Liu 18Rebs: Bateer 6Asts: Li 5 AtlantaReferees: Donald Cline (CAN), Hidetoshi Ishida (JPN) 28 July 1996 (1996-07-28) Report China  55–116  Lithuania Scoring by half: 23–53, 32–63 Pts: Wang 18Rebs: Wang 5Asts: Li 4 Pts: Štombergas 19Rebs: Einikis 9Asts: Marčiulionis 7 AtlantaReferees: Jose Reyes Ronfini (MEX), Juan Figueroa (PUR) Quarterfinals 30 July 1996 (1996-07-30) 12:00 Report FR Yugoslavia  128–61  China Scoring by half: 63–29, 65–32 Pts: Rebrača 22Rebs: Topić 8Asts: Berić, Đorđević 6 Pts: Wang 13Rebs: Wang, Wu 4Asts: Li 3 AtlantaReferees: Hidetoshi Ishida (JPN), Gennaro Colucci ITA Classification Round 5–8th Place 1 August 1996 (1996-08-01) 10:00 Report China  75–115  Greece Scoring by half: 24–50, 51–65 Pts: Wu 20Rebs: Liu 8Asts: Li 7 Pts: Fasoulas 19Rebs: Christodoulou 12Asts: Christodoulou 8 AtlantaReferees: Joseph Derosa (USA), Tomislav Jovancic (YUG) 7th Place match 2 August 1996 (1996-08-02) 20:00 Report China  85–99  Croatia Scoring by half: 39–49, 46–50 Pts: Hu 22Rebs: Gong 9Asts: Li, Sun 5 Pts: Kukoč 26Rebs: Kukoč 10Asts: Kukoč 8 AtlantaReferees: Robert Barnett (AUS), Raul Chaves Sagel (ARG) Women's tournament Main article: Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament Team roster Zheng Dongmei Liang Xin Zheng Haixia He Jun Ma Zongqing Miao Bo Li Xin Liu Jun Shen Li Chu Hui Li Dongmei Ma Chengqing Preliminary round Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1  Brazil 5 5 0 424 360 +64 10 Quarterfinals 2  Russia 5 4 1 378 342 +36 9 3  Italy 5 3 2 330 309 +21 8 4  Japan 5 2 3 365 396 −31 7 5  China 5 1 4 347 378 −31 6 6  Canada 5 0 5 293 352 −59 5 Source: FIBA archiveRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored. 21 July 1996 (1996-07-21) Boxscore Italy  62–53  China Pts: Caselin 16Rebs: Schiesaro 5Asts: Caselin, Ballabio 3 Pts: Li X, Liu J 15Rebs: three players 5Asts: Li X, Li D 4 Morehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta 23 July 1996 (1996-07-23) Boxscore China  72–75  Japan Pts: Zheng H 31Rebs: Zheng H 16Asts: Li X 6 Pts: Hagiwara 23Rebs: Kato 10Asts: Murakami 4 Morehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta 25 July 1996 (1996-07-25) Boxscore Canada  49–61  China Pts: three players 8Rebs: Norman 9Asts: Evans 5 Pts: Zheng H 19Rebs: Zheng H 16Asts: Zheng D 4 Morehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta 27 July 1996 (1996-07-27) Boxscore China  83–98  Brazil Pts: He J 22Rebs: Liang X 5Asts: Zheng D, Liu J 6 Pts: Janeth 26Rebs: three players 9Asts: Paula 8 Morehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta 29 July 1996 (1996-07-29) Boxscore Russia  94–78  China Pts: Baranova 26Rebs: Baranova 18Asts: Sumnikova 10 Pts: Zheng D, Ma Z 14Rebs: Liang X 6Asts: Zheng D 5 Morehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta Classification Round 9th−12th place 31 July 1996 (1996-07-31) 10:00 Boxscore Zaire  67–91  China Scoring by half: 36–47, 31–44 Pts: Mabika 30Rebs: Lobela 9Asts: Ngalula 3 Pts: Zheng H 26Rebs: Zheng H 10Asts: Ma Z 6 Georgia Dome, Atlanta 9th place match 3 August 1996 (1996-08-03) 12:00 Boxscore China  85–71  South Korea Scoring by half: 48–39, 37–32 Pts: Zheng H 29Rebs: Zheng H 10Asts: Zheng D 10 Pts: Chun J-w 20Rebs: Yoo Y-j 6Asts: Han H-s 5 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Boxing Main article: Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg) Yang Xiangzhong First Round — Defeated Alberto Rossel (Peru), 16-7 Second Round — Lost to Hamid Berhili (Morocco), 9-14 Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg) Chen Tao First Round — Lost to Hirokuni Moto (Japan), 10-15 Men's Heavyweight (– 91 kg) Jiang Tao First Round — Bye Second Round — Defeated Charles Kizza (Uganda), 10-7 Quarterfinals — Lost to Nate Jones (United States), 4-21 Canoeing Main article: Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics Women's Individual Road Race Guo Xinghong Final — 02:49:47 (→ 41st place) Zhao Haijuan Final — did not finish (→ no ranking) Women's Mountainbike Cross Country Gao Hongying Final — 2:09.08 (→ 25th place) Diving Main article: Diving at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's 3m Springboard Xiong Ni Preliminary Heat — 463.02 Semi Final — 231.45 Final — 470.01 (→ Gold Medal) Yu Zhuocheng Preliminary Heat — 438.93 Semi Final — 223.41 Final — 467.52 (→ Silver Medal) Women's 3m Springboard Fu Mingxia Preliminary Heat — 284.28 Semi Final — 221.49 Final — 326.19 (→ Gold Medal) Tan Shuping Preliminary Heat — 212.49 (→ did not advance, 23rd place) Women's 10m Platform Fu Mingxia Preliminary Heat — 329.25 Semi Final — 179.94 Final — 341.64 (→ Gold Medal) Guo Jingjing Preliminary Heat — 315.39 Semi Final — 177.30 Final — 269.91 (→ 5th place) Fencing Main article: Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Nine fencers, five men and four women, represented China in 1996. Men's foil Ye Chong Wang Haibin Dong Zhaozhi Men's team foil Ye Chong, Dong Zhaozhi, Wang Haibin Men's épée Zhao Gang Men's sabre Yan Xiandong Women's foil Xiao Aihua Liang Jun Wang Huifeng Women's team foil Liang Jun, Wang Huifeng, Xiao Aihua Women's épée Yan Jing Football Main article: Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics Gymnastics Main article: Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics Li Xiaoshuang Gold Medal, Individual All-around, China's first in this category Handball Main article: Handball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Judo Main article: Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics Rhythmic gymnastics Main article: Rhythmic gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics Rowing Main article: Rowing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Sailing Main article: Sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics Softball Main article: Softball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Women's Team Competition Preliminary Round Robin Defeated Australia (6:0) Lost to Japan (0:3) Defeated Canada (2:1) Defeated Puerto Rico (10:0) Defeated Netherlands (8:0) Defeated Chinese Taipei (1:0) Lost to United States (2:3) Semifinals Lost to United States (0:1) Bronze Medal Match Defeated Australia (4:2) Final Lost to United States (1:3) → Silver Medal Team Roster Wei Qiang Tao Hua Xu Jian Zhang Chunfang Yan Fang Wang Ying An Zhongxin Wang Lihong Chen Hong He Liping Lei Li Liu Xuqing Liu Yaju Ma Ying Ou Jingbai Head coach: Li Minkuan Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's 50 m Freestyle Jiang Chengji Heat – 22.55 Final – 22.33 (→ 4th place) Men's 100 m Freestyle Zhao Lifeng Heat – 51.70 (→ did not advance, 40th place) Men's 100 m Backstroke Zhao Yi Heat – 57.17 (→ did not advance, 27th place) Men's 100 m Breaststroke Zeng Qiliang Heat – 1:02.26 Final – 1:02.01 (→ 7th place) Men's 200 m Breaststroke Wang Yiwu Heat – 1:02.26 (→ did not advance, 23rd place) Men's 100 m Butterfly Jiang Chengji Heat – 53.40 Final – 53.20 (→ 4th place) Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Zhao Yi, Zeng Qiliang, Jiang Chengji, and Zhao Lifeng Heat – 3:43.50 (→ did not advance, 13th place) Women's 50 m Freestyle Le Jingyi Heat – 25.10 Final – 24.90 (→ Silver Medal) Shan Ying Heat – 25.71 Final – 25.70 (→ 7th place) Women's 100 m Freestyle Le Jingyi Heat – 54.90 Final – 54.50 (→ Gold Medal) Shan Ying Heat – 56.10 B-Final – 55.74 (→ 9th place) Women's 200 m Freestyle Chen Yan Heat – 2:03.32 B-Final – scratched Shan Ying Heat – 2:04.29 (→ did not advance, 23rd place) Women's 400 m Freestyle Chen Yan Heat – 4:22.55 (→ did not advance, 29th place) Women's 800 m Freestyle Pu Yiqi Heat – 8:45.32 (→ did not advance, 12th place) Women's 100 m Backstroke Chen Yan Heat – 1:02.62 Final – 1:02.50 (→ 5th place) He Cihong Heat – 1:05.87 (→ did not advance, 26th place) Women's 200 m Backstroke Chen Yan Heat – 2:14.74 B-Final – 2:14.37 (→ 11th place) Wu Yanyan Heat – 2:20.89 (→ did not advance, 28th place) Women's 100 m Breaststroke Han Xue Heat – 1:10.40 B-Final – 1:09.90 (→ 11th place) Yuan Yuan Heat – 1:11.65 (→ did not advance, 24th place) Women's 200 m Breaststroke Lin Li Heat – 2:30.64 B-Final – 2:33.45 (→ 16th place) Yuan Yuan Heat – 2:33.89 (→ did not advance, 24th place) Women's 100 m Butterfly Liu Limin Heat – 1:00.18 Final – 59.14 (→ Silver Medal) Cai Huijue Heat – 1:00.89 Final – 1:00.46 (→ 7th place) Women's 200 m Butterfly Qu Yun Heat – 2:11.35 Final – 2:10.26(→ 4th place) Liu Limin Heat – 2:13.12 Final – 2:10.70 (→ 5th place) Women's 200 m Individual Medley Lin Li Heat – 2:16.31 Final – 2:14.74 (→ Bronze Medal) Wu Yanyan Heat – 2:16.55 B-Final – 2:16.61 (→ 10th place) Women's 400 m Individual Medley Chen Yan Heat – 4:53.87 (→ did not advance, 17th place) Wu Yanyan Heat – 4:54.07 (→ did not advance, 18th place) Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Shan Ying, Chao Na, Nian Yun, and Le Jingyi Heat – 3:44.06 Le Jingyi, Chao Na, Nian Yun, and Shan Ying Final – 3:40.48 (→ Silver Medal) Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay Chen Yan, Pu Yiqi, Wang Luna, and Nian Yun Heat – 8:13.29 Nian Yun, Wang Luna, Chen Yan, and Shan Ying Final – 8:15.38 (→ 8th place) Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Chen Yan, Han Xue, Cai Huijue, and Shan Ying Heat – 4:09.23 Chen Yan, Han Xue, Cai Huijue, and Shan Ying Final – 4:07.34 (→ Bronze Medal) Synchronized swimming Main article: Synchronized swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics Table tennis Main article: Table tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics Tennis Main article: Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics Women's Singles Competition Yi Jingqian First round — Lost to Inés Gorrochategui (Argentina) 2-6 6-1 1-6 Chen Li-Ling First round — Lost to Monica Seles (United States) 0-6 4-6 Volleyball Main article: Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics Women's Indoor Team Competition Preliminary round (group A) Defeated Netherlands (3-0) Defeated South Korea (3-2) Defeated United States (3-1) Defeated Ukraine (3-0) Defeated Japan (3-0) Quarterfinals Defeated Germany (3-0) Semifinals Defeated Russia (3-1) Final Lost to Cuba (1-3) (→ Silver Medal) Team Roster Cui Yongmei He Qi Lai Yawen Li Yan Liu Xiaoning Pan Wenli Sun Yue Wang Lina Wang Yi Wang Ziling Wu Yongmei Zhu Yunying Head coach: Lang Ping Weightlifting Main article: Weightlifting at the 1996 Summer Olympics Men's 108 kg Cui Wenhua Snatch — 190.0 kg Clean & Jerk — 215.0 kg Total — 405.0 kg (→ 5th place) Wrestling Main article: Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics References ^ "China at the 1996 Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-02-06. External links (ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results (PDF). Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. Retrieved 2008-02-13. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-02-13. vte National Olympic Committees at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United StatesAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé-Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe America Antigua-Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts-Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent-Grenadines Suriname Trinidad-Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Chinese Taipei Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Nauru New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Western Samoa
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-1"}],"text":"The People's Republic of China competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 294 competitors, 111 men and 183 women, took part in 155 events in 25 sports.[1]","title":"China at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"He Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Ying"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"He Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Ying"},{"link_name":"Wang Xiaozhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiaozhu"},{"link_name":"Yang Jianping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jianping"},{"link_name":"Tang Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Hua"},{"link_name":"Luo Hengyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Hengyu"},{"link_name":"Shen Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Jun_(archer)"}],"text":"The People's Republic of China sent three men and three women to Atlanta for archery. As usual, the Chinese women were the more successful squad, with He Ying winning a silver medal. They went a combined 9-3 in individual competition as opposed the men's 1-3 record. They also won their first team match before being defeated.Women's Individual Competition:He Ying → Final, Silver Medal (5-1)\nWang Xiaozhu → Quarterfinal, 7th place (3-1)\nYang Jianping → Round of 32, 29th place (1-1)Men's Individual Competition:Tang Hua → Round of 32, 23rd place (1-1)\nLuo Hengyu → Round of 64, 36th place (0-1)\nShen Jun → Round of 64, 40th place (0-1)Women's Team Competition:He, Wang, and Yang → Quarterfinal, 6th place (1-1)Men's Team Competition:Tang, Luo, and Shen → Round of 16, 12th place (0-1)","title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chen Wenzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wenzhong"},{"link_name":"Chen Wenzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wenzhong"},{"link_name":"Li Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Tong_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Chen Yanhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yanhao"},{"link_name":"Yu Guohui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Guohui"},{"link_name":"Li Zewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zewen"},{"link_name":"Li Mingcai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Mingcai"},{"link_name":"Zhang Huiqiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Huiqiang"},{"link_name":"Mao Xinyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Xinyuan"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yongsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yongsheng"},{"link_name":"Huang Geng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Geng"},{"link_name":"Chen Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jing_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Zou Sixin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zou_Sixin"},{"link_name":"Li Shaojie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shaojie"},{"link_name":"Zhang Lianbiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lianbiao"},{"link_name":"Du Xiujie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Xiujie"},{"link_name":"Wang Junxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Junxia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Wang Mingxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mingxia"},{"link_name":"Yang Siju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Siju"},{"link_name":"Li Lei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lei_(javelin)"},{"link_name":"Xiao Yanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Yanling"},{"link_name":"Sui Xinmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Xinmei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Li Meisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Meisu"},{"link_name":"Huang Zhihong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Zhihong"},{"link_name":"Ren Ruiping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Ruiping"},{"link_name":"Wang Xiangrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiangrong"},{"link_name":"Ren Xiujuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Xiujuan"},{"link_name":"Wang Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yan_(racewalker)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_3.png"},{"link_name":"Gu Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Yan"},{"link_name":"Gao Hongmiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Hongmiao"}],"text":"Men's 100 metresChen WenzhongMen's 200 metresChen WenzhongMen's 110 metres HurdlesLi Tong\nChen YanhaoMen's 20 km WalkYu Guohui\nLi Zewen\nLi MingcaiMen's 50 km WalkZhang Huiqiang\nFinal — 3:53:10 (→ 14th place)\nMao Xinyuan\nFinal — DSQ (→ no ranking)\nZhao Yongsheng\nFinal — DSQ (→ no ranking)Men's Long JumpHuang Geng\nQualification — 8.12 m\nFinal — 7.99 m (→ 9th place)\nChen Jing\nQualification — 7.70 m (→ did not advance, 29th place)Men's triple jumpZou Sixin\nQualification — 16.53 m (→ did not advance, 21st place)Men's Discus ThrowLi Shaojie\nQualification — 60.20 m (→ did not advance)Men's Javelin ThrowZhang Lianbiao\nQualification — 79.88 m\nFinal — 80.96 m (→ 11th place)Women's 400 metresDu Xiujie\nHeat — 53.95 (→ did not advance)Women's 10,000 metresWang Junxia\nQualification — 32:36.53\nFinal — 31:02.58 (→ Silver Medal)\nWang Mingxia\nQualification — 32:10.26\nFinal — 32:38.98 (→ 15th place)\nYang Siju\nQualification — 32:22.77\nFinal — 33:15.29 (→ 19th place)Women's Javelin ThrowLi Lei\nQualification — 61.48 m\nFinal — 60.74 m (→ 8th place)Women's Discus ThrowXiao Yanling\nQualification — 65.10m\nFinal — 64.72m (→ 5th place)Women's Shot PutSui Xinmei\nQualification — 19.36m\nFinal — 19.88m (→ Silver Medal)\nLi Meisu\nQualification — 18.39m (→ did not advance)\nHuang Zhihong\nQualification — did not start (→ did not advance)Women's Triple JumpRen Ruiping\nQualification — 14.56m\nFinal — 14.30m (→ 7th place)\nWang Xiangrong — 13.32m (→ did not advance)Women's MarathonRen Xiujuan — 2:31.21 (→ 9th place)Women's 10 km WalkWang Yan — 42:19 (→ Bronze Medal)\nGu Yan — 42:34 (→ 4th place)\nGao Hongmiao — dsq (→ no ranking)","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Badminton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mengke Bateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengke_Bateer"},{"link_name":"Gong Xiaobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Xiaobin"},{"link_name":"Hu Weidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Weidong"},{"link_name":"Li Nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Nan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Li Xiaoyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiaoyong"},{"link_name":"Liu Yudong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yudong"},{"link_name":"Shan Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Tao_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Sun Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Jun_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wang Zhizhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhizhi"},{"link_name":"Wu Naiqun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Naiqun"},{"link_name":"Wu Qinglong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Qinglong"},{"link_name":"Zheng Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Wu"},{"link_name":"FIBA archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/group-standing.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LTU0.86970423342181_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_LTU0.86970423342181_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_CHN0.86970423342181_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_CHN0.86970423342181_3-1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/1/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhizhi"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhizhi"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Weidong"},{"link_name":"Â. Victoriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ngelo_Victoriano"},{"link_name":"Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_de_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Â. Victoriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ngelo_Victoriano"},{"link_name":"Avô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamim_Av%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/5/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Komazec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijan_Komazec"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vranković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stojko_Vrankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kukoč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Kuko%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhizhi"},{"link_name":"Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Wu"},{"link_name":"Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Xiaobin"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Jun_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Basketball_Confederation"},{"link_name":"KOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/9/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Wu"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Weidong"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Wu"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiaoyong"},{"link_name":"Espil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Espil"},{"link_name":"Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Milanesio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Milanesio"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Australia"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/12/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html"},{"link_name":"United 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tournament","text":"Team rosterMengke Bateer\nGong Xiaobin\nHu Weidong\nLi Nan\nLi Xiaoyong\nLiu Yudong\nShan Tao\nSun Jun\nWang Zhizhi\nWu Naiqun\nWu Qinglong\nZheng WuPreliminary roundSource: FIBA archiveRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.(H) HostsNotes:^ a b Head-to-head record: Lithuania 1–0 Croatia\n\n^ a b Head-to-head record: China 1–0 Argentina20 July 1996 (1996-07-20)\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nChina \n70–67\n Angola\nScoring by half: 36–36, 34–31\nPts: Wang 17Rebs: Wang 11Asts: Hu 3\n\nPts: Â. Victoriano, Carvalho 13Rebs: Â. Victoriano 6Asts: Avô 5\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Jose Piovesan Neto (BRA), Juan Brea Diaz (CUB)22 July 1996 (1996-07-22)\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCroatia \n109–78\n China\nScoring by half: 56–44, 53–34\nPts: Komazec 36Rebs: Vranković 9Asts: Kukoč 12\n\nPts: Wang, Zheng 15Rebs: Gong 8Asts: Sun 6\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Jose Pelissari (BRA), Kim Chul-Hwan (KOR)24 July 1996 (1996-07-24)\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nChina \n87–77\n Argentina\nScoring by half: 51–38, 36–39\nPts: Zheng, Hu 22Rebs: Zheng 9Asts: Li 5\n\nPts: Espil 25Rebs: Pérez 7Asts: Milanesio 8\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Robert Barnett (AUS), Roman Ryzhyk (UKR)26 July 1996 (1996-07-26)\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nUnited States \n133–70\n China\nScoring by half: 65–28, 68–42\nPts: Pippen 24Rebs: O'Neal 10Asts: Hardaway 10\n\nPts: Liu 18Rebs: Bateer 6Asts: Li 5\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Donald Cline (CAN), Hidetoshi Ishida (JPN)28 July 1996 (1996-07-28)\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nChina \n55–116\n Lithuania\nScoring by half: 23–53, 32–63\nPts: Wang 18Rebs: Wang 5Asts: Li 4\n\nPts: Štombergas 19Rebs: Einikis 9Asts: Marčiulionis 7\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Jose Reyes Ronfini (MEX), Juan Figueroa (PUR)Quarterfinals30 July 1996 (1996-07-30) 12:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nFR Yugoslavia \n128–61\n China\nScoring by half: 63–29, 65–32\nPts: Rebrača 22Rebs: Topić 8Asts: Berić, Đorđević 6\n\nPts: Wang 13Rebs: Wang, Wu 4Asts: Li 3\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Hidetoshi Ishida (JPN), Gennaro Colucci ITAClassification Round 5–8th Place1 August 1996 (1996-08-01) 10:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nChina \n75–115\n Greece\nScoring by half: 24–50, 51–65\nPts: Wu 20Rebs: Liu 8Asts: Li 7\n\nPts: Fasoulas 19Rebs: Christodoulou 12Asts: Christodoulou 8\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Joseph Derosa (USA), Tomislav Jovancic (YUG)7th Place match2 August 1996 (1996-08-02) 20:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nChina \n85–99\n Croatia\nScoring by half: 39–49, 46–50\nPts: Hu 22Rebs: Gong 9Asts: Li, Sun 5\n\nPts: Kukoč 26Rebs: Kukoč 10Asts: Kukoč 8\n\n\n\nAtlantaReferees: Robert Barnett (AUS), Raul Chaves Sagel (ARG)","title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zheng Dongmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Dongmei"},{"link_name":"Liang Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Xin"},{"link_name":"Zheng Haixia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Haixia"},{"link_name":"He Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jun"},{"link_name":"Ma Zongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zongqing"},{"link_name":"Miao Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Bo"},{"link_name":"Li Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xin_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Liu Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jun_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Shen Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Li"},{"link_name":"Chu Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Hui_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Li Dongmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dongmei"},{"link_name":"Ma 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X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Xin"},{"link_name":"Morehouse College Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Arena"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympedia.org/results/32885"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mabika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwadi_Mabika"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lobela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Lobela"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ngalula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukengu_Ngalula"},{"link_name":"Zheng H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Haixia"},{"link_name":"Ma Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhongqing"},{"link_name":"Georgia Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Dome"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympedia.org/results/32871"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zheng H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Haixia"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zheng D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Dongmei"},{"link_name":"Chun J-w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chun_Joo-weon"},{"link_name":"Yoo Y-j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Young-joo"},{"link_name":"Han H-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Hyun-sun"},{"link_name":"Georgia Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Dome"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"}],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","text":"Team rosterZheng Dongmei\nLiang Xin\nZheng Haixia\nHe Jun\nMa Zongqing\nMiao Bo\nLi Xin\nLiu Jun\nShen Li\nChu Hui\nLi Dongmei\nMa ChengqingPreliminary roundSource: FIBA archiveRules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.21 July 1996 (1996-07-21)\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nItaly \n62–53\n China\n\nPts: Caselin 16Rebs: Schiesaro 5Asts: Caselin, Ballabio 3\n\nPts: Li X, Liu J 15Rebs: three players 5Asts: Li X, Li D 4\n\n\n\nMorehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta23 July 1996 (1996-07-23)\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nChina \n72–75\n Japan\n\nPts: Zheng H 31Rebs: Zheng H 16Asts: Li X 6\n\nPts: Hagiwara 23Rebs: Kato 10Asts: Murakami 4\n\n\n\nMorehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta25 July 1996 (1996-07-25)\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nCanada \n49–61\n China\n\nPts: three players 8Rebs: Norman 9Asts: Evans 5\n\nPts: Zheng H 19Rebs: Zheng H 16Asts: Zheng D 4\n\n\n\nMorehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta27 July 1996 (1996-07-27)\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nChina \n83–98\n Brazil\n\nPts: He J 22Rebs: Liang X 5Asts: Zheng D, Liu J 6\n\nPts: Janeth 26Rebs: three players 9Asts: Paula 8\n\n\n\nMorehouse College Gymnasium, Atlanta29 July 1996 (1996-07-29)\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nRussia \n94–78\n China\n\nPts: Baranova 26Rebs: Baranova 18Asts: Sumnikova 10\n\nPts: Zheng D, Ma Z 14Rebs: Liang X 6Asts: Zheng D 5\n\n\n\nMorehouse College Gymnasium, AtlantaClassification Round 9th−12th place31 July 1996 (1996-07-31) 10:00\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nZaire \n67–91\n China\nScoring by half: 36–47, 31–44\nPts: Mabika 30Rebs: Lobela 9Asts: Ngalula 3\n\nPts: Zheng H 26Rebs: Zheng H 10Asts: Ma Z 6\n\n\n\nGeorgia Dome, Atlanta9th place match3 August 1996 (1996-08-03) 12:00\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nChina \n85–71\n South Korea\nScoring by half: 48–39, 37–32\nPts: Zheng H 29Rebs: Zheng H 10Asts: Zheng D 10\n\nPts: Chun J-w 20Rebs: Yoo Y-j 6Asts: Han H-s 5\n\n\n\nGeorgia Dome, Atlanta","title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yang Xiangzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xiangzhong"},{"link_name":"Alberto Rossel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Rossel"},{"link_name":"Hamid Berhili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Berhili"},{"link_name":"Chen Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Tao_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Hirokuni Moto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirokuni_Moto"},{"link_name":"Jiang Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Tao_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Kizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kizza"},{"link_name":"Nate Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Jones_(boxer)"}],"text":"Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)Yang Xiangzhong\nFirst Round — Defeated Alberto Rossel (Peru), 16-7\nSecond Round — Lost to Hamid Berhili (Morocco), 9-14Men's Middleweight (– 75 kg)Chen Tao\nFirst Round — Lost to Hirokuni Moto (Japan), 10-15Men's Heavyweight (– 91 kg)Jiang Tao\nFirst Round — Bye\nSecond Round — Defeated Charles Kizza (Uganda), 10-7\nQuarterfinals — Lost to Nate Jones (United States), 4-21","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guo Xinghong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Xinghong"},{"link_name":"Zhao Haijuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Haijuan"},{"link_name":"Gao Hongying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Hongying"}],"text":"Women's Individual Road RaceGuo Xinghong\nFinal — 02:49:47 (→ 41st place)\nZhao Haijuan\nFinal — did not finish (→ no ranking)Women's Mountainbike Cross CountryGao Hongying\nFinal — 2:09.08 (→ 25th place)","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiong Ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiong_Ni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"link_name":"Yu Zhuocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhuocheng"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Fu Mingxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Mingxia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"link_name":"Tan Shuping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Shuping"},{"link_name":"Fu Mingxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Mingxia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"link_name":"Guo Jingjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Jingjing"}],"text":"Men's 3m SpringboardXiong Ni\nPreliminary Heat — 463.02\nSemi Final — 231.45\nFinal — 470.01 (→ Gold Medal)\nYu Zhuocheng\nPreliminary Heat — 438.93\nSemi Final — 223.41\nFinal — 467.52 (→ Silver Medal)Women's 3m SpringboardFu Mingxia\nPreliminary Heat — 284.28\nSemi Final — 221.49\nFinal — 326.19 (→ Gold Medal)\nTan Shuping\nPreliminary Heat — 212.49 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)Women's 10m PlatformFu Mingxia\nPreliminary Heat — 329.25\nSemi Final — 179.94\nFinal — 341.64 (→ Gold Medal)\nGuo Jingjing\nPreliminary Heat — 315.39\nSemi Final — 177.30\nFinal — 269.91 (→ 5th place)","title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"Ye Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Chong"},{"link_name":"Wang Haibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Haibin"},{"link_name":"Dong Zhaozhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhaozhi"},{"link_name":"Men's team foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_foil"},{"link_name":"Ye Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Chong"},{"link_name":"Dong Zhaozhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhaozhi"},{"link_name":"Wang Haibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Haibin"},{"link_name":"Men's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Zhao Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Gang_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Men's sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre"},{"link_name":"Yan Xiandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Xiandong"},{"link_name":"Women's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"Xiao Aihua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Aihua"},{"link_name":"Liang Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Jun_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Wang Huifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huifeng"},{"link_name":"Women's team foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_foil"},{"link_name":"Liang Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Jun_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Wang Huifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huifeng"},{"link_name":"Xiao Aihua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Aihua"},{"link_name":"Women's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Yan Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Jing"}],"text":"Nine fencers, five men and four women, represented China in 1996.Men's foilYe Chong\nWang Haibin\nDong ZhaozhiMen's team foilYe Chong, Dong Zhaozhi, Wang HaibinMen's épéeZhao GangMen's sabreYan XiandongWomen's foilXiao Aihua\nLiang Jun\nWang HuifengWomen's team foilLiang Jun, Wang Huifeng, Xiao AihuaWomen's épéeYan Jing","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li Xiaoshuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiaoshuang"}],"text":"Li Xiaoshuang\nGold Medal, Individual All-around, China's first in this category","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Handball"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rhythmic gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Softball"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Wei Qiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Qiang"},{"link_name":"Tao Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Hua"},{"link_name":"Xu Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jian_(softball)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chunfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunfang"},{"link_name":"Yan Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Fang"},{"link_name":"Wang Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ying_(softball)"},{"link_name":"An Zhongxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Zhongxin"},{"link_name":"Wang Lihong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lihong_(softball)"},{"link_name":"Chen Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Hong_(softball)"},{"link_name":"He Liping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Liping"},{"link_name":"Lei Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Li_(softball)"},{"link_name":"Liu Xuqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xuqing"},{"link_name":"Liu Yaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yaju"},{"link_name":"Ma Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying_(softball)"},{"link_name":"Ou Jingbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Jingbai"},{"link_name":"Li Minkuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Minkuan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Women's Team Competition","text":"Preliminary Round Robin\nDefeated Australia (6:0)\nLost to Japan (0:3)\nDefeated Canada (2:1)\nDefeated Puerto Rico (10:0)\nDefeated Netherlands (8:0)\nDefeated Chinese Taipei (1:0)\nLost to United States (2:3)\nSemifinals\nLost to United States (0:1)\nBronze Medal Match\nDefeated Australia (4:2)\nFinal\nLost to United States (1:3) → Silver Medal\nTeam Roster\nWei Qiang\nTao Hua\nXu Jian\nZhang Chunfang\nYan Fang\nWang Ying\nAn Zhongxin\nWang Lihong\nChen Hong\nHe Liping\nLei Li\nLiu Xuqing\nLiu Yaju\nMa Ying\nOu Jingbai\nHead coach: Li Minkuan","title":"Softball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jiang Chengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Chengji"},{"link_name":"Zhao Lifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Lifeng"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yi_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Zeng Qiliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qiliang"},{"link_name":"Wang Yiwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yiwu"},{"link_name":"Jiang Chengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Chengji"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yi_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Zeng Qiliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qiliang"},{"link_name":"Jiang Chengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Chengji"},{"link_name":"Zhao Lifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Lifeng"},{"link_name":"Le Jingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jingyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Le Jingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jingyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1.png"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Pu Yiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Yiqi"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"He Cihong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Cihong"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Wu Yanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yanyan"},{"link_name":"Han Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xue_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Yuan_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Lin Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Li_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Yuan_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Liu Limin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Limin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Cai Huijue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Huijue"},{"link_name":"Qu Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Yun_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Liu Limin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Limin"},{"link_name":"Lin Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Li_(swimmer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_3.png"},{"link_name":"Wu Yanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yanyan"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Wu Yanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yanyan"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Chao Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Na"},{"link_name":"Nian Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Yun"},{"link_name":"Le Jingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jingyi"},{"link_name":"Le Jingyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jingyi"},{"link_name":"Chao Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Na"},{"link_name":"Nian Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Yun"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_2.png"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Pu Yiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Yiqi"},{"link_name":"Wang Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Luna"},{"link_name":"Nian Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Yun"},{"link_name":"Nian Yun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nian_Yun"},{"link_name":"Wang Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Luna"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Han Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xue_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Cai Huijue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Huijue"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"link_name":"Chen Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yan_(swimmer,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Han Xue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xue_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Cai Huijue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Huijue"},{"link_name":"Shan Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Ying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_3.png"}],"text":"Men's 50 m FreestyleJiang Chengji\nHeat – 22.55\nFinal – 22.33 (→ 4th place)Men's 100 m FreestyleZhao Lifeng\nHeat – 51.70 (→ did not advance, 40th place)Men's 100 m BackstrokeZhao Yi\nHeat – 57.17 (→ did not advance, 27th place)Men's 100 m BreaststrokeZeng Qiliang\nHeat – 1:02.26\nFinal – 1:02.01 (→ 7th place)Men's 200 m BreaststrokeWang Yiwu\nHeat – 1:02.26 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)Men's 100 m ButterflyJiang Chengji\nHeat – 53.40\nFinal – 53.20 (→ 4th place)Men's 4 × 100 m Medley RelayZhao Yi, Zeng Qiliang, Jiang Chengji, and Zhao Lifeng\nHeat – 3:43.50 (→ did not advance, 13th place)Women's 50 m FreestyleLe Jingyi\nHeat – 25.10\nFinal – 24.90 (→ Silver Medal)\nShan Ying\nHeat – 25.71\nFinal – 25.70 (→ 7th place)Women's 100 m FreestyleLe Jingyi\nHeat – 54.90\nFinal – 54.50 (→ Gold Medal)\nShan Ying\nHeat – 56.10\nB-Final – 55.74 (→ 9th place)Women's 200 m FreestyleChen Yan\nHeat – 2:03.32\nB-Final – scratched\nShan Ying\nHeat – 2:04.29 (→ did not advance, 23rd place)Women's 400 m FreestyleChen Yan\nHeat – 4:22.55 (→ did not advance, 29th place)Women's 800 m FreestylePu Yiqi\nHeat – 8:45.32 (→ did not advance, 12th place)Women's 100 m BackstrokeChen Yan\nHeat – 1:02.62\nFinal – 1:02.50 (→ 5th place)\nHe Cihong\nHeat – 1:05.87 (→ did not advance, 26th place)Women's 200 m BackstrokeChen Yan\nHeat – 2:14.74\nB-Final – 2:14.37 (→ 11th place)\nWu Yanyan\nHeat – 2:20.89 (→ did not advance, 28th place)Women's 100 m BreaststrokeHan Xue\nHeat – 1:10.40\nB-Final – 1:09.90 (→ 11th place)\nYuan Yuan\nHeat – 1:11.65 (→ did not advance, 24th place)Women's 200 m BreaststrokeLin Li\nHeat – 2:30.64\nB-Final – 2:33.45 (→ 16th place)\nYuan Yuan\nHeat – 2:33.89 (→ did not advance, 24th place)Women's 100 m ButterflyLiu Limin\nHeat – 1:00.18\nFinal – 59.14 (→ Silver Medal)\nCai Huijue\nHeat – 1:00.89\nFinal – 1:00.46 (→ 7th place)Women's 200 m ButterflyQu Yun\nHeat – 2:11.35\nFinal – 2:10.26(→ 4th place)\nLiu Limin\nHeat – 2:13.12\nFinal – 2:10.70 (→ 5th place)Women's 200 m Individual MedleyLin Li\nHeat – 2:16.31\nFinal – 2:14.74 (→ Bronze Medal)\nWu Yanyan\nHeat – 2:16.55\nB-Final – 2:16.61 (→ 10th place)Women's 400 m Individual MedleyChen Yan\nHeat – 4:53.87 (→ did not advance, 17th place)\nWu Yanyan\nHeat – 4:54.07 (→ did not advance, 18th place)Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle RelayShan Ying, Chao Na, Nian Yun, and Le Jingyi\nHeat – 3:44.06\nLe Jingyi, Chao Na, Nian Yun, and Shan Ying\nFinal – 3:40.48 (→ Silver Medal)Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle RelayChen Yan, Pu Yiqi, Wang Luna, and Nian Yun\nHeat – 8:13.29\nNian Yun, Wang Luna, Chen Yan, and Shan Ying\nFinal – 8:15.38 (→ 8th place)Women's 4 × 100 m Medley RelayChen Yan, Han Xue, Cai Huijue, and Shan Ying\nHeat – 4:09.23\nChen Yan, Han Xue, Cai Huijue, and Shan Ying\nFinal – 4:07.34 (→ Bronze Medal)","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synchronized swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yi Jingqian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Jingqian"},{"link_name":"Inés Gorrochategui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Gorrochategui"},{"link_name":"Chen Li-Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Li-Ling"},{"link_name":"Monica Seles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Seles"}],"text":"Women's Singles CompetitionYi Jingqian\nFirst round — Lost to Inés Gorrochategui (Argentina) 2-6 6-1 1-6\nChen Li-Ling\nFirst round — Lost to Monica Seles (United States) 0-6 4-6","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal.svg"},{"link_name":"Cui Yongmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Yongmei"},{"link_name":"He Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Qi_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Lai Yawen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Yawen"},{"link_name":"Li Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yan_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaoning"},{"link_name":"Pan Wenli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Wenli"},{"link_name":"Sun Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yue_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Wang Lina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lina_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Wang Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Wang Ziling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ziling"},{"link_name":"Wu Yongmei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yongmei"},{"link_name":"Zhu Yunying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Yunying"},{"link_name":"Lang Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Ping"}],"sub_title":"Women's Indoor Team Competition","text":"Preliminary round (group A)\nDefeated Netherlands (3-0)\nDefeated South Korea (3-2)\nDefeated United States (3-1)\nDefeated Ukraine (3-0)\nDefeated Japan (3-0)\nQuarterfinals\nDefeated Germany (3-0)\nSemifinals\nDefeated Russia (3-1)\nFinal\nLost to Cuba (1-3) (→ Silver Medal)\nTeam Roster\nCui Yongmei\nHe Qi\nLai Yawen\nLi Yan\nLiu Xiaoning\nPan Wenli\nSun Yue\nWang Lina\nWang Yi\nWang Ziling\nWu Yongmei\nZhu Yunying\nHead coach: Lang Ping","title":"Volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cui Wenhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Wenhua"}],"text":"Men's 108 kgCui Wenhua\nSnatch — 190.0 kg\nClean & Jerk — 215.0 kg\nTotal — 405.0 kg (→ 5th place)","title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wrestling"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"China at the 1996 Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2012-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417043609/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHN/summer/1996/","url_text":"\"China at the 1996 Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHN/summer/1996/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"(ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results (PDF). Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf","url_text":"The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56145-150-9","url_text":"1-56145-150-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","url_text":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"International Olympic Committee"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.olympic.cn/","external_links_name":"www.olympic.cn"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/group-standing.html","external_links_name":"FIBA archive"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/1/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/5/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/9/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/12/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/14/grid/A/rid/1422/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/A/grid/2/rid/1424/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/A/grid/4/rid/1423/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/A/grid/3/rid/1426/sid/2944/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2951/_/1996_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Women/group-standing.html","external_links_name":"FIBA archive"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32890","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32891","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32894","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32898","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32900","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32885","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/results/32871","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417043609/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHN/summer/1996/","external_links_name":"\"China at the 1996 Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/CHN/summer/1996/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1996/1996v3.pdf","external_links_name":"The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Medal Winners\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Consumer_Agency
Consumer Agency (Sweden)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Swedish government consumer rights agency Swedish Consumer Agency (Swedish: Konsumentverket) is a Swedish government agency that answers to the Ministry of Finance. Its director general is also designated Consumer ombudsman (Konsumentombudsmannen, KO). The agency, with a staff of around 120 located in Karlstad, provides the Swedish general public with consumer affairs assistance, acting in the collective interest of consumers. It is active in the fields of advertising and contract terms, consumer information and product safety. The task of resolving individual consumer disputes is handled by the National Board for Consumer Complaints, but the Consumer Ombudsman sometimes files suits against companies whose business practices are believed to violate Swedish consumer laws. See also Government agencies in Sweden. References ^ "Konsumentverket varnar – bedrägerisamtalen ökar". Expressen (in Swedish). TT. 2023-01-14. ISSN 1103-923X. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ "Konsumentverket varnar för hoppborgar". Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). TT. 2016-06-17. ISSN 1652-814X. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ Strandberg, Hans (2019-09-16). "KO stämmer Mobile Group: "Vilseleder systematiskt"". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2447. Retrieved 2023-09-17. External links Official website vteSwedish ombudsmenModern Parliamentary Ombudsman Chancellor of Justice Equality Ombudsman Ombudsman for Children Consumer Agency Historical Disability Ombudsman Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination Militia Ombudsman Authority control databases ISNI VIAF This article about government in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"director general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_general"},{"link_name":"ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Karlstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlstad"},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Board for Consumer Complaints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_for_Consumer_Complaints_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Swedish Consumer Agency (Swedish: Konsumentverket) is a Swedish government agency that answers to the Ministry of Finance. Its director general is also designated Consumer ombudsman (Konsumentombudsmannen, KO).The agency, with a staff of around 120 located in Karlstad, provides the Swedish general public with consumer affairs assistance, acting in the collective interest of consumers. It is active in the fields of advertising and contract terms, consumer information and product safety.[1][2] The task of resolving individual consumer disputes is handled by the National Board for Consumer Complaints, but the Consumer Ombudsman sometimes files suits against companies whose business practices are believed to violate Swedish consumer laws.[3]","title":"Consumer Agency (Sweden)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Government agencies in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Professional_League
Federation Professional League
["1 Previous winners","2 Player awards","2.1 Player of the year","2.2 Top Goalscorers","3 References"]
