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Sundanese script
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["1 History","2 Typology","2.1 Consonants","2.2 Vowels","2.3 Consonant diacritics","2.4 Numerals","2.5 Punctuation","3 Sample text","4 Unicode","4.1 Blocks","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Sundanese writing system
For other uses, see Sundanese script (disambiguation).
Sundanese ScriptAksara Sunda Bakuᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓScript type Abugida
Time periodc. 14th–18th centuries (as Old Sundanese script)1996-present (as Sundanese script)DirectionLeft-to-right LanguagesSundaneseRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptianProto-SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicBrahmi scriptPallavaOld KawiOld SundaneseSundanese ScriptSister systems
Balinese
Batak script
Baybayin scripts
Javanese script
Lontara script
Makasar script
Rencong script
Rejang script
ISO 15924ISO 15924Sund (362), SundaneseUnicodeUnicode aliasSundaneseUnicode rangeU+1B80–U+1BBF SundaneseU+1CC0–U+1CCF Sundanese Supplement This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article contains Sundanese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Sundanese characters.
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Gupta
Sharada
Landa
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Tamil
Grantha
Malayalam
Tigalari
Dhives Akuru
Saurashtra
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Khom Thai
Proto-Tai script?
Sukhothai
Thai
Fakkham
Thai Noi
Lao
Tai Viet
Dai Don
Lai Tay
Lai Pao
Cham
Kawi
Balinese
Batak
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Sundanese
Lontara
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Serawai
Baybayin
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Burmese
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Vatteluttu
Kolezhuthu
Malayanma
Sinhala
Bhattiprolu
Kadamba
Telugu-Kannada
Kannada
Goykanadi
Telugu
vte
Standard Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Baku, ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ) is a writing system which is used by the Sundanese people. It is built based on Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno) which was used from the 14th to the 18th centuries.
History
Old Sundanese was developed based on the Pallava script of India, and was used from the 14th until the 18th centuries. The last manuscript written in Old Sundanese script was Carita Waruga Guru. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Sundanese was mostly spoken and not written. Javanese and Pegon scripts were used to write Sundanese during this period. In 1996, the government of West Java announced a plan to introduce an official Sundanese script, and in October 1997, the Old Sundanese script was chosen and renamed to Aksara Sunda.
Typology
The standardized script has 32 basic characters-- seven vowels, 23 consonants, and thirteen phonetic diacriticals (Sundanese: rarangkén). There are also numerals from zero to nine.
Consonants
Each consonant (Sundanese: aksara ngalagéna) carries an inherent vowel 'a', so the each consonant letter is pronounced as a syllable. The original eighteen consonants are ka-ga-nga, ca-ja-nya, ta-da-na, pa-ba-ma, ya-ra-la, wa-sa-ha.
An additional five consonants,fa-va-qa-xa-za have been added in order to improve the script as a tool for recording the development of the Sundanese language, especially regarding the adoption of foreign words and sounds. The new glyphs have been developed through re-use of letter found in the old Sundanese script. For example, the letters fa and va are variants of Old Sundanese pa; qa and xa are variants of Old Sundanese ka, and za is a variant of Old Sundanese ja.
There are two non-standard consonants, kha and sha, used for transcribing the Arabic consonants خ and ش.
Consonants
ᮊkaIPA: /ka/
ᮌgaIPA: /ga/
ᮍngaIPA: /ŋa/
ᮎcaIPA: /t͜ɕa/
ᮏjaIPA: /d͜ʑa/
ᮑnyaIPA: /ɲa/
ᮒtaIPA: /ta/
ᮓdaIPA: /da/
ᮔnaIPA: /na/
ᮕpaIPA: /pa/
ᮘbaIPA: /ba/
ᮙmaIPA: /ma/
ᮚyaIPA: /ja/
ᮛraIPA: /ra/
ᮜlaIPA: /la/
ᮝwaIPA: /wa/
ᮞsaIPA: /sa/
ᮠhaIPA: /ha/
Additional consonants for writing foreign words
ᮖfaIPA: /fa/
ᮋqaIPA: /ka~qa/
ᮗvaIPA: /fa~va/
ᮟxaIPA: /sa/, /ksa/
ᮐzaIPA: /za/
ᮮkhaIPA: /ha/, /xa/
ᮯsyaIPA: /ɕa/, /ʃa/
Vowels
There are seven independent vowels, a, é, i, o, u, e, and eu, each of which has an independent form and a rarangkén or diacritic. A basic consonant-vowel syllable is formed by adding a vowel diacritic to a consonant. The vowel diacritic replaces the consonant's inherent 'a' or, in the case of the "killer stroke" (pamaéh) removes the vowel entirely, creating an isolated consonant.
vowels with their diacritic forms and examples with ᮊ
ᮃaIPA: /a/
ᮆéIPA: /ɛ/
ᮄiIPA: /i/
ᮇoIPA: /ɔ/
ᮅuIPA: /u/
ᮈeIPA: /ə/
ᮉeuIPA: /ɤ/
◌ᮦ
◌ᮤ
◌ᮧ
◌ ᮥ
◌ ᮨ
◌ ᮩ
-◌᮪
ᮊkaIPA: /ka/
ᮊᮦkéIPA: /kɛ/
ᮊᮤkiIPA: /ki/
ᮊᮧkoIPA: /kɔ/
ᮊᮥkuIPA: /ku/
ᮊᮨkeIPA: /kə/
ᮊᮩkeuIPA: /kɤ/
-ᮊ᮪kIPA: /k/
Consonant diacritics
Additional diacritics are used to alter the consonants of a syllable.
◌ ᮁadds a final /r/
◌ ᮀadds a final /ŋ/
◌inserts an /r/
◌ ᮣinserts an /l/
◌ ᮡinserts a /j/
◌ᮂadds a final /h/
ᮊᮁkar
ᮊᮀkang
ᮊᮢkra
ᮊᮣkla
ᮊᮡkya
ᮊᮂkah
Numerals
In texts, numbers are written surrounded by dual pipes | ... |, for example, the year 2020 is written |᮲᮰᮲᮰|.
Sundanese numerals
0᮰
1᮱
2᮲
3᮳
4᮴
5᮵
6᮶
7᮷
8᮸
9᮹
Punctuation
In modern usage, Latin punctuation is used. Old Sundanese, though, was written using its own set of punctuation symbols. Sequences such as ᳇᳇, ᳆᳀᳆, which contains a ᳀, bindu surya, 'sun sign', and ᳆᳁, which contains a ᳁, bindu panglong, 'half-moon sign', are used to mark liturgical texts. ᳅᳂᳅, which contains a ᳂, bindu purnama, 'full moon sign', denoted a historical text. ᳀ is also sometimes used as a full stop, with ᳂ acting as a comma. ᳃, bindu chakra, 'wheel sign' was also used as a comma.
The punctuation symbols resembling letters with stripes (᳆, da satanga, 'decorated da', ᳇, ba satanga, 'decorated ba', and ᳅, ka satanga, 'decorated ka') originated as versions of the letters ᮓ, da, ᮘ, ba, and one half of the letter ᮊ, ka. Another symbol of unclear meaning is the ᳄, leu satanga, 'decorated leu', based on the archaic syllable ᮼ, seu.
Sample text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
ᮞᮊᮥᮙ᮪ᮔ ᮏᮜ᮪ᮙ ᮌᮥᮘᮢᮌ᮪ ᮊ ᮃᮜᮙ᮪ ᮓᮥᮑ ᮒᮦᮂ ᮞᮤᮕᮒ᮪ᮔ ᮙᮨᮁᮓᮤᮊ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮘᮧᮌ ᮙᮁᮒᮘᮒ᮪ ᮊᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮠᮊ᮪-ᮠᮊ᮪ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮞᮛᮥᮃ. ᮙᮛᮔᮦᮂᮔ ᮓᮤᮘᮦᮛᮦ ᮃᮊᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮠᮒᮦ ᮔᮥᮛᮔᮤ, ᮎᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮁ-ᮌᮅᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮞᮞᮙᮔ ᮃᮚ ᮓᮤᮔ ᮞᮥᮙᮍᮨᮒ᮪ ᮓᮥᮓᮥᮜᮥᮛᮔ᮪.
Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
Unicode
Sundanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2008 with the release of version 5.1. In version 6.3, the support of pasangan and some characters from Old Sundanese script were added.
Blocks
Main articles: Sundanese (Unicode block) and Sundanese Supplement (Unicode block)
The Unicode block for Sundanese is U+1B80–U+1BBF.
The Unicode block for Sundanese Supplement is U+1CC0–U+1CCF.
SundaneseOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
U+1B8x
ᮀ
ᮁ
ᮂ
ᮃ
ᮄ
ᮅ
ᮆ
ᮇ
ᮈ
ᮉ
ᮊ
ᮋ
ᮌ
ᮍ
ᮎ
ᮏ
U+1B9x
ᮐ
ᮑ
ᮒ
ᮓ
ᮔ
ᮕ
ᮖ
ᮗ
ᮘ
ᮙ
ᮚ
ᮛ
ᮜ
ᮝ
ᮞ
ᮟ
U+1BAx
ᮠ
ᮡ
ᮢ
ᮣ
ᮤ
ᮥ
ᮦ
ᮧ
ᮨ
ᮩ
᮪
᮫
ᮬ
ᮭ
ᮮ
ᮯ
U+1BBx
᮰
᮱
᮲
᮳
᮴
᮵
᮶
᮷
᮸
᮹
ᮺ
ᮻ
ᮼ
ᮽ
ᮾ
ᮿ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
Sundanese SupplementOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
U+1CCx
᳀
᳁
᳂
᳃
᳄
᳅
᳆
᳇
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
Gallery
A Sundanese lontar manuscript written in the Sundanese script.
The first page from manuscript of Carita Waruga Guru which use the Old Sundanese script and the Old Sundanese language.
See also
Sundanese language
Old Sundanese language
Buda script
References
^ Rosidi, Ajip (2010). Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 9789799102225.
^ a b c d Ekadjati, Edi S. (September 2003). "Sundanese Manuscripts: Their Existence, Functions, and Contents" (PDF). Journal of the Centre for Documentation & Area-transcultural Studies. 2: 123–134.
^ "Sundanese". Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
^ EVERSON, Michael. Proposal for encoding additional Sundanese characters for Old Sundanese in the UCS. Available at . September 5th, 2009.
External links
Sundanese Unicode Table
Kairaga - Comprehensive information site regarding Sundanese font developing effort
Sundanese - Latin Online Transliteration and Sundanese Unicode Font
Sundanese Keyboard - ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ (basa sunda) Keyboard at branah.com
Sundanese font app
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RoboBraille
vteSundanese languageDevelopment
Old Sundanese
Modern Sundanese
Writing system
Standard Sundanese
Old Sundanese
Latin
Buda
Pegon
Cacarakan
DialectsStandardized
Priangan
Regional
Badui
Bantenese
Bogor
Brebes
Cirebon
Depok
Related topics
Numerals
Rinéka sora
Sundanese literature
Sundanese Language Congress
Wikipedia
Unicode block
Supplement
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundanese script (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_script_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sundanese script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Sundanese"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Sundanese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Old Sundanese script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Sundanese script (disambiguation).This article contains Sundanese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Sundanese characters.Standard Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Baku, ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ) is a writing system which is used by the Sundanese people. It is built based on Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno) which was used from the 14th to the 18th centuries.[1]","title":"Sundanese script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pallava script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_script"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script"},{"link_name":"Pegon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegon_script"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Old Sundanese was developed based on the Pallava script of India,[2] and was used from the 14th until the 18th centuries. The last manuscript written in Old Sundanese script was Carita Waruga Guru.[2] From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Sundanese was mostly spoken and not written.[2] Javanese and Pegon scripts were used to write Sundanese during this period.[2] In 1996, the government of West Java announced a plan to introduce an official Sundanese script, and in October 1997, the Old Sundanese script was chosen and renamed to Aksara Sunda.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"}],"text":"The standardized script has 32 basic characters-- seven vowels, 23 consonants, and thirteen phonetic diacriticals (Sundanese: rarangkén). There are also numerals from zero to nine.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Each consonant (Sundanese: aksara ngalagéna) carries an inherent vowel 'a', so the each consonant letter is pronounced as a syllable. The original eighteen consonants are ka-ga-nga, ca-ja-nya, ta-da-na, pa-ba-ma, ya-ra-la, wa-sa-ha.An additional five consonants,fa-va-qa-xa-za have been added in order to improve the script as a tool for recording the development of the Sundanese language, especially regarding the adoption of foreign words and sounds. The new glyphs have been developed through re-use of letter found in the old Sundanese script. For example, the letters fa and va are variants of Old Sundanese pa; qa and xa are variants of Old Sundanese ka, and za is a variant of Old Sundanese ja.There are two non-standard consonants, kha and sha, used for transcribing the Arabic consonants خ and ش.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"killer stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama"}],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"There are seven independent vowels, a, é, i, o, u, e, and eu, each of which has an independent form and a rarangkén or diacritic. A basic consonant-vowel syllable is formed by adding a vowel diacritic to a consonant. The vowel diacritic replaces the consonant's inherent 'a' or, in the case of the \"killer stroke\" (pamaéh) removes the vowel entirely, creating an isolated consonant.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonant diacritics","text":"Additional diacritics are used to alter the consonants of a syllable.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Numerals","text":"In texts, numbers are written surrounded by dual pipes | ... |, for example, the year 2020 is written |᮲᮰᮲᮰|.","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Punctuation","text":"In modern usage, Latin punctuation is used. Old Sundanese, though, was written using its own set of punctuation symbols. Sequences such as ᳇᳇, ᳆᳀᳆, which contains a ᳀, bindu surya, 'sun sign', and ᳆᳁, which contains a ᳁, bindu panglong, 'half-moon sign', are used to mark liturgical texts. ᳅᳂᳅, which contains a ᳂, bindu purnama, 'full moon sign', denoted a historical text. ᳀ is also sometimes used as a full stop, with ᳂ acting as a comma. ᳃, bindu chakra, 'wheel sign' was also used as a comma.The punctuation symbols resembling letters with stripes (᳆, da satanga, 'decorated da', ᳇, ba satanga, 'decorated ba', and ᳅, ka satanga, 'decorated ka') originated as versions of the letters ᮓ, da, ᮘ, ba, and one half of the letter ᮊ, ka. Another symbol of unclear meaning is the ᳄, leu satanga, 'decorated leu', based on the archaic syllable ᮼ, seu.[4]","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"}],"text":"Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsᮞᮊᮥᮙ᮪ᮔ ᮏᮜ᮪ᮙ ᮌᮥᮘᮢᮌ᮪ ᮊ ᮃᮜᮙ᮪ ᮓᮥᮑ ᮒᮦᮂ ᮞᮤᮕᮒ᮪ᮔ ᮙᮨᮁᮓᮤᮊ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮘᮧᮌ ᮙᮁᮒᮘᮒ᮪ ᮊᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮠᮊ᮪-ᮠᮊ᮪ ᮃᮔᮥ ᮞᮛᮥᮃ. ᮙᮛᮔᮦᮂᮔ ᮓᮤᮘᮦᮛᮦ ᮃᮊᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮠᮒᮦ ᮔᮥᮛᮔᮤ, ᮎᮙ᮪ᮕᮥᮁ-ᮌᮅᮜ᮪ ᮏᮩᮀ ᮞᮞᮙᮔ ᮃᮚ ᮓᮤᮔ ᮞᮥᮙᮍᮨᮒ᮪ ᮓᮥᮓᮥᮜᮥᮛᮔ᮪.Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya téh sipatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranéhna dibéré akal jeung haté nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.\"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.\"","title":"Sample text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}],"text":"Sundanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2008 with the release of version 5.1. In version 6.3, the support of pasangan and some characters from Old Sundanese script were added.","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Blocks","text":"The Unicode block for Sundanese is U+1B80–U+1BBF.\nThe Unicode block for Sundanese Supplement is U+1CC0–U+1CCF.","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naskah_Sunda_Lontar.jpg"},{"link_name":"lontar manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontar_manuscript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carita_Waruga_Guru.jpg"}],"text":"A Sundanese lontar manuscript written in the Sundanese script.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe first page from manuscript of Carita Waruga Guru which use the Old Sundanese script and the Old Sundanese language.","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Sundanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"},{"title":"Old Sundanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language"},{"title":"Buda script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_script"}]
|
[{"reference":"Rosidi, Ajip (2010). Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 9789799102225.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9eou96EnD2gC&q=huruf+pegon+sunda&pg=PA375","url_text":"Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799102225","url_text":"9789799102225"}]},{"reference":"Ekadjati, Edi S. (September 2003). \"Sundanese Manuscripts: Their Existence, Functions, and Contents\" (PDF). Journal of the Centre for Documentation & Area-transcultural Studies. 2: 123–134.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/26339/1/cdats-hub2-14.pdf","url_text":"\"Sundanese Manuscripts: Their Existence, Functions, and Contents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sundanese\". Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. Retrieved 2020-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/sundanese/","url_text":"\"Sundanese\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B80.pdf","external_links_name":"U+1B80–U+1BBF"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CC0.pdf","external_links_name":"U+1CC0–U+1CCF"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B80.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CC0.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Unicode Consortium code chart"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9eou96EnD2gC&q=huruf+pegon+sunda&pg=PA375","external_links_name":"Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari"},{"Link":"http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/26339/1/cdats-hub2-14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sundanese Manuscripts: Their Existence, Functions, and Contents\""},{"Link":"https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/sundanese/","external_links_name":"\"Sundanese\""},{"Link":"http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3666.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/sundanese/","external_links_name":"Sundanese Unicode Table"},{"Link":"http://kairaga.com/","external_links_name":"Kairaga - Comprehensive information site regarding Sundanese font developing effort"},{"Link":"http://sabilulungan.org/aksara","external_links_name":"Sundanese - Latin Online Transliteration and Sundanese Unicode Font"},{"Link":"https://www.branah.com/sundanese","external_links_name":"Sundanese Keyboard - ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ (basa sunda) Keyboard"},{"Link":"http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/12/masangkeun-aksara-sunda-otomatis.html","external_links_name":"Sundanese font app"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Journalism
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Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
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["1 History","1.1 Pulitzer School of Journalism","1.2 First journalism graduate school","2 Academic programs","3 The Bronx Beat","4 Uptown Radio","5 Journalism awards","6 Accreditation","7 Notable alumni","8 Faculty","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°48′27″N 73°57′48″W / 40.80750°N 73.96333°W / 40.80750; -73.96333Journalism school at Columbia University
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Columbia University Graduate School of JournalismTypePrivateEstablished1912FounderJoseph PulitzerParent institutionColumbia UniversityDeanJelani CobbStudents357 (Fall 2019)LocationManhattan, New York City, New York, United StatesCampusUrbanWebsitejournalism.columbia.edu
The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is located in Pulitzer Hall on the university's Morningside Heights campus in New York City. Founded in 1912 by Joseph Pulitzer, Columbia Journalism School is one of the oldest journalism schools in the world and the only journalism school in the Ivy League. It offers four graduate degree programs.
The school shares facilities with the Pulitzer Prizes. It directly administers several other prizes, including the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, honoring excellence in broadcast and digital journalism in the public service. It co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards, also known as the Ellie Awards, and publishes the Columbia Journalism Review.
In addition to offering professional development programs, fellowships and workshops, the school is home to the Tow Center for Digital Journalism, the Brown Institute for Media Innovation, and the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma.
Admission to the school is highly selective and has traditionally drawn a very international student body. A Board of Visitors meets periodically to advise the dean's office and support the school's initiatives.
History
Pulitzer School of Journalism
Draft agreement between Joseph Pulitzer and the university to endow the Graduate School of Journalism, c. 1908
In 1892, Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-born newspaper magnate, offered Columbia University President Seth Low funding to establish the world's first school of journalism. He sought to elevate a profession viewed more often as a common trade learned through an apprenticeship. His idea was for a center of enlightened journalism in pursuit of knowledge as well as skills in the service of democracy. "It will impart knowledge—not for its own sake, but to be used for the public service," Pulitzer wrote in a now landmark, lead essay of the May 1904 issue of the North American Review. The university was resistant to the idea. But Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, was more receptive to the plan.
Pulitzer was set on creating his vision at Columbia and offered it a $2 million gift, one-quarter of which was to be used to establish prizes in journalism and the arts. It took years of negotiations and Pulitzer's death in October 1911 to finalize plans. On September 30, 1912, classes began with 79 undergraduate and postgraduate students, including a dozen women. Veteran journalist Talcott Williams was installed as the school's director. When not attending classes and lectures, students scoured the city for news. Their more advanced classmates were assigned to cover a visit by U.S. President William Howard Taft, a sensational police murder trial and a women's suffrage march. A student from China went undercover to report on a downtown cocaine den. A journalism building was constructed the following year at 2950 Broadway and 116th Street on the western end of the campus. A statue of Thomas Jefferson was installed in June 1914 as a symbol of "free inquiry" exemplified by the debates between him and fellow American founder and Columbia alumnus, Alexander Hamilton, a statute of whom was unveiled directly across campus in front of Hamilton Hall six years earlier.
First journalism graduate school
A bust of Joseph Pulitzer and plaque in the Columbia Journalism School lobbyIn 1935, Dean Carl Ackerman, a 1913 alumnus, led the school's transition to become the first graduate school of journalism in the United States. As the school's reach and reputation spread (due in part to an adjunct faculty of working New York journalists and a tenured full-time faculty that included Pulitzer winners Douglas Southall Freeman and Henry F. Pringle and Life Begins at Forty author Walter B. Pitkin), it began offering coursework in television news and documentary filmmaking in addition to its focus on newspapers and radio. The Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the oldest international awards in journalism, were founded in 1938, honoring reporting in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Awards for excellence in broadcast journalism moved to the school in 1968. In 1958, the Columbia Journalism Award, the school's highest honor, was established to recognize a person of overarching accomplishment and distinguished service to journalism. Three years later, the school began publishing the Columbia Journalism Review.
Pulitzer HallAfter joining the tenured faculty in 1950, veteran United Nations correspondent John Hohenberg became the inaugural administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes in 1954, a secondary appointment that he would hold until 1976. Ackerman was succeeded as dean in 1954 by former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Edward W. Barrett, who served until 1968. In 1966, the school began awarding the National Magazine Awards in association with the American Society of Magazine Editors. Former CBS News president Fred W. Friendly was appointed the same year to the tenured faculty and enhanced the broadcast journalism program alongside former NBC News correspondent Elie Abel, who served as dean from 1970 to 1979. Abel was succeeded by former Newsweek editor and prominent New York socialite Osborn Elliott (1979–1986), who in turn was succeeded by longtime Bill Moyers collaborator Joan Konner (1988–1996), the school's only female dean to date. By the 1970s, the Reporting and Writing 1 (RW1) course had become the cornerstone of the school's basic curriculum. The Knight‐Bagehot Fellowship was created in 1975 to enrich economics and business journalism. In 1985, the Delacorte Center for Magazine Journalism was founded. While serving as Pulitzer administrator, former The New York Times managing editor Seymour Topping joined the tenured faculty in 1994.
The Pulitzer Hall foyer
A doctoral program was established in 1998 by communications theorist James W. Carey, who emerged as an "editor of and contributor to many scholarly publications at a time when Columbia was urging journalism professors to do more academic research." In 2005, Nicholas Lemann, two years into his tenure as dean, created a second more specialized master's program leading to a master of arts degree, prompting the hiring of political journalist Thomas B. Edsall and music critic David Hajdu. As a result of industry changes forced by digital media, the school in 2013 erased distinctions between types of media, such as newspaper, broadcast, magazine and new media, as specializations in its master of science curriculum. The Toni Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism, dedicated to training select students interested in pursuing careers in investigative journalism, opened in 2006. A year later, the Spencer Fellowship was created to focus on long-form reporting. The Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma relocated to Columbia in 2009 to focus on media coverage of trauma, conflict and tragedy. In 2010, the Tow Center for Digital Journalism was created. The Brown Institute for Media Innovation was launched under the aegis of former Bell Labs statistician and data scientist Mark Henry Hansen in 2012.
Academic programs
The Broadway and 116th Street Main Gate outside the Columbia Journalism School
The school's ten-month Master of Science (M.S.) program offers aspiring and experienced journalists the opportunity to study the skills, art and ethics of journalism by reporting and writing stories that range from short news pieces to complex narrative features. Some students interested in investigative reporting are selected to study at the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism, a specialization of the M.S. program. Documentary and data journalism specialization programs are offered as well. The M.S. program is also offered on a part-time basis.
A year-long M.S. program in data journalism teaches the skills for finding, collecting and analyzing data for storytelling, presentation and investigative reporting.
The school offers several dual-degree programs in collaboration with other schools at Columbia: journalism and computer science, journalism and international affairs, journalism and law, journalism and business, and journalism and religion. The school also offers international dual-degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, France and the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The smaller and more specialized, nine-month Master of Arts (M.A.) program is for experienced journalists interested in focusing on a particular subject area: politics, science, business and economics or arts and culture. M.A. students work closely with journalism professors and take courses in other academic departments and schools at the university. The program is full-time.
The doctoral program draws upon the resources of Columbia in a multidisciplinary approach to the study of communications. Ph.D. students craft individual courses of study to acquire deep knowledge in an area of concentration through research and coursework in disciplines ranging from history, sociology or religion to business or international affairs.
A six-week graduate-level course on book, magazine, and digital publishing, known as the Columbia Publishing Course, has been offered since 2000, when the program transferred from Radcliffe College.
The Bronx Beat
The Bronx Beat, established in 1981 and published Mondays, is the weekly student publication of Columbia Journalism School. It serves readers in the South and Central Bronx and covers education, jobs and unemployment, health care, crime, mass transportation, religion and the arts. Students' stories are edited by colleagues, and by professional journalists from The New York Times and other New York dailies who line-edit copy and help with the paper's layout.
Uptown Radio
Uptown Radio is a weekly news magazine and podcast modeled after NPR's All Things Considered. It is produced by the students of the Radio Workshop, an advanced audio course at Columbia Journalism School. Uptown Radio is the school's longest-running continuous webcast, broadcasting each Thursday at 4 P.M., from February through May, since 1996. Uptown Radio contains original feature reports as well as interviews and newscasts in service of the listeners in New York City and the world beyond.
Journalism awards
The Columbia Journalism School directly administers the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism, the Lukas Prizes, the Oakes Prizes, the Meyer Berger Award, the Paul Tobenkin Memorial Award and the Dart Awards for Excellence in Coverage of Trauma. It also co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards with the American Society of Magazine Editors, which administers the program.
Accreditation
Columbia Journalism School is accredited by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
Notable alumni
Main article: List of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism people
Faculty
Daniel Alarcón, assistant professor
Emily Bell, Leonard Tow Professor of Professional Practice in Journalism
Helen Benedict, professor
Nina Berman, professor
Walt Bogdanich, adjunct professor
Jelani Cobb, Ira A. Lipman Professor of Journalism, Dean
Steve Coll, Henry R. Luce Professor of Journalism
Sheila Coronel, Toni Stabile Professor of Professional Practice in Investigative Journalism
John Dinges, Godfrey Lowell Cabot Professor Emeritus of Journalism
Thomas B. Edsall, adjunct professor (not active as of fall 2020)
Samuel G. Freedman, professor
Howard W. French, professor
Keith Gessen, George T. Delacorte Assistant Professor of Magazine Journalism
Ari L. Goldman, professor
Sig Gissler, adjunct professor; former administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes (not active as of fall 2020)
Todd Gitlin, professor and chair, PhD program
David Hajdu, professor
LynNell Hancock, H. Gordon Garbedian Professor of Journalism
Mark Henry Hansen, David and Helen Gurley Brown Professor of Journalism
Richard R. John, professor
Nicholas Lemann, dean emeritus; Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor of Journalism
Dale Maharidge, professor
Sylvia Nasar, John S. and James L. Knight Professor Emerita of Business Journalism
Victor Navasky, George T. Delacorte, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Professional Practice in Magazine Journalism
Charles Ornstein, adjunct associate professor
Michael Schudson, professor
Choire Sicha, adjunct assistant professor (not active as of fall 2020)
Katya Soldak, journalist and documentary filmmaker (documentary The Long Breakup, 2020)
James B. Stewart, Bloomberg Professor of Business Journalism
Alexander Stille, San Paolo Professor of International Journalism
Jonathan Weiner, Maxwell M. Geffen Professor of Medical and Scientific Journalism
References
^ "Columbia University: Fall headcount enrollment by school, 2010–2019" (PDF).
^ "Tow Center". towcenter.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
^ "About the Brown Institute – Brown Institute". Retrieved 2019-05-21.
^ "Mission & History". Dart Center. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
^ "Columbia Journalism School: Board of Visitors". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ Pulitzer, Joseph (1904). "Planning a School of Journalism—The Basic Concept in 1904" (PDF). The North American Review. Vol. 178, no. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2014. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ James Boylan, Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism. Columbia University Press (2003).
^ Song, T. M. (December 8, 2020). "A case for relocation". Columbia Spectator.
^ "Columbia Journalism School: History". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ Martin, Douglas (26 May 2006). "James W. Carey, Teacher of Journalists, Dies at 71". The New York Times.
^ "Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma: Mission & History". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 3, 2017.
^ Sonderman, Jeff (10 October 2012). "What's next for Columbia's Journalism School as Dean Nicholas Lemann steps down". Poynter. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "Columbia Journalism School". journalism.columbia.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "M.S. Degree". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ "M.S. Data Journalism". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 7, 2017.
^ "Dual Degree Programs". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ "M.A. Degree". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ "PhD in Communications". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
^ "Series 4. Radcliffe Publishing Course, 1944-1995". Harvard Library. August 2017. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ Columbia.edu: When Classroom Becomes Newsroom: Columbia Journalism Students Publish Own Weekly, Bronx Beat
^ Uptown Radio
^ Uptown Radio Podcast
^ "Prizes". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 3, 2017.
^ "Columbia Journalism School: Accreditation". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.
Further reading
Boylan, James. Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903-2003 (2005).