Football leagueFederation Professional LeagueFounded1969Folded1990CountrySouth AfricaMost championshipsCape Town Spurs (7 titles) The Federation Professional League (FPL) was a South African football (soccer) league founded in 1969. It was established to allow coloureds and Indian South Africans to participate in a competitive league. It was established in the wake of the SASL's disbandment in 1967 and was considered a rival to the National Football League which was only available to white South Africans. Previous winners Year Winner Runner-up Third-place FPL League 1969 Verulam Suburbs   1970 Cape Town Spurs   Mainstay League 1971 Cape Town Spurs   1972 Glenville   1973 Cape Town Spurs   1974 Cape Town Spurs   1975 Berea   1976 Cape Town Spurs   1977 Swaraj United   FPL Castle League 1978 Durban City   Seven Seas League 1979 Cape Town Spurs   1980 Glenville   1981 Cape Town Spurs   1982 Glendene   1983 Lightbody's Santos   1984 Lightbody's Santos   Quindrink League 1985 Swaraj United   La Mercy Beach League 1986 Lightbody's Santos   1987 Lightbody's Santos   1988 Lightbody's Santos   1989 Battswood   1990 Lightbody's Santos Battswood F.C. Port Elizabeth Blackpool When the league folded in December 1990, six teams continued for the next season, at the highest level of South African football, known as NSL Castle League. Those six highest ranked teams were: Real Taj, Tongaat Crusaders United, Bosmont Chelsea, Santos, Manning Rangers, Dangerous Darkies. Team Titles Years Cape Town Spurs 7 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1981 Lightbody's Santos 6 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990 Glenville 2 1972, 1980 Swaraj United 2 1977, 1985 Verulam Suburbs 1 1969 Berea 1 1975 Durban City 1 1978 Glendene 1 1982 Battswood 1 1989 Player awards Player of the year Year Player Club 1973 Danny Abrahams Cape Town Spurs 1974 Daya Maistry Berea 1975 Virgil Padayachee Swaraj 1976 Michael Moodley Manning Rangers 1977 Bernie Van Niekerk Cape Town Spurs 1978 Deena Nai- doo Manning Rangers 1979 Paul Bishop Avalon Athletic 1980 Boebie Solomons Cape Town Spurs 1981 Edwin Fredericks Berea 1982 Noel Goodall Chelsea 1983 Farouk Abrahams Maritzburg United 1984 Ravi Pillay Maritzburg United 1985 Der- eck Naidoo Manning Rangers 1986 Dorrington Webster Real Taj Top Goalscorers Year Player Club 1970 Bernard Hartze Cape Town Spurs 1971 Bernard Hartze Cape Town Spurs 1972 Patrick "Bomber" Chamane Maritzburg City 1973 James George Cape Town Spurs 1974 Neville Londt Cape Town Spurs 1975 Scampy Bissessor Berea 1976 Vincent Julius Sundowns 1977 Jimmy Joubert Swaraj 1978 Ian Gillies Maritzburg City 1979 Kader Sulia- man Cape Town Spurs 1980 Elvis Singh Leeds 1981 Kader Sulaiman Cape Town Spurs 1982 Duncan Crowie Glendene 1983 Duncan Crowie Glendene 1984 Derrick Eastwood Swaraj 1985 Michael Mtshali Real Taj 1986 Harry de la Cruz Maritzburg United 1987 1988 1989 Duncan Crowie Lightbody's Santos 1990 References ^ "South Africa Cup History". RSSSF. Retrieved 3 May 2010. ^ "South Africa 1996". RSSSF. Retrieved 8 May 2011. ^ "South Africa Federation Professional Soccer League 1989 - Champion Batswood". www.todor66.com. Retrieved 24 July 2023. ^ City Press Soccer Annual '88. South Africa: City Press. vte Soccer in South AfricaSouth African Football AssociationNational teamsMen National team (Bafana Bafana) Olympic (U-23) (Amaglug-glug) U-20 (Amajita) U-17 (Amajimbos) development (Amabinneplaas) U-15 Women National team (Banyana Banyana) U-20 (Basetsana) U-17 (Bantwana) U-15 League systemMenActive Premier Soccer League (DStv Premiership Motsepe Foundation Championship) SAFA SAFA Second Division Regional League U19 National League Varsity Sports Football Defunct NFL (1959–77) SASL (1961–67) FPL (1969–90) NPSL Castle League for blacks (1971–77) NPSL Castle League (1978–84) NPSL (1985–95) NSL Castle League (1985–95) NSL Second Division (1985–95) WomenActive SAFA Women's League Sasol Women’s League (Provincial leagues) SAFA Women's Regional League (Regional leagues) Women's Varsity Football Domestic cupsMenActive Nedbank Cup Telkom Knockout MTN 8 Carling Black Label Cup Mangaung Cup Defunct NFL Cup (1959–77) SASF Cup (1961–85) United Bank International Soccer Festival (1993–94) Baymed Cup (2006) Telkom Charity Cup (1986–2010) Vodacom Challenge (1999-2011) Awards SAFA Awards PSL Awards Lists Clubs Club name changes Foreign players Men's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"coloureds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds"},{"link_name":"Indian South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"SASL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"white South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Federation Professional League (FPL) was a South African football (soccer) league founded in 1969. It was established to allow coloureds and Indian South Africans to participate in a competitive league.It was established in the wake of the SASL's disbandment in 1967 and was considered a rival to the National Football League which was only available to white South Africans.","title":"Federation Professional League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NSL Castle League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soccer_League_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_Football_Club_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Manning Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dangerous Darkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Darkies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"When the league folded in December 1990, six teams continued for the next season, at the highest level of South African football, known as NSL Castle League. Those six highest ranked teams were: Real Taj, Tongaat Crusaders United, Bosmont Chelsea, Santos, Manning Rangers, Dangerous Darkies.[2]","title":"Previous winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Player of the year","title":"Player awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Top Goalscorers","text":"[4]","title":"Player awards"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zafcuphist.html","external_links_name":"\"South Africa Cup History\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf90.html","external_links_name":"\"South Africa 1996\""},{"Link":"http://www.todor66.com/football/Africa/South_Africa/1989_FPL.html","external_links_name":"\"South Africa Federation Professional Soccer League 1989 - Champion Batswood\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Air_Travel
Hunting-Clan Air Transport
["1 History","2 Fleet","2.1 Fleet in 1958","3 Accidents and incidents","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
1953–1960 British private airline Hunting-Clan Air Transport IATA ICAO Callsign HC — — Founded1946 (as Hunting Air Travel)Ceased operations1960 (merged with Airwork to form British United Airways)HubsBovingdon Airport (1946–1955) London Airport (now London Heathrow, 1955–1960)Fleet size15 aircraft(3 Vickers Viscount 700/800 series,9 Vickers Viking 1/1A/1B3 Avro 685 York)(as of April 1958)DestinationsBritish Isles,Continental Europe,Mediterranean,East Africa,Central Africa,Southern Africa,West AfricaParent companyHunting-Clan Air HoldingsHeadquartersBovingdon Airport (1946–1955) London Airport (1955–1960)Key peopleM.H. Curtis, E.H. Baker, Capt. L.B. Greensted, D.J. Platt, J. Robinson Hunting-Clan Air Transport was a wholly private, British independent airline that was founded in the immediate post-World War II period. It began trading on 1 January 1946 as Hunting Air Travel Ltd. It was a subsidiary of the Hunting Group of companies, which had come from the shipping industry and could trace its history back to the 19th century. The newly formed airline's first operating base was at Bovingdon Airport in Southeast England. Its main activities were contract, scheduled and non-scheduled domestic and international air services that were initially operated with Douglas Dakota and Vickers Viking piston airliners from the company's Bovingdon base. A change of name to Hunting Air Transport occurred in 1951. By that time, the airline had emerged as one of the healthiest and most securely financed independent airlines in Britain. In October 1953, the firm's name changed to Hunting-Clan Air Transport, as a result of an agreement between the Hunting Group and the Clan Line group of companies to invest £500,000 each in a new company named Hunting-Clan Air Holdings Ltd, the holding company for the combined group's air transport interests. Apart from Hunting-Clan Air Transport itself, this included Field Aircraft Services Ltd, the Hunting group's aircraft maintenance arm. In 1960, Hunting-Clan Air Transport merged with the Airwork group to form British United Airways (BUA). History Hunting Air Travel Ltd was established as a company at Luton Airport in December 1945 by three members of the Hunting family, including a former Royal Flying Corps pilot during World War I. In addition to an airline operation and a maintenance organisation, the Hunting Group's other aviation interests included Percival Aircraft Ltd, Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd and Aerofilms Ltd. Hunting-Clan Douglas Dakota at Manchester Airport on the Newcastle service in 1954 Hunting-Clan's operations included all-economy Safari/colonial coach class services to East, Central, Southern and West Africa, as well as similar operations to Gibraltar, Africargo all-cargo services from Manchester and London to East Africa, general passenger and cargo charter and inclusive tour (IT) flights. Hunting-Clan African Airways was set up as an associated company to operate freight services from Salisbury to Kariba, Lusaka and Nairobi as well as IT flights to Kariba and Mozambique. Regular live- and bloodstock flights were another Hunting-Clan speciality. The airline also gained scheduled licences to operate a Northern network centred on Newcastle upon Tyne. On 14 June 1952, Hunting Air Transport began operating quasi-scheduled low-fare services from the UK to East, Central, Southern and West Africa using Vikings. These services were part of a joint operation with Airwork, another wholly private British independent airline of that era. Flights initially operated on a fortnightly basis. International Air Transport Association (IATA) minimum fare rules did not apply to these services because the governments that owned most of IATA's member airlines had not empowered it to set and control domestic air fares, which included dependent overseas territories. Hunting-Clan Avro York arriving at Manchester on the Africargo service in 1955 The joint Hunting—Airwork Safari/colonial coach service from London to Nairobi routed via Malta, Wadi Halfa, Khartoum, Juba and Entebbe. It utilised single-class 27-seat Vikings, which took three days to complete the journey. Although this compared unfavourably with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), whose regular scheduled services took only 24 hours, load factors averaged 93% during the first nine months of operation. Hunting-Clan and Airwork continued to achieve very high average load factors of 85–90% because their £98 single fare was £42 cheaper than the comparable BOAC fare. These load factors were much higher than BOAC's, as a result of which the independents doubled the flight frequency on their London-Nairobi Safari/colonial coach route to once-a-week. This service proved to be so popular that a second weekly frequency was eventually added, which was operated alternately by each airline. In 1953, operations were to commence on Hunting's Northern network of short-haul domestic and international European scheduled services from Newcastle. However, IATA member airlines objected to Hunting's proposed Scandinavian fares, which delayed the inauguration. This resulted in Hunting-Clan becoming the first British independent airline to join IATA at the following traffic conference in Honolulu, where a resolution was passed permitting fares 10% below standard tourist fares. In June 1953, Hunting and Airwork jointly launched a fortnightly Safari/colonial coach service between London and Salisbury, entailing one round trip per month by each company. Hunting's Vikings' flightdeck crew comprised two pilots and a radio officer on all short- to medium haul Safari/colonial coach routes. On all long-range services a flight engineer manned the flightdeck as well. All passenger flights also carried an air hostess in the passenger cabin. When the Scottish Clan Line shipping company became a joint venture partner in the Hunting Group's air transport business in late 1953, this resulted in a split of the group. As a consequence, Hunting's aircraft manufacturing activities were not transferred to the new holding company that took control of the airline and its maintenance support. At that time, the Clan Line was one of two UK shipping lines controlled by the Cayzer shipping magnates. Sir Nicholas Cayzer, who headed the Cayzer family's shipping businesses, viewed his stake in one of Britain's leading contemporary independent airlines as a defensive move to ward off air transport's growing competitive threat to the shipping industry. During that period, Alan Lennox-Boyd, the contemporary Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, signalled the Government's willingness to let Hunting-Clan shift its base to London Airport (now London Heathrow). In spring 1954, Hunting-Clan finally inaugurated its Northern network of short-haul scheduled services from Newcastle following IATA's 1953 resolution permitting fares 10% lower than corresponding standard tourist fares. Its aeroplanes also featured in the 1954 film 'Mask of Dust'. In June 1954, Hunting and Airwork launched a joint Safari/colonial coach service to West Africa linking London with Accra via Lisbon, Las Palmas, Bathurst and Freetown. Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 732 at London Heathrow Airport North in 1955 soon after delivery In 1955, Hunting-Clan became the first British independent airline to operate state-of-the-art Vickers Viscount turboprop planes, when it took delivery of three brand-new series 730 aircraft. These replaced Vikings on Safari/colonial coach and trooping flights to Africa, as well as on some of the airline's general passenger charter and IT flights. During that year, the airline also shifted all its operations from Bovingdon to its new base at London Airport. In 1956, the Clan Line and the Union-Castle Line, the two shipping lines controlled by the Cayzers, joined with the King Line and Bullard King & Co to form British & Commonwealth Shipping. During that time, the War Office invited new tenders for trooping flight contracts to Europe and the Far East, as a consequence of the Government's growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the ageing Hermes fleet that was contracted from Airwork, Britavia and Skyways to operate most of these flights. The War Office specified exclusive use of state-of-the-art Bristol Britannia turboprops on the Far Eastern route as it had calculated that this would save the Government £1.75m each year compared with continuing use of the Hermes. The War Office offered the successful bidder the option of purchasing three new Britannias from the Government as part of a five-year contract or the alternative to lease these planes under a three-year contract. The contracts were to become effective from 1958. Hunting-Clan, which already had two Britannias on order, won against competition from Air Charter and Airwork. By 1957, Hunting-Clan and Airwork converted their successful East, West and Southern African Safari/colonial coach flights into regular "third-class" scheduled services. However, the Government forced the independents to maintain additional stops that were no longer needed, as a result of replacing Vikings with technologically advanced Douglas DC-6s and Vickers Viscounts. It also required them to share all traffic with BOAC on a 30:70 basis. Despite these restrictions, the independents' services were fully booked five months ahead within a fortnight of their launch. When Britain's African colonies became independent, Safari/colonial coach was converted into a fully fledged scheduled service. To secure their traffic rights between the UK and the newly independent African nations, Hunting-Clan and Airwork began participating in revenue-sharing agreements with BOAC and the destination countries' flag carriers. 1957 was also the year Hunting-Clan discontinued its Northern network, resulting in the closure of its base at Newcastle Airport. Hunting-Clan's Newcastle operations and engineering facilities were taken over by BKS Air Transport, another contemporary British independent airline. This move resulted in concentrating all of Hunting's UK-based activities at its new London Airport base. Hunting-Clan made substantial losses in 1958. Its successful bid to take over the UK—Singapore trooping contract from Airwork had been priced too low to leave any room for the aircraft's depreciation. Hunting was also facing unexpected problems meeting the War Office's contractual requirements. This necessitated subcontracting a significant part of its newly won business to Air Charter at a loss. As a result, the airline got into financial trouble as soon as the contract started. At that time, trooping accounted for the biggest share of Hunting's overall business. The company's poor financial performance accelerated the initiation of exploratory talks with the Airwork group about a potential alliance, including a full-scale merger of their air transport businesses. These talks also came against the background of Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's government's decision to break up the Ministry of Supply and to create a separate Ministry of Aviation under Duncan Sandys with the intention of rationalising Britain's disparate aircraft manufacturers and independent airlines into bigger, economically viable entities. These moves culminated in the Civil Aviation (Licensing) Act of 1960. By March 1960, Hunting-Clan's and Airwork's shareholders had finalised the merger terms. This was followed by a public announcement of their airline subsidiaries' intention to amalgamate all commercial activities from June 1960, trading as British United Airways. Fleet Hunting-Clan operated the following aircraft types: Avro Nineteen Avro 685 York Bristol Britannia 317 de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide Douglas DC-3 Douglas DC-6A Percival Proctor V Vickers Viking 1/1A/1B Vickers Viscount 700 Vickers Viscount 800 Fleet in 1958 In April 1958, the Hunting-Clan fleet comprised 15 aircraft. Hunting-Clan fleet in April 1958 Aircraft Number Vickers Viscount 700/800 3 Vickers Viking 9 Avro 685 York 3 Total 15 Accidents and incidents There are three recorded accidents involving Hunting-Clan aircraft. Two of these were fatal. The first fatal accident occurred on 17 February 1952. It involved a Hunting Air Travel Vickers 614 Viking 1 (registration: G-AHPI) operating an international non-scheduled passenger flight between Nice Côte d'Azur Airport and Malta Luqa Airport. The aircraft was destroyed and all 31 occupants (five crew and 26 passengers) were killed when it crashed into the northern slope of the La Cinta mountain range at an altitude of 3,410 ft (1,040 m). This was the worst fatal accident in the company's history. The commission investigating the accident established "imprudence on the part of the pilot", who did not maintain a sufficient safety altitude during his flight over Sicily, as the prime cause. This was of particular importance in view of the thundery formations that were present over the area. The pilot's ignorance of existing wind conditions the aircraft encountered en route, which led to a three-degree discrepancy between the actual and intended track, was cited as a contributory factor. The investigating commission furthermore found that D/F stations at Rome and Cagliari provided flight safeguarding services as and when required, and that other D/F stations at Milan and Venice voluntarily transmitted bearing information to ensure the aircraft and its occupants reached their destination safely. The second fatal accident occurred on 2 December 1958. It involved a Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 732 (registration: G-ANRR) on a test flight following a major overhaul. While flying at 1,000 ft (300 m) 10 minutes after takeoff from London Airport, the aircraft lost its starboard wing. This caused the aircraft to crash and catch fire, killing all six occupants. Accident investigators established the reverse operation of the elevator spring tab as the probable cause. Incorrect maintenance of the spring tab mechanism and failure to notice the tab's faulty operation as a result of negligence on the part of maintenance personnel, who were responsible for inspecting the aircraft before returning it to service, involved the pilot in command in involuntary manoeuvres that overstressed the aircraft. This in turn resulted in the aircraft's right wing breaking off. The non-fatal incident occurred on 8 May 1951. It involved a Hunting Air Travel Vickers 639 Viking 1 (registration: G-AHPD) operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Bordeaux Mérignac to RAF Bovingdon. Following an uneventful takeoff from Mérignac, the no. 1 engine suddenly began to lose power when the aircraft climbed through 163 ft (50 m) and the pilot in command throttled down to initial climbing speed. The pilot then shut down the malfunctioning engine, feathered the propeller and applied full power to the no. 2 engine to compensate for the loss of engine no. 1. However, this was insufficient to maintain altitude and led to the flightdeck crew's decision to execute a gear-up landing. When the aircraft touched the ground, it slid for about 110 yd (100 m) before coming to a halt. There were no fatalities among the 32 occupants (five crew and 27 passengers). Accident investigators established the probable cause as the disconnecting of the articulated control rod of the propeller governor due to the lack of a split pin on the governor spindle, and due to the nut of the ball joint of the control spindle having been unscrewed by force. See also List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom Notes Notes ^ independent from government-owned corporations ^ British residents only ^ Britain's first scheduled all-cargo service to Africa inaugurated on 23 July 1955 ^ linking Newcastle with Bovingdon, Manchester and Glasgow in the UK, as well as with Paris, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Oslo in Europe; all routes were to be served with Dakotas at a frequency of two flights per week, except Newcastle-Bovingdon which was to be served twice daily (with services to Glasgow and Manchester eventually flown daily during the peak summer season) ^ with night stops ^ following Hunting-Clan's's absorption into BUA and that airline's subsequent acquisition by Caledonian Airways to form British Caledonian (BCal), these arrangements continued to be the legal basis of BUA's and BCal's UK—Africa scheduled services Citations ^ a b c Aeroplane — Britain's Biggest Independent Airline, Vol. 102, No. 2625, pp. 143/4, Temple Press, London, 8 February 1962 ^ a b c Alan Bristow Helicopter Pioneer: The Autobiography (Chapter 3 — In the Navy), Bristow, A. and Malone, P., Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley, 2009, p. 25 ^ a b c d Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 45 ^ a b Dix, Barry, Fly Past: A hunting we will go, The Hounslow Chronicle.co.uk, 15 January 2009 ^ a b c d e f g h Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 46 ^ a b Goodbye BUA Viscount Safaris --, Flight International, 10 August 1961, p. 201 ^ Hunting-Clan's "Africargo" Network, Civil Aviation ..., Flight International, 8 July 1955, p. 62 ^ a b World Airline Directory ..., Flight International, 18 April 1958, p. 528 ^ Dean, W.P.; O'Callaghan, M (2015). "1: Corporate History - British United/British United Air Ferries". The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes. Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-5177-7. ^ ON SAFARI: ..., Civil Aviation, Flight International, 27 June 1952, p. 781 ^ The New African Airway — A Passenger's Log on the Safari Service, Flight International, July 11, 1952, p. 43 ^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, July, 11 1952, p. 44 ^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, July, 11 1952, p. 45 ^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, 11 July 1952, p. 46 ^ a b c World Airline Directory ..., Flight International, 18 April 1958, p. 526 ^ a b This is Skycoach, Air Commerce ..., Flight International, October 7, 1960, p. 559 ^ Britain Goes It Alone, Air Commerce, Flight International, 15 April 1960, p. 543 ^ a b Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 58 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 58, 165/6 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 61 ^ Sierra Leone and BUA, Air Commerce, Flight International, 23 March 1961, p. 385 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 44/5 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 58, 61, 165/6 ^ The Caledonian punchbag, Flight International, 21 March 1987, p. 33 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 166 ^ "History of BKS". Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2009. ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 44/5, 61/2 ^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 63 ^ Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting-Clan Air Transport ^ Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting Air Travel (and Hunting Air Transport) ^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 614 Viking 1 G-AHPI — near Burgio, Sicily, Italy ^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers Viscount 732 1 G-ANRR — London Heathrow Airport (LHR) ^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 639 Viking 1 G-AHPD — Bordeaux Mérignac Airport (BOD) References Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77746-7. "Flight International". Flight International. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710. (various backdated issues relating to Hunting Air Travel, Hunting Air Transport and Hunting-Clan Air Transport, 1946–1960) External links Hunting-Clan at the Aviation Safety Network Database Hunting Air Travel and Hunting Air Transport at the Aviation Safety Network Database contemporary timetable images Hunting-Clan Vickers 610 Viking 1B G-AIVC on the ramp at newcastle Woolsington on 18 June 1955. The aircraft had been on lease from Eagle Airways and therefore still retained that airline's basic colours. Hunting-Clan Douglas DC-6C G-APNP on the ramp at Salisbury (Harare) during 1959. Hunting-Clan African Airways Douglas DC-3 on the ramp at Salisbury (Harare) during 1959. Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 833 G-APTC on the ramp at Las Palmas Gando during April 1960. Hunting-Clan Bristol 175 Britannia 317 G-APNB on the ramp at Nairobi Embakasi during 1960. The aircraft was painted in the full livery of Hunting's parent company, the British & Commonwealth Shipping Co. Portals: United Kingdom Companies Aviation vteAirlines of the United Kingdom and Channel Islandspassengermajor British Airways BA CityFlyer BA EuroFlyer easyJet UK Jet2.com Loganair TUI Airways Virgin Atlantic (Virgin Atlantic International) Wizz Air UK minor 2Excel Aviation Aer Lingus UK AirTanker Aurigny Blue Islands Bristow Helicopters Directflight Eastern Airways Hebridean Air Services Isles of Scilly Skybus Norse Atlantic UK RVL Aviation Ryanair UK TAG Aviation (UK) Titan Airways cargo DHL Air UK European Cargo (UK) West Atlantic UK related topics: List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
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It was a subsidiary of the Hunting Group of companies, which had come from the shipping industry and could trace its history back to the 19th century. The newly formed airline's first operating base was at Bovingdon Airport in Southeast England. Its main activities were contract, scheduled and non-scheduled domestic and international air services that were initially operated with Douglas Dakota and Vickers Viking piston airliners from the company's Bovingdon base. A change of name to Hunting Air Transport occurred in 1951. By that time, the airline had emerged as one of the healthiest and most securely financed independent airlines in Britain.In October 1953, the firm's name changed to Hunting-Clan Air Transport, as a result of an agreement between the Hunting Group and the Clan Line[2] group of companies to invest £500,000 each in a new company named Hunting-Clan Air Holdings Ltd, the holding company for the combined group's air transport interests. Apart from Hunting-Clan Air Transport itself, this included Field Aircraft Services Ltd, the Hunting group's aircraft maintenance arm.[3] In 1960, Hunting-Clan Air Transport merged with the Airwork group to form British United Airways (BUA).","title":"Hunting-Clan Air Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luton Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Luton_Airport"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiggestIndependent-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly_Past-5"},{"link_name":"Percival Aircraft 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hostess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_hostess"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuntingClan_Alliance-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"shipping company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClanLine-3"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"shipping lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_line"},{"link_name":"Cayzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayzer_baronets"},{"link_name":"shipping magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClanLine-3"},{"link_name":"Alan Lennox-Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd"},{"link_name":"Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuntingClan_Alliance-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuntingClan_Safari-6"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vickers_Viscount_732_G-ANRR_Hunting_Clan_LAP_05.09.55_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow Airport North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuntingClan_Alliance-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly_Past-5"},{"link_name":"Union-Castle Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union-Castle_Line"},{"link_name":"British & Commonwealth Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Commonwealth_Holdings"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hermes"},{"link_name":"Britavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aviation_Services"},{"link_name":"Skyways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyways_Limited"},{"link_name":"Bristol Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Britannia"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"},{"link_name":"Britannias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Britannia"},{"link_name":"lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_lease"},{"link_name":"Air Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Charter_Limited"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Southern African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economy_Safari-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airline_start-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony"},{"link_name":"nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"flag carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"[nb 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"BKS Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKS_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"depreciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciation"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Duncan Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sandys"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airline_start-19"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiggestIndependent-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Hunting Air Travel Ltd was established as a company at Luton Airport in December 1945 by three members of the Hunting family, including a former Royal Flying Corps pilot during World War I.[1][4]In addition to an airline operation and a maintenance organisation, the Hunting Group's other aviation interests included Percival Aircraft Ltd, Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd and Aerofilms Ltd.[5]Hunting-Clan Douglas Dakota at Manchester Airport on the Newcastle service in 1954Hunting-Clan's operations included all-economy Safari/colonial coach class[nb 2] services to East, Central, Southern and West Africa, as well as similar operations to Gibraltar,[6] Africargo all-cargo services from Manchester and London to East Africa,[nb 3][7] general passenger and cargo charter and inclusive tour (IT) flights. Hunting-Clan African Airways was set up as an associated company to operate freight services from Salisbury to Kariba, Lusaka and Nairobi as well as IT flights to Kariba and Mozambique.[8] Regular live- and bloodstock flights were another Hunting-Clan speciality.[9] The airline also gained scheduled licences to operate a Northern network centred on Newcastle upon Tyne.[nb 4][5]On 14 June 1952, Hunting Air Transport began operating quasi-scheduled low-fare services from the UK to East, Central, Southern and West Africa using Vikings. These services were part of a joint operation with Airwork, another wholly private British independent airline of that era. Flights initially operated on a fortnightly basis.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] International Air Transport Association (IATA) minimum fare rules did not apply to these services because the governments that owned most of IATA's member airlines had not empowered it to set and control domestic air fares, which included dependent overseas territories.[17][18]Hunting-Clan Avro York arriving at Manchester on the Africargo service in 1955The joint Hunting—Airwork Safari/colonial coach service from London to Nairobi routed via Malta, Wadi Halfa, Khartoum, Juba and Entebbe.[5][16] It utilised single-class 27-seat Vikings, which took three days[nb 5] to complete the journey. Although this compared unfavourably with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), whose regular scheduled services took only 24 hours, load factors averaged 93% during the first nine months of operation. Hunting-Clan and Airwork continued to achieve very high average load factors of 85–90% because their £98 single fare was £42 cheaper than the comparable BOAC fare.[5][19] These load factors were much higher than BOAC's, as a result of which the independents doubled the flight frequency on their London-Nairobi Safari/colonial coach route to once-a-week.[18] This service proved to be so popular that a second weekly frequency was eventually added, which was operated alternately by each airline.[5]In 1953, operations were to commence on Hunting's Northern network of short-haul domestic and international European scheduled services from Newcastle. However, IATA member airlines objected to Hunting's proposed Scandinavian fares, which delayed the inauguration. This resulted in Hunting-Clan becoming the first British independent airline to join IATA at the following traffic conference in Honolulu, where a resolution was passed permitting fares 10% below standard tourist fares.[5]In June 1953, Hunting and Airwork jointly launched a fortnightly Safari/colonial coach service between London and Salisbury, entailing one round trip per month by each company.[5] Hunting's Vikings' flightdeck crew comprised two pilots and a radio officer on all short- to medium haul Safari/colonial coach routes. On all long-range services a flight engineer manned the flightdeck as well. All passenger flights also carried an air hostess in the passenger cabin.[3]When the Scottish Clan Line shipping company[2] became a joint venture partner in the Hunting Group's air transport business in late 1953, this resulted in a split of the group. As a consequence, Hunting's aircraft manufacturing activities were not transferred to the new holding company that took control of the airline and its maintenance support. At that time, the Clan Line was one of two UK shipping lines controlled by the Cayzer shipping magnates.[2] Sir Nicholas Cayzer, who headed the Cayzer family's shipping businesses, viewed his stake in one of Britain's leading contemporary independent airlines as a defensive move to ward off air transport's growing competitive threat to the shipping industry. During that period, Alan Lennox-Boyd, the contemporary Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, signalled the Government's willingness to let Hunting-Clan shift its base to London Airport (now London Heathrow).[3][20]In spring 1954, Hunting-Clan finally inaugurated its Northern network of short-haul scheduled services from Newcastle following IATA's 1953 resolution permitting fares 10% lower than corresponding standard tourist fares.[5] Its aeroplanes also featured in the 1954 film 'Mask of Dust'.In June 1954, Hunting and Airwork launched a joint Safari/colonial coach service to West Africa linking London with Accra via Lisbon, Las Palmas, Bathurst and Freetown.[21]Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 732 at London Heathrow Airport North in 1955 soon after deliveryIn 1955, Hunting-Clan became the first British independent airline to operate state-of-the-art Vickers Viscount turboprop planes, when it took delivery of three brand-new series 730 aircraft. These replaced Vikings on Safari/colonial coach and trooping flights to Africa, as well as on some of the airline's general passenger charter and IT flights.[3] During that year, the airline also shifted all its operations from Bovingdon to its new base at London Airport.[4]In 1956, the Clan Line and the Union-Castle Line, the two shipping lines controlled by the Cayzers, joined with the King Line and Bullard King & Co to form British & Commonwealth Shipping. During that time, the War Office invited new tenders for trooping flight contracts to Europe and the Far East, as a consequence of the Government's growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the ageing Hermes fleet that was contracted from Airwork, Britavia and Skyways to operate most of these flights. The War Office specified exclusive use of state-of-the-art Bristol Britannia turboprops on the Far Eastern route as it had calculated that this would save the Government £1.75m each year compared with continuing use of the Hermes. The War Office offered the successful bidder the option of purchasing three new Britannias from the Government as part of a five-year contract or the alternative to lease these planes under a three-year contract. The contracts were to become effective from 1958. Hunting-Clan, which already had two Britannias on order, won against competition from Air Charter and Airwork.[22]By 1957, Hunting-Clan and Airwork converted their successful East, West and Southern African Safari/colonial coach flights into regular \"third-class\" scheduled services. However, the Government forced the independents to maintain additional stops that were no longer needed, as a result of replacing Vikings with technologically advanced Douglas DC-6s and Vickers Viscounts. It also required them to share all traffic with BOAC on a 30:70 basis.[6] Despite these restrictions, the independents' services were fully booked five months ahead within a fortnight of their launch.[15][23] When Britain's African colonies became independent, Safari/colonial coach was converted into a fully fledged scheduled service. To secure their traffic rights between the UK and the newly independent African nations, Hunting-Clan and Airwork began participating in revenue-sharing agreements with BOAC and the destination countries' flag carriers.[nb 6][24][25]1957 was also the year Hunting-Clan discontinued its Northern network, resulting in the closure of its base at Newcastle Airport. Hunting-Clan's Newcastle operations and engineering facilities were taken over by BKS Air Transport, another contemporary British independent airline. This move resulted in concentrating all of Hunting's UK-based activities at its new London Airport base.[26]Hunting-Clan made substantial losses in 1958. Its successful bid to take over the UK—Singapore trooping contract from Airwork had been priced too low to leave any room for the aircraft's depreciation. Hunting was also facing unexpected problems meeting the War Office's contractual requirements. This necessitated subcontracting a significant part of its newly won business to Air Charter at a loss. As a result, the airline got into financial trouble as soon as the contract started. At that time, trooping accounted for the biggest share of Hunting's overall business. The company's poor financial performance accelerated the initiation of exploratory talks with the Airwork group about a potential alliance, including a full-scale merger of their air transport businesses. These talks also came against the background of Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's government's decision to break up the Ministry of Supply and to create a separate Ministry of Aviation under Duncan Sandys with the intention of rationalising Britain's disparate aircraft manufacturers and independent airlines into bigger, economically viable entities. These moves culminated in the Civil Aviation (Licensing) Act of 1960.[15][27]By March 1960, Hunting-Clan's and Airwork's shareholders had finalised the merger terms. This was followed by a public announcement of their airline subsidiaries' intention to amalgamate all commercial activities from June 1960, trading as British United Airways.[1][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avro Nineteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Anson"},{"link_name":"Avro 685 York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_York"},{"link_name":"Bristol Britannia 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Britannia"},{"link_name":"de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Percival Proctor V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Proctor"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viking 1/1A/1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"}],"text":"Hunting-Clan operated the following aircraft types:Avro Nineteen\nAvro 685 York\nBristol Britannia 317\nde Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide\nDouglas DC-3\nDouglas DC-6A\nPercival Proctor V\nVickers Viking 1/1A/1B\nVickers Viscount 700\nVickers Viscount 800","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight528-11"}],"sub_title":"Fleet in 1958","text":"In April 1958, the Hunting-Clan fleet comprised 15 aircraft.[8]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Nice Côte d'Azur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_Airport"},{"link_name":"Malta Luqa Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"test flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_flight"},{"link_name":"overhaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overhaul"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"spring tab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_tab"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux Mérignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_-_M%C3%A9rignac_Airport"},{"link_name":"RAF Bovingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bovingdon"},{"link_name":"climbing speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_climb"},{"link_name":"gear-up landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_landing"},{"link_name":"control rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_rod"},{"link_name":"propeller governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_governor"},{"link_name":"split pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_pin"},{"link_name":"governor spindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"ball joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_joint"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"There are three recorded accidents involving Hunting-Clan aircraft. Two of these were fatal.[29][30]The first fatal accident occurred on 17 February 1952. It involved a Hunting Air Travel Vickers 614 Viking 1 (registration: G-AHPI) operating an international non-scheduled passenger flight between Nice Côte d'Azur Airport and Malta Luqa Airport. The aircraft was destroyed and all 31 occupants (five crew and 26 passengers) were killed when it crashed into the northern slope of the La Cinta mountain range at an altitude of 3,410 ft (1,040 m). This was the worst fatal accident in the company's history. The commission investigating the accident established \"imprudence on the part of the pilot\", who did not maintain a sufficient safety altitude during his flight over Sicily, as the prime cause. This was of particular importance in view of the thundery formations that were present over the area. The pilot's ignorance of existing wind conditions the aircraft encountered en route, which led to a three-degree discrepancy between the actual and intended track, was cited as a contributory factor. The investigating commission furthermore found that D/F stations at Rome and Cagliari provided flight safeguarding services as and when required, and that other D/F stations at Milan and Venice voluntarily transmitted bearing information to ensure the aircraft and its occupants reached their destination safely.[31]\nThe second fatal accident occurred on 2 December 1958. It involved a Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 732 (registration: G-ANRR) on a test flight following a major overhaul. While flying at 1,000 ft (300 m) 10 minutes after takeoff from London Airport, the aircraft lost its starboard wing. This caused the aircraft to crash and catch fire, killing all six occupants. Accident investigators established the reverse operation of the elevator spring tab as the probable cause. Incorrect maintenance of the spring tab mechanism and failure to notice the tab's faulty operation as a result of negligence on the part of maintenance personnel, who were responsible for inspecting the aircraft before returning it to service, involved the pilot in command in involuntary manoeuvres that overstressed the aircraft. This in turn resulted in the aircraft's right wing breaking off.[32]\nThe non-fatal incident occurred on 8 May 1951. It involved a Hunting Air Travel Vickers 639 Viking 1 (registration: G-AHPD) operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Bordeaux Mérignac to RAF Bovingdon. Following an uneventful takeoff from Mérignac, the no. 1 engine suddenly began to lose power when the aircraft climbed through 163 ft (50 m) and the pilot in command throttled down to initial climbing speed. The pilot then shut down the malfunctioning engine, feathered the propeller and applied full power to the no. 2 engine to compensate for the loss of engine no. 1. However, this was insufficient to maintain altitude and led to the flightdeck crew's decision to execute a gear-up landing. When the aircraft touched the ground, it slid for about 110 yd (100 m) before coming to a halt. There were no fatalities among the 32 occupants (five crew and 27 passengers). Accident investigators established the probable cause as the disconnecting of the articulated control rod of the propeller governor due to the lack of a split pin on the governor spindle, and due to the nut of the ball joint of the control spindle having been unscrewed by force.[33]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"government-owned corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Airways"},{"link_name":"British Caledonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Caledonian"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BiggestIndependent_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BiggestIndependent_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BiggestIndependent_2-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ClanLine_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ClanLine_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ClanLine_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Alliance_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Alliance_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Alliance_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Alliance_4-3"},{"link_name":"Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200089.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fly_Past_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fly_Past_5-1"},{"link_name":"Dix, Barry, Fly Past: A hunting we will go, The Hounslow Chronicle.co.uk, 15 January 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hounslowchronicle.co.uk/west-london-news/looking-back-history-west-london/fly-past/2009/01/15/fly-past-a-hunting-we-will-go-86289-22699620/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HuntingClan_Safari_6-7"},{"link_name":"Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200090.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Economy_Safari_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Economy_Safari_8-1"},{"link_name":"Goodbye BUA Viscount Safaris --, Flight International, 10 August 1961, p. 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201099.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Hunting-Clan's \"Africargo\" Network, Civil Aviation ..., Flight International, 8 July 1955, p. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200952.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Flight528_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Flight528_11-1"},{"link_name":"World Airline Directory ..., Flight International, 18 April 1958, p. 528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958%20-%200512.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"1: Corporate History - British United/British United Air Ferries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MPr2FmWyZFoC&pg=PA12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-5177-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5177-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ON SAFARI: ..., Civil Aviation, Flight International, 27 June 1952, p. 781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%201789.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The New African Airway — A Passenger's Log on the Safari Service, Flight International, July 11, 1952, p. 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Alone, Air Commerce, Flight International, 15 April 1960, p. 543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200543.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Airwork_inception_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Airwork_inception_22-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone and BUA, Air Commerce, Flight International, 23 March 1961, p. 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200377.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"History of BKS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160524064622/http://website.lineone.net/~biggles200/History.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//website.lineone.net/~biggles200/History.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting-Clan Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting Air Travel (and Hunting Air Transport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 614 Viking 1 G-AHPI — near Burgio, Sicily, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19520217-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers Viscount 732 1 G-ANRR — London Heathrow Airport (LHR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19581202-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 639 Viking 1 G-AHPD — Bordeaux Mérignac Airport (BOD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19510508-1"}],"text":"Notes^ independent from government-owned corporations\n\n^ British residents only\n\n^ Britain's first scheduled all-cargo service to Africa inaugurated on 23 July 1955\n\n^ linking Newcastle with Bovingdon, Manchester and Glasgow in the UK, as well as with Paris, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Oslo in Europe; all routes were to be served with Dakotas at a frequency of two flights per week, except Newcastle-Bovingdon which was to be served twice daily (with services to Glasgow and Manchester eventually flown daily during the peak summer season)\n\n^ with night stops\n\n^ following Hunting-Clan's's absorption into BUA and that airline's subsequent acquisition by Caledonian Airways to form British Caledonian (BCal), these arrangements continued to be the legal basis of BUA's and BCal's UK—Africa scheduled servicesCitations^ a b c Aeroplane — Britain's Biggest Independent Airline, Vol. 102, No. 2625, pp. 143/4, Temple Press, London, 8 February 1962\n\n^ a b c Alan Bristow Helicopter Pioneer: The Autobiography (Chapter 3 — In the Navy), Bristow, A. and Malone, P., Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley, 2009, p. 25\n\n^ a b c d Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 45\n\n^ a b Dix, Barry, Fly Past: A hunting we will go, The Hounslow Chronicle.co.uk, 15 January 2009\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Hunting-Clan — Air-Sea Alliance: The Background to Some Efficient Independent Airline Operations, Flight International, 8 January 1954, p. 46\n\n^ a b Goodbye BUA Viscount Safaris --, Flight International, 10 August 1961, p. 201\n\n^ Hunting-Clan's \"Africargo\" Network, Civil Aviation ..., Flight International, 8 July 1955, p. 62\n\n^ a b World Airline Directory ..., Flight International, 18 April 1958, p. 528\n\n^ Dean, W.P.; O'Callaghan, M (2015). \"1: Corporate History - British United/British United Air Ferries\". The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes. Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-5177-7.\n\n^ ON SAFARI: ..., Civil Aviation, Flight International, 27 June 1952, p. 781\n\n^ The New African Airway — A Passenger's Log on the Safari Service, Flight International, July 11, 1952, p. 43\n\n^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, July, 11 1952, p. 44\n\n^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, July, 11 1952, p. 45\n\n^ The New African Airway ..., Flight International, 11 July 1952, p. 46\n\n^ a b c World Airline Directory ..., Flight International, 18 April 1958, p. 526\n\n^ a b This is Skycoach, Air Commerce ..., Flight International, October 7, 1960, p. 559\n\n^ Britain Goes It Alone, Air Commerce, Flight International, 15 April 1960, p. 543\n\n^ a b Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 58\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 58, 165/6\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 61\n\n^ Sierra Leone and BUA, Air Commerce, Flight International, 23 March 1961, p. 385\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 44/5\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 58, 61, 165/6\n\n^ The Caledonian punchbag, Flight International, 21 March 1987, p. 33\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 166\n\n^ \"History of BKS\". Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2009.\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, pp. 44/5, 61/2\n\n^ Fly me, I'm Freddie!, p. 63\n\n^ Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting-Clan Air Transport\n\n^ Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United Kingdom > Hunting Air Travel (and Hunting Air Transport)\n\n^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 614 Viking 1 G-AHPI — near Burgio, Sicily, Italy\n\n^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers Viscount 732 1 G-ANRR — London Heathrow Airport (LHR)\n\n^ ASN Aircraft accident description Vickers 639 Viking 1 G-AHPD — Bordeaux Mérignac Airport (BOD)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hunting-Clan Douglas Dakota at Manchester Airport on the Newcastle service in 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Douglas_C-47B_G-AMSK_Hunting_Clan_RWY_29.07.10R_edited-2.jpg/220px-Douglas_C-47B_G-AMSK_Hunting_Clan_RWY_29.07.10R_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunting-Clan Avro York arriving at Manchester on the Africargo service in 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Avro_685_York_G-AMXM_Hunting_Clan_Ringway_27.08.55_edited-3.jpg/220px-Avro_685_York_G-AMXM_Hunting_Clan_Ringway_27.08.55_edited-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunting-Clan Vickers Viscount 732 at London Heathrow Airport North in 1955 soon after delivery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vickers_Viscount_732_G-ANRR_Hunting_Clan_LAP_05.09.55_edited-2.jpg/220px-Vickers_Viscount_732_G-ANRR_Hunting_Clan_LAP_05.09.55_edited-2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"Dean, W.P.; O'Callaghan, M (2015). \"1: Corporate History - British United/British United Air Ferries\". The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes. Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-5177-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MPr2FmWyZFoC&pg=PA12","url_text":"\"1: Corporate History - British United/British United Air Ferries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5177-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-5177-7"}]},{"reference":"\"History of BKS\". Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160524064622/http://website.lineone.net/~biggles200/History.htm","url_text":"\"History of BKS\""},{"url":"http://website.lineone.net/~biggles200/History.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77746-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77746-7","url_text":"0-297-77746-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Flight International\". Flight International. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710","url_text":"0015-3710"}]}]