External links
Columbia Journalism School website
Columbia Journalism Review website
Map: 40°48′27″N 73°57′48″W / 40.80750°N 73.96333°W / 40.80750; -73.96333
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morningside Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Heights,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pulitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prizes"},{"link_name":"Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_I._duPont%E2%80%93Columbia_University_Award"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards"},{"link_name":"Columbia Journalism Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_Center_for_Journalism_and_Trauma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJS_BOV-5"}],"text":"Journalism school at Columbia UniversityThe Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is located in Pulitzer Hall on the university's Morningside Heights campus in New York City. Founded in 1912 by Joseph Pulitzer, Columbia Journalism School is one of the oldest journalism schools in the world and the only journalism school in the Ivy League. It offers four graduate degree programs.The school shares facilities with the Pulitzer Prizes. It directly administers several other prizes, including the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, honoring excellence in broadcast and digital journalism in the public service. It co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards, also known as the Ellie Awards, and publishes the Columbia Journalism Review.In addition to offering professional development programs, fellowships and workshops, the school is home to the Tow Center for Digital Journalism,[2] the Brown Institute for Media Innovation,[3] and the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma.[4]Admission to the school is highly selective and has traditionally drawn a very international student body. A Board of Visitors meets periodically to advise the dean's office and support the school's initiatives.[5]","title":"Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PulitzerAgreement1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PulitzerAgreement2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pulitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer"},{"link_name":"Seth Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Low"},{"link_name":"North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA_Review-6"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Murray Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boylan-7"},{"link_name":"Talcott Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Williams"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"statue of Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(Columbia_University)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"statute of whom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Columbia_University)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Pulitzer School of Journalism","text":"Draft agreement between Joseph Pulitzer and the university to endow the Graduate School of Journalism, c. 1908In 1892, Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-born newspaper magnate, offered Columbia University President Seth Low funding to establish the world's first school of journalism. He sought to elevate a profession viewed more often as a common trade learned through an apprenticeship. His idea was for a center of enlightened journalism in pursuit of knowledge as well as skills in the service of democracy. \"It will impart knowledge—not for its own sake, but to be used for the public service,\" Pulitzer wrote in a now landmark, lead essay of the May 1904 issue of the North American Review.[6] The university was resistant to the idea. But Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, was more receptive to the plan.[7]Pulitzer was set on creating his vision at Columbia and offered it a $2 million gift, one-quarter of which was to be used to establish prizes in journalism and the arts. It took years of negotiations and Pulitzer's death in October 1911 to finalize plans. On September 30, 1912, classes began with 79 undergraduate and postgraduate students, including a dozen women. Veteran journalist Talcott Williams was installed as the school's director. When not attending classes and lectures, students scoured the city for news. Their more advanced classmates were assigned to cover a visit by U.S. President William Howard Taft, a sensational police murder trial and a women's suffrage march. A student from China went undercover to report on a downtown cocaine den. A journalism building was constructed the following year at 2950 Broadway and 116th Street on the western end of the campus. A statue of Thomas Jefferson was installed in June 1914 as a symbol of \"free inquiry\" exemplified by the debates between him and fellow American founder and Columbia alumnus, Alexander Hamilton, a statute of whom was unveiled directly across campus in front of Hamilton Hall six years earlier.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_J-School01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pulitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer"},{"link_name":"Carl Ackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_W._Ackerman"},{"link_name":"Douglas Southall Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Henry F. Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle"},{"link_name":"Life Begins at Forty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Begins_at_Forty"},{"link_name":"Walter B. Pitkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_B._Pitkin"},{"link_name":"Maria Moors Cabot Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Moors_Cabot_Prizes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJS_History-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_J-School00.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"John Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Barrett"},{"link_name":"American Society of Magazine Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Editors"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Fred W. Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_W._Friendly"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Elie Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Abel"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Osborn Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bill Moyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Moyers"},{"link_name":"Joan Konner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Konner"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Seymour Topping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Topping"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Admissions_-_4876289625.jpg"},{"link_name":"James W. Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Carey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Edsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Edsall"},{"link_name":"David Hajdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hajdu"},{"link_name":"Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_Center_for_Journalism_and_Trauma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dart_Center-11"},{"link_name":"Brown Institute for Media Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Institute_for_Media_Innovation"},{"link_name":"Bell Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"First journalism graduate school","text":"A bust of Joseph Pulitzer and plaque in the Columbia Journalism School lobbyIn 1935, Dean Carl Ackerman, a 1913 alumnus, led the school's transition to become the first graduate school of journalism in the United States. As the school's reach and reputation spread (due in part to an adjunct faculty of working New York journalists and a tenured full-time faculty that included Pulitzer winners Douglas Southall Freeman and Henry F. Pringle and Life Begins at Forty author Walter B. Pitkin), it began offering coursework in television news and documentary filmmaking in addition to its focus on newspapers and radio. The Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the oldest international awards in journalism, were founded in 1938, honoring reporting in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Awards for excellence in broadcast journalism moved to the school in 1968. In 1958, the Columbia Journalism Award, the school's highest honor, was established to recognize a person of overarching accomplishment and distinguished service to journalism. Three years later, the school began publishing the Columbia Journalism Review.[9]Pulitzer HallAfter joining the tenured faculty in 1950, veteran United Nations correspondent John Hohenberg became the inaugural administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes in 1954, a secondary appointment that he would hold until 1976. Ackerman was succeeded as dean in 1954 by former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Edward W. Barrett, who served until 1968. In 1966, the school began awarding the National Magazine Awards in association with the American Society of Magazine Editors. Former CBS News president Fred W. Friendly was appointed the same year to the tenured faculty and enhanced the broadcast journalism program alongside former NBC News correspondent Elie Abel, who served as dean from 1970 to 1979. Abel was succeeded by former Newsweek editor and prominent New York socialite Osborn Elliott (1979–1986), who in turn was succeeded by longtime Bill Moyers collaborator Joan Konner (1988–1996), the school's only female dean to date. By the 1970s, the Reporting and Writing 1 (RW1) course had become the cornerstone of the school's basic curriculum. The Knight‐Bagehot Fellowship was created in 1975 to enrich economics and business journalism. In 1985, the Delacorte Center for Magazine Journalism was founded. While serving as Pulitzer administrator, former The New York Times managing editor Seymour Topping joined the tenured faculty in 1994.The Pulitzer Hall foyerA doctoral program was established in 1998 by communications theorist James W. Carey, who emerged as an \"editor of and contributor to many scholarly publications at a time when Columbia was urging journalism professors to do more academic research.\"[10] In 2005, Nicholas Lemann, two years into his tenure as dean, created a second more specialized master's program leading to a master of arts degree, prompting the hiring of political journalist Thomas B. Edsall and music critic David Hajdu. As a result of industry changes forced by digital media, the school in 2013 erased distinctions between types of media, such as newspaper, broadcast, magazine and new media, as specializations in its master of science curriculum. The Toni Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism, dedicated to training select students interested in pursuing careers in investigative journalism, opened in 2006. A year later, the Spencer Fellowship was created to focus on long-form reporting. The Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma relocated to Columbia in 2009 to focus on media coverage of trauma, conflict and tragedy.[11] In 2010, the Tow Center for Digital Journalism was created. The Brown Institute for Media Innovation was launched under the aegis of former Bell Labs statistician and data scientist Mark Henry Hansen in 2012.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_J-School02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS_Degree-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DataJournalism_Degree-15"},{"link_name":"Sciences Po","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_Po"},{"link_name":"Paris, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"University of Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg, South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dual_Degree-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MA_Degree-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhD_Degree-18"},{"link_name":"Columbia Publishing Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Publishing_Course"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Broadway and 116th Street Main Gate outside the Columbia Journalism SchoolThe school's ten-month Master of Science (M.S.) program offers aspiring and experienced journalists the opportunity to study the skills, art and ethics of journalism by reporting and writing stories that range from short news pieces to complex narrative features. Some students interested in investigative reporting are selected to study at the Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism, a specialization of the M.S. program. Documentary and data journalism specialization programs are offered as well. The M.S. program is also offered on a part-time basis.[14]A year-long M.S. program in data journalism teaches the skills for finding, collecting and analyzing data for storytelling, presentation and investigative reporting.[15]The school offers several dual-degree programs in collaboration with other schools at Columbia: journalism and computer science, journalism and international affairs, journalism and law, journalism and business, and journalism and religion. The school also offers international dual-degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, France and the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.[16]The smaller and more specialized, nine-month Master of Arts (M.A.) program is for experienced journalists interested in focusing on a particular subject area: politics, science, business and economics or arts and culture. M.A. students work closely with journalism professors and take courses in other academic departments and schools at the university. The program is full-time.[17]The doctoral program draws upon the resources of Columbia in a multidisciplinary approach to the study of communications. Ph.D. students craft individual courses of study to acquire deep knowledge in an area of concentration through research and coursework in disciplines ranging from history, sociology or religion to business or international affairs.[18]A six-week graduate-level course on book, magazine, and digital publishing, known as the Columbia Publishing Course, has been offered since 2000, when the program transferred from Radcliffe College.[19]","title":"Academic programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The Bronx Beat, established in 1981 and published Mondays, is the weekly student publication of Columbia Journalism School. It serves readers in the South and Central Bronx and covers education, jobs and unemployment, health care, crime, mass transportation, religion and the arts. Students' stories are edited by colleagues, and by professional journalists from The New York Times and other New York dailies who line-edit copy and help with the paper's layout. [20][better source needed]","title":"The Bronx Beat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Uptown Radio is a weekly news magazine and podcast modeled after NPR's All Things Considered. It is produced by the students of the Radio Workshop, an advanced audio course at Columbia Journalism School. Uptown Radio is the school's longest-running continuous webcast, broadcasting each Thursday at 4 P.M., from February through May, since 1996. Uptown Radio contains original feature reports as well as interviews and newscasts in service of the listeners in New York City and the world beyond. [21][22]","title":"Uptown Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_I._duPont%E2%80%93Columbia_University_Award"},{"link_name":"Maria Moors Cabot Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Moors_Cabot_Prize"},{"link_name":"John Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Oakes"},{"link_name":"Meyer Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Berger"},{"link_name":"Dart Awards for Excellence in Coverage of Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_Awards_for_Excellence_in_Coverage_of_Trauma"},{"link_name":"National Magazine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards"},{"link_name":"American Society of Magazine Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Editors"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJS_Prizes-23"}],"text":"The Columbia Journalism School directly administers the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes, the John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism, the Lukas Prizes, the Oakes Prizes, the Meyer Berger Award, the Paul Tobenkin Memorial Award and the Dart Awards for Excellence in Coverage of Trauma. It also co-sponsors the National Magazine Awards with the American Society of Magazine Editors, which administers the program.[23]","title":"Journalism awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Education_in_Journalism_and_Mass_Communication"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJS_Accreditation-24"}],"text":"Columbia Journalism School is accredited by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.[24]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Alarcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Alarc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Emily Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bell"},{"link_name":"Leonard Tow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Tow"},{"link_name":"Helen Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Nina Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Berman"},{"link_name":"Walt Bogdanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Bogdanich"},{"link_name":"Jelani Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelani_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Steve Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Henry R. Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R._Luce"},{"link_name":"Sheila Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Coronel"},{"link_name":"John Dinges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dinges"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Lowell Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Lowell_Cabot"},{"link_name":"Thomas B. Edsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Edsall"},{"link_name":"Samuel G. Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_G._Freedman"},{"link_name":"Howard W. French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._French"},{"link_name":"Keith Gessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gessen"},{"link_name":"Ari L. Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_L._Goldman"},{"link_name":"Sig Gissler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig_Gissler"},{"link_name":"Todd Gitlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Gitlin"},{"link_name":"David Hajdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hajdu"},{"link_name":"LynNell Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LynNell_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Mark Henry Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Henry_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Richard R. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._John"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Lemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann"},{"link_name":"Dale Maharidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Maharidge"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Nasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Nasar"},{"link_name":"John S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Knight"},{"link_name":"James L. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Knight"},{"link_name":"Victor Navasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Navasky"},{"link_name":"George T. Delacorte, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_T._Delacorte,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Charles Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ornstein"},{"link_name":"Michael Schudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schudson"},{"link_name":"Choire Sicha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choire_Sicha"},{"link_name":"Katya Soldak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katya_Soldak"},{"link_name":"The Long Breakup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Breakup"},{"link_name":"James B. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stille"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Weiner"},{"link_name":"Maxwell M. Geffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_M._Geffen"}],"text":"Daniel Alarcón, assistant professor\nEmily Bell, Leonard Tow Professor of Professional Practice in Journalism\nHelen Benedict, professor\nNina Berman, professor\nWalt Bogdanich, adjunct professor\nJelani Cobb, Ira A. Lipman Professor of Journalism, Dean\nSteve Coll, Henry R. Luce Professor of Journalism\nSheila Coronel, Toni Stabile Professor of Professional Practice in Investigative Journalism\nJohn Dinges, Godfrey Lowell Cabot Professor Emeritus of Journalism\nThomas B. Edsall, adjunct professor (not active as of fall 2020)\nSamuel G. Freedman, professor\nHoward W. French, professor\nKeith Gessen, George T. Delacorte Assistant Professor of Magazine Journalism\nAri L. Goldman, professor\nSig Gissler, adjunct professor; former administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes (not active as of fall 2020)\nTodd Gitlin, professor and chair, PhD program\nDavid Hajdu, professor\nLynNell Hancock, H. Gordon Garbedian Professor of Journalism\nMark Henry Hansen, David and Helen Gurley Brown Professor of Journalism\nRichard R. John, professor\nNicholas Lemann, dean emeritus; Joseph Pulitzer II and Edith Pulitzer Moore Professor of Journalism\nDale Maharidge, professor\nSylvia Nasar, John S. and James L. Knight Professor Emerita of Business Journalism\nVictor Navasky, George T. Delacorte, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Professional Practice in Magazine Journalism\nCharles Ornstein, adjunct associate professor\nMichael Schudson, professor\nChoire Sicha, adjunct assistant professor (not active as of fall 2020)\nKatya Soldak, journalist and documentary filmmaker (documentary The Long Breakup, 2020)\nJames B. Stewart, Bloomberg Professor of Business Journalism\nAlexander Stille, San Paolo Professor of International Journalism\nJonathan Weiner, Maxwell M. Geffen Professor of Medical and Scientific Journalism","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Boylan, James. Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903-2003 (2005).","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A bust of Joseph Pulitzer and plaque in the Columbia Journalism School lobby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Columbia_J-School01.jpg/220px-Columbia_J-School01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pulitzer Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Columbia_J-School00.jpg/220px-Columbia_J-School00.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pulitzer Hall foyer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Columbia_Admissions_-_4876289625.jpg/220px-Columbia_Admissions_-_4876289625.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Broadway and 116th Street Main Gate outside the Columbia Journalism School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Columbia_J-School02.jpg/220px-Columbia_J-School02.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Columbia University: Fall headcount enrollment by school, 2010–2019\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://opir.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_enrollment_history.pdf","url_text":"\"Columbia University: Fall headcount enrollment by school, 2010–2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tow Center\". towcenter.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://towcenter.columbia.edu/","url_text":"\"Tow Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Brown Institute – Brown Institute\". Retrieved 2019-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://brown.columbia.edu/about/","url_text":"\"About the Brown Institute – Brown Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission & History\". Dart Center. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2019-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://dartcenter.org/about/mission-history","url_text":"\"Mission & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Journalism School: Board of Visitors\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/columbia-journalism-school#Board_of_Visitors","url_text":"\"Columbia Journalism School: Board of Visitors\""}]},{"reference":"Pulitzer, Joseph (1904). \"Planning a School of Journalism—The Basic Concept in 1904\" (PDF). The North American Review. Vol. 178, no. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2014. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140510015500/http://centennial.journalism.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Joseph-Pulitzer-NAmerican-Review-19041.pdf","url_text":"\"Planning a School of Journalism—The Basic Concept in 1904\""},{"url":"http://centennial.journalism.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Joseph-Pulitzer-NAmerican-Review-19041.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Song, T. M. (December 8, 2020). \"A case for relocation\". Columbia Spectator.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2020/12/08/a-case-for-relocation/","url_text":"\"A case for relocation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Journalism School: History\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/columbia-journalism-school#Our_History","url_text":"\"Columbia Journalism School: History\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (26 May 2006). \"James W. Carey, Teacher of Journalists, Dies at 71\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/26/nyregion/26carey.html","url_text":"\"James W. Carey, Teacher of Journalists, Dies at 71\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma: Mission & History\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dartcenter.org/about/mission-history","url_text":"\"Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma: Mission & History\""}]},{"reference":"Sonderman, Jeff (10 October 2012). \"What's next for Columbia's Journalism School as Dean Nicholas Lemann steps down\". Poynter. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/2012/whats-next-for-columbias-j-school-as-dean-nicholas-lemann-leaves-role/191147/","url_text":"\"What's next for Columbia's Journalism School as Dean Nicholas Lemann steps down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Journalism School\". journalism.columbia.edu. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/columbia-journalism-school","url_text":"\"Columbia Journalism School\""}]},{"reference":"\"M.S. Degree\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/ms-degree","url_text":"\"M.S. Degree\""}]},{"reference":"\"M.S. Data Journalism\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/ms-data-journalism","url_text":"\"M.S. Data Journalism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dual Degree Programs\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/dual-degree-programs","url_text":"\"Dual Degree Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"M.A. Degree\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/ma-degree","url_text":"\"M.A. Degree\""}]},{"reference":"\"PhD in Communications\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/phd-communications","url_text":"\"PhD in Communications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Series 4. Radcliffe Publishing Course, 1944-1995\". Harvard Library. August 2017. Retrieved 2023-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/archival_objects/2385467","url_text":"\"Series 4. Radcliffe Publishing Course, 1944-1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prizes\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/prizes","url_text":"\"Prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Columbia Journalism School: Accreditation\". Columbia University. 2016. Retrieved Aug 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalism.columbia.edu/columbia-journalism-school#Accreditation","url_text":"\"Columbia Journalism School: Accreditation\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Wrestling_Championships
|
2013 World Wrestling Championships
|
["1 Medal table","2 Team ranking","3 Medal summary","3.1 Men's freestyle","3.2 Men's Greco-Roman","3.3 Women's freestyle","4 Participating nations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
International Wrestling Tournament
Wrestling event
2013 World Wrestling ChampionshipsHost cityBudapest, HungaryDates16–22 September 2013StadiumLászló Papp Budapest Sports ArenaChampionsFreestyle IranGreco-Roman RussiaWomen Japan← 20122014 →
The 2013 World Wrestling Championships was the 9th edition of World Wrestling Championships of combined events and were held from September 16 to 22 in Budapest, Hungary.
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Russia344112 Iran31263 Japan30144 South Korea2114 Ukraine21146 China20137 Bulgaria12038 Armenia11249 Hungary105610 United States103411 North Korea101212 Estonia100113 Mongolia024614 Azerbaijan022415 Cuba020216 Turkey013417 India012318 Canada0112 Sweden011220 Venezuela010121 Belarus0022 Kazakhstan0022 Uzbekistan002224 Georgia0011 Germany0011Totals (25 entries)21214284
Team ranking
Rank
Men's freestyle
Men's Greco-Roman
Women's freestyle
Team
Points
Team
Points
Team
Points
1
Iran
46
Russia
44
Japan
48
2
Russia
44
South Korea
37
Mongolia
47
3
Georgia
29
Hungary
31
United States
37
4
Ukraine
27
Armenia
28
China
34
5
United States
25
Azerbaijan
27
Ukraine
29
6
India
23
Kazakhstan
21
Russia
24
7
Cuba
19
Turkey
20
Canada
21
8
Mongolia
19
Iran
19
Hungary
18
9
Armenia
18
Finland
15
Bulgaria
15
10
Turkey
18
United States
14
Kazakhstan
12
Medal summary
Men's freestyle
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
55 kgdetails
Hassan Rahimi Iran
Amit Kumar Dahiya India
Sezar Akgül Turkey
Nariman Israpilov Russia
60 kgdetails
Bekkhan Goygereev Russia
Vladimir Dubov Bulgaria
Bajrang Punia India
Masoud Esmaeilpour Iran
66 kgdetails
David Safaryan Armenia
Liván López Cuba
Magomed Kurbanaliev Russia
Ganzorigiin Mandakhnaran Mongolia
74 kgdetails
Jordan Burroughs United States
Ezzatollah Akbari Iran
Ali Shabanau Belarus
Rashid Kurbanov Uzbekistan
84 kgdetails
Ibragim Aldatov Ukraine
Reineris Salas Cuba
István Veréb Hungary
Ehsan Lashgari Iran
96 kgdetails
Reza Yazdani Iran
Khetag Gazyumov Azerbaijan
Anzor Boltukaev Russia
Pavlo Oliynyk Ukraine
120 kgdetails
Khadzhimurat Gatsalov Russia
Alen Zaseyev Ukraine
Geno Petriashvili Georgia
Taha Akgül Turkey
Men's Greco-Roman
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
55 kgdetails
Yun Won-chol North Korea
Choi Gyu-jin South Korea
Péter Módos Hungary
Roman Amoyan Armenia
60 kgdetails
Ivo Angelov Bulgaria
Ivan Kuylakov Russia
Woo Seung-jae South Korea
Elmurat Tasmuradov Uzbekistan
66 kgdetails
Ryu Han-su South Korea
Islambek Albiev Russia
Sandeep Tulsi Yadav India
Frank Stäbler Germany
74 kgdetails
Kim Hyeon-woo South Korea
Roman Vlasov Russia
Arsen Julfalakyan Armenia
Emrah Kuş Turkey
84 kgdetails
Taleb Nematpour Iran
Saman Tahmasebi Azerbaijan
Javid Hamzatau Belarus
Viktor Lőrincz Hungary
96 kgdetails
Nikita Melnikov Russia
Artur Aleksanyan Armenia
Balázs Kiss Hungary
Shalva Gadabadze Azerbaijan
120 kgdetails
Heiki Nabi Estonia
Rıza Kayaalp Turkey
Nurmakhan Tinaliyev Kazakhstan
Johan Eurén Sweden
Women's freestyle
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
48 kgdetails
Eri Tosaka Japan
Mayelis Caripá Venezuela
Xu Cheng China
Alyssa Lampe United States
51 kgdetails
Sun Yanan China
Erdenechimegiin Sumiyaa Mongolia
So Sim-hyang North Korea
Jessica MacDonald Canada
55 kgdetails
Saori Yoshida Japan
Sofia Mattsson Sweden
Emese Barka Hungary
Valeria Koblova Russia
59 kgdetails
Marianna Sastin Hungary
Taybe Yusein Bulgaria
Tungalagiin Mönkhtuyaa Mongolia
Yuliya Ratkevich Azerbaijan
63 kgdetails
Kaori Icho Japan
Soronzonboldyn Battsetseg Mongolia
Yekaterina Larionova Kazakhstan
Elena Pirozhkova United States
67 kgdetails
Alina Stadnyk Ukraine
Stacie Anaka Canada
Ochirbatyn Nasanburmaa Mongolia
Sara Dosho Japan
72 kgdetails
Zhang Fengliu China
Natalia Vorobieva Russia
Adeline Gray United States
Ochirbatyn Burmaa Mongolia
Participating nations
681 competitors from 87 nations participated.
Albania (2)
Algeria (2)
Argentina (3)
Armenia (13)
Australia (1)
Austria (7)
Azerbaijan (18)
Belarus (21)
Brazil (9)
Bulgaria (20)
Cameroon (2)
Canada (14)
Chad (1)
China (21)
Chinese Taipei (3)
Colombia (9)
Croatia (5)
Cuba (11)
Czech Republic (7)
Denmark (2)
Dominican Republic (6)
Egypt (7)
El Salvador (1)
Estonia (6)
Finland (5)
France (7)
Georgia (14)
Germany (17)
Great Britain (1)
Greece (13)
Guam (1)
Guatemala (1)
Guinea-Bissau (1)
Honduras (4)
Hungary (21)
India (21)
Iran (14)
Iraq (2)
Israel (4)
Italy (4)
Japan (21)
Jordan (1)
Kazakhstan (21)
Kyrgyzstan (12)
Latvia (5)
Lithuania (6)
Macedonia (2)
Madagascar (2)
Mauritius (1)
Mexico (8)
Moldova (14)
Mongolia (14)
Montenegro (1)
Morocco (1)
Netherlands (1)
New Zealand (3)
Nicaragua (1)
North Korea (7)
Norway (4)
Palau (1)
Panama (2)
Peru (2)
Poland (18)
Portugal (1)
Puerto Rico (4)
Qatar (1)
Romania (15)
Russia (21)
Senegal (3)
Serbia (5)
Slovakia (8)
Slovenia (1)
South Africa (4)
South Korea (17)
Spain (6)
Sri Lanka (5)
Sweden (10)
Switzerland (3)
Tajikistan (4)
Tunisia (3)
Turkey (20)
Ukraine (21)
Uruguay (1)
United States (21)
Uzbekistan (12)
Venezuela (17)
Vietnam (9)
References
Results Book
External links
Official website
vteWorld Wrestling Championships
1904
1905
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1913
1920
1921
1922
1950
1951
1953
1954
1955
1957
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1965
1966
1967
1969
1970
1971
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1981
1982
1983
1985
1986
1987
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
List of medalists
Men's freestyle
Men's Greco-Roman
Women's freestyle
vteWorld championships in 2013Summer sports &indoor sports
Aquatics
Archery
Athletics
cross country
Badminton
Beach soccer
Beach volleyball
Boxing (amateur)
Bowls
Canoeing
sprint
slalom
Cycling
road
track
BMX
mountain bike
Fencing
Floorball (women)
Futsal
women
AMF women
Gymnastics
artistic
rhythmic
trampoline
Handball
men
women
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Orienteering
Rowing
Squash
men
women
men's team
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Wushu
Winter sports
Alpine skiing
Bandy (men)
Biathlon
Bobsleigh / Skeleton
Curling
men
women
mixed doubles
wheelchair
Figure skating
Ice hockey
men
Nordic skiing
Speed skating
allround
sprint
single distance
short track
Cue & mind sports
Chess
open
women
rapid
blitz
Darts
BDO
PDC
Draughts
men match
men
women
Pool
Nine-ball
Snooker
six-red
Motor sports
Endurance
Formula One
F1 Powerboat
Motocross
MotoGP
Moto2
Moto3
Rally
Sidecarcross
Superbike
Supersport
Radio-controlled
1:10 off-road
Touring car
|
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Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"text":"681 competitors from 87 nations participated.Albania (2)\n Algeria (2)\n Argentina (3)\n Armenia (13)\n Australia (1)\n Austria (7)\n Azerbaijan (18)\n Belarus (21)\n Brazil (9)\n Bulgaria (20)\n Cameroon (2)\n Canada (14)\n Chad (1)\n China (21)\n Chinese Taipei (3)\n Colombia (9)\n Croatia (5)\n Cuba (11)\n Czech Republic (7)\n Denmark (2)\n Dominican Republic (6)\n Egypt (7)\n El Salvador (1)\n Estonia (6)\n Finland (5)\n France (7)\n Georgia (14)\n Germany (17)\n Great Britain (1)\n Greece (13)\n Guam (1)\n Guatemala (1)\n Guinea-Bissau (1)\n Honduras (4)\n Hungary (21)\n India (21)\n Iran (14)\n Iraq (2)\n Israel (4)\n Italy (4)\n Japan (21)\n Jordan (1)\n Kazakhstan (21)\n Kyrgyzstan (12)\n Latvia (5)\n Lithuania (6)\n Macedonia (2)\n Madagascar (2)\n Mauritius (1)\n Mexico (8)\n Moldova (14)\n Mongolia (14)\n Montenegro (1)\n Morocco (1)\n Netherlands (1)\n New Zealand (3)\n Nicaragua (1)\n North Korea (7)\n Norway (4)\n Palau (1)\n Panama (2)\n Peru (2)\n Poland (18)\n Portugal (1)\n Puerto Rico (4)\n Qatar (1)\n Romania (15)\n Russia (21)\n Senegal (3)\n Serbia (5)\n Slovakia (8)\n Slovenia (1)\n South Africa (4)\n South Korea (17)\n Spain (6)\n Sri Lanka (5)\n Sweden (10)\n Switzerland (3)\n Tajikistan (4)\n Tunisia (3)\n Turkey (20)\n Ukraine (21)\n Uruguay (1)\n United States (21)\n Uzbekistan (12)\n Venezuela (17)\n Vietnam (9)","title":"Participating nations"}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013012/http://www.fila-official.com/images/FILA/resultats/2013/results_09_budapest.pdf","external_links_name":"Results Book"},{"Link":"http://www.flowrestling.org/coverage/251006-2013-Fila-World-Championships","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nytt_p%C3%A5_nytt
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Nytt på nytt
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["1 Regular panelists","2 References","3 External links"]
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Norwegian television comedy panel show
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Nytt på nyttThe studioGenreSatirical panel gamePresented by
Jon Almaas (1999–2016)
Bård Tufte Johansen (2017–present)
Starring
Johan Golden (2015–present)
Pernille Sørensen (2015–2023)
Ingrid Gjessing Linhave (2013–2015)
Linn Skåber (2007–2013)
Knut Nærum (1999–2015)
Anne-Kat. Hærland (1999–2007)
Theme music composerJaved KurdCountry of originNorwayOriginal languageNorwegianNo. of seasons47No. of episodes650 (25 November 2022)ProductionProducerNRKProduction locationsMarienlyst, OsloRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkNRK1Release9 April 1999 (1999-04-09) – ()RelatedUutisvuoto (FIN)Dit was het nieuws (NED)Snacka om nyheter (SWE)Have I Got News for You (GBR)
Nytt på nytt ("News Anew", literally "new on new") is a Norwegian version of the British TV comedy panel show Have I Got News for You (created by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC). The programme is a competition between a pair of two-person teams, with one permanent panellist and one guest player on each team.
The aim is for each of the teams to score points by correctly answering questions based on the week's news. In practice, however, the point-scoring element is secondary: although the final scores do get a brief mention at the end of the show, the entertainment chiefly comes from witty remarks made by the panellists and the banter that passes between them.
When the show was first launched, in the spring of 1999, Jon Almaas was the host, and the permanent panellists were Knut Nærum and Anne-Kat. Hærland. In 2016, the show began to be hosted by Bård Tufte Johansen.
The current, permanent panellists, Johan Golden and Pernille Sørensen, both started on the show in 2015.
Regular panelists
Anne-Kat. Hærland (1999–2007)
Knut Nærum (1999–2015)
Linn Skåber (2007–2013)
Ingrid Gjessing Linhave (2013–2015)
Pernille Sørensen (2015–2023)
Johan Golden (2015–)
Isalill Kolpus (2023–)
References
^ "Jon Almaas slutter i Nytt på nytt". 7 October 2016.
^ Nymo, Jarl (23 April 2015). "Johan Golden: – Går ikke an å takke nei til denne jobben". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ Staude, Tone (23 February 2015). "Pernille Sørensen til Nytt på nytt". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^ Staude, Tone (23 February 2015). "Pernille Sørensen til Nytt på nytt". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ Svelstad, Oda Elise (20 March 2023). "Sluttar i "Nytt på Nytt": – Ekstremt rart". NRK (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
^ "Isalill Kolpus overtar etter Pernille Sørensen i Nytt på Nytt". www.aftenposten.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 24 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
External links
Nytt på nytt on NRK
This Norwegian television programme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"panel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_show"},{"link_name":"Have I Got News for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You"},{"link_name":"Hat Trick Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Trick_Productions"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"panellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panellist"},{"link_name":"Jon Almaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Almaas"},{"link_name":"Knut Nærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_N%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Anne-Kat. Hærland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Kat._H%C3%A6rland"},{"link_name":"Bård Tufte Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A5rd_Tufte_Johansen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Johan Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Golden"},{"link_name":"Pernille Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_S%C3%B8rensen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nytt på nytt (\"News Anew\", literally \"new on new\") is a Norwegian version of the British TV comedy panel show Have I Got News for You (created by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC). The programme is a competition between a pair of two-person teams, with one permanent panellist and one guest player on each team.The aim is for each of the teams to score points by correctly answering questions based on the week's news. In practice, however, the point-scoring element is secondary: although the final scores do get a brief mention at the end of the show, the entertainment chiefly comes from witty remarks made by the panellists and the banter that passes between them.When the show was first launched, in the spring of 1999, Jon Almaas was the host, and the permanent panellists were Knut Nærum and Anne-Kat. Hærland. In 2016, the show began to be hosted by Bård Tufte Johansen.[1]The current, permanent panellists, Johan Golden and Pernille Sørensen, both started on the show in 2015.[2][3]","title":"Nytt på nytt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne-Kat. Hærland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Kat._H%C3%A6rland"},{"link_name":"Knut Nærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_N%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Linn Skåber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Sk%C3%A5ber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pernille Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_S%C3%B8rensen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Johan Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Golden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Anne-Kat. Hærland (1999–2007)\nKnut Nærum (1999–2015)\nLinn Skåber (2007–2013)\nIngrid Gjessing Linhave (2013–2015)[4]\nPernille Sørensen (2015–2023)[5]\nJohan Golden (2015–)\nIsalill Kolpus (2023–)[6]","title":"Regular panelists"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_interval_(data_transmission)
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Unit interval (data transmission)
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["1 Jitter measurement","2 See also","3 References"]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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The unit interval is the minimum time interval between condition changes of a data transmission signal, also known as the pulse time or symbol duration time. A unit interval (UI) is the time taken in a data stream by each subsequent pulse (or symbol).
When UI is used as a measurement unit of a time interval, the resulting measure of such time interval is dimensionless. It expresses the time interval in terms of UI. Very often, but not always, the UI coincides with the bit time, i.e. with the time interval taken to transmit one bit (binary information digit).
The two coincide in fact in NRZ transmission; they do not coincide in a 2B1Q transmission, where one pulse takes the time of two bits. For example, in a serial line with a baud rate of 2.5 Gbit/s, a unit interval is 1/(2.5 Gbit/s) = 0.4 ns/baud.
Jitter measurement
Jitter is often measured as a fraction of UI. For example, jitter of 0.01 UI is jitter that moves a signal edge by 1% of the UI duration.
The widespread use of UI in jitter measurements comes from the need to apply the same requirements or results to cases of different symbol rates. This can be done when the phenomena investigated are not independent from the symbol duration time but closely related to it. For example, UI is used to measure timing jitter in serial communications or in on-chip clock distributions.
This measurement unit is extensively used in jitter literature. Examples can be found in various ITU-T Recommendations, or in the tutorial from Ransom Stephens.
See also
Baud
Symbol rate
Frequency
Telecommunications
References
^ ITU-T G.825 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Digital networks. Quality and availability targets (03/2000)
^ Tektronix Jitter 360° Knowledge Series rom http://www.tek.com/learning/
This article related to telecommunications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This computing article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(time)"},{"link_name":"condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_variable"},{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"symbol duration time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate"},{"link_name":"2B1Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2B1Q"},{"link_name":"baud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud"}],"text":"The unit interval is the minimum time interval between condition changes of a data transmission signal, also known as the pulse time or symbol duration time. A unit interval (UI) is the time taken in a data stream by each subsequent pulse (or symbol).When UI is used as a measurement unit of a time interval, the resulting measure of such time interval is dimensionless. It expresses the time interval in terms of UI. Very often, but not always, the UI coincides with the bit time, i.e. with the time interval taken to transmit one bit (binary information digit).The two coincide in fact in NRZ transmission; they do not coincide in a 2B1Q transmission, where one pulse takes the time of two bits. For example, in a serial line with a baud rate of 2.5 Gbit/s, a unit interval is 1/(2.5 Gbit/s) = 0.4 ns/baud.","title":"Unit interval (data transmission)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jitter is often measured as a fraction of UI. For example, jitter of 0.01 UI is jitter that moves a signal edge by 1% of the UI duration.The widespread use of UI in jitter measurements comes from the need to apply the same requirements or results to cases of different symbol rates. This can be done when the phenomena investigated are not independent from the symbol duration time but closely related to it. For example, UI is used to measure timing jitter in serial communications or in on-chip clock distributions.This measurement unit is extensively used in jitter literature. Examples can be found in various ITU-T Recommendations,[1] or in the tutorial from Ransom Stephens.[2]","title":"Jitter measurement"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Baud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud"},{"title":"Symbol rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate"},{"title":"Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrum"},{"title":"Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics
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Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Medalists","2 Athletics","3 Cycling","3.1 Mountain biking","4 Rowing","5 Swimming","6 Tennis","7 Triathlon","8 References"]
|
Sporting event delegationZimbabwe at the2008 Summer OlympicsIOC codeZIMNOCZimbabwe Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.zoc.co.zwin BeijingCompetitors13 in 6 sportsFlag bearers Brian Dzingai (opening)Kirsty Coventry (closing)MedalsRanked 38th
Gold
1
Silver
3
Bronze
0
Total
4
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19281932–1956196019641968–1976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Zimbabwe sent a team to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
Zimbabwe sent thirteen athletes to Beijing, competing in swimming, athletics, tennis, cycling, triathlon, and rowing. Kirsty Coventry, who won gold in swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, was the lone member of the delegation to medal.
Medalists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Gold
Kirsty Coventry
Swimming
Women's 200 m backstroke
16 August
Silver
Kirsty Coventry
Swimming
Women's 400 m individual medley
10 August
Silver
Kirsty Coventry
Swimming
Women's 100 m backstroke
12 August
Silver
Kirsty Coventry
Swimming
Women's 200 m individual medley
13 August
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Seven Zimbabweans competed in athletics, with the best finishes being a pair of fourth-places. One came from Brian Dzingai, in the men's 200 metres. Dzingai was the top qualifier in the heats and semifinals, but in the final, he originally placed 6th, before two disqualifications moved him up to 4th. The other came from Ngonidzashe Makusha in the men's long jump. Makusha qualified in 5th, and sat in 2nd place after the first three jumps. He was passed by one opponent on the fourth attempt, and then lost a medal by a single centimetre on the last round of jumps.
Men
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Lewis Banda
400 m
46.76
6
—
Did not advance
Brian Dzingai
200 m
20.25
1 Q
20.23
1 Q
20.17
2 Q
20.22
4
Mike Fokoroni
Marathon
—
2:13:17
11
Cuthbert Nyasango
10000 m
—
DNF
Young Talkmore Nyongani
400 m
45.89
6
—
Did not advance
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Ngonidzashe Makusha
Long jump
8.14
5 Q
8.19
4
Women
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Final
Result
Rank
Tabitha Tsatsa
Marathon
2:37:10
49
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Mountain biking
Antipas Kwari represented Zimbabwe in cycling, and was the last finisher in the men's mountain bike race, a full lap behind the next-to-last finisher.
Athlete
Event
Time
Rank
Antipas Kwari
Men's cross-country
LAP (6 laps)
48
Rowing
Main article: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Elana Hill managed to qualify from her opening heat, but finished last in her quarterfinal and her semifinal, ending up in 25th.
Women
Athlete
Event
Heats
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Elana Hill
Single sculls
8:35:53
3 QF
8:20:84
6 SC/D
8:34:27
6 FE
8:09:94
25
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Kirsty Coventry managed to improve on her three-medal performance from Athens, repeating her gold medal in the 200-metre backstroke and her silver in the 100-metre backstroke, and adding silver medals in the 200-metre and 400-metre individual medleys. She also set a world record in her 100 backstroke semifinal, which was not broken in the final, and won the 200 backstroke with another world record. Her team-mate Heather Brand did not advance from the heats.
Women
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Heather Brand
100 m butterfly
1:01.39
42
Did not advance
Kirsty Coventry
100 m backstroke
59.00 OR
1 Q
58.77 WR
1 Q
59.19
200 m backstroke
2:06.76 OR
1 Q
2:07.76
1 Q
2:05.24 WR
200 m individual medley
2:12.18
3 Q
2:09.53 OR
1 Q
2:08.59 AF
400 m individual medley
4:36:43
7 Q
—
4:29.89 AF
Tennis
Main article: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cara Black, representing Zimbabwe for the third time in Olympic tennis, lost her only match in straight sets.
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Cara Black
Women's singles
Janković (SRB)L 3–6, 3–6
Did not advance
Triathlon
Main article: Triathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Chris Felgate ran the triathlon for Zimbabwe. He finished the swim with the main pack, but fell behind in the cycling and running portions.
Athlete
Event
Swim (1.5 km)
Trans 1
Bike (40 km)
Trans 2
Run (10 km)
Total Time
Rank
Chris Felgate
Men's
18:21
0:28
59:00
0:33
36:09
1:54:31.61
42
References
^ "Coventry leads Zimbabwe medal drive towards Beijing Olympic Games", Xinhua, 19 July 2008
Official 2008 Summer Olympics Results Website
vte National Olympic Committees at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, ChinaAfrica
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|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.zoc.co.zw/","external_links_name":"www.zoc.co.zw"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020211859/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-07/19/content_8574357.htm","external_links_name":"\"Coventry leads Zimbabwe medal drive towards Beijing Olympic Games\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080807203604/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/Schedule/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Official 2008 Summer Olympics Results Website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerson_Goldhaber
|
Gerson Goldhaber
|
["1 Biography","2 Awards and honors","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
|
Particle Physicist and astrophysicist
Gerson GoldhaberGerson Goldhaber at Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryBorn(1924-02-20)February 20, 1924Chemnitz, GermanyDiedJuly 19, 2010(2010-07-19) (aged 86)Berkeley, CaliforniaNationalityGermanyCitizenshipUnited StatesAlma materM.Sc Hebrew University of JerusalemPh.D. University of Wisconsin–MadisonKnown forCharm Meson Discovery, Dark Energy DiscoverySpouse(s)Sulamith GoldhaberJudith MargoshesAwardsPanofsky PrizeScientific careerFieldsParticle Physics, CosmologyInstitutionsLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUniversity of California, BerkeleyAcademic advisorsM.Sc Thesis Advisor Ernst Alexander
Gerson Goldhaber (February 20, 1924 – July 19, 2010) was a German-born American particle physicist and astrophysicist. He was one of the discoverers of the J/ψ meson which confirmed the existence of the charm quark. He worked at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with the Supernova Cosmology Project, and was a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley as well as a professor at Berkeley's graduate school in astrophysics.
Biography
Goldhaber was born on February 20, 1924, in Germany. His Jewish family fled Nazi Germany to Egypt and Goldhaber earned a master's degree in physics in 1947 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Goldhaber was awarded his Ph.D. in 1950 from the University of Wisconsin and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953 while he was on the faculty of Columbia University.
Goldhaber became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and did additional work at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. At Berkeley, Goldhaber was part of a particle physics research team that used photographic emulsion to track the movements of subatomic particles in proton-proton scattering experiments that led to the identification of the antiproton, a discovery that earned Owen Chamberlain and Emilio G. Segrè the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959.
From 1960-61 Goldhaber was a Ford Foundation fellow at CERN, Geneva. During this period he co-authored with his wife and B. Peters a CERN report. A particle he discovered in 1963 was given the name A meson, named after his son Amos.
In 1974, Goldhaber was part of a team at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center led by Burton Richter that co-discovered the J/ψ meson, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Richter was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for his research, together with Samuel C. C. Ting of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who found the particle as part of his own research. For his work on the project, Goldhaber won the American Physical Society's Panofsky Prize and was named California Scientist of the Year.
He later became involved with Rich Muller, Carl Pennypacker and Saul Perlmutter, of the Supernova Cosmology Project. The project, founded in 1988 at Lawrence Berkeley, searched the Universe for signs of supernovae, which could be used to determine the rate at which the Universe was expanding. By 1997, data that the group had gathered provided evidence that the rate of the expansion of the Universe was increasing due to what they termed dark energy, contrary to the prevailing theory that expansion would slow down and ultimately reverse itself with a Big Crunch as the ultimate fate of the universe.
Goldhaber was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Together with Robert N. Cahn, Goldhaber co-wrote the text The Experimental Foundations of Particle Physics.
A resident of Berkeley, California, Goldhaber died at his home there at age 86 on July 19, 2010. He was survived by his second wife, science writer Judith Margoshes, as well as two daughters, a son and three grandchildren. During their 41-year marriage, he collaborated with Judith on two books of sonnets, which were illustrated with watercolors he had painted. His marriage to nuclear chemist Sulamith Goldhaber ended with her death from a brain tumor in 1965 while the couple was traveling in India. Goldhaber's brother Maurice was a particle physicist who served as director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, one of many physicists in Goldhaber's family.
Awards and honors
Fellow of the American Physical Society
1991 - Panofsky Prize of the American Physical Society in recognition of his discovery of charmed mesons
1982 - Elected as a foreign member of the Swedish Royal Academy
1977 - California Scientist of the Year award, for his work on charmed mesons
1976-77 - Morris Loeb Lecturer in Physics, Harvard University
1977 - Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences
1972-73 - Guggenheim Fellow at CERN
1958-59, 1975-76, 1984-85 - Awarded Miller Professorships at the University of California Berkeley.
See also
Sulamith Goldhaber — wife and colleague
Maurice Goldhaber — brother
Nat Goldhaber — son
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Goldhaber Biography
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Yarris 2010
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Perlman 2010
^ "1976 Nobel Prize in Physics". Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h "Gerson Goldhaber". Faculty Listing. Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
^ a b c d e f Hofffman, Jascha. "Gerson Goldhaber, Particle Physicist, Is Dead at 86", The New York Times, July 25, 2010. Accessed July 26, 2010.
^ Separation of high-energy particles by means of strong interaction processes, CERN-61-03
^ "1991 W.K.H. Panofsky Prize in Experimental Particle Physics Recipient". American Physical Society. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
Bibliography
"Goldhaber Biography". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysic. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
Perlman, David (July 22, 2010). "Gerson Goldhaber, world-famed physicist, dies". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California: Hearst Corporation. p. C - 4. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
Yarris, Lynn (July 21, 2010). "In Memoriam: Gerson Goldhaber, renowned physicist". News Center. Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Hoffman, Jascha (July 25, 2010). "Gerson Goldhaber, Particle Physicist, Is Dead at 86". New York Times.
External links
George H. Trilling, "Gerson Goldhaber", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2010)
Scientific publications of G. Goldhaber on INSPIRE-HEP
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
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Segrè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-6"},{"link_name":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center"},{"link_name":"Burton Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Richter"},{"link_name":"J/ψ meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson"},{"link_name":"flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"charm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark"},{"link_name":"quark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark"},{"link_name":"antiquark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticle"},{"link_name":"Samuel C. C. Ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"Panofsky Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panofsky_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-6"},{"link_name":"Rich Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Muller"},{"link_name":"Carl Pennypacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Pennypacker"},{"link_name":"Saul Perlmutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter"},{"link_name":"Supernova Cosmology Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project"},{"link_name":"supernovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova"},{"link_name":"dark energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy"},{"link_name":"Big Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch"},{"link_name":"ultimate fate of the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-6"},{"link_name":"United States National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-6"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"a son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"Sulamith Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamith_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-6"}],"text":"Goldhaber was born on February 20, 1924, in Germany. His Jewish family fled Nazi Germany to Egypt and Goldhaber earned a master's degree in physics in 1947 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Goldhaber was awarded his Ph.D. in 1950 from the University of Wisconsin and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953 while he was on the faculty of Columbia University.[6]Goldhaber became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and did additional work at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. At Berkeley, Goldhaber was part of a particle physics research team that used photographic emulsion to track the movements of subatomic particles in proton-proton scattering experiments that led to the identification of the antiproton, a discovery that earned Owen Chamberlain and Emilio G. Segrè the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959.From 1960-61 Goldhaber was a Ford Foundation fellow at CERN,[5] Geneva. During this period he co-authored with his wife and B. Peters a CERN report.[7] A particle he discovered in 1963 was given the name A meson, named after his son Amos.[6]In 1974, Goldhaber was part of a team at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center led by Burton Richter that co-discovered the J/ψ meson, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Richter was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for his research, together with Samuel C. C. Ting of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who found the particle as part of his own research. For his work on the project, Goldhaber won the American Physical Society's Panofsky Prize and was named California Scientist of the Year.[6]He later became involved with Rich Muller, Carl Pennypacker and Saul Perlmutter, of the Supernova Cosmology Project. The project, founded in 1988 at Lawrence Berkeley, searched the Universe for signs of supernovae, which could be used to determine the rate at which the Universe was expanding. By 1997, data that the group had gathered provided evidence that the rate of the expansion of the Universe was increasing due to what they termed dark energy, contrary to the prevailing theory that expansion would slow down and ultimately reverse itself with a Big Crunch as the ultimate fate of the universe.[6]Goldhaber was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Together with Robert N. Cahn, Goldhaber co-wrote the text The Experimental Foundations of Particle Physics.[6]A resident of Berkeley, California, Goldhaber died at his home there at age 86 on July 19, 2010. He was survived by his second wife, science writer Judith Margoshes, as well as two daughters, a son and three grandchildren. During their 41-year marriage, he collaborated with Judith on two books of sonnets, which were illustrated with watercolors he had painted. His marriage to nuclear chemist Sulamith Goldhaber ended with her death from a brain tumor in 1965 while the couple was traveling in India. Goldhaber's brother Maurice was a particle physicist who served as director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, one of many physicists in Goldhaber's family.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"Panofsky Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panofsky_Prize"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APSprize-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow"},{"link_name":"CERN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerkBio-5"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Institute"}],"text":"Fellow of the American Physical Society[5]\n1991 - Panofsky Prize of the American Physical Society in recognition of his discovery of charmed mesons[8]\n1982 - Elected as a foreign member of the Swedish Royal Academy[5]\n1977 - California Scientist of the Year award, for his work on charmed mesons[5]\n1976-77 - Morris Loeb Lecturer in Physics, Harvard University[5]\n1977 - Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences[5]\n1972-73 - Guggenheim Fellow at CERN[5]\n1958-59, 1975-76, 1984-85 - Awarded Miller Professorships at the University of California Berkeley.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Goldhaber Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110818134747/http://inpa.lbl.gov/SCP/Gersonfest/bio_files%20Folder/bio.htm"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//inpa.lbl.gov/SCP/Gersonfest/bio_files%20Folder/bio.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Gerson Goldhaber, world-famed physicist, dies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121104235939/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2010%2F07%2F21%2FBAEH1EHPMB.DTL"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/07/21/BAEH1EHPMB.DTL"},{"link_name":"\"In Memoriam: Gerson Goldhaber, renowned physicist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100722061529/http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/07/21/gerson-goldhaber/"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/07/21/gerson-goldhaber/"},{"link_name":"\"Gerson Goldhaber, Particle Physicist, Is Dead at 86\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/science/26goldhaber.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"}],"text":"\"Goldhaber Biography\". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysic. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2007.\nPerlman, David (July 22, 2010). \"Gerson Goldhaber, world-famed physicist, dies\". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California: Hearst Corporation. p. C - 4. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2010.\nYarris, Lynn (July 21, 2010). \"In Memoriam: Gerson Goldhaber, renowned physicist\". News Center. Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.\nHoffman, Jascha (July 25, 2010). \"Gerson Goldhaber, Particle Physicist, Is Dead at 86\". New York Times.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Sulamith Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulamith_Goldhaber"},{"title":"Maurice Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber"},{"title":"Nat Goldhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_(virtue)
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Charity (Christian virtue)
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["1 Caritas: the altruistic love","2 As a theological virtue","3 See also","4 Sources","5 References"]
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One of the seven theological virtues
Part of a series onLoveRed-outline heart icon
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Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck
In Christian theology, charity (Latin: caritas) is considered one of the seven virtues and was understood by Thomas Aquinas as "the friendship of man for God", which "unites us to God". He holds it as "the most excellent of the virtues". Aquinas further holds that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".
The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines "charity" as "the theological virtue by which we love God above all things for His own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God".
Louis Adolphe Salmon after Andrea del Sarto, Charity, 1863, etching and engraving
Caritas: the altruistic love
The phrase Deus caritas est from 1 John 4:8—or Θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν (Theos agapē estin) in the original Greek is translated in the King James Version as: "God is love", and in the Douay-Rheims bible as: "God is charity" (1 John 4:8). Thomas Aquinas does not simply equate charity with "love", which he holds as a passion, not a virtue. The King James Version uses both the words charity and love to translate the idea of caritas/ἀγάπη (agapē): sometimes it uses one, then sometimes the other, for the same concept. Most other English translations, both before and since, do not; instead, throughout they use the same more direct English word love. Love can have other meanings in English, but as used in the New Testament it almost always refers to the virtue of caritas.
Many times when charity is mentioned in English-language bibles, it refers to "love of God", which is a spiritual love that is extended from God to man and then reflected by man, who is made in the image of God, back to God. God gives man the power to act as God acts (God is love), man then reflects God's power in his own human actions towards others. One example of this movement is "charity shall cover the multitude of sins" (1 Peter 4:8). "The practice of charity brings us to act toward ourselves and others out of love alone, precisely because each person has the dignity of a beloved child of God."
As a theological virtue
Charity by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Charity is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit because it both glorifies and reflects the nature of God. Confusion can arise from the multiple meanings of the English word "love". As with other theological virtues, charity is divinely infused into the soul; it resides in the will. According to Aquinas, charity is an absolute requirement for happiness, which he holds as man's last goal.
Charity has two parts: love of God and love of man, which includes both love of one's neighbor and one's self.
In 1 Corinthians 13, Paul places the greatest emphasis on charity (love). "So faith, hope, love remain, these three; but the greatest of these is love." He describes it this way:
Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.... And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
The fruits of charity are joy, peace, and mercy.
In December 2005, Pope Benedict XVI issued the encyclical Deus caritas est, in which he discussed "... the love which God lavishes upon us and which we in turn must share with others."
Charity (circa 1920), oil painting by Antonio Salguero Salas. MuNa, Quito.
Based on the Matthew 25's Parable of The Sheep and the Goats, the early Church saw the love of the poor (periptochias) as the crown jewel of the virtues. Cappadocian father St. Gregory of Nazianzus wrote that
It is not at all an easy task to discover the one virtue that surpasses all others and to give it the scepter and palm, just as it is not easy in a meadow fragrant with many blossoms to find the most
fragrant and beautiful.
After considering many of the Christian virtues, he concludes that
following Paul and Christ himself, we must regard charity as the first and greatest of the commandments since it is the very sum of the Law and the Prophets, its most vital part I find is the love of the poor...
See also
Charity by Jacques Blanchard, 1633
Altruism – Principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others
Charity (practice) – Voluntary giving of help to those in need
The other Capital Virtues – Seven virtues in Christian traditionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Chastity – Ethic concept of temperance related to sexuality
Diligence – Carefulness and persistent effort or work
Humility – Quality of being humble
Kindness – Behavior marked by generosity, consideration, assistance, or concern for others
Patience – Ability to endure difficult circumstances
Temperance – Cardinal virtue of control over excess
Dāna – Concept of charity in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism
Great Commandment – First of two commandments cited by Jesus in the synoptic gospels
Love for enemies – Gospel according to Matthew, chapter 5Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Loving-kindness and similar or related concepts:
Agape – Greco-Christian term referring to God's love, the highest form of love
Chesed – Hebrew word referring to love or kindness
Mettā – Buddhist term meaning "loving-kindness"Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Ren (Confucianism) – Confucian virtuePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Seven Deadly Sins – Set of vices in Christian theologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Virtue – Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
Zidqa – Alms in Mandaeism
Sources
Aquinas, Thomas (1917) . "Second Part of the Second Part" . Summa Theologiae. See Questions 23-46
Bossy, John (1985). Christianity in the West 1400–1700. Oxford. p. 168.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Deharbe, Joseph (1912). "The Commandments in General and the Chief Commandment of Charity." . A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.
Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). "Book V: Part III: On Charity" . A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.
Sollier, Joseph Francis (1910). "Love (Theological Virtue)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
References
^ Aquinas, Thomas (1920) . "Charity, considered in itself". Summa Theologiae. Vol. Secunda, Secundae Partis. Q. 23. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Aquinas, Thomas (1920) . "The object of charity". Summa Theologiae. Vol. Secunda, Secundae Partis. Q. 25. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ a b "Catechism of the Catholic Church". usccb.org. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ "1 John 4, Interlinear Bible". Bible Hub. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Aquinas, Thomas (1920) . "The passions of the soul in particular: and first, of love". Summa Theologiae. Vol. Secunda, Secundae Partis. Q. 26. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ King, Will (November 29, 2012). "What is Virtue?". Our Sunday Visitor. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
^ a b Sollier, Joseph Francis (1910). "Love (Theological Virtue)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Benedict XVI (December 25, 2005). Deus caritas est. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
^ Vinson, Martha (2003). Select Orations. The Fathers of the Church : A New Translation. Translated by Vinson, Martha. Catholic University of America Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt32b306. ISBN 978-0-8132-1207-4. JSTOR j.ctt32b306.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Charity and Charities".
vteSeven virtues in Christian ethicsFourcardinal virtues
Prudence (Prudentia)
Justice (Iustitia)
Fortitude (Fortitudo)
Temperance (Temperantia)
Sources: Plato
Republic, Book IV
Cicero
Ambrose
Augustine of Hippo
Thomas Aquinas
Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)Threetheological virtues
Faith (Fides)
Hope (Spes)
Love (Caritas)
Sources: Paul the Apostle
1 Corinthians 13
Seven deadly sins
Lust (Luxuria)
Gluttony (Gula)
Greed (Avaritia)
Sloth (Acedia)
Wrath (Ira)
Envy (Invidia)
Pride (Superbia)
Source: Prudentius, Psychomachia
People: Evagrius Ponticus
John Cassian
Pope Gregory I
Dante Alighieri
Peter Binsfeld
Related concepts
Ten Commandments
Great Commandment
Eschatology
Sin
Original sin
Old Covenant
Hamartiology
Christian philosophy
vteVirtuesAbout virtues
Endowment
Moral character
Nicomachean Ethics
Positive psychology
Trait theory
Virtue ethics
Virtue families
Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
Brahmavihārās
Cardinal virtues
Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
Epistemic virtues
Five virtues
Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
Nine Noble Virtues
Pāramīs
Prussian virtues
Scout Law
Seven virtues
Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
Theological virtues
Three Treasures
Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
Yamas
Individual virtues
Accountability
Alertness
Altruism
Authenticity
Calmness
Charisma
Charity
Chastity
Chivalry
Cleanliness
Compassion
Conscientiousness
Courage
Civil
Moral
Courtesy
Diligence
Discernment
Discipline
Duty
Empathy
Endurance
Equanimity
Etiquette
Faith
Faithfulness
Fidelity
Foresight
Forgiveness
Frugality
Generosity
Glory
Good faith
Gratitude
Heroism
Honesty
Honour
Hope
Hospitality
Humanity
Humility
Impartiality
Innocence
Insight
Integrity
Intelligence
Emotional
Social
Judgement
Justice
Kindness
Love
Loyalty
Magnanimity
Magnificence
Meekness
Mercy
Moderation
Modesty
Nonattachment
Patience
Patriotism
Perspicacity
Philanthropy
Piety
Filial
Pity
Politeness
Prudence
Punctuality
Religion
Renunciation
Resilience
Respect
Reverence
Righteous indignation
Righteousness
Self-control
Self-cultivation
Self-transcendence
Simplicity
Sincerity
Solidarity
Sportsmanship
Sympathy
Taste
Temperance
Tranquillity
Trust
Wisdom
Wit
Workmanship
Chinese
De
Jing
Li
Ren
Yi
Greek
Agape
Arete
Ataraxia
Eutrapelia
Philotimo
Phronesis
Sophia
Sophrosyne
Indian
Adhiṭṭhāna
Ahimsa
Akrodha
Aparigraha
Ārjava
Asteya
Brahmacharya
Dāna
Dhṛti
Hrī
Karuṇā
Kshama
Kshanti
Mettā
Muditā
Prajñā
Satya
Shaucha
Sevā
Śraddhā/Saddhā
Upekṣā
Vīrya
Latin
Auctoritas
Caritas
Decorum
Dignitas
Fides
Gravitas
Humanitas
Pietas
Virtus
Other
Ganbaru
Giri
Sadaqah
Seny
Sisu
Virtù
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Dyck_-_Charity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"seven virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"theological virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_virtue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catechism-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charity.jpg"}],"text":"Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van DyckIn Christian theology, charity (Latin: caritas) is considered one of the seven virtues and was understood by Thomas Aquinas as \"the friendship of man for God\", which \"unites us to God\". He holds it as \"the most excellent of the virtues\".[1] Aquinas further holds that \"the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor\".[2]The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines \"charity\" as \"the theological virtue by which we love God above all things for His own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God\".[3]Louis Adolphe Salmon after Andrea del Sarto, Charity, 1863, etching and engraving","title":"Charity (Christian virtue)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 John 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+4:8&version=4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Douay-Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay-Rheims"},{"link_name":"1 John 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+4:8&version=63"},{"link_name":"love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(religious_views)#Christian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"1 Peter 4:8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#4:8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The phrase Deus caritas est from 1 John 4:8—or Θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν (Theos agapē estin) in the original Greek[4] is translated in the King James Version as: \"God is love\", and in the Douay-Rheims bible as: \"God is charity\" (1 John 4:8). Thomas Aquinas does not simply equate charity with \"love\", which he holds as a passion, not a virtue.[5] The King James Version uses both the words charity and love to translate the idea of caritas/ἀγάπη (agapē): sometimes it uses one, then sometimes the other, for the same concept. Most other English translations, both before and since, do not; instead, throughout they use the same more direct English word love. Love can have other meanings in English, but as used in the New Testament it almost always refers to the virtue of caritas.Many times when charity is mentioned in English-language bibles, it refers to \"love of God\", which is a spiritual love that is extended from God to man and then reflected by man, who is made in the image of God, back to God. God gives man the power to act as God acts (God is love), man then reflects God's power in his own human actions towards others. One example of this movement is \"charity shall cover the multitude of sins\" (1 Peter 4:8). \"The practice of charity brings us to act toward ourselves and others out of love alone, precisely because each person has the dignity of a beloved child of God.\"[6]","title":"Caritas: the altruistic love"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_Charity_(1878).jpg"},{"link_name":"William-Adolphe Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sollier-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sollier-7"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Corinthians_13"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catechism-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Deus caritas est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_caritas_est"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22La_Caridad%22_(ca._1920),_%C3%B3leo_sobre_lienzo_de_Antonio_Salguero_Salas._MuNa,_Quito.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Matthew 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2025&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"The Sheep and the Goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Charity by William-Adolphe BouguereauCharity is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit because it both glorifies and reflects the nature of God. Confusion can arise from the multiple meanings of the English word \"love\". As with other theological virtues, charity is divinely infused into the soul; it resides in the will.[7] According to Aquinas, charity is an absolute requirement for happiness, which he holds as man's last goal.Charity has two parts: love of God and love of man, which includes both love of one's neighbor and one's self.[7]In 1 Corinthians 13, Paul places the greatest emphasis on charity (love). \"So faith, hope, love remain, these three; but the greatest of these is love.\" He describes it this way:Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.\nCharity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.... And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.The fruits of charity are joy, peace, and mercy.[3]In December 2005, Pope Benedict XVI issued the encyclical Deus caritas est, in which he discussed \"... the love which God lavishes upon us and which we in turn must share with others.\"[8]Charity (circa 1920), oil painting by Antonio Salguero Salas. MuNa, Quito.Based on the Matthew 25's Parable of The Sheep and the Goats, the early Church saw the love of the poor (periptochias) as the crown jewel of the virtues. Cappadocian father St. Gregory of Nazianzus wrote thatIt is not at all an easy task to discover the one virtue that surpasses all others and to give it the scepter and palm, just as it is not easy in a meadow fragrant with many blossoms to find the most\nfragrant and beautiful.After considering many of the Christian virtues, he concludes thatfollowing Paul and Christ himself, we must regard charity as the first and greatest of the commandments since it is the very sum of the Law and the Prophets, [and] its most vital part I find is the love of the poor...[9]","title":"As a theological virtue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Second Part of the Second Part\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/Second_Part_of_the_Second_Part"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"The Commandments in General and the Chief Commandment of Charity.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Religion/Chap._I._The_Commandments_in_General_and_the_Chief_Commandment,"},{"link_name":"\"Book V: Part III: On Charity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_manual_of_moral_theology_for_English-speaking_countries/Book_5#115"},{"link_name":"\"Love (Theological Virtue)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Love_(Theological_Virtue)"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Aquinas, Thomas (1917) [1485]. \"Second Part of the Second Part\" . Summa Theologiae. See Questions 23-46\nBossy, John (1985). Christianity in the West 1400–1700. Oxford. p. 168.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nDeharbe, Joseph (1912). \"The Commandments in General and the Chief Commandment of Charity.\" . A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.\nSlater S.J., Thomas (1925). \"Book V: Part III: On Charity\" . A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.\nSollier, Joseph Francis (1910). \"Love (Theological Virtue)\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dais
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Dais
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["1 Etymology","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Raised platform
This article is about a raised platform. For the character in Ronin Warriors, see Dais (Ronin Warriors). For the plant with the common name dais, see Senna covesii. For the plant genus, see Dais (plant).
Not to be confused with Dias.
A drawing of a dais with throne under a baldachin
King George VI standing on a dais while reviewing a parade in 1946
A dais or daïs (/ˈdeɪ.əs/ or /ˈdeɪs/, American English also /ˈdaɪ.əs/ but sometimes considered nonstandard) is a raised platform at the front of a room or hall, usually for one or more speakers or honored guests.
Historically, the dais was a part of the floor at the end of a medieval hall, raised a step above the rest of the room. On this, the master of the household or assembly (e.g. the lord of the manor) dined with his senior associates and friends at the high table, while the other guests occupied the lower area of the room. In medieval halls, there was generally a deeply recessed bay window at one or both ends of the dais, which provided retirement or greater privacy than the open hall. The dais area often had its own doorway for admission from the master's chambers, whereas most of the guests entered through a doorway leading into the main area of the hall.
At military parades, the dais is the raised, sometimes covered, platform from where the troops are reviewed, addresses are made, and salutes are taken. It can also have stairs and a throne.
In life drawing rooms of art schools, the platform where the model poses for the students is sometimes referred to as the dais.
A dais for giving speeches is called a rostrum.
Etymology
The first written record of the word dais in English is from the thirteenth century. It stopped being used in English around 1600 but was revived by antiquarians in the early 19th century with the disyllabic pronunciation. It comes from the Anglo-French deis, meaning "table" or "platform", which comes from Medieval Latin discus, meaning "table", earlier "disc" or "dish".
See also
Podium
Pulpit
Lectern
References
^ dais in the Random House Dictionary
^ a b dais in Oxford Dictionaries Online
^ a b dais in the American Heritage Dictionary
^ a b "Definition of DAIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dais". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 761.
^ "Dais". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
External links
Media related to Dais at Wikimedia Commons
"Dais" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Dais at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsData from Wikidata
This architectural element–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Podium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podium"},{"title":"Pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"title":"Lectern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectern"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwell
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Stepwell
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["1 Names","2 History","3 Location of a stepwell","4 Function and use","5 Details","6 Stepped ponds","7 In India","8 In Pakistan","9 Influence","10 Gallery","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
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Wells or ponds reached by steps, common in South Asia
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Chand Baori, in the village of Abhaneri near Bandikui, Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India
The Rani ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat
A multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, Maharashtra
Stepwells (also known as vavs or baori) are wells, cisterns or ponds with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. Stepwells played a significant role in defining subterranean architecture in western India from 7th to 19th century. Some stepwells are multi-storeyed and can be accessed by a Persian wheel which is pulled by a bull to bring water to the first or second floor. They are most common in western India and are also found in the other more arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, extending into Pakistan. The construction of stepwells is mainly utilitarian, though they may include embellishments of architectural significance, and be temple tanks.
Stepwells are examples of the many types of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on the one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, is that stepwells make it easier for people to reach the groundwater and to maintain and manage the well.
The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without mortar, and created stairs leading down to the water. This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.
A stepwell structure consists of two sections: a vertical shaft from which water is drawn and the surrounding inclined subterranean passageways and the chambers and steps which provide access to the well. The galleries and chambers surrounding these wells were often carved profusely with elaborate detail and became cool, quiet retreats during the hot summers.
Names
A number of distinct names, sometimes local, exist for stepwells. In Hindi-speaking regions, they include names based on baudi (including bawdi (Rajasthani: बावड़ी), bawri, bawari, baori, baoli, bavadi and bavdi). In Gujarati and Marwari language, they are usually called vav, vavri or vaav (Gujarati: વાવ). Other names include kalyani or pushkarani (Kannada), baoli (Hindi: बावली), barav (Marathi: बारव) and degeenar (Bhojpuri: 𑂙𑂵𑂏𑂲𑂢𑂰𑂩).
History
Agrasen Ki Baoli in New Delhi, rebuilt in the 14th century
The stepwell may have originated during periods of drought to ensure enough access to the water. The earliest archaeological evidence of stepwells is found at Dholavira where the site also has water tanks or reservoirs with flights of steps. Mohenjo Daro's great bath is also provided with steps on opposite directions. Ashokan inscriptions mention construction of stepwells along major Indian roads at a distance of every 8 kos (about 20.8 miles or 33.5 km) for the convenience of travellers, but Ashoka states that it was a well-established practice which predated him and was done by former kings as well.
King Devanampriya Priyadarsin speaks thus. On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted. And (at intervals) of eight kos wells were caused to be dug by me, and flights of steps (for descending into the water) were caused to be built. Numerous drinking-places were caused to be established by me, here and there, for the enjoyment of cattle and men. this so-called enjoyment (is) . For with various comforts have the people been blessed both by former kings and by myself. But by me this has been done for the following purpose: that they might conform to that practice of morality.— Ashokan Pillar Edict No 7
The first rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200 to 400 AD. The earliest example of a bath-like pond reached by steps is found at Uperkot caves in Junagadh. These caves are dated to the 4th century. Navghan Kuvo, a well with the circular staircase in the vicinity, is another example. It was possibly built in Western Satrap (200–400 AD) or Maitraka (600–700 AD) period, though some place it as late as the 11th century. The nearby Adi Kadi Vav was constructed either in the second half of the 10th century or the 15th century.
The stepwells at Dhank in Rajkot district are dated to 550–625 AD. The stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850–950 AD) are followed by it. The stepwells were constructed in the southwestern region of Gujarat around 600 AD; from there they spread north to Rajasthan and subsequently to the north and west India. Initially used as an art form by Hindus, the construction of these stepwells hit its peak during Muslim rule from the 11th to 16th century.
One of the earliest existing examples of stepwells was built in the 11th century in Gujarat, the Mata Bhavani's Stepwell. A long flight of steps leads to the water below a sequence of multi-story open pavilions positioned along the east–west axis. The elaborate ornamentation of the columns, brackets and beams are a prime example of how stepwells were used as a form of art.
The Mughal emperors did not disrupt the culture that was practiced in these stepwells and encouraged the building of stepwells. The authorities during the British Raj found the hygiene of the stepwells less than desirable and installed pipe and pump systems to replace their purpose.
Location of a stepwell
A stepwell is generally located in two places - as an extension or part of a temple, and/or the outskirts of a village. When a stepwell is associated with a temple or a shrine, it is either at the opposite wall of it or in front of the temple. Sindhvai Mata stepwell in Patan, Mata Bhavani stepwell in Ahmedabad, and the Ankol Mata stepwell in Davad serve as a great example of the stepwells that house shrines.
Function and use
The stepwell ensures the availability of water during periods of drought. The stepwells had social, cultural and religious significance. These stepwells were proven to be well-built sturdy structures, after withstanding earthquakes. Most places in India where there is abundant fresh water only during the monsoon season, stepwell and wells play a critical role in serving as a direct means to fresh water filtered through the earth. While the rivers, rivulets, creeks, and other natural water bodies dry up in this climate zone, stepwell and wells remain at a depth where there is less exposure to sun and heat. The majority of surviving stepwells originally served a leisure purpose alongside being main source of water for basic needs like bathing, washing clothes, farming, and watering animals. Stepwells also served as a place for social gatherings and religious ceremonies. Usually, women were more associated with these wells because they were the ones who collected the water. Also, it was they who prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for her blessings.
The well-water is known to attract insects, animals, and many other germ breeding organisms. These stepwells, being a common space in frequent use by the inhabitants of the area, were considered to be a source of spreading epidemics and diseases.
Details
Many stepwells have ornamentation and details as elaborate as those of Hindu temples. Proportions in relationship to the human body were used in their design, as they were in many other structures in Indian architecture.
Stepped ponds
Shravanabelagola stepped pond, Karnataka
Bansilalpet Stepwell, Hyderabad
Stepped ponds are very similar to stepwells in terms of purpose. Generally, stepped ponds accompany nearby temples while stepwells are more isolated. Stepwells are dark and barely visible from the surface, while stepped ponds are illuminated by the light from the sun. Stepwells are quite linear in design compared to the rectangular shape of stepped ponds.
In India
A number of surviving significant stepwells in India: can be found across India, including in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and North Karnataka (Karnataka). In 2016 a collaborative mapping project, Stepwell Atlas, started to map GPS coordinates and collate information on stepwells, mapping over 2800 stepwells in India. Another project mapped the location of over 1700 stepwells in Maharashtra.
Delhi & Haryana:
Stepwells of Delhi & Haryana: In his book Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis, Vikramjit Singh Rooprai mentions that Delhi alone has 32 stepwells. Out of these, 16 are lost, but their locations can be traced. Of the remaining 16, only 14 are accessible to public and the water level in these keeps varying, while two are now permanently dry.
Gujarat:
Rani ki vav at Patan
Adalaj ni Vav at Adalaj, Gandhinagar
Dada Harir Stepwell, Ahmedbad
Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi vav, Uparkot Fort, Junagadh
Karnataka:
Kalyani, Hulikere
Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple, Karnataka
Kerala:
Sree Peralassery Temple
Maharashtra:
Charthana Stepwell, Parbhani
Pingli Stepwell, Parbhani
Arvi Stepwell, Parbhani
Rajasthan:
Bundi: has over 60 baolis in and around the town.
Raniji ki Baori in Bundi
Jaipur:
Chand Baori in Abhaneri near Jaipur
Panna Meena ka Kund, Amer
Jodhpur
Birkha Bawari,
Neem Ka Thana
Udoji ki Baori at Mandholi 5km north of Neem ka Thana on Neem ka Thana-Mandholi-Khetri highway.
Udaipur
Telangana:
Bansilalpet Stepwell
Uttar Pradesh:
Shahi Baoli, Lucknow
In Pakistan
Stepwell at Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum. Constructed by Emperor Sher Shah Suri: carving into the limestone bedrock in the 16th century, approx. 100 feet deep, originally would have been twice as much but has covered by silt. It was in use until 2019.
Stepwells from Mughal periods still exist in Pakistan. Some are in preserved conditions while others are not.