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The aircraft was painted in the full livery of Hunting's parent company, the British & Commonwealth Shipping Co."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_(Novi_Pazar)
Banja (Novi Pazar)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 43°9′N 20°32′E / 43.150°N 20.533°E / 43.150; 20.533You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Serbian. (September 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Serbian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|sr|Бања (Нови Пазар)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Village in SerbiaNovopazarska banja БањаVillage (Selo)Country SerbiaMunicipalityNovi PazarElevation1,657 ft (505 m)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Novopazarska banja is a spa-village situated in Novi Pazar municipality in Serbia. References ^ "Institut national d'études démographique (INED)". Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2011-10-19. vteCities, towns and villages in the Raška DistrictKraljevo Adrani Banjevac Bapsko Polje Bare Bogutovac Bojanići Borovo Bresnik Brezna Brezova Bukovica Bzovik Cerje Čibukovac Čukojevac Cvetke Đakovo Dedevci Dolac (Kraljevo) Dragosinjci Drakčići Dražiniće Drlupa Gledić Godačica Gokčanica Grdica Jarčujak Kamenica Kamenjani Konarevo Kovači Kovanluk Lađevci Lazac Leševo Lopatnica Lozno Maglič Mataruge Mataruška Banja Međurečje Meljanica Metikoš Milakovac Milavčići Miliće Miločaj Mlanča Mrsać Musina Reka Obrva Oplanići Orlja Glava Pečenog Pekčanica Petropolje Plana Polumir Popovići Predole Progorelica Ratina Ravanica Reka Ribnica Roćevići Rudnjak Rudno Samaila Savovo Sibnica Sirča Stanča Stubal Šumarice Tadenje Tavnik Tepeče Tolišnica Trgovište Ušće Vitanovac Vitkovac Vrba Vrdila Vrh Zaklopača Zakuta Zamčanje Zasad Žiča Vrnjačka Banja Vraneši Vrnjci Vukušica Goč Gračac Lipova Novo Selo Otorci Podunavci Rsavci Ruđinci Stanišinci Štulac Raška Baljevac na Ibru Jošanička Banja Badanj Bela Stena Belo Polje Beoci Biljanovac Biniće Biočin Boće Boroviće Brvenica Brvenik Brvenik Naselje Crna Glava Draganići Gnjilica Gostiradiće Gradac Karadak Kaznoviće Kopaonik Korlaće Kovači Kraviće Kremiće Kruševica Kućane Kurići Lisina Lukovo Milatkoviće Mure Nosoljin Novo Selo Orahovo Panojeviće Pavlica Piskanja Plavkovo Plešin Pobrđe Pocesje Pokrvenik Radošiće Rakovac Rudnica Rvati Sebimilje Semeteš Šipačina Supnje Tiodže Trnava Varevo Vojmilovići Vrtine Zarevo Žerađe Žutice Novi Pazar Aluloviće Bajevica Banja Bare Batnjik Bekova Bele Vode Boturovina Brđani Brestovo Čašić Dolac Cokoviće Deževa Dojinoviće Dolac Doljani Dragočevo Dramiće Golice Gornja Tušimlja Goševo Gračane Građanoviće Grubetiće Hotkovo Ivanča Izbice Jablanica Janča Javor Jova Kašalj Koprivnica Kosuriće Kovačevo Kožlje Kruševo Kuzmičevo Leča Lopužnje Lukare Lukarsko Goševo Lukocrevo Miščiće Muhovo Mur Negotinac Odojeviće Oholje Okose Osaonica Osoje Paralovo Pasji Potok Pavlje Pilareta Pobrđe Polokce Pope Postenje Požega Požežina Prćenova Pusta Tušimlja Pustovlah Radaljica Rajčinoviće Rajčinovićka Trnava Rajetiće Rajkoviće Rakovac Rast Šaronje Šavci Sebečevo Sitniče Skukovo Slatina Smilov Laz Srednja Tušimlja Štitare Stradovo Sudsko Selo Tenkovo Trnava Tunovo Varevo Vever Vidovo Vitkoviće Vojkoviće Vojniće Vranovina Vučiniće Vučja Lokva Zabrđe Zlatare Žunjeviće Tutin Arapoviće Baćica Baljen Batrage Biohane Blaca Boroštica Bovanj Braćak Bregovi Brniševo Bujkoviće Čarovina Čmanjke Crkvine Čukote Ćulije Delimeđe Đerekare Detane Devreč Dobri Dub Dobrinje Dolovo Draga Dubovo Dulebe Ervenice Glogovik Gluhavica Gnila Godovo Gornji Crniš Gradac Guceviće Gujiće Gurdijelje Istočni Mojstir Izrok Jablanica Jarebice Jeliće Jezgroviće Južni Kočarnik Koniče Kovači Leskova Lipica Lukavica Melaje Mitrova Morani Naboje Nadumce Namga Noćaje Oraše Orlje Ostrovica Paljevo Piskopovce Plenibabe Pokrvenik Pope Popiće Potreb Pružanj Raduhovce Raduša Ramoševo Reževiće Ribariće Ruđa Rudnica Šaronje Saš Severni Kočarnik Šipče Smoluća Špiljani Starčeviće Strumce Suvi Do Točilovo Velje Polje Veseniće Vrapče Vrba Zapadni Mojstir Žirče Žuče Župa Municipalities or cities of Serbia vte Spas in SerbiaSpas (thermal, mud and air) Atomska Banja (also Banja Gornja Trepča) Banja Badanja Banja Junaković Banja Kanjiža Banja Klokot Banja Koviljača Banja Rusanda (also Melenci) Banja Slankamen Banja Topilo Banja Vrdnik Banja Vrujci Banja Ždrelo Banjska Bezdanska Banja Bogatić Bogutovačka Banja Brestovačka Banja Bujanovačka Banja Bukovička Banja (also Banja Aranđelovac) Divčibare Gamzigradska Banja Ivanjica Jodna Banja (also Bečejska Banja) Jodna Banja (also Novosadska Banja) Jošanička Banja Kuršumlijska Banja Lukovska Banja Mataruška Banja Niška Banja Novopazarska Banja Obrenovačka Banja Ovčar Banja Pačir Banja Palanački Kiseljak Palićka Banja Pećka Banja Pribojska Banja Prolom Banja Radaljska Banja Rajčinovića Banja Ribarska Banja Rgoška Banja (also Banjica) Rudnik Selters Banja (also Mladenovačka Banja Sijarinska Banja Slatinska Banja Sokobanja Tularska Banja Vranjska Banja Vrnjačka Banja Zlatar Zlatibor Zvonačka Banja Unregulated, undeveloped and former spas Ada Huja Banja Jokin Grab Banja Kulina Banja Ljig Biostanska Banja Banja Omoljica Banja Vapa (also Tošina Banja) Dag Banjica Ivanovo Jermenovci Koraćička Banja Lomnički Kiseljak Nikoličevska Banja Oraovička Ilidža Ovčanska Banja Pariguz Paunska Banja Plava Banja Prilički Kiseljak Roška Banja Savinac Sisevac Staparska Banja Stragarska Banja (also Banja Voljavča) Svračkovačka Banja Šarbanovačka Banja Šuplja Stena Torda Vička Banja Viline Vode Visočka Banja Višnjička Banja Category Commons 43°9′N 20°32′E / 43.150°N 20.533°E / 43.150; 20.533 This Raška District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Rosenthal
Sandy Rosenthal
["1 Before August 2005","2 Levees.Org","3 Accolades","4 Words Whispered in Water","5 References","6 External links"]
American civic activist Sandy RosenthalRosenthal in 2013BornNorth Attleboro, MassachusettsEducationMount Holyoke College (B.A., Psychology, 1979) Tulane University (M.B.A., 1981)Known forFounding and leading the nonprofit grassroots group Levees.Org in aftermath of Hurricane KatrinaSpouseStephen RosenthalChildren3 Sandy Rosenthal is an American civic activist and founder of Levees.Org, an organization created in October 2005 to educate the American public about the cause of the levee failures and catastrophic flooding in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Before August 2005 Rosenthal was born in Massachusetts and graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1979. She settled in New Orleans, Louisiana where she continued working as an active volunteer for her alma mater. In 2005, flooding associated with Hurricane Katrina forced Rosenthal to abandon her home and she began to offer assistance to similarly displaced fellow alumnae. Levees.Org Rosenthal hosts a press conference on the First Anniversary of the Worst Civil Engineering Disaster in U.S. History, August 29, 2006On set in the Lower Ninth Ward, Rosenthal oversees filming of a Public Service Announcement on May 17, 2008 Rosenthal began organizing in response to the official narrative and response to the flooding and evacuation of New Orleans. With the help of her son Stanford Rosenthal, levees.org launched on December 5, 2005, and has since been viewed more than 900,000 times. Rosenthal recruited actors Harry Shearer and John Goodman (both longtime residents of New Orleans), to assist with outreach for the group's message. Using video, social media, letter-writing teams and numerous other means, Levees.Org has educated people worldwide on the facts surrounding the 2005 flooding. Rosenthal has been a blogger with the Huffington Post since 2009. Accolades Rosenthal discusses the breach of the London Avenue Canal for The National Urban League Conference in New Orleans, La., July 28, 2012 The Tulane University A. B. Freeman School of Business honored Sandy Rosenthal as the Tulane Outstanding Social Entrepreneur of the Year for 2018. In 2016, Rosenthal was awarded the Pioneer of Purpose Award from Dillard University. In 2015, she received the Diana Lewis Citizen Participation Award from the Committee for a Better New Orleans, the Heroes of the Recovery Award by New Orleans Magazine and also the Partner in Justice Award by AVODAH. In 2012, she was recognized as a “Most Influential Woman” by Mount Holyoke College, and was named “Outstanding Citizen Diplomat” by the New Orleans Citizen Diplomacy Council. That same year she was also named as a “Role Model” by the Young Leadership Council and was honored as a “First Responder, Post Katrina” by the Southern Dominican Province. She has received the "Award of Merit" from the Citizens and Victims against Crime, Inc. (2009), the "Service Above Self" by The Rotary Club of New Orleans (2009), and the "Alumnae Loyalty Award" from Mount Holyoke College (2009). In 2008, she was inducted, along with real estate broker Kitty DeGree of West Monroe, into the Hall of Fame of the Louisiana Center for Women and Government at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux. In 2006 she was one of the "Women of the Year" honored by City Business. Words Whispered in Water In her book Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina Rosenthal gives a first-person narrative of the 2005 flooding and its aftermath that thrust her into her role as a leading voice for fact-based responses to flood threats. She describes her transformation into an advocate for education on the history of flood control failures after Hurricane Katrina had moved inland, and her subsequent work as a watchdog tracking the responses of government and media in the hours, weeks, and years after the floodwalls first gave way. Publishers Weekly cited Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina as a Fall 2020 selection in Politics & Current Events. References ^ Levees.org Mission and Goals ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Sandy Fulton Rosenthal". Mount Holyoke College. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2016-10-20. ^ "Mission and Goals of Levees.org | Levees.Org". levees.org. Retrieved 2016-10-20. ^ "Don't Call It Katrina". The New Yorker. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2016-10-20. ^ Huffington Post authors, Sandy Rosenthal ^ "Tulane honors 2018 Entrepreneurs of the Year | Tulane News". news.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-07. ^ "Dillard University - Home". www.dillard.edu. ^ report, Advocate staff. "Center for Women to add 12 to its Hall of Fame". The Advocate. Retrieved 2016-10-20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-10-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Rosenthal, Sandy (2020). Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina. United States: Mango Media Inc. ISBN 978-1642503272. ^ "publisher (2020)". Mango Publishing. Retrieved 2020-10-23. ^ "Fall 2020 Selections". www.publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23. External links Levees.Org vteLouisiana Center for Women in Government and Business Hall of Fame1990s1994 Lindy Boggs Fran Bussie Pat Evans Ginny Martinez Corinne D. Maybuce Mary Evelyn Parker Doris Lindsey Holland Rhodes Rupert F. Richardson Virginia Shehee 1995 Lucille May Grace Maggie Bell Atkins Hodges Eddie D. Brown Jones Ellen Bryan Moore Ollie Osborne 1996 C. Maxine Holtry Daniels Betty Heitman Kathy M. Vick Lillian Walker Dorothy H. Wallace 1997 Iris Kelso Myrtle Pickering Doris B. Reggie Marie Louise Wilcox Snellings Gayle F. Truly 1998 Betsy Cheramie Ayo Sally Clausen Linda Talbert 1999 Wilhelmina Bernard Armour Charlotte A. Bollinger Beth Courtney Sybil Haydel Morial Mary Ellen Wisham 2000s2000 Eleanora Angelo Eileen R. Armstrong Constance A. Koury Barbara Mansfield Beth Rickey Marilyn Thayer 2001 Lois D. Breaux Joanne Ferriot Margaret D. Montgomery-Richard Cecile B. Tauzin 2002 Jo Ann Cefalu Blanchard Alice Foster Sibal Suarez Holt Norma Jane Sabiston 2003 Judy Ewell Day Roberta Madden Darlene L. Pellegrin Margaret Gamble Pereboom 2004 Laura Badeaux Velma Callais-Rogers 2005 Marilyn Kilgen Carol R. LeBlanc Martha A. Madden Barbara Norton 2006 Mari Ann Fowler Bunny Greenhouse Ethel N. Knobloch Verna S. Landrieu 2007 Irma Muse Dixon Mary Ann Vial Lemmon Melinda Schwegmann Pinkie C. Wilkerson 2008 Kitty DeGree Sandy Rosenthal Dolores Spikes Phyllis Taylor 2009 Rosemary Ewing Phyllis Mayo Anne Milling LilyB Moskal 2010s2010 Jean Armstrong Betty Scott Cummins Faith Peperone Leslie Robichaux Suazo 2011 Alice Pecararo Adele Ransom Jean Rice Suzanne Haik Terrell 2012 Elizabeth Ratcliff Dent Kathleen Mix Diamond Andie Bollinger Giardina Rose Hudson 2013 Maurice Durbin Kay Katz Demetric Mercadel Willie Mount Lena Torris 2015 Stephanie Burks Leah Chase Jackie Clarkson Felicia Frederick Russ Herman (Men Who Support Women) Christian LeBlanc (Men Who Support Women) Leslie Marsh Nell Nolan Karen Puckett Brandie Toups Vanessa Whipple-Chiefe Donnell Zeringue 2017 Chip Badeaux (Men Who Support Women) Marguerite Knight Yvonne LaFleur Mary Landrieu Genny May Elaine Musso Eva Shanklin Kim Sport Luci Sposito Karen St. Germain Raja Talluri (Men Who Support Women)
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She settled in New Orleans, Louisiana where she continued working as an active volunteer for her alma mater.[2] In 2005, flooding associated with Hurricane Katrina forced Rosenthal to abandon her home and she began to offer assistance to similarly displaced fellow alumnae.[3]","title":"Before August 2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandy_Rosenthal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On_set_of_PSA_making.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Harry Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shearer"},{"link_name":"John Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rosenthal hosts a press conference on the First Anniversary of the Worst Civil Engineering Disaster in U.S. History, August 29, 2006On set in the Lower Ninth Ward, Rosenthal oversees filming of a Public Service Announcement on May 17, 2008Rosenthal began organizing in response to the official narrative and response to the flooding and evacuation of New Orleans.[4] With the help of her son Stanford Rosenthal, levees.org launched on December 5, 2005, and has since been viewed more than 900,000 times. Rosenthal recruited actors Harry Shearer and John Goodman (both longtime residents of New Orleans), to assist with outreach for the group's message. Using video, social media, letter-writing teams and numerous other means, Levees.Org has educated people worldwide on the facts surrounding the 2005 flooding.[5]Rosenthal has been a blogger with the Huffington Post since 2009.[6]","title":"Levees.Org"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Urban_League.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tulane University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_University"},{"link_name":"A. B. Freeman School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"real estate broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_broker"},{"link_name":"Kitty DeGree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitty_DeGree&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Monroe,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Nicholls State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholls_State_University"},{"link_name":"Thibodaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rosenthal discusses the breach of the London Avenue Canal for The National Urban League Conference in New Orleans, La., July 28, 2012The Tulane University A. B. Freeman School of Business honored Sandy Rosenthal as the Tulane Outstanding Social Entrepreneur of the Year for 2018.[7] In 2016, Rosenthal was awarded the Pioneer of Purpose Award from Dillard University.[8] In 2015, she received the Diana Lewis Citizen Participation Award from the Committee for a Better New Orleans, the Heroes of the Recovery Award by New Orleans Magazine and also the Partner in Justice Award by AVODAH. In 2012, she was recognized as a “Most Influential Woman” by Mount Holyoke College, and was named “Outstanding Citizen Diplomat” by the New Orleans Citizen Diplomacy Council. That same year she was also named as a “Role Model” by the Young Leadership Council and was honored as a “First Responder, Post Katrina” by the Southern Dominican Province. She has received the \"Award of Merit\" from the Citizens and Victims against Crime, Inc. (2009), the \"Service Above Self\" by The Rotary Club of New Orleans (2009), and the \"Alumnae Loyalty Award\" from Mount Holyoke College (2009).[3] In 2008, she was inducted, along with real estate broker Kitty DeGree of West Monroe, into the Hall of Fame of the Louisiana Center for Women and Government at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux.[9] In 2006 she was one of the \"Women of the Year\" honored by City Business.[10]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publishersweekly.com/9781642503272"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In her book Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina[11][12] Rosenthal gives a first-person narrative of the 2005 flooding and its aftermath that thrust her into her role as a leading voice for fact-based responses to flood threats. She describes her transformation into an advocate for education on the history of flood control failures after Hurricane Katrina had moved inland, and her subsequent work as a watchdog tracking the responses of government and media in the hours, weeks, and years after the floodwalls first gave way.Publishers Weekly cited Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina as a Fall 2020 selection in Politics & Current Events.[13]","title":"Words Whispered in Water"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161021080510/http://aamhc.net/pdf/awards2009/LoyaltyR2.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://aamhc.net/pdf/awards2009/LoyaltyR2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy Fulton Rosenthal\". Mount Holyoke College. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtholyoke.edu/175/gallery/sandy-fulton-rosenthal","url_text":"\"Sandy Fulton Rosenthal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission and Goals of Levees.org | Levees.Org\". levees.org. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://levees.org/mission-and-goals-of-levees-org/","url_text":"\"Mission and Goals of Levees.org | Levees.Org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don't Call It Katrina\". The New Yorker. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/dont-call-it-katrina","url_text":"\"Don't Call It Katrina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tulane honors 2018 Entrepreneurs of the Year | Tulane News\". news.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.tulane.edu/news/tulane-honors-2018-entrepreneurs-year","url_text":"\"Tulane honors 2018 Entrepreneurs of the Year | Tulane News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dillard University - Home\". www.dillard.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dillard.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1962:-dillard-university-to-honor-community-leaders-at-2016-champions-of-the-american-dream-best-in-business-awards-luncheon&catid=42:news-and-events&Itemid=890","url_text":"\"Dillard University - Home\""}]},{"reference":"report, Advocate staff. \"Center for Women to add 12 to its Hall of Fame\". The Advocate. Retrieved 2016-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/news/article_10f7ccea-4efb-50e2-8df8-88c52ef1eb04.html?sr_source=lift_amplify","url_text":"\"Center for Women to add 12 to its Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131101211313/http://neworleanscitybusiness.com/wp-files/events/women-of-the-year-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://neworleanscitybusiness.com/wp-files/events/women-of-the-year-2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Sandy (2020). Words Whispered in Water: Why the Levees Broke in Hurricane Katrina. United States: Mango Media Inc. ISBN 978-1642503272.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1642503272","url_text":"978-1642503272"}]},{"reference":"\"publisher (2020)\". Mango Publishing. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://mango.bz/books/words-whispered-in-water-by-sandy-rosenthal-1396-b","url_text":"\"publisher (2020)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fall 2020 Selections\". www.publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 2020-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/83634-fall-2020-announcements-politics-current-events.html","url_text":"\"Fall 2020 Selections\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_church_fire
Giza church fire
["1 Background","2 Fire","3 Victims","4 Investigation","5 Response","6 See also","7 References"]
Coordinates: 30°04′30″N 31°11′13″E / 30.07500°N 31.18694°E / 30.07500; 31.186942022 fire in Giza, Egypt Giza church fireDate14 August 2022VenueAbu Sefein Church, Giza, EgyptLocationGiza, EgyptCoordinates30°04′30″N 31°11′13″E / 30.07500°N 31.18694°E / 30.07500; 31.18694TypeFireCauseShort circuitDeaths41Non-fatal injuries45 On 14 August 2022, a fire broke out at the Abu Sefein Church, a Coptic Christian Orthodox church in the Imbaba neighborhood of Giza on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. The fire started during Sunday worship services when nearly 5,000 worshippers were gathered. The fire, which investigations found started due to a faulty air-conditioning unit, spread to a nursery the church hosted, killing 41 people in total throughout the complex, including at least 18 children. One of the church's priests, Abdul Masih Bakhit, was among those who died in the fire. Background The church is named for Saint Mercurius, known in Arabic and among the worshippers as 'Abu Sefein', and it is one of the largest churches in Giza. Egyptian law strictly regulates construction in churches, historically requiring a presidential decree to gain a building permit. Due to the difficulty in gaining approval for projects, unauthorized construction is widespread, often without following fire safety regulations. It had initially been converted into a church without a permit, though it was retroactively legalized. Electrical fires occur often in Egypt, where building and inspection standards are inadequate and poorly enforced. Multiple fires have occurred in public areas throughout Egypt, including the 2002 El Ayyat railway fire which resulted in 370 deaths; a 2020 hospital fire that killed seven patients; and the 2021 Cairo clothing factory fire that resulted in 20 deaths. Fire The Ministry of Interior said that the fire was caused by a faulty air-conditioning unit on the second floor of the church. According to the Ministry of Health most of the deaths were due to smoke inhalation or being trampled in the stampede to escape the building. The church hosts a nursery in its fourth floor. A neighboring church's priest said that children were taken to higher floors to escape the blaze instead of being evacuated. Eyewitnesses reported that people attempted to jump to safety from the upper floors to escape the fire. The response time of firefighters to this incident is not clear. The Health Ministry said the first fire truck arrived two minutes after the first reports of a fire were received, however, relatives of those trapped in the church said that paramedics and firefighters were slow in reaching the site, and one witness said it took two hours for a fire truck to arrive. Bystanders reportedly rushed into the church to help evacuate those trapped until the fire's intensity and smoke became too overwhelming. Eyewitnesses reported that the fire began at 8:00 AM and lasted for two hours. Victims The fire resulted in 41 deaths and 45 non-fatal injuries. Security services reported that at least 18 of the deceased were children. One local hospital's records showed 20 bodies received, among them 10 children, while another local hospital received 21 bodies. Investigation The fire's death toll was among the largest in Egypt's recent history, and the country's top prosecutor ordered an investigation into the blaze. While Egypt's Copts have faced discrimination, attacks, and religious violence, both the church authorities and the Egyptian state agencies believe the fire to be accidental. Response President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi issued a statement expressing his regret, saying, "I offer my sincere condolences to the families of the innocent victims that have passed on to be with their Lord in one of his houses of worship," Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly announced that each deceased person's family would be given 100,000 Egyptian pounds in compensation, while those injured would be given up to 20,000 Egyptian pounds, and the Minister of Social Solidarity further announced that al-Azhar Mosque and other civil society groups would be offering an additional 50,000 Egyptian pounds to the victims and their families. Al-Azhar Mosque expressed its condolences, and the grand imam of al-Azhar Ahmed El-Tayeb offered his sympathy to the Coptic pope Tawadros II. Mohamed Salah, captain of the Egypt national football team, also tweeted his condolences, and made a donation of three million Egyptian pounds to help rebuild the church. See also List of fires in Egypt References ^ a b c d e McKernan, Bethan (14 August 2022). "At least 41 people killed in Egypt church fire, say officials". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ a b c d "At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire, security sources say". Reuters. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ "At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire: Officials". Al Jazeera English. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ a b c d e f Salem, Mostafa; Kourdi, Eyad; Engels, Jorge; Humayun, Hira (14 August 2022). "Children among dozens killed in Egypt church fire". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ a b "41 dead, 12 injured in Church of Abu Sefein blaze in Imbaba". Daily News Egypt. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ a b c d e Magdy, Samy (14 August 2022). "Officials: Fire at Coptic church in Cairo kills 41, hurts 14". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ Wimmer, AC (14 August 2022). "Reports of at least 40 people killed in church fire in Egypt". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2022. ^ "Egypt 'legalizes' over 1,100 churches built without permits - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2022. ^ a b c d e f Rashwan, Nada; Ward, Euan; Stack, Liam; Joseph, Yonette (14 August 2022). "A Boom, a Fire and a Stampede: Dozens Die at a Coptic Church in Egypt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 August 2022. ^ "A fire at a church in Cairo kills 41 people and hurts 14 others". NPR. Associated Press. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ El-Fekki, Amira; Deng, Chao (14 August 2022). "Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery". WSJ. Retrieved 18 August 2022. ^ السيد, مصطفى (14 August 2022). "شهود عيان كنيسة أبو سيفين بإمبابة: "الحريق بدأ 8 صباحًا واستمر ساعتين" (بث مباشر)" . Al-Masry al-Youm. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ Violetta Baran (14 August 2022), "Tragedia w Gizie. W pożarze kościoła zginęło 41 osób" , wp.pl (in Polish), Wirtualna Polska, archived from the original on 14 August 2022, retrieved 14 August 2022 ^ El-Fekki, Amira; Deng, Chao (14 August 2022). "Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery". WSJ. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ a b "Al-Azhar, state bodies extend condolences over Giza church fire; psychological support teams for injured dispatched – Society". Ahram Online. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ "Mohamed Salah donates 156,000 dollars to rebuild Abu Sefein Church". Egypt Today. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022. vteCrowd collapses and crushesList of fatal crowd crushes19th c. 1807 Newgate Prison 1823 Valletta 1876 Brooklyn Theatre 1883 Victoria Hall 1896 Khodynka 20th c. 1902 Shiloh Baptist Church 1903 Iroquois Theatre 1908 Barnsley Hall 1913 Italian Hall 1927 Laurier Palace 1943 Bethnal Green 1946 Burnden Park 1954 Kumbh Mela 1964 Estadio Nacional 1965 El Progreso Bullring 1967 Atatürk Stadium 1971 Ibrox 1974 Zamalek 1977 Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm 1979 The Who concert 1981 Karaiskakis Stadium 1982 Luzhniki 1985 Heysel Stadium 1987 Shanghai Lujiazui 1988 Dasharath Stadium 1989 Tbilisi 1989 Hillsborough 1990 Mecca 1991 Oppenheimer Stadium 1992 Mahamaham 1992 Bastia 1993 Lan Kwai Fong 1994 Mecca 1994 Gowari 1996 Haridwar and Ujjain 1997 Uphaar Cinema 1998 Mecca 1999 Sabarimala 1999 Nyamiha (Minsk) 2000s 2000 Throb nightclub disaster 2001 Mecca 2001 Ellis Park Stadium 2001 Accra Sports Stadium 2001 Akashi pedestrian bridge 2003 E2 nightclub 2003 The Station nightclub 2004 Mecca 2004 Miyun 2005 Mandher Devi temple 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge 2005 Chennai (November) 2005 Chennai (December) 2006 Mecca 2006 PhilSports Stadium 2008 Bandung 2008 Naina Devi temple 2008 Jodhpur 2009 Houphouët-Boigny 2009 Mawazine 2010s 2010 Kor Royal Cup 2010 Pratapgarh 2010 Love Parade 2010 Phnom Penh 2011 Sabarimala 2012 Port Said Stadium 2012 Satsanga Deoghar 2013 Houphouët-Boigny 2013 Kiss nightclub 2013 Kumbh Mela 2013 Madhya Pradesh 2014 Mumbai 2014 Stade Tata Raphaël 2014 Patna 2014 Multan 2014 Kwekwe 2014 Shanghai Bund 2015 30 June Stadium 2015 Haiti 2015 Mina 2015 Colectiv nightclub 2017 Turin 2017 Mumbai 2018 Caracas 2018 Corinaldo 2019 Antananarivo 2019 Karbala 2019 Caracas 2020s 2020 Kerman 2020 Maligawatta 2020 Los Olivos 2021 Meron 2021 Astroworld Festival 2022 Vaishno Devi Temple 2022 Yaoundé 2022 Port Harcourt 2022 GBLA Stadium 2022 Giza 2022 Kanjuruhan Stadium 2022 Seoul 2023 Basra International Stadium 2023 Pakistan 2023 Sanaa 2023 San Salvador 2023 Brazzaville vteGizaHistory Battle of the Pyramids (1798) 2011 Imbaba church attacks 2022 church fire Geography Giza Plateau Districts Agouza Dokki Imbaba Mohandessin Landmarks Pyramid complex Great Pyramid Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Great Sphinx Education Cairo University Cairo Japanese School Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule El Alsson School Green Land International Schools Portals: 2020s Christianity Egypt
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abu Sefein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Seifein"},{"link_name":"Coptic Christian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Imbaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbaba"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aje-3"},{"link_name":"air-conditioning unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dne-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reu-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-6"}],"text":"2022 fire in Giza, EgyptOn 14 August 2022, a fire broke out at the Abu Sefein Church, a Coptic Christian Orthodox church in the Imbaba neighborhood of Giza on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. The fire started during Sunday worship services when nearly 5,000 worshippers were gathered.[1][2][3] The fire, which investigations found started due to a faulty air-conditioning unit, spread to a nursery the church hosted, killing 41 people in total throughout the complex, including at least 18 children.[4][5][2] One of the church's priests, Abdul Masih Bakhit, was among those who died in the fire.[6]","title":"Giza church fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Mercurius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mercurius"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"fire safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reu-2"},{"link_name":"2002 El Ayyat railway fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_El_Ayyat_railway_accident"},{"link_name":"2021 Cairo clothing factory fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cairo_clothing_factory_fire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"}],"text":"The church is named for Saint Mercurius, known in Arabic and among the worshippers as 'Abu Sefein',[7] and it is one of the largest churches in Giza. Egyptian law strictly regulates construction in churches, historically requiring a presidential decree to gain a building permit.[8] Due to the difficulty in gaining approval for projects, unauthorized construction is widespread, often without following fire safety regulations. It had initially been converted[when?] into a church without a permit, though it was retroactively legalized.[9]Electrical fires occur often in Egypt, where building and inspection standards are inadequate and poorly enforced.[10][2] Multiple fires have occurred in public areas throughout Egypt, including the 2002 El Ayyat railway fire which resulted in 370 deaths; a 2020 hospital fire that killed seven patients; and the 2021 Cairo clothing factory fire that resulted in 20 deaths.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Population_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_stampede"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Ministry of Interior said that the fire was caused by a faulty air-conditioning unit on the second floor of the church. According to the Ministry of Health most of the deaths were due to smoke inhalation or being trampled in the stampede to escape the building.[9] The church hosts a nursery in its fourth floor.[11] A neighboring church's priest said that children were taken to higher floors to escape the blaze instead of being evacuated.[9] Eyewitnesses reported that people attempted to jump to safety from the upper floors to escape the fire.[6][1]The response time of firefighters to this incident is not clear. The Health Ministry said the first fire truck arrived two minutes after the first reports of a fire were received,[6] however, relatives of those trapped in the church said that paramedics and firefighters were slow in reaching the site, and one witness said it took two hours for a fire truck to arrive.[9] Bystanders reportedly rushed into the church to help evacuate those trapped until the fire's intensity and smoke became too overwhelming.[1] Eyewitnesses reported that the fire began at 8:00 AM and lasted for two hours.[12]","title":"Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dne-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-6"}],"text":"The fire resulted in 41 deaths and 45 non-fatal injuries.[1][4] Security services reported that at least 18 of the deceased were children.[4][5][1][13] One local hospital's records showed 20 bodies received, among them 10 children, while another local hospital received 21 bodies.[6]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-9"},{"link_name":"Copts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts"},{"link_name":"discrimination, attacks, and religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The fire's death toll was among the largest in Egypt's recent history, and the country's top prosecutor ordered an investigation into the blaze.[6][9] While Egypt's Copts have faced discrimination, attacks, and religious violence, both the church authorities and the Egyptian state agencies believe the fire to be accidental.[4][14]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reu-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"Mostafa Madbouly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pounds"},{"link_name":"Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"al-Azhar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahram-15"},{"link_name":"grand imam of al-Azhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar"},{"link_name":"Ahmed El-Tayeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_El-Tayeb"},{"link_name":"Tawadros II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahram-15"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Salah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah"},{"link_name":"Egypt national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-4"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi issued a statement expressing his regret, saying, \"I offer my sincere condolences to the families of the innocent victims that have passed on to be with their Lord in one of his houses of worship,\"[2][4] Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly announced that each deceased person's family would be given 100,000 Egyptian pounds in compensation, while those injured would be given up to 20,000 Egyptian pounds, and the Minister of Social Solidarity further announced that al-Azhar Mosque and other civil society groups would be offering an additional 50,000 Egyptian pounds to the victims and their families.[15]Al-Azhar Mosque expressed its condolences, and the grand imam of al-Azhar Ahmed El-Tayeb offered his sympathy to the Coptic pope Tawadros II.[15] Mohamed Salah, captain of the Egypt national football team, also tweeted his condolences,[4] and made a donation of three million Egyptian pounds to help rebuild the church.[16]","title":"Response"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of fires in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fires_in_Egypt"}]
[{"reference":"McKernan, Bethan (14 August 2022). \"At least 41 people killed in Egypt church fire, say officials\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/14/egypt-church-fire-giza","url_text":"\"At least 41 people killed in Egypt church fire, say officials\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211233/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/14/egypt-church-fire-giza","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire, security sources say\". Reuters. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/lest-35-killed-egyptian-church-fire-security-sources-say-2022-08-14/","url_text":"\"At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire, security sources say\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122023/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/lest-35-killed-egyptian-church-fire-security-sources-say-2022-08-14/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire: Officials\". Al Jazeera English. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/14/several-killed-cairo-egypt-church-fire-health-ministry","url_text":"\"At least 41 killed in Egyptian church fire: Officials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera English"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814154431/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/14/several-killed-cairo-egypt-church-fire-health-ministry","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Salem, Mostafa; Kourdi, Eyad; Engels, Jorge; Humayun, Hira (14 August 2022). \"Children among dozens killed in Egypt church fire\". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/14/africa/egypt-fire-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Children among dozens killed in Egypt church fire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815001006/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/14/africa/egypt-fire-intl/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"41 dead, 12 injured in Church of Abu Sefein blaze in Imbaba\". Daily News Egypt. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/08/14/41-dead-12-injured-in-church-of-abu-sefein-blaze-in-imbaba/","url_text":"\"41 dead, 12 injured in Church of Abu Sefein blaze in Imbaba\""}]},{"reference":"Magdy, Samy (14 August 2022). \"Officials: Fire at Coptic church in Cairo kills 41, hurts 14\". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/officials-fire-at-coptic-church-in-cairo-kills-1-hurts-55/2022/08/14/978361de-1bbd-11ed-9ce6-68253bd31864_story.html","url_text":"\"Officials: Fire at Coptic church in Cairo kills 41, hurts 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814151119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/officials-fire-at-coptic-church-in-cairo-kills-1-hurts-55/2022/08/14/978361de-1bbd-11ed-9ce6-68253bd31864_story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, AC (14 August 2022). \"Reports of at least 40 people killed in church fire in Egypt\". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252035/reports-of-at-least-40-people-most-of-them-children-killed-in-church-fire-in-egypt","url_text":"\"Reports of at least 40 people killed in church fire in Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt 'legalizes' over 1,100 churches built without permits - Vatican News\". www.vaticannews.va. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2019-08/egypt-legalizes-coptic-churches-built-without-permits.html","url_text":"\"Egypt 'legalizes' over 1,100 churches built without permits - Vatican News\""}]},{"reference":"Rashwan, Nada; Ward, Euan; Stack, Liam; Joseph, Yonette (14 August 2022). \"A Boom, a Fire and a Stampede: Dozens Die at a Coptic Church in Egypt\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/world/middleeast/egypt-fire-church.html","url_text":"\"A Boom, a Fire and a Stampede: Dozens Die at a Coptic Church in Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"A fire at a church in Cairo kills 41 people and hurts 14 others\". NPR. Associated Press. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/14/1117418291/officials-fire-at-coptic-church-in-cairo-kills-41-hurts-14","url_text":"\"A fire at a church in Cairo kills 41 people and hurts 14 others\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211222/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/14/1117418291/officials-fire-at-coptic-church-in-cairo-kills-41-hurts-14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"El-Fekki, Amira; Deng, Chao (14 August 2022). \"Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery\". WSJ. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/fire-kills-at-least-41-at-egyptian-coptic-church-nursery-11660486083","url_text":"\"Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery\""}]},{"reference":"السيد, مصطفى (14 August 2022). \"شهود عيان كنيسة أبو سيفين بإمبابة: \"الحريق بدأ 8 صباحًا واستمر ساعتين\" (بث مباشر)\" [Eyewitnesses, Abu Sefein Church in Imbaba: \"The fire started 8 am and lasted two hours\" (Live broadcast)]. Al-Masry al-Youm. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2664909","url_text":"\"شهود عيان كنيسة أبو سيفين بإمبابة: \"الحريق بدأ 8 صباحًا واستمر ساعتين\" (بث مباشر)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211157/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2664909","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Violetta Baran (14 August 2022), \"Tragedia w Gizie. W pożarze kościoła zginęło 41 osób\" [The tragedy in Giza. 41 people died in a church fire], wp.pl (in Polish), Wirtualna Polska, archived from the original on 14 August 2022, retrieved 14 August 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/tragedia-w-gizie-w-pozarze-kosciola-zginelo-41-osob-6801306937137664a","url_text":"\"Tragedia w Gizie. W pożarze kościoła zginęło 41 osób\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtualna_Polska","url_text":"Wirtualna Polska"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211203/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/tragedia-w-gizie-w-pozarze-kosciola-zginelo-41-osob-6801306937137664a","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"El-Fekki, Amira; Deng, Chao (14 August 2022). \"Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery\". WSJ. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/fire-kills-at-least-41-at-egyptian-coptic-church-nursery-11660486083","url_text":"\"Fire Kills at Least 41 at Egyptian Coptic Church, Nursery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211205/https://www.wsj.com/articles/fire-kills-at-least-41-at-egyptian-coptic-church-nursery-11660486083","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Azhar, state bodies extend condolences over Giza church fire; psychological support teams for injured dispatched – Society\". Ahram Online. 14 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/2/473158/Egypt/Society/AlAzhar,-state-bodies-extend-condolences-over-Giza.aspx","url_text":"\"Al-Azhar, state bodies extend condolences over Giza church fire; psychological support teams for injured dispatched – Society\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220814211203/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/2/473158/Egypt/Society/AlAzhar,-state-bodies-extend-condolences-over-Giza.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamed Salah donates 156,000 dollars to rebuild Abu Sefein Church\". Egypt Today. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/8/118444/Mohamed-Salah-donates-156-000-dollars-to-rebuild-Abu-Sefein","url_text":"\"Mohamed Salah donates 156,000 dollars to rebuild Abu Sefein Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Today","url_text":"Egypt Today"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Delaware_vs_La_Croyable
Capture of La Croyable
["1 Sources","2 References"]
Coordinates: 39°18′18″N 74°38′49″W / 39.305°N 74.647°W / 39.305; -74.647Naval battle of the Quasi-War Capture of La CroyablePart of the Quasi-WarDepiction of a single ship action during the Quasi-WarDateJuly 7, 1798LocationGreat Egg Harbor Bay, New Jersey, United StatesResult American victoryBelligerents United States FranceCommanders and leaders Stephen Decatur, Sr. UnknownStrength 1 sloop-of-war 180 crew 20 guns 1 schooner   70 crew 12-14 gunsCasualties and losses None None1 schooner captured vteQuasi-War Capture of La Croyable Capture of USS Retaliation USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente Action of 1 January 1800 USS Constellation vs La Vengeance Jacmel Puerto Plata Harbor Curaçao USS Boston vs Berceau USS Enterprise vs Flambeau The Capture of La Croyable, or the Action of July 7, 1798, occurred when the French privateer schooner La Croyable was taken by the American sloop-of-war USS Delaware on 7 July 1798 during the Quasi-War. The engagement resulted in the first capture of any ship by the United States Navy, which had been formed just months before the action. Originally a merchant ship called Hamburgh Packet, USS Delaware was purchased by the United States Navy on May 5, 1798. With a complement of 180 men and twenty mounted long guns – sixteen 9-pounders (4.1 kilograms) and four 6-pounders (2.7 kilograms), she was given to Captain Stephen Decatur, Sr. to command. Delaware set sail from Delaware Bay on July 6 with instructions to join USS United States and USS Ganges and patrol the section of the Atlantic Coast between Long Island and Cape Henry. On July 7 the day after her first sail, USS Delaware happened upon the American merchant vessel Alexander Hamilton, which had been carrying wine and brandy from New York City to Baltimore when she was stopped by a French privateer who ransacked her. She was reduced to limping across the Great Egg Harbor Bay. When Captain Decatur heard these reports from Alexander Hamilton's crew, he began scouting the bay for a potentially culpable French vessel. An attack by a French privateer on an American merchantman was not unheard of at the time. Tensions between the United States and France had been rising in the months prior to the attack. The United States Congress had instructed all American warships in the newly-formed United States Navy to "capture any French vessel found near the coast preying upon American commerce." Congress had also commissioned one thousand letters of marque to combat against the French hostilities of the day. Captain Decatur, who had distinguished himself as a privateer during the American Revolutionary War, was now looking to make the most of the opportunity to command Delaware. In the midst of her search for the French privateers, Delaware spotted four sails on the horizon. Under Decatur's orders, the sloop's crew had her pretend to be a merchant vessel. The act was convincing enough to draw the attention and pursuit of the French privateer schooner La Croyable. It was not long before the captain of the French vessel discovered that Delaware was a warship and tried to reverse course. After a lengthy chase, La Croyable found herself pinned against the shore of Great Egg Harbor Bay. She surrendered after only a few cannon shots. On July 8 Delaware made her way back up the Delaware River with her prize and docked at Fort Mifflin. After executing the US Navy's first victory of the Quasi-War, Decatur became a hero. He boasted of his catch to several people, including Captain John Barry of USS United States. La Croyable was deemed a lawful capture by the U.S. government and renamed USS Retaliation. She was given to the command of Lieutenant William Bainbridge. Bainbridge would join a fleet of American ships in the Caribbean on October 15. Later in November, however, the French frigates Volontaire and Insurgente attacked USS Retaliation, capturing her. This was the only American naval vessel to be captured during the entire Quasi-War, which was later recaptured by the U.S. Navy. Sources Footner, Geoffrey M. (1998). Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0913372803. Sweetman, Jack (2002). American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508674. Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598841572. References ^ Footner 1998, p. 83 ^ a b Sweetman 2002, p. 16 ^ Tucker 2014, pp. 160–161 ^ a b c d Tucker 2014, p. 161 ^ a b "Quasi-War". American History Central. Retrieved January 9, 2015. ^ Footner 1998, p. 83; Sweetman 2002, p. 16 39°18′18″N 74°38′49″W / 39.305°N 74.647°W / 39.305; -74.647
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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"USS United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_United_States_(1797)"},{"link_name":"USS Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ganges"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Cape Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Henry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker161-4"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Great Egg Harbor Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Egg_Harbor_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker161-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuasiWar-5"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweetman16-2"},{"link_name":"letters of marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuasiWar-5"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker161-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tucker161-4"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Quasi-War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War"},{"link_name":"John Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"William Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bainbridge"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Volontaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Volontaire_(1796)"},{"link_name":"Insurgente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Insurgent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footner83Tucker161-6"}],"text":"Naval battle of the Quasi-WarvteQuasi-War\nCapture of La Croyable\nCapture of USS Retaliation\nUSS Constellation vs L'Insurgente\nAction of 1 January 1800\nUSS Constellation vs La Vengeance\nJacmel\nPuerto Plata Harbor\nCuraçao\nUSS Boston vs Berceau\nUSS Enterprise vs FlambeauThe Capture of La Croyable, or the Action of July 7, 1798, occurred when the French privateer schooner La Croyable was taken by the American sloop-of-war USS Delaware on 7 July 1798 during the Quasi-War. The engagement resulted in the first capture of any ship by the United States Navy, which had been formed just months before the action.[1][2]Originally a merchant ship called Hamburgh Packet, USS Delaware was purchased by the United States Navy on May 5, 1798. With a complement of 180 men and twenty mounted long guns – sixteen 9-pounders (4.1 kilograms) and four 6-pounders (2.7 kilograms), she was given to Captain Stephen Decatur, Sr. to command.[3] Delaware set sail from Delaware Bay on July 6 with instructions to join USS United States and USS Ganges and patrol the section of the Atlantic Coast between Long Island and Cape Henry.[4]On July 7 the day after her first sail, USS Delaware happened upon the American merchant vessel Alexander Hamilton, which had been carrying wine and brandy from New York City to Baltimore when she was stopped by a French privateer who ransacked her. She was reduced to limping across the Great Egg Harbor Bay. When Captain Decatur heard these reports from Alexander Hamilton's crew, he began scouting the bay for a potentially culpable French vessel.[4][5]An attack by a French privateer on an American merchantman was not unheard of at the time. Tensions between the United States and France had been rising in the months prior to the attack. The United States Congress had instructed all American warships in the newly-formed United States Navy to \"capture any French vessel found near the coast preying upon American commerce.\"[2] Congress had also commissioned one thousand letters of marque to combat against the French hostilities of the day.[5] Captain Decatur, who had distinguished himself as a privateer during the American Revolutionary War, was now looking to make the most of the opportunity to command Delaware.[4]In the midst of her search for the French privateers, Delaware spotted four sails on the horizon. Under Decatur's orders, the sloop's crew had her pretend to be a merchant vessel. The act was convincing enough to draw the attention and pursuit of the French privateer schooner La Croyable. It was not long before the captain of the French vessel discovered that Delaware was a warship and tried to reverse course. After a lengthy chase, La Croyable found herself pinned against the shore of Great Egg Harbor Bay. She surrendered after only a few cannon shots.[4]On July 8 Delaware made her way back up the Delaware River with her prize and docked at Fort Mifflin. After executing the US Navy's first victory of the Quasi-War, Decatur became a hero. He boasted of his catch to several people, including Captain John Barry of USS United States. La Croyable was deemed a lawful capture by the U.S. government and renamed USS Retaliation. She was given to the command of Lieutenant William Bainbridge. Bainbridge would join a fleet of American ships in the Caribbean on October 15. Later in November, however, the French frigates Volontaire and Insurgente attacked USS Retaliation, capturing her. This was the only American naval vessel to be captured during the entire Quasi-War, which was later recaptured by the U.S. Navy.[6]","title":"Capture of La Croyable"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M7a5mqVBo1YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0913372803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913372803"},{"link_name":"American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1557508674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557508674"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1598841572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841572"}],"text":"Footner, Geoffrey M. (1998). Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0913372803.\nSweetman, Jack (2002). American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508674.\nTucker, Spencer C. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598841572.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Footner, Geoffrey M. (1998). Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0913372803.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7a5mqVBo1YC","url_text":"Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913372803","url_text":"0913372803"}]},{"reference":"Sweetman, Jack (2002). American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present (illustrated ed.). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508674.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC","url_text":"American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557508674","url_text":"1557508674"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598841572.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841572","url_text":"978-1598841572"}]},{"reference":"\"Quasi-War\". American History Central. Retrieved January 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entry.php?rec=462","url_text":"\"Quasi-War\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tibble
Murder of Stephen Tibble
["1 Death","2 Bomb factory","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]
1975 killing in London Stephen TibbleBorn13 August 1953Died26 February 1975 (age 21)West Kensington, London, EnglandPolice careerDepartmentMetropolitan Police ServiceService years6 monthsRankPolice ConstableAwardsQueen's Police Medal PC Stephen Andrew Tibble, QPM (1953 – 26 February 1975) was a police officer in London's Metropolitan Police Service. During a chase through West Kensington, the unarmed Tibble was fatally shot by Liam Quinn, an American member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Death Four unarmed plain-clothed police officers, Trainee Detective Constables Derek Wilson and Kenneth Mathews and Police Constables Adrian Blackledge and Les White in two teams, had spent the day on the lookout for burglary suspects in the Fairholme Road area of West Kensington. At one point during the course of the operation, Blackledge noticed a man behaving in a suspicious manner outside house number 39 on Fairholme Road; when he spotted the same individual thirty minutes later he decided to question him. Blackledge approached the suspect and introduced himself as a police officer and requested that the man empty out his pockets. The suspect was Liam Quinn, a US citizen from an Irish Republican family in San Francisco who had immersed himself in all things Irish, including affecting an Irish accent. A Provisional IRA volunteer, he had replaced Brendan Dowd as a member of the IRA's active service unit operating in London at the time. Blackledge noticed that Quinn was carrying a lot of Irish money on him, and so told Quinn he wanted to escort him back to the address he had been seen leaving in Fairholme Road to see what he had been up to. Quinn then attempted to flee, running west down Charleville Road, pursued by Blackledge, heading toward where Wilson and Matthews were sitting on a bench. The pair joined the chase and Wilson later stated that he heard the sound of a motorbike approaching from behind. The rider was 21-year-old off-duty PC Stephen Tibble, who was married and had been a serving officer for six months. Initially flagged down by Wilson, Tibble gave chase on his motorbike, riding past the pursuing officers and the running Quinn, and pulled to a stop at the junction of Charleville Road and Gledstanes Road. Tibble dismounted from his motorbike, crouched and spread out his arms to block the path of the suspect and catch hold of him. At that point, Quinn pulled a gun out and shot Tibble twice in the chest at point-blank range with a .38 Long Colt revolver. Tibble died three hours later in hospital. It is often erroneously believed that Quinn fled into the tunnel at Barons Court tube station, but in fact he had been pursued by Wilson on Tibble's motorbike and evaded capture by running through the ground floor of a tower block off Talgarth Road. Bomb factory The police discovered that the flat in Fairholme Road that Quinn had been seen entering was a bomb factory. The basement was found to contain enough bomb-making equipment to make half a dozen high-explosive bombs. Also found were an automatic pistol and ammunition as well as English and Irish money, wigs and a letter addressed to Joe O'Connell, another IRA volunteer. The landlord stated to police that a "Michael Wilson" occupied the flat. The discovery of the factory led police to identify four other suspects, who later became known as the Balcombe Street gang after they held a couple hostage in the Balcombe Street Siege in Marylebone. The London-based IRA active service unit had been responsible for a series of bombings and killings in England. This included the inadvertent car-bomb killing of Gordon Hamilton-Fairley, a cancer specialist who was not the target, and the assassination of Ross McWhirter, a conservative political activist and a co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records; he was shot on his doorstep by the unit after he offered a reward for their capture. Aftermath Quinn escaped to Dublin where he was later arrested for assaulting a police officer. One of the plain-clothed officers who encountered him in the London incident identified him, but extradition from the Republic of Ireland to the United Kingdom was refused by the Irish courts. After serving a prison sentence in Ireland for IRA membership, Quinn, a US citizen of Irish and Mexican descent, returned to San Francisco shortly after his release. Quinn was arrested in California by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1981 after the US government approved an extradition request from British authorities. He then instigated a seven-year battle against extradition to the UK. Quinn was extradited to England in 1988 and was tried and found guilty of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 1988 with a recommended minimum sentence of thirty years. Quinn served eleven years in Portaloise prison before he was released in April 1999, along with the rest of the Balcombe Street gang, under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement. Sympathetic members of the public donated money to Tibble's widow. He was posthumously awarded the Queen's Police Medal for gallantry (the last award of that medal to a British police officer for gallantry rather than distinguished service) and a memorial was erected at the spot where he was killed on Charleville Road in Barons Court. See also List of British police officers killed in the line of duty References ^ a b The Road To Balcombe Street, Steven Moysey, Haworth (2007), ISBN 0-7890-2913-8 ^ a b Channel 4 history. The Year London Blew Up ^ a b "BBC News On This Day – 1975: PC murder linked to IRA bomb factory". 27 February 1975. Retrieved 6 January 2010. ^ Balcombe Street gang's reign of terror BBC News. Accessed 7 March 2008 ^ John Stephenson, founder of the Provisional IRA, was English. Nothing strange about that. Archived 30 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ Unsafe Haven. The United States, The IRA and Political Prisoners by Karen McElrath (from Cain) ^ "No. 46936". The London Gazette. 17 June 1976. p. 8479. ^ Micic, Zeb. "Metropolitan Police officers: gallantry awards and other medals". London Gazette. Retrieved 30 May 2023. ^ "Stephen Andrew Tibble QPM". Police Roll of Honour Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2022. vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral Anti-Treaty IRA Sinn Féin Republican News An Phoblacht The Green Book The Troubles (Timeline) Haughey arms crisis IRA campaign Chronology of Provisional IRA actions Arms importation Weaponry Barrack buster Improvised tactical vehicles Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape Blanket protest Dirty protest HM Prison Maze Anti H-Block 1981 Irish hunger strike Maze Prison escape Armalite and ballot box strategy Punishment attacks Disappeared Smithwick Tribunal Northern Ireland peace process Good Friday Agreement Organisation Chief of Staff IRA Army Council IRA Northern Command IRA Southern Command Internal Security Unit Active service unit Belfast Brigade Derry Brigade South Armagh Brigade East Tyrone Brigade Balcombe Street Gang Actions1970–1979 Battle of St Matthew's Falls Curfew 1970 Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers' killings Red Lion bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Abercorn bombing Donegall Street bombing Battle at Springmartin Battle of Lenadoon Bloody Friday Claudy bombing Newry customs bombing Old Bailey bombing Honey Trap killings King's Cross & Euston bombings Coleraine bombings 1973 Westminster bombing M62 bombing Clogher attack Houses of Parliament bombing Tower of London bombing Guildford pub bombings Harrow School bombing Brooks's Club bombing Woolwich pub bombing British Airways bombing attempt Birmingham pub bombings London pillar box bombings Talbot Arms bombing Bristol bombing Telephone exchange bombings 1974 Oxford Street bombing Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings Mountainview attack Bayardo Bar attack Forkhill attack Caterham Arms bombing Tullyvallen massacre London Hilton bombing Piccadilly bombing Trattoria Fiore bombing Scott's Oyster Bar bombing Walton's Restaurant bombing Drummuckavall ambush Balcombe Street siege Kingsmill massacre West Ham station attack Olympia bombing Store bar shooting Stag Inn attack Garryhinch ambush Jonesborough Gazelle downing La Mon restaurant bombing Crossmaglen ambush Warrenpoint ambush Brussels bombing Dungannon attack 1980–1989 Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle attacks Glasdrumman ambush 1981 Bessbrook attack Chelsea Barracks bombing Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings Harrods bombing Royal Artillery Barracks bombing Brighton hotel bombing Ballygawley land mine attack Newry mortar attack Ballygawley attack Enniskillen mortar attack RUC Birches barracks attack Rheindahlen bombing Loughgall ambush Operation Flavius Corporals killings Lisburn bombing Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 1988 Netherlands attacks Glamorgan barracks bombing Inglis Barracks bombing Ballygawley bus bombing Jonesborough ambush Clive Barracks bombing Deal barracks bombing Mayobridge attack Derryard attack  1990–1991 Derrygorry Gazelle downing South Armagh sniper Downpatrick roadside bomb Operation Conservation 1990 Wembley bombing Carlton Club bombing London Stock Exchange bombing Honourable Artillery Company bombing Lichfield gun attack RFA Fort Victoria bombing Proxy bombings Downing Street mortar attack Paddington & Victoria station bombings Mullacreevie ambush Glenanne barracks bombing Coagh ambush Musgrave Park Hospital bombing Crumlin Road Prison bombing 1992–1997 Teebane bombing Clonoe ambush London Bridge bombing Staples Cnr bombing Baltic Exchange bombing Sussex Arms bombing Cloghoge attack Coalisland riots Forensic Science Laboratory bombing Stoke Newington Road bomb 1992 Manchester bombing Night of the Long Knives 1993 Harrods bombing Warrington bombings Cullaville occupation Camden bombing Bishopsgate bombing Finchley Road bombings Battle of Newry Road Shankill Road bombing 1993 Fivemiletown ambush Heathrow attacks Crossmaglen Lynx downing Drumcree conflict Docklands bombing Aldwych bus bombing 1996 Manchester bombing Hammersmith Bridge bombing Osnabrück mortar attack Thiepval barracks bombing Coalisland attack 1997 Northern Ireland riots Personalities (Volunteers) Paddy Agnew Martina Anderson Declan Arthurs Thomas Begley Ivor Bell Patricia Black Charles Breslin Edward Butler Paul Butler Joe Cahill Liam Campbell Fergal Caraher Malachy Carey Owen Carron Gerard Casey Carál Ní Chuilín Gabriel Cleary Peter Cleary Kevin Coen Eamon Collins Eddie Copeland Marion Coyle Gerard Davison Matt Devlin Hugh Doherty Joe Doherty Kieran Doherty Martin Doherty Pat Doherty Colin Duffy Rose Dugdale Dessie Ellis Mairéad Farrell William Fleming Kieran Fleming Bernard Fox Angelo Fusco Michael Gaughan John Francis Green Dessie Grew George Harrison Brendan Hughes Francis Hughes Martin Hurson Pearse Jordan Brian Keenan Gerry Kelly John Kelly Patrick Joseph Kelly Sean Kelly Jim Lynagh Proinsias Mac Airt Breandán Mac Cionnaith Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde Joseph MacManus Seán Mac Stíofáin Patrick Magee Paul Magee Donna Maguire Larry Marley Paul Marlowe Leo Martin Alex Maskey Pearse McAuley Daniel McCann Fra McCann Jennifer McCann Raymond McCartney Martin McCaughey Raymond McCreesh Joe McDonnell Séamus McElwaine Thomas McElwee Brendan McFarlane Tom McFeely Gerry McGeough Pat McGeown John Joe McGirl Martin McGuinness Pádraig McKearney Tommy McKearney Billy McKee Kevin McKenna Laurence McKeown Michael McKevitt Thomas McMahon Jackie McMullan Martin Meehan Ian Milne Arthur Morgan Danny Morrison Conor Murphy Thomas "Slab" Murphy Kieran Nugent Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Ed O'Brien Dáithí Ó Conaill Éamonn O'Doherty Joe B. O'Hagan Siobhán O'Hanlon Rita O'Hare Diarmuid O'Neill Dolours Price Marian Price Liam Quinn Paddy Quinn Billy Reid Bobby Sands Seán Savage Pat Sheehan Frank Stagg Jimmy Steele Bobby Storey Gerard Tuite Seamus Twomey Roy Walsh Séanna Walsh Espionage andSupergrasses Eamon Collins Denis Donaldson Joseph Fenton Kevin Fulton Raymond Gilmour Martin McGartland Sean O'Callaghan Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife") Associates Cumann na mBan Fianna Éireann South Armagh Republican Action Force Direct Action Against Drugs NORAID Clan na Gael Troops Out Movement Derivatives Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Prominentkillings Jeffery Stanford Agate Johnathan Ball Anthony Berry Robert Bradford Joe Bratty Matthew Burns Martin Cahill Eamon Collins Raymond Elder Gerard Evans Christopher Ewart-Biggs Joseph Fenton Billy Fox Maurice Gibson Ian Gow Heidi Hazell Donald Kaberry Andrew Kearney Baroness Brabourne William "Frenchie" Marchant Martin McBirney Jerry McCabe Robert McConnell Jean McConville Columba McVeigh Ross McWhirter Stephen Melrose Lord Mountbatten Lenny Murphy Robert Nairac Thomas Oliver Tim Parry Paul Quinn Robert Seymour Robert McCartney (allegedly) Joseph Rafferty (allegedly) Ray Smallwoods Sammy Smyth Nick Spanos James Stronge Norman Stronge Richard Sykes Stephen Tibble Sammy Ward Michael Willetts
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"QPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"West Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kensington"},{"link_name":"Liam Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"}],"text":"PC Stephen Andrew Tibble, QPM (1953 – 26 February 1975) was a police officer in London's Metropolitan Police Service. During a chase through West Kensington, the unarmed Tibble was fatally shot by Liam Quinn, an American member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.","title":"Murder of Stephen Tibble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"active service unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_service_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balcombe_Street_2007-1"},{"link_name":"point-blank range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-blank_range"},{"link_name":".38 Long Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38_Long_Colt"},{"link_name":"Barons Court tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons_Court_tube_station"},{"link_name":"tower block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block"},{"link_name":"Talgarth Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgarth_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balcombe_Street_2007-1"}],"text":"Four unarmed plain-clothed police officers, Trainee Detective Constables Derek Wilson and Kenneth Mathews and Police Constables Adrian Blackledge and Les White in two teams, had spent the day on the lookout for burglary suspects in the Fairholme Road area of West Kensington. At one point during the course of the operation, Blackledge noticed a man behaving in a suspicious manner outside house number 39 on Fairholme Road; when he spotted the same individual thirty minutes later he decided to question him. Blackledge approached the suspect and introduced himself as a police officer and requested that the man empty out his pockets. The suspect was Liam Quinn, a US citizen from an Irish Republican family in San Francisco who had immersed himself in all things Irish, including affecting an Irish accent. A Provisional IRA volunteer, he had replaced Brendan Dowd as a member of the IRA's active service unit operating in London at the time.[1]Blackledge noticed that Quinn was carrying a lot of Irish money on him, and so told Quinn he wanted to escort him back to the address he had been seen leaving in Fairholme Road to see what he had been up to. Quinn then attempted to flee, running west down Charleville Road, pursued by Blackledge, heading toward where Wilson and Matthews were sitting on a bench. The pair joined the chase and Wilson later stated that he heard the sound of a motorbike approaching from behind. The rider was 21-year-old off-duty PC Stephen Tibble, who was married and had been a serving officer for six months.Initially flagged down by Wilson, Tibble gave chase on his motorbike, riding past the pursuing officers and the running Quinn, and pulled to a stop at the junction of Charleville Road and Gledstanes Road. Tibble dismounted from his motorbike, crouched and spread out his arms to block the path of the suspect and catch hold of him. At that point, Quinn pulled a gun out and shot Tibble twice in the chest at point-blank range with a .38 Long Colt revolver.Tibble died three hours later in hospital. It is often erroneously believed that Quinn fled into the tunnel at Barons Court tube station, but in fact he had been pursued by Wilson on Tibble's motorbike and evaded capture by running through the ground floor of a tower block off Talgarth Road.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"Balcombe Street Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Siege"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"active service unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_service_unit"},{"link_name":"Gordon Hamilton-Fairley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Hamilton-Fairley"},{"link_name":"Ross McWhirter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_McWhirter"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terror-4"}],"text":"The police discovered that the flat in Fairholme Road that Quinn had been seen entering was a bomb factory. The basement was found to contain enough bomb-making equipment to make half a dozen high-explosive bombs. Also found were an automatic pistol and ammunition as well as English and Irish money, wigs and a letter addressed to Joe O'Connell, another IRA volunteer. The landlord stated to police that a \"Michael Wilson\" occupied the flat.[2][3]The discovery of the factory led police to identify four other suspects, who later became known as the Balcombe Street gang after they held a couple hostage in the Balcombe Street Siege in Marylebone. The London-based IRA active service unit had been responsible for a series of bombings and killings in England. This included the inadvertent car-bomb killing of Gordon Hamilton-Fairley, a cancer specialist who was not the target, and the assassination of Ross McWhirter, a conservative political activist and a co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records; he was shot on his doorstep by the unit after he offered a reward for their capture.[4]","title":"Bomb factory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"extradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C4-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_in_English_law"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"Queen's Police Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Police_Medal_(Gallantry)_UK.png"}],"text":"Quinn escaped to Dublin where he was later arrested for assaulting a police officer. One of the plain-clothed officers who encountered him in the London incident identified him, but extradition from the Republic of Ireland to the United Kingdom was refused by the Irish courts.[2] After serving a prison sentence in Ireland for IRA membership, Quinn, a US citizen of Irish and Mexican descent,[5] returned to San Francisco shortly after his release.Quinn was arrested in California by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1981 after the US government approved an extradition request from British authorities. He then instigated a seven-year battle against extradition to the UK. Quinn was extradited to England in 1988 and was tried and found guilty of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 1988 with a recommended minimum sentence of thirty years.[6] Quinn served eleven years in Portaloise prison before he was released in April 1999, along with the rest of the Balcombe Street gang, under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.Sympathetic members of the public donated money to Tibble's widow.[3] He was posthumously awarded the Queen's Police Medal for gallantry[7] (the last award of that medal to a British police officer for gallantry rather than distinguished service[8]) and a memorial was erected at the spot where he was killed on Charleville Road in Barons Court.[9]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png"}]
[{"title":"List of British police officers killed in the line of duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_police_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty"}]
[{"reference":"\"BBC News On This Day – 1975: PC murder linked to IRA bomb factory\". 27 February 1975. Retrieved 6 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/27/newsid_2515000/2515789.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News On This Day – 1975: PC murder linked to IRA bomb factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 46936\". The London Gazette. 17 June 1976. p. 8479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46936/page/8479","url_text":"\"No. 46936\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Micic, Zeb. \"Metropolitan Police officers: gallantry awards and other medals\". London Gazette. Retrieved 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100710","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Police officers: gallantry awards and other medals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephen Andrew Tibble QPM\". Police Roll of Honour Trust. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://policememorial.org.uk/memories/stephen-andrew-tibble/","url_text":"\"Stephen Andrew Tibble QPM\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/year03.html","external_links_name":"Channel 4 history. The Year London Blew Up"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/27/newsid_2515000/2515789.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News On This Day – 1975: PC murder linked to IRA bomb factory\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/315216.stm","external_links_name":"Balcombe Street gang's reign of terror"},{"Link":"http://www.fortnight.org/oruairc429.html","external_links_name":"John Stephenson, founder of the Provisional IRA, was English. Nothing strange about that."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060430070947/http://www.fortnight.org/oruairc429.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/law/docs/mcelrath00.htm","external_links_name":"Unsafe Haven. The United States, The IRA and Political Prisoners by Karen McElrath (from Cain)"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46936/page/8479","external_links_name":"\"No. 46936\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100710","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Police officers: gallantry awards and other medals\""},{"Link":"https://policememorial.org.uk/memories/stephen-andrew-tibble/","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Andrew Tibble QPM\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varel
Varel
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbour municipalities","1.2 Segmentation of the city","1.3 Usage of areas","2 Castle church","3 Notable people","3.1 Sport","4 International relations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°23′49″N 08°08′10″E / 53.39694°N 8.13611°E / 53.39694; 8.13611 Town in Lower Saxony, GermanyVarel TownPedestrian area in Varel FlagCoat of armsLocation of Varel within Friesland district Varel Show map of GermanyVarel Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 53°23′49″N 08°08′10″E / 53.39694°N 8.13611°E / 53.39694; 8.13611CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictFriesland Subdivisions32 districtsGovernment • Mayor (2021–26) Gerd-Christian Wagner (SPD)Area • Total113.53 km2 (43.83 sq mi)Highest elevation12 m (39 ft)Lowest elevation0 m (0 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total24,397 • Density210/km2 (560/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes26316Dialling codes04451Vehicle registrationFRIWebsitewww.varel.de Aerial view of Varel Varel (German pronunciation: ⓘ) is a town in the district of Friesland, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the Jade River and the Jade Bight, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Wilhelmshaven and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Oldenburg. With a population of 23,984 (2020) it is the biggest town in the district of Friesland. Geography Varel is located south of the Jade Bight at the North Sea on the Geest. Over time, the city expanded into lower areas as the construction of dykes helped to secure these areas from floods. The environment of Varel is shaped by agriculture, forests and the sea. Neighbour municipalities Jade in the district of Wesermarsch is the Eastern neighbour municipality of Varel. In the South of Varel one will find the municipalities Rastede and Wiefelstede which are part of the district of Ammerland. The municipality of Bockhorn is located in the West of Varel. Bockhorn is also part of the district of Friesland. Segmentation of the city Varel is segmented into 21 localities. Besides the downtown area these are Altjührden, Borgstede, Büppel, Dangast, Dangastermoor, Grünenkamp, Hohelucht, Hohenberge, Jeringhave, Jethausen, Langendamm, Moorhausen, Neudorf, Neuenwege, Obenstrohe, Rallenbüschen, Rosenberg, Seghorn, Streek and Winkelsheide. Further villages in the municipality are Almsee, Bramloge, Brunne, Jethausermoor, Logemoor, Plaggenkrug, Rahling, Rotenhahn, Schwarzenberg, Tange, Vareler Schleuse and Wilkenhausen. Usage of areas A little more than three fourths of the area of Varel is agricultural land. The size of the forest – around ten percent of the total size – is remarkably high for a city at the North Sea coast. Castle church The castle church is the oldest building in Varel. The first part of the church is believed to have been built in 1144. The tower was added between 1200 and 1250, originally as twin towers, which were rebuilt in today's form first in 1651 and then in 1737. The altar, font and pulpit were carved in 1613 – 1618 by Ludwig Münstermann. The altar is nearly 10 metres (33 ft) high and is one of the main works of Northern German Mannerism. Before the Protestant Reformation, the patron saint was Saint Peter. Today, the castle church is a Lutheran church, with no patron saint. The church was formerly one of the buildings of the castle, which was demolished in the 19th century soon after a fire destroyed most parts of it. Notable people Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg (1715–1800), ruling Countess of Varel and confidante of Voltaire and Frederick the Great Johann Gerhard Oncken (1800–1884), founder of the German and continental European Baptist churches Lothar Meyer (1830–1895), developed modern periodic table of the elements independently of Dmitri Mendeleev. Oskar Emil Meyer (1834–1909), physicist, studied the viscosity of gases. Frederick Ludwig Hoffman (1865–1946), statistician. Wilhelm Hegeler (1870–1943), writer and novelist. Friedrich Wegener (1907–1990), pathologist, studied granulomatosis with polyangiitis Hildegard Behrens (1937–2009), singer (dramatic soprano) Hans-Paul Bürkner (born 1951), CEO of the Boston Consulting Group Heiko Daxl (1957–2012), media artist, exhibition curator, art gallery owner and design / art collector; grew up locally Massiv in Mensch (founded in 1996), Industrial music duo Sport Carl Carls (1880–1958), chess champion Ines Varenkamp (born 1963), cyclist Markus Eichler (born 1982), cyclist Deniz Undav (born 1996), footballer who has played over 260 games Esther Henseleit (born 1999), professional golfer International relations Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Varel is twinned with: Jackson, Michigan (United States) See also Melitta Friesland Porzellan  References ^ "Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021" (PDF). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. 13 October 2021. ^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. ^ Varel, Stadt. "Zahlen, Daten, Fakten". Stadt Varel. ^ "Stadt Varel - Sehenswürdigkeiten". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. ^ "Meyer, Julius Lothar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 348–349. ^ "Hoffman, Frederick Ludwig" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. Vol. V. 1921. ^ "Hegeler, Wilhelm" . Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. XIV. 1920. ^ Greater Jackson Chamber of Commerce Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 5 June 2002; retrieved on 11 September 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varel. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Varel. Official site (in German) vteTowns and municipalities in Friesland (district) Bockhorn Jever Sande Schortens Varel Wangerland Wangerooge Zetel Coat of arms Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Varel_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ˈfaːʁəl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/De-Varel.ogg/De-Varel.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Varel.ogg"},{"link_name":"district of Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland_(district)"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jade River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_(river)"},{"link_name":"Jade Bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Bight"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)"}],"text":"Town in Lower Saxony, GermanyAerial view of VarelVarel (German pronunciation: [ˈfaːʁəl] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Friesland, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the Jade River and the Jade Bight, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Wilhelmshaven and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Oldenburg. With a population of 23,984 (2020) it is the biggest town in the district of Friesland.","title":"Varel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geest"},{"link_name":"dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"}],"text":"Varel is located south of the Jade Bight at the North Sea on the Geest. Over time, the city expanded into lower areas as the construction of dykes helped to secure these areas from floods.The environment of Varel is shaped by agriculture, forests and the sea.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wesermarsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesermarsch"},{"link_name":"Rastede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastede"},{"link_name":"Wiefelstede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiefelstede"},{"link_name":"Ammerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerland"},{"link_name":"Bockhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockhorn,_Lower_Saxony"}],"sub_title":"Neighbour municipalities","text":"Jade in the district of Wesermarsch is the Eastern neighbour municipality of Varel. In the South of Varel one will find the municipalities Rastede and Wiefelstede which are part of the district of Ammerland. The municipality of Bockhorn is located in the West of Varel. Bockhorn is also part of the district of Friesland.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Segmentation of the city","text":"Varel is segmented into 21 localities. Besides the downtown area these are Altjührden, Borgstede, Büppel, Dangast, Dangastermoor, Grünenkamp, Hohelucht, Hohenberge, Jeringhave, Jethausen, Langendamm, Moorhausen, Neudorf, Neuenwege, Obenstrohe, Rallenbüschen, Rosenberg, Seghorn, Streek and Winkelsheide. Further villages in the municipality are Almsee, Bramloge, Brunne, Jethausermoor, Logemoor, Plaggenkrug, Rahling, Rotenhahn, Schwarzenberg, Tange, Vareler Schleuse and Wilkenhausen.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Usage of areas","text":"A little more than three fourths of the area of Varel is agricultural land. The size of the forest – around ten percent of the total size – is remarkably high for a city at the North Sea coast.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Münstermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCnstermann"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"}],"text":"The castle church is the oldest building in Varel. The first part of the church is believed to have been built in 1144.[4] The tower was added between 1200 and 1250, originally as twin towers, which were rebuilt in today's form first in 1651 and then in 1737. The altar, font and pulpit were carved in 1613 – 1618 by Ludwig Münstermann. The altar is nearly 10 metres (33 ft) high and is one of the main works of Northern German Mannerism.Before the Protestant Reformation, the patron saint was Saint Peter. Today, the castle church is a Lutheran church, with no patron saint.\nThe church was formerly one of the buildings of the castle, which was demolished in the 19th century soon after a fire destroyed most parts of it.","title":"Castle church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Sophie_of_Aldenburg"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Johann Gerhard Oncken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gerhard_Oncken"},{"link_name":"Lothar Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Meyer"},{"link_name":"periodic table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Mendeleev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oskar Emil Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Emil_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Frederick Ludwig Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Hegeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hegeler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wegener"},{"link_name":"granulomatosis with polyangiitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis"},{"link_name":"Hildegard Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens"},{"link_name":"Hans-Paul Bürkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Paul_B%C3%BCrkner"},{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"Heiko Daxl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Daxl"},{"link_name":"media artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_art"},{"link_name":"curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"Massiv in Mensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massiv_in_Mensch"},{"link_name":"Industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"}],"text":"Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg (1715–1800), ruling Countess of Varel and confidante of Voltaire and Frederick the Great\nJohann Gerhard Oncken (1800–1884), founder of the German and continental European Baptist churches\nLothar Meyer (1830–1895), developed modern periodic table of the elements independently of Dmitri Mendeleev.[5]\nOskar Emil Meyer (1834–1909), physicist, studied the viscosity of gases.\nFrederick Ludwig Hoffman (1865–1946), statistician.[6]\nWilhelm Hegeler (1870–1943), writer and novelist.[7]\nFriedrich Wegener (1907–1990), pathologist, studied granulomatosis with polyangiitis\nHildegard Behrens (1937–2009), singer (dramatic soprano)\nHans-Paul Bürkner (born 1951), CEO of the Boston Consulting Group\nHeiko Daxl (1957–2012), media artist, exhibition curator, art gallery owner and design / art collector; grew up locally\nMassiv in Mensch (founded in 1996), Industrial music duo","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Carls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Carls"},{"link_name":"Ines Varenkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ines_Varenkamp"},{"link_name":"Markus Eichler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Eichler"},{"link_name":"Deniz Undav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Undav"},{"link_name":"Esther Henseleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Henseleit"},{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Carl Carls (1880–1958), chess champion\nInes Varenkamp (born 1963), cyclist\nMarkus Eichler (born 1982), cyclist\nDeniz Undav (born 1996), footballer who has played over 260 games\nEsther Henseleit (born 1999), professional golfer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Varel is twinned with:Jackson, Michigan (United States)[8]","title":"International relations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinangat_(Bicolano_cuisine)
Laing (food)
["1 Names","2 Description","3 Variants","3.1 Inulukan","3.2 Linapay","3.3 Tinumok","3.3.1 Vegan \"Pinangat\"","4 See also","5 References"]
Filipino dish This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (March 2021) LaingAlternative namespinangat, laing pinangat, pinangat na laing, pinangat na gabi, ginataang laingTypeStewPlace of originPhilippinesRegion or stateBicol RegionCreated byFilipino cuisineMain ingredientsTaro leaves, chili, meat or seafood, coconut milkVariationsinulukan, tinumok, linapaySimilar dishessinanglay, Bicol express, gising-gising Laing (pronounced LAH-ing), is a Filipino dish of shredded or whole taro leaves with meat or seafood cooked in thick coconut milk spiced with labuyo chili, lemongrass, garlic, shallots, ginger, and shrimp paste. It originates from the Bicol Region, where it is known simply as pinangat. Laing is also a type of ginataan (Filipino dishes cooked in coconut milk), and thus may also be referred to as ginataang laing. Laing is commonly eaten as a vegetable side to complement meat or fish side dishes known as ulam in Filipino, which is normally paired with boiled white rice. Names Laing, meaning "dried or withered " in Tagalog, is the name of the dish in most parts of the Philippines. However, in the Bicol region, where it originates from, it is simply called pinangat. This name can be confused with pinangat na isda, which is a different dish made with fish cooked in a slightly sour broth similar to sinigang. The confusion stems from the original meaning of the verb pangat in the languages of Southern Luzon, which simply means to cook fish or meat in a broth of water and salt. Laing is typical of Bicolano cuisine, which is known for their common use of chilis and coconut milk. Laing is also known as ginataang laing, pinangat na laing, pinangat na gabi and ginat-ang gabi, among other names. Description Inulukan, a variant that uses river crabs wrapped in whole taro leaves and cooked in coconut milk Tinumok, a variant of laing that uses a mixture of shrimp and fish flakes with grated coconut The original laing from the Bicol Region does not use shredded taro leaves, but rather a whole fresh taro leaf (natong in Bicolano). This version is the one most commonly referred to as pinangat. The mixture usually consists of cubed pre-cooked pork, shrimp, or fish flakes (or all three) with bagoong alamang (shrimp paste), crushed labuyo chili, garlic, shallots, ginger, and kakang gata (coconut cream). It is wrapped with the leaf and tied with a coconut leaf midrib or twine. It is then steamed in gata (coconut milk) with a knot of tanglad (lemongrass) until the leaf pouches are fork tender and the coconut milk is reduced to a thick sauce. For the laing version served in Manila and elsewhere, it is cooked similarly, but with the leaves shredded (usually sold dried, hence the name). It also usually includes chopped leaf stalks. Laing is usually eaten with white rice, but it can also be eaten sandwiched in bread like pandesal or used as a stuffing for other dishes. It is also commonly eaten as a side dish to meat. The taro leaves to be used for laing must be prepared correctly, as they contain amounts of calcium oxalate crystals (raphides) that can sometimes cause itching and burning sensations in the mouth. They are usually washed and cooked thoroughly to avoid this. Drying can also lessen the amount of crystals. Variants Notable variants of laing include: Inulukan Inulukan or inulokan is a variant of laing made from the meat of river crabs (uluk or ulok) wrapped in whole taro leaves and cooked in coconut milk spiced with calamansi, black pepper, and lemongrass. It is a specialty of Camalig, Albay. It is also known as pinangat na ugama or pinangat na talangka, from ugama and talangka, other local terms for river crabs. Linapay Linapay also known as tinamuk, is a related dish from Aklan in the Western Visayas. It is made from pounded freshwater shrimp (ueang) mixed with gawud (grated young coconut meat) and wrapped with taro leaves (gutaw) and cooked in coconut milk. Tinumok Tinumok, tinomok, or tinulmok is another traditional variant from Bicol which uses whole taro leaves wrapped around a mixture of freshwater shrimp, fish flakes (and sometimes meat), shrimp paste, with minced or grated coconut meat, onions, chilis, lemongrass, garlic, and other spices cooked in coconut milk. It differs primarily in its use of coconut meat. Vegan "Pinangat" Vegan "Pinangat" Bicol's vegan "Pinangat" is a Laing twist (pinangat na laing, a Bicol dish). See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laing (food). Sarsa na uyang Ginataan Binalot Piaparan Paksiw Cuisine of the Philippines Buntil Pepes Callaloo, a similar native dish from the Caribbean Lūʻau (food), similar native dishes from Polynesia References ^ Laktaw, Pedro Serrano (1889). Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog. Estab. tipografico "La Opinion" a cargo de G. Bautista. p. 394. ^ "Last night's dinner: Pinangat". God Antifornicator. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ a b c "Laing (Pinangat) and Bicol Express". TheLoneRider.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Pinangat & Laing - Another Famous Bicol Treats". Touring Bicol. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ Polistico, Edgie (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9786214200870. ^ "pangat". Tagalog-Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ a b "Laing". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ a b "Pinangat na gabi". Philippines Travel Guide. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ de Leon, Mack. "Pinangat Recipe". Yummy.ph. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Pinangat a la Josephine". Market Manila. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "7 dishes to try on your next roadtrip to Albay". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Oyster omelette to 'pinangat' burgers: 8 must-try dishes at the World Street Food Jamboree". InterAksyon. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Inulukan and Pinangat: Do they have differences?". SeanSusan. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Quick Facts on Camalig". Amazing Albay. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Going local: 6 Aklanon food you should try". Langyaw. Retrieved June 6, 2019. ^ "Tinumok of Bicol". Atbp.ph. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Tinumok (Shrimp Mixture Wrap in Taro Leaves)". Panlasang Pinoy Meaty Recipes. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Tinomok". Chewing My Way Through College. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Tinumok". The Glorious Food Glossary. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ Arnaldo, Steph (October 26, 2021). "The 5 most searched Bicolano recipes during the lockdown". Rappler. Retrieved May 17, 2024. vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈlaʔɪŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog"},{"link_name":"LAH-ing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_cuisine"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"labuyo chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_labuyo"},{"link_name":"lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"shallots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"shrimp paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang"},{"link_name":"Bicol Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Region"},{"link_name":"ginataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataan"},{"link_name":"side dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dishes"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"}],"text":"Laing (pronounced [ˈlaʔɪŋ] LAH-ing), is a Filipino dish of shredded or whole taro leaves with meat or seafood cooked in thick coconut milk spiced with labuyo chili, lemongrass, garlic, shallots, ginger, and shrimp paste. It originates from the Bicol Region, where it is known simply as pinangat. Laing is also a type of ginataan (Filipino dishes cooked in coconut milk), and thus may also be referred to as ginataang laing. Laing is commonly eaten as a vegetable side to complement meat or fish side dishes known as ulam in Filipino, which is normally paired with boiled white rice.","title":"Laing (food)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pinangat na isda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinangat_na_isda"},{"link_name":"sinigang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uno-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptg-8"}],"text":"Laing, meaning \"dried or withered [leaves]\" in Tagalog,[1] is the name of the dish in most parts of the Philippines. However, in the Bicol region, where it originates from, it is simply called pinangat. This name can be confused with pinangat na isda, which is a different dish made with fish cooked in a slightly sour broth similar to sinigang.[2][3][4] The confusion stems from the original meaning of the verb pangat in the languages of Southern Luzon, which simply means to cook fish or meat in a broth of water and salt.[5][6]Laing is typical of Bicolano cuisine, which is known for their common use of chilis and coconut milk.[7] Laing is also known as ginataang laing, pinangat na laing, pinangat na gabi and ginat-ang gabi, among other names.[8]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinangat_sa_Baao_na_Ugama.JPG"},{"link_name":"river crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_litterata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laing_Tinulmok.jpg"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"Bicolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"bagoong alamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang"},{"link_name":"labuyo chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuyo_chili"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"shallots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"coconut cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cream"},{"link_name":"steamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamed"},{"link_name":"tanglad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglad"},{"link_name":"lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptg-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Leon-9"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm-10"},{"link_name":"pandesal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandesal"},{"link_name":"side dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"calcium oxalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxalate"},{"link_name":"raphides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlr-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-7"}],"text":"Inulukan, a variant that uses river crabs wrapped in whole taro leaves and cooked in coconut milkTinumok, a variant of laing that uses a mixture of shrimp and fish flakes with grated coconutThe original laing from the Bicol Region does not use shredded taro leaves, but rather a whole fresh taro leaf (natong in Bicolano). This version is the one most commonly referred to as pinangat. The mixture usually consists of cubed pre-cooked pork, shrimp, or fish flakes (or all three) with bagoong alamang (shrimp paste), crushed labuyo chili, garlic, shallots, ginger, and kakang gata (coconut cream). It is wrapped with the leaf and tied with a coconut leaf midrib or twine. It is then steamed in gata (coconut milk) with a knot of tanglad (lemongrass) until the leaf pouches are fork tender and the coconut milk is reduced to a thick sauce.[8][9]For the laing version served in Manila and elsewhere, it is cooked similarly, but with the leaves shredded (usually sold dried, hence the name). It also usually includes chopped leaf stalks.[10] Laing is usually eaten with white rice, but it can also be eaten sandwiched in bread like pandesal or used as a stuffing for other dishes. It is also commonly eaten as a side dish to meat.[11][12]The taro leaves to be used for laing must be prepared correctly, as they contain amounts of calcium oxalate crystals (raphides) that can sometimes cause itching and burning sensations in the mouth. They are usually washed and cooked thoroughly to avoid this. Drying can also lessen the amount of crystals.[3][7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notable variants of laing include:","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"river crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_litterata"},{"link_name":"lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"Camalig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camalig"},{"link_name":"Albay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlr-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeanSusan-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Inulukan","text":"Inulukan or inulokan is a variant of laing made from the meat of river crabs (uluk or ulok) wrapped in whole taro leaves and cooked in coconut milk spiced with calamansi, black pepper, and lemongrass. It is a specialty of Camalig, Albay.[3][13][14] It is also known as pinangat na ugama or pinangat na talangka, from ugama and talangka, other local terms for river crabs.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aklan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklan"},{"link_name":"Western Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Visayas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Linapay","text":"Linapay also known as tinamuk, is a related dish from Aklan in the Western Visayas. It is made from pounded freshwater shrimp (ueang) mixed with gawud (grated young coconut meat) and wrapped with taro leaves (gutaw) and cooked in coconut milk.[15]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freshwater shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii"},{"link_name":"shrimp paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong_alamang"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vegan_Pinangat1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"}],"sub_title":"Tinumok","text":"Tinumok, tinomok, or tinulmok is another traditional variant from Bicol which uses whole taro leaves wrapped around a mixture of freshwater shrimp, fish flakes (and sometimes meat), shrimp paste, with minced or grated coconut meat, onions, chilis, lemongrass, garlic, and other spices cooked in coconut milk. It differs primarily in its use of coconut meat.[16][17][18][19]Vegan \"Pinangat\"","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"},{"link_name":"Bicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Region"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Tinumok - Vegan \"Pinangat\"","text":"Bicol's vegan \"Pinangat\" is a Laing twist (pinangat na laing, a Bicol dish).[20]","title":"Variants"}]