Bahar Wali Baoli, in Kharian
Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum
Wan Bhachran, near Mianwali
Losar Baoli, near Islamabad
Makli Baoli, near Thatta
Influence
Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing place and step well in Majapahit empire capital city, Trowulan Archaeological Park, East Java, Indonesia
Stepwells influenced many other structures in Indian architecture, especially those that incorporate water into their design. For example, the Aram Bagh in Agra was the first Mughal garden in India. It was designed by the Mughal emperor Babur and reflected his notion of paradise not only through water and landscaping but also through symmetry by including a reflecting pool in the design. He was inspired by stepwells and felt that one would complement the garden of his palace. Many other Mughal gardens include reflecting pools to enhance the landscape or serving as an elegant entrance. Other notable gardens in India which incorporate water into their design include:
Humayun's Tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi
Taj Mahal, Agra
Mehtab Bagh, Agra
Safdarjung's Tomb
Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar), Jammu and Kashmir
Nishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir
Yadvindra Gardens, Pinjore
Khusro Bagh, Allahabad
Roshanara Bagh
Gallery
Large stepwell at Nagnath Mandir in Hatnoor Village, Parbhani District in Maharashtra
View of a stepwell at Fatehpur, Shekhawati
The 18th-century Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah, in Farrukhnagar, Haryana
Birkha Bawari, a stepwell at Jodhpur
Rudabai stepwell or Adalaj ni Vav at Adalaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Toor Ji Ka Jhalra, stepped well, Jodhpur
Stepped well, Hampi
Jachcha Ki Baori in Hindaun, Rajasthan
See also
Ancient India
Water supply and sanitation in the Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation
History of stepwells in Gujarat
Important water resource topics of India
Water conservation in India
Notes
^ Priya, T.Lakshmi (October 2010). "Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat". Advanced Materials Research. 133–134: 1057–1064. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057. ISSN 1662-8985.
^ a b c d e f g Shekhawat, Abhilash. "Stepwells of Gujarat". India's Invitation. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
^ a b c Davies, Philip (1989). The Penguin guide to the monuments of India. London: Viking. ISBN 0-14-008425-8.
^ a b Livingston & Beach, p. xxiii
^ Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective. Abhinav Publications. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-0-391-02284-3.
^ a b c Tadgell, Christopher (1990). The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-2960-9.
^ a b c Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. New York: Princeton Architectural. ISBN 1-56898-324-7.
^ Jain-Neubauer, Jutta (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In art-historical Perspective. New Delhi: Abhinav. ISBN 0-391-02284-9.
^ Stepwell Atlas
^ "Maharashtra Stepwells". Maharashtra Stepwells. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ Rooprai, Vikramjit Singh (2019). Delhi heritage : Top 10 baolis. Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-9-38913-611-1.
^ Sengar, Resham. "Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes". Times of India Travel. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ Datta, Rangan (13 March 2023). "Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived". No. My Kolkata. The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
References
Rima Hooja: "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective". At infinityfoundation.com
Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002). Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-324-7.
Vikramjit Singh Rooprai. Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis (2019). Niyogi Books. ISBN 9-38913-611-3.
Jutta Jain Neubauer The Stepwells of Gujarat: An art-historical Perspective (2001)
Philip Davies, The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, Vol II (London: Viking, 1989)
Christopher Tadgell, The History of Architecture in India (London: Phaidon Press, 1990)
Abhilash Shekhawat, "Stepwells of Gujarat." India's Invitation. 2010. Web. 29 March 2012.<http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/>.
Stepwells in India at Curlie
"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary". Indoarch.org. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stepwells.
Stepwell Atlas
Stepwells of India
Agrasen ki Baoli
Stepwell architecture
Stepwell on Oxfort Art Online
India's Forgotten Stepwells at ArchDaily
vtePonds, pools, and puddlesPonds
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Related
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Body of water
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Puddle (M C Escher)
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Well
vteMan-made and man-related subterraneaNatural features
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Manhole
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chand_Baori_perspective_panorama_(July_2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chand Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Baori"},{"link_name":"Abhaneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhaneri"},{"link_name":"Bandikui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandikui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rani ki Vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_ki_Vav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multi-storey_Stepwell.jpg"},{"link_name":"wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well"},{"link_name":"cisterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Persian wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_wheel"},{"link_name":"bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"utilitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"temple tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_tank"},{"link_name":"irrigation tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_tank"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_1989-3"}],"text":"Chand Baori, in the village of Abhaneri near Bandikui, Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in IndiaThe Rani ki Vav, Patan, GujaratA multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, MaharashtraStepwells (also known as vavs or baori) are wells, cisterns or ponds with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. Stepwells played a significant role in defining subterranean architecture in western India from 7th to 19th century.[1] Some stepwells are multi-storeyed and can be accessed by a Persian wheel which is pulled by a bull to bring water to the first or second floor. They are most common in western India and are also found in the other more arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, extending into Pakistan. The construction of stepwells is mainly utilitarian, though they may include embellishments of architectural significance, and be temple tanks.Stepwells are examples of the many types of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on the one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, is that stepwells make it easier for people to reach the groundwater and to maintain and manage the well.The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without mortar, and created stairs leading down to the water.[2] This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.A stepwell structure consists of two sections: a vertical shaft from which water is drawn and the surrounding inclined subterranean passageways and the chambers and steps which provide access to the well. The galleries and chambers surrounding these wells were often carved profusely with elaborate detail and became cool, quiet retreats during the hot summers.[3]","title":"Stepwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_language"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"Marwari language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_language"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"}],"text":"A number of distinct names, sometimes local, exist for stepwells. In Hindi-speaking regions, they include names based on baudi (including bawdi (Rajasthani: बावड़ी), bawri, bawari, baori, baoli, bavadi and bavdi). In Gujarati and Marwari language, they are usually called vav, vavri or vaav (Gujarati: વાવ). Other names include kalyani or pushkarani (Kannada), baoli (Hindi: बावली), barav (Marathi: बारव) and degeenar (Bhojpuri: 𑂙𑂵𑂏𑂲𑂢𑂰𑂩).","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agrasen_Ki_Baoli_in_New_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agrasen Ki Baoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrasen_Ki_Baoli"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Dholavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholavira"},{"link_name":"Ashokan inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka"},{"link_name":"kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&B-4"},{"link_name":"Uperkot caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh_Buddhist_Cave_Groups"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh"},{"link_name":"Western Satrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Satrap"},{"link_name":"Maitraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitraka"},{"link_name":"Adi Kadi Vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Kadi_Vav"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jain-Neubauer1981-5"},{"link_name":"Dhank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhank"},{"link_name":"Rajkot district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkot_district"},{"link_name":"Bhinmal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinmal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L&B-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Mata Bhavani's Stepwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Bhavani%27s_Stepwell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadgell_1990-6"},{"link_name":"Mughal emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadgell_1990-6"}],"text":"Agrasen Ki Baoli in New Delhi, rebuilt in the 14th centuryThe stepwell may have originated during periods of drought to ensure enough access to the water. The earliest archaeological evidence of stepwells is found at Dholavira where the site also has water tanks or reservoirs with flights of steps. Mohenjo Daro's great bath is also provided with steps on opposite directions. Ashokan inscriptions mention construction of stepwells along major Indian roads at a distance of every 8 kos (about 20.8 miles or 33.5 km) for the convenience of travellers, but Ashoka states that it was a well-established practice which predated him and was done by former kings as well.King Devanampriya Priyadarsin speaks thus. On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted. And (at intervals) of eight kos wells were caused to be dug by me, and flights of steps (for descending into the water) were caused to be built. Numerous drinking-places were caused to be established by me, here and there, for the enjoyment of cattle and men. [But] this so-called enjoyment (is) [of little consequence]. For with various comforts have the people been blessed both by former kings and by myself. But by me this has been done for the following purpose: that they might conform to that practice of morality.— Ashokan Pillar Edict No 7The first rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200 to 400 AD.[4] The earliest example of a bath-like pond reached by steps is found at Uperkot caves in Junagadh. These caves are dated to the 4th century. Navghan Kuvo, a well with the circular staircase in the vicinity, is another example. It was possibly built in Western Satrap (200–400 AD) or Maitraka (600–700 AD) period, though some place it as late as the 11th century. The nearby Adi Kadi Vav was constructed either in the second half of the 10th century or the 15th century.[5]The stepwells at Dhank in Rajkot district are dated to 550–625 AD. The stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850–950 AD) are followed by it.[4] The stepwells were constructed in the southwestern region of Gujarat around 600 AD; from there they spread north to Rajasthan and subsequently to the north and west India. Initially used as an art form by Hindus, the construction of these stepwells hit its peak during Muslim rule from the 11th to 16th century.[3]One of the earliest existing examples of stepwells was built in the 11th century in Gujarat, the Mata Bhavani's Stepwell. A long flight of steps leads to the water below a sequence of multi-story open pavilions positioned along the east–west axis. The elaborate ornamentation of the columns, brackets and beams are a prime example of how stepwells were used as a form of art.[6]The Mughal emperors did not disrupt the culture that was practiced in these stepwells and encouraged the building of stepwells. The authorities during the British Raj found the hygiene of the stepwells less than desirable and installed pipe and pump systems to replace their purpose.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"}],"text":"A stepwell is generally located in two places - as an extension or part of a temple, and/or the outskirts of a village.[2] When a stepwell is associated with a temple or a shrine, it is either at the opposite wall of it or in front of the temple. Sindhvai Mata stepwell in Patan, Mata Bhavani stepwell in Ahmedabad, and the Ankol Mata stepwell in Davad serve as a great example of the stepwells that house shrines.[2]","title":"Location of a stepwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadgell_1990-6"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"rivulets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivulet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"},{"link_name":"epidemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shekhawat-2"}],"text":"The stepwell ensures the availability of water during periods of drought. The stepwells had social, cultural and religious significance.[6] These stepwells were proven to be well-built sturdy structures, after withstanding earthquakes.[2] Most places in India where there is abundant fresh water only during the monsoon season, stepwell and wells play a critical role in serving as a direct means to fresh water filtered through the earth. While the rivers, rivulets, creeks, and other natural water bodies dry up in this climate zone, stepwell and wells remain at a depth where there is less exposure to sun and heat.[2] The majority of surviving stepwells originally served a leisure purpose alongside being main source of water for basic needs like bathing, washing clothes, farming, and watering animals. Stepwells also served as a place for social gatherings and religious ceremonies. Usually, women were more associated with these wells because they were the ones who collected the water. Also, it was they who prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for her blessings.[2]The well-water is known to attract insects, animals, and many other germ breeding organisms. These stepwells, being a common space in frequent use by the inhabitants of the area, were considered to be a source of spreading epidemics and diseases.[2]","title":"Function and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston_2002-7"}],"text":"Many stepwells have ornamentation and details as elaborate as those of Hindu temples. Proportions in relationship to the human body were used in their design, as they were in many other structures in Indian architecture.[7]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shravanabelagola2007_-_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shravanabelagola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravanabelagola"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bansilalpet_Stepwell_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston_2002-7"}],"text":"Shravanabelagola stepped pond, KarnatakaBansilalpet Stepwell, HyderabadStepped ponds are very similar to stepwells in terms of purpose. Generally, stepped ponds accompany nearby temples while stepwells are more isolated.[8] Stepwells are dark and barely visible from the surface, while stepped ponds are illuminated by the light from the sun. Stepwells are quite linear in design compared to the rectangular shape of stepped ponds.[7]","title":"Stepped ponds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"North Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"collaborative mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_mapping"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GPS coordinates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_coordinates"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Stepwells of Delhi & Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baolis_of_Mehrauli#Stepwells"},{"link_name":"Vikramjit Singh Rooprai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramjit_Singh_Rooprai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Rani ki vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_ki_vav"},{"link_name":"Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Adalaj ni Vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalaj_Stepwell"},{"link_name":"Adalaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalaj"},{"link_name":"Gandhinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhinagar"},{"link_name":"Dada Harir Stepwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Harir_Stepwell"},{"link_name":"Navghan Kuvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navghan_Kuvo"},{"link_name":"Adi Kadi vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Kadi_Vav"},{"link_name":"Uparkot Fort, Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uparkot_Fort"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Sree Peralassery Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peralasseri"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Bundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundi"},{"link_name":"Raniji ki Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniji_ki_Baori"},{"link_name":"Chand Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Baori"},{"link_name":"Abhaneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhaneri"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Panna Meena ka Kund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panna_Meena_ka_Kund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer,_India"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"link_name":"Birkha Bawari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkha_Bawari"},{"link_name":"Neem Ka Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_Ka_Thana"},{"link_name":"Udoji ki Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udoji_ki_Baori"},{"link_name":"Mandholi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandholi"},{"link_name":"Udaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Bansilalpet Stepwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansilalpet_Stepwell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Shahi Baoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahi_Baoli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"}],"text":"A number of surviving significant stepwells in India: can be found across India, including in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and North Karnataka (Karnataka). In 2016 a collaborative mapping project, Stepwell Atlas,[9] started to map GPS coordinates and collate information on stepwells, mapping over 2800 stepwells in India. Another project mapped the location of over 1700 stepwells in Maharashtra.[10]Delhi & Haryana:Stepwells of Delhi & Haryana: In his book Delhi Heritage: Top 10 Baolis, Vikramjit Singh Rooprai mentions that Delhi alone has 32 stepwells.[11] Out of these, 16 are lost, but their locations can be traced. Of the remaining 16, only 14 are accessible to public and the water level in these keeps varying, while two are now permanently dry.Gujarat:Rani ki vav at Patan\nAdalaj ni Vav at Adalaj, Gandhinagar\nDada Harir Stepwell, Ahmedbad\nNavghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi vav, Uparkot Fort, JunagadhKarnataka:Kalyani, Hulikere\nBhoga Nandeeshwara Temple, KarnatakaKerala:Sree Peralassery Temple[12]Maharashtra:Charthana Stepwell, Parbhani\nPingli Stepwell, Parbhani\nArvi Stepwell, ParbhaniRajasthan:Bundi: has over 60 baolis in and around the town.\nRaniji ki Baori in BundiJaipur:\nChand Baori in Abhaneri near Jaipur\nPanna Meena ka Kund, AmerJodhpur\nBirkha Bawari,Neem Ka Thana\nUdoji ki Baori at Mandholi 5km north of Neem ka Thana on Neem ka Thana-Mandholi-Khetri highway.UdaipurTelangana:Bansilalpet Stepwell[13]Uttar Pradesh:Shahi Baoli, Lucknow","title":"In India"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baoli_at_Rohtas_Fort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Kharian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharian"},{"link_name":"Rohtas Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Fort"},{"link_name":"Jhelum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum"},{"link_name":"Wan Bhachran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Bhachran"},{"link_name":"Mianwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianwali"},{"link_name":"Losar Baoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar_Baoli"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Makli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli"},{"link_name":"Thatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta"}],"text":"Stepwell at Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum. Constructed by Emperor Sher Shah Suri: carving into the limestone bedrock in the 16th century, approx. 100 feet deep, originally would have been twice as much but has covered by silt. It was in use until 2019.Stepwells from Mughal periods still exist in Pakistan. Some are in preserved conditions while others are not.Bahar Wali Baoli, in Kharian\nRohtas Fort, near Jhelum\nWan Bhachran, near Mianwali\nLosar Baoli, near Islamabad\nMakli Baoli, near Thatta","title":"In Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candi_Tikus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Majapahit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit"},{"link_name":"Trowulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowulan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Aram Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Agra"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Mughal garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_gardens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston_2002-7"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"Humayun's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Nizamuddin East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamuddin_East"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Mehtab Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehtab_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Safdarjung's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdarjung%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh_(Srinagar)"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Nishat Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishat_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Yadvindra Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjore_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Pinjore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjore"},{"link_name":"Khusro Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khusro_Bagh"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Roshanara Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshanara_Bagh"}],"text":"Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing place and step well in Majapahit empire capital city, Trowulan Archaeological Park, East Java, IndonesiaStepwells influenced many other structures in Indian architecture, especially those that incorporate water into their design.[3] For example, the Aram Bagh in Agra was the first Mughal garden in India.[7] It was designed by the Mughal emperor Babur and reflected his notion of paradise not only through water and landscaping but also through symmetry by including a reflecting pool in the design. He was inspired by stepwells and felt that one would complement the garden of his palace. Many other Mughal gardens include reflecting pools to enhance the landscape or serving as an elegant entrance. Other notable gardens in India which incorporate water into their design include:Humayun's Tomb, Nizamuddin East, Delhi\nTaj Mahal, Agra\nMehtab Bagh, Agra\nSafdarjung's Tomb\nShalimar Bagh (Srinagar), Jammu and Kashmir\nNishat Gardens, Jammu and Kashmir\nYadvindra Gardens, Pinjore\nKhusro Bagh, Allahabad\nRoshanara Bagh","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazing_Huge_Stepwell.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bawdi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fatehpur, Shekhawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur,_Shekhawati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baoli_Ghaus_Ali_Shah,_Farrukhnagar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Farrukhnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhnagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birkha_Bawari2,_Jodhpur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudabai_Stepwell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adalaj ni Vav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalaj_Stepwell"},{"link_name":"Adalaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalaj"},{"link_name":"Gandhinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhinagar"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toorji_Ka_Jhalra_Toorji%27s_Step_Well_Jodhpur_DSCN0671_(1)_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampi_aug09_243.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jachchakibaori.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jachcha Ki Baori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jachcha_Ki_Baori"},{"link_name":"Hindaun, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindaun,_Rajasthan"}],"text":"Large stepwell at Nagnath Mandir in Hatnoor Village, Parbhani District in Maharashtra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of a stepwell at Fatehpur, Shekhawati\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 18th-century Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah, in Farrukhnagar, Haryana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBirkha Bawari, a stepwell at Jodhpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRudabai stepwell or Adalaj ni Vav at Adalaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToor Ji Ka Jhalra, stepped well, Jodhpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStepped well, Hampi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJachcha Ki Baori in Hindaun, Rajasthan","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.133-134.1057"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1662-8985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1662-8985"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shekhawat_2-6"},{"link_name":"\"Stepwells of Gujarat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davies_1989_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davies_1989_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Davies_1989_3-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-008425-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008425-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-L&B_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-L&B_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jain-Neubauer1981_5-0"},{"link_name":"The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-391-02284-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02284-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tadgell_1990_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tadgell_1990_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tadgell_1990_6-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7148-2960-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2960-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Livingston_2002_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Livingston_2002_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Livingston_2002_7-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56898-324-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-324-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-391-02284-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-02284-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Stepwell Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stepwells.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Maharashtra Stepwells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.indianstepwells.com/2020/02/maharashtra-stepwells.html?m=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Niyogi Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyogi_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-38913-611-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38913-611-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sri-subramanya-temple-in-peralassery-its-legend-the-stepwell-and-resident-snakes/as68564468.cms"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/hyderabads-bansilalpet-stepwell-ravaged-reimagined-then-revived/cid/1922205"}],"text":"^ Priya, T.Lakshmi (October 2010). \"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat\". Advanced Materials Research. 133–134: 1057–1064. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057. ISSN 1662-8985.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Shekhawat, Abhilash. \"Stepwells of Gujarat\". India's Invitation. Retrieved 30 March 2012.\n\n^ a b c Davies, Philip (1989). The Penguin guide to the monuments of India. London: Viking. ISBN 0-14-008425-8.\n\n^ a b Livingston & Beach, p. xxiii\n\n^ Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective. Abhinav Publications. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-0-391-02284-3.\n\n^ a b c Tadgell, Christopher (1990). The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-2960-9.\n\n^ a b c Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. New York: Princeton Architectural. ISBN 1-56898-324-7.\n\n^ Jain-Neubauer, Jutta (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In art-historical Perspective. New Delhi: Abhinav. ISBN 0-391-02284-9.\n\n^ Stepwell Atlas\n\n^ \"Maharashtra Stepwells\". Maharashtra Stepwells. Retrieved 23 March 2021.\n\n^ Rooprai, Vikramjit Singh (2019). Delhi heritage : Top 10 baolis. Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-9-38913-611-1.\n\n^ Sengar, Resham. \"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes\". Times of India Travel. Retrieved 10 March 2020.\n\n^ Datta, Rangan (13 March 2023). \"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived\". No. My Kolkata. The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2023.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Chand Baori, in the village of Abhaneri near Bandikui, Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chand_Baori_perspective_panorama_%28July_2022%29.jpg/220px-Chand_Baori_perspective_panorama_%28July_2022%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rani ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg/220px-Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"A multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, Maharashtra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Multi-storey_Stepwell.jpg/170px-Multi-storey_Stepwell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agrasen Ki Baoli in New Delhi, rebuilt in the 14th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Agrasen_Ki_Baoli_in_New_Delhi.jpg/170px-Agrasen_Ki_Baoli_in_New_Delhi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shravanabelagola stepped pond, Karnataka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shravanabelagola2007_-_05.jpg/220px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bansilalpet Stepwell, Hyderabad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bansilalpet_Stepwell_11.jpg/220px-Bansilalpet_Stepwell_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stepwell at Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum. Constructed by Emperor Sher Shah Suri: carving into the limestone bedrock in the 16th century, approx. 100 feet deep, originally would have been twice as much but has covered by silt. It was in use until 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Baoli_at_Rohtas_Fort.jpg/220px-Baoli_at_Rohtas_Fort.jpg"},{"image_text":"Candi Tikus, a 14th-century bathing place and step well in Majapahit empire capital city, Trowulan Archaeological Park, East Java, Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candi_Tikus.jpg/220px-Candi_Tikus.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Water supply and sanitation in the Indus-Saraswati Valley Civilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"title":"History of stepwells in Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_stepwells_in_Gujarat"},{"title":"Important water resource topics of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_in_India#Topic"},{"title":"Water conservation in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johad#Similar"}]
|
[{"reference":"Priya, T.Lakshmi (October 2010). \"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat\". Advanced Materials Research. 133–134: 1057–1064. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057. ISSN 1662-8985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057","url_text":"\"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.133-134.1057","url_text":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1662-8985","url_text":"1662-8985"}]},{"reference":"Shekhawat, Abhilash. \"Stepwells of Gujarat\". India's Invitation. Retrieved 30 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/","url_text":"\"Stepwells of Gujarat\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Philip (1989). The Penguin guide to the monuments of India. London: Viking. ISBN 0-14-008425-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008425-8","url_text":"0-14-008425-8"}]},{"reference":"Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective. Abhinav Publications. pp. 19–25. ISBN 978-0-391-02284-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC","url_text":"The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02284-3","url_text":"978-0-391-02284-3"}]},{"reference":"Tadgell, Christopher (1990). The History of Architecture in India. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-2960-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2960-9","url_text":"0-7148-2960-9"}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India. New York: Princeton Architectural. ISBN 1-56898-324-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-324-7","url_text":"1-56898-324-7"}]},{"reference":"Jain-Neubauer, Jutta (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In art-historical Perspective. New Delhi: Abhinav. ISBN 0-391-02284-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-02284-9","url_text":"0-391-02284-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Maharashtra Stepwells\". Maharashtra Stepwells. Retrieved 23 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianstepwells.com/2020/02/maharashtra-stepwells.html?m=1","url_text":"\"Maharashtra Stepwells\""}]},{"reference":"Rooprai, Vikramjit Singh (2019). Delhi heritage : Top 10 baolis. Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-9-38913-611-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyogi_Books","url_text":"Niyogi Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38913-611-1","url_text":"978-9-38913-611-1"}]},{"reference":"Sengar, Resham. \"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes\". Times of India Travel. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sri-subramanya-temple-in-peralassery-its-legend-the-stepwell-and-resident-snakes/as68564468.cms","url_text":"\"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes\""}]},{"reference":"Datta, Rangan (13 March 2023). \"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived\". No. My Kolkata. The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/hyderabads-bansilalpet-stepwell-ravaged-reimagined-then-revived/cid/1922205","url_text":"\"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived\""}]},{"reference":"\"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary\". Indoarch.org. Retrieved 18 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php","url_text":"\"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057","external_links_name":"\"Protecting the Tangible and Intangible Heritage of Rani ki Vav: A Unique Subterranean Step Well in Gujarat\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.133-134.1057","external_links_name":"10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.1057"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1662-8985","external_links_name":"1662-8985"},{"Link":"http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/","external_links_name":"\"Stepwells of Gujarat\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC","external_links_name":"The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective"},{"Link":"http://www.stepwells.org/","external_links_name":"Stepwell Atlas"},{"Link":"https://www.indianstepwells.com/2020/02/maharashtra-stepwells.html?m=1","external_links_name":"\"Maharashtra Stepwells\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sri-subramanya-temple-in-peralassery-its-legend-the-stepwell-and-resident-snakes/as68564468.cms","external_links_name":"\"Sri Subramanya Temple in Peralassery – its legend, the stepwell and resident snakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/hyderabads-bansilalpet-stepwell-ravaged-reimagined-then-revived/cid/1922205","external_links_name":"\"Hyderabad's Bansilalpet stepwell: Ravaged, reimagined, then revived\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100903160914/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/hooja_book.htm","external_links_name":"Rima Hooja: \"Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/","external_links_name":"http://www.indiasinvitation.com/stepwells_of_gujarat/"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Science_and_Environment/Water_Resources/Stepwells","external_links_name":"Stepwells in India"},{"Link":"http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php","external_links_name":"\"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – glossary\""},{"Link":"http://www.stepwells.org/","external_links_name":"Stepwell Atlas"},{"Link":"http://jatinchhabra.com/indian-stepwells/","external_links_name":"Stepwells of India"},{"Link":"http://www.agrasenkibaoli.com/","external_links_name":"Agrasen ki Baoli"},{"Link":"http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2015/08/stepwell-architecture/","external_links_name":"Stepwell architecture"},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000081320","external_links_name":"Stepwell on Oxfort Art Online"},{"Link":"https://www.archdaily.com/395363/india-s-forgotten-stepwells","external_links_name":"India's Forgotten Stepwells"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencies_(film)
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Frequencies (film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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For similarly titled films, see Frequency (disambiguation).
2013 British filmFrequenciesFilm posterDirected byDarren Paul FisherWritten byDarren Paul FisherProduced byDarren Paul FisherStarring
Daniel Fraser
Eleanor Wyld
CinematographyJames WatsonEdited byDarren Paul FisherMusic byBlair MowatProductioncompanyIncurably Curious ProductionsDistributed byFilmBuffRelease date
24 July 2013 (2013-07-24)
Running time105 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Frequencies, also known as OXV: The Manual, is a 2013 independent British science fiction romance, thriller film written and directed by Darren Paul Fisher. The film stars Daniel Fraser, Eleanor Wyld, and Owen Pugh. The film takes place in a world where human worth and emotional connections are determined by set "frequencies". The film was produced by Fisher and Alice Hazel Henley, and released on 24 July 2013.
Plot
The plot develops in a world where every person emits a specific frequency which determines his or her luck, further determining his or her success in life. Higher frequency means better luck and thus less feelings. In this world where relationship, connections, and life worth is determined by predestined "frequencies", Isaac-Newton Midgeley, known as Zak, is a Low Born who wants to change his fate and start a relationship with High Born savant, Marie-Curie Fortune.
Despite his teachers and his parents who tell Zak that Marie and he are opposites which will never attract, Zak attempts throughout his youth to court Marie, with no success. Marie, being of high frequency, is unable to feel emotion; however, her goal is to feel love. Zak's friend, Theo, attempts to help Zak raise his frequency, a feat claimed to be impossible. During his teenage years, Zak uses magnets and other methods to no avail.
Upon returning, as a young adult to Marie's birthday, he claims to be able to raise his frequency and eventually manages a kiss from Marie. The two end up spending the night together. Zak discovers with Theo that sound waves, when combined with gibberish two-syllable words, are able to temporarily raise one's frequency. They create a cell phone device which, based on the environment, is able to determine which words can raise one's frequency.
However, Zak and Marie discover that the words actually have mind-controlling properties, which may have caused their love. A secret government organization detains Zak and his associates, revealing that this phenomenon had been known throughout history but slowly forgotten. By 1760, this phenomenon had lost much of its power. Unable to contact Theo, Zak uses a word to paralyze his captor and escapes. Zac escapes to Theo's house whose father reveals that music, specifically by Mozart, can balance everyone's frequencies and nullify the mind-controlling properties of these words. Theo is able to calculate an equation based on music and discover that fate exists. He is able to predict the future and destinies of others. Zak and Marie realize their love was caused by fate, not choice. Finding this irrelevant, the two hold hands while Theo realizes the perfect philosophical equation.
Cast
Daniel Fraser as Isaac-Newton "Zak" Midgeley
Charlie Rixon as young Zak
Dylan Llewellyn as teen Zak
Eleanor Wyld as Marie-Curie Fortune
Lily Laight as young Marie
Georgina Minter-Brown as teen Marie
Owen Pugh as Theodor-Adorno "Theo" Strauss
Ethan Turton as young Theo
Tom England as teen Theo
Reception
The film holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, based on seven reviews. Daniel Gold of The New York Times wrote, "While the detached, deadpan tone and occasionally stilted acting might leave some viewers flat, there’s no doubting the fierce intelligence behind this admirable puzzle box of a movie." Alan Scherstuhl of The Village Voice said the film was "an uncommonly ambitious science-fiction romance ... sparkling and unsettling at once". MaryAnn Johanson of Flick Filosopher praised the film for its "incredibly ambitious and profoundly provocative science fiction drama about ideas that require no FX to sell them". John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Though the explanations Fisher comes up with for his sci-fi contrivances may not be fully satisfying in the end, the conceits themselves offer much to play with, bringing the film into that pleasing area where an imaginary reality has interesting things to say about our own." Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle wrote, "What raises Fisher's script to the upper echelons of the current wave of intellectually challenging indie sci-fi ... is that it truly weaves its concept into its nature." Kurt Halfyard of Twitch Film wrote that it "is chock-a-block full of knowledge, destiny and imagination, but suffers a bit from a lack of heart and soul."
References
^ "FREQUENCIES Review: A Sci-Fi Movie That Favors Ideas Over Effects". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
^ "Frequencies (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Gold, Daniel M. (22 May 2014). "'Frequencies' Mixes a Love Story and Science Fiction". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ Scherstuhl, Alan (19 May 2014). "Frequencies Makes Smart Sci-Fi From What Thrums in the Young". The Village Voice. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ MaryAnn Johanson (25 May 2014). "Frequencies movie review: do you feel me?". Flick Filosopher. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ DeFore, John (27 August 2013). "OXV: The Manual: Fantasia Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Whittaker, Richard (24 May 2014). "DVDanger Extra: 'Frequencies'". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Halfyard, Kurt (22 May 2014). "Review: FREQUENCIES, A Mighty Brain, But A Heart Three Sizes Too Small". Twitch Film. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Frequencies (film).
Frequencies at IMDb
Frequencies at Rotten Tomatoes
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frequency (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Darren Paul Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Paul_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Daniel Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fraser_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Wyld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Wyld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Owen Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Pugh&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"For similarly titled films, see Frequency (disambiguation).2013 British filmFrequencies, also known as OXV: The Manual, is a 2013 independent British science fiction romance, thriller film written and directed by Darren Paul Fisher. The film stars Daniel Fraser, Eleanor Wyld, and Owen Pugh. The film takes place in a world where human worth and emotional connections are determined by set \"frequencies\". The film was produced by Fisher and Alice Hazel Henley, and released on 24 July 2013.","title":"Frequencies (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"savant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation"}],"text":"The plot develops in a world where every person emits a specific frequency which determines his or her luck, further determining his or her success in life. Higher frequency means better luck and thus less feelings.[1] In this world where relationship, connections, and life worth is determined by predestined \"frequencies\", Isaac-Newton Midgeley, known as Zak, is a Low Born who wants to change his fate and start a relationship with High Born savant, Marie-Curie Fortune.Despite his teachers and his parents who tell Zak that Marie and he are opposites which will never attract, Zak attempts throughout his youth to court Marie, with no success. Marie, being of high frequency, is unable to feel emotion; however, her goal is to feel love. Zak's friend, Theo, attempts to help Zak raise his frequency, a feat claimed to be impossible. During his teenage years, Zak uses magnets and other methods to no avail.Upon returning, as a young adult to Marie's birthday, he claims to be able to raise his frequency and eventually manages a kiss from Marie. The two end up spending the night together. Zak discovers with Theo that sound waves, when combined with gibberish two-syllable words, are able to temporarily raise one's frequency. They create a cell phone device which, based on the environment, is able to determine which words can raise one's frequency.However, Zak and Marie discover that the words actually have mind-controlling properties, which may have caused their love. A secret government organization detains Zak and his associates, revealing that this phenomenon had been known throughout history but slowly forgotten. By 1760, this phenomenon had lost much of its power. Unable to contact Theo, Zak uses a word to paralyze his captor and escapes. Zac escapes to Theo's house whose father reveals that music, specifically by Mozart, can balance everyone's frequencies and nullify the mind-controlling properties of these words. Theo is able to calculate an equation based on music and discover that fate exists. He is able to predict the future and destinies of others. Zak and Marie realize their love was caused by fate, not choice. Finding this irrelevant, the two hold hands while Theo realizes the perfect philosophical equation.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fraser_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dylan Llewellyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Llewellyn"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Wyld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Wyld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lily Laight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Laight"}],"text":"Daniel Fraser as Isaac-Newton \"Zak\" Midgeley\nCharlie Rixon as young Zak\nDylan Llewellyn as teen Zak\nEleanor Wyld as Marie-Curie Fortune\nLily Laight as young Marie\nGeorgina Minter-Brown as teen Marie\nOwen Pugh as Theodor-Adorno \"Theo\" Strauss\nEthan Turton as young Theo\nTom England as teen Theo","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MaryAnn Johanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MaryAnn_Johanson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Twitch Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The film holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, based on seven reviews.[2] Daniel Gold of The New York Times wrote, \"While the detached, deadpan tone and occasionally stilted acting might leave some viewers flat, there’s no doubting the fierce intelligence behind this admirable puzzle box of a movie.\"[3] Alan Scherstuhl of The Village Voice said the film was \"an uncommonly ambitious science-fiction romance ... sparkling and unsettling at once\".[4] MaryAnn Johanson of Flick Filosopher praised the film for its \"incredibly ambitious and profoundly provocative science fiction drama about ideas that require no FX to sell them\".[5] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, \"Though the explanations Fisher comes up with for his sci-fi contrivances may not be fully satisfying in the end, the conceits themselves offer much to play with, bringing the film into that pleasing area where an imaginary reality has interesting things to say about our own.\"[6] Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle wrote, \"What raises Fisher's script to the upper echelons of the current wave of intellectually challenging indie sci-fi ... is that it truly weaves its concept into its nature.\"[7] Kurt Halfyard of Twitch Film wrote that it \"is chock-a-block full of knowledge, destiny and imagination, but suffers a bit from a lack of heart and soul.\"[8]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"FREQUENCIES Review: A Sci-Fi Movie That Favors Ideas Over Effects\". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved 2 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2014/05/28/frequencies-review","url_text":"\"FREQUENCIES Review: A Sci-Fi Movie That Favors Ideas Over Effects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequencies (2014)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/frequencies/","url_text":"\"Frequencies (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Daniel M. (22 May 2014). \"'Frequencies' Mixes a Love Story and Science Fiction\". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/movies/frequencies-mixes-a-love-story-and-science-fiction.html?smid=tw-nytmovies&seid=auto&_r=0","url_text":"\"'Frequencies' Mixes a Love Story and Science Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Scherstuhl, Alan (19 May 2014). \"Frequencies Makes Smart Sci-Fi From What Thrums in the Young\". The Village Voice. Retrieved 17 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-05-21/film/frequencies/","url_text":"\"Frequencies Makes Smart Sci-Fi From What Thrums in the Young\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"MaryAnn Johanson (25 May 2014). \"Frequencies movie review: do you feel me?\". Flick Filosopher. Retrieved 17 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flickfilosopher.com/2014/05/frequencies-movie-review-feel.html","url_text":"\"Frequencies movie review: do you feel me?\""}]},{"reference":"DeFore, John (27 August 2013). \"OXV: The Manual: Fantasia Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/oxv-manual-fantasia-review-615035","url_text":"\"OXV: The Manual: Fantasia Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Whittaker, Richard (24 May 2014). \"DVDanger Extra: 'Frequencies'\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2014-05-24/dvdanger-extra-frequencies/","url_text":"\"DVDanger Extra: 'Frequencies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Halfyard, Kurt (22 May 2014). \"Review: FREQUENCIES, A Mighty Brain, But A Heart Three Sizes Too Small\". Twitch Film. Retrieved 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/2014/05/review-frequencies-a-mighty-brain-but-a-heart-three-sizes-too-small.html","url_text":"\"Review: FREQUENCIES, A Mighty Brain, But A Heart Three Sizes Too Small\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film","url_text":"Twitch Film"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Community_College
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Pueblo Community College
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["1 History","2 Academics","3 Pueblo Community College Health Clinic","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°15′45″N 104°38′16″W / 38.26248°N 104.63765°W / 38.26248; -104.63765Community college in Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.
Pueblo Community CollegeFormer namesSouthern Colorado Junior College (1933–1937) Pueblo Junior College(1937–1961) Southern Colorado State College (1961–1979) Pueblo Vocational Community College(1979–1982)TypePublic community collegeEstablished1933Parent institutionColorado Community College SystemAcademic affiliationSpace-grantPresidentPatty ErjavecStudents5,592LocationPueblo, Colorado, United States38°15′45″N 104°38′16″W / 38.26248°N 104.63765°W / 38.26248; -104.63765ColorsMaroon and BlackNicknamePCCMascotPanthersWebsitewww.pueblocc.edu
Pueblo Community College (PCC) is a public community college in Pueblo, Colorado. PCC operates branch campuses in Cañon City and Mancos, as well as academic sites in Durango and Bayfield.
History
Pueblo Community College (PCC) traces its history to the founding of Southern Colorado Junior College (SCJC) in 1933. In 1937 SCJC became part of the Pueblo County Junior College District, and was renamed Pueblo Junior College. In 1961 the college district was dissolved by the General Assembly and the Junior College became the four-year Southern Colorado State College (SCSC). In the 1970s, SCSC opened a branch institution, the College for Community Services and Career Education, that in 1978 was re-organized by the General Assembly into a separate entity and renamed in 1979 to Pueblo Vocational Community College under the Colorado Community College System. In 1982 it was renamed to Pueblo Community College.
In 2006, college president Mike Davis was confirmed to have died in a plane crash while traveling to Pueblo's branch campus in Durango, Colorado. He had been a college president for five years and previously had served as an administrator at Vincennes University.
Academics
The Student Center
As of 2010 the college has an enrollment of 6,592 students spread over four campuses in the Pueblo region. The college was accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1979.
In 2006, Pueblo Community College opened to high school students from Dolores Huerta Preparatory High School and other local Pueblo area high schools. The Early College Program (ECP) allows high school students to enroll in collegiate level coursework at nearly no cost to the student. PCC confers degrees awarded to high school students every year. In 2013, PCC awarded degrees to over 30 high school students.
Pueblo Community College Health Clinic
In 2008, PCC opened a new health clinic for its students to provide low-cost basic health services to its students. PCC also opened a new student cafeteria named Pueblo Joe's as part of President Garvin's "vision of a college that's more comfortable for students and a resource for the entire community.".
References
^ https://pueblocc.edu/locations
^ "Our history". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "General information". Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "Pueblo Community College president dies in a plane crash". Archived from the original on 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "Higher learning commission". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "PCC opens new low cost health clinic for students". Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ "PCC unveils new student cafeteria". Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pueblo Community College.
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_System_Model
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Viable system model
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["1 Overview","2 Components","3 Rules for the viable system","3.1 Regulatory aphorisms","3.2 Principles of organization","3.3 Recursive system theorem","3.4 Axioms","3.5 The law of cohesion for multiple recursions of the viable system","4 Measuring performance","5 Metalanguage","6 Applying VSM","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links","10.1 Organizations"]
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Theoretical framework of management cybernetics
The viable system model (VSM) is a model of the organizational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. It is an implementation of viable system theory. At the biological level, this model is correspondent to autopoiesis.
A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is claimed to be applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.
Overview
The model was developed by operations research theorist and cybernetician Stafford Beer in his book Brain of the Firm (1972). Together with Beer's earlier works on cybernetics applied to management, this book effectively founded management cybernetics.
The first thing to note about the cybernetic theory of organizations encapsulated in the VSM is that viable systems are recursive; viable systems contain viable systems that can be modeled using an identical cybernetic description as the higher (and lower) level systems in the containment hierarchy (Beer expresses this property of viable systems as cybernetic isomorphism).
A development of this model has originated the theoretical proposal called viable systems approach.
An exemplary model of a corporation as a viable system. Assumption: There is one System 1 purchasing external resources and one System 1 which produces the value, delivered to the customers. The VSM applies for all kinds of organizations.
Components
Here we give a brief introduction to the cybernetic description of the organization encapsulated in a single level of the VSM.
A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3. are concerned with the 'here and now' of the organization's operations, System 4 is concerned with the 'there and then' – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization. System 5 is concerned with balancing the 'here and now' and the 'there and then' to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity.
System 1 in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned with performing a function that implements at least part of the key transformation of the organization.
System 2 represents the information channels and bodies that allow the primary activities in System 1 to communicate between each other and which allow System 3 to monitor and co-ordinate the activities within System 1. Represents the scheduling function of shared resources to be used by System 1.
System 3 represents the structures and controls that are put into place to establish the rules, resources, rights and responsibilities of System 1 and to provide an interface with Systems 4/5. Represents the big picture view of the processes inside of System 1.
System 4 is made up of bodies that are responsible for looking outwards to the environment to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable.
System 5 is responsible for policy decisions within the organization as a whole to balance demands from different parts of the organization and steer the organization as a whole.
In addition to the subsystems that make up the first level of recursion, the environment is represented in the model. The presence of the environment in the model is necessary as the domain of action of the system and without it there is no way in the model to contextualize or ground the internal interactions of the organization.
Algedonic alerts (from the Greek αλγος, pain and ηδος, pleasure) are alarms and rewards that escalate through the levels of recursion when actual performance fails or exceeds capability, typically after a timeout.
The model is derived from the architecture of the brain and nervous system. Systems 3-2-1 are identified with the ancient brain or autonomic nervous system. System 4 embodies cognition and conversation. System 5, the higher brain functions, include introspection and decision making.
Rules for the viable system
In "Heart of Enterprise" a companion volume to "Brain...", Beer applies Ashby's concept of (Requisite) Variety: the number of possible states of a system or of an element of the system. There are two aphorisms that permit observers to calculate Variety; four Principles of Organization; the Recursive System Theorem; three Axioms of Management and a Law of Cohesion. These rules ensure the Requisite Variety condition is satisfied, in effect that resources are matched to requirement.
Regulatory aphorisms
These aphorisms are:
It is not necessary to enter the black box to understand the nature of the function it performs.
It is not necessary to enter the black box to calculate the variety that it potentially may generate.
Principles of organization
(Principles are 'primary sources of particular outcome')
These principles are:
Managerial, operational and environmental varieties diffusing through an institutional system, tend to equate; they should be designed to do so with minimum damage to people and cost.
The four directional channels carrying information between the management unit, the operation, and the environment must each have a higher capacity to transmit a given amount of information relevant to variety selection in a given time than the originating subsystem has to generate it in that time.
Wherever the information carried on a channel capable of distinguishing a given variety crosses a boundary, it undergoes transduction (converting energy from one form to another); the variety of the transducer must be at least equivalent to the variety of the channel.
The operation of the first three principles must be cyclically maintained without delays.
Recursive system theorem
This theorem states:
In a recursive organizational structure any viable system contains, and is contained in, a viable system.
Society itself can be seen as a system of recursion. In this case, recursion refers to systems that are nested within other systems.
Axioms
(Axioms are statements 'worthy of belief')
These axioms are:
The sum of horizontal variety disposed by n operational elements (systems one) equals the sum of the vertical variety disposed by the six vertical components of corporate cohesion. (The six are from Environment, System Three*, the System Ones, System Two, System Three and Algedonic alerts.)
The variety disposed by System Three resulting from the operation of the First Axiom equals the variety disposed by System Four.
The variety disposed by System Five equals the residual variety generated by the operation of the Second Axiom.
The law of cohesion for multiple recursions of the viable system
This law ('something invariant in nature') states:
The System One variety accessible to System Three of recursion x equals the variety disposed by the sum of the metasystems of recursion y for every recursive pair.
Measuring performance
Three measures of capacity producing three measures of achievement
In Brain of the Firm (p. 163) Beer describes a triple vector to characterize activity in a System 1. The components are:
Actuality: "What we are managing to do now, with existing resources, under existing constraints."
Capability: "This is what we could be doing (still right now) with existing resources, under existing constraints, if we really worked at it."
Potentiality: "This is what we ought to be doing by developing our resources and removing constraints, although still operating within the bounds of what is already known to be feasible."
Beer adds "It would help a lot to fix these definitions clearly in the mind." System 4's job is essentially to realize potential. He then defines
Productivity: is the ratio of actuality and capability;
Latency: is the ratio of capability and potentiality;
Performance: is the ratio of actuality and potentiality, and also the product of latency and productivity.
Consider the management of a process with cash earnings or savings for a company or government:
Potentially £100,000 but aiming to make £ 60,000. Actually sales, savings or taxes of £40,000 are realized.
So Potentiality = £100,000; Capability = £60,000; Actuality = £40,000.
Thus latency = 60/100 = 0.6; Productivity = 40/60 = 0.67; And performance = 0.6 × 0.67 = 0.4 (or actuality/potential 40/100).
These methods (also known as normalisations) can be similarly applied in general e.g. to hours worked in the performance of tasks or products in a production process of some kind.
When actuality deviates from capability, because someone did something well or something badly, an algedonic alert is sent to management. If corrective action, adoption of a good technique or correction of an error, is not taken in a timely manner the alert is escalated. Because the criteria are applied in an ordered hierarchy the management itself need not be, but the routine response functions must be ordered to reflect best known heuristic practice. These heuristics are constantly monitored for improvement by the organization's System 4s.
Pay structures reflect these constraints on performance when capability or potential is realized with, for example, productivity bonuses, stakeholder agreements and intellectual property rights.
Metalanguage
Resolving undecidability by raising the metalanguage
In ascending the recursions of the viable system the context of each autonomous 5-4-3-2 metasystem enlarges and acquires more variety.
This defines a metalanguage stack of increasing capability to resolve undecidability in the autonomous lower levels. If someone near process level needs to innovate to achieve potential, or restore capability, help can be secured from management of higher variety.
An algedonic alert, sent when actuality deviates by some statistically significant amount from capability, makes this process automatic.
The notion of adding more variety or states to resolve ambiguity or undecidability (also known as the decision problem) is the subject of Chaitin's metamathematical conjecture algorithmic information theory and provides a potentially rigorous theoretical basis for a general management heuristic. If a process is not producing the agreed product more information, if applicable, will correct this, resolve ambiguity, conflict or undecidability.
In "Platform for Change" (Beer 1975) the thesis is developed via a collection of papers to learned bodies, including UK Police and Hospitals, to produce a visualization of the "Total System". Here a "Relevant ethic" evolves from "Experimental ethics" and the "Ethic with a busted gut" to produce a sustainable earth with reformed "old institutions" becoming "new institutions" driven by approval (eudemonic criteria "Questions of Metric" in Platform... pp 163– 179) from the "software milieu" while culture adopts the systems approach and "Homo faber" (man the maker) becomes "Homo Gubernator" (self-steering).
Applying VSM
In applying the VSM variety measures are used to match people, machines and money to jobs that produce products or services. In a set of processes some jobs are done by one person. Some are done by many and often many processes are done by the same person. Throughout the working day a participant, in completing a task, may find the focus shifts between internal and external Systems 1–5 from moment to moment.
The choices, or decisions discriminated, and their cost (or effort) defines the variety and hence resources needed for the job. The processes (Systems 1) are operationally managed by System 3 by monitoring performance and assuring (System 2) the flow of product between System 1s and out to users.
System 3 is able to audit (via 3*) past performance so "bad times" for production can be compared to "good times". If things go wrong and levels of risk increase the System 3 asks for help or puts it to colleagues for a remedy. This is the pain of an algedonic alert, which can be automatic when performance fails to achieve capability targets. The autonomic 3–2–1 homeostatic loop's problem is absorbed for solution within the autonomy of its metasystem. Development (the System 4 role of research and marketing) is asked for recommendations.
If more resources are required System 5 has to make the decision on which is the best option from System 4. Escalation to higher management (up the metalinguistic levels of recursion) will be needed if the remedy requires more resources than the current level of capability or variety can sustain. The pleasure of an algedonic alert which are performance improving innovations can also be handled in this way.
In a small business all these functions might be done by one person or shared between the participants. In larger enterprises roles can differentiate and become more specialized emphasizing one or more aspects of the VSM. Local conditions, the environment and nature of the service or product, determines where warehousing, sales, advertising, promotion, dispatch, taxation, finance, salaries etc., fit into this picture. Not all enterprises charge for their transactions (e.g. some schools and medical services, policing) and voluntary staff may not be paid. Advertising or shipping might not be part of the business or they might be the principal activity. Whatever the circumstances, all enterprises are required to be useful to their users if they are to remain viable. For all participants the central question remains: "Do I do what I always do for this transaction or do I innovate?" It is embodied in the calls on System 4. The VSM describes the constraints: a knowledge of past performance and how it may be improved.
Beer dedicated Brain of the Firm to his colleagues past and present with the words "absolutum obsoletum" which he translated as "If it works it's out of date".
See also
American Society for Cybernetics
Autonomous agency theory
Business model
Cybernetics Society
Dynamic governance
Project Cybersyn
Self-organization § Cybernetics
Viable system theory
References
^ Brain of the Firm, Beer Allen Lane, 1972.
^ Brain of the Firm, 2nd Edition, Pg 155.
^ Brain of the Firm, 2nd Edition, Pg 167.
^ Brain of the Firm, 2nd Edition, Pg 181.
^ Brain of the Firm, 2nd Edition, Pg 201.
^ Brain of the Firm Chapters 6 and 7.
^ Beer, Wiley 1979.
^ Stafford., Beer (1985). Diagnosing the system for organizations. Chichester : Wiley. ISBN 978-0471906759. OCLC 11469665.
^ Beer, Stafford (1984). "The Viable System Model: Its Provenance, Development, Methodology and Pathology". The Journal of the Operational Research Society. 35 (1): 7–25. doi:10.2307/2581927. JSTOR 2581927.
^ Achterberg, Jan; Vriens, Dirk (2010). "Specific Design Principles: de Sitter's Organizational Structures". Organizations. Springer Berlin. pp. 183–188. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_7. ISBN 978-3-642-14315-1.
^ Discussed in "The Heart of Enterprise" pp 214- 217
^ "The Heart of Enterprise" page 353: x belongs to metasystem (5, 4, 3, 2) y and are one level apart.
^ Eudemony -sustainable, ethical pleasure c.f. immediate hedonistic pleasure. See also Eudaimonia
^ "Paul Stokes Bio - Homo Gubernator: Emotions and Human Self-Steering". University College Dublin. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Further reading
1959, Stafford Beer: Cybernetics and Management. The English Universities Press Ltd.
1972, Stafford Beer, Brain of the Firm; Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA. Translated into German, Italian, Swedish and French (The founding work)
1972, Stafford Beer, Managing modern complexity, in Landau, R., ed. 'Complexity', Architectural Design October 1972, pp. 629-632.
1974, Stafford Beer: Decision and Control. John Wiley & Sons, London and New York, ISBN 0-470-03210-3
1975, Stafford Beer, Platform for Change; John Wiley, London and New York. (Lectures, talks and papers)
1979, Stafford Beer, The Heart of Enterprise; John Wiley, London and New York. (Discussion of VSM applied)
1985, Stafford Beer, Diagnosing the System for Organizations; John Wiley, London and New York. Translated into Italian and Japanese. (Handbook of organizational structure, design and fault diagnosis)
1989, Ed. Espejo and Harnden The Viable System Model; John Wiley, London and New York.
2007, William F. Christopher Holistic Management; John Wiley, London and New York.
2008, Türke, Ralf-Eckhard: Governance – Systemic Foundation and Framework (Contributions to Management Science, Physica of Springer, September 2008).Link
2008, Patrick Hoverstadt: The Fractal Organization: Creating sustainable organizations with the Viable System Model Wiley
2008, José Pérez Ríos, Diseño y diagnóstico de organizaciones viables: un enfoque sistémico, Universidad de Valladolid ReadOnTime
2010, Golinelli Gaetano M, "Viable Systems Approach (VSA): Governing business dynamics", CEDAM, Padova.
2010, George Hobbs and Rens Scheepers, "Cybernetics and the Agility Question," Proceedings of IFIP 8.2/Organizations and Society in Information Systems (OASIS). Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10(114).Link
2011, Eden Medina: Cybernetic Revolutionaries. Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 978-0-262-01649-0
2019, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 1. Decoding the "DNA" of Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-12013-9 (https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030120139)
2019, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 2. Diagnosing and Governing Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-16473-7 (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030164720)
2020, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 3. Designing and Changing Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-25854-2 https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030258535
External links
Metaphorum: researching and developing VSM applications
ASVSA: Research Association on Viable Systems
The VSM on a memorial website of Stafford Beer
Video from Manchester Business School (1974) of Stafford Beer talking about VSM applied in Chile. Menu at bottom of page
VSM diagnosis and design for co-operatives and social economy enterprises
The Systems Perspective: Methods and Models for the Future by Allenna Leonard with Stafford Beer
Stafford Beer and the Humankind Future
To Change Ourselves: A Personal VSM Application by Allenna Leonard
Viable Software
Modelling Organisations Using the Viable Systems Model by Patrick Hoverstadt
VSM oriented Enterprise Architecture from Tetradian Consulting
The Viable System Model Livas short introductory videos on YouTube
Management Cybernetics Portal in Russia
The reasoning behind the Viable System Model
The Viable Systems Approach (Italian)
The Viable System Agent A Smalltalk implementation of the VSM.
The Viable System Agent A port of the Viable System Agent to the Ruby programming language.
The Free Viable System Model Online Test.
Organizations
Metaphorum Society
Cybernetics and Society
SCiO – Systems & Cybernetics in Organisations (UK)
Cwarel Isaf Institute
Malik Management
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(abstract)"},{"link_name":"autonomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"viable system theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_system_theory"},{"link_name":"autopoiesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis"},{"link_name":"cybernetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic"}],"text":"The viable system model (VSM) is a model of the organizational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. It is an implementation of viable system theory. At the biological level, this model is correspondent to autopoiesis.A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is claimed to be applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.","title":"Viable system model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research"},{"link_name":"cybernetician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Stafford Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"management cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_cybernetics"},{"link_name":"recursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"viable systems approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_systems_approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VSM_Default_Version_English_with_two_operational_systems.png"}],"text":"The model was developed by operations research theorist and cybernetician Stafford Beer in his book Brain of the Firm (1972).[1] Together with Beer's earlier works on cybernetics applied to management, this book effectively founded management cybernetics.The first thing to note about the cybernetic theory of organizations encapsulated in the VSM is that viable systems are recursive; viable systems contain viable systems that can be modeled using an identical cybernetic description as the higher (and lower) level systems in the containment hierarchy (Beer expresses this property of viable systems as cybernetic isomorphism).\nA development of this model has originated the theoretical proposal called viable systems approach.An exemplary model of a corporation as a viable system. Assumption: There is one System 1 purchasing external resources and one System 1 which produces the value, delivered to the customers. The VSM applies for all kinds of organizations.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"timeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeout_(telecommunication)"},{"link_name":"autonomic nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Here we give a brief introduction to the cybernetic description of the organization encapsulated in a single level of the VSM.[2]A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3.[3] are concerned with the 'here and now' of the organization's operations, System 4 is concerned with the 'there and then' – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization.[4] System 5 is concerned with balancing the 'here and now' and the 'there and then' to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity.[5]System 1 in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned with performing a function that implements at least part of the key transformation of the organization.\n System 2 represents the information channels and bodies that allow the primary activities in System 1 to communicate between each other and which allow System 3 to monitor and co-ordinate the activities within System 1. Represents the scheduling function of shared resources to be used by System 1.\n System 3 represents the structures and controls that are put into place to establish the rules, resources, rights and responsibilities of System 1 and to provide an interface with Systems 4/5. Represents the big picture view of the processes inside of System 1.\n System 4 is made up of bodies that are responsible for looking outwards to the environment to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable.\n System 5 is responsible for policy decisions within the organization as a whole to balance demands from different parts of the organization and steer the organization as a whole.In addition to the subsystems that make up the first level of recursion, the environment is represented in the model. The presence of the environment in the model is necessary as the domain of action of the system and without it there is no way in the model to contextualize or ground the internal interactions of the organization.Algedonic alerts (from the Greek αλγος, pain and ηδος, pleasure) are alarms and rewards that escalate through the levels of recursion when actual performance fails or exceeds capability, typically after a timeout.The model is derived from the architecture of the brain and nervous system. Systems 3-2-1 are identified with the ancient brain or autonomic nervous system. System 4 embodies cognition and conversation. System 5, the higher brain functions, include introspection and decision making.[6]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ashby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)"}],"text":"In \"Heart of Enterprise\"[7] a companion volume to \"Brain...\", Beer applies Ashby's concept of (Requisite) Variety: the number of possible states of a system or of an element of the system. There are two aphorisms that permit observers to calculate Variety; four Principles of Organization; the Recursive System Theorem; three Axioms of Management and a Law of Cohesion. These rules ensure the Requisite Variety condition is satisfied, in effect that resources are matched to requirement.","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"black box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box"}],"sub_title":"Regulatory aphorisms","text":"These aphorisms are:[8][9]It is not necessary to enter the black box to understand the nature of the function it performs.\nIt is not necessary to enter the black box to calculate the variety that it potentially may generate.","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer"}],"sub_title":"Principles of organization","text":"(Principles are 'primary sources of particular outcome')These principles are:Managerial, operational and environmental varieties diffusing through an institutional system, tend to equate; they should be designed to do so with minimum damage to people and cost.\nThe four directional channels carrying information between the management unit, the operation, and the environment must each have a higher capacity to transmit a given amount of information relevant to variety selection in a given time than the originating subsystem has to generate it in that time.\nWherever the information carried on a channel capable of distinguishing a given variety crosses a boundary, it undergoes transduction (converting energy from one form to another); the variety of the transducer must be at least equivalent to the variety of the channel.\nThe operation of the first three principles must be cyclically maintained without delays.","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Recursive system theorem","text":"This theorem states:In a recursive organizational structure any viable system contains, and is contained in, a viable system.\nSociety itself can be seen as a system of recursion. In this case, recursion refers to systems that are nested within other systems.[10]","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Axioms","text":"(Axioms are statements 'worthy of belief')These axioms are:The sum of horizontal variety disposed by n operational elements (systems one) equals the sum of the vertical variety disposed by the six vertical components of corporate cohesion.[11] (The six are from Environment, System Three*, the System Ones, System Two, System Three and Algedonic alerts.)\nThe variety disposed by System Three resulting from the operation of the First Axiom equals the variety disposed by System Four.\nThe variety disposed by System Five equals the residual variety generated by the operation of the Second Axiom.","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"The law of cohesion for multiple recursions of the viable system","text":"This law ('something invariant in nature') states:The System One variety accessible to System Three of recursion x equals the variety disposed by the sum of the metasystems of recursion y for every recursive pair.[12]","title":"Rules for the viable system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Performance.png"},{"link_name":"ordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_theory"},{"link_name":"heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"bonuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-related_pay"},{"link_name":"stakeholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_stakeholder"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"}],"text":"Three measures of capacity producing three measures of achievementIn Brain of the Firm (p. 163) Beer describes a triple vector to characterize activity in a System 1. The components are:Actuality: \"What we are managing to do now, with existing resources, under existing constraints.\"\nCapability: \"This is what we could be doing (still right now) with existing resources, under existing constraints, if we really worked at it.\"\nPotentiality: \"This is what we ought to be doing by developing our resources and removing constraints, although still operating within the bounds of what is already known to be feasible.\"Beer adds \"It would help a lot to fix these definitions clearly in the mind.\" System 4's job is essentially to realize potential. He then definesProductivity: is the ratio of actuality and capability;\nLatency: is the ratio of capability and potentiality;\nPerformance: is the ratio of actuality and potentiality, and also the product of latency and productivity.Consider the management of a process with cash earnings or savings for a company or government:Potentially £100,000 but aiming to make £ 60,000. Actually sales, savings or taxes of £40,000 are realized.\nSo Potentiality = £100,000; Capability = £60,000; Actuality = £40,000.\nThus latency = 60/100 = 0.6; Productivity = 40/60 = 0.67; And performance = 0.6 × 0.67 = 0.4 (or actuality/potential 40/100).These methods (also known as normalisations) can be similarly applied in general e.g. to hours worked in the performance of tasks or products in a production process of some kind.When actuality deviates from capability, because someone did something well or something badly, an algedonic alert is sent to management. If corrective action, adoption of a good technique or correction of an error, is not taken in a timely manner the alert is escalated. Because the criteria are applied in an ordered hierarchy the management itself need not be, but the routine response functions must be ordered to reflect best known heuristic practice. These heuristics are constantly monitored for improvement by the organization's System 4s.Pay structures reflect these constraints on performance when capability or potential is realized with, for example, productivity bonuses, stakeholder agreements and intellectual property rights.","title":"Measuring performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beer_Metalnaguage.PNG"},{"link_name":"metasystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasystem"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)"},{"link_name":"metalanguage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalanguage"},{"link_name":"undecidability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem"},{"link_name":"statistically significant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance"},{"link_name":"ambiguity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity"},{"link_name":"decision problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_problem"},{"link_name":"Chaitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitin"},{"link_name":"metamathematical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamathematics"},{"link_name":"algorithmic information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_information_theory"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"systems approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_approach"},{"link_name":"Homo faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_faber"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Resolving undecidability by raising the metalanguageIn ascending the recursions of the viable system the context of each autonomous 5-4-3-2 metasystem enlarges and acquires more variety.This defines a metalanguage stack of increasing capability to resolve undecidability in the autonomous lower levels. If someone near process level needs to innovate to achieve potential, or restore capability, help can be secured from management of higher variety.An algedonic alert, sent when actuality deviates by some statistically significant amount from capability, makes this process automatic.The notion of adding more variety or states to resolve ambiguity or undecidability (also known as the decision problem) is the subject of Chaitin's metamathematical conjecture algorithmic information theory and provides a potentially rigorous theoretical basis for a general management heuristic. If a process is not producing the agreed product more information, if applicable, will correct this, resolve ambiguity, conflict or undecidability.In \"Platform for Change\" (Beer 1975) the thesis is developed via a collection of papers to learned bodies, including UK Police and Hospitals, to produce a visualization of the \"Total System\". Here a \"Relevant ethic\" evolves from \"Experimental ethics\" and the \"Ethic with a busted gut\" to produce a sustainable earth with reformed \"old institutions\" becoming \"new institutions\" driven by approval (eudemonic[13] criteria \"Questions of Metric\" in Platform... pp 163– 179) from the \"software milieu\" while culture adopts the systems approach and \"Homo faber\" (man the maker) becomes \"Homo Gubernator\" (self-steering).[14]","title":"Metalanguage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)"},{"link_name":"risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk"}],"text":"In applying the VSM variety measures are used to match people, machines and money to jobs that produce products or services. In a set of processes some jobs are done by one person. Some are done by many and often many processes are done by the same person. Throughout the working day a participant, in completing a task, may find the focus shifts between internal and external Systems 1–5 from moment to moment.The choices, or decisions discriminated, and their cost (or effort) defines the variety and hence resources needed for the job. The processes (Systems 1) are operationally managed by System 3 by monitoring performance and assuring (System 2) the flow of product between System 1s and out to users.System 3 is able to audit (via 3*) past performance so \"bad times\" for production can be compared to \"good times\". If things go wrong and levels of risk increase the System 3 asks for help or puts it to colleagues for a remedy. This is the pain of an algedonic alert, which can be automatic when performance fails to achieve capability targets. The autonomic 3–2–1 homeostatic loop's problem is absorbed for solution within the autonomy of its metasystem. Development (the System 4 role of research and marketing) is asked for recommendations.If more resources are required System 5 has to make the decision on which is the best option from System 4. Escalation to higher management (up the metalinguistic levels of recursion) will be needed if the remedy requires more resources than the current level of capability or variety can sustain. The pleasure of an algedonic alert which are performance improving innovations can also be handled in this way.In a small business all these functions might be done by one person or shared between the participants. In larger enterprises roles can differentiate and become more specialized emphasizing one or more aspects of the VSM. Local conditions, the environment and nature of the service or product, determines where warehousing, sales, advertising, promotion, dispatch, taxation, finance, salaries etc., fit into this picture. Not all enterprises charge for their transactions (e.g. some schools and medical services, policing) and voluntary staff may not be paid. Advertising or shipping might not be part of the business or they might be the principal activity. Whatever the circumstances, all enterprises are required to be useful to their users if they are to remain viable. For all participants the central question remains: \"Do I do what I always do for this transaction or do I innovate?\" It is embodied in the calls on System 4. The VSM describes the constraints: a knowledge of past performance and how it may be improved.Beer dedicated Brain of the Firm to his colleagues past and present with the words \"absolutum obsoletum\" which he translated as \"If it works it's out of date\".","title":"Applying VSM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architectural Design October 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//drive.google.com/file/d/1QtmpZR-GQVDw8zG3oF0__7C0uRNNX0RA/view?usp=sharing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-470-03210-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-03210-3"},{"link_name":"Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/business/book/978-3-7908-2079-9"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470060565.html"},{"link_name":"ReadOnTime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.readontime.com/ISBN=9788461258451"},{"link_name":"Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sprouts.aisnet.org/10-114"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-262-01649-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01649-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-030-12013-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-12013-9"},{"link_name":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030120139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/us/book/9783030120139"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-030-16473-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-16473-7"},{"link_name":"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030164720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030164720"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-030-25854-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25854-2"},{"link_name":"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030258535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030258535"}],"text":"1959, Stafford Beer: Cybernetics and Management. The English Universities Press Ltd.\n1972, Stafford Beer, Brain of the Firm; Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA. Translated into German, Italian, Swedish and French (The founding work)\n1972, Stafford Beer, Managing modern complexity, in Landau, R., ed. 'Complexity', Architectural Design October 1972, pp. 629-632.\n1974, Stafford Beer: Decision and Control. John Wiley & Sons, London and New York, ISBN 0-470-03210-3\n1975, Stafford Beer, Platform for Change; John Wiley, London and New York. (Lectures, talks and papers)\n1979, Stafford Beer, The Heart of Enterprise; John Wiley, London and New York. (Discussion of VSM applied)\n1985, Stafford Beer, Diagnosing the System for Organizations; John Wiley, London and New York. Translated into Italian and Japanese. (Handbook of organizational structure, design and fault diagnosis)\n1989, Ed. Espejo and Harnden The Viable System Model; John Wiley, London and New York.\n2007, William F. Christopher Holistic Management; John Wiley, London and New York.\n2008, Türke, Ralf-Eckhard: Governance – Systemic Foundation and Framework (Contributions to Management Science, Physica of Springer, September 2008).Link\n2008, Patrick Hoverstadt: The Fractal Organization: Creating sustainable organizations with the Viable System Model Wiley\n2008, José Pérez Ríos, Diseño y diagnóstico de organizaciones viables: un enfoque sistémico, Universidad de Valladolid ReadOnTime\n2010, Golinelli Gaetano M, \"Viable Systems Approach (VSA): Governing business dynamics\", CEDAM, Padova.\n2010, George Hobbs and Rens Scheepers, \"Cybernetics and the Agility Question,\" Proceedings of IFIP 8.2/Organizations and Society in Information Systems (OASIS). Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10(114).Link\n2011, Eden Medina: Cybernetic Revolutionaries. Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 978-0-262-01649-0\n2019, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 1. Decoding the \"DNA\" of Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-12013-9 (https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030120139)\n2019, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 2. Diagnosing and Governing Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-16473-7 (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030164720)\n2020, Wolfgang Lassl: The Viability of Organizations Vol. 3. Designing and Changing Organizations, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-3-030-25854-2 https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030258535","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"An exemplary model of a corporation as a viable system. Assumption: There is one System 1 purchasing external resources and one System 1 which produces the value, delivered to the customers. The VSM applies for all kinds of organizations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/VSM_Default_Version_English_with_two_operational_systems.png/220px-VSM_Default_Version_English_with_two_operational_systems.png"},{"image_text":"Three measures of capacity producing three measures of achievement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Performance.png/360px-Performance.png"},{"image_text":"Resolving undecidability by raising the metalanguage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Beer_Metalnaguage.PNG/150px-Beer_Metalnaguage.PNG"}]
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[{"title":"American Society for Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Cybernetics"},{"title":"Autonomous agency theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_agency_theory"},{"title":"Business model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model"},{"title":"Cybernetics Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics_Society"},{"title":"Dynamic governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_governance"},{"title":"Project Cybersyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn"},{"title":"Self-organization § Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization#Cybernetics"},{"title":"Viable system theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_system_theory"}]
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[{"reference":"Stafford., Beer (1985). Diagnosing the system for organizations. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471906759. OCLC 11469665.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/diagnosingsystem00beer","url_text":"Diagnosing the system for organizations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471906759","url_text":"978-0471906759"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11469665","url_text":"11469665"}]},{"reference":"Beer, Stafford (1984). \"The Viable System Model: Its Provenance, Development, Methodology and Pathology\". The Journal of the Operational Research Society. 35 (1): 7–25. doi:10.2307/2581927. JSTOR 2581927.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2581927","url_text":"10.2307/2581927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2581927","url_text":"2581927"}]},{"reference":"Achterberg, Jan; Vriens, Dirk (2010). \"Specific Design Principles: de Sitter's Organizational Structures\". Organizations. Springer Berlin. pp. 183–188. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_7. ISBN 978-3-642-14315-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_7","url_text":"\"Specific Design Principles: de Sitter's Organizational Structures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-14316-8_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-14316-8_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14315-1","url_text":"978-3-642-14315-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Stokes Bio - Homo Gubernator: Emotions and Human Self-Steering\". University College Dublin. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080209180202/http://www.ucd.ie/sociolog/sociologyinfo/html/pstokesbio.htm","url_text":"\"Paul Stokes Bio - Homo Gubernator: Emotions and Human Self-Steering\""},{"url":"http://www.ucd.ie/sociolog/sociologyinfo/html/pstokesbio.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huolongjing
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Huolongjing
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["1 History","2 Contents","2.1 Gunpowder and explosives","2.2 Fire arrows and rockets","2.3 Fire lance","2.4 Bombards, cannons, and guns","2.5 Land mines and naval mines","3 Legacy","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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14th-century military treatise from the early Ming dynasty (1368–1683)
The 'divine fire flying crow' (shen huo fei ya), an aerodynamic winged rocket bomb from the Huolongjing
Chinese military texts
Seven Military Classics
The Art of War
Wuzi
The Methods of the Sima
Six Secret Teachings
Wei Liaozi
Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
Questions and Replies
Other texts
Sun Bin's Art of War
Thirty-Six Stratagems
Wujing Zongyao
Huolongjing
Jixiao Xinshu
Wubei Zhi
vte
The Huolongjing (traditional Chinese: 火龍經; simplified Chinese: 火龙经; pinyin: Huǒ Lóng Jīng; Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; rendered in English as Fire Drake Manual or Fire Dragon Manual), also known as Huoqitu (“Firearm Illustrations”), is a Chinese military treatise compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen of the early Ming dynasty (1368–1683) during the 14th century. The Huolongjing is primarily based on the text known as Huolong Shenqi Tufa (Illustrations of Divine Fire Dragon Engines), which no longer exists.