[{"image_text":"Inulukan, a variant that uses river crabs wrapped in whole taro leaves and cooked in coconut milk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pinangat_sa_Baao_na_Ugama.JPG/220px-Pinangat_sa_Baao_na_Ugama.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tinumok, a variant of laing that uses a mixture of shrimp and fish flakes with grated coconut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Laing_Tinulmok.jpg/220px-Laing_Tinulmok.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vegan \"Pinangat\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Vegan_Pinangat1.jpg/150px-Vegan_Pinangat1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Laing (food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laing_(food)"},{"title":"Sarsa na uyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsa_na_uyang"},{"title":"Ginataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataan"},{"title":"Binalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binalot"},{"title":"Piaparan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaparan"},{"title":"Paksiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksiw"},{"title":"Cuisine of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Buntil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntil"},{"title":"Pepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepes"},{"title":"Callaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo"},{"title":"Lūʻau (food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%AB%CA%BBau_(food)"}]
[{"reference":"Laktaw, Pedro Serrano (1889). Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog. Estab. tipografico \"La Opinion\" a cargo de G. Bautista. p. 394.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Last night's dinner: Pinangat\". God Antifornicator. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111054932/http://antifornicator.com/last-nights-dinner-pinangat/","url_text":"\"Last night's dinner: Pinangat\""},{"url":"http://antifornicator.com/last-nights-dinner-pinangat/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Laing (Pinangat) and Bicol Express\". TheLoneRider.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelonerider.com/2009/mar/laing/laing.shtml","url_text":"\"Laing (Pinangat) and Bicol Express\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinangat & Laing - Another Famous Bicol Treats\". Touring Bicol. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://touringbicol.blogspot.com/2010/01/laeng-2nd-famous-dish-in-bicol.html","url_text":"\"Pinangat & Laing - Another Famous Bicol Treats\""}]},{"reference":"Polistico, Edgie (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9786214200870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786214200870","url_text":"9786214200870"}]},{"reference":"\"pangat\". Tagalog-Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=pangat","url_text":"\"pangat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laing\". Kawaling Pinoy. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/laing/","url_text":"\"Laing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinangat na gabi\". Philippines Travel Guide. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235024/http://www.philippines-travel-guide.com/pinangat-na-gabi.html","url_text":"\"Pinangat na gabi\""},{"url":"http://www.philippines-travel-guide.com/pinangat-na-gabi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Leon, Mack. \"Pinangat Recipe\". Yummy.ph. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yummy.ph/recipe/pinangat-recipe","url_text":"\"Pinangat Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinangat a la Josephine\". Market Manila. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/pinangat-a-la-josephine","url_text":"\"Pinangat a la Josephine\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 dishes to try on your next roadtrip to Albay\". GMA News Online. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/food/635589/7-dishes-to-try-on-your-next-roadtrip-to-albay/story/","url_text":"\"7 dishes to try on your next roadtrip to Albay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oyster omelette to 'pinangat' burgers: 8 must-try dishes at the World Street Food Jamboree\". InterAksyon. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/2017/06/01/75911/oyster-omelette-to-pinangat-burgers-8-must-try-dishes-at-the-world-street-food-jamboree/","url_text":"\"Oyster omelette to 'pinangat' burgers: 8 must-try dishes at the World Street Food Jamboree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inulukan and Pinangat: Do they have differences?\". SeanSusan. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://seansusan.site/inulukan-and-pinangat-do-they-have-diffrences/","url_text":"\"Inulukan and Pinangat: Do they have differences?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quick Facts on Camalig\". Amazing Albay. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsso05.psa.gov.ph/Albay-Tourism/camalig/camalig.html","url_text":"\"Quick Facts on Camalig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Going local: 6 Aklanon food you should try\". Langyaw. Retrieved June 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://langyaw.com/2014/06/03/6-aklanon-food-try/","url_text":"\"Going local: 6 Aklanon food you should try\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinumok of Bicol\". Atbp.ph. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atbp.ph/2016/10/03/tinumok-of-bicol/","url_text":"\"Tinumok of Bicol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinumok (Shrimp Mixture Wrap in Taro Leaves)\". Panlasang Pinoy Meaty Recipes. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.panlasangpinoymeatrecipes.com/tinumok.htm","url_text":"\"Tinumok (Shrimp Mixture Wrap in Taro Leaves)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinomok\". Chewing My Way Through College. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zettabites.wordpress.com/tag/tinomok/","url_text":"\"Tinomok\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tinumok\". The Glorious Food Glossary. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glorious-food-glossary.com/cms/glossary/53-glossary-t/9090-tinumok.html","url_text":"\"Tinumok\""}]},{"reference":"Arnaldo, Steph (October 26, 2021). \"The 5 most searched Bicolano recipes during the lockdown\". Rappler. Retrieved May 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/food-drinks/searched-bicolano-recipes-covid-19-pandemic-lockdown/","url_text":"\"The 5 most searched Bicolano recipes during the lockdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappler","url_text":"Rappler"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111054932/http://antifornicator.com/last-nights-dinner-pinangat/","external_links_name":"\"Last night's dinner: Pinangat\""},{"Link":"http://antifornicator.com/last-nights-dinner-pinangat/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thelonerider.com/2009/mar/laing/laing.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Laing (Pinangat) and Bicol Express\""},{"Link":"http://touringbicol.blogspot.com/2010/01/laeng-2nd-famous-dish-in-bicol.html","external_links_name":"\"Pinangat & Laing - Another Famous Bicol Treats\""},{"Link":"https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=pangat","external_links_name":"\"pangat\""},{"Link":"https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/laing/","external_links_name":"\"Laing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235024/http://www.philippines-travel-guide.com/pinangat-na-gabi.html","external_links_name":"\"Pinangat na gabi\""},{"Link":"http://www.philippines-travel-guide.com/pinangat-na-gabi.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.yummy.ph/recipe/pinangat-recipe","external_links_name":"\"Pinangat Recipe\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/pinangat-a-la-josephine","external_links_name":"\"Pinangat a la Josephine\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/food/635589/7-dishes-to-try-on-your-next-roadtrip-to-albay/story/","external_links_name":"\"7 dishes to try on your next roadtrip to Albay\""},{"Link":"http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/2017/06/01/75911/oyster-omelette-to-pinangat-burgers-8-must-try-dishes-at-the-world-street-food-jamboree/","external_links_name":"\"Oyster omelette to 'pinangat' burgers: 8 must-try dishes at the World Street Food Jamboree\""},{"Link":"http://seansusan.site/inulukan-and-pinangat-do-they-have-diffrences/","external_links_name":"\"Inulukan and Pinangat: Do they have differences?\""},{"Link":"http://rsso05.psa.gov.ph/Albay-Tourism/camalig/camalig.html","external_links_name":"\"Quick Facts on Camalig\""},{"Link":"http://langyaw.com/2014/06/03/6-aklanon-food-try/","external_links_name":"\"Going local: 6 Aklanon food you should try\""},{"Link":"https://www.atbp.ph/2016/10/03/tinumok-of-bicol/","external_links_name":"\"Tinumok of Bicol\""},{"Link":"http://www.panlasangpinoymeatrecipes.com/tinumok.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tinumok (Shrimp Mixture Wrap in Taro Leaves)\""},{"Link":"https://zettabites.wordpress.com/tag/tinomok/","external_links_name":"\"Tinomok\""},{"Link":"https://www.glorious-food-glossary.com/cms/glossary/53-glossary-t/9090-tinumok.html","external_links_name":"\"Tinumok\""},{"Link":"https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/food-drinks/searched-bicolano-recipes-covid-19-pandemic-lockdown/","external_links_name":"\"The 5 most searched Bicolano recipes during the lockdown\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_release
Maintenance release
["1 Example of minor version numbering","2 See also"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maintenance release" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A maintenance release (also minor release or Maintenance Pack or MP) is a release of a product that does not add new features or content. For instance, in computer software, maintenance releases are typically intended to solve minor problems, typically "bugs" or security issues. Example of minor version numbering The somewhat unusual version number "3.0.5a" was used for a minor release of KDE because of a lack of version numbers. Work on KDE 3.1 had already started and, up to that day, the release coordinator used version numbers such as 3.0.5, 3.0.6 internally in the main CVS repository to mark snapshots of the upcoming 3.1. Then after 3.0.3, a number of important and unexpected bug fixes (starting from 3.0.4) suddenly became necessary, leading to a conflict, because 3.0.5 was at this time already in use. More recent KDE release cycles have tagged pre-release snapshots with large revision numbers, such as 3.1.95, to avoid such conflicts. See also Patch (computing) Software versioning Software release life cycle Point release This software-engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_O-Series_engine
BL O-series engine
["1 Design","2 1.7L petrol engine","2.1 Applications","3 2.0L petrol engine","3.1 Applications","4 Diesel versions","5 References"]
Reciprocating internal combustion engine BL O-seriesOverviewManufacturerBritish Leyland Motor CorporationAustin Rover GroupAlso calledRover M8Production1978–1993LayoutConfigurationStraight-4Cylinder block materialcast ironCylinder head materialaluminiumValvetrainSOHCCombustionFuel systemCarburettor or Fuel InjectionFuel typepetrolCooling systemwater-cooledChronologyPredecessorBMC B-series engineBMC E-series engineSuccessorRover M-series engineRover T-series engineRover K-series engineRover L-series engine (diesel) The BL O-series engine is a straight-4 automobile engine family that was produced by the Austin-Morris division of British Leyland (BL) as a development of the BMC B-series engine family. (See also another B-series successor, the BMC E-series engine.) Introduced by BL in 1978 in the rear wheel drive Series 3 Morris Marina and the smaller engined versions of the front-wheel-drive Princess, it was intended to replace the 1.8 L B-series unit. The main advance over the B series was that the new unit was of belt driven overhead camshaft configuration, with an aluminium cylinder head. Design Offered in the unusual capacity of 1.7 L as well as 2.0 L, it proved to be reliable and was widely used in BL vehicles. These included the rear wheel drive Morris Ital of 1980 (1.7 L or 2.0 L with an automatic gear box), the rear wheel drive Rover SD1 of 1982 (2.0 L only), and 1.7 L and 2.0 L in the front wheel drive Austin Ambassador – in fact the only engine offered in this model. In 1984, it was reworked for installation in high specification 2.0 L versions of the front-wheel drive Austin Maestro and Austin Montego, where it was later optionally available with fuel injection or turbo-charging. This installation of the O-series was adapted for use with the Honda PG-1 end-on manual gearbox, replacing the gearbox-in-sump design traditionally used on British Leyland front-wheel-drive products. The 1.7 L O-series was not used in these vehicles, which featured R- and later S-series 1.6 L units instead. The cylinder blocks of the transmission-in-sump (Princess/Ambassador), rear wheel drive longitudinal (Marina/Ital/Rover SD1), and the transverse, end-on transmission (Maestro/Montego/Rover 800) versions are not interchangeable. A notable advantage of the 2-litre, petrol O-series engine is that the cylinder head does not require modification to run on unleaded petrol due to having hardened valve seats. Other O-series engines, however, cannot run on unleaded without modification of the cylinder head or use of an additive. By 1987, British Leyland (now known as the Rover Group) equipped the O-series with a 16-valve cylinder head for the Rover 800. This 2.0 L unit was known as the M series, and was further reworked into the T series in 1992. The 8-valve version of the O-series was also briefly used in budget versions of the Rover 800, although confusingly this was given the "M8" designation in official Rover service publications – implying it was an 8-valve version of the M Series engine, although it was identical to the O series used in the Maestro and Montego. 1.7L petrol engine The 1.7L displaces 1698cc (103.8 cu in). It is an 8-valve SOHC design with an aluminium head and iron block. The engine is a spark-ignition 4-stroke naturally aspirated petrol engine. Fuel system is via carburettor. Power is 58 kW / 79 PS / 78 hp (DIN)/ 5150 rpm in the Morris Marina, and 62 kW / 84 PS / 83 hp (DIN)/ 5200rpm in the Austin Ambassador. Net torque is 131 Nm / 97 ft-lb / 3500 rpm Bore x stroke: 84.46 mm × 75.79 mm (3.33 in × 2.98 in) Applications 1978 - 1980 Morris Marina 1980 - 1984 Morris Ital 1982 - 1984 Austin Ambassador 2.0L petrol engine The 2.0L displaces 1994cc (121.9 cu in). It is an 8-valve SOHC design with an aluminium head and iron block. The engine is a spark-ignition 4-stroke naturally aspirated petrol engine. Fuel system is via carburettor. Power is 74.5 kW / 101 PS / 100 hp (DIN)/ 5250 rpm in the Austin Ambassador. Net torque is 163 Nm / 120 ft-lb / 3250 rpm Bore x stroke: 84.46 mm × 88.9 mm (3.33 in × 3.50 in) Applications 1980–1984 Morris Ital 1982 Rover SD1 1982–1984 Austin Ambassador 1984–1992 Austin Maestro 1984–1993 Austin Montego Diesel versions In 1986, BL collaborated with Perkins to convert the O-series to run on diesel. The oil-burning versions, known as the Rover MDi or Perkins Prima, proved to be highly successful in the Maestro and Montego, and helped sustain the ailing mid-sized models into the 1990s. Perkins successfully marketed the engine under its own brand in the industrial and marine sectors. It was further developed by MG Rover to form their Rover L-series engine, which was manufactured until 2005. Examples of vehicles using a version of the O-series engine: Austin Maestro 2.0 L, 2.0 L diesel Austin Montego 2.0 L, 2.0 L diesel Leyland Sherpa/Freight Rover Sherpa/200/300 1.7 L, 2.0 l Princess / Austin Ambassador 1.7 L, 2.0 L Morris Ital 1.7 L, 2.0 L automatic Morris Marina 1.7 L Rover SD1 2.0 L Rover 820 2.0 L MG Maestro 2.0 L MG Maestro 2.0 L, turbo MG Montego 2.0 L MG Montego 2.0 L, turbo Naylor/Hutson TF 1700 References ^ https://www.automobile-catalog.com/auta_details1.php#gsc.tab=0 ^ https://www.automobile-catalog.com/auta_details1.php#gsc.tab=0 ^ Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1985). Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1985 (in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. p. 643. ISBN 88-7212-012-8.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"straight-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-4"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"British Leyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leyland"},{"link_name":"BMC B-series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_B-series_engine"},{"link_name":"BMC E-series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_E-series_engine"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_(car)"},{"link_name":"overhead camshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_camshaft"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"}],"text":"Reciprocating internal combustion engineThe BL O-series engine is a straight-4 automobile engine family that was produced by the Austin-Morris division of British Leyland (BL) as a development of the BMC B-series engine family. (See also another B-series successor, the BMC E-series engine.)Introduced by BL in 1978 in the rear wheel drive Series 3 Morris Marina and the smaller engined versions of the front-wheel-drive Princess, it was intended to replace the 1.8 L B-series unit. The main advance over the B series was that the new unit was of belt driven overhead camshaft configuration, with an aluminium cylinder head.","title":"BL O-series engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rover SD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_SD1"},{"link_name":"Austin Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Austin Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro"},{"link_name":"Austin Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"gearbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearbox"},{"link_name":"R-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_R-series_engine"},{"link_name":"S-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_S-series_engine"},{"link_name":"Rover Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Group"},{"link_name":"Rover 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_800"},{"link_name":"M series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_M-series_engine"},{"link_name":"T series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_T-series_engine"}],"text":"Offered in the unusual capacity of 1.7 L as well as 2.0 L, it proved to be reliable and was widely used in BL vehicles. These included the rear wheel drive Morris Ital of 1980 (1.7 L or 2.0 L with an automatic gear box), the rear wheel drive Rover SD1 of 1982 (2.0 L only), and 1.7 L and 2.0 L in the front wheel drive Austin Ambassador – in fact the only engine offered in this model. In 1984, it was reworked for installation in high specification 2.0 L versions of the front-wheel drive Austin Maestro and Austin Montego, where it was later optionally available with fuel injection or turbo-charging. This installation of the O-series was adapted for use with the Honda PG-1 end-on manual gearbox, replacing the gearbox-in-sump design traditionally used on British Leyland front-wheel-drive products. The 1.7 L O-series was not used in these vehicles, which featured R- and later S-series 1.6 L units instead. The cylinder blocks of the transmission-in-sump (Princess/Ambassador), rear wheel drive longitudinal (Marina/Ital/Rover SD1), and the transverse, end-on transmission (Maestro/Montego/Rover 800) versions are not interchangeable.A notable advantage of the 2-litre, petrol O-series engine is that the cylinder head does not require modification to run on unleaded petrol due to having hardened valve seats. Other O-series engines, however, cannot run on unleaded without modification of the cylinder head or use of an additive.By 1987, British Leyland (now known as the Rover Group) equipped the O-series with a 16-valve cylinder head for the Rover 800. This 2.0 L unit was known as the M series, and was further reworked into the T series in 1992. The 8-valve version of the O-series was also briefly used in budget versions of the Rover 800, although confusingly this was given the \"M8\" designation in official Rover service publications – implying it was an 8-valve version of the M Series engine, although it was identical to the O series used in the Maestro and Montego.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1.7L displaces 1698cc (103.8 cu in). It is an 8-valve SOHC design with an aluminium head and iron block. The engine is a spark-ignition 4-stroke naturally aspirated petrol engine. Fuel system is via carburettor. Power is 58 kW / 79 PS / 78 hp (DIN)/ 5150 rpm in the Morris Marina, and 62 kW / 84 PS / 83 hp (DIN)/ 5200rpm in the Austin Ambassador. Net torque is 131 Nm / 97 ft-lb / 3500 rpm [1]Bore x stroke: 84.46 mm × 75.79 mm (3.33 in × 2.98 in)","title":"1.7L petrol engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Morris Ital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ital"},{"link_name":"Austin Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ambassador"}],"sub_title":"Applications","text":"1978 - 1980 Morris Marina\n1980 - 1984 Morris Ital\n1982 - 1984 Austin Ambassador","title":"1.7L petrol engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2.0L displaces 1994cc (121.9 cu in). It is an 8-valve SOHC design with an aluminium head and iron block. The engine is a spark-ignition 4-stroke naturally aspirated petrol engine. Fuel system is via carburettor. Power is 74.5 kW / 101 PS / 100 hp (DIN)/ 5250 rpm in the Austin Ambassador. Net torque is 163 Nm / 120 ft-lb / 3250 rpm [2]Bore x stroke: 84.46 mm × 88.9 mm (3.33 in × 3.50 in)","title":"2.0L petrol engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris Ital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ital"},{"link_name":"Rover SD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_SD1"},{"link_name":"Austin Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Austin Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro"},{"link_name":"Austin Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"}],"sub_title":"Applications","text":"1980–1984 Morris Ital\n1982 Rover SD1\n1982–1984 Austin Ambassador\n1984–1992 Austin Maestro\n1984–1993 Austin Montego","title":"2.0L petrol engine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engines"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"Rover L-series engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_L-series_engine"},{"link_name":"Austin Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Maestro"},{"link_name":"Austin Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Montego"},{"link_name":"Leyland Sherpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyland_Sherpa"},{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_(Automobile)"},{"link_name":"Austin Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Morris Ital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ital"},{"link_name":"Morris Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Marina"},{"link_name":"Rover SD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_SD1"},{"link_name":"Rover 820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_820"},{"link_name":"MG Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Maestro"},{"link_name":"MG Maestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Maestro"},{"link_name":"MG Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Montego"},{"link_name":"MG Montego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Montego"},{"link_name":"Naylor/Hutson TF 1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylor_TF_1700"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAM85-3"}],"text":"In 1986, BL collaborated with Perkins to convert the O-series to run on diesel. The oil-burning versions, known as the Rover MDi or Perkins Prima, proved to be highly successful in the Maestro and Montego, and helped sustain the ailing mid-sized models into the 1990s. Perkins successfully marketed the engine under its own brand in the industrial and marine sectors. It was further developed by MG Rover to form their Rover L-series engine, which was manufactured until 2005.Examples of vehicles using a version of the O-series engine:Austin Maestro 2.0 L, 2.0 L diesel\nAustin Montego 2.0 L, 2.0 L diesel\nLeyland Sherpa/Freight Rover Sherpa/200/300 1.7 L, 2.0 l\nPrincess / Austin Ambassador 1.7 L, 2.0 L\nMorris Ital 1.7 L, 2.0 L automatic\nMorris Marina 1.7 L\nRover SD1 2.0 L\nRover 820 2.0 L\nMG Maestro 2.0 L\nMG Maestro 2.0 L, turbo\nMG Montego 2.0 L\nMG Montego 2.0 L, turbo\nNaylor/Hutson TF 1700[3]","title":"Diesel versions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1985). Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1985 (in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. p. 643. ISBN 88-7212-012-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7212-012-8","url_text":"88-7212-012-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13988
Executive Order 13988
["1 Provisions","2 Effects","3 Reactions","3.1 Support","3.2 Opposition","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Executive order issued by U.S. President Joe Biden on sex discrimination Executive Order 13988"Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation"President Biden signs a series of Executive Orders amongst which was order 13988 shortly after his inauguration on January 20, 2021.TypeExecutive orderExecutive Order number13988Signed byJoe Biden on January 20, 2021 (2021-01-20)Federal Register detailsFederal Register document number2021-01761Publication date20 January 2021SummaryRequires all federal agencies to extend existing protections on the basis of sex to include sexual orientation and gender identity Executive Order 13988, officially titled Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation, is the fourth executive order signed by U.S. President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021. Provisions The order directs all federal agencies to review all policies which implement the non-discrimination protections on the basis of sex ordered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (pursuant to the Supreme Court case Bostock v. Clayton County), Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, the Fair Housing Act and section 412 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and to extend these protections to the categories of sexual orientation and gender identity. Extending beyond the scope of President Barack Obama's Executive Order 13672 of 2014, which protected against discrimination on the basis of gender identity in the civilian federal workforce as well as sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination by federal contractors, as well as President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 13087, which protected against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the civilian federal workforce. Effects This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) Reactions Support The Human Rights Campaign hailed Biden's order as "most substantive, wide-ranging executive order concerning sexual orientation and gender identity ever issued by a United States president". Opposition In opposition, Republican Senator Roger Marshall stated the executive order "shows no common sense and will bring about the destruction of women's sports". Former Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley denounced Biden's order, calling it "an attack on women's rights". Lauren Adams, legal director for the Women's Liberation Front said "both executive orders send a heartbreaking message to women and girls that their government does not view them as worthy of consideration and is not willing to recognize female people as a discrete class." See also List of executive actions by Joe Biden LGBT rights in the United States Bostock v. Clayton County Equality Act, proposed legislation to formalize these and related changes into federal law References ^ Schmidt, Samantha; Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily; Balingit, Moriah (January 21, 2021). "Biden calls for LGBTQ protections in Day 1 executive order, angering conservatives". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ "Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation". The White House. January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021. ^ "Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation". Federal Register. January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021. ^ Acosta, Lucas (January 20, 2021). "President Biden Issues Most Substantive, Wide-Ranging LGBTQ Executive Order In U.S. History". Human Rights Campaign - Press Releases. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Marshall, Roger (March 1, 2021). "Sen. Marshall Op-ed: Biden's gender discrimination executive order will destroy women's sports". Sen. Roger Marshall's Press Releases. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ Norman, Greg (February 8, 2021). "Nikki Haley calls Biden's executive order about transgender athletics an 'attack on women's rights'". Fox News. Retrieved September 11, 2021. ^ "Women's Liberation Front: Biden Executive Order on "Gender Identity" Will Eviscerate Women's Rights". PR Newswire. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021. External links US Presidential Actions Federal Register vteLGBT rights in the United StatesBy entityFederal One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958) Executive Order 12968 Romer v. Evans (1996) Executive Order 13087 Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Violence Against Women Act United States v. Windsor (2013) Executive Order 13672 Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Pavan v. Smith (2016) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018) Bostock/Harris Funeral Homes/Altitude Express (2020) G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board (2020) Executive Order 13988 Respect for Marriage Act 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023) Repealed oroverturnedfederal laws Immigration Act of 1917 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Executive Order 10450 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) DoD Directive 1304.26 ("Don't ask, don't tell") Defense of Marriage Act Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017 States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Tribal nations Navajo Nation Indian Country Unincorporatedterritories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By type Adoption Age of consent Conversion therapy bans Hate crimes Housing discrimination Intersex rights Military Transgender Intersex Sexual orientation Employment discrimination by municipality State bans on local anti-discrimination laws Immigration Anti-LGBT curriculum laws Florida Parental Rights in Education Act Public accommodations Religious exemptions Same-sex unions Civil unions Domestic partnerships by municipality Marriage Transgender rights voting Bathroom bill Repealed oroverturned U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state Sodomy laws in the United States Movements LGBT movements in the United States LGBT history in the United States History of violence against LGBT people in the United States 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States Related Congressional Equality Caucus Lavender Scare Save Our Children LGBT people in prison Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights LGBT protests against Donald Trump Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act LGBT portal Category vteJoe Biden 46th President of the United States (2021–present) 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017) U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009) Early career Early life U.S. Senate career Vice presidency Obama transition Trump transition Classified Information Procedures Act Counterterrorism Act Violence Against Women Act Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act PresidencyAppointments Cabinet Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Executive Office appointments HHS Homeland Security HUD Interior Justice U.S. attorneys Labor State ambassadors Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Judicial appointments Jackson Supreme Court candidates Legislation2021 American Rescue Plan Act Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act National Defense Authorization Act RENACER Act Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 2022 Bipartisan Safer Communities Act CHIPS and Science Act Consolidated Appropriations Act Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act No TikTok on Government Devices Act Pregnant Workers Fairness Act State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Inflation Reduction Act Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act PACT Act National Defense Authorization Act Postal Service Reform Act Respect for Marriage Act Speak Out Act Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act 2023 COVID-19 Origin Act Fiscal Responsibility Act National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 2024 Consolidated Appropriations Act Policies Cannabis COVID-19 COVID-19 Advisory Board White House COVID-19 Response Team Economic Biden v. 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Let's Go Brandon Public image Sexual assault allegation Situation Room Sleepy Joe Trump–Ukraine scandal ← Donald Trump ← Dick Cheney Mike Pence → Category vteExecutive actions by presidents of the United States Executive orders (list), Presidential proclamations (national monuments, observances), Presidential directive (Presidential determination, Presidential finding, Presidential memorandum, National security directive)     Andrew Jackson William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden vteJoe Biden's Executive Office of the President Office Name Term Office Name Term White House Chief of Staff Jeff Zients 2023–pres. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan 2021–pres. White House Deputy Chief of Staff Jen O'Malley Dillon 2021–pres. Deputy National Security Advisor Jonathan Finer 2021–pres. White House Deputy Chief of Staff Bruce Reed 2021–pres. Homeland Security Advisor Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall 2021–pres. Counselor to the President Steve Ricchetti 2021–pres. White House Communications Director Ben LaBolt 2023–pres. Deputy White House Communications Director Pili Tobar 2021–pres. Senior Advisor to the President Mike Donilon 2021–pres. Kate Berner 2021–pres. Anita Dunn 2021, 2022-pres. White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre 2022–pres. Director, Public Engagement Stephen K. Benjamin 2022–pres. Deputy Press Secretary Vacant 2022–pres. Director, Intergovernmental Affairs Tom Perez 2023–pres. Director, Speechwriting Vinay Reddy 2021–pres. Chair, Council of Economic Advisers Jared Bernstein 2023–pres. Director, Digital Strategy Rob Flaherty 2021–pres. Director, Domestic Policy Council Neera Tanden 2023–pres. Director, Legislative Affairs Shuwanza Goff 2023–pres. White House Cabinet Secretary Evan Ryan 2021–pres. Director, Presidential Personnel Gautam Raghavan 2022–pres. Director, Oval Office Operations Annie Tomasini 2021–pres. White House Staff Secretary Stefanie Feldman 2023-pres. Personal Aide to the President Stephen Goepfert 2021–pres. Director, Management and Administration Dave Noble 2022–pres. Chief of Staff to the First Lady Vacant 2022–pres. Director, Scheduling and Advance Ryan Montoya 2021–pres. Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy Arati Prabhakar 2022–pres. White House Social Secretary Carlos Elizondo 2021–pres. Director, Office of Management and Budget Shalanda Young 2021–pres. Chief of Staff to the Vice President Lorraine Voles 2022–pres. United States Trade Representative Katherine Tai 2021–pres. White House Chief Usher Robert B. Downing 2021–pres. Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy Rahul Gupta 2021–pres. Director, White House Military Office Vacant 2022–pres. Chair, Council on Environmental Quality Brenda Mallory 2021–pres.(s) Indicates nominee requiring Senate confirmation. This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Executive Order 13988, officially titled Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation, is the fourth executive order signed by U.S. President Joe Biden on January 20, 2021.[1][2][3]","title":"Executive Order 13988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Title_VII%E2%80%94equal_employment_opportunity"},{"link_name":"Bostock v. Clayton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County"},{"link_name":"Title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"Education Amendments of 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Amendments_of_1972"},{"link_name":"Fair Housing Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act"},{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 13672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13672"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 13087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13087"}],"text":"The order directs all federal agencies to review all policies which implement the non-discrimination protections on the basis of sex ordered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (pursuant to the Supreme Court case Bostock v. Clayton County), Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, the Fair Housing Act and section 412 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and to extend these protections to the categories of sexual orientation and gender identity. Extending beyond the scope of President Barack Obama's Executive Order 13672 of 2014, which protected against discrimination on the basis of gender identity in the civilian federal workforce as well as sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination by federal contractors, as well as President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 13087, which protected against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the civilian federal workforce.","title":"Provisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Support","text":"The Human Rights Campaign hailed Biden's order as \"most substantive, wide-ranging executive order concerning sexual orientation and gender identity ever issued by a United States president\".[4]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Marshall_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nikki Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Haley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Women's Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Opposition","text":"In opposition, Republican Senator Roger Marshall stated the executive order \"shows no common sense and will bring about the destruction of women's sports\".[5] Former Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley denounced Biden's order, calling it \"an attack on women's rights\".[6][unreliable source?]Lauren Adams, legal director for the Women's Liberation Front said \"both executive orders send a heartbreaking message to women and girls that their government does not view them as worthy of consideration and is not willing to recognize female people as a discrete class.\"[7]","title":"Reactions"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of executive actions by Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden"},{"title":"LGBT rights in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Bostock v. Clayton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County"},{"title":"Equality Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_(United_States)"}]
[{"reference":"Schmidt, Samantha; Wax-Thibodeaux, Emily; Balingit, Moriah (January 21, 2021). \"Biden calls for LGBTQ protections in Day 1 executive order, angering conservatives\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/21/biden-executive-order-transgender-lgbtq/","url_text":"\"Biden calls for LGBTQ protections in Day 1 executive order, angering conservatives\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210122045649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/21/biden-executive-order-transgender-lgbtq/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation\". The White House. January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation/","url_text":"\"Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation\". Federal Register. January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/25/2021-01761/preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-the-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation","url_text":"\"Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation\""}]},{"reference":"Acosta, Lucas (January 20, 2021). \"President Biden Issues Most Substantive, Wide-Ranging LGBTQ Executive Order In U.S. History\". Human Rights Campaign - Press Releases. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/president-biden-issues-most-substantive-wide-ranging-lgbtq-executive-order-in-u-s-history","url_text":"\"President Biden Issues Most Substantive, Wide-Ranging LGBTQ Executive Order In U.S. History\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Roger (March 1, 2021). \"Sen. Marshall Op-ed: Biden's gender discrimination executive order will destroy women's sports\". Sen. Roger Marshall's Press Releases. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211005125442/https://www.marshall.senate.gov/press-releases/sen-marshall-op-ed-bidens-gender-discrimination-executive-order-will-destroy-womens-sports/","url_text":"\"Sen. Marshall Op-ed: Biden's gender discrimination executive order will destroy women's sports\""},{"url":"https://www.marshall.senate.gov/press-releases/sen-marshall-op-ed-bidens-gender-discrimination-executive-order-will-destroy-womens-sports/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norman, Greg (February 8, 2021). \"Nikki Haley calls Biden's executive order about transgender athletics an 'attack on women's rights'\". Fox News. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/nikki-haley-criticizes-biden-executive-order-transgender-athletics","url_text":"\"Nikki Haley calls Biden's executive order about transgender athletics an 'attack on women's rights'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Liberation Front: Biden Executive Order on \"Gender Identity\" Will Eviscerate Women's Rights\". PR Newswire. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/womens-liberation-front-biden-executive-order-on-gender-identity-will-eviscerate-womens-rights-301212879.html","url_text":"\"Women's Liberation Front: Biden Executive Order on \"Gender Identity\" Will Eviscerate Women's Rights\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210910234842/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/womens-liberation-front-biden-executive-order-on-gender-identity-will-eviscerate-womens-rights-301212879.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAC
WMAC
["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 Early years","2.2 FM and TV stations","2.3 Ownership changes","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°53′06″N 83°43′50″W / 32.88500°N 83.73056°W / 32.88500; -83.73056For the Anglican Church of Australia school in Karrabin, Queensland, Australia, see West Moreton Anglican College. Radio station in Macon, GeorgiaWMACMacon, GeorgiaBroadcast areaCentral GeorgiaFrequency940 kHzBrandingNews Talk 940 WMACProgrammingFormatNews/talkAffiliationsFox News RadioPremiere NetworksWestwood OneWMAZ-TV (Local news and weather updates)OwnershipOwnerCumulus Media(Cumulus Licensing LLC)Sister stationsWDEN-FMWLZNWMGBWPEZHistoryFirst air dateOctober 30, 1922; 101 years ago (1922-10-30) (experimental 1910–1922)Former call signsWMAZ (1922–1996)WMWR (1996–1998)Call sign meaning"Macon" (also disambiguation of original call sign)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID46998ClassBPower50,000 watts day10,000 watts nightTransmitter coordinates32°53′06″N 83°43′50″W / 32.88500°N 83.73056°W / 32.88500; -83.73056Repeater(s)93.7 WPEZ-HD2 (Jeffersonville)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen liveWebsitewww.wmac-am.com WMAC (940 AM, "News Talk 940") is a commercial Class B radio station in Macon, Georgia. It is owned by Cumulus Media and airs a news/talk format. The studios and offices are on Mulberry Street in Macon. It is one of the oldest radio stations in Georgia. WMAC is a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System (EAS). WMAC is a Class B radio station, powered at 50,000 watts by day with a non-directional signal. It can be heard from Albany to the suburbs of Atlanta. But because it broadcasts on AM 940, a clear channel frequency reserved for XEQ in Mexico City, WMAC reduces its power at night to 10,000 watts, and uses a directional five-tower array, concentrating the signal in Central Georgia. The transmitter is located on Forsyth Road (U.S. Route 41) in Macon. Programming Much of WMAC's schedule is made up of nationally syndicated conservative talk radio shows, most of them from the co-owned Westwood One Network. Weekdays begin with two information shows, America in the Morning and First Light, followed by Chris Plante, Mark Levin, Michael Savage and Red Eye Radio. From Premiere Networks, WMAC carries Sean Hannity in late evenings. On weekends, WMAC carries tech expert Kim Komando and consumer advocate Clark Howard. Some weekend hours are paid brokered programming. Most hours begin with world and national news from Fox News Radio. Local news and weather updates are provided by Channel 13 WMAZ-TV. History Early years This station started out as part of a radio experiment by Mercer University professor C.R. Fountain's physics class in 1910. On October 30, 1922, Mercer obtained a commercial license under the call sign WMAZ. The university soon found itself in over its head operating a radio station. In 1927, it sold WMAZ to the Macon Junior Chamber of Commerce, forerunner of the Macon Jaycees. A group of Macon businessmen formed the Southeastern Broadcasting Company and leased the station in 1929 before buying it outright in 1935. In the 1930s, WMAZ was a daytimer, broadcast on 1180 kilocycles, first at 500 watts, and later at 1,000 watts, but required to sign off at sunset to protect WCAU in Philadelphia. In 1937, WMAZ became a CBS Radio Network affiliate, carrying its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the "Golden Age of Radio." It broadcast the Soap Box Derby live. By the late 1930s, WMAZ was permitted to remain on the air after sundown, but at reduced power to protect WCAU. In 1941, with the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WMAZ moved to its current 940 kHz, a better spot on the dial. The power was boosted to 5,000 watts around the clock, and by 1950 it increased to 10,000 watts. FM and TV stations In 1947, Macon's first FM station signed on, 99.1 WMAZ-FM (now WDEN-FM). WMAZ-FM mostly simulcast its AM sister station for its first couple of decades. In 1953, the Southeastern Broadcasting Company added Macon's first VHF TV station, Channel 13 WMAZ-TV. Because 940 WMAZ was a CBS affiliate, WMAZ-TV also ran CBS TV shows, with a secondary affiliation with ABC and the DuMont Television Network. In the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to TV, WMAZ-AM-FM switched to a full service middle of the road format of popular adult music, news and sports. In the late 1950s, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV produced middle Georgia's first radio-television simulcast for the 24th Annual Bibb County Spelling Bee. In 1958, 940 WMAZ's daytime power was boosted to 50,000 watts. That made it the second-most powerful station in Georgia, after WSB 750 in Atlanta, powered at 50,000 watts around the clock. In the 1960 edition of Broadcasting Yearbook, an advertisement said 50,000 watt WMAZ is "the only station to cover completely the rich, 31-county Middle Georgia market." Ownership changes Southeastern sold WMAZ-AM-FM-TV to Southern Broadcasting Corporation in 1963, which merged with the News-Piedmont Company to form Multimedia, Inc. in 1967. In 1974, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV moved to a new studio facility on Gray Highway in Macon. Throughout the 1980s, the station had an adult contemporary music format until 1989 when it switched back to its former MOR format. Multimedia merged with Gannett in 1995. Gannett had by this time decided to pull out of radio, concentrating on its TV stations and newspapers. It sold off the radio stations in 1996. The new owners changed AM 940's call sign to WMWR (standing for Macon-Warner Robins), but a year later, the station was sold as part of a group purchase by U.S. Broadcasting. In 1998, the station changed to its current call sign, WMAC. The call sign not only stands for Macon, but are a nod to the heritage call letters the station used for three-quarters of a century. In 2002, U.S. Broadcasting sold this station as part of a group purchase by Cumulus Media. In 2015, WMAC switched to Westwood One News from ABC News Radio due to a corporate change by Cumulus Media. In August 2020, Westwood One News shut down; so WMAC aligned with Fox News Radio for national news. As the news department was scaled back due to budget cuts, news and weather updates began to be supplied by former sister station WMAZ-TV Channel 13. References ^ "Facility Technical Data for WMAC". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission. ^ Radio-Locator.com/WMAC ^ "Cargill Group in Control" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1935. Retrieved October 24, 2014. ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1943 page 86 ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1950 page 124 ^ Telecasting Yearbook 1954-1955 page 100 ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1960 page A-141 External links FCC History Cards for WMAC News Talk 940 WMAC official website WMAC in the FCC AM station database WMAC in Nielsen Audio's AM station database vteRadio stations in the Macon metropolitan area (Georgia)By AM frequency 610 900 940 980 1150 1280 1350 1400 1440 1670 By FM frequency 88.9 89.7 90.5 91.3 92.3 93.7 95.1 96.5 97.9 99.1 100.1 100.9 101.7 102.1 102.5 103.9 105.5 106.3 107.1 107.5 Translators 90.1 91.7 93.1 94.7 95.5 95.9 96.1 97.3 99.5 102.9 103.3 104.3 105.1 105.9 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.475 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 89.7-1 89.7-2 93.7-1 93.7-2 107.1-1 107.1-2 107.1-4 By call sign W211CG W219DH W226BZ W234CQ W238CG W240BK W241CO W247BW W258AP W275CC W277CL W282AE W286CE W290BD WBKG WBML WCEH WDDO WDEN-FM WDXQ WFXM HD2 HD4 WGLH WGLU WIBB-FM WIHB WIHB-FM WJTG WLXF WLZN WMAC WMGB WMGE WMUM-FM HD2 WNEX-FM WPEZ HD2 WPWB WQBZ WQMJ WRBV WRWR WUXL WWWD WXK71 WXKO WYPZ Defunct WAYS (1500 AM) WDDO (1240 AM) Nearby regions Albany Atlanta Augusta Central Georgia Columbus See also List of radio stations in Georgia vteNews/Talk radio stations in the state of GeorgiaAll-News WBIN - Atlanta WMGE - Dry Branch WYNF - Augusta News & Talk WALG – Albany WAOK – Atlanta WAYX – Waycross WBLJ – Dalton WCGA – Woodbine WCHM – Clarkesville WCHZ-FM – Warrenton WDAK – Columbus WDDK – Greensboro WDJY-LP – Dallas WDMG – Douglas WDUN – Gainesville WFOM - Marietta WGAC – Augusta WGAU – Athens WGIG – Brunswick WGST – Hogansville WJBB – Winder WJRB – Young Harris WKWN – Trenton WLBB – Carrollton WMAC – Macon WMDG – East Point WRCG – Columbus WSB – Atlanta WSBB-FM – Doraville WSRM – Coosa WTKS – Savannah WVGA – Lakeland WVLD – Valdosta WWNS – Statesboro Defunct WBMQ – Savannah WGHC – Clayton See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Georgia vteCumulus MediaAM radio stations KAAY KABC KAOK KARN KBED KBGG KBOI KCMO KCSF KCUB KESP KFAY KFOG KFRU KGO KIKR KKAT KKOB KKOH KLIF KLIK KMAJ KMJ KNBR KNML KPUR KRMD KSFO KTBL KTCK KTCT KTIK KTOP KTUC KUGN KVOR KWPN KYNG WAAV WAPI WARM WAYS WBAP WBBF WBBW WCOA WDUZ¹ WFAS WFNC WFTW WGOC WGOK WGOW WGPC WHGB WHLD WICC WISW WJBC WJCW WJOX WJR WJRW WKY WLAW WLBY WLS WLWI WLZR WMAC WMSP WNAM WNML WOSH WPIC WPRO WPRV WRQX WRIE WSBA WSBN WSKO WSSO WTKA WTMA WTRX WUMP WVEL WVLK WVNN WWCK WXLM WXNT WXOK WXQW WXSM WYMB WYNN FM radio stations K279BI KAMO-FM KARN-FM KARX KATC-FM KATM KATT-FM KAYD-FM KBBM KBBQ-FM KBBY-FM KBCY KBEE KBER KBIU KBOI-FM KBUL-FM KBXR KCDD KCFX KCHZ KCJK KCMO-FM KDJK KDRF KDVV KEHK KENZ KGGO KHAY KHKI KHKK KHOP KHTB KHXS KHYT KIIM-FM KIPR KIZN KJJY KJMO KJOY KKEG KKFM KKGB KKGL KKMG KKND KKOB-FM KKPK KKWD KLAL KLUR KMAJ-FM KMCK-FM KMEZ KMGA KMGV KMJ-FM KMJJ-FM KMJK KNBR-FM KNEK-FM KNEV KNRQ KNSH KOBQ KOLI KOMS KOQL KPLA KPLX KPUR-FM KQFC KQHN KQIZ-FM KQLK KQRS-FM KQSM-FM KQXC-FM KQXL-FM KQXY-FM KRBE KRMD-FM KRMW KRRQ KRST KRUZ KSAN KSCS KSKS KSMB KSZR KTCK-FM KTCX KTLT KTOP-FM KUBL-FM KUJZ KURB KVMA-FM KVYB KWIC KWIN KWNN KWQW KWYE KWYL KXKC KXXR KYIS KYKZ KYYI KZEL-FM KZJF KZRK-FM WABD WAOA-FM WAQX-FM WARM-FM WBAP-FM WBHD WBHT WBLX-FM WBNQ WBSX WBWN WBZE WBZF WCMG WCTO WDAI WDEN-FM WDLT-FM WDUZ-FM¹ WDVD WDZZ-FM WEAN-FM WEAS-FM WEBE WEDG WEMX WFBE WFMS WFTK WFYR WGFX WGKX WGLF WGLO WGNI WGOW-FM WGRF WGRR WGVX WHBX WHHY-FM WHKR WHNN WHOT-FM WHRP WHTS WHTT-FM WILZ WIOG WIOV-FM WIVK-FM WIWF WIXO WIXV WJBC-FM WJCL-FM WJEZ WJJK WJOX-FM WJQX WJTQ WKDF WKHX-FM WKIM WKKO WKLQ WKOR-FM WKOS WKQX WKQZ WKRU WKSM WKXS-FM WLAV-FM WLAW-FM WLCS WLEV WLFF WLLF WLS-FM WLTO WLUP WLWI-FM WLXC WLXX WLZN WMAL-FM WMDH-FM WMEZ WMGB WMGL WMGS WMGU WMIM WMNX WMOS³ WMXS WMXT WMXU WNCV WNDX WNKT WNML-FM WNMQ WNNF WNNK-FM WNNX WNTQ WNTR WOFX-FM WOGB¹ WOGT WOKI WOMG WORC-FM WPEZ WPKR WPRO-FM WQGN-FM WQHZ WQKL WQLH¹ WQPD WQQK WQQO WQSM WQUT WQXA-FM WQXK WRBO WRCQ WRKN WROK-FM WRQN WRQQ WRRM WRRX WSEA WSJR WSKZ WSM-FM WSMS WSOX WSSX-FM WSYN WTCB WTNR WTPA-FM WTYB WUHT WVBO WVIB WVLK-FM WVNN-FM WWCK-FM WWFF-FM WWFN-FM WWFX WWIZ WWKI WWKL WWKX WWLD WWLI WWLS-FM WWWM WWQQ-FM WWSN WWTN WWWQ WWWW-FM WWWX WWWZ WXBM-FM WXFX WXKC WXKR WXKR-HD2/W264AK WXLO WXMX WXTA WXZZ WYFM WYNN-FM WYZB WZNS WZPL WZPW WZRH WZRR WZYP Radio networks Arkansas Radio Network CBS Sports Radio* Titans Radio Network Westwood One (see navpage) Online assets Country Weekly iHeartRadio¹ Television-related assets Nash TV Other assets Broadcast Software International CumulusJobs.com San Francisco Giants (minority interest in LP) See also Citadel Broadcasting Cumulus Media Networks Susquehanna Radio Corporation 1 = Owned by iHeartMedia; operated by Cumulus under an LMA. 3 = Operated by the Mohegan Sun under an LMA. * = Owned by Paramount Global, operated by Cumulus.