History
Hand cannon, Ming dynasty, 1377
The Huolongjing's intended function was to serve as a guide to "fire weapons" involving gunpowder during the 1280s to 1350s. Its predecessor, the Huolong Shenqi Tufa (Fire-Drake Illustrated Technology of Magically (Efficacious) Weapons), has since been lost. The Huolongjing was one of three early Ming military treatises that were mentioned by Jiao Xu, but only the Huolongjing remains.
Although the earliest edition of the Huolongjing was written by Jiao Yu, a Ming general, sometime between 1360-1375, its preface was not provided until the Nanyang publication of 1412. The 1412 edition, known as Huolongjing Quanji (Complete Collection of the Fire Dragon Manual), remains largely unchanged from its predecessor with the exception of its preface, which provides an account of Jiao Yu's time in the Hongwu Emperor's army. In the preface Jiao Yu claims to describe gunpowder weapons that had seen use since 1355 during his involvement in the Red Turban Rebellion and revolt against the Yuan dynasty, while the oldest material found in his text dates to 1280. Jiao Yu was a firearm manufacturer for the first Ming emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, during the mid-14th century. He was eventually put in charge of the Shenjiying armoury where all the firearms were stored.
A second and third volume to the Huolongjing known as Huolongjing Erji (Fire Dragon Manual Volume Two) and Huolongjing Sanji (Fire Dragon Manual Volume Three) were published in 1632 with content describing weapons such as the musket and breech-loading cannons. After the end of the Ming dynasty, the Qing dynasty outlawed reprinting of the Huolongjing for using expressions such as 'northern barbarians,' which offended the ruling Manchu elite.
Contents
See also: History of gunpowder and Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
A 'fire dragon rising out of the water' (huo long chu shui) multistage rocket from the Huolongjing.
The 'phalanx-charging fire-gourd' (chong zhen huo hu lu), one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing.
The 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor' (fei yun pi li pao) from the Huolongjing. A proto-cannon shooting co-viative projectiles, in this case cast-iron shells.
A land mine system known as the 'divine ground damaging explosive ambush device' (di sha shen ji pao shi - mai fu shen ji) from the Huolongjing
A naval mine system known as the 'marine dragon-king' (shui di long wang pao) from the Huolongjing. The trigger mechanism consists of a floating incense stick which lights the fuse once it finishes burning. The fuse travels through a passage of goats' intestines and ignites the submerged explosives in a wrought iron case.
Gunpowder and explosives
Although its destructive force was widely recognized by the 11th century, gunpowder continued to be known as a "fire-drug" (huo yao) because of its original intended pharmaceutical properties. However soon after the chemical formula for gunpowder was recorded in the Wujing Zongyao of 1044, evidence of state interference in gunpowder affairs began appearing. Realizing the military applications of gunpowder, the Song court banned private transactions involving sulphur and saltpeter in 1067 despite the widespread use of saltpeter as a flavor enhancer, and moved to monopolize gunpowder production. In 1076 the Song prohibited the populaces of Hedong (Shanxi) and Hebei from selling sulphur and saltpetre to foreigners. In 1132 gunpowder was referred to specifically for its military values for the first time and was called "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".
While Chinese gunpowder formulas by the late 12th century and at least 1230 were powerful enough for explosive detonations and bursting cast iron shells, gunpowder was made more potent by applying the enrichment of sulphur from pyrite extracts. Chinese gunpowder solutions reached maximum explosive potential in the 14th century and at least six formulas are considered to have been optimal for creating explosive gunpowder, with levels of nitrate ranging from 12% to 91%. Evidence of large scale explosive gunpowder weapons manufacturing began to appear. While engaged in war with the Mongols in 1259, the official Li Zengbo wrote in his Ko Zhai Za Gao, Xu Gao Hou that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased bomb shells a month, and delivered them to Xiangyang and Yingzhou in loads of about ten to twenty thousand shells at a time.
The Huolongjing's primary contribution to gunpowder was in expanding its role as a chemical weapon. Jiao Yu proposed several gunpowder compositions in addition to the standard potassium nitrate (saltpetre), sulphur, and charcoal. Described are the military applications of "divine gunpowder", "poison gunpowder", and "blinding and burning gunpowder." Poisonous gunpowder for hand-thrown or trebuchet launched bombs was created using a mixture of tung oil, urine, sal ammoniac, feces, and scallion juice heated and coated upon tiny iron pellets and broken porcelain. According to Jiao Yu, "even birds flying in the air cannot escape the effects of the explosion".
Explosive devices include the "flying-sand divine bomb releasing ten thousand fires", which consisted of a tube of gunpowder placed in an earthenware pot filled with quicklime, resin, and alcoholic extracts of poisonous plants.
Fire arrows and rockets
Jiao Yu called the earliest fire arrows shot from bows (not rocket launchers) "fiery pomegranate shot from a bow" because the lump of gunpowder–filled paper wrapped around the arrow below the metal arrowhead resembled the shape of a pomegranate. He advised that a piece of hemp cloth should be used to strengthen the wad of paper and sealed with molten pine resin. Although he described the fire arrow in great detail, it was mentioned by the much earlier Xia Shaozeng, when 20,000 fire arrows were handed over to the Jurchen conquerors of Kaifeng City in 1126. An even earlier text, the Wujing Zongyao (武经总要, "Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques"), written in 1044 by Song scholars Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, described the use of three spring or triple bow arcuballista that fired arrow bolts holding gunpowder. Although written in 1630 (second edition in 1664), the Wulixiaoshi of Fang Yizhi said that fire arrows were presented to Emperor Taizu of Song in 960. Even after the rocket was invented in China the fire arrow was never entirely phased out: it saw use in the Second Opium War when Chinese used fire arrows against the French in 1860.
By the time of Jiao Yu, the term "fire arrow" had taken on a new meaning and also referred to the earliest rockets found in China. The simple transition of this was to use a hollow tube instead of a bow or ballista firing gunpowder-impregnated fire arrows. The historian Joseph Needham wrote that this discovery came sometime before Jiao Yu during the late Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279). From the section of the oldest passages in the Huolongjing, the text reads:
One uses a bamboo stick 4 ft 2 in long, with an iron (or steel) arrow–head 4.5 in long...behind the feathering there is an iron weight 0.4 in long. At the front end there is a carton tube bound on to the stick, where the 'rising gunpowder' is lit. When you want to fire it off, you use a frame shaped like a dragon, or else conveniently a tube of wood or bamboo to contain it.
In the late 14th century, the rocket launching tube was combined with the fire lance. This involved three tubes attached to the same staff. As the first rocket tube was fired, a charge was ignited in the leading tube which expelled a blinding lachrymatory powder at the enemy, and finally the second rocket was fired. An illustration of this appears in the Huolongjing, and a description of its effectiveness in obfuscating the location of the rockets from the enemy is provided. The Huolongjing also describes and illustrates two kinds of mounted rocket launchers that fired multiple rockets. There was a cylindrical, basket-work rocket launcher called the "Mr. Facing-both-ways rocket arrow firing basket", as well as an oblong-section, rectangular, box rocket launcher known as the "divine rocket-arrow block". Rockets described in the Huolongjing were not all in the shape of standard fire arrows and some had artificial wings attached. An illustration shows that fins were used to increase aerodynamic stability for the flight path of the rocket, which according to Jiao Yu could rise hundreds of feet before landing at the designated enemy target.
The Huolongjing also describes and illustrates the oldest known multistage rocket; this was the "fire-dragon issuing from the water" (huo long chu shui), which was known to be used by the Chinese navy. It was a two-stage rocket that had carrier or booster rockets that would automatically ignite a number of smaller rocket arrows that were shot out of the front end of the missile, which was shaped like a dragon's head with an open mouth, before eventually burning out. This multistage rocket is considered by some historians to be the ancestor of modern cluster munitions. Needham says that the written material and illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing, which can be dated to about 1300-1350 from the book's part 1, chapter 3, page 23.
Fire lance
The fire lance or fire tube—a combination of a firearm and flamethrower—had been adapted and changed into several different forms by the time Jiao Yu edited the Huolongjing. The earliest depiction of a fire lance is dated c. 950, a Chinese painting on a silk banner found at the Buddhist site of Dunhuang. These early fire lances were made of bamboo tubes, but metal barrels had appeared during the 13th century, and shot gunpowder flames along with "coviative" projectiles such as small porcelain shards or metal scraps. The first metal barrels were not designed to withstand high-nitrate gunpowder and a bore-filling projectile; rather, they were designed for the low-nitrate flamethrower fire lance that shot small coviative missiles. This was called the "bandit-striking penetrating gun" (ji zei bian chong). Some of these low–nitrate gunpowder flamethrowers used poisonous mixtures such as arsenious oxide, and would blast a spray of porcelain shards as fragmentation. Another fire lance described in the Huolongjing was called the 'lotus bunch' shot arrows accompanied by a fiery blast. In addition to fire lances, the Huolongjing also illustrates a tall, vertical, mobile shield used to hide and protect infantry, known as the "mysteriously moving phalanx-breaking fierce-flame sword-shield". This large, rectangular shield would have been mounted on wheels with five rows of six circular holes each where the fire lances could be placed. The shield itself would have been accompanied by swordsmen on either side to protect the gunmen.
Bombards, cannons, and guns
In China, the first cannon-barrel design portrayed in artwork was a stone sculpture dated to 1128 found in Sichuan province. The oldest extant cannon containing an inscription is a bronze cannon of China inscribed with the date, "2nd year of the Dade era, Yuan Dynasty" (1298). The oldest confirmed extant cannon is the Heilongjiang hand cannon, dated to 1288 using contextual evidence. The History of Yuan records that in that year a rebellion of the Christian Mongol prince Nayan broke out and the Jurchen commander Li Ting who, along with a Korean brigade conscripted by Kublai Khan, suppressed Nayan's rebellion using hand cannons and portable bombards.
The predecessor of the metal barrel was made of bamboo, which was recorded in use by a Chinese garrison commander at Anlu, Hubei province, in the year 1132. One of the earliest references to the destructive force of a cannon in China was made by Zhang Xian in 1341, with his verse known as The Iron Cannon Affair. Zhang wrote that its cannonball could "pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once". Jiao Yu describes the cannon, called the "eruptor", as a cast bronze device which had an average length of 53 inches (130 cm). He wrote that some cannons were simply filled with about 100 lead balls, but others, called the "flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor" (飞云霹雳炮; feiyun pili pao) had large rounds that produced a bursting charge upon impact. The ammunition consisted of hollow cast iron shells packed with gunpowder to create an explosive effect. Also mentioned is a "poison-fog divine smoke eruptor," in which "blinding gunpowder" and "poisonous gunpowder" were packed into hollow shells used in burning the faces and eyes of enemies, along with choking them with a formidable spray of poisonous smoke. Cannons were mounted on frames or on wheeled carriages so that they could be rotated to change directions.
The Huolongjing also contains a hand held organ gun with up to ten barrels. For the "match-holding lance gun" (chi huo–sheng qiang), it described its arrangement as a match brought down to the touch hole of three gun barrels, one after the other. During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (1402–1424), the Shenjiying, a specialized military body, was in part a cavalry force that utilized tubes filled with inflammable materials holstered to their sides, and also a firearm infantry division that handled light artillery and their transportation, including the handling of gun carriages.
Land mines and naval mines
The first recorded use of land mines occurred in 1277 when officer Lou Qianxia of the late Song Dynasty, who is credited with their invention, used them to kill Mongol soldiers. Jiao Yu wrote that land mines were spherical, made of cast iron, and their fuses were ignited by the enemy movement disturbing a trigger mechanism. Although his book did not elaborate on the trigger mechanism, it does mention the use of steel wheels as the trigger mechanism. The earliest illustration and description of the "steel wheel" mechanism was the Binglu of 1606. According to it, the steel wheel trigger mechanism utilized a pin release, dropping weights, cords and axles that worked to rotate a spinning "steel wheel" that rotated against a piece of flint to provide sparks that ignited the mines' fuses underground.
The explosive mine is made of cast iron about the size of a rice-bowl, hollow inside with (black) powder rammed into it. A small bamboo tube is inserted and through this passes the fuse, while outside (the mine) a long fuse is led through fire-ducts. Pick a place where the enemy will have to pass through, dig pits and bury several dozen such mines in the ground. All the mines are connected by fuses through the gunpowder fire-ducts, and all originate from a steel wheel (gang lun). This must be well concealed from the enemy. On triggering the firing device the mines will explode, sending pieces of iron flying in all directions and shooting up flames towards the sky.
For the use of naval mines, he wrote of slowly burning joss sticks that were disguised and timed to explode against enemy ships nearby:
The sea–mine called the 'submarine dragon–king' is made of wrought iron, and carried on a (submerged) wooden board, . The (mine) is enclosed in an ox-bladder. Its subtlety lies in the fact that a thin incense(–stick) is arranged (to float) above the mine in a container. The (burning) of this joss stick determines the time at which the fuse is ignited, but without air its glowing would of course go out, so the container is connected with the mine by a (long) piece of goat's intestine (through which passes the fuse). At the upper end the (joss stick in the container) is kept floating by (an arrangement of) goose and wild–duck feathers, so that it moves up and down with the ripples of the water. On a dark (night) the mine is sent downstream (towards the enemy's ships), and when the joss stick has burnt down to the fuse, there is a great explosion.
In the later Tiangong Kaiwu (The Exploitation of the Works of Nature) treatise, written by Song Yingxing in 1637, the ox bladder described by Jiao Yu is replaced with a lacquer bag and a cord pulled from a hidden ambusher located on the nearby shore, which would release a flint steel–wheel firing mechanism to ignite the fuse of the naval mine.
Legacy
Gunpowder warfare occurred in earnest during the Song dynasty. In China, gunpowder weapons underwent significant technological changes which resulted in a vast array of weapons that eventually led to the cannon. The cannon's first confirmed use occurred during the Mongol Yuan dynasty in a suppression of rebel forces by Yuan Jurchen forces armed with hand cannons. Cannon development continued into the Ming and saw greater proliferation during the Ming wars. Chinese cannon development reached internal maturity with the muzzle loading wrought iron "great general cannon" (大將軍炮), otherwise known by its heavier variant name "great divine cannon" (大神銃), which could weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb) and was capable of firing several iron balls and upward of a hundred iron shots at once. The lighter "great general cannon" weighed up to 360 kg (790 lb) and could fire a 4.8 kg (11 lb) lead ball. The great general and divine cannons were the last indigenous Chinese cannon designs prior to the incorporation of European models in the 16th century.
When the Portuguese reached China in the early 16th century, they were unimpressed with Chinese firearms compared with their own. With the progression of the earliest European arquebus to the matchlock and the wheellock, and the advent of the flintlock musket of the 17th century, they surpassed the level of earlier Chinese firearms. Illustrations of Ottoman and European riflemen with detailed illustrations of their weapons appeared in Zhao Shizhen's book Shenqipu of 1598, and Ottoman and European firearms were held in great esteem. However, by the 17th century Đại Việt had also been manufacturing muskets of their own, which the Ming considered to be superior to both European and Ottoman firearms, including Japanese imports as well. Vietnamese firearms were copied and disseminated throughout China in quick order.
The 16th-century breech-loading model entered China around 1517 when Fernão Pires de Andrade arrived in China. However, he and the Portuguese embassy were rejected as problems in Ming-Portuguese relations were exacerbated when the Malacca Sultanate, a tributary state of the Ming, was invaded in 1511 by the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque, and in the process a large established Chinese merchant community was slaughtered. The Malacca Sultanate sent the Ming a plea for help but no relief expedition was sent. In 1521 the Portuguese were driven off from China by the Ming navy in a conflict known as the Battle of Tunmen.
Gallery
An arrow strapped with gunpowder ready to be shot from a bow. The text reads: gong she huo zhe liu jian (bow firing a fiery pomegranate arrow).
Rocket arrows from the Huolongjing. The right arrow reads 'fire arrow' (huo jian), the middle is a 'dragon shaped arrow frame' (long xing jian jia), and the left is a 'complete fire arrow' (huo jian quan shi).
A 'divine fire arrow shield' (shen huo jian pai). Depiction of a fire arrow rocket launcher from the Huolongjing.
A 'watermelon bomb' (xi gua pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It contains 'fire rats,' mini rockets with hooks.
A 'fire brick' (huo zhuan) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It contains mini-rockets bearing sharp little spikes.
Depiction of a' wind-and-dust bomb' (feng chen pao) from the Huolongjing.
A 'rumbling thunder bomb' (hong lei pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. The text describes ingredients including mini-rockets and caltrops with poisons.
'Dropping from heaven' (tian zhui pao) bombs as depicted in the Huolongjing.
'Bee swarm bombs' (qun feng pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Paper casing filled with gunpowder and shrapnel.
A 'divine fire meteor which goes against the wind' (zuan feng shen huo liu xing pao) bomb as depicted in the Huolongjing.
An illustration of a fragmentation bomb known as the 'divine bone dissolving fire oil bomb' (lan gu huo you shen pao) from the Huolongjing. The black dots represent iron pellets.
A 'flying-sand divine bomb releasing ten thousand fires' (wan huo fei sha shen pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A weak casing device possibly used in naval combat.
'Explosive bombs' (zha pao) from the Huolongjing. The device is operated by steel wheels contained in two boxes. When pressed, the wheel boxes are supposed to ignite a spark reaching the buried gunpowder packages, setting off the explosion.
The 'self-tripped trespass land mine' (zi fan pao) from the Huolongjing.
An 'explosive camp land mine' (di lei zha ying) from the Huolongjing. The mine is composed of eight explosive charges held erect by two disc shaped frames.
A 'pear-flower gun' (li hua qiang). A fire lance as depicted in the Huolongjing.
A 'fire gun' (huo qiang). A double barreled fire lance from the Huolongjing. Supposedly they fired in succession, and the second one is lit automatically after the first barrel finishes firing.
An 'awe-inspiring fierce-fire yaksha gun' (shen wei lie huo ye cha chong) as depicted in the Huolongjing.
A 'lotus bunch' (yi ba lian) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It is a bamboo tube firing darts along with flames.
A 'sky-filling spurting-tube' (man tian pen tong) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A bamboo tube filled with a mixture of gunpowder and porcelain fragments.
A 'bandit-striking penetrating gun' (ji zei bian chong) as depicted in the Huolongjing. The first known metal barreled fire lance, it throws low nitrate gunpowder flames along with coviative missiles.
A 'divine moving phalanx-breaking fierce-fire sword-shield' (shen xing po zhen meng huo dao pai) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A mobile shield fitted with fire lances used to break enemy formations.
Essentially a fire lance on a frame, the 'multiple bullets magazine eruptor' (bai zi lian zhu pao) shoots lead shots, which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis.
A 'poison fog divine smoke eruptor' (du wu shen yan pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Small shells emitting poisonous smoke are fired.
A canister shot known as the 'flying-hidden-bomb cannon' (fei meng pao shi) from the Huolongjing. The poison canister is loaded into an iron barrel fitted to a wooden tiller.
An organ gun known as the 'mother of a hundred bullets gun' (zi mu bai dan chong) from the Huolongjing.
A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" (qian zi lei pao) from the Huolongjing.
An 'awe inspiring long range cannon' (wei yuan pao) from the Huolongjing.
The 'crouching tiger cannon' (hu dun pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing.
A 'seven star cannon' (qi xing chong) from the Huolongjing. It was a seven barreled organ gun with two auxiliary guns by its side on a two-wheeled carriage.
A 'barbarian attacking cannon' (gong rong pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Chains are attached to the cannon to adjust recoil. Not to be confused with the "Hongyipao".
Reconstruction of the "flying crow with magic fire" (shen huo fei ya).
See also
Technology of the Song Dynasty
Jiao Yu
Liu Bowen
Gunpowder warfare
History of gunpowder
Battle of Tangdao
Battle of Caishi
Wujing Zongyao, Chinese military compendium written from around 1040 to 1044.
Jixiao Xinshu, Chinese military manual written during the 1560s and 1580s.
Wubei Zhi, Chinese military book was compiled in 1621.
Notes
^ Needham 1986, p. 24.
^ a b Needham 1986, p. 32.
^ Needham 1986, p. 23-24.
^ Needham 1986, p. 33.
^ Needham 1986, p. 25=27.
^ Needham 1986, p. 26.
^ Kelly 2004, p. 2.
^ a b Khan 2004, p. 2.
^ Ebrey 1999, p. 138.
^ Kelly 2004, p. 4.
^ Yunming 1986, p. 489.
^ Needham 1986, p. 126.
^ Andrade 2016, p. 32.
^ Andrade 2016, p. 38.
^ Yunming 1986, pp. 489–490.
^ Needham 1986, p. 345-346.
^ Needham 1986, p. 173-174.
^ Needham 1986, p. 192-193.
^ a b c Cowley 1996, p. 38.
^ a b Needham 1986, p. 180.
^ Needham 1986, p. 187.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 154–155.
^ a b c Needham 1986, p. 154.
^ Partington 1998, p. 240.
^ Partington 1998, p. 5.
^ a b c d Needham 1986, p. 447.
^ a b c Needham 1986, pp. 485–486.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 486–489.
^ Needham 1986, p. 489.
^ Needham 1986, p. 498.
^ a b c Temple 1986, p. 240.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 501–503.
^ Needham 1986, p. 502.
^ a b c d Needham 1986, pp. 508–510.
^ a b c Temple 1986, pp. 240–241.
^ Needham 1986, p. 232.
^ Embree (1997, p. 185): The term co-viative was introduced ("we need a new word .. and we have decided to call these objects "co-viative"") by Needham (Science in Traditional China: A Comparative Perspective, Harvard U.P., 1981, p.42): "like case shot" but "the pieces of hard, sharp-edged rubbish were actually mixed with .. the gunpowder".
^ Needham 1986, pp. 224–225.
^ Embree 1997, p. 185.
^ a b Needham 1986, p. 237.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 232–233.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 241–242, 244.
^ a b Needham 1986, p. 416.
^ Embree 1997, p. 852.
^ Needham 1986, p. 293.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 293–294.
^ Norris 2003, p. 10.
^ a b Norris 2003, p. 11.
^ a b c Needham 1986, p. 264.
^ Needham 1986, p. 267.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 264–265.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 459–463.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 458–459.
^ Partington 1998, p. 239.
^ Needham 1986, p. 192.
^ Needham 1986, p. 193.
^ Needham 1986, p. 199.
^ Needham 1986, p. 197-199.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 203–205.
^ Needham 1986, p. 205.
^ Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲), retrieved 30 October 2016
^ Khan 2004, p. 4.
^ Khan 2004, pp. 4–5.
^ Needham 1986, pp. 447–454.
^ Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty, 10 November 2014, retrieved 25 February 2017
^ Mote & Twitchett 1998, pp. 338–339.
^ Brook 1998, pp. 122–123.
^ Needham 1986, p. 369.
References
Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cowley, Robert (1996). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43519-6. (Hardback edition)
Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1997). Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.
Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1998). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24333-5. (Hardback edition)
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology, the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The Crowood Press, Ltd.
Partington, James Riddick (1998). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5954-9.
Song Yingxing (1966). T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. Translated by E-Tu Zen Sun; Shiou-Chuan Sun. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Temple, Robert (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. With a foreword by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.
Yunming, Zhang (1986). Isis: The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huolongjing.
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Category:Early modern firearms
Category:Early firearms
vteTypes of Chinese weaponrySwordsShort swords
Dadao 大刀
Dao 刀
Hudie shuangdao (butterfly sword) 蝴蝶雙刀
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Sheng biao (rope dart) 繩鏢
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Projectile
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Hu dun pao 虎蹲砲
Thunder crash bomb 震天雷
Handheld
Biān 鞭
Chǐ 尺
Chúi 錘
Emeici 峨嵋刺
Jiǎn 鐧
Lujiao dao (deer horn knives) 鹿角刀
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Major lists
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|
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The Huolongjing is primarily based on the text known as Huolong Shenqi Tufa (Illustrations of Divine Fire Dragon Engines), which no longer exists.[1]","title":"Huolongjing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_Bronze_Gun_(9883108536).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hand cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198632-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198623-24-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198633-4"},{"link_name":"Nanyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan"},{"link_name":"Hongwu Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Red Turban Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zhu Yuanzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198625=27-5"},{"link_name":"musket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198626-6"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198632-2"}],"text":"Hand cannon, Ming dynasty, 1377The Huolongjing's intended function was to serve as a guide to \"fire weapons\" involving gunpowder during the 1280s to 1350s.[2] Its predecessor, the Huolong Shenqi Tufa (Fire-Drake Illustrated Technology of Magically (Efficacious) Weapons), has since been lost. The Huolongjing was one of three early Ming military treatises that were mentioned by Jiao Xu, but only the Huolongjing remains.[3]Although the earliest edition of the Huolongjing was written by Jiao Yu, a Ming general, sometime between 1360-1375,[4] its preface was not provided until the Nanyang publication of 1412. The 1412 edition, known as Huolongjing Quanji (Complete Collection of the Fire Dragon Manual), remains largely unchanged from its predecessor with the exception of its preface, which provides an account of Jiao Yu's time in the Hongwu Emperor's army. In the preface Jiao Yu claims to describe gunpowder weapons that had seen use since 1355 during his involvement in the Red Turban Rebellion and revolt against the Yuan dynasty, while the oldest material found in his text dates to 1280. Jiao Yu was a firearm manufacturer for the first Ming emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang, during the mid-14th century. He was eventually put in charge of the Shenjiying armoury where all the firearms were stored.[5]A second and third volume to the Huolongjing known as Huolongjing Erji (Fire Dragon Manual Volume Two) and Huolongjing Sanji (Fire Dragon Manual Volume Three) were published in 1632 with content describing weapons such as the musket and breech-loading cannons.[6] After the end of the Ming dynasty, the Qing dynasty outlawed reprinting of the Huolongjing for using expressions such as 'northern barbarians,' which offended the ruling Manchu elite.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gunpowder"},{"link_name":"Timeline of the Gunpowder Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gunpowder_Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Multistage_Rocket.JPG"},{"link_name":"huo long chu shui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huolongchushui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg"},{"link_name":"fire lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%99%E7%BB%8F_(109).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Naval_Mine.JPG"}],"text":"See also: History of gunpowder and Timeline of the Gunpowder AgeA 'fire dragon rising out of the water' (huo long chu shui) multistage rocket from the Huolongjing.The 'phalanx-charging fire-gourd' (chong zhen huo hu lu), one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing.The 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor' (fei yun pi li pao) from the Huolongjing. A proto-cannon shooting co-viative projectiles, in this case cast-iron shells.A land mine system known as the 'divine ground damaging explosive ambush device' (di sha shen ji pao shi - mai fu shen ji) from the HuolongjingA naval mine system known as the 'marine dragon-king' (shui di long wang pao) from the Huolongjing. The trigger mechanism consists of a floating incense stick which lights the fuse once it finishes burning. The fuse travels through a passage of goats' intestines and ignites the submerged explosives in a wrought iron case.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20042-7"},{"link_name":"Wujing Zongyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20042-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999138-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20044-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYunming1986489-11"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986126-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201632-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201638-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20042-8"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYunming1986489%E2%80%93490-15"},{"link_name":"nitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986345-346-16"},{"link_name":"Qingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingzhou"},{"link_name":"Xiangyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Xiangfan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986173-174-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192-193-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowley199638-19"},{"link_name":"tung oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_oil"},{"link_name":"sal ammoniac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_ammoniac"},{"link_name":"scallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallion"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986180-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986180-20"},{"link_name":"quicklime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicklime"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986187-21"}],"sub_title":"Gunpowder and explosives","text":"Although its destructive force was widely recognized by the 11th century, gunpowder continued to be known as a \"fire-drug\" (huo yao) because of its original intended pharmaceutical properties.[7] However soon after the chemical formula for gunpowder was recorded in the Wujing Zongyao of 1044,[8][9] evidence of state interference in gunpowder affairs began appearing. Realizing the military applications of gunpowder, the Song court banned private transactions involving sulphur and saltpeter in 1067 despite the widespread use of saltpeter as a flavor enhancer,[10] and moved to monopolize gunpowder production.[11] In 1076 the Song prohibited the populaces of Hedong (Shanxi) and Hebei from selling sulphur and saltpetre to foreigners.[12][13] In 1132 gunpowder was referred to specifically for its military values for the first time and was called \"fire bomb medicine\" rather than \"fire medicine\".[14]While Chinese gunpowder formulas by the late 12th century and at least 1230 were powerful enough for explosive detonations and bursting cast iron shells,[8] gunpowder was made more potent by applying the enrichment of sulphur from pyrite extracts.[15] Chinese gunpowder solutions reached maximum explosive potential in the 14th century and at least six formulas are considered to have been optimal for creating explosive gunpowder, with levels of nitrate ranging from 12% to 91%.[16] Evidence of large scale explosive gunpowder weapons manufacturing began to appear. While engaged in war with the Mongols in 1259, the official Li Zengbo wrote in his Ko Zhai Za Gao, Xu Gao Hou that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased bomb shells a month, and delivered them to Xiangyang and Yingzhou in loads of about ten to twenty thousand shells at a time.[17]The Huolongjing's primary contribution to gunpowder was in expanding its role as a chemical weapon. Jiao Yu proposed several gunpowder compositions in addition to the standard potassium nitrate (saltpetre), sulphur, and charcoal. Described are the military applications of \"divine gunpowder\", \"poison gunpowder\", and \"blinding and burning gunpowder.\"[18] Poisonous gunpowder for hand-thrown or trebuchet launched bombs[19] was created using a mixture of tung oil, urine, sal ammoniac, feces, and scallion juice heated and coated upon tiny iron pellets and broken porcelain.[20] According to Jiao Yu, \"even birds flying in the air cannot escape the effects of the explosion\".[20]Explosive devices include the \"flying-sand divine bomb releasing ten thousand fires\", which consisted of a tube of gunpowder placed in an earthenware pot filled with quicklime, resin, and alcoholic extracts of poisonous plants.[21]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arrowhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead"},{"link_name":"pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986154%E2%80%93155-22"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"pine resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_resin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986154-23"},{"link_name":"Jurchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986154-23"},{"link_name":"Wujing Zongyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao"},{"link_name":"arcuballista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986154-23"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizu of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington1998240-24"},{"link_name":"Second Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington19985-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowley199638-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447-26"},{"link_name":"Joseph Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham"},{"link_name":"Southern Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986485%E2%80%93486-27"},{"link_name":"lachrymatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachrymator"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986485%E2%80%93486-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986485%E2%80%93486-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986486%E2%80%93489-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986489-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986498-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986501%E2%80%93503-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986502-33"},{"link_name":"multistage rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986508%E2%80%93510-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240%E2%80%93241-35"},{"link_name":"booster rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_rocket"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986508%E2%80%93510-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240%E2%80%93241-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986508%E2%80%93510-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1986240%E2%80%93241-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986508%E2%80%93510-34"}],"sub_title":"Fire arrows and rockets","text":"Jiao Yu called the earliest fire arrows shot from bows (not rocket launchers) \"fiery pomegranate shot from a bow\" because the lump of gunpowder–filled paper wrapped around the arrow below the metal arrowhead resembled the shape of a pomegranate.[22] He advised that a piece of hemp cloth should be used to strengthen the wad of paper and sealed with molten pine resin.[23] Although he described the fire arrow in great detail, it was mentioned by the much earlier Xia Shaozeng, when 20,000 fire arrows were handed over to the Jurchen conquerors of Kaifeng City in 1126.[23] An even earlier text, the Wujing Zongyao (武经总要, \"Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques\"), written in 1044 by Song scholars Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, described the use of three spring or triple bow arcuballista that fired arrow bolts holding gunpowder.[23] Although written in 1630 (second edition in 1664), the Wulixiaoshi of Fang Yizhi said that fire arrows were presented to Emperor Taizu of Song in 960.[24] Even after the rocket was invented in China the fire arrow was never entirely phased out: it saw use in the Second Opium War when Chinese used fire arrows against the French in 1860.[25]By the time of Jiao Yu, the term \"fire arrow\" had taken on a new meaning and also referred to the earliest rockets found in China.[19][26] The simple transition of this was to use a hollow tube instead of a bow or ballista firing gunpowder-impregnated fire arrows. The historian Joseph Needham wrote that this discovery came sometime before Jiao Yu during the late Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279).[26] From the section of the oldest passages in the Huolongjing,[26] the text reads:One uses a bamboo stick 4 ft 2 in long, with an iron (or steel) arrow–head 4.5 in long...behind the feathering there is an iron weight 0.4 in long. At the front end there is a carton tube bound on to the stick, where the 'rising gunpowder' is lit. When you want to fire it off, you use a frame shaped like a dragon, or else conveniently a tube of wood or bamboo to contain it.[26]In the late 14th century, the rocket launching tube was combined with the fire lance.[27] This involved three tubes attached to the same staff. As the first rocket tube was fired, a charge was ignited in the leading tube which expelled a blinding lachrymatory powder at the enemy, and finally the second rocket was fired.[27] An illustration of this appears in the Huolongjing, and a description of its effectiveness in obfuscating the location of the rockets from the enemy is provided.[27] The Huolongjing also describes and illustrates two kinds of mounted rocket launchers that fired multiple rockets.[28] There was a cylindrical, basket-work rocket launcher called the \"Mr. Facing-both-ways rocket arrow firing basket\", as well as an oblong-section, rectangular, box rocket launcher known as the \"divine rocket-arrow block\".[29] Rockets described in the Huolongjing were not all in the shape of standard fire arrows and some had artificial wings attached.[30][31] An illustration shows that fins were used to increase aerodynamic stability for the flight path of the rocket,[31][32] which according to Jiao Yu could rise hundreds of feet before landing at the designated enemy target.[31][33]The Huolongjing also describes and illustrates the oldest known multistage rocket; this was the \"fire-dragon issuing from the water\" (huo long chu shui), which was known to be used by the Chinese navy.[34][35] It was a two-stage rocket that had carrier or booster rockets that would automatically ignite a number of smaller rocket arrows that were shot out of the front end of the missile, which was shaped like a dragon's head with an open mouth, before eventually burning out.[34][35] This multistage rocket is considered by some historians to be the ancestor of modern cluster munitions.[34][35] Needham says that the written material and illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing, which can be dated to about 1300-1350 from the book's part 1, chapter 3, page 23.[34]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986232-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chinese painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986224%E2%80%93225-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1997185-39"},{"link_name":"flamethrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986237-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986237-40"},{"link_name":"arsenious oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenious_oxide"},{"link_name":"fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986232%E2%80%93233-41"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowley199638-19"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986241%E2%80%93242,_244-42"},{"link_name":"phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986416-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986416-43"}],"sub_title":"Fire lance","text":"The fire lance or fire tube—a combination of a firearm and flamethrower[36]—had been adapted and changed into several different forms by the time Jiao Yu edited the Huolongjing.[37] The earliest depiction of a fire lance is dated c. 950, a Chinese painting on a silk banner found at the Buddhist site of Dunhuang.[38] These early fire lances were made of bamboo tubes, but metal barrels had appeared during the 13th century, and shot gunpowder flames along with \"coviative\" projectiles such as small porcelain shards or metal scraps.[39] The first metal barrels were not designed to withstand high-nitrate gunpowder and a bore-filling projectile; rather, they were designed for the low-nitrate flamethrower fire lance that shot small coviative missiles.[40] This was called the \"bandit-striking penetrating gun\" (ji zei bian chong).[40] Some of these low–nitrate gunpowder flamethrowers used poisonous mixtures such as arsenious oxide, and would blast a spray of porcelain shards as fragmentation.[41][19] Another fire lance described in the Huolongjing was called the 'lotus bunch' shot arrows accompanied by a fiery blast.[42] In addition to fire lances, the Huolongjing also illustrates a tall, vertical, mobile shield used to hide and protect infantry, known as the \"mysteriously moving phalanx-breaking fierce-flame sword-shield\".[43] This large, rectangular shield would have been mounted on wheels with five rows of six circular holes each where the fire lances could be placed. The shield itself would have been accompanied by swordsmen on either side to protect the gunmen.[43]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmbree1997852-44"},{"link_name":"Heilongjiang hand cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-45"},{"link_name":"History of Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Jurchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"bombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293%E2%80%93294-46"},{"link_name":"Anlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlu"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200310-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200311-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200311-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986264-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986264-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986264-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986267-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986264%E2%80%93265-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986459%E2%80%93463-52"},{"link_name":"touch hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_hole"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986458%E2%80%93459-53"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Shenjiying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenjiying"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington1998239-54"}],"sub_title":"Bombards, cannons, and guns","text":"In China, the first cannon-barrel design portrayed in artwork was a stone sculpture dated to 1128 found in Sichuan province.[44] The oldest extant cannon containing an inscription is a bronze cannon of China inscribed with the date, \"2nd year of the Dade era, Yuan Dynasty\" (1298). The oldest confirmed extant cannon is the Heilongjiang hand cannon, dated to 1288 using contextual evidence.[45] The History of Yuan records that in that year a rebellion of the Christian Mongol prince Nayan broke out and the Jurchen commander Li Ting who, along with a Korean brigade conscripted by Kublai Khan, suppressed Nayan's rebellion using hand cannons and portable bombards.[46]The predecessor of the metal barrel was made of bamboo, which was recorded in use by a Chinese garrison commander at Anlu, Hubei province, in the year 1132.[47] One of the earliest references to the destructive force of a cannon in China was made by Zhang Xian in 1341, with his verse known as The Iron Cannon Affair.[48] Zhang wrote that its cannonball could \"pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once\".[48] Jiao Yu describes the cannon, called the \"eruptor\", as a cast bronze device which had an average length of 53 inches (130 cm).[49] He wrote that some cannons were simply filled with about 100 lead balls, but others, called the \"flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor\" (飞云霹雳炮; feiyun pili pao) had large rounds that produced a bursting charge upon impact.[49] The ammunition consisted of hollow cast iron shells packed with gunpowder to create an explosive effect.[49] Also mentioned is a \"poison-fog divine smoke eruptor,\" in which \"blinding gunpowder\" and \"poisonous gunpowder\" were packed into hollow shells used in burning the faces and eyes of enemies, along with choking them with a formidable spray of poisonous smoke.[50] Cannons were mounted on frames or on wheeled carriages so that they could be rotated to change directions.[51]The Huolongjing also contains a hand held organ gun with up to ten barrels.[52] For the \"match-holding lance gun\" (chi huo–sheng qiang), it described its arrangement as a match brought down to the touch hole of three gun barrels, one after the other.[53] During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (1402–1424), the Shenjiying, a specialized military body, was in part a cavalry force that utilized tubes filled with inflammable materials holstered to their sides, and also a firearm infantry division that handled light artillery and their transportation, including the handling of gun carriages.[54]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986192-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986193-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986199-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986197-199-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986203%E2%80%93205-59"},{"link_name":"Song Yingxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Yingxing"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986205-60"}],"sub_title":"Land mines and naval mines","text":"The first recorded use of land mines occurred in 1277 when officer Lou Qianxia of the late Song Dynasty, who is credited with their invention, used them to kill Mongol soldiers.[55] Jiao Yu wrote that land mines were spherical, made of cast iron, and their fuses were ignited by the enemy movement disturbing a trigger mechanism.[56] Although his book did not elaborate on the trigger mechanism, it does mention the use of steel wheels as the trigger mechanism. The earliest illustration and description of the \"steel wheel\" mechanism was the Binglu of 1606. According to it, the steel wheel trigger mechanism utilized a pin release, dropping weights, cords and axles that worked to rotate a spinning \"steel wheel\" that rotated against a piece of flint to provide sparks that ignited the mines' fuses underground.[57]The explosive mine is made of cast iron about the size of a rice-bowl, hollow inside with (black) powder rammed into it. A small bamboo tube is inserted and through this passes the fuse, while outside (the mine) a long fuse is led through fire-ducts. Pick a place where the enemy will have to pass through, dig pits and bury several dozen such mines in the ground. All the mines are connected by fuses through the gunpowder fire-ducts, and all originate from a steel wheel (gang lun). This must be well concealed from the enemy. On triggering the firing device the mines will explode, sending pieces of iron flying in all directions and shooting up flames towards the sky.[58]For the use of naval mines, he wrote of slowly burning joss sticks that were disguised and timed to explode against enemy ships nearby:The sea–mine called the 'submarine dragon–king' is made of wrought iron, and carried on a (submerged) wooden board, [appropriately weighted with stones]. The (mine) is enclosed in an ox-bladder. Its subtlety lies in the fact that a thin incense(–stick) is arranged (to float) above the mine in a container. The (burning) of this joss stick determines the time at which the fuse is ignited, but without air its glowing would of course go out, so the container is connected with the mine by a (long) piece of goat's intestine (through which passes the fuse). At the upper end the (joss stick in the container) is kept floating by (an arrangement of) goose and wild–duck feathers, so that it moves up and down with the ripples of the water. On a dark (night) the mine is sent downstream (towards the enemy's ships), and when the joss stick has burnt down to the fuse, there is a great explosion.[59]In the later Tiangong Kaiwu (The Exploitation of the Works of Nature) treatise, written by Song Yingxing in 1637, the ox bladder described by Jiao Yu is replaced with a lacquer bag and a cord pulled from a hidden ambusher located on the nearby shore, which would release a flint steel–wheel firing mechanism to ignite the fuse of the naval mine.[60]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20044-62"},{"link_name":"arquebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus"},{"link_name":"matchlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchlock"},{"link_name":"wheellock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock"},{"link_name":"flintlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintlock"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20044%E2%80%935-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447%E2%80%93454-64"},{"link_name":"Đại Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Fernão Pires de Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Malacca Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Afonso de Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoteTwitchett1998338%E2%80%93339-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998122%E2%80%93123-67"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tunmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986369-68"}],"text":"Gunpowder warfare occurred in earnest during the Song dynasty. In China, gunpowder weapons underwent significant technological changes which resulted in a vast array of weapons that eventually led to the cannon. The cannon's first confirmed use occurred during the Mongol Yuan dynasty in a suppression of rebel forces by Yuan Jurchen forces armed with hand cannons. Cannon development continued into the Ming and saw greater proliferation during the Ming wars. Chinese cannon development reached internal maturity with the muzzle loading wrought iron \"great general cannon\" (大將軍炮), otherwise known by its heavier variant name \"great divine cannon\" (大神銃), which could weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb) and was capable of firing several iron balls and upward of a hundred iron shots at once. The lighter \"great general cannon\" weighed up to 360 kg (790 lb) and could fire a 4.8 kg (11 lb) lead ball. The great general and divine cannons were the last indigenous Chinese cannon designs prior to the incorporation of European models in the 16th century.[61]When the Portuguese reached China in the early 16th century, they were unimpressed with Chinese firearms compared with their own.[62] With the progression of the earliest European arquebus to the matchlock and the wheellock, and the advent of the flintlock musket of the 17th century, they surpassed the level of earlier Chinese firearms.[63] Illustrations of Ottoman and European riflemen with detailed illustrations of their weapons appeared in Zhao Shizhen's book Shenqipu of 1598,[64] and Ottoman and European firearms were held in great esteem. However, by the 17th century Đại Việt had also been manufacturing muskets of their own, which the Ming considered to be superior to both European and Ottoman firearms, including Japanese imports as well. Vietnamese firearms were copied and disseminated throughout China in quick order.[65]The 16th-century breech-loading model entered China around 1517 when Fernão Pires de Andrade arrived in China. However, he and the Portuguese embassy were rejected as problems in Ming-Portuguese relations were exacerbated when the Malacca Sultanate, a tributary state of the Ming, was invaded in 1511 by the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque,[66] and in the process a large established Chinese merchant community was slaughtered.[67] The Malacca Sultanate sent the Ming a plea for help but no relief expedition was sent. In 1521 the Portuguese were driven off from China by the Ming navy in a conflict known as the Battle of Tunmen.[68]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldest_depiction_of_rocket_arrows.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_arrow_rocket_launcher.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watermelon_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_brick.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind_and_dust_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Explosive_thunder_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HLJ_bombs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HLJ_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huolongjing_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ten_thousand_fires.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheel_mine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Self-tripped_trespass_land_mine,_Huolongjing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_mine_HLJ.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%A2%A8%E8%8A%B1%E9%8E%97.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_barreled_automatic_fire_lance_from_the_Huolongjing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yaksha_lance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_bunch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spurting_tube.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_coviatice_gun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lance_shield.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poison_eruptor.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shell_handgun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organ_gun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hudunpao-huolongjing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_barreled_organ_gun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbarian_attacking_cannon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hongyipao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongyipao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bird-shaped_rocket_bomb_of_China_2.jpg"}],"text":"An arrow strapped with gunpowder ready to be shot from a bow. The text reads: gong she huo zhe liu jian (bow firing a fiery pomegranate arrow).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRocket arrows from the Huolongjing. The right arrow reads 'fire arrow' (huo jian), the middle is a 'dragon shaped arrow frame' (long xing jian jia), and the left is a 'complete fire arrow' (huo jian quan shi).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'divine fire arrow shield' (shen huo jian pai). Depiction of a fire arrow rocket launcher from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'watermelon bomb' (xi gua pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It contains 'fire rats,' mini rockets with hooks.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'fire brick' (huo zhuan) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It contains mini-rockets bearing sharp little spikes.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDepiction of a' wind-and-dust bomb' (feng chen pao) from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'rumbling thunder bomb' (hong lei pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. The text describes ingredients including mini-rockets and caltrops with poisons.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Dropping from heaven' (tian zhui pao) bombs as depicted in the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Bee swarm bombs' (qun feng pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Paper casing filled with gunpowder and shrapnel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'divine fire meteor which goes against the wind' (zuan feng shen huo liu xing pao) bomb as depicted in the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn illustration of a fragmentation bomb known as the 'divine bone dissolving fire oil bomb' (lan gu huo you shen pao) from the Huolongjing. The black dots represent iron pellets.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'flying-sand divine bomb releasing ten thousand fires' (wan huo fei sha shen pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A weak casing device possibly used in naval combat.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'Explosive bombs' (zha pao) from the Huolongjing. The device is operated by steel wheels contained in two boxes. When pressed, the wheel boxes are supposed to ignite a spark reaching the buried gunpowder packages, setting off the explosion.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 'self-tripped trespass land mine' (zi fan pao) from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn 'explosive camp land mine' (di lei zha ying) from the Huolongjing. The mine is composed of eight explosive charges held erect by two disc shaped frames.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'pear-flower gun' (li hua qiang). A fire lance as depicted in the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'fire gun' (huo qiang). A double barreled fire lance from the Huolongjing. Supposedly they fired in succession, and the second one is lit automatically after the first barrel finishes firing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn 'awe-inspiring fierce-fire yaksha gun' (shen wei lie huo ye cha chong) as depicted in the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'lotus bunch' (yi ba lian) as depicted in the Huolongjing. It is a bamboo tube firing darts along with flames.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'sky-filling spurting-tube' (man tian pen tong) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A bamboo tube filled with a mixture of gunpowder and porcelain fragments.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'bandit-striking penetrating gun' (ji zei bian chong) as depicted in the Huolongjing. The first known metal barreled fire lance, it throws low nitrate gunpowder flames along with coviative missiles.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'divine moving phalanx-breaking fierce-fire sword-shield' (shen xing po zhen meng huo dao pai) as depicted in the Huolongjing. A mobile shield fitted with fire lances used to break enemy formations.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEssentially a fire lance on a frame, the 'multiple bullets magazine eruptor' (bai zi lian zhu pao) shoots lead shots, which are loaded in a magazine and fed into the barrel when turned around on its axis.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'poison fog divine smoke eruptor' (du wu shen yan pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Small shells emitting poisonous smoke are fired.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA canister shot known as the 'flying-hidden-bomb cannon' (fei meng pao shi) from the Huolongjing. The poison canister is loaded into an iron barrel fitted to a wooden tiller.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn organ gun known as the 'mother of a hundred bullets gun' (zi mu bai dan chong) from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA bronze \"thousand ball thunder cannon\" (qian zi lei pao) from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn 'awe inspiring long range cannon' (wei yuan pao) from the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 'crouching tiger cannon' (hu dun pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'seven star cannon' (qi xing chong) from the Huolongjing. It was a seven barreled organ gun with two auxiliary guns by its side on a two-wheeled carriage.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 'barbarian attacking cannon' (gong rong pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Chains are attached to the cannon to adjust recoil. Not to be confused with the \"Hongyipao\".\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReconstruction of the \"flying crow with magic fire\" (shen huo fei ya).","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198624_1-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham1986"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198632_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198632_2-1"},{"link_name":"Needham 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198623-24_3-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198633_4-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 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(大將軍砲)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2015/07/da-jiang-jun-pao.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan20044_62-0"},{"link_name":"Khan 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhan2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan20044%E2%80%935_63-0"},{"link_name":"Khan 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKhan2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986447%E2%80%93454_64-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2014/11/matchlock-of-ming-dynasty.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoteTwitchett1998338%E2%80%93339_66-0"},{"link_name":"Mote & Twitchett 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoteTwitchett1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998122%E2%80%93123_67-0"},{"link_name":"Brook 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrook1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986369_68-0"},{"link_name":"Needham 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNeedham1986"}],"text":"^ Needham 1986, p. 24.\n\n^ a b Needham 1986, p. 32.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 23-24.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 33.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 25=27.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 26.\n\n^ Kelly 2004, p. 2.\n\n^ a b Khan 2004, p. 2.\n\n^ Ebrey 1999, p. 138.\n\n^ Kelly 2004, p. 4.\n\n^ Yunming 1986, p. 489.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 126.\n\n^ Andrade 2016, p. 32.\n\n^ Andrade 2016, p. 38.\n\n^ Yunming 1986, pp. 489–490.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 345-346.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 173-174.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 192-193.\n\n^ a b c Cowley 1996, p. 38.\n\n^ a b Needham 1986, p. 180.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 187.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 154–155.\n\n^ a b c Needham 1986, p. 154.\n\n^ Partington 1998, p. 240.\n\n^ Partington 1998, p. 5.\n\n^ a b c d Needham 1986, p. 447.\n\n^ a b c Needham 1986, pp. 485–486.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 486–489.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 489.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 498.\n\n^ a b c Temple 1986, p. 240.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 501–503.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 502.\n\n^ a b c d Needham 1986, pp. 508–510.\n\n^ a b c Temple 1986, pp. 240–241.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 232.\n\n^ Embree (1997, p. 185): The term co-viative was introduced (\"we need a new word .. and we have decided to call these objects \"co-viative\"\") by Needham (Science in Traditional China: A Comparative Perspective, Harvard U.P., 1981, p.42): \"like case shot\" but \"the pieces of hard, sharp-edged rubbish were actually mixed with .. the [propellant] gunpowder\".\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 224–225.\n\n^ Embree 1997, p. 185.\n\n^ a b Needham 1986, p. 237.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 232–233.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 241–242, 244.\n\n^ a b Needham 1986, p. 416.\n\n^ Embree 1997, p. 852.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 293.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 293–294.\n\n^ Norris 2003, p. 10.\n\n^ a b Norris 2003, p. 11.\n\n^ a b c Needham 1986, p. 264.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 267.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 264–265.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 459–463.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 458–459.\n\n^ Partington 1998, p. 239.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 192.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 193.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 199.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 197-199.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 203–205.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 205.\n\n^ Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲), retrieved 30 October 2016\n\n^ Khan 2004, p. 4.\n\n^ Khan 2004, pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Needham 1986, pp. 447–454.\n\n^ Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty, 10 November 2014, retrieved 25 February 2017\n\n^ Mote & Twitchett 1998, pp. 338–339.\n\n^ Brook 1998, pp. 122–123.\n\n^ Needham 1986, p. 369.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The 'divine fire flying crow' (shen huo fei ya), an aerodynamic winged rocket bomb from the Huolongjing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%27Flying_Crow_With_Magic_Fire%27%2C_a_winged_rocket_bomb.jpg/300px-%27Flying_Crow_With_Magic_Fire%27%2C_a_winged_rocket_bomb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand cannon, Ming dynasty, 1377","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289883108536%29.jpg/220px-Ming_Bronze_Gun_%289883108536%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 'fire dragon rising out of the water' (huo long chu shui) multistage rocket from the Huolongjing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_Multistage_Rocket.JPG/220px-Chinese_Multistage_Rocket.JPG"},{"image_text":"The 'phalanx-charging fire-gourd' (chong zhen huo hu lu), one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg/220px-Chinese_Hand_Cannon_with_Pellets.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor' (fei yun pi li pao) from the Huolongjing. A proto-cannon shooting co-viative projectiles, in this case cast-iron shells.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg/220px-Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg"},{"image_text":"A land mine system known as the 'divine ground damaging explosive ambush device' (di sha shen ji pao shi - mai fu shen ji) from the Huolongjing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%99%E7%BB%8F_%28109%29.jpg/220px-%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%99%E7%BB%8F_%28109%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A naval mine system known as the 'marine dragon-king' (shui di long wang pao) from the Huolongjing. The trigger mechanism consists of a floating incense stick which lights the fuse once it finishes burning. The fuse travels through a passage of goats' intestines and ignites the submerged explosives in a wrought iron case.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chinese_Naval_Mine.JPG/220px-Chinese_Naval_Mine.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Technology of the Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_of_the_Song_Dynasty"},{"title":"Jiao Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiao_Yu"},{"title":"Liu Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bowen"},{"title":"Gunpowder warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare"},{"title":"History of gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gunpowder"},{"title":"Battle of Tangdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao"},{"title":"Battle of Caishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi"},{"title":"Wujing Zongyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao"},{"title":"compendium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compendium"},{"title":"Jixiao Xinshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jixiao_Xinshu"},{"title":"Wubei Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubei_Zhi"}]
|
[{"reference":"Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲), retrieved 30 October 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2015/07/da-jiang-jun-pao.html","url_text":"Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲)"}]},{"reference":"Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty, 10 November 2014, retrieved 25 February 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2014/11/matchlock-of-ming-dynasty.html","url_text":"Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty"}]},{"reference":"Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio_Andrade","url_text":"Andrade, Tonio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7","url_text":"978-0-691-13597-7"}]},{"reference":"Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)","url_text":"Brook, Timothy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confusions_of_Pleasure:_Commerce_and_Culture_in_Ming_China","url_text":"The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"}]},{"reference":"Cowley, Robert (1996). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cowley","url_text":"Cowley, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"}]},{"reference":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43519-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey","url_text":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43519-6","url_text":"0-521-43519-6"}]},{"reference":"Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1997). Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainslie_Embree","url_text":"Embree, Ainslie Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ME_Sharpe,_Inc.","url_text":"ME Sharpe, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (1998). The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote","url_text":"Mote, Frederick W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Twitchett","url_text":"Twitchett, Denis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24333-5","url_text":"0-521-24333-5"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology, the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Joseph"}]},{"reference":"Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The Crowood Press, Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Partington, James Riddick (1998). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5954-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Partington","url_text":"Partington, James Riddick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5954-9","url_text":"0-8018-5954-9"}]},{"reference":"Song Yingxing (1966). T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. Translated by E-Tu Zen Sun; Shiou-Chuan Sun. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Yingxing","url_text":"Song Yingxing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press","url_text":"Pennsylvania State University Press"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Robert (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. With a foreword by Joseph Needham. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-62028-2","url_text":"0-671-62028-2"}]},{"reference":"Yunming, Zhang (1986). Isis: The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2015/07/da-jiang-jun-pao.html","external_links_name":"Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲)"},{"Link":"http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2014/11/matchlock-of-ming-dynasty.html","external_links_name":"Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty"},{"Link":"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Chinese_fire-arrows.html","external_links_name":"Chinese Fire Arrows"},{"Link":"http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockethistory.htm","external_links_name":"The History of Early Fireworks and Fire Arrows"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200410191224/https://www.thoughtco.com/early-fireworks-and-fire-arrows-4070603","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/miltech/firearms.htm","external_links_name":"Gunpowder and Firearms in China"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Woods
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Cyrus Woods
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["1 Early life and career","2 Diplomatic service and state appointments","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
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American politician
Cyrus WoodsAttorney General of PennsylvaniaIn officeMarch 1, 1929 – October 30, 1930GovernorJohn Stuchell FisherPreceded byThomas BaldrigeSucceeded byWilliam SchnaderUnited States Ambassador to JapanIn officeJuly 21, 1923 – June 5, 1924PresidentWarren G. HardingCalvin CoolidgePreceded byCharles WarrenSucceeded byEdgar BancroftUnited States Ambassador to SpainIn officeOctober 14, 1921 – April 18, 1923PresidentWarren G. HardingPreceded byJoseph WillardSucceeded byAlexander MooreSecretary of the Commonwealth of PennsylvaniaIn officeJanuary 20, 1915 – October 14, 1921GovernorMartin BrumbaughWilliam SproulPreceded byRobert McAfeeSucceeded byBernard MyersUnited States Envoy to PortugalIn officeMarch 20, 1912 – August 19, 1913PresidentWilliam Howard TaftWoodrow WilsonPreceded byEdwin MorganSucceeded byMeredith NicholsonMember of the Pennsylvania Senatefrom the 39th districtIn officeJanuary 1, 1901 – May 16, 1907Preceded byJohn BrownSucceeded byJohn Jamison
Personal detailsBorn(1861-09-03)September 3, 1861Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDiedDecember 8, 1938(1938-12-08) (aged 77)Clearfield, PennsylvaniaPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseMary Todd MarchandAlma materLafayette CollegeUniversity of Pennsylvania Law SchoolProfessionAttorney, Politician, Diplomat
Cyrus E. Woods (September 3, 1861 – December 8, 1938) was an American attorney, diplomat and politician.
Early life and career
He was born September 3, 1861, in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, to Matthew Woods and Catheine/Katharine (Bella) Spice/Speece. He attended Lafayette College. He later graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a law degree in 1889. Woods practiced law in Philadelphia and then in Pittsburgh, where he became associated with the interests of the Mellon family. On January 18, 1893, Woods married the former Mary Todd Marchand, a great-granddaughter of James Todd, former state Attorney General.
In 1900, Woods made his first bid for political office, successfully contesting the Westmoreland County-based 39th district of the Pennsylvania State Senate. He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1901 to 1907.
Diplomatic service and state appointments
Woods received his first diplomatic appointment in 1912, when President William Howard Taft named him the United States' Envoy to Portugal, with the official title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, as the United States had not yet elevated the post to ambassador status.
In 1915, Governor Martin Brumbaugh appointed him Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Woods would serve six years in the post, before resigning in 1921 to take-up the post of Ambassador to Spain. In 1923, he moved to the post of Ambassador to Japan. During his time in Japan, he organized the American relief effort in response to the devastating 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, before resigning in 1924.
In 1929, Governor John Fisher, with whom Woods had served in the State Senate, appointed him Pennsylvania Attorney General. Woods served in the post, his final political or diplomatic appointment, for eighteen months.
Death and legacy
Woods died December 8, 1938, in Philadelphia, where he had gone for medical treatment. After his death, his widow established a foundation which became the Westmoreland Museum of American Art.
References
^ a b c d e "Woods". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ He entered as a junior: "Supplement: New Students". The Lafayette. X (10). July 1885.
^ The Twentieth Century Bench and Bar of Pennsylvania. Vol. I. Chicago: H.C. Cooper, Jr., Bro. 1903. p. 135.
^ Sharon Trostle, ed. (2009). The Pennsylvania Manual (PDF). Vol. 119. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 978-0-8182-0334-3.
^ Cox, Harold (2004). "Pennsylvania Senate - 1901-1902" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
^ "History of Westmoreland County Museum". Archived from the original on 2010-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
"Cyrus E. Woods Dies", The Washington Post, December 9, 1938, p. 6.
"Cyrus Woods Dies, Ex-Envoy in Japan", New York Times, December 9, 1938, p. 25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrus Woods.
Profile at the U.S. Department of State
The Cyrus E. Woods Papers at Georgetown University
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byCharles Warren
United States Ambassador to Japan 1923–1924
Succeeded byEdgar Bancroft
Preceded byJoseph Willard
United States Ambassador to Spain 1921–1923
Succeeded byAlexander Moore
Preceded byEdwin Morgan
United States Envoy to Portugal 1912–1913
Succeeded byMeredith Nicholson
Political offices
Preceded byThomas Baldrige
Attorney General of Pennsylvania 1929–1930
Succeeded byWilliam Schnader
Preceded byRobert McAfee
Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1915–1921
Succeeded byBernard Myers
Pennsylvania State Senate
Preceded byJohn Brown
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 39th District 1901–1907
Succeeded byJohn Jamison
vte United States Ambassadors to Spain Ministers Plenipotentiaryto Spain(1779–1825)
Jay
Carmichael (chargé d'affaires)
Short
Humphreys
Pinckney
Erving
Erving
Forsyth
Nelson
Envoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary to Spain(1825–1913)
Everett
Van Ness
Eaton
Vail (chargé d'affaires)
Irving
Saunders
Barringer
Soulé
Dodge
Preston
Schurz
Koerner
Hale
Sickles
Cushing
Lowell
Fairchild
Hamlin
Foster
Curry
Belmont
Palmer
Grubb
Snowden
Taylor
Woodford
Storer
Hardy
Collier
Ide
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiaryto Spain(1913–present)
Willard
Woods
Moore
Hammond
Laughlin
Bowers
Matthews (chargé d'affaires)
Weddell
Hayes
Armour
Bonsal
Culbertson (chargé d'affaires)
Griffis
MacVeagh
Dunn
Lodge
Biddle
Woodward
Duke
Wagner
Hill
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vte United States Ambassadors to Japan Resident Minister
Harris
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DeLong
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DeLong
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Dun
Buck
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Wright
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Armacost
Mondale
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Baker
Schieffer
Roos
Kennedy
Hagerty
Emanuel
vte United States Ambassadors to Portugal Minister Plenipotentiary
Humphreys (Minister Resident)
Smith
Sumter
Graham
Dearborn (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary)
Chargé d'Affaires
Brent
Kavanagh
Barrow
Rencher
Hopkins
Clay
Haddock
O'Sullivan
Minister Resident
O'Sullivan
G. Morgan
Harvey
Shellabarger
C. Lewis
Moran
Moran (chargé d'affaires)
Minister Resident/Consul General
Francis
Richmond
E. Lewis
Loring
Batcheller
Pierce
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
Caruth
Townsend
Irwin
Loomis
Bryan
Gage
E. Morgan
Woods
Birch
Dearing
South
Caldwell
Pell
Fish
Norweb
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Norweb
Baruch
Wiley
MacVeagh
Cannon
Guggenheim
Bonbright
Elbrick
Anderson
Bennett
Knight
Scott
Carlucci
Bloomfield
Holmes
Shakespeare
Rowell
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Bagley
McGowan
Palmer
Hoffman
Stephenson
Katz
Sherman
Glass
Levine
vtePennsylvania Attorneys GeneralColonial(1683–1776)
John White
Samuel Hersent
John White
Lloyd
John Moore
Robert Assheton
Paromlus Parmyter
George Lowther
Thomas Clarke
Robert Quarry
Henry Wilson
Hamilton
Joseph Growden Jr.
John Kinsey
Francis
Chew
Allen
Council-appointed(1776–91)
Morris
J. D. Sergeant
Bradford
Governor-appointed(1791–1980)
Bradford
Ingersoll
McKean
Dickerson
W. Franklin
J. Reed
Rush
Ingersoll
Ellmaker
T. Sergeant
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Smith
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Ellmaker
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Johnson
J. Kane
Read
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Cooper
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T. Franklin
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Meredith
B. H. Brewster
F. C. Brewster
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Lear
Palmer
Cassidy
Kirkpatrick
Hensel
McCormick
Elkin
Carson
M. H. Todd
Bell
Brown
Schaffer
Alter
Woodruff
Baldrige
Woods
Schnader
Margiotti
Bard
Reno
Shockley
Duff
Chidsey
Margiotti
Woodside
Truscott
H. Cohen
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Woods practiced law in Philadelphia and then in Pittsburgh, where he became associated with the interests of the Mellon family. On January 18, 1893, Woods married the former Mary Todd Marchand,[3] a great-granddaughter of James Todd, former state Attorney General.In 1900, Woods made his first bid for political office, successfully contesting the Westmoreland County-based 39th district of the Pennsylvania State Senate. He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1901 to 1907.[1][4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"United States' Envoy to Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_(title)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-1"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Martin Brumbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Grove_Brumbaugh"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-1"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Japan"},{"link_name":"1923 Great Kantō earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake"},{"link_name":"John Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuchell_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG-1"}],"text":"Woods received his first diplomatic appointment in 1912, when President William Howard Taft named him the United States' Envoy to Portugal, with the official title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, as the United States had not yet elevated the post to ambassador status.[1]In 1915, Governor Martin Brumbaugh appointed him Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Woods would serve six years in the post, before resigning in 1921 to take-up the post of Ambassador to Spain.[1] In 1923, he moved to the post of Ambassador to Japan. During his time in Japan, he organized the American relief effort in response to the devastating 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, before resigning in 1924.In 1929, Governor John Fisher, with whom Woods had served in the State Senate,[5] appointed him Pennsylvania Attorney General. Woods served in the post, his final political or diplomatic appointment, for eighteen months.[1]","title":"Diplomatic service and state appointments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westmoreland Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Woods died December 8, 1938, in Philadelphia, where he had gone for medical treatment. After his death, his widow established a foundation which became the Westmoreland Museum of American Art.[6]","title":"Death and legacy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Burnyeat
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Myles Burnyeat
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Publications","3.1 Monographs (co-)authored","3.2 Essay collections","3.3 Works (co-)edited","3.4 Select articles/chapters","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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British scholar of ancient philosophy (1939–2019)
Myles BurnyeatCBE FBAMyles Burnyeat (1987)BornMyles Fredric Burnyeat1 January 1939London, EnglandDied20 September 2019 (aged 80)Academic backgroundAlma materKing's College, CambridgeUniversity College, LondonAcademic advisorsBernard WilliamsAcademic workDisciplinePhilosophySub-disciplineAncient philosophyInstitutionsRobinson College, CambridgeAll Souls College, OxfordNotable studentsAngie Hobbs
Myles Fredric Burnyeat CBE FBA (/ˈbɜːrnjeɪt/; 1 January 1939 – 20 September 2019) was an English scholar of ancient philosophy.
Early life and education
Myles Burnyeat was born on 1 January 1939 to Peter James Anthony Burnyeat and Cynthia Cherry Warburg. He received his secondary school education at Bryanston School.
He completed his National Service (1957–1959) in the Royal Navy, during which time he qualified as a Russian interpreter. The training for this he completed at the Joint Services School for Linguists at Crail.
From 1959 to 1963, Burnyeat undertook undergraduate studies in Classics and Philosophy at King's College, Cambridge, where he earned a double first.
Subsequently, between 1963 and 1964, he was a graduate student at University College London. There he was a student under the supervision of Bernard Williams.
Career
He became an assistant lecturer in philosophy at University College London in 1964, and a lecturer in 1965. In 1978, he was appointed a lecturer in classics at the University of Cambridge, and became a fellow of the new Robinson College, Cambridge, where he remained until 1996.
In 1984, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy and appointed as the fifth Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Cambridge, a position he held until 1996. Burnyeat served as president of the Mind Association in 1987. In 1988 he became a member of the Institut International de Philosophie. In 1992 he was elected as an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2000 he delivered the British Academy's Master-Mind Lecture.
From 1996 until 2006 he was Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at All Souls College, Oxford. From 2006 he was an Emeritus Fellow at All Souls. From 2006, he would also hold the titles of Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy and of Honorary Fellow at Robinson College.
He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 2005 to 2006.
In 2007, he was made CBE for his services to scholarship. That same year saw the publication of a Festschrift in his honour: Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat. The same included contributions from, amongst others, Mary Margaret McCabe and David N. Sedley.
In 2012 Burnyeat was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters by the University of St. Andrews.
His first marriage, from 1971 to 1982, was to lecturer in education and Jungian psychoanalyst Jane Elizabeth Buckley, with whom he had a son and daughter. From 1982 until 2000 he was married to the classicist and poet Ruth Padel, with whom he had a daughter Gwen in 1985. Both marriages ended in divorce.
From the winter of 2002 until her death in the spring of 2003 he was married to the scholar of ancient philosophy Heda Segvic, whose essays he prepared for posthumous publication. His partner in later life was the musicologist Margaret Bent.
Myles Burnyeat died on 20 September 2019 at the age of 80.
Concluding her 2012 laureation address, Professor Sarah Broadie noted of Burnyeat that:"Above all, he is a paradigm to philosophers and classicists for combining formidable learning with first hand engagement in philosophy’s own concerns: principally its concerns with ethics and epistemology. His writings on the ancients take issue with such moderns as Russell, Moore, Wittgenstein, Descartes, Berkeley, and for that matter Ronald Dworkin. The aim – in which he has set and achieved the highest standards – isn’t simply to compare different specimens of the genus ‘philosopher’, but to open us up to the transformative toing and froing of philosophy as an on-going enterprise."