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Moreton Anglican College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Moreton_Anglican_College"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"news/talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News/talk"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"non-directional signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"AM 940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_940"},{"link_name":"clear channel frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_channel_station"},{"link_name":"XEQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEQ-AM"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"directional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"tower array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_array"},{"link_name":"Central Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the Anglican Church of Australia school in Karrabin, Queensland, Australia, see West Moreton Anglican College.Radio station in Macon, GeorgiaWMAC (940 AM, \"News Talk 940\") is a commercial Class B radio station in Macon, Georgia. It is owned by Cumulus Media and airs a news/talk format. The studios and offices are on Mulberry Street in Macon. It is one of the oldest radio stations in Georgia. WMAC is a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System (EAS).WMAC is a Class B radio station, powered at 50,000 watts by day with a non-directional signal. It can be heard from Albany to the suburbs of Atlanta. But because it broadcasts on AM 940, a clear channel frequency reserved for XEQ in Mexico City, WMAC reduces its power at night to 10,000 watts, and uses a directional five-tower array, concentrating the signal in Central Georgia. The transmitter is located on Forsyth Road (U.S. Route 41) in Macon.[2]","title":"WMAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationally syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"conservative talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio"},{"link_name":"Westwood One Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)"},{"link_name":"America in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"First Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Light_(radio_program)"},{"link_name":"Chris Plante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Plante"},{"link_name":"Mark Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin"},{"link_name":"Michael Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Savage"},{"link_name":"Red Eye Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Eye_Radio"},{"link_name":"Premiere Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere_Networks"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"Kim Komando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Komando"},{"link_name":"Clark Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Howard"},{"link_name":"brokered programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokered_programming"},{"link_name":"Fox News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"WMAZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAZ-TV"}],"text":"Much of WMAC's schedule is made up of nationally syndicated conservative talk radio shows, most of them from the co-owned Westwood One Network. Weekdays begin with two information shows, America in the Morning and First Light, followed by Chris Plante, Mark Levin, Michael Savage and Red Eye Radio. From Premiere Networks, WMAC carries Sean Hannity in late evenings. On weekends, WMAC carries tech expert Kim Komando and consumer advocate Clark Howard. Some weekend hours are paid brokered programming. Most hours begin with world and national news from Fox News Radio. Local news and weather updates are provided by Channel 13 WMAZ-TV.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Jaycees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycees"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"daytimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytimer"},{"link_name":"kilocycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilocycle"},{"link_name":"sign off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_off"},{"link_name":"WCAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPHT"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"game shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio"},{"link_name":"Soap Box Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Box_Derby"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"This station started out as part of a radio experiment by Mercer University professor C.R. Fountain's physics class in 1910. On October 30, 1922, Mercer obtained a commercial license under the call sign WMAZ. The university soon found itself in over its head operating a radio station. In 1927, it sold WMAZ to the Macon Junior Chamber of Commerce, forerunner of the Macon Jaycees.A group of Macon businessmen formed the Southeastern Broadcasting Company and leased the station in 1929 before buying it outright in 1935.[3] In the 1930s, WMAZ was a daytimer, broadcast on 1180 kilocycles, first at 500 watts, and later at 1,000 watts, but required to sign off at sunset to protect WCAU in Philadelphia. In 1937, WMAZ became a CBS Radio Network affiliate, carrying its schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas, game shows and big band broadcasts during the \"Golden Age of Radio.\" It broadcast the Soap Box Derby live. By the late 1930s, WMAZ was permitted to remain on the air after sundown, but at reduced power to protect WCAU.In 1941, with the enactment of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WMAZ moved to its current 940 kHz, a better spot on the dial.[4] The power was boosted to 5,000 watts around the clock, and by 1950 it increased to 10,000 watts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"WDEN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDEN-FM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"sister station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_station"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF"},{"link_name":"WMAZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAZ-TV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"DuMont Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"full service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_service_radio"},{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"Bibb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"WSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSB_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable"}],"sub_title":"FM and TV stations","text":"In 1947, Macon's first FM station signed on, 99.1 WMAZ-FM (now WDEN-FM).[5] WMAZ-FM mostly simulcast its AM sister station for its first couple of decades. In 1953, the Southeastern Broadcasting Company added Macon's first VHF TV station, Channel 13 WMAZ-TV.[6] Because 940 WMAZ was a CBS affiliate, WMAZ-TV also ran CBS TV shows, with a secondary affiliation with ABC and the DuMont Television Network.In the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to TV, WMAZ-AM-FM switched to a full service middle of the road format of popular adult music, news and sports. In the late 1950s, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV produced middle Georgia's first radio-television simulcast for the 24th Annual Bibb County Spelling Bee. In 1958, 940 WMAZ's daytime power was boosted to 50,000 watts.[7] That made it the second-most powerful station in Georgia, after WSB 750 in Atlanta, powered at 50,000 watts around the clock. In the 1960 edition of Broadcasting Yearbook, an advertisement said 50,000 watt WMAZ is \"the only station to cover completely the rich, 31-county Middle Georgia market.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multimedia, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_(media_company)"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music"},{"link_name":"Gannett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett"},{"link_name":"Cumulus Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_Media"},{"link_name":"Westwood One News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_News"},{"link_name":"ABC News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"Westwood One News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_News"},{"link_name":"Fox News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Radio"}],"sub_title":"Ownership changes","text":"Southeastern sold WMAZ-AM-FM-TV to Southern Broadcasting Corporation in 1963, which merged with the News-Piedmont Company to form Multimedia, Inc. in 1967. In 1974, WMAZ-AM-FM-TV moved to a new studio facility on Gray Highway in Macon. Throughout the 1980s, the station had an adult contemporary music format until 1989 when it switched back to its former MOR format.Multimedia merged with Gannett in 1995. Gannett had by this time decided to pull out of radio, concentrating on its TV stations and newspapers. It sold off the radio stations in 1996. The new owners changed AM 940's call sign to WMWR (standing for Macon-Warner Robins), but a year later, the station was sold as part of a group purchase by U.S. Broadcasting. In 1998, the station changed to its current call sign, WMAC. The call sign not only stands for Macon, but are a nod to the heritage call letters the station used for three-quarters of a century.In 2002, U.S. Broadcasting sold this station as part of a group purchase by Cumulus Media. In 2015, WMAC switched to Westwood One News from ABC News Radio due to a corporate change by Cumulus Media. In August 2020, Westwood One News shut down; so WMAC aligned with Fox News Radio for national news. As the news department was scaled back due to budget cuts, news and weather updates began to be supplied by former sister station WMAZ-TV Channel 13.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WMAC\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=46998","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WMAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Cargill Group in Control\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1935. Retrieved October 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1935/1935-04-15-BC.pdf","url_text":"\"Cargill Group in Control\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WMAC&params=32_53_06_N_83_43_50_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"32°53′06″N 83°43′50″W / 32.88500°N 83.73056°W / 32.88500; -83.73056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WMAC&params=32_53_06_N_83_43_50_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"32°53′06″N 83°43′50″W / 32.88500°N 83.73056°W / 32.88500; -83.73056"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WMAC","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=46998","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://player.listenlive.co/24641","external_links_name":"Listen live"},{"Link":"https://www.wmac-am.com/","external_links_name":"www.wmac-am.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=46998","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WMAC\""},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/info/WMAC-AM?loc=33.37641%2C-84.78865&locn=Newnan%2C%20Georgia","external_links_name":"Radio-Locator.com/WMAC"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1935/1935-04-15-BC.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cargill Group in Control\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1943/Radio%20-%20%20Broadcasting%20Yearbook%201943%20BW.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1943 page 86"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1950/RADIO%20&%20TV%20ALL%20YB%201950%20B&W-11.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1950 page 124"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1954-1955%20TV/TV-YB-1954-1955-TV%20Stations.pdf","external_links_name":"Telecasting Yearbook 1954-1955 page 100"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1960/B%20All%20Radio%20Yearbook%201960.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting Yearbook 1960 page A-141"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=65029&.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for WMAC"},{"Link":"https://www.wmac-am.com/","external_links_name":"News Talk 940 WMAC official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WMAC","external_links_name":"WMAC"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WMAC","external_links_name":"WMAC"},{"Link":"http://www.cumulusjobs.com/","external_links_name":"CumulusJobs.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers_seasons
List of Sheffield Steelers seasons
["1 Footnotes","2 References"]
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Last updated in 2010. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023) This is a list of seasons completed by the Sheffield Steelers ice hockey team, presently of the British Elite League. This list documents the season-by-season records of the Sheffield Steelers from their inaugural season in 1991–92 to the present day. Since achieving promotion to the Premier League in 1993, the Steelers have become one of the most successful teams in the history of British ice hockey winning a total of 19 major titles. The Steelers have won 10 league titles, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2023–24. 11 British Championships, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2013–14, 2016–17 and 2023–24; 2 Autumn Cup titles, in 1995–96 and 2000–01; and six Challenge Cups, in 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2019–20 and 2023–24. 20–20 Hockey Fest 2009. In addition, the club has appeared in eleven other cup finals. The Steelers have completed the Grand Slam of all trophies available during a season 3 times, in 1995–96, 2000–01 and 2023–24. Autumn Cup Winners Regular Season Champions Playoff Champions Challenge Cup Winners Finished bottom of standings Promoted Season League Level Autumn Cup Regular Season Post Season Challenge Cup Finish GP W L T OTL GF GA Pts 1991–92 English Division One 3 N/A 2nd 32 27 4 1 – 378 163 55 Won Promotion Playoff Group N/A 1992–93 British Division One 2 Finished first in qualifying groupLost in Quarter-final, 8–9 (Durham) 2nd 32 22 6 4 – 300 186 48 Won Promotion Playoff Group N/A 1993–94 Premier League 1 Finished third in qualifying group 3rd 44 28 12 4 – 313 198 55 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 8–0 (Nottingham)Lost in Final, 1–12 (Cardiff) N/A 1994–95 Premier League 1 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Quarter-final, 17–14 (Humberside)Lost in Semi-final, 8–12 (Cardiff) 1st 44 35 5 4 – 334 183 74 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 5–4 (Cardiff)Won British Championship, 7–2 (Murrayfield) N/A 1995–96 Premier League 1 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Quarter-final, 9–7 (Cardiff)Won in Semi-final, 9–8 (Fife)Won Autumn Cup, 5–2 (Nottingham) 1st 36 27 4 5 – 268 122 59 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 6–3 (Humberside)Won British Championship, 4–3 (Nottingham) N/A 1996–97 Super League 1 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Quarter-final, 8–3 (Newcastle)Lost in Semi-final, 3–6 (Nottingham) 2nd 42 27 9 4 2 168 127 60 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 5–2 (Cardiff)Won British Championship, 3–1 (Nottingham) N/A 1997–98 Super League 1 Finished fourth in qualifying groupLost in Quarter-final, 4–8 (Cardiff) 6th 28 11 12 2 3 103 101 27 Finished second in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 0–2 (Ayr) Finished second in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 5–7 (Bracknell) 1998–99 Super League 1 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Second Round, 23–3 (Peterborough)Lost in Quarter-final, 4–6 (Manchester) 6th 42 17 19 4 2 135 141 40 Finished third in qualifying group Finished fourth in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 8–1 (Manchester)Won Challenge Cup, 4–0 (Nottingham) 1999–00 Super League 1 Finished fourth in qualifying groupWon in Second Round, 4–1 (Basingstoke)Lost in Quarter-final, 8–9 (Manchester) 2nd 42 24 14 2 2 188 155 52 Finished first in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 1–3 (Newcastle) Finished third in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 9–6 (Bracknell)Won Challenge Cup, 2–1 (Nottingham) 2000–01 Super League 1 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Quarter-final, 9–6 (Bracknell)Won in Semi-final, 7–5 (Nottingham)Won Autumn Cup, 4–0 (Newcastle) 1st 48 35 9 – 4 162 115 104 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 4–2 (Bracknell)Won British Championship, 2–1 (London) Finished fourth in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 8–2 (Belfast)Won Challenge Cup, 4–2 (Ayr) 2001–02 Super League 1 N/A 3rd 48 18 18 12 – 138 144 48 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 3–2 (London)Won British Championship, 4–3 (Manchester) Finished seventh in qualifying group 2002–03 Super League 1 N/A 1st 32 18 8 5 1 86 57 42 Finished fourth in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 0–1 (Belfast) Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 5–4 (London)Won Challenge Cup, 3–2 (Nottingham) 2003–04 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 56 44 8 3 1 214 109 92 Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 2–0 (Cardiff)Won British Championship, 2–1 (Nottingham) Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 4–2 (Cardiff)Lost in Final, 3–4 (Nottingham) 2004–05 Elite League 1 N/A 5th 50 25 17 5 3 118 110 58 Finished second in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 0–3 (Coventry) Finished second in qualifying groupLost in Semi-final, 3–5 (Cardiff) 2005–06 Elite League 1 N/A 6th 42 15 19 6 2 105 135 38 Finished second in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 2–1 (Cardiff)Lost in Final, 1–2 (Newcastle) Finished third in qualifying group 2006–07 Elite League 1 N/A 4th 54 30 16 – 8 163 154 68 Lost in Quarter-final, 5–6 (Nottingham) Won in Quarter-final, 5–4 (Nottingham)Won in Semi-final, 6–3 (Hull)Lost in Final, 4–9 (Coventry) 2007–08 Elite League 1 N/A 2nd 54 38 14 – 2 190 128 78 Won in Quarter-final, 9–8 (Manchester)Won in Semi-final, 2–1 (Cardiff)Won British Championship, 2–0 (Coventry) Finished first in qualifying groupWon in Semi-final, 6–4 (Cardiff)Lost in Final, 7–9 (Nottingham) 2008–09 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 54 41 6 - 7 201 115 89 Won in Quarter-final, 12–7 (Edinburgh)Won in Semi-final, 5–2 (Cardiff)Won British Championship, 2–0 (Nottingham) Finished fourth in qualifying group 2009–10 Elite League 1 N/A 5th 56 24 26 – 6 194 196 54 Did not qualify Finished second in qualifying group Lost in Semi-final, 3–7 (Nottingham) 2010–11 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 54 43 10 – 0 265 132 87 Won quarter final 8–5 (Dundee) Lost semi final 4–3OT (Nottingham) Did not quality for Challenge cup playoffs 3rd in qualifying group 2011–12 Elite League 1 N/A 2nd 54 32 11 – 2 209 130 84 Lost quarter final 7–4 (Hull) Did not quality for Challenge cup playoffs 3rd in qualifying group 2012–13 Elite League 1 N/A 3rd 52 35 14 – 0 184 133 73 Lost quarter final 6–5 (Coventry) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 9–4 (Dundee) Won semi final 8–4 (Braehead) Lost final 5–3 (Nottingham) 2013–14 Elite League 1 N/A 2nd 52 31 17 – 1 172 141 66 Won quarter final 9–3 (Coventry) Won semi final 3–2 (Braehead) Won final 3–2 (Belfast) Finished 3rd in qualifying group Won quarter final 11–5 (Dundee) Lost semi final 11–7 (Nottingham) 2014–15 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 52 35 13 – 1 193 134 74 Won quarter final 6–5 (Fife) Won semi final 3–2 (Hull) Lost final 4–2 (Coventry) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 14–1 (Dundee) Won semi final 7–6 (Nottingham) Lost final 2–1 (Coventry) 2015–16 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 52 34 14 – 0 190 161 72 Lost quarter final 8–6 (Coventry) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 7–4 (Fife) Lost semi final 10–0 (Nottingham) 2016–17 Elite League 1 N/A 3rd 52 35 14 – 2 196 135 73 Won quarter final 7–6OT (Nottingham) Won semi final 2–0 (Belfast) Won final 6–5OT2 (Cardiff) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 9–3 (Edinburgh) Won semi final 5–1 (Nottingham) Lost final 3–2 (Cardiff) 2017–18 Elite League 1 N/A 3rd 56 34 19 – 2 217 140 71 Won quarter final 9–7 (Guildford) Won semi final 5–4 (Nottingham) Lost final 3–1 (Cardiff) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 13–3 (Dundee) Lost semi final 9–7 (Cardiff) 2018–19 Elite League 1 N/A 7th 60 30 26 – 3 183 203 64 Lost quarter final 11–8 (Cardiff) Finished first in qualifying group Lost quarter final 9–8 (Guildford) 2019–20 Elite League 1 N/A 2nd 49 28 17 – 1 211 154 63 N/A Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 8–5 (Manchester) Won semi final 9–1 (Glasgow) Won final 4–3 (Cardiff) 2021–22 Elite League 1 N/A 2nd 54 31 10 – 7 202 138 81 Lost quarter final 5–3 (Dundee) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 9–3 (Fife) Lost semi final 5–0 (Cardiff) 2022–23 Elite League 1 N/A 3rd 54 32 13 – 5 190 129 77 Won quarter final 7–4 (Manchester) Lost semi final 3–2OT (Cardiff) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 10–4 (Cardiff) Lost semi final 7–6SO (Fife) 2023–24 Elite League 1 N/A 1st 54 45 8 – 1 228 113 91 Won quarter final 13–5 (Fife) Won semi final 6–3 (Guildford) Won final 3–1 (Belfast) Finished first in qualifying group Won quarter final 10–2 ( Manchester) Won semi final 10–1 (Coventry) Won final 3–1 (Guildford) 2024–25 Elite League 1 N/A Regular Season Totals 1,537 951 412 61 268 6,398 4,482 2117 10 Regular Season Titles Footnotes ^ Code explanation; GP—Games Played, W—Wins, L—Losses, T—Tied games, OTL—Overtime losses, GF—Goals For, GA—Goals Against, Pts—Points ^ The preliminary stages of the Autumn Cup saw teams drawn into groups with the winners and runners-up in each advancing to quarter finals. The quarter finals and semi finals were played over two legs with the final being a one off game at a pre determined venue. ^ Deducted five points for breaking wage cap regulations ^ Between 1984 and 2006, the teams qualifying for the play offs played a preliminary round robin group stage. Teams were divided into two groups with the top two in each advancing to the semi-finals (in 2002 and 2003 a single qualifying group was used with the top four advancing to the semi-finals). The semi finals and final were one off games played at a predetermined venue, the exception being in 1998 when the semi-finals were played as a best-of-three series. Between 1984 and 1990 and again in 2004 and 2005, the top six teams qualified for the play offs. Between 1991 and 2001 and again in 2006, the top eight teams qualified. In 2002 and 2003 when the membership of the league was 7 and 5 respectively, all teams qualified for the play offs. ^ The 1998 playoff semi finals were played as a best of three series. ^ In 1998–99 and 1999–00, teams from the Super League were divided into two groups of eight. Their final placing within the group determined their second round opponent from the British National League (who had their own group stage). ^ Between 1998–99 and 2000–01 and again in 2003–04, certain designated league fixtures doubled up as Challenge Cup qualifiers. Results counted towards a team's league standing and their standing within a separate Challenge Cup table. The top four teams moved into a two-legged semi final, with the winners facing each other in a one-off final. ^ During the 2000–01, 3 points were awarded for a regulation time win, of which the Steelers had 30. ^ In 2006–07, the top eight teams qualified for the play offs which were played on a knockout basis. The quarter finals were played over two legs with a team's quarter final opponent determined on their league standing (1st vs 8th, 2nd vs 7th, 3rd vs 6th and 4th vs 5th). The semi final and final remained as one off games played over a single weekend. References Chambers, Michael A. (2000). Nottingham Panthers Statistical Guidebook 1946–47 and 1999–00. United Kingdom: Michael A. Chambers. ISBN 0-9539398-0-4. The Internet Hockey Database Hockey Results & Tables - Malcolm Preen Steelers Statistics Website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Elite League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"league titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_ice_hockey_league_champions"},{"link_name":"British Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Championship_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Autumn Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Cup"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup_(UK_Ice_Hockey)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grand_slam"}],"text":"This is a list of seasons completed by the Sheffield Steelers ice hockey team, presently of the British Elite League. This list documents the season-by-season records of the Sheffield Steelers from their inaugural season in 1991–92 to the present day. Since achieving promotion to the Premier League in 1993, the Steelers have become one of the most successful teams in the history of British ice hockey winning a total of 19 major titles.The Steelers have won 10 league titles, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2023–24. 11 British Championships, in 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2013–14, 2016–17 and 2023–24; 2 Autumn Cup titles, in 1995–96 and 2000–01; and six Challenge Cups, in 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2019–20 and 2023–24. 20–20 Hockey Fest 2009. In addition, the club has appeared in eleven other cup finals. The Steelers have completed the Grand Slam of all trophies available during a season 3 times, in 1995–96, 2000–01 and 2023–24.","title":"List of Sheffield Steelers seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-key_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Code explanation; GP—Games Played, W—Wins, L—Losses, T—Tied games, OTL—Overtime losses, GF—Goals For, GA—Goals Against, Pts—Points\n\n^ The preliminary stages of the Autumn Cup saw teams drawn into groups with the winners and runners-up in each advancing to quarter finals. The quarter finals and semi finals were played over two legs with the final being a one off game at a pre determined venue.\n\n^ Deducted five points for breaking wage cap regulations\n\n^ Between 1984 and 2006, the teams qualifying for the play offs played a preliminary round robin group stage. Teams were divided into two groups with the top two in each advancing to the semi-finals (in 2002 and 2003 a single qualifying group was used with the top four advancing to the semi-finals). The semi finals and final were one off games played at a predetermined venue, the exception being in 1998 when the semi-finals were played as a best-of-three series. Between 1984 and 1990 and again in 2004 and 2005, the top six teams qualified for the play offs. Between 1991 and 2001 and again in 2006, the top eight teams qualified. In 2002 and 2003 when the membership of the league was 7 and 5 respectively, all teams qualified for the play offs.\n\n^ The 1998 playoff semi finals were played as a best of three series.\n\n^ In 1998–99 and 1999–00, teams from the Super League were divided into two groups of eight. Their final placing within the group determined their second round opponent from the British National League (who had their own group stage).\n\n^ Between 1998–99 and 2000–01 and again in 2003–04, certain designated league fixtures doubled up as Challenge Cup qualifiers. Results counted towards a team's league standing and their standing within a separate Challenge Cup table. The top four teams moved into a two-legged semi final, with the winners facing each other in a one-off final.\n\n^ During the 2000–01, 3 points were awarded for a regulation time win, of which the Steelers had 30.\n\n^ In 2006–07, the top eight teams qualified for the play offs which were played on a knockout basis. The quarter finals were played over two legs with a team's quarter final opponent determined on their league standing (1st vs 8th, 2nd vs 7th, 3rd vs 6th and 4th vs 5th). The semi final and final remained as one off games played over a single weekend.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Chambers, Michael A. (2000). Nottingham Panthers Statistical Guidebook 1946–47 and 1999–00. United Kingdom: Michael A. Chambers. ISBN 0-9539398-0-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9539398-0-4","url_text":"0-9539398-0-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071212015927/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/malcolm.preen/hockey.html","external_links_name":"Hockey Results & Tables - Malcolm Preen"},{"Link":"http://www.steelers-stats.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Steelers Statistics Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Forever_(video_game)
Batman Forever (video game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
For the arcade, PlayStation, PC and Sega Saturn game, see Batman Forever: The Arcade Game. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Batman Forever" video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1995 video gameBatman ForeverDeveloper(s)Probe EntertainmentPublisher(s)Acclaim EntertainmentDirector(s)Tony Beckwith (DOS)Producer(s)Tony BeckwithTim Bradstock (also assoc. producer on DOS)Designer(s)Nick BaynesProgrammer(s)Paul CarruthersDan Phillips (SNES)Brian O'Shaughnessy (DOS)Composer(s)Tim FollinAndrew BrockGeoff Follin (SNES)Stephen Root (DOS w Andrew Brock)EngineMortal Kombat IIPlatform(s)Super Nintendo Entertainment SystemSega GenesisGame GearGame BoyR-ZoneDOSReleaseSuper NES, Game BoyNA: September 7, 1995EU: September 7, 1995JP: October 27, 1995Sega Genesis, Game GearNA: September 7, 1995EU: 1995JP: October 27, 1995R-Zone NA: 1995EU: 1995MS-DOS/Windows 95NA: 1996EU: 1996Genre(s)Beat 'em upMode(s)(Genesis/PC/SNES)Single-playerTwo player co-op (Game Boy/Game Gear/R-Zone)Single-player Batman Forever is a beat 'em up video game based on the film of the same name. Though released by the same publisher at roughly the same time, it is an entirely different game from Batman Forever: The Arcade Game. The game was followed by Batman & Robin in 1998. Gameplay The player plays as either Batman or Robin. There is also a fighting game mode called "training mode" where the player can play as Batman, Robin, or any of the enemies found throughout the game against either a computer-controlled opponent, against a second player, or cooperatively against two computer opponents. The controls are largely based on move lists and key sequences. Some gadget moves involve moving away from the enemy right before pressing a punch or kick button. The gadget list is selected by the player at each level, with three standard gadgets for each character and two gadgets selected from a list. There are also four hidden "blueprint" gadgets. There are two kinds of co-op modes in Batman Forever. Players chose between Batman or Robin. In one mode, Batman and Robin work together and cannot harm each other, although they share credits. In another mode, however, Batman and Robin can attack each other, but still, need to look out for enemies and have separate credit counts. The co-op mode is not included in the Game Boy and Game Gear versions. The Super NES and Genesis/Mega Drive versions of the game are very similar. The PC version is the same as the SNES and Genesis versions, though Batman and Robin appear in their movie attire, but the PC version also has loading delays. The Game Boy and Game Gear versions do away with a majority of the puzzle-solving of the SNES, PC, and Genesis versions and opt for a more traditional platform fighting game. Development Acclaim used motion capture technology to animate the digitized sprites, like they did with Mortal Kombat. Warner Bros acquired Acclaim's motion capture technology for the film, before Acclaim used it for the game. Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (GEN) (GG)Computer Game Review70/100 (PC)Electronic Gaming Monthly6.25/10 (GG)HobbyConsolas83/100 (GEN)90/100 (SNES) The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the Game Gear version as having graphics that are virtually identical to those of the Genesis and Super NES version, but overall dismissed the game due to poor controls, explaining that "Punching enemies is nothing more than a delayed sequence that continues well after the enemy is dead." GamePro also gave it a negative review. They remarked that the graphics are technically impressive but dull due to their lack of onscreen objects and interesting backgrounds, and concluded that "the sluggish gameplay, mediocre graphics, and weak sounds really kick this cart to the bat curb." GamePro panned the Super NES version as the worst of the Super NES Batman games. They dismissed the training mode as lacking the winning elements of a decent fighting game. Commenting on the normal mode, they criticized the frustrating difficulty, particularly the lack of continues and the time limit in the third stage, and stated that the digitized sprites were done well but clash with the "washed-out" background graphics. Next Generation praised the look of the digitized sprites but gave the game one out of five stars, citing boring gameplay and a poor control configuration. Frank Snyder of Computer Game Review wrote that "the actual experience of playing Batman™ Forever isn't much better than that of watching the movie." Batman Forever was a major commercial failure. References ^ "CTW Games Guide". Computer Trade Weekly. No. 553. United Kingdom. 4 September 1995. p. 56. ^ a b "Batman Forever: The Video Game". GamePro. No. 84. p. 1. ^ "Software List (Released by Soft Licensees)". セガ 製品情報サイト (in Japanese). Sega. Retrieved May 15, 2023. ^ "Acclaim Stakes its Claim". RePlay. Vol. 20, no. 4. January 1995. p. 71. ^ "Batman: Forever". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). No. 49. October 1995. pp. 80–81. Retrieved July 26, 2021. ^ "Batman: Forever". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). No. 49. October 1995. pp. 78–79. Retrieved July 26, 2021. ^ a b Snyder, Frank (July 1996). "Batman™ Forever". Computer Game Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. ^ a b "Review Crew: Batman Forever". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 76. Ziff Davis. November 1995. p. 52. ^ "Batman Forever (Sega Genesis) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ "Batman Forever (Sega Game Gear) Review". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. ^ "ProReview: Batman Forever". GamePro. No. 87. IDG. December 1995. p. 144. ^ "ProReview: Batman Forever". GamePro. No. 86. IDG. November 1995. p. 86. ^ "Batman Forever". Next Generation. No. 11. Imagine Media. November 1995. p. 186. ^ "To Hell and Back with Acclaim". Next Generation. No. 40. Imagine Media. April 1998. pp. 12–13. External links MobyGames (Game Boy/Game Gear version) MobyGames (PC/SNES/Genesis version) vteBatmanFilms Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–22) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash MusicBatman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Prince's Batman (1989) "Batdance" "Partyman" "The Arms of Orion" "Scandalous!" "The Future" Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) "Face to Face" Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" "Kiss from a Rose" "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game" "Nobody Lives Without Love" "Smash It Up" (The Offspring) "The Riddler" "The Passenger" Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) "The End Is the Beginning Is the End" "Look into My Eyes" "Gotham City" "Foolish Games" "Lazy Eye" "Poison Ivy" "Moaner" Video games Batman: The Movie Batman: The Video Game (1989–90) Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Batman Forever (1995) arcade pinball Batman & Robin (1998) See also Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batmania Category vteBatman video gamesLego series Lego Batman: The Videogame Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham Arkham series Arkham Asylum Arkham City Lockdown Arkham Origins Mobile Blackgate Arkham Knight Arkham VR Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League Arkham Shadow Telltale series The Telltale Series The Enemy Within Film-based Batman (Ocean, 1989) Batman: The Video Game (NES, 1989) Batman: The Video Game (Game Boy, 1990) Batman (Mega Drive/Genesis, 1990) Batman (PC Engine, 1990) Batman (arcade, 1990) Batman Returns Batman Returns (Atari Lynx, 1992) Batman Returns (NES, 1993) Batman Returns (SNES, 1993) Batman Forever Batman Forever: The Arcade Game Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight (canceled) Animation-based The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker Chaos in Gotham Gotham City Racer Vengeance Rise of Sin Tzu The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame Other games Batman (1986) The Caped Crusader Return of the Joker Dark Tomorrow DC Universe Online Gotham City Impostors Batman (2013) Gotham Knights MultiVersus Category vteBatman in filmStand-alone films Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 seriesFilms Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack video game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Penguin Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogyFilms Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended UniverseFilms Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad Justice League Zack Snyder's Justice League The Flash Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) Batgirl (unreleased) Unofficial and fan filmsFeatures Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials vteProbe SoftwareFilm licence Back to the Future Part III Alien 3 Beauty and the Beast The Pagemaster Judge Dredd Batman Forever Alien Trilogy Die Hard Trilogy Batman & Robin Comics licence The Incredible Hulk Fantastic Four Armorines: Project S.W.A.R.M. Looney Tunes Desert Speedtrap Acme Animation Factory Daffy Duck in Hollywood Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble Other games BraveStarr Trantor: The Last Stormtrooper Savage Supremacy: Your Will Be Done Sega Chess Out Run Europa Body Count Virtual Soccer Jelly Boy Extreme-G Forsaken Extreme-G 2 Re-Volt
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman Forever: The Arcade Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Forever:_The_Arcade_Game"},{"link_name":"beat 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Forever"},{"link_name":"Batman Forever: The Arcade Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Forever:_The_Arcade_Game"},{"link_name":"Batman & Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(video_game)"}],"text":"For the arcade, PlayStation, PC and Sega Saturn game, see Batman Forever: The Arcade Game.1995 video gameBatman Forever is a beat 'em up video game based on the film of the same name. Though released by the same publisher at roughly the same time, it is an entirely different game from Batman Forever: The Arcade Game. The game was followed by Batman & Robin in 1998.","title":"Batman Forever (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_(character)"},{"link_name":"fighting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versus_fighting_game"}],"text":"The player plays as either Batman or Robin. There is also a fighting game mode called \"training mode\" where the player can play as Batman, Robin, or any of the enemies found throughout the game against either a computer-controlled opponent, against a second player, or cooperatively against two computer opponents.The controls are largely based on move lists and key sequences. Some gadget moves involve moving away from the enemy right before pressing a punch or kick button.The gadget list is selected by the player at each level, with three standard gadgets for each character and two gadgets selected from a list. There are also four hidden \"blueprint\" gadgets.There are two kinds of co-op modes in Batman Forever. Players chose between Batman or Robin. In one mode, Batman and Robin work together and cannot harm each other, although they share credits. In another mode, however, Batman and Robin can attack each other, but still, need to look out for enemies and have separate credit counts. The co-op mode is not included in the Game Boy and Game Gear versions.The Super NES and Genesis/Mega Drive versions of the game are very similar. The PC version is the same as the SNES and Genesis versions, though Batman and Robin appear in their movie attire, but the PC version also has loading delays. The Game Boy and Game Gear versions do away with a majority of the puzzle-solving of the SNES, PC, and Genesis versions and opt for a more traditional platform fighting game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motion capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"Mortal Kombat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Acclaim used motion capture technology to animate the digitized sprites, like they did with Mortal Kombat. Warner Bros acquired Acclaim's motion capture technology for the film, before Acclaim used it for the game.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Computer Game Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Game_Review"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgr-7"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM-8"},{"link_name":"HobbyConsolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyConsolas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM-8"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Computer Game Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Game_Review"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgr-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScoreAllGame (GEN)[9] (GG)[10]Computer Game Review70/100 (PC)[7]Electronic Gaming Monthly6.25/10 (GG)[8]HobbyConsolas83/100 (GEN)[5]90/100 (SNES)[6]The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the Game Gear version as having graphics that are virtually identical to those of the Genesis and Super NES version, but overall dismissed the game due to poor controls, explaining that \"Punching enemies is nothing more than a delayed sequence that continues well after the enemy is dead.\"[8] GamePro also gave it a negative review. They remarked that the graphics are technically impressive but dull due to their lack of onscreen objects and interesting backgrounds, and concluded that \"the sluggish gameplay, mediocre graphics, and weak sounds really kick this cart to the bat curb.\"[11]GamePro panned the Super NES version as the worst of the Super NES Batman games. They dismissed the training mode as lacking the winning elements of a decent fighting game. Commenting on the normal mode, they criticized the frustrating difficulty, particularly the lack of continues and the time limit in the third stage, and stated that the digitized sprites were done well but clash with the \"washed-out\" background graphics.[12] Next Generation praised the look of the digitized sprites but gave the game one out of five stars, citing boring gameplay and a poor control configuration.[13] Frank Snyder of Computer Game Review wrote that \"the actual experience of playing Batman™ Forever isn't much better than that of watching the movie.\"[7]Batman Forever was a major commercial failure.[14]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger_Christensen
Inger Christensen
["1 Life and work","2 Awards and honors","3 Works","3.1 Musical settings","4 References","5 External links"]
Danish poet, novelist, essayist, editor (1935–2009) Inger ChristensenChristensen in 2008Born16 January 1935Vejle, DenmarkDied2 January 2009 (aged 73)Copenhagen, DenmarkOccupationPoet, novelist, essayist, editorNationalityDanish Inger Christensen (16 January 1935 – 2 January 2009) was a Danish poet, novelist, essayist and editor. She is considered the foremost Danish poetic experimentalist of her generation. Life and work Born in the town of Vejle, on the eastern Jutland coast of Denmark, Christensen's father was a tailor, and her mother a cook before her marriage. After graduating from Vejle Gymnasium, she moved to Copenhagen and, later, to Århus, studying at the Teachers’ College there. She received her certificate in 1958. During this same period, Christensen began publishing poems in the journal Hvedekorn, and was guided by the noted Danish poet and critic Poul Borum (1934–1996), whom she married in 1959 and divorced in 1976. After teaching at the College for Arts in Holbæk from 1963 to 1964, she turned to writing full-time, producing two of her major early collections, Lys (Light, 1962) and Græs (Grass, 1963), both examining the limits of self-knowledge and the role of language in perception. Her most acclaimed work of the 1960s, however, was It (Det), which, on one level, explored social, political and aesthetic issues, but more deeply probed large philosophical questions of meaning. The work, almost incantatory in tone, opposes issues such as fear and love and power and powerlessness. In these years Christensen also published two novels, Evighedsmaskinen (1964) and Azorno (1967), as well as a shorter fiction on the Italian Renaissance painter Mantegna, presented from the viewpoint of various narrators (Mantegna's secretary Marsilio, the Turkish princess Farfalla, and Mantagena's young son), Det malede Værelse (1976, translated into English as The Painted Room by Harvill Press in 2000). Much of Christensen's work was organized upon “systemic” structures in accordance with her belief that poetry is not truth and not even the “dream” of truth, but “is a game, maybe a tragic game—the game we play with a world that plays its own game with us.” In the 1981 poetry collection Alfabet, Christensen used the alphabet (from a to n ) along with the Fibonacci mathematical sequence in which the next number is the sum of the two previous ones (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34...). As she explained: "The numerical ratios exist in nature: the way a leek wraps around itself from the inside, and the head of a snowflower, are both based on this series." Her system ends on the n, suggesting many possible meanings including “n’s” significance as any whole number. As with It, however, despite its highly structured elements this work is a poetically evocative series concerned with oppositions such as an outpouring of the joy of the world counterposed with the fears for and forces poised for its destruction. Sommerfugledalen of 1991 (Butterfly Valley: A Requiem, 2004) explores through the sonnet structure the fragility of life and mortality, ending in a kind of transformation. Christensen also wrote works for children, plays, radio pieces, and numerous essays, the most notable of which were collected in her book Hemmelighedstilstanden (The State of Secrecy) in 2000. Awards and honors In 1978, she was appointed to the Royal Danish Academy; in 1994, she became a member of the Académie Européenne de Poésie ("European Academy of Poetry"); in 2001, a member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin. She won the Grand Prix des Biennales Internationales de Poésie in 1991; She received the Rungstedlund Award in 1991. Der österreichische Staatspreis für Literature ("Austrian State Prize for European Literature") in 1994; in 1994, she won the Swedish Academy Nordic Prize, known as the 'little Nobel'; the European Poetry Prize in 1995; The America Award in 2001; the German Siegfried Unseld Preis in 2006; and received numerous other distinctions. Her works have been translated into several languages, and she was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in literature. Works Years link to corresponding " in poetry" article for books of poems, or " in literature" for other literary works: 1962: Lys: digte ("Light"), poems 1963: Græs: digte ("Grass"), poems 1964: Evighedsmaskinen, ("Eternity Machine"), novel 1967: Azorno, novel (translated into English by Denise Newman; New Directions, 2009) 1969: Det, ("it"), poems 1969 (translated into English by Susanna Nied) 1972: Intriganterne ("The Scheming"), play 1976: Det malede værelse ("The Painted Room: A Tale of Mantua"), novel (translated into English by Denise Newman; Harvill Press, 2000) 1979: Brev i april ("Letter in April"), poems 1979: Den historie der skal fortælles 1981: Alfabet, 1981 - "Alphabet", poems (translated into English by Susanna Nied), twice translated into Swedish 1982: Del af labyrinten ("Part of the Maze"), essays 1982: Den store ukendte rejse ("The Big Unknown Journey"), children's book 1987: En vinteraften i Ufa og andre spil ("A Winter Evening in Ufa"), plays 1989: Digt om døden ("Poem on Death") 1989: Lys og Græs ("Light and Grass"), poetry 1990: Mikkel og hele menageriet (illustrated by Lillian Brøgger) children's book 1991: Sommerfugledalen, ("Butterfly Valley: A Requiem"), poems (translated into English by Susanna Nied) 1998: Samlede digte ("Collected Poems") 2000: Hemmelighedstilstanden ("The State of Secrecy"), essays Musical settings The complete "Butterfly valley" has been set twice by two Danish composers, Niels Rosing-Schow and Svend Nielsen. Both versions were, separately, recorded by Ars Nova Copenhagen with poetry reading by the poet. References ^ Charles Lock and Jakob Stougaard-Nielsen (19 February 2009). "Inger Christensen". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ a b Jensen, Elisabeth Møller Inger Christensen (1935 - 2009) (in Danish). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. ^ a b c Inger Christensen er død (2009-01-05) (in Danish). Politiken. ^ "Poet Inger Christensen dies: Danish poet Inger Christensen dies at 73", Agence France Presse, as published on the Singapore Straits Times website, retrieved January 7, 2008 ^ Blixen.dk Archived 2014-12-26 at the Wayback Machine The Rungstedlund Foundation ^ "Danish Writer Inger Christensen Dies at Age 73", Associated Press article (no byline given), as published on The New York Times website, January 5, 2009, retrieved January 7, 2009 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Liukkonen, Petri. "Inger Christensen". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. External links Petri Liukkonen. "Inger Christensen". Books and Writers. Poem of Christensen painted on a wall in Copenhagen Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson vteRecipients of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature Zbigniew Herbert (1965) W. H. Auden (1966) Vasko Popa (1967) Václav Havel (1968) Not given (1969) Eugène Ionesco (1970) Peter Huchel (1971) Sławomir Mrożek (1972) Harold Pinter (1973) Sándor Weöres (1974) Miroslav Krleža (1975) Italo Calvino (1976) Pavel Kohout (1977) Simone de Beauvoir (1978) Fulvio Tomizza (1979) Sarah Kirsch (1980) Doris Lessing (1981) Tadeusz Różewicz (1982) Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1983) Christa Wolf (1984) Stanisław Lem (1985) Giorgio Manganelli (1986) Milan Kundera (1987) Andrzej Szczypiorski (1988) Marguerite Duras (1989) Helmut Heissenbüttel (1990) Péter Nádas (1991) Salman Rushdie (1992) Chinghiz Aitmatov (1993) Inger Christensen (1994) Aleksandar Tišma (1995) Jürg Laederach (1996) Antonio Tabucchi (1997) Dubravka Ugrešić (1998) Péter Esterházy (1999) António Lobo Antunes (2000) Umberto Eco (2001) Christoph Hein (2002) Cees Nooteboom (2003) Julian Barnes (2004) Claudio Magris (2005) Jorge Semprún (2006) A. L. Kennedy (2007) Ágota Kristóf (2008) Per Olov Enquist (2009) Paul Nizon (2010) Javier Marías (2011) Patrick Modiano (2012) John Banville (2013) Lyudmila Ulitskaya (2014) Mircea Cărtărescu (2015) Andrzej Stasiuk (2016) Karl Ove Knausgård (2017) Zadie Smith (2018) Michel Houellebecq (2019) Drago Jančar (2020) László Krasznahorkai (2021) Ali Smith (2022) Marie NDiaye (2023) vteList of Swedish Academy Nordic Prize winners 1986: Villy Sørensen 1987: William Heinesen 1988: Nils Erik Enkvist 1989: Rolf Jacobsen 1990: Henrik Nordbrandt 1991: Tomas Tranströmer 1992: Thor Vilhjálmsson 1993: Paavo Haavikko 1994: Inger Christensen 1995: Lars Ahlin 1996: Arne Næss 1997: Bo Carpelan 1998: Lars Forssell 1999: Klaus Rifbjerg 2000: Lars Huldén 2001: Willy Kyrklund 2002: Torben Brostrøm 2003: Lars Norén 2004: Guðbergur Bergsson 2005: Göran Sonnevi 2006: Pia Tafdrup 2007: Jon Fosse 2008: Sven-Eric Liedman 2009: Kjell Askildsen 2010: Per Olov Enquist 2011: Ernst Håkon Jahr 2012: Einar Már Guðmundsson 2013: Sofi Oksanen 2014: Lars Gustafsson 2015: Thomas Bredsdorff 2016: Monika Fagerholm 2017: Dag Solstad 2018: Agneta Pleijel 2019: Karl Ove Knausgård 2020: Rosa Liksom 2021: Eldrid Lunden 2022: Naja Marie Aidt 2023: Sjón Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists ADK People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Inger Christensen (16 January 1935 – 2 January 2009)[1] was a Danish poet, novelist, essayist and editor. She is considered the foremost Danish poetic experimentalist of her generation.","title":"Inger Christensen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vejle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejle"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Vejle Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vejle_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Århus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rhus"},{"link_name":"Hvedekorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvedekorn"},{"link_name":"Poul Borum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Borum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emj-2"},{"link_name":"Holbæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holb%C3%A6k"},{"link_name":"Græs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A6s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(Christensen_book)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emj-2"},{"link_name":"Evighedsmaskinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evighedsmaskinen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azorno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"The Painted Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Painted_Room&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harvill Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvill_Press"},{"link_name":"Alfabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_(book)"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci mathematical sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Valley: A Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Valley:_A_Requiem"},{"link_name":"sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"The State of Secrecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_State_of_Secrecy&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Born in the town of Vejle, on the eastern Jutland coast of Denmark, Christensen's father was a tailor, and her mother a cook before her marriage. After graduating from Vejle Gymnasium, she moved to Copenhagen and, later, to Århus, studying at the Teachers’ College there. She received her certificate in 1958. During this same period, Christensen began publishing poems in the journal Hvedekorn, and was guided by the noted Danish poet and critic Poul Borum (1934–1996), whom she married in 1959 and divorced in 1976.[2]After teaching at the College for Arts in Holbæk from 1963 to 1964, she turned to writing full-time, producing two of her major early collections, Lys (Light, 1962) and Græs (Grass, 1963), both examining the limits of self-knowledge and the role of language in perception. Her most acclaimed work of the 1960s, however, was It (Det), which, on one level, explored social, political and aesthetic issues, but more deeply probed large philosophical questions of meaning. The work, almost incantatory in tone, opposes issues such as fear and love and power and powerlessness.[2]In these years Christensen also published two novels, Evighedsmaskinen (1964) and\nAzorno (1967), as well as a shorter fiction on the Italian Renaissance painter Mantegna, presented from the viewpoint of various narrators (Mantegna's secretary Marsilio, the Turkish princess Farfalla, and Mantagena's young son), Det malede Værelse (1976, translated into English as The Painted Room by Harvill Press in 2000).Much of Christensen's work was organized upon “systemic” structures in accordance with her belief that poetry is not truth and not even the “dream” of truth, but “is a game, maybe a tragic game—the game we play with a world that plays its own game with us.”In the 1981 poetry collection Alfabet, Christensen used the alphabet (from a [\"apricots\"] to n [\"nights\"]) along with the Fibonacci mathematical sequence in which the next number is the sum of the two previous ones (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34...). As she explained: \"The numerical ratios exist in nature: the way a leek wraps around itself from the inside, and the head of a snowflower, are both based on this series.\" Her system ends on the n, suggesting many possible meanings including “n’s” significance as any whole number. As with It, however, despite its highly structured elements this work is a poetically evocative series concerned with oppositions such as an outpouring of the joy of the world counterposed with the fears for and forces poised for its destruction.Sommerfugledalen of 1991 (Butterfly Valley: A Requiem, 2004) explores through the sonnet structure the fragility of life and mortality, ending in a kind of transformation.Christensen also wrote works for children, plays, radio pieces, and numerous essays, the most notable of which were collected in her book Hemmelighedstilstanden (The State of Secrecy) in 2000.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"Académie Européenne de Poésie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Po%C3%A9sie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iced-3"},{"link_name":"Academy of Arts, Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afpobit-4"},{"link_name":"Rungstedlund Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungstedlund_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Austrian State Prize for European Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature"},{"link_name":"Swedish Academy Nordic Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Academy_Nordic_Prize"},{"link_name":"European Poetry Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Poetry_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The America Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_America_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iced-3"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Unseld Preis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Unseld_Preis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iced-3"}],"text":"In 1978, she was appointed to the Royal Danish Academy; in 1994, she became a member of the Académie Européenne de Poésie (\"European Academy of Poetry\");[3] in 2001, a member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin.[4] She won the Grand Prix des Biennales Internationales de Poésie in 1991; She received the Rungstedlund Award in 1991.[5] Der österreichische Staatspreis für Literature (\"Austrian State Prize for European Literature\") in 1994; in 1994, she won the Swedish Academy Nordic Prize, known as the 'little Nobel'; the European Poetry Prize in 1995; The America Award in 2001;[3] the German Siegfried Unseld Preis in 2006;[6] and received numerous other distinctions. Her works have been translated into several languages, and she was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in literature.[3]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Det","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_(Christensen_book)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Harvill Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvill_Press"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Alfabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_(book)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"Sommerfugledalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Valley:_A_Requiem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp-7"}],"text":"Years link to corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article for books of poems, or \"[year] in literature\" for other literary works:1962: Lys: digte (\"Light\"), poems[7]\n1963: Græs: digte (\"Grass\"), poems[7]\n1964: Evighedsmaskinen, (\"Eternity Machine\"), novel[7]\n1967: Azorno, novel (translated into English by Denise Newman; New Directions, 2009)[7]\n1969: Det, (\"it\"), poems 1969 (translated into English by Susanna Nied)[7]\n1972: Intriganterne (\"The Scheming\"), play[7]\n1976: Det malede værelse (\"The Painted Room: A Tale of Mantua\"), novel (translated into English by Denise Newman; Harvill Press, 2000)[7]\n1979: Brev i april (\"Letter in April\"), poems[7]\n1979: Den historie der skal fortælles[7]\n1981: Alfabet, 1981 - \"Alphabet\", poems (translated into English by Susanna Nied), twice translated into Swedish[7]\n1982: Del af labyrinten[7] (\"Part of the Maze\"), essays\n1982: Den store ukendte rejse[7] (\"The Big Unknown Journey\"), children's book\n1987: En vinteraften i Ufa og andre spil (\"A Winter Evening in Ufa\"), plays[7]\n1989: Digt om døden (\"Poem on Death\")\n1989: Lys og Græs[7] (\"Light and Grass\"), poetry\n1990: Mikkel og hele menageriet (illustrated by Lillian Brøgger)[7] children's book\n1991: Sommerfugledalen, (\"Butterfly Valley: A Requiem\"), poems (translated into English by Susanna Nied)[7]\n1998: Samlede digte (\"Collected Poems\")[7]\n2000: Hemmelighedstilstanden (\"The State of Secrecy\"), essays[7]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niels Rosing-Schow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Rosing-Schow"},{"link_name":"Svend Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend_Nielsen_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Ars Nova Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Nova_Copenhagen"}],"sub_title":"Musical settings","text":"The complete \"Butterfly valley\" has been set twice by two Danish composers, Niels Rosing-Schow and Svend Nielsen. Both versions were, separately, recorded by Ars Nova Copenhagen with poetry reading by the poet.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Charles Lock and Jakob Stougaard-Nielsen (19 February 2009). \"Inger Christensen\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/19/inger-christensen-obituary","url_text":"\"Inger Christensen\""}]},{"reference":"Liukkonen, Petri. \"Inger Christensen\". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090123041708/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/ingerc.htm","url_text":"\"Inger Christensen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusankoski","url_text":"Kuusankoski"},{"url":"http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ingerc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Foulger
Byron Foulger
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor Byron FoulgerFoulger in a 1960 episode of the anthology series One Step BeyondBornByron Kay Foulger(1898-08-27)August 27, 1898Ogden, Utah, U.S.DiedApril 4, 1970(1970-04-04) (aged 71)Hollywood, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1920–1970Spouse Dorothy Adams ​(m. 1921)​Children2, including Rachel Ames Byron Kay Foulger (August 27, 1898 – April 4, 1970) was an American character actor who over a 50-year career performed in hundreds of stage, film, and television productions. Early years Born in Ogden, Utah, Byron was the second of four children of Annie Elizabeth (née Ingebertsen) of Norway and Arthur Kay Foulger, a native of Utah who worked as a carpenter for the region's railroad company. Byron completed his primary and secondary education in local public schools before enrolling at the University of Utah, where he started acting through his participation in community theatre. Foulger was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Career Foulger made his Broadway debut in March 1920 in a production of Medea featuring Moroni Olsen, and performed in four more productions with Olsen on the "Great White Way", back-to-back, ending in April 1922. He then toured with Olsen's stock company. By the early 1930s, Foulger was working at the Pasadena Playhouse as an actor, assistant director, and director. In 1932 he began performing in films, initially in bit parts. His first three screen appearances are in Night World (1932), The Little Minister (1934), and The President's Mystery (1936), the latter based on a story by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He also starred in an exploitation film, It's All in Your Mind (1937, released 1938), in which Foulger, a timid bookkeeper, samples the fast life of nightclubs and parties. Byron Foulger's motion picture career, however, did not begin in earnest until 1937, after he performed in December of that year on NBC Radio opposite Mae West in a racy "Adam and Eve" sketch on the network's popular variety program The Chase and Sanborn Hour. That sketch and another performance by West with Charlie McCarthy during a later segment of the same program resulted in her being banned from NBC programming until 1950. Foulger, who provided the voice of the serpent in the controversial biblical parody, was not banned for his brief supporting role; instead, his association with the sketch brought him widespread media attention and greater audience recognition. From that point on, he worked steadily in motion pictures. Foulger played many parts–storekeepers, hotel desk clerks, morticians, professors, bank tellers, ministers, confidence men, and a host of other characterizations–usually timid, whining, weak-willed, shifty, sanctimonious, or sycophantic. His earliest films show him clean-shaven, but in the 1940s, he adopted a wispy mustache that emphasized his characters' worried demeanor. When the mustache went gray in the 1950s, he reverted to a clean-shaven look. Foulger was a resourceful actor, and often embellished his scripted lines with memorable bits of business; in The Falcon Strikes Back, for example, hotel clerk Foulger announces a homicide by bellowing across the lobby: "Mur-der! Mur-der!' In real life, Foulger was not as much of a pushover as the characters he played. In one memorable incident at a party, he threatened to punch Errol Flynn for flirting with his wife, actress Dorothy Adams, to whom he was married from 1921 until his death in 1970. In the 1940s, Foulger was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors, appearing in five films written by Sturges, The Great McGinty, Sullivan's Travels, The Palm Beach Story, The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (recreating the role of McGinty's secretary he played in The Great McGinty), and The Great Moment. In A pictures, such as those of Sturges', Foulger often received no screen credit; in B movies such as 1939's The Man They Could Not Hang, he got more substantial, billed parts. By the late 1950s, Foulger was so well established as a mild-mannered worrywart that just the showing of his face would receive a welcoming audience laugh (as in the cameo-laden Frank Capra comedy Pocketful of Miracles). In a humorous coup, the actor was cast against type for the most prominent role of his career; he played the Devil opposite The Bowery Boys in Up in Smoke, and was billed in advertisements and posters as one of the film's three stars. Beginning in 1950, Foulger made more than 90 appearances on television, in such programs as Death Valley Days, I Love Lucy, The Cisco Kid, My Little Margie, The Man Behind the Badge, The Lone Ranger, Maverick, Lawman, The Red Skelton Show, Rawhide, Wagon Train, Bonanza, Burke's Law, Daniel Boone, Hazel, The Patty Duke Show, The Monkees, Perry Mason, Laredo, Gunsmoke, and in 1965, The Beverly Hillbillies and The Addams Family. He played multiple-episode characters on Dennis the Menace (Mr. Timberlake), Lassie (Dan Porter) and The Andy Griffith Show (Fred, the hotel clerk). On Petticoat Junction he played two recurring roles: Mr. Guerney and engineer Wendell Gibbs. His notable later television credits include the 1959 Twilight Zone episode "Walking Distance" in which actor Gig Young tells Foulger, who is portraying a drugstore counterman, that he thinks he has seen him before, to which Foulger replies, "I've got that kind of face." A few examples of his other credits on television are his performances in the short-lived comedies My Mother the Car (as one of the villain's browbeaten advisors) and Captain Nice (as the hero's often silent father), as well as in two episodes of the crime drama The Mod Squad in 1968 and 1969. Foulger's last performances were released in 1970, the year he died. They include the made-for-TV movie The Love War and in the feature films There Was a Crooked Man... and The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County. Death Foulger, at age 71, died of heart problems in Hollywood on April 4, 1970. Filmography Night World (1932) - Mr. Baby / Nightclub Patron (uncredited) (film debut) The Little Minister (1934) - Villager at Stabbing (uncredited) The President's Mystery (1936) - Minor Role (uncredited) Larceny on the Air (1937) - Pete Andorka The Devil Diamond (1937) - Ole-Houseboy Dick Tracy (1937, Serial) as Korvitch History Is Made at Night (1937) - Vail Employee Reading from Newspaper (uncredited) Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) - Mr. Dale (uncredited) A Day at the Races (1937) - Racetrack Spectator (uncredited) The Devil Is Driving (1937) - Mr. Muller (uncredited) The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) - Johann (uncredited) It Happened in Hollywood (1937) - Chet (uncredited) Luck of Roaring Camp (1937) - Kentuck The Duke Comes Back (1937) - Peters True Confession (1937) - Ballistic Expert (uncredited) Born to Be Wild (1938) - Husband King of the Newsboys (1938) - Gazette Owner (uncredited) It's All in Your Mind (1938) - Wilbur Crane Test Pilot (1938) - Designer (uncredited) The Lady in the Morgue (1938) - Al Horn (uncredited) Crime Ring (1938) - George Myles (uncredited) Delinquent Parents (1938) - Herbert Ellis Smashing the Rackets (1938) - Alverson - Chemist (uncredited) Tenth Avenue Kid (1938) - Dr. Belknap I Am the Law (1938) - Simpson (uncredited) You Can't Take It with You (1938) - Kirby's Assistant (uncredited) The Mad Miss Manton (1938) - Assistant News Editor (uncredited) The Spider's Web (1938, Serial) - Allen Roberts A Man to Remember (1938) - Bank Teller (uncredited) Tarnished Angel (1938) - Second Cripple Gangster's Boy (1938) - District Attorney's Secretary (uncredited) Say It in French (1938) - Swedish Janitor (uncredited) I Am a Criminal (1938) - Ed Harper Smashing the Spy Ring (1938) - Schuster aka Quirk (uncredited) Mystery of the White Room (1939) - The Coroner (uncredited) Let Us Live (1939) - Defense Attorney (uncredited) Streets of New York (1939) - 'Murderer' in Classroom (uncredited) Union Pacific (1939) - Andrew Whipple (uncredited) Some Like It Hot (1939) - Radio Announcer (uncredited) Missing Daughters (1939) - Bert Ford (uncredited) Exile Express (1939) - Serge The Girl from Mexico (1939) - Delivery Entrance Guard (uncredited) Million Dollar Legs (1939) - Frederick Day, Dean Wixby's Secretary (uncredited) Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939) - Mark Hansen (uncredited) The Spellbinder (1939) - J.J. Henkins - Auditor (uncredited) Mutiny on the Blackhawk (1939) - Coombs - a Sailor In Name Only (1939) - Owen - Clerk (uncredited) Girl from Rio (1939) - William Wilson The Man They Could Not Hang (1939) - Lang Hawaiian Nights (1939) - Evans (uncredited) A Woman Is the Judge (1939) - Ballistic Expert (uncredited) Sabotage (1939) - Henry - Husband of Laura Austin (uncredited) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Hopper's Secretary (uncredited) Television Spy (1939) - William Sheldon Beware Spooks! (1939) - Bank Cashier (uncredited) Bad Little Angel (1939) - New Sentinel Editor (uncredited) The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) - Hospital Attendant (uncredited) Heroes of the Saddle (1940) - Superintendent Melloney Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) - Politician (uncredited) The Saint's Double Trouble (1940) - Ephraim Byrd (uncredited) Parole Fixer (1940) - Florist (uncredited) Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940, Serial) - Professor Drok Curtain Call (1940) - Theater Group Director (uncredited) The Man with Nine Lives (1940) - Dr. Bassett Edison, the Man (1940) - Edwin Hall Opened by Mistake (1940) - Roger Weatherby (uncredited) Untamed (1940) - Nels (uncredited) Three Faces West (1940) - Joe Stebbins (uncredited) The Great McGinty (1940) - Governor's Secretary (uncredited) Golden Gloves (1940) - Hemingway (uncredited) Boom Town (1940) - Geologist (uncredited) I Want a Divorce (1940) - Secretary (uncredited) Good Bad Boys (1940, Short) - Mr. Stephens - Store Proprietor (uncredited) Sky Murder (1940) - Kuse Arizona (1940) - Pete Kitchen Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Amos Dr. Kildare's Crisis (1940) - Orderly at Emergency Switchboard (uncredited) Behind the News (1940) - John - Alcoholic Father (uncredited) Ridin' on a Rainbow (1941) - Matt 'Pop' Evans Blonde Inspiration (1941) - Hutchins' Associate (uncredited) Meet Boston Blackie (1941) - Blind Man (uncredited) The Penalty (1941) - Bank Manager (uncredited) Man Made Monster (1941) - Alienist #2 Sis Hopkins (1941) - Joe Roar of the Press (1941) - Eddie Tate (uncredited) Under Age (1941) - Downey The Gay Vagabond (1941) - Vogel She Knew All the Answers (1941) - Man in the Elevator (uncredited) Sweetheart of the Campus (1941) - Dr. Bailey I Was a Prisoner on Devil's Island (1941) - Presidente Judge (uncredited) The Deadly Game (1941) - Motel Manager Mystery Ship (1941) - Wasserman Helping Hands (1941, Short) - Head of the civilian counsel The Stork Pays Off (1941) - Teacher (uncredited) You Belong to Me (1941) - Delaney (uncredited) Come Back, Miss Pipps (1941, Short) - Attorney Arthur Prince (uncredited) Ellery Queen and the Murder Ring (1941) - Male Nurse (uncredited) The Night of January 16th (1941) - Jeweler (uncredited) H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941) - Curtis Cole (uncredited) Sullivan's Travels (1941) - Mr. Johnny Valdelle Dude Cowboy (1941) - Frank Adams Harvard, Here I Come! (1941) - Prof. Alvin Road to Happiness (1941) - Jackson Bedtime Story (1941) - First Hotel Clerk (uncredited) Remember the Day (1941) - Mr. Blanton - Photographer (uncredited) Man from Headquarters (1942) - Hotel Manager Clark The Power of God (1942) - Dr. Bradden The Adventures of Martin Eden (1942) - Smithers (uncredited) Reap the Wild Wind (1942) - Bixby (uncredited) Who Is Hope Schuyler? (1942) - George Fingers at the Window (1942) - Bird Man (uncredited) The Tuttles of Tahiti (1942) - Assistant Bank Manager (uncredited) A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) - Freddy Froelich (uncredited) The Panther's Claw (1942) - Everett P. Digberry Pacific Rendezvous (1942) - Decoding Room Clerk (uncredited) Flying with Music (1942) - Horace Willpott, Travel Guide (uncredited) Miss Annie Rooney (1942) - Mr. Randall (uncredited) The Magnificent Dope (1942) - Fifth Man to Leave Class (uncredited) Sabotage Squad (1942) - Suspect (uncredited) The Palm Beach Story (1942) - Jewelry Salesman (uncredited) The Man in the Trunk (1942) - Man at Auction (uncredited) Apache Trail (1942) - Clerk (uncredited) The Forest Rangers (1942) - Collector (uncredited) Wrecking Crew (1942) - Mission Worker Quiet Please, Murder (1942) - Edmund Walpole (uncredited) Stand by for Action (1942) - Pharmacist's Mate 'Doc' Miller Margin for Error (1943) - Drug Store Clerk (uncredited) The Human Comedy (1943) - Mr. Blenton - Track Coach (uncredited) Hoppy Serves a Writ (1943) - Danvers - Hardware Store Proprietor Dixie Dugan (1943) - Secretary Hangmen Also Die! (1943) - Bartos The Falcon Strikes Back (1943) - Mr. Argyle - Hotel Clerk (uncredited) Shantytown (1943) - Politician (uncredited) Dr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943) - Father (uncredited) The Black Raven (1943) - Horace Weatherby Coney Island (1943) - Organist at Wedding (uncredited) Henry Aldrich Swings It (1943) - Drugstore Owner (uncredited) Appointment in Berlin (1943) - Herr Van Leyden (uncredited) First Comes Courage (1943) - Norwegian Shopkeeper (uncredited) Hi Diddle Diddle (1943) - Watson Silver Spurs (1943) - Justice of the Peace The Adventures of a Rookie (1943) - Mr. Linden (uncredited) So Proudly We Hail! (1943) - Mr. Larson (uncredited) The Kansan (1943) - Ed Tracy (uncredited) Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943) - Rimplemayer (uncredited) In Old Oklahoma (1943) - Wilkins The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1943) - McGinty's Secretary (uncredited) What a Woman! (1943) - Buxton Hotel Clerk (uncredited) Beautiful But Broke (1944) - Maxwell McKay Lady in the Death House (1944) - Mr. Avery (uncredited) The Whistler (1944) - Flophouse Desk Clerk (uncredited) Gambler's Choice (1944) - Phony Robbery Victim (uncredited) Once Upon a Time (1944) - Theatregoer (uncredited) Ministry of Fear (1944) - Mr. Newby (uncredited) Stars on Parade (1944) - Mr. Barker (uncredited) Ladies of Washington (1944) - Desk Clerk (uncredited) 3 Men in White (1944) - Technician (uncredited) A Night of Adventure (1944) - Battersby, Glove Expert (uncredited) Roger Touhy, Gangster (1944) - Court Clerk (uncredited) Take It Big (1944) - Mr. Jones (uncredited) Henry Aldrich's Little Secret (1944) - Bill Collector Since You Went Away (1944) - High School Principal (uncredited) Summer Storm (1944) - Clerk in Newspaper Office (uncredited) The Great Moment (1944) - Morton's Clinic Manager (uncredited) Swing in the Saddle (1944) - Sheriff Mort Tucker Maisie Goes to Reno (1944) - Dr. Joe Carter - Psychiatrist (uncredited) When Strangers Marry (1944) - Albert Foster (uncredited) Casanova Brown (1944) - Fletcher (uncredited) Marriage Is a Private Affair (1944) - Ned Bolton Ever Since Venus (1944) - Henley, the Druggist (uncredited) Barbary Coast Gent (1944) - Assayer H.E. Holcomb (uncredited) Dark Mountain (1944) - Harvey Bates Music in Manhattan (1944) - Ticket Agent (uncredited) An American Romance (1944) - High School Principal (uncredited) Mrs. Parkington (1944) - Norman Vance (uncredited) Girl Rush (1944) - Oscar - Hotel Proprietor (uncredited) Mystery of the River Boat (1944, Serial) - Dr. H. Hartman Enemy of Women (1944) - Krause, Brown Shirt And Now Tomorrow (1944) - Clerk (uncredited) Music for Millions (1944) - Mr. Perkins (uncredited) Let's Go Steady (1945) - Waldemar Oates (uncredited) Grissly's Millions (1945) - Fred Palmor Adventures of Kitty O'Day (1945) - Roberts Brewster's Millions (1945) - Attorney Lyons (uncredited) Circumstantial Evidence (1945) - Bolger It's in the Bag! (1945) - Mr. Teckler (uncredited) The Master Key (1945, Serial) - Prof. Elwood Henderson Don Juan Quilligan (1945) - Dr. Spenser, DDS (uncredited) Wonder Man (1945) - Deli Customer (uncredited) Blonde from Brooklyn (1945) - Harvey (uncredited) The Cheaters (1945) - Process Server (uncredited) The Hidden Eye (1945) - Burton Lorrison Arson Squad (1945) - Amos Baxter Week-End at the Waldorf (1945) - Joe - Chip's Barber (uncredited) Sensation Hunters (1945) - Mark Rogers Voice of the Whistler (1945) - Georgie (uncredited) Cornered (1945) - Hotel Night Clerk (uncredited) Snafu (1945) - Phil Ford Follow That Woman (1945) - Orville (uncredited) Scarlet Street (1945) - Jones - Apartment Manager (uncredited) Adventure (1945) - Mr. Littleton (uncredited) People Are Funny (1946) - Mr. Button (uncredited) Deadline at Dawn (1946) - Night Attendant (uncredited) Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) - Mr. Henderson (uncredited) Sentimental Journey (1946) - Mr. Tweedy (uncredited) Just Before Dawn (1946) - Harris, Makeup Man (uncredited) House of Horrors (1946) - Mr. Samuels (uncredited) Blonde Alibi (1946) - Wilson (uncredited) The Hoodlum Saint (1946) - J. Cornwall Travers (uncredited) Two Sisters from Boston (1946) - Recording Technician (uncredited) The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) - Picnic Manager (uncredited) The French Key (1946) - Peabody Suspense (1946) - Cab Driver at Lodge (uncredited) The Mysterious Mr. M (1946, Serial) - Wetherby / Mr. M Courage of Lassie (1946) - Dr. Coleman (uncredited) The Secret of the Whistler (1946) - Jorgensen (uncredited) Plainsman and the Lady (1946) - Mr. Simmons Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946) - Simon Little Magnificent Doll (1946) - Politician (uncredited) Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) - Frohman's Secretary (uncredited) San Quentin (1946) - Mr. Dixon, Coffee Shop Proprietor (uncredited) The Show-Off (1946) - Mr. Jenkins (uncredited) It's a Joke, Son! (1947) - Groceryman Easy Come, Easy Go (1947) - Sporting Goods Shop Owner (uncredited) The Michigan Kid (1947) - Mr. Porter Bells of San Fernando (1947) - Francisco Garcia, Mission Blacksmith Stallion Road (1947) - (uncredited) Hard Boiled Mahoney (1947) - Prof. Quizard Love and Learn (1947) - The Bridegroom (uncredited) The Adventures of Don Coyote (1947) - Henry Felton Fun on a Weekend (1947) - Man at Lunch Counter (uncredited) Too Many Winners (1947) - Ben Edwards/Claude Bates The Long Night (1947) - Man with Bike (uncredited) The Trouble with Women (1947) - Little Thin Man (uncredited) They Won't Believe Me (1947) - Harry Bascomb - Mortician (uncredited) Second Chance (1947) - Emery (uncredited) Unconquered (1947) - Townsman (uncredited) Song of Love (1947) - Bailiff (uncredited) Linda, Be Good (1947) - Bookshop Owner The Chinese Ring (1947) - Armstrong Arch of Triumph (1948) - Policeman at Accident (uncredited) Relentless (1948) - Assayer (uncredited) The Bride Goes Wild (1948) - Max (uncredited) Borrowed Trouble (1948) - Mike the Bartender (uncredited) A Southern Yankee (1948) - Mr. Duncan (scenes deleted) They Live by Night (1948) - Lambert Out of the Storm (1948) - Al Weinstock I Surrender Dear (1948) - George Rogers The Three Musketeers (1948) - Bonacieux (uncredited) The Return of October (1948) - Jonathan Grant (uncredited) The Kissing Bandit (1948) - Grandee (uncredited) He Walked by Night (1948) - Freddie - Bureau of Records and Identification (uncredited) Let's Live a Little (1948) - Mr. Hopkins (uncredited) Trouble Preferred (1948) - O'Rourke (uncredited) I Shot Jesse James (1949) - Silver King Room Clerk Tucson (1949) - Elkins (uncredited) Streets of Laredo (1949) - Artist Who Draws Reming (uncredited) Arson, Inc. (1949) - Thomas Peyson Mighty Joe Young (1949) - Mr. Jones (uncredited) Satan's Cradle (1949) - Henry Lane,The Preacher The Dalton Gang (1949) - Amos Boling Chinatown at Midnight (1949) - Greer Pharmacy Druggist Dancing in the Dark (1949) - Stephen (uncredited) Red Desert (1949) - Sparky Jackson Samson and Delilah (1949) - (uncredited) The Inspector General (1949) - Burbis (uncredited) Key to the City (1950) - Custodian (uncredited) The Girl from San Lorenzo (1950) - Ross, station agent Riding High (1950) - Maitre d' (uncredited) Salt Lake Raiders (1950) - John Sutton - Lawyer Champagne for Caesar (1950) - Gerald Union Station (1950) - Horace - Baggage Clerk (uncredited) The Return of Jesse James (1950) - Rufe Dakin Dark City (1950) - Motel Manager (uncredited) To Please a Lady (1950) - Shoe Fitter (uncredited) Experiment Alcatraz (1950) - Jim Carlton - Realtor The Cisco Kid (1950-1954, TV Series) - Claude Bobkins Jr. / Harley, Bank president Gasoline Alley (1951) - Charles D. Haven Lightning Strikes Twice (1951) - Hummel, Hotel Clerk (uncredited) Home Town Story (1951) - Berny Miles Best of the Badmen (1951) - Judge (uncredited) Disc Jockey (1951) - Clerk (uncredited) FBI Girl (1951) - Morgue Attendant The Sea Hornet (1951) - Clerk Superman and the Mole Men (1951) - Jeff Reagan (uncredited) The Steel Fist (1952) - Prof. Kardin Rose of Cimarron (1952) - Coroner Mutiny (1952) - Chairman Parson's Secretary (uncredited) My Six Convicts (1952) - Dr. Brint - Dentist Hold That Line (1952) - Mathematics Professor Grog (uncredited) The Sniper (1952) - Peter Eureka (uncredited) Skirts Ahoy! (1952) - Tearoom Manager (uncredited) Apache Country (1952) - Secretary Bartlett (uncredited) Cripple Creek (1952) - S. Hawkins - Undertaker (uncredited) We're Not Married! (1952) - Marriage License Bureau Clerk (uncredited) The Star (1952) - Druggist (uncredited) Ellis in Freedomland (1952) - Watchman The Magnetic Monster (1953) - Mr. Simon I Love Lucy (1953) S2E25 “Lucy’s Last Birthday” - Leader of the band Confidentially Connie (1953) - Prof. Rosenberg (uncredited) A Perilous Journey (1953) - Martin, Desk Clerk (uncredited) Run for the Hills (1953) - Mr. Simpson Gun Belt (1953) - The Hotel Clerk (uncredited) Cruisin' Down the River (1953) - Ben Fisher (uncredited) Bandits of the West (1953) - Eric Strikler The Moonlighter (1953) - Mr. Gurley (uncredited) Paris Model (1953) - Ernest Boggs The Flaming Urge (1953) - A. Horace Pender The Rocket Man (1954) - Card Player Wearing Glasses (uncredited) Silver Lode (1954) - Prescott (uncredited) Cattle Queen of Montana (1954) - Land Office Clerk The Scarlet Coat (1955) - Man with Delivery for Mr. Moody (uncredited) The Spoilers (1955) - Montrose At Gunpoint (1955) - Larry, the Teller (uncredited) Thunder Over Arizona (1956) - Byron (uncredited) You Can't Run Away from It (1956) - Billings, Andrews' Secretary The Desperados Are in Town (1956) - Jim Day The Young Stranger (1957) - Mr. Doyle (uncredited) Curfew Breakers (1957) - School Principal The Phantom Stagecoach (1957) - Mr. Fenshaw (uncredited) The River's Edge (1957) - Floyd Barry The Iron Sheriff (1937) - Jed - Court Clerk (uncredited) Sierra Stranger (1957) - Claim Clerk Kelso Dino (1957) - Gas Station Attendant (uncredited) The Buckskin Lady (1957) - Latham Gun Battle at Monterey (1957) - Carson Up in Smoke (1957) - Mr. Bubb Man from God's Country (1958) - Will Potter (uncredited) Going Steady (1958) - Mr. George Potter The Long, Hot Summer (1958) - Harris (uncredited) Terror in a Texas Town (1958) - The Minister (uncredited) Onionhead (1958) - Funeral Director (scenes deleted) King of the Wild Stallions (1959) - A.B. Orcutt High School Big Shot (1959) - Mr. Mathews The Rebel Set (1959) - Conductor, Chicago Train Ma Barker's Killer Brood (1960) - Dr. Guelffe Twelve Hours to Kill (1960) - Selby Gardner Devil's Partner (1961) - Papers Pocketful of Miracles (1961) - Lloyd (uncredited) Ride the High Country (1962) - Abner Samson (uncredited) Son of Flubber (1963) - Proprietor (uncredited) Who's Minding the Store? (1963) - Bargain Sale Department Manager (uncredited) Guns of Diablo (1964) - Bit Part (uncredited) Marriage on the Rocks (1965) - Mr. Bruno (uncredited) The Swinger (1966) - Court Clerk (uncredited) The Spirit Is Willing (1967) - Drug Store Owner (uncredited) The Gnome-Mobile (1967) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited) Blackbeard's Ghost (1968) - Mr. Harrison - First Bidder (uncredited) Hook, Line & Sinker (1969) - Funeral Director (uncredited) The Love War (1970, TV Movie) - Will The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County (1970) - Rev. Marshall There Was a Crooked Man... (1970) - Member of Town Council (uncredited) (final film role) References ^ "Utah, County Marriages, 1871-1941", microfilm images of original Utah marriage license and certificate of Byron Kay Foulger and Dorothy I. Adams, license number 49300, April 13, 1926, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah. Retrieved via archives of FamilySearch, Salt Lake City, Utah. ^ Byron Kay Foulger was born August 27, 1898, not in 1899. The 1898 birth year is confirmed in images of original federal, state, and county government records available for viewing without subscription in the online archives of FamilySearch; retrieved August 15, 2022. Some of those records include Foulger's entry in the "United States Census of 1900" for Ogden, Utah, June 11, 1900; his 1917 WWI military registration card; his 1926 application for a marriage license in Salt Lake City, Utah; and his records in both the "United States Veterans Administration Master Index" and the "United States Social Security Death Index". The birth year 1898 is also cited on Byron K. Foulger's memorial plaque at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Los Angeles County, California. See a photograph of that plaque on the Find a Grave website. An "1899" error in his entry in the "California Death Index, 1940-1997" may account for this incorrect year being perpetuated in many secondary sources. ^ "Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910–Population", image of original enumeration page for Ogden City, Weber County, Utah, April 26, 1910, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; "Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920–Population", Ogden City, Weber County, Utah, January 13, 1920. Retrieved via online FamilySearch archives, August 22, 2022. ^ "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Census Records (Worldwide), 1914–1960", database, household of Arthur Kay Foulger, 1914; FamilySearch, Salt Lake City, Utah, Retrieved August 22, 2022. ^ a b c d e Erickson, Hal Biography (Allmovie) ^ "Biographies: Latter-day Saint and/or Utah Film Personalities: F". www.ldsfilm.com. ^ IBDB Search ^ Byron Foulger at the Internet Broadway Database ^ Motion Picture Daily, April 28, 1937, p. 6. ^ "Mae West Banned", recording of original broadcast of Mae West on The Chase and Sanborn Hour on NBC Radio, December 12, 1937. Full audio recording retrieved via Internet Archive, August 22, 2022. The "Adam and Eve" segment begins at 19:55 of the 55:55 recording. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byron Foulger. Byron Foulger at the Internet Broadway Database Byron Foulger at IMDb Byron Foulger at AllMovie Byron Foulger at the TCM Movie Database Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"}],"text":"Byron Kay Foulger (August 27, 1898 – April 4, 1970) was an American character actor who over a 50-year career performed in hundreds of stage, film, and television productions.","title":"Byron Foulger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ogden, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1910-1920Census-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJCL1914_census-4"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"community theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amgbio-5"},{"link_name":"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Ogden, Utah, Byron was the second of four children of Annie Elizabeth (née Ingebertsen) of Norway and Arthur Kay Foulger, a native of Utah who worked as a carpenter for the region's railroad company.[3][4] Byron completed his primary and secondary education in local public schools before enrolling at the University of Utah, where he started acting through his participation in community theatre.[5] Foulger was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[6]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Medea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea_(play)"},{"link_name":"Moroni Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroni_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Great White 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Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Patty Duke Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patty_Duke_Show"},{"link_name":"The Monkees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"},{"link_name":"The Beverly Hillbillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies"},{"link_name":"The Addams Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dennis the 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War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_War"},{"link_name":"There Was a Crooked Man...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Was_a_Crooked_Man..._(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cockeyed_Cowboys_of_Calico_County"}],"text":"Foulger made his Broadway debut in March 1920 in a production of Medea featuring Moroni Olsen, and performed in four more productions with Olsen on the \"Great White Way\",[7] back-to-back, ending in April 1922.[8] He then toured with Olsen's stock company.[5]By the early 1930s, Foulger was working at the Pasadena Playhouse as an actor, assistant director, and director.[9] In 1932 he began performing in films, initially in bit parts. His first three screen appearances are in Night World (1932), The Little Minister (1934), and The President's Mystery (1936), the latter based on a story by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He also starred in an exploitation film, It's All in Your Mind (1937, released 1938), in which Foulger, a timid bookkeeper, samples the fast life of nightclubs and parties. Byron Foulger's motion picture career, however, did not begin in earnest until 1937, after he performed in December of that year on NBC Radio opposite Mae West in a racy \"Adam and Eve\" sketch on the network's popular variety program The Chase and Sanborn Hour.[citation needed] That sketch and another performance by West with Charlie McCarthy during a later segment of the same program resulted in her being banned from NBC programming until 1950.[10] Foulger, who provided the voice of the serpent in the controversial biblical parody, was not banned for his brief supporting role; instead, his association with the sketch brought him widespread media attention and greater audience recognition. From that point on, he worked steadily in motion pictures.Foulger played many parts–storekeepers, hotel desk clerks, morticians, professors, bank tellers, ministers, confidence men, and a host of other characterizations–usually timid, whining, weak-willed, shifty, sanctimonious, or sycophantic. His earliest films show him clean-shaven, but in the 1940s, he adopted a wispy mustache that emphasized his characters' worried demeanor. When the mustache went gray in the 1950s, he reverted to a clean-shaven look. Foulger was a resourceful actor, and often embellished his scripted lines with memorable bits of business; in The Falcon Strikes Back, for example, hotel clerk Foulger announces a homicide by bellowing across the lobby: \"Mur-der! Mur-der!'In real life, Foulger was not as much of a pushover as the characters he played. In one memorable incident at a party, he threatened to punch Errol Flynn for flirting with his wife, actress Dorothy Adams, to whom he was married from 1921 until his death in 1970.[5]In the 1940s, Foulger was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial \"stock company\" of character actors, appearing in five films written by Sturges, The Great McGinty, Sullivan's Travels, The Palm Beach Story, The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (recreating the role of McGinty's secretary he played in The Great McGinty), and The Great Moment. In A pictures, such as those of Sturges', Foulger often received no screen credit; in B movies such as 1939's The Man They Could Not Hang, he got more substantial, billed parts.[5]By the late 1950s, Foulger was so well established as a mild-mannered worrywart that just the showing of his face would receive a welcoming audience laugh (as in the cameo-laden Frank Capra comedy Pocketful of Miracles). In a humorous coup, the actor was cast against type for the most prominent role of his career; he played the Devil opposite The Bowery Boys in Up in Smoke, and was billed in advertisements and posters as one of the film's three stars.Beginning in 1950, Foulger made more than 90 appearances on television, in such programs as Death Valley Days, I Love Lucy, The Cisco Kid, My Little Margie, The Man Behind the Badge, The Lone Ranger, Maverick, Lawman, The Red Skelton Show, Rawhide, Wagon Train, Bonanza, Burke's Law, Daniel Boone, Hazel, The Patty Duke Show, The Monkees, Perry Mason, Laredo, Gunsmoke, and in 1965, The Beverly Hillbillies and The Addams Family. He played multiple-episode characters on Dennis the Menace (Mr. Timberlake), Lassie (Dan Porter) and The Andy Griffith Show (Fred, the hotel clerk). On Petticoat Junction he played two recurring roles: Mr. Guerney and engineer Wendell Gibbs.His notable later television credits include the 1959 Twilight Zone episode \"Walking Distance\" in which actor Gig Young tells Foulger, who is portraying a drugstore counterman, that he thinks he has seen him before, to which Foulger replies, \"I've got that kind of face.\"[5] A few examples of his other credits on television are his performances in the short-lived comedies My Mother the Car (as one of the villain's browbeaten advisors) and Captain Nice (as the hero's often silent father), as well as in two episodes of the crime drama The Mod Squad in 1968 and 1969.Foulger's last performances were released in 1970, the year he died. They include the made-for-TV movie The Love War and in the feature films There Was a Crooked Man... and The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Foulger, at age 71, died of heart problems in Hollywood on April 4, 1970.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_World_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"The Little Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Minister_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"The President's Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_President%27s_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Larceny on the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny_on_the_Air"},{"link_name":"The Devil Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy_(serial)"},{"link_name":"History Is Made at 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Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Are_Funny_(film)"},{"link_name":"Deadline at Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_at_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Breakfast in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_in_Hollywood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sentimental Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_Journey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Just Before Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Before_Dawn_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"House of Horrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Horrors"},{"link_name":"Blonde Alibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_Alibi"},{"link_name":"The Hoodlum Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoodlum_Saint"},{"link_name":"Two Sisters from Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Sisters_from_Boston"},{"link_name":"The Postman Always Rings Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_Always_Rings_Twice_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"The French Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Key"},{"link_name":"Suspense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspense_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mysterious Mr. M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysterious_Mr._M"},{"link_name":"Courage of Lassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_of_Lassie"},{"link_name":"The Secret of the Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Whistler"},{"link_name":"Plainsman and the Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainsman_and_the_Lady"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy vs. Cueball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy_vs._Cueball"},{"link_name":"Magnificent Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificent_Doll"},{"link_name":"Till the Clouds Roll By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_the_Clouds_Roll_By"},{"link_name":"San Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"The Show-Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show-Off_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"It's a Joke, Son!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Joke,_Son!"},{"link_name":"Easy Come, Easy Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Come,_Easy_Go_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"The Michigan Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Michigan_Kid"},{"link_name":"Bells of San Fernando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells_of_San_Fernando"},{"link_name":"Stallion Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stallion_Road"},{"link_name":"Hard Boiled Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Boiled_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Love and Learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Learn_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Don Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Don_Coyote_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fun on a Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_on_a_Weekend"},{"link_name":"Too Many Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Many_Winners"},{"link_name":"The Long Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Night_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"The Trouble with Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Women_(film)"},{"link_name":"They Won't Believe Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Won%27t_Believe_Me"},{"link_name":"Second Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chance_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Unconquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconquered_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Song of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Love_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Linda, Be Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda,_Be_Good"},{"link_name":"The Chinese Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Ring"},{"link_name":"Arch of Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Relentless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bride Goes Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_Goes_Wild"},{"link_name":"Borrowed Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowed_Trouble"},{"link_name":"A Southern Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Southern_Yankee"},{"link_name":"They Live by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Live_by_Night"},{"link_name":"Out of the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Storm_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"I Surrender Dear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Surrender_Dear_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"The Return of October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_October"},{"link_name":"The Kissing Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kissing_Bandit_(film)"},{"link_name":"He Walked by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Walked_by_Night"},{"link_name":"Let's Live a Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Live_a_Little"},{"link_name":"Trouble Preferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_Preferred"},{"link_name":"I Shot Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shot_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Streets of Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Laredo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arson, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Mighty Joe Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Satan's Cradle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%27s_Cradle"},{"link_name":"The Dalton Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalton_Gang_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chinatown at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown_at_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Dark_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Samson and Delilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"The Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inspector_General_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"Key to the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_to_the_City_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl from San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_San_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"Riding High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_High_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Champagne for Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_for_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Return of Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Dark City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_City_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"To Please a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Please_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Experiment Alcatraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_Alcatraz"},{"link_name":"The Cisco Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gasoline Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_Alley_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Lightning Strikes Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Strikes_Twice_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Home Town Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Town_Story"},{"link_name":"Best of the Badmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Badmen"},{"link_name":"Disc Jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_Jockey_(film)"},{"link_name":"FBI Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Sea Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Superman and the Mole Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_and_the_Mole_Men"},{"link_name":"The Steel Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steel_Fist"},{"link_name":"Rose of Cimarron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Cimarron_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"My Six Convicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Six_Convicts"},{"link_name":"Hold That Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_That_Line"},{"link_name":"The Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sniper_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Skirts Ahoy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts_Ahoy!"