Publications
Monographs (co-)authored
Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics being the record by Myles Burnyeat and others of a seminar held in London, 1975–1979, Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy, 1979, ISBN 9780905740171
Notes on Books Eta and Theta of Aristotle's Metaphysics, being the record by Myles Burnyeat and others of a seminar held in London, 1979–1982, Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy, 1984, ISBN 0-905740-27-0
The Theaetetus of Plato Hackett 1990, ISBN 0-87220-159-7
A Map of Metaphysics Zeta, Mathesis Publications, 2001, ISBN 0-935225-03-X
Aristotle's Divine Intellect, Marquette University Press 2008, ISBN 0-87462-175-5
The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter (Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics), (co-author with Michael Frede) Oxford University Press 2015, ISBN 9780198733652
Essay collections
Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press 2012, ISBN 0-521-75072-5
Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press 2012, ISBN 0-521-75073-3
Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press 2022
Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 4, Cambridge University Press 2022
Works (co-)edited
Philosophy As It Is (with Ted Honderich) 1979, ISBN 0-14-022136-0
Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology (with Malcolm Schofield; Jonathan Barnes), 1980 ISBN 978-0198246015
Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice (with J. Barnes; J. Brunschwig; M. Schofield) Cambridge University Press 1982, ISBN 0-521-02218-5
The Sceptical Tradition (ed.) University of California Press 1983, ISBN 0-520-04795-8
The Original Sceptics: A Controversy (with Michael Frede) 1997, ISBN 0-87220-347-6
Bernard Williams, The Sense of the Past. Essays in the History of Philosophy, (ed. with introduction) Princeton University Press 2007, ISBN 9781400827107
Heda Segvic, From Protagoras to Aristotle: Essays in Ancient Moral Philosophy (ed.), Princeton University Press 2008, ISBN 0-691-13123-6
Select articles/chapters
"Socratic Midwifery, Platonic Inspiration," (1977) reprinted in Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates (1992)
"Conflicting Appearances" 1979 Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy for the British Academy.
"The Inaugural Address: Wittgenstein and Augustine De Magistro" Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 61 (1987)
"The Impiety of Socrates" Ancient Philosophy 17 (1):1-12 (1997)
"Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic" 1997 Tanner Lecture
"Plato on why mathematics is good for the soul" Lecture for the 1998 Dawes Hicks Symposia on Philosophy for the British Academy
"Plato" 2000 Master-Mind Lecture for the British Academy
"DE ANIMA II 5" Phronesis, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2002)
"Platonism in the Bible: Numenius of Apamea on Exodus and Eternity" In: Salles, Ricardo (ed.) Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought: Themes from the work of Richard Sorabji (2005)
"Kinesis vs. Energeia: A much-read passage in (but not of) Aristotle's Metaphysics", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 34 (2008)
"‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology" In: Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 52 (2017)
References
^ a b c d e Hobbs, Angie (8 October 2019). "Myles Burnyeat obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^ a b "Burnyeat, Myles Fredric, (born 1 Jan. 1939), Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy, All Souls College, Oxford, 1996–2006, now Emeritus Fellow | WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO". www.ukwhoswho.com. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u9542. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ a b c d e f Who's Who 1994 : An Annual Biographical Dictionary. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1994. pp. 278. ISBN 0312105819.
^ Obituaries, Telegraph (7 October 2019). "Myles Burnyeat, classicist whose wit and imagination made him a leading scholar of Greek and Roman philosophy – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e f g h "All Souls College Oxford - Myles Burnyeat". www.asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ a b c d "Laureation address – Professor Myles Burnyeat". news.st-andrews.ac.uk. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ Williams, Bernard (2009). "Introduction". In Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). The Sense of the Past: Essays in the History of Philosophy. Princeton University Press. pp. xx. ISBN 9781400827107.
^ British Academy Fellowship entry Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Cambridge University database Archived 14 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Burnyeat | University Press | Marquette University". www.marquette.edu. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Myles Fredric Burnyeat". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Master-Mind Lectures". The British Academy. text
^ "Cambridge University Reporter Special No 2 (2018-19) - Fellows of the Colleges". www.admin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "The Council". The Aristotelian Society. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ Dillon, John (2009). "Review of: Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
^ McCabe, Mary Margaret. "Looking inside Charmides' cloak: seeing oneself and others in Plato's Charmides". Maeiusis ed. Dominic Scott.
^ Sedley, David (2007). "Equal Sticks and Stones*". Maieusis: 68–86. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-928997-4.
^ Crown, Sarah (15 May 2009). "A life in poetry: Ruth Padel (interview)". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 September 2019. she took a teaching post at Birkbeck and met and married Myles Burnyeat, professor of ancient philosophy at Cambridge. In 1985, their daughter, Gwen, was born ...As the writing took off, however, Padel returned to London with her daughter (then five). The family saw one another at weekends, but distance took its toll; Burnyeat and Padel eventually separated, "although we remain very good friends".
^ "Relative Values: Ruth Padel and Gwen Burnyeat". The Sunday Times. 8 March 2009. ISSN 0956-1382. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2019. When Gwen was born, in 1985, I'd just given up a good, solid lecturing job at Birkbeck College to move in with my husband, Miles ...
^ Segvic, Heda; Brittain, Charles (2009). "Introduction" (PDF). From Protagoras to Aristotle : essays in ancient moral philosophy. Burnyeat, Myles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xi. ISBN 9781400835553. OCLC 828425151. Myles Burnyeat, whom she had come to know through his visiting appointments in the Pittsburgh department ... took her to England, cared for her through the extraordinary pain of her illness, and finally allowed her to find the happiness that had eluded her in America. (They were married in the winter of 2002.) She died in Cambridge in the early spring of 2003... The cause of her death was chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, a disease of the nervous system, compounded by undiagnosed multiple sclerosis.
^ Segvic, Heda (14 December 2008). From Protagoras to Aristotle. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691131238. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Myles Burnyeat — Faculty of Classics". 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
^ Irwin, T. H. (1983). Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). "Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics". The Classical Review. 33 (2): 234–236. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00111734. ISSN 0009-840X. JSTOR 3063960. S2CID 246880138.
^ Bussanich, John (1992). "Review of The Theaetetus of Plato". The Classical World. 86 (1): 42–43. doi:10.2307/4351209. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 4351209.
^ Menn, Stephen; Mathesis Publications, Inc. (2011). "On Myles Burnyeat's Map of Metaphysics Zeta" (PDF). Ancient Philosophy. 31 (1): 161–202. doi:10.5840/ancientphil20113119. ISSN 0740-2007.
^ Gill, Mary Louise (2005). Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). "Myles Burnyeat's Map of Metaphysics Zeta". The Philosophical Quarterly. 55 (218): 114–121. doi:10.1111/j.0031-8094.2005.00391.x. ISSN 0031-8094. JSTOR 3542775.
^ Price, A. W. (2016). "The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter By Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed. Dominic Scott) Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. xv + 224, £30 ISBN 978-0-19-873365-2" (PDF). Philosophy. 91 (3): 450–453. doi:10.1017/S0031819116000188. ISSN 0031-8191. S2CID 171010874.
^ Kahn, Charles H. (9 November 2015). "Review of The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. ISSN 1538-1617.
^ Barney, Rachel (13 October 2013). "Review of Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Volumes 1-2". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. ISSN 1538-1617.
^ Inwood, Brad (2013). "Review of: Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. (2 vols.)". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.
^ "Ancient freedoms and modern insights – Myles Burnyeat's public philosophy | FifteenEightyFour | Cambridge University Press". 6 January 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
^ Selected papers presented at a conference held at Oriel College in 1978. Included in the same is Burnyeat's "Can the Skeptic Live His Skepticism?"
^ Emlyn Jones, Chris (1984). "Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice. Edited by J. Barnes, J. Brunschwig, M. Burnyeat, and M. Schofield. Cambridge U.P. and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, 1982. Pp. xxvii + 351. £25.00". Greece and Rome. 31 (1): 83. doi:10.1017/S0017383500027959. ISSN 0017-3835. S2CID 163124372.
^ To which Burnyeat contributed an introduction and "Can the skeptic live his skepticism?"
^ Burnyeat also being the author of 2 of this works' 5 chapters: 2. "Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism?" and 4. "The Sceptic in His Place and Time" each of which had been previously published and can also be found in Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy (v. 1) (2012)
Further reading
British Academy memoir of Burnyeat by Malcolm Schofield (2021)
Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat, edited by Dominic Scott, Oxford University Press 2007, ISBN 0-19-928997-2
External links
Myles Burnyeat on Plato BBC Television interview by Bryan Magee for The Great Philosophers (1987)
Myles Burnyeat on Aristotle on Happiness podcast interview for Philosophy Bites (2007)
Myles Burnyeat lectures for UCTV (2012)
"Modes of philosophizing: A round table debate" with Jonathan Barnes, Raymond Geuss and Barry Stroud for Cogito (2008)
Academic offices
Preceded byG. E. L. Owen
Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy 1984–1996
Succeeded byGisela Striker
Professional and academic associations
Preceded byTimothy Williamson
President of the Aristotelian Society 2005–2006
Succeeded byThomas Baldwin
Authority control databases International
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VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
2
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Greece
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Academics
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IdRef
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London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Bernard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Williams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Myles Burnyeat was born on 1 January 1939 to Peter James Anthony Burnyeat and Cynthia Cherry Warburg.[1][2][3] He received his secondary school education at Bryanston School.[4][3]He completed his National Service (1957–1959) in the Royal Navy, during which time he qualified as a Russian interpreter.[5] The training for this he completed at the Joint Services School for Linguists at Crail.[6]From 1959 to 1963, Burnyeat undertook undergraduate studies in Classics and Philosophy at King's College, Cambridge, where he earned a double first.[5]Subsequently, between 1963 and 1964, he was a graduate student at University College London.[5] There he was a student under the supervision of Bernard Williams.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Robinson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Academy_Fellowship_entry-8"},{"link_name":"Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Professor_of_Ancient_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Mind Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Association"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"All Souls College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_Society"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mary Margaret McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Margaret_McCabe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"David N. Sedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sedley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Honorary Degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Jungian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Ruth Padel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Padel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Margaret Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"laureation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laureation"},{"link_name":"Sarah Broadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Broadie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"paradigm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm"},{"link_name":"classicists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicist"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes"},{"link_name":"Ronald Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin"}],"text":"He became an assistant lecturer in philosophy at University College London in 1964,[5] and a lecturer in 1965.[3] In 1978, he was appointed a lecturer in classics at the University of Cambridge, and became a fellow of the new Robinson College, Cambridge, where he remained until 1996.[5]In 1984, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy[8] and appointed as the fifth Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Cambridge, a position he held until 1996.[9][3] Burnyeat served as president of the Mind Association in 1987.[10] In 1988 he became a member of the Institut International de Philosophie.[10] In 1992 he was elected as an Honorary Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[11] In 2000 he delivered the British Academy's Master-Mind Lecture.[12]From 1996 until 2006 he was Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at All Souls College, Oxford.[5] From 2006 he was an Emeritus Fellow at All Souls.[5] From 2006, he would also hold the titles of Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy and of Honorary Fellow at Robinson College.[13][5]He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 2005 to 2006.[14]In 2007, he was made CBE for his services to scholarship.[6] That same year saw the publication of a Festschrift in his honour: Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat.[15] The same included contributions from, amongst others, Mary Margaret McCabe[16] and David N. Sedley.[17]In 2012 Burnyeat was awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters by the University of St. Andrews.[6]His first marriage, from 1971 to 1982, was to lecturer in education and Jungian psychoanalyst Jane Elizabeth Buckley, with whom he had a son and daughter.[1][2][3] From 1982 until 2000 he was married to the classicist and poet Ruth Padel, with whom he had a daughter Gwen in 1985.[18][19][3] Both marriages ended in divorce.From the winter of 2002 until her death in the spring of 2003 he was married to the scholar of ancient philosophy Heda Segvic, whose essays he prepared for posthumous publication.[20][21] His partner in later life was the musicologist Margaret Bent.[1]Myles Burnyeat died on 20 September 2019 at the age of 80.[1][22]Concluding her 2012 laureation address, Professor Sarah Broadie noted of Burnyeat that:[6]\"Above all, he is a paradigm to philosophers and classicists for combining formidable learning with first hand engagement in philosophy’s own concerns: principally its concerns with ethics and epistemology. His writings on the ancients take issue with such moderns as Russell, Moore, Wittgenstein, Descartes, Berkeley, and for that matter Ronald Dworkin. The aim – in which he has set and achieved the highest standards – isn’t simply to compare different specimens of the genus ‘philosopher’, but to open us up to the transformative toing and froing of philosophy as an on-going enterprise.\"","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/notesonbookzetao0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780905740171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905740171"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-905740-27-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905740-27-0"},{"link_name":"The Theaetetus of Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/theaetetusofplat0000burn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87220-159-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-159-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-935225-03-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935225-03-X"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87462-175-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87462-175-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Frede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frede"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198733652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198733652"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Monographs (co-)authored","text":"Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics being the record by Myles Burnyeat and others of a seminar held in London, 1975–1979, Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy, 1979, ISBN 9780905740171[23]\nNotes on Books Eta and Theta of Aristotle's Metaphysics, being the record by Myles Burnyeat and others of a seminar held in London, 1979–1982, Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy, 1984, ISBN 0-905740-27-0\nThe Theaetetus of Plato Hackett 1990, ISBN 0-87220-159-7[24]\nA Map of Metaphysics Zeta, Mathesis Publications, 2001, ISBN 0-935225-03-X[25][26]\nAristotle's Divine Intellect, Marquette University Press 2008, ISBN 0-87462-175-5\nThe Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter (Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics), (co-author with Michael Frede) Oxford University Press 2015, ISBN 9780198733652[27][28]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-75072-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-75072-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-75073-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-75073-3"},{"link_name":"Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/classical-studies/ancient-philosophy/explorations-ancient-and-modern-philosophy-volume-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/classical-studies/ancient-philosophy/explorations-ancient-and-modern-philosophy-volume-4"}],"sub_title":"Essay collections","text":"Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press 2012, ISBN 0-521-75072-5[29][30]\nExplorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press 2012, ISBN 0-521-75073-3\nExplorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press 2022[31]\nExplorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy: Vol. 4, Cambridge University Press 2022","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philosophy As It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyasitis0000unse"},{"link_name":"Ted Honderich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Honderich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-022136-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-022136-0"},{"link_name":"Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/doubtdogmatismst0000unse"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Schofield"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0198246015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198246015"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"J. Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes"},{"link_name":"M. Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Schofield"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-02218-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02218-5"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-04795-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04795-8"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Michael Frede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frede"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87220-347-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-347-6"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781400827107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400827107"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-13123-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-13123-6"}],"sub_title":"Works (co-)edited","text":"Philosophy As It Is (with Ted Honderich) 1979, ISBN 0-14-022136-0\nDoubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology (with Malcolm Schofield; Jonathan Barnes), 1980 ISBN 978-0198246015[32]\nScience and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice (with J. Barnes; J. Brunschwig; M. Schofield) Cambridge University Press 1982, ISBN 0-521-02218-5[33]\nThe Sceptical Tradition (ed.) University of California Press 1983, ISBN 0-520-04795-8[34]\nThe Original Sceptics: A Controversy (with Michael Frede) 1997, ISBN 0-87220-347-6[35]\nBernard Williams, The Sense of the Past. Essays in the History of Philosophy, (ed. with introduction) Princeton University Press 2007, ISBN 9781400827107\nHeda Segvic, From Protagoras to Aristotle: Essays in Ancient Moral Philosophy (ed.), Princeton University Press 2008, ISBN 0-691-13123-6","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Socratic Midwifery, Platonic Inspiration,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/essaysonphilosop0000unse_e8d1/page/53/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"Conflicting Appearances\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/65p069.pdf?_ga=2.139112432.2127542050.1569127412-199998888.1568661323"},{"link_name":"\"The Inaugural Address: Wittgenstein and Augustine De Magistro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/voices.uchicago.edu/dist/9/177/files/2007/10/Burnyeat-Wittgenstein-and-Augustine-De-Magistro.pdf"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society"},{"link_name":"\"The Impiety of Socrates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//learning.hccs.edu/faculty/nathan.poage/phil1301/secondary-sources-on-plato/burnyeat-the-impiety-of-socrates/view"},{"link_name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Philosophy_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tannerlectures.utah.edu/_resources/documents/a-to-z/b/Burnyeat99.pdf"},{"link_name":"Tanner Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Lectures_on_Human_Values"},{"link_name":"\"Plato on why mathematics is good for the soul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//philarchive.org/archive/burpow"},{"link_name":"\"Plato\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/111p001.pdf?_ga=2.239356480.2127542050.1569127412-199998888.1568661323"},{"link_name":"\"DE ANIMA II 5\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170517140256/http://esztetika.elte.hu/baranyistvan/files/2012/02/burnyeat_deanima_perception.pdf"},{"link_name":"Phronesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phronesis_(journal)"},{"link_name":"\"Platonism in the Bible: Numenius of Apamea on Exodus and Eternity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/metaphysics-soul-and-ethics-in-ancient-thought-by-ricardo-salles/page/143/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"Kinesis vs. Energeia: A much-read passage in (but not of) Aristotle's Metaphysics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ancphil.lsa.umich.edu/-/downloads/osap/34-Burnyeat.pdf"},{"link_name":"Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Studies_in_Ancient_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"\"‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/victor-caston-oxford-studies-in-ancient-philosophy-volume-52-oxford-university-press/Victor_Caston_Oxford_Studies_in_Ancient_Philosophy,_Volume_52-Oxford_University_Press/page/33/mode/1up"}],"sub_title":"Select articles/chapters","text":"\"Socratic Midwifery, Platonic Inspiration,\" (1977) reprinted in Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates (1992)\n\"Conflicting Appearances\" 1979 Dawes Hicks Lecture on Philosophy for the British Academy.\n\"The Inaugural Address: Wittgenstein and Augustine De Magistro\" Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 61 (1987)\n\"The Impiety of Socrates\" Ancient Philosophy 17 (1):1-12 (1997)\n\"Culture and Society in Plato’s Republic\" 1997 Tanner Lecture\n\"Plato on why mathematics is good for the soul\" Lecture for the 1998 Dawes Hicks Symposia on Philosophy for the British Academy\n\"Plato\" 2000 Master-Mind Lecture for the British Academy\n\"DE ANIMA II 5\" Phronesis, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2002)\n\"Platonism in the Bible: Numenius of Apamea on Exodus and Eternity\" In: Salles, Ricardo (ed.) Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought: Themes from the work of Richard Sorabji (2005)\n\"Kinesis vs. Energeia: A much-read passage in (but not of) Aristotle's Metaphysics\", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 34 (2008)\n\"‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology\" In: Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 52 (2017)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/3544/20-Memoirs-03-Burnyeat.pdf"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Schofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Schofield"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-928997-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928997-2"}],"text":"British Academy memoir of Burnyeat by Malcolm Schofield (2021)\nMaieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat, edited by Dominic Scott, Oxford University Press 2007, ISBN 0-19-928997-2","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Hobbs, Angie (8 October 2019). \"Myles Burnyeat obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Hobbs","url_text":"Hobbs, Angie"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/08/myles-burnyeat-obituary","url_text":"\"Myles Burnyeat obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Burnyeat, Myles Fredric, (born 1 Jan. 1939), Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy, All Souls College, Oxford, 1996–2006, now Emeritus Fellow | WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO\". www.ukwhoswho.com. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u9542. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-9542","url_text":"\"Burnyeat, Myles Fredric, (born 1 Jan. 1939), Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy, All Souls College, Oxford, 1996–2006, now Emeritus Fellow | WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u9542","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u9542"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"Who's Who 1994 : An Annual Biographical Dictionary. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1994. pp. 278. ISBN 0312105819.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswho1994annua0000unse/page/278","url_text":"Who's Who 1994 : An Annual Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswho1994annua0000unse/page/278","url_text":"278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312105819","url_text":"0312105819"}]},{"reference":"Obituaries, Telegraph (7 October 2019). \"Myles Burnyeat, classicist whose wit and imagination made him a leading scholar of Greek and Roman philosophy – obituary\". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125153341/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/10/07/myles-burnyeat-classicist-whose-wit-imagination-made-leading/","url_text":"\"Myles Burnyeat, classicist whose wit and imagination made him a leading scholar of Greek and Roman philosophy – obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"All Souls College Oxford - Myles Burnyeat\". www.asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/person/179","url_text":"\"All Souls College Oxford - Myles Burnyeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laureation address – Professor Myles Burnyeat\". news.st-andrews.ac.uk. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/laureation-address-professor-myles-burnyeat/","url_text":"\"Laureation address – Professor Myles Burnyeat\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Bernard (2009). \"Introduction\". In Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). The Sense of the Past: Essays in the History of Philosophy. Princeton University Press. pp. xx. ISBN 9781400827107.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BwRoA_oe4bwC&pg=PR20","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400827107","url_text":"9781400827107"}]},{"reference":"\"Burnyeat | University Press | Marquette University\". www.marquette.edu. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marquette.edu/mupress/Burnyeat.shtml","url_text":"\"Burnyeat | University Press | Marquette University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myles Fredric Burnyeat\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/myles-fredric-burnyeat","url_text":"\"Myles Fredric Burnyeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master-Mind Lectures\". The British Academy.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/listings/master-mind-lectures/","url_text":"\"Master-Mind Lectures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge University Reporter Special No 2 (2018-19) - Fellows of the Colleges\". www.admin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2018-19/special/02/","url_text":"\"Cambridge University Reporter Special No 2 (2018-19) - Fellows of the Colleges\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Council\". The Aristotelian Society. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aristoteliansociety.org.uk/about/the-council/","url_text":"\"The Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristotelian_Society","url_text":"The Aristotelian Society"}]},{"reference":"Dillon, John (2009). \"Review of: Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.","urls":[{"url":"http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-78.html","url_text":"\"Review of: Maieusis: Essays in Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review","url_text":"Bryn Mawr Classical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660","url_text":"1055-7660"}]},{"reference":"McCabe, Mary Margaret. \"Looking inside Charmides' cloak: seeing oneself and others in Plato's Charmides\". Maeiusis ed. Dominic Scott.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2500761","url_text":"\"Looking inside Charmides' cloak: seeing oneself and others in Plato's Charmides\""}]},{"reference":"Sedley, David (2007). \"Equal Sticks and Stones*\". Maieusis: 68–86. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-928997-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4310085","url_text":"\"Equal Sticks and Stones*\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199289974.003.0004","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928997-4","url_text":"978-0-19-928997-4"}]},{"reference":"Crown, Sarah (15 May 2009). \"A life in poetry: Ruth Padel (interview)\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 September 2019. she took a teaching post at Birkbeck and met and married Myles Burnyeat, professor of ancient philosophy at Cambridge. In 1985, their daughter, Gwen, was born ...As the writing took off, however, Padel returned to London with her daughter (then five). The family saw one another at weekends, but distance took its toll; Burnyeat and Padel eventually separated, \"although we remain very good friends\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/16/ruth-padel-oxford-poetry-professor","url_text":"\"A life in poetry: Ruth Padel (interview)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Relative Values: Ruth Padel and Gwen Burnyeat\". The Sunday Times. 8 March 2009. ISSN 0956-1382. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2019. When Gwen was born, in 1985, I'd just given up a good, solid lecturing job at Birkbeck College to move in with my husband, Miles [Burnyeat]...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200104/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article5853310.ece","url_text":"\"Relative Values: Ruth Padel and Gwen Burnyeat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-1382","url_text":"0956-1382"},{"url":"http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article5853310.ece","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkbeck_College","url_text":"Birkbeck College"}]},{"reference":"Segvic, Heda; Brittain, Charles (2009). \"Introduction\" (PDF). From Protagoras to Aristotle : essays in ancient moral philosophy. Burnyeat, Myles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. xi. ISBN 9781400835553. OCLC 828425151. Myles Burnyeat, whom she had come to know through his visiting appointments in the Pittsburgh department ... took her to England, cared for her through the extraordinary pain of her illness, and finally allowed her to find the happiness that had eluded her in America. (They were married in the winter of 2002.) She died in Cambridge in the early spring of 2003... The cause of her death was chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, a disease of the nervous system, compounded by undiagnosed multiple sclerosis.","urls":[{"url":"http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8802.pdf","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400835553","url_text":"9781400835553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828425151","url_text":"828425151"}]},{"reference":"Segvic, Heda (14 December 2008). From Protagoras to Aristotle. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691131238. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/titles/8802.html","url_text":"From Protagoras to Aristotle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691131238","url_text":"9780691131238"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160622204732/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i8802.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Myles Burnyeat — Faculty of Classics\". 23 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/news/myles-burnyeat","url_text":"\"Myles Burnyeat — Faculty of Classics\""}]},{"reference":"Irwin, T. H. (1983). Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). \"Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics\". The Classical Review. 33 (2): 234–236. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00111734. ISSN 0009-840X. JSTOR 3063960. S2CID 246880138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00111734","url_text":"10.1017/S0009840X00111734"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X","url_text":"0009-840X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3063960","url_text":"3063960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246880138","url_text":"246880138"}]},{"reference":"Bussanich, John (1992). \"Review of The Theaetetus of Plato\". The Classical World. 86 (1): 42–43. doi:10.2307/4351209. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 4351209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4351209","url_text":"10.2307/4351209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8418","url_text":"0009-8418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4351209","url_text":"4351209"}]},{"reference":"Menn, Stephen; Mathesis Publications, Inc. (2011). \"On Myles Burnyeat's Map of Metaphysics Zeta\" (PDF). Ancient Philosophy. 31 (1): 161–202. doi:10.5840/ancientphil20113119. ISSN 0740-2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Menn","url_text":"Menn, Stephen"},{"url":"https://www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de/de/lehrbereiche/antike/mitarbeiter/menn/burnyeat.pdf","url_text":"\"On Myles Burnyeat's Map of Metaphysics Zeta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fancientphil20113119","url_text":"10.5840/ancientphil20113119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2007","url_text":"0740-2007"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Mary Louise (2005). Burnyeat, Myles (ed.). \"Myles Burnyeat's Map of Metaphysics Zeta\". The Philosophical Quarterly. 55 (218): 114–121. doi:10.1111/j.0031-8094.2005.00391.x. ISSN 0031-8094. JSTOR 3542775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0031-8094.2005.00391.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0031-8094.2005.00391.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8094","url_text":"0031-8094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3542775","url_text":"3542775"}]},{"reference":"Price, A. W. (2016). \"The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter By Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed. Dominic Scott) Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. xv + 224, £30 ISBN 978-0-19-873365-2\" (PDF). Philosophy. 91 (3): 450–453. doi:10.1017/S0031819116000188. ISSN 0031-8191. S2CID 171010874.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/14579/3/14579.pdf","url_text":"\"The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter By Myles Burnyeat and Michael Frede (ed. Dominic Scott) Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. xv + 224, £30 ISBN 978-0-19-873365-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819116000188","url_text":"10.1017/S0031819116000188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8191","url_text":"0031-8191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171010874","url_text":"171010874"}]},{"reference":"Kahn, Charles H. (9 November 2015). \"Review of The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter\". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. ISSN 1538-1617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn","url_text":"Kahn, Charles H."},{"url":"https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/the-pseudo-platonic-seventh-letter/","url_text":"\"Review of The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-1617","url_text":"1538-1617"}]},{"reference":"Barney, Rachel (13 October 2013). \"Review of Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Volumes 1-2\". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. ISSN 1538-1617.","urls":[{"url":"https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/explorations-in-ancient-and-modern-philosophy-volumes-1-2/","url_text":"\"Review of Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Volumes 1-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-1617","url_text":"1538-1617"}]},{"reference":"Inwood, Brad (2013). \"Review of: Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. (2 vols.)\". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660.","urls":[{"url":"http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2013/2013-02-33.html","url_text":"\"Review of: Explorations in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. (2 vols.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7660","url_text":"1055-7660"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient freedoms and modern insights – Myles Burnyeat's public philosophy | FifteenEightyFour | Cambridge University Press\". 6 January 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2022/01/ancient-freedoms-and-modern-insights-myles-burnyeats-public-philosophy/","url_text":"\"Ancient freedoms and modern insights – Myles Burnyeat's public philosophy | FifteenEightyFour | Cambridge University Press\""}]},{"reference":"Emlyn Jones, Chris (1984). \"Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice. Edited by J. Barnes, J. Brunschwig, M. Burnyeat, and M. Schofield. Cambridge U.P. and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, 1982. Pp. xxvii + 351. £25.00\". Greece and Rome. 31 (1): 83. doi:10.1017/S0017383500027959. ISSN 0017-3835. S2CID 163124372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500027959","url_text":"10.1017/S0017383500027959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835","url_text":"0017-3835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163124372","url_text":"163124372"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design
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Saturn Award for Best Costume Design
|
["1 Winners and nominees","1.1 1970s","1.2 1980s","1.3 1990s","1.4 2000s","1.5 2010s","1.6 2020s","2 Multiple nominations","3 Multiple wins","4 External links"]
|
Award for costume design
Saturn Award for Best Costume DesignAwarded forBest costume design of the year for a genre filmCountryUnited StatesPresented byAcademy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror FilmsFirst awarded1977Currently held byJacqueline Durran for Barbie (2022/2023)Websitewww.saturnawards.org
The Saturn Award for Best Costume Design is one of the annual awards given by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. The Saturn Awards, which are the oldest film-specialized awards to reward science fiction, fantasy, and horror achievements (the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation is the oldest award for science fiction and fantasy films), included the category for the first time at the 4th Saturn Awards in 1977.
Winners and nominees
1970s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
1976(4th)
Bill Thomas
Logan's Run
1977(5th)
John Mollo
Star Wars
Julie Harris
The Slipper and the Rose: The Story of Cinderella
Richard La Motte
The Island of Dr. Moreau
Chuck Keehne and Emily Sundby
Pete's Dragon
Cynthia Tingey
Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger
1978(6th)
Theoni V. Aldredge
Eyes of Laura Mars
Yvonne Blake and Richard Bruno
Superman
Patricia Norris
Capricorn One
Theadora Van Runkle and Richard Bruno
Heaven Can Wait
Tony Walton
The Wiz
1979(7th)
Jean-Pierre Dorleac
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
Sal Anthony and Yvonne Kubis
Time After Time
Jean-Pierre Dorleac
Battlestar Galactica (Episode: "Saga of a Star World")
Robert Fletcher
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
Gisela Storch
Nosferatu the Vampyre
1980s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
1980(8th)
Jean-Pierre Dorleac
Somewhere in Time
Danilo Donati
Flash Gordon
Doris Lynn
Fade to Black
John Mollo
The Empire Strikes Back
Durinda Wood
Battle Beyond the Stars
1981(9th)
Bob Ringwood
Excalibur
Stephen Loomis
Escape from New York
Anthony Mendleson
Dragonslayer
Deborah Nadoolman
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Emma Porteous
Clash of the Titans
1982(10th)
Elois Jenssen and Rosanna Norton
Tron
John Bloomfield
Conan the Barbarian
Christine Boyar
The Sword and the Sorcerer
Robert Fletcher
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
Norma Moriceau
Mad Max 2
1983(11th)
Aggie Guerard Rodgers and Nilo Rodis-Jamero
Return of the Jedi
Milena Canonero
The Hunger
Anthony Mendleson
Krull
Ruth Myers
Something Wicked This Way Comes
Tom Rand
The Pirates of Penzance
1984(12th)
Bob Ringwood
Dune
Robert Fletcher
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
John Mollo
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes
Patricia Norris
2010: The Year We Make Contact
Anthony Powell
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
1985(13th)
Nanà Cecchi
Ladyhawke
Raymond Hughes
Return to Oz
Norma Moriceau
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
Shirley Russell
The Bride
Deborah Lynn Scott
Back to the Future
1986(14th)
Robert Fletcher
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
Marit Allen
Little Shop of Horrors
Brian Froud and Ellis Flyte
Labyrinth
Emma Porteous
Aliens
Theadora Van Runkle
Peggy Sue Got Married
1987(15th)
Phyllis Dalton
The Princess Bride
Susan Becker
The Lost Boys
Robert Blackman
The Running Man
Michael W. Hoffman and Aggie Lyon
The Monster Squad
Erica Edell Phillips
RoboCop
Julie Weiss
Masters of the Universe
1988(16th)
Barbara Lane
Willow
Stephen M. Chudej
Nightfall
Denise Cronenberg
Dead Ringers
Michael Jeffery
The Lair of the White Worm
Darcie F. Olson
Killer Klowns from Outer Space
Leonard Pollack
Waxwork
1989/1990(17th)
Erica Edell Phillips
Total Recall
Milena Canonero
Dick Tracy
Joanna Johnston
Back to the Future Part II
Back to the Future Part III
Jill M. Ohanneson
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure
Gabriella Pescucci
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen
Anthony Powell and Joanna Johnston
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Bob Ringwood
Batman
Alonzo Wilson, Lesja Liber, Xenia Beith, Fiona Cazaly, and Marian Keating
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1990s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
1991(18th)
Marilyn Vance
The Rocketeer
Colleen Atwood
Edward Scissorhands
The Silence of the Lambs
John Bloomfield
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
Beatrix Aruna Pasztor
The Fisher King
Franca Zucchelli
Frankenstein Unbound
1992(19th)
Eiko Ishioka
Bram Stoker's Dracula
Lisa Jensen
Freejack
Robyn Reichek
Mom and Dad Save the World
Bob Ringwood and David Perry
Alien 3
Bob Ringwood, Mary E. Vogt, and Vin Burnham
Batman Returns
Dodie Shepard
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
Albert Wolsky
Toys
1993(20th)
Mary E. Vogt
Hocus Pocus
Theoni V. Aldredge
Addams Family Values
Jennifer Butler
Groundhog Day
Gloria Gresham
Last Action Hero
Sue Moore and Eric H. Sandberg
Jurassic Park
Joseph A. Porro
Super Mario Bros.
Bob Ringwood
Demolition Man
1994(21st)
Sandy Powell
Interview with the Vampire
Ha Nguyen
The Mask
Rosanna Norton
The Flintstones
Arianne Phillips
The Crow
Joseph A. Porro
Stargate
Bob Ringwood
The Shadow
1995(22nd)
Julie Weiss
12 Monkeys
John Bloomfield
Waterworld
Jean Paul Gaultier
The City of Lost Children
Charles Knode
Braveheart
Bob Ringwood and Ingrid Ferrin
Batman Forever
Gianni Versace and Emma Porteous
Judge Dredd
1996(23rd)
Deborah Everton
Star Trek: First Contact
Colleen Atwood
Mars Attacks!
Kym Barrett
Romeo + Juliet
Robin Michel Bush
Escape from L.A.
Thomas Casterline and Anna B. Sheppard
Dragonheart
Joseph A. Porro
Independence Day
1997(24th)
Ellen Mirojnick
Starship Troopers
Deena Appel
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery
Colleen Atwood
Gattaca
Ingrid Ferrin and Robert Turturice
Batman & Robin
Jean Paul Gaultier
The Fifth Element
Bob Ringwood
Alien: Resurrection
1998(25th)
Jenny Beavan
Ever After: A Cinderella Story
Vin Burnham, Robert Bell, and Gilly Hebden
Lost in Space
Michael Kaplan and Magali Guidasci
Armageddon
Liz Keogh
Dark City
Judianna Makovsky
Pleasantville
Graciela Mazón
The Mask of Zorro
1999(26th)
Trisha Biggar
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
Colleen Atwood
Sleepy Hollow
Kym Barrett
The Matrix
John Bloomfield
The Mummy
Marilyn Vance
Mystery Men
Albert Wolsky
Galaxy Quest
2000s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
2000(27th)
Louise Mingenbach
X-Men
Caroline de Vivaise
Shadow of the Vampire
Eiko Ishioka and April Napier
The Cell
Rita Ryack