},{"link_name":"Apache Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Country"},{"link_name":"Cripple Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_(film)"},{"link_name":"We're Not Married!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_Not_Married!"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"The Magnetic Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnetic_Monster"},{"link_name":"I Love Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Confidentially Connie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentially_Connie"},{"link_name":"A Perilous Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Perilous_Journey"},{"link_name":"Run for the Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_the_Hills"},{"link_name":"Gun Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Belt_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cruisin' Down the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruisin%27_Down_the_River"},{"link_name":"Bandits of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandits_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"The Moonlighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moonlighter"},{"link_name":"Paris Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Model"},{"link_name":"The Flaming Urge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flaming_Urge"},{"link_name":"The Rocket Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocket_Man_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Silver Lode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lode_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cattle Queen of Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_Queen_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"The Scarlet Coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Coat"},{"link_name":"The Spoilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spoilers_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"At Gunpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Gunpoint"},{"link_name":"Thunder Over Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Over_Arizona"},{"link_name":"You Can't Run Away from It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Run_Away_from_It"},{"link_name":"The Desperados Are in Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desperados_Are_in_Town"},{"link_name":"The Young Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Stranger"},{"link_name":"Curfew Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_Breakers"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"The River's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"The Iron Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Sierra Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Stranger"},{"link_name":"Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Buckskin Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buckskin_Lady"},{"link_name":"Gun Battle at Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Battle_at_Monterey"},{"link_name":"Up in Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_in_Smoke_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Bubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"Man from God's Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_from_God%27s_Country"},{"link_name":"Going Steady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Steady_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"The Long, Hot Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long,_Hot_Summer"},{"link_name":"Terror in a Texas Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_in_a_Texas_Town"},{"link_name":"Onionhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onionhead"},{"link_name":"King of the Wild Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Wild_Stallions"},{"link_name":"High School Big Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Big_Shot"},{"link_name":"The Rebel Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rebel_Set"},{"link_name":"Ma Barker's Killer Brood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Barker%27s_Killer_Brood"},{"link_name":"Twelve Hours to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Hours_to_Kill"},{"link_name":"Devil's Partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Partner"},{"link_name":"Pocketful of Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocketful_of_Miracles"},{"link_name":"Ride the High Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_the_High_Country"},{"link_name":"Son of Flubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Flubber"},{"link_name":"Who's Minding the Store?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Minding_the_Store%3F"},{"link_name":"Guns of Diablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_of_Diablo"},{"link_name":"Marriage on the Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_on_the_Rocks"},{"link_name":"The Swinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swinger"},{"link_name":"The Spirit Is Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_Is_Willing"},{"link_name":"The Gnome-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gnome-Mobile"},{"link_name":"Blackbeard's Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard%27s_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Hook, Line & Sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook,_Line_%26_Sinker_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"The Love War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_War"},{"link_name":"The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cockeyed_Cowboys_of_Calico_County"},{"link_name":"There Was a Crooked Man...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Was_a_Crooked_Man..._(1970_film)"}],"text":"Night World (1932) - Mr. Baby / Nightclub Patron (uncredited) (film debut)\nThe Little Minister (1934) - Villager at Stabbing (uncredited)\nThe President's Mystery (1936) - Minor Role (uncredited)\nLarceny on the Air (1937) - Pete Andorka\nThe Devil Diamond (1937) - Ole-Houseboy\nDick Tracy (1937, Serial) as Korvitch [Chs. 1, 12]\nHistory Is Made at Night (1937) - Vail Employee Reading from Newspaper (uncredited)\nMake Way for Tomorrow (1937) - Mr. Dale (uncredited)\nA Day at the Races (1937) - Racetrack Spectator (uncredited)\nThe Devil Is Driving (1937) - Mr. Muller (uncredited)\nThe Prisoner of Zenda (1937) - Johann (uncredited)\nIt Happened in Hollywood (1937) - Chet (uncredited)\nLuck of Roaring Camp (1937) - Kentuck\nThe Duke Comes Back (1937) - Peters\nTrue Confession (1937) - Ballistic Expert (uncredited)\nBorn to Be Wild (1938) - Husband\nKing of the Newsboys (1938) - Gazette Owner (uncredited)\nIt's All in Your Mind (1938) - Wilbur Crane\nTest Pilot (1938) - Designer (uncredited)\nThe Lady in the Morgue (1938) - Al Horn (uncredited)\nCrime Ring (1938) - George Myles (uncredited)\nDelinquent Parents (1938) - Herbert Ellis\nSmashing the Rackets (1938) - Alverson - Chemist (uncredited)\nTenth Avenue Kid (1938) - Dr. Belknap\nI Am the Law (1938) - Simpson (uncredited)\nYou Can't Take It with You (1938) - Kirby's Assistant (uncredited)\nThe Mad Miss Manton (1938) - Assistant News Editor (uncredited)\nThe Spider's Web (1938, Serial) - Allen Roberts\nA Man to Remember (1938) - Bank Teller (uncredited)\nTarnished Angel (1938) - Second Cripple\nGangster's Boy (1938) - District Attorney's Secretary (uncredited)\nSay It in French (1938) - Swedish Janitor (uncredited)\nI Am a Criminal (1938) - Ed Harper\nSmashing the Spy Ring (1938) - Schuster aka Quirk (uncredited)\nMystery of the White Room (1939) - The Coroner (uncredited)\nLet Us Live (1939) - Defense Attorney (uncredited)\nStreets of New York (1939) - 'Murderer' in Classroom (uncredited)\nUnion Pacific (1939) - Andrew Whipple (uncredited)\nSome Like It Hot (1939) - Radio Announcer (uncredited)\nMissing Daughters (1939) - Bert Ford (uncredited)\nExile Express (1939) - Serge\nThe Girl from Mexico (1939) - Delivery Entrance Guard (uncredited)\nMillion Dollar Legs (1939) - Frederick Day, Dean Wixby's Secretary (uncredited)\nAndy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939) - Mark Hansen (uncredited)\nThe Spellbinder (1939) - J.J. Henkins - Auditor (uncredited)\nMutiny on the Blackhawk (1939) - Coombs - a Sailor\nIn Name Only (1939) - Owen - Clerk (uncredited)\nGirl from Rio (1939) - William Wilson\nThe Man They Could Not Hang (1939) - Lang\nHawaiian Nights (1939) - Evans (uncredited)\nA Woman Is the Judge (1939) - Ballistic Expert (uncredited)\nSabotage (1939) - Henry - Husband of Laura Austin (uncredited)\nMr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Hopper's Secretary (uncredited)\nTelevision Spy (1939) - William Sheldon\nBeware Spooks! (1939) - Bank Cashier (uncredited)\nBad Little Angel (1939) - New Sentinel Editor (uncredited)\nThe Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939) - Hospital Attendant (uncredited)\nHeroes of the Saddle (1940) - Superintendent Melloney\nAbe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) - Politician (uncredited)\nThe Saint's Double Trouble (1940) - Ephraim Byrd (uncredited)\nParole Fixer (1940) - Florist (uncredited)\nFlash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940, Serial) - Professor Drok [Chs. 11-12]\nCurtain Call (1940) - Theater Group Director (uncredited)\nThe Man with Nine Lives (1940) - Dr. Bassett\nEdison, the Man (1940) - Edwin Hall\nOpened by Mistake (1940) - Roger Weatherby (uncredited)\nUntamed (1940) - Nels (uncredited)\nThree Faces West (1940) - Joe Stebbins (uncredited)\nThe Great McGinty (1940) - Governor's Secretary (uncredited)\nGolden Gloves (1940) - Hemingway (uncredited)\nBoom Town (1940) - Geologist (uncredited)\nI Want a Divorce (1940) - Secretary (uncredited)\nGood Bad Boys (1940, Short) - Mr. Stephens - Store Proprietor (uncredited)\nSky Murder (1940) - Kuse\nArizona (1940) - Pete Kitchen\nEllery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Amos\nDr. Kildare's Crisis (1940) - Orderly at Emergency Switchboard (uncredited)\nBehind the News (1940) - John - Alcoholic Father (uncredited)\nRidin' on a Rainbow (1941) - Matt 'Pop' Evans\nBlonde Inspiration (1941) - Hutchins' Associate (uncredited)\nMeet Boston Blackie (1941) - Blind Man (uncredited)\nThe Penalty (1941) - Bank Manager (uncredited)\nMan Made Monster (1941) - Alienist #2\nSis Hopkins (1941) - Joe\nRoar of the Press (1941) - Eddie Tate (uncredited)\nUnder Age (1941) - Downey\nThe Gay Vagabond (1941) - Vogel\nShe Knew All the Answers (1941) - Man in the Elevator (uncredited)\nSweetheart of the Campus (1941) - Dr. Bailey\nI Was a Prisoner on Devil's Island (1941) - Presidente Judge (uncredited)\nThe Deadly Game (1941) - Motel Manager\nMystery Ship (1941) - Wasserman\nHelping Hands (1941, Short) - Head of the civilian counsel\nThe Stork Pays Off (1941) - Teacher (uncredited)\nYou Belong to Me (1941) - Delaney (uncredited)\nCome Back, Miss Pipps (1941, Short) - Attorney Arthur Prince (uncredited)\nEllery Queen and the Murder Ring (1941) - Male Nurse (uncredited)\nThe Night of January 16th (1941) - Jeweler (uncredited)\nH.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941) - Curtis Cole (uncredited)\nSullivan's Travels (1941) - Mr. Johnny Valdelle\nDude Cowboy (1941) - Frank Adams\nHarvard, Here I Come! (1941) - Prof. Alvin\nRoad to Happiness (1941) - Jackson\nBedtime Story (1941) - First Hotel Clerk (uncredited)\nRemember the Day (1941) - Mr. Blanton - Photographer (uncredited)\nMan from Headquarters (1942) - Hotel Manager Clark\nThe Power of God (1942) - Dr. Bradden\nThe Adventures of Martin Eden (1942) - Smithers (uncredited)\nReap the Wild Wind (1942) - Bixby (uncredited)\nWho Is Hope Schuyler? (1942) - George\nFingers at the Window (1942) - Bird Man (uncredited)\nThe Tuttles of Tahiti (1942) - Assistant Bank Manager (uncredited)\nA Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) - Freddy Froelich (uncredited)\nThe Panther's Claw (1942) - Everett P. Digberry\nPacific Rendezvous (1942) - Decoding Room Clerk (uncredited)\nFlying with Music (1942) - Horace Willpott, Travel Guide (uncredited)\nMiss Annie Rooney (1942) - Mr. Randall (uncredited)\nThe Magnificent Dope (1942) - Fifth Man to Leave Class (uncredited)\nSabotage Squad (1942) - Suspect (uncredited)\nThe Palm Beach Story (1942) - Jewelry Salesman (uncredited)\nThe Man in the Trunk (1942) - Man at Auction (uncredited)\nApache Trail (1942) - Clerk (uncredited)\nThe Forest Rangers (1942) - Collector (uncredited)\nWrecking Crew (1942) - Mission Worker\nQuiet Please, Murder (1942) - Edmund Walpole (uncredited)\nStand by for Action (1942) - Pharmacist's Mate 'Doc' Miller\nMargin for Error (1943) - Drug Store Clerk (uncredited)\nThe Human Comedy (1943) - Mr. Blenton - Track Coach (uncredited)\nHoppy Serves a Writ (1943) - Danvers - Hardware Store Proprietor\nDixie Dugan (1943) - Secretary\nHangmen Also Die! (1943) - Bartos\nThe Falcon Strikes Back (1943) - Mr. Argyle - Hotel Clerk (uncredited)\nShantytown (1943) - Politician (uncredited)\nDr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943) - Father (uncredited)\nThe Black Raven (1943) - Horace Weatherby\nConey Island (1943) - Organist at Wedding (uncredited)\nHenry Aldrich Swings It (1943) - Drugstore Owner (uncredited)\nAppointment in Berlin (1943) - Herr Van Leyden (uncredited)\nFirst Comes Courage (1943) - Norwegian Shopkeeper (uncredited)\nHi Diddle Diddle (1943) - Watson\nSilver Spurs (1943) - Justice of the Peace\nThe Adventures of a Rookie (1943) - Mr. Linden (uncredited)\nSo Proudly We Hail! (1943) - Mr. Larson (uncredited)\nThe Kansan (1943) - Ed Tracy (uncredited)\nSweet Rosie O'Grady (1943) - Rimplemayer (uncredited)\nIn Old Oklahoma (1943) - Wilkins\nThe Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1943) - McGinty's Secretary (uncredited)\nWhat a Woman! (1943) - Buxton Hotel Clerk (uncredited)\nBeautiful But Broke (1944) - Maxwell McKay\nLady in the Death House (1944) - Mr. Avery (uncredited)\nThe Whistler (1944) - Flophouse Desk Clerk (uncredited)\nGambler's Choice (1944) - Phony Robbery Victim (uncredited)\nOnce Upon a Time (1944) - Theatregoer (uncredited)\nMinistry of Fear (1944) - Mr. Newby (uncredited)\nStars on Parade (1944) - Mr. Barker (uncredited)\nLadies of Washington (1944) - Desk Clerk (uncredited)\n3 Men in White (1944) - Technician (uncredited)\nA Night of Adventure (1944) - Battersby, Glove Expert (uncredited)\nRoger Touhy, Gangster (1944) - Court Clerk (uncredited)\nTake It Big (1944) - Mr. Jones (uncredited)\nHenry Aldrich's Little Secret (1944) - Bill Collector\nSince You Went Away (1944) - High School Principal (uncredited)\nSummer Storm (1944) - Clerk in Newspaper Office (uncredited)\nThe Great Moment (1944) - Morton's Clinic Manager (uncredited)\nSwing in the Saddle (1944) - Sheriff Mort Tucker\nMaisie Goes to Reno (1944) - Dr. Joe Carter - Psychiatrist (uncredited)\nWhen Strangers Marry (1944) - Albert Foster (uncredited)\nCasanova Brown (1944) - Fletcher (uncredited)\nMarriage Is a Private Affair (1944) - Ned Bolton\nEver Since Venus (1944) - Henley, the Druggist (uncredited)\nBarbary Coast Gent (1944) - Assayer H.E. Holcomb (uncredited)\nDark Mountain (1944) - Harvey Bates\nMusic in Manhattan (1944) - Ticket Agent (uncredited)\nAn American Romance (1944) - High School Principal (uncredited)\nMrs. Parkington (1944) - Norman Vance (uncredited)\nGirl Rush (1944) - Oscar - Hotel Proprietor (uncredited)\nMystery of the River Boat (1944, Serial) - Dr. H. Hartman\nEnemy of Women (1944) - Krause, Brown Shirt\nAnd Now Tomorrow (1944) - Clerk (uncredited)\nMusic for Millions (1944) - Mr. Perkins (uncredited)\nLet's Go Steady (1945) - Waldemar Oates (uncredited)\nGrissly's Millions (1945) - Fred Palmor\nAdventures of Kitty O'Day (1945) - Roberts\nBrewster's Millions (1945) - Attorney Lyons (uncredited)\nCircumstantial Evidence (1945) - Bolger\nIt's in the Bag! (1945) - Mr. Teckler (uncredited)\nThe Master Key (1945, Serial) - Prof. Elwood Henderson\nDon Juan Quilligan (1945) - Dr. Spenser, DDS (uncredited)\nWonder Man (1945) - Deli Customer (uncredited)\nBlonde from Brooklyn (1945) - Harvey (uncredited)\nThe Cheaters (1945) - Process Server (uncredited)\nThe Hidden Eye (1945) - Burton Lorrison\nArson Squad (1945) - Amos Baxter\nWeek-End at the Waldorf (1945) - Joe - Chip's Barber (uncredited)\nSensation Hunters (1945) - Mark Rogers\nVoice of the Whistler (1945) - Georgie (uncredited)\nCornered (1945) - Hotel Night Clerk (uncredited)\nSnafu (1945) - Phil Ford\nFollow That Woman (1945) - Orville (uncredited)\nScarlet Street (1945) - Jones - Apartment Manager (uncredited)\nAdventure (1945) - Mr. Littleton (uncredited)\nPeople Are Funny (1946) - Mr. Button (uncredited)\nDeadline at Dawn (1946) - Night Attendant (uncredited)\nBreakfast in Hollywood (1946) - Mr. Henderson (uncredited)\nSentimental Journey (1946) - Mr. Tweedy (uncredited)\nJust Before Dawn (1946) - Harris, Makeup Man (uncredited)\nHouse of Horrors (1946) - Mr. Samuels (uncredited)\nBlonde Alibi (1946) - Wilson (uncredited)\nThe Hoodlum Saint (1946) - J. Cornwall Travers (uncredited)\nTwo Sisters from Boston (1946) - Recording Technician (uncredited)\nThe Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) - Picnic Manager (uncredited)\nThe French Key (1946) - Peabody\nSuspense (1946) - Cab Driver at Lodge (uncredited)\nThe Mysterious Mr. M (1946, Serial) - Wetherby / Mr. M\nCourage of Lassie (1946) - Dr. Coleman (uncredited)\nThe Secret of the Whistler (1946) - Jorgensen (uncredited)\nPlainsman and the Lady (1946) - Mr. Simmons\nDick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946) - Simon Little\nMagnificent Doll (1946) - Politician (uncredited)\nTill the Clouds Roll By (1946) - Frohman's Secretary (uncredited)\nSan Quentin (1946) - Mr. Dixon, Coffee Shop Proprietor (uncredited)\nThe Show-Off (1946) - Mr. Jenkins (uncredited)\nIt's a Joke, Son! (1947) - Groceryman\nEasy Come, Easy Go (1947) - Sporting Goods Shop Owner (uncredited)\nThe Michigan Kid (1947) - Mr. Porter\nBells of San Fernando (1947) - Francisco Garcia, Mission Blacksmith\nStallion Road (1947) - (uncredited)\nHard Boiled Mahoney (1947) - Prof. Quizard\nLove and Learn (1947) - The Bridegroom (uncredited)\nThe Adventures of Don Coyote (1947) - Henry Felton\nFun on a Weekend (1947) - Man at Lunch Counter (uncredited)\nToo Many Winners (1947) - Ben Edwards/Claude Bates\nThe Long Night (1947) - Man with Bike (uncredited)\nThe Trouble with Women (1947) - Little Thin Man (uncredited)\nThey Won't Believe Me (1947) - Harry Bascomb - Mortician (uncredited)\nSecond Chance (1947) - Emery (uncredited)\nUnconquered (1947) - Townsman (uncredited)\nSong of Love (1947) - Bailiff (uncredited)\nLinda, Be Good (1947) - Bookshop Owner\nThe Chinese Ring (1947) - Armstrong\nArch of Triumph (1948) - Policeman at Accident (uncredited)\nRelentless (1948) - Assayer (uncredited)\nThe Bride Goes Wild (1948) - Max (uncredited)\nBorrowed Trouble (1948) - Mike the Bartender (uncredited)\nA Southern Yankee (1948) - Mr. Duncan (scenes deleted)\nThey Live by Night (1948) - Lambert\nOut of the Storm (1948) - Al Weinstock\nI Surrender Dear (1948) - George Rogers\nThe Three Musketeers (1948) - Bonacieux (uncredited)\nThe Return of October (1948) - Jonathan Grant (uncredited)\nThe Kissing Bandit (1948) - Grandee (uncredited)\nHe Walked by Night (1948) - Freddie - Bureau of Records and Identification (uncredited)\nLet's Live a Little (1948) - Mr. Hopkins (uncredited)\nTrouble Preferred (1948) - O'Rourke (uncredited)\nI Shot Jesse James (1949) - Silver King Room Clerk\nTucson (1949) - Elkins (uncredited)\nStreets of Laredo (1949) - Artist Who Draws Reming (uncredited)\nArson, Inc. (1949) - Thomas Peyson\nMighty Joe Young (1949) - Mr. Jones (uncredited)\nSatan's Cradle (1949) - Henry Lane,The Preacher\nThe Dalton Gang (1949) - Amos Boling\nChinatown at Midnight (1949) - Greer Pharmacy Druggist\nDancing in the Dark (1949) - Stephen (uncredited)\nRed Desert (1949) - Sparky Jackson\nSamson and Delilah (1949) - (uncredited)\nThe Inspector General (1949) - Burbis (uncredited)\nKey to the City (1950) - Custodian (uncredited)\nThe Girl from San Lorenzo (1950) - Ross, station agent\nRiding High (1950) - Maitre d' (uncredited)\nSalt Lake Raiders (1950) - John Sutton - Lawyer\nChampagne for Caesar (1950) - Gerald\nUnion Station (1950) - Horace - Baggage Clerk (uncredited)\nThe Return of Jesse James (1950) - Rufe Dakin\nDark City (1950) - Motel Manager (uncredited)\nTo Please a Lady (1950) - Shoe Fitter (uncredited)\nExperiment Alcatraz (1950) - Jim Carlton - Realtor\nThe Cisco Kid (1950-1954, TV Series) - Claude Bobkins Jr. / Harley, Bank president\nGasoline Alley (1951) - Charles D. Haven\nLightning Strikes Twice (1951) - Hummel, Hotel Clerk (uncredited)\nHome Town Story (1951) - Berny Miles\nBest of the Badmen (1951) - Judge (uncredited)\nDisc Jockey (1951) - Clerk (uncredited)\nFBI Girl (1951) - Morgue Attendant\nThe Sea Hornet (1951) - Clerk\nSuperman and the Mole Men (1951) - Jeff Reagan (uncredited)\nThe Steel Fist (1952) - Prof. Kardin\nRose of Cimarron (1952) - Coroner\nMutiny (1952) - Chairman Parson's Secretary (uncredited)\nMy Six Convicts (1952) - Dr. Brint - Dentist\nHold That Line (1952) - Mathematics Professor Grog (uncredited)\nThe Sniper (1952) - Peter Eureka (uncredited)\nSkirts Ahoy! (1952) - Tearoom Manager (uncredited)\nApache Country (1952) - Secretary Bartlett (uncredited)\nCripple Creek (1952) - S. Hawkins - Undertaker (uncredited)\nWe're Not Married! (1952) - Marriage License Bureau Clerk (uncredited)\nThe Star (1952) - Druggist (uncredited)\nEllis in Freedomland (1952) - Watchman\nThe Magnetic Monster (1953) - Mr. Simon\nI Love Lucy (1953) S2E25 “Lucy’s Last Birthday” - Leader of the band\nConfidentially Connie (1953) - Prof. Rosenberg (uncredited)\nA Perilous Journey (1953) - Martin, Desk Clerk (uncredited)\nRun for the Hills (1953) - Mr. Simpson\nGun Belt (1953) - The Hotel Clerk (uncredited)\nCruisin' Down the River (1953) - Ben Fisher (uncredited)\nBandits of the West (1953) - Eric Strikler\nThe Moonlighter (1953) - Mr. Gurley (uncredited)\nParis Model (1953) - Ernest Boggs\nThe Flaming Urge (1953) - A. Horace Pender\nThe Rocket Man (1954) - Card Player Wearing Glasses (uncredited)\nSilver Lode (1954) - Prescott (uncredited)\nCattle Queen of Montana (1954) - Land Office Clerk\nThe Scarlet Coat (1955) - Man with Delivery for Mr. Moody (uncredited)\nThe Spoilers (1955) - Montrose\nAt Gunpoint (1955) - Larry, the Teller (uncredited)\nThunder Over Arizona (1956) - Byron (uncredited)\nYou Can't Run Away from It (1956) - Billings, Andrews' Secretary\nThe Desperados Are in Town (1956) - Jim Day\nThe Young Stranger (1957) - Mr. Doyle (uncredited)\nCurfew Breakers (1957) - School Principal\nThe Phantom Stagecoach (1957) - Mr. Fenshaw (uncredited)\nThe River's Edge (1957) - Floyd Barry\nThe Iron Sheriff (1937) - Jed - Court Clerk (uncredited)\nSierra Stranger (1957) - Claim Clerk Kelso\nDino (1957) - Gas Station Attendant (uncredited)\nThe Buckskin Lady (1957) - Latham\nGun Battle at Monterey (1957) - Carson\nUp in Smoke (1957) - Mr. Bubb\nMan from God's Country (1958) - Will Potter (uncredited)\nGoing Steady (1958) - Mr. George Potter\nThe Long, Hot Summer (1958) - Harris (uncredited)\nTerror in a Texas Town (1958) - The Minister (uncredited)\nOnionhead (1958) - Funeral Director (scenes deleted)\nKing of the Wild Stallions (1959) - A.B. Orcutt\nHigh School Big Shot (1959) - Mr. Mathews\nThe Rebel Set (1959) - Conductor, Chicago Train\nMa Barker's Killer Brood (1960) - Dr. Guelffe\nTwelve Hours to Kill (1960) - Selby Gardner\nDevil's Partner (1961) - Papers\nPocketful of Miracles (1961) - Lloyd (uncredited)\nRide the High Country (1962) - Abner Samson (uncredited)\nSon of Flubber (1963) - Proprietor (uncredited)\nWho's Minding the Store? (1963) - Bargain Sale Department Manager (uncredited)\nGuns of Diablo (1964) - Bit Part (uncredited)\nMarriage on the Rocks (1965) - Mr. Bruno (uncredited)\nThe Swinger (1966) - Court Clerk (uncredited)\nThe Spirit Is Willing (1967) - Drug Store Owner (uncredited)\nThe Gnome-Mobile (1967) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)\nBlackbeard's Ghost (1968) - Mr. Harrison - First Bidder (uncredited)\nHook, Line & Sinker (1969) - Funeral Director (uncredited)\nThe Love War (1970, TV Movie) - Will\nThe Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County (1970) - Rev. Marshall\nThere Was a Crooked Man... (1970) - Member of Town Council (uncredited) (final film role)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Lamadrid
General La Madrid
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°15′S 61°15′W / 37.250°S 61.250°W / -37.250; -61.250This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "General La Madrid" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGeneral La MadridGeneral La MadridLocation in ArgentinaCoordinates: 37°15′S 61°15′W / 37.250°S 61.250°W / -37.250; -61.250Country ArgentinaProvince Buenos AiresPartidoGeneral La MadridFoundedFebruary 14, 1890Population (2001 census ) • Total7,923CPA BaseB 7406Area code+54 2286 General La Madrid is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative seat of General La Madrid Partido. The settlement was founded on February 14, 1890, by provincial law. Before that time, it was a small trading center known as Centro La Gama, next to a railroad line (Ferrocarril Roca Sud) since 1883. It has a summer resort named Balneario Eduardo Baraboglia made on the shores of the Arroyo Salado, 3 km away from the city. External links Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish) Municipal website (in Spanish) Local News (in Spanish) Authority control databases VIAF This article about a place in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apixaban
Apixaban
["1 Medical uses","1.1 Atrial fibrillation","2 Side effects","2.1 Bleeding","2.2 Spinal puncture","3 Mechanism of action","4 History","5 Society and culture","5.1 Economics","6 References"]
Anticoagulant medication ApixabanClinical dataTrade namesEliquis, othersOther namesBMS-562247-01AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa613032License data US DailyMed: Apixaban Pregnancycategory AU: C Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeB01AF02 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status UK: POM (Prescription only) US: WARNINGRx-only EU: Rx-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability~50%Protein binding~87%MetabolismCYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP1A2 and othersElimination half-life9–14 hExcretionBile duct (75%), kidney (25%)Identifiers IUPAC name 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6--4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolopyridine-3-carboxamide CAS Number503612-47-3 YPubChem CID10182969IUPHAR/BPS6390DrugBankDB07828 YChemSpider8358471 YUNII3Z9Y7UWC1JKEGGD03213 YChEMBLChEMBL231779 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID80436500 ECHA InfoCard100.167.332 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC25H25N5O4Molar mass459.506 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES O=C5N(c4ccc(N3C(=O)c1c(c(nn1c2ccc(OC)cc2)C(=O)N)CC3)cc4)CCCC5 InChI InChI=1S/C25H25N5O4/c1-34-19-11-9-18(10-12-19)30-23-20(22(27-30)24(26)32)13-15-29(25(23)33)17-7-5-16(6-8-17)28-14-3-2-4-21(28)31/h5-12H,2-4,13-15H2,1H3,(H2,26,32) YKey:QNZCBYKSOIHPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y   (verify) Apixaban, sold under the brand name Eliquis, is an anticoagulant medication used to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent stroke in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation through directly inhibiting factor Xa. Specifically, it is used to prevent blood clots following hip or knee replacement and in those with a history of prior clots. It is used as an alternative to warfarin and does not require monitoring by blood tests or dietary restrictions. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include bleeding and nausea. Other side effects may include bleeding around the spine and allergic reactions. Use is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Use appears to be relatively safe in those with mild kidney problems. Compared to warfarin it has fewer interactions with other medications. It is a direct factor Xa inhibitor. In 2007, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb began development of apixaban as an anticoagulant. Apixaban was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2011, and in the United States in December 2012. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 33rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 17 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medication, although not in the United States. Medical uses Apixaban is indicated for the following: To lower the risk of stroke and embolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention. DVTs may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in knee or hip replacement surgery patients. Treatment of both DVT and PE. To reduce the risk of recurring DVT and PE after initial therapy. In the EU, apixaban is indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in adults who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery, the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) with one or more risk factors, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in adults, and for the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. Atrial fibrillation Apixaban is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and at least one of the following risk factors: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, age 75 years or older, diabetes, or symptomatic heart failure. Apixaban and other anticoagulants (dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban) appear equally effective as warfarin in preventing non-hemorrhagic stroke in people with atrial fibrillation and are associated with lower risk of intracranial bleeding. While apixaban may be used in people with severely decreased kidney function and those on hemodialysis it has not been studied in these groups. Side effects Bleeding Apixaban can increase the risk of bleeding which may be serious and potentially fatal. Concurrent use with other medications that affect blood clotting can further increase this risk. This includes medications such as other anticoagulants, heparin, aspirin, antiplatelet medications, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Andexanet alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antidote for apixaban in people with uncontrolled and life-threatening bleeding events. Spinal puncture Following spinal anesthesia or puncture, people who are being treated with anti-thrombotic agents are at higher risk for developing a hematoma, which causes long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of this may be increased by using epidural or intrathecal catheters after a surgical operation or from the concurrent use of medicinal agents that affect hemostasis. Mechanism of action Apixaban is a highly selective, orally bioavailable, and reversible direct inhibitor of free and clot-bound factor Xa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, the final enzyme in the coagulation cascade that is responsible for fibrin clot formation. Apixaban has no direct effect on platelet aggregation, but by inhibiting factor Xa, it indirectly decreases clot formation induced by thrombin. History Apixaban was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2011. A new drug application (NDA) for the approval of apixaban was submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) and Pfizer jointly after conclusion of the ARISTOTLE clinical trial in 2011. Apixaban was approved for the prevention of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation on 28 December 2012. On 13 March 2014, it was approved for the additional indication of preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in people who have recently undergone knee or hip replacement. On 21 August 2014, the FDA approved apixaban for the additional indication of the treatment of recurring deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. During its development the drug was known as BMS-562247-01. By late 2019, sales of the product by BMS accounted for thirty-percent of their quarterly revenue. Society and culture Economics In December 2019, the US FDA approved a generic version of apixaban produced jointly by Mylan and Micro Labs. BMS and Pfizer worked quickly to block generics from being created, and in August 2020, they won a patent infringement lawsuit against Sigmapharm, Sunshine Lake, and Unichem, after previously settling patent cases against 25 other companies. In September 2021, a Federal Circuit Court upheld the ruling. The result is that apixaban generics will most likely not be available in the United States until at least 2026, but possibly 2031. In July 2022, the Canadian generic drug company, Apotex Inc., obtained approval for marketing of apixaban. Apixaban is one of the ten medications proposed for price negotiations in the US under the Inflation Reduction Act. According to Bristol Myers Squibb the average pay per month per patient for Eliquis is US$55. References ^ a b "Apixaban (Eliquis) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "Eliquis 5 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 3 May 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022. ^ a b c d e "Eliquis- apixaban tablet, film coated Eliquis 30-day starter pack- apixaban kit". DailyMed. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b c d "Eliquis EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Apixaban Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 27 March 2019. ^ a b c d British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9780857113382. ^ a b c d "FDA approves first generics of Eliquis". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Hall H (September–October 2020). "How a Drug Is Born". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. ^ Kiser K (2017). Oral Anticoagulation Therapy: Cases and Clinical Correlation. Springer. p. 11. ISBN 9783319546438. ^ "Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer Announce Worldwide Collaboration to Develop and Commercialize Anticoagulant and Metabolic Compounds". Pfizer (Press release). Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2021. ^ a b c "Drug Approval Package: Eliquis (apixaban) NDA #202155". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 13 February 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2019. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ "Apixaban - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 14 January 2024. ^ a b "With Court Win, BMS and Pfizer Stave Off Generic Challengers to Eliquis – For Now". BioSpace. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ "Apixaban for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ Gómez-Outes A, Terleira-Fernández AI, Calvo-Rojas G, Suárez-Gea ML, Vargas-Castrillón E (2013). "Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, or Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Subgroups". Thrombosis. 2013: 640723. doi:10.1155/2013/640723. PMC 3885278. PMID 24455237. ^ Lowenstern A, Al-Khatib SM, Sharan L, Chatterjee R, Allen LaPointe NM, Shah B, et al. (December 2018). "Interventions for Preventing Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 169 (11): 774–787. doi:10.7326/M18-1523. PMC 6825839. PMID 30383133. ^ "Atrial fibrillation and new oral anticoagulant drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2 December 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulant drugs, and their reversal agents". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "No change is needed in use of direct oral anticoagulants following EMA-funded study". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 27 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Andexxa- andexanet alfa injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019. ^ "Andexxa (coagulation factor Xa (recombinant), inactivated-zhzo)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 31 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Frost C, Wang J, Nepal S, Schuster A, Barrett YC, Mosqueda-Garcia R, et al. (February 2013). "Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 75 (2): 476–487. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04369.x. PMC 3558798. PMID 22759198. ^ Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, et al. (September 2011). "Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation". The New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (11): 981–992. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107039. PMID 21870978. S2CID 43262809. ^ Cada DJ, Levien TL, Baker DE (June 2013). "Apixaban". Hospital Pharmacy. 48 (6): 494–509. doi:10.1310/hpj4806-494. PMC 3839491. PMID 24421512. ^ a b "FDA-Approved Drugs: Eliquis (apixaban)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 23 December 2019. ^ Neale T (14 March 2014). "FDA OKs Apixaban for DVT Prevention". MedPage Today. Retrieved 17 September 2015. ^ "U.S. FDA Approves Eliquis (apixaban) for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE), and for the Reduction in the Risk of Recurrent DVT and PE Following Initial Therapy" (Press release). Pfizer. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2016. ^ "Apixaban". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 August 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ a b "FIRST: Mylan, Micro Labs get USFDA nod for generic version of blood thinner Eliquis". Business Medical Dialogues. New Delhi, India: Minerva Medical Treatment. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. ^ "2019 First Generic Drugs Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ "Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Aurobindo Pharma USA Inc". JD Supra. Retrieved 30 November 2021. ^ "Bristol Myers, Pfizer fend off a key challenge to their top-selling heart drug". BioPharma Dive. Retrieved 30 November 2021. ^ "Federal Circuit Crystallizes BMS' Apixaban District Court Win". The National Law Review. Retrieved 30 November 2021. ^ Levy S (1 August 2022). "Apotex offers generic Eliquis in Canada". Drugstore News. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ "First Generic Alternative to Eliquis Now Available in Canada". Apotex (Press release). 20 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2023. ^ Kansteiner F (29 August 2023). "Drugs from J&J, Merck, Novartis, BMS and more set for first round of Medicare price negotiations: CMS". Retrieved 31 August 2023. vteAntithrombotics (thrombolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) (B01)Antiplatelet drugsGlycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide Orbofiban Roxifiban Sibrafiban§ Tirofiban ADP receptor/P2Y12 inhibitors Thienopyridines Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticlopidine Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs Cangrelor Elinogrel Ticagrelor Prostaglandin analogue (PGI2) Beraprost Iloprost Prostacyclin Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin# Aloxiprin Carbasalate calcium Indobufen Triflusal Thromboxane inhibitors Thromboxane synthase inhibitors Dipyridamole (+ aspirin) Picotamide Terbogrel Receptor antagonists Terbogrel Terutroban§ Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cilostazol Dipyridamole Triflusal Other Cloricromen Ditazole Vorapaxar AnticoagulantsVitamin K antagonists(inhibit II, VII, IX, X) Coumarins: Acenocoumarol Coumatetralyl Dicoumarol Ethyl biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon Warfarin# 1,3-Indandiones: Clorindione Diphenadione Phenindione Other: Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors(with some II inhibition)Heparin group/glycosaminoglycans/(bind antithrombin) Low-molecular-weight heparin Bemiparin Certoparin Dalteparin Enoxaparin Nadroparin Parnaparin Reviparin Tinzaparin Oligosaccharides Fondaparinux Idraparinux§ Heparinoids Danaparoid Dermatan sulfate Sulodexide Direct Xa inhibitors ("xabans") Apixaban Betrixaban Darexaban§ Edoxaban Otamixaban§ Rivaroxaban Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors Bivalent: Hirudin Bivalirudin Desirudin Lepirudin‡ Univalent: Argatroban Dabigatran Efegatran Inogatran§ Melagatran‡ Ximelagatran‡ Other Abelacimab Antithrombin III Defibrotide Nafamostat Protein C Drotrecogin alfa‡ Ramatroban REG1 Thrombolytic drugs/fibrinolytics Plasminogen activators: r-tPA Alteplase# Reteplase Tenecteplase Desmoteplase† UPA Saruplase Urokinase Anistreplase Monteplase Streptokinase# Other serine endopeptidases: Ancrod‡ Brinase Fibrinolysin Non-medicinal Citrate EDTA Oxalate #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Portal: Medicine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anticoagulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"},{"link_name":"blood clots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"atrial fibrillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation"},{"link_name":"factor Xa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_Xa#Factor_Xa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_generics-8"},{"link_name":"hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement"},{"link_name":"knee replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_replacement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_generics-8"},{"link_name":"warfarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"by mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-7"},{"link_name":"bleeding around the spine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_hematoma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"breastfeeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-7"},{"link_name":"kidney problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_problems"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNF76-7"},{"link_name":"interactions with other medications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interaction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"direct factor Xa inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_factor_Xa_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_EPAR-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_approval-12"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO22nd-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_generics-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-with-court-win-bms-and-pfizer-16"}],"text":"Apixaban, sold under the brand name Eliquis, is an anticoagulant medication used to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent stroke in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation through directly inhibiting factor Xa.[6][7][8] Specifically, it is used to prevent blood clots following hip or knee replacement and in those with a history of prior clots.[6][8] It is used as an alternative to warfarin and does not require monitoring by blood tests[6] or dietary restrictions.[9] It is taken by mouth.[6]Common side effects include bleeding and nausea.[6][7] Other side effects may include bleeding around the spine and allergic reactions.[6] Use is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[1][7] Use appears to be relatively safe in those with mild kidney problems.[7] Compared to warfarin it has fewer interactions with other medications.[10] It is a direct factor Xa inhibitor.[6]In 2007, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb began development of apixaban as an anticoagulant.[11] Apixaban was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2011, and in the United States in December 2012.[5][6][12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] In 2021, it was the 33rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 17 million prescriptions.[14][15] It is available as a generic medication, although not in the United States.[8][16]","title":"Apixaban"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism"},{"link_name":"atrial fibrillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation"},{"link_name":"Deep vein thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"pulmonary embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_EPAR-5"}],"text":"Apixaban is indicated for the following:[4]To lower the risk of stroke and embolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.\nDeep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention. DVTs may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in knee or hip replacement surgery patients.\nTreatment of both DVT and PE.\nTo reduce the risk of recurring DVT and PE after initial therapy.In the EU, apixaban is indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in adults who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery, the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) with one or more risk factors, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in adults, and for the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults.[5]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"dabigatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabigatran"},{"link_name":"edoxaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoxaban"},{"link_name":"rivaroxaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivaroxaban"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-6"}],"sub_title":"Atrial fibrillation","text":"Apixaban is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and at least one of the following risk factors: prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, age 75 years or older, diabetes, or symptomatic heart failure.[17]Apixaban and other anticoagulants (dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban) appear equally effective as warfarin in preventing non-hemorrhagic stroke in people with atrial fibrillation and are associated with lower risk of intracranial bleeding.[18][19]While apixaban may be used in people with severely decreased kidney function and those on hemodialysis it has not been studied in these groups.[6]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood clotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostasis"},{"link_name":"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Andexanet alfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andexanet_alfa"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"antidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Bleeding","text":"Apixaban can increase the risk of bleeding which may be serious and potentially fatal. Concurrent use with other medications that affect blood clotting can further increase this risk. This includes medications such as other anticoagulants, heparin, aspirin, antiplatelet medications, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[4][20][21][22]Andexanet alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antidote for apixaban in people with uncontrolled and life-threatening bleeding events.[23][24]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma"},{"link_name":"catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"hemostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostasis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_FDA_label-4"}],"sub_title":"Spinal puncture","text":"Following spinal anesthesia or puncture, people who are being treated with anti-thrombotic agents are at higher risk for developing a hematoma, which causes long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of this may be increased by using epidural or intrathecal catheters after a surgical operation or from the concurrent use of medicinal agents that affect hemostasis.[4]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fibrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"platelet aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_aggregation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_FDA_label-4"}],"text":"Apixaban is a highly selective, orally bioavailable, and reversible direct inhibitor of free and clot-bound factor Xa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, the final enzyme in the coagulation cascade that is responsible for fibrin clot formation.[25] Apixaban has no direct effect on platelet aggregation, but by inhibiting factor Xa, it indirectly decreases clot formation induced by thrombin.[4]","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eliquis_EPAR-5"},{"link_name":"new drug application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_drug_application"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_approval-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_approval-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cada-27"},{"link_name":"deep vein thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis"},{"link_name":"pulmonary embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_letters-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_letters-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfizer1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"}],"text":"Apixaban was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2011.[5]A new drug application (NDA) for the approval of apixaban was submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) and Pfizer jointly after conclusion of the ARISTOTLE clinical trial in 2011.[26][12] Apixaban was approved for the prevention of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation on 28 December 2012.[12][27] On 13 March 2014, it was approved for the additional indication of preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in people who have recently undergone knee or hip replacement.[28][29] On 21 August 2014, the FDA approved apixaban for the additional indication of the treatment of recurring deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.[28][30] During its development the drug was known as BMS-562247-01.[31] By late 2019, sales of the product by BMS accounted for thirty-percent of their quarterly revenue.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_generics-8"},{"link_name":"Sigmapharm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Pharmaceutical_Group"},{"link_name":"Unichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unichem_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-with-court-win-bms-and-pfizer-16"},{"link_name":"Apotex Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotex_Inc."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apotex-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Inflation Reduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Economics","text":"In December 2019, the US FDA approved a generic version of apixaban produced jointly by Mylan and Micro Labs.[33][32][8] BMS and Pfizer worked quickly to block generics from being created, and in August 2020, they won a patent infringement lawsuit against Sigmapharm, Sunshine Lake, and Unichem, after previously settling patent cases against 25 other companies.[34][35] In September 2021, a Federal Circuit Court upheld the ruling.[36] The result is that apixaban generics will most likely not be available in the United States until at least 2026, but possibly 2031.[16]In July 2022, the Canadian generic drug company, Apotex Inc., obtained approval for marketing of apixaban.[37][38]Apixaban is one of the ten medications proposed for price negotiations in the US under the Inflation Reduction Act. According to Bristol Myers Squibb the average pay per month per patient for Eliquis is US$55.[39]","title":"Society and culture"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Apixaban (Eliquis) Use During Pregnancy\". Drugs.com. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/apixaban.html","url_text":"\"Apixaban (Eliquis) Use During Pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802","url_text":"\"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA","url_text":"FDA"}]},{"reference":"\"Eliquis 5 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)\". (emc). 3 May 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2878/smpc","url_text":"\"Eliquis 5 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eliquis- apixaban tablet, film coated Eliquis 30-day starter pack- apixaban kit\". DailyMed. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e9481622-7cc6-418a-acb6-c5450daae9b0","url_text":"\"Eliquis- apixaban tablet, film coated Eliquis 30-day starter pack- apixaban kit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eliquis EPAR\". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/eliquis","url_text":"\"Eliquis EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Apixaban Monograph for Professionals\". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/apixaban.html","url_text":"\"Apixaban Monograph for Professionals\""}]},{"reference":"British national formulary: BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9780857113382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857113382","url_text":"9780857113382"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves first generics of Eliquis\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Hope_(disambiguation)
Great White Hope
["1 People","2 Other","3 See also"]
Look up great white hope or white hope in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Great White Hope may refer to: People James J. Jeffries (1875–1953), American boxer Jess Willard (1881–1968), American boxer William Warren Barbour (1888–1943), American amateur boxer Luther McCarty (1892–1913), American boxer Jerry Quarry (1945–1999), American boxer Gerry Cooney (born 1956), American boxer Willie de Wit (born 1961), Canadian boxer Tommy Morrison (1969–2013), American boxer Al Kaufman (1886 – 1957), American boxer and film actor Al Palzer (1890 – 1917) German-American boxer Other The Great White Hope, a 1967 play by Howard Sackler The Great White Hope (film), a 1970 motion picture adapted from the play "Great White Hope", a song by Styx on the 1978 album Pieces of Eight See also The Great White Hype, a 1996 U.S. boxing sports-comedy film World White Heavyweight Championship, a boxing title in pretense from 1911 to 1914 The White Hope (disambiguation) Great White (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Great White Hope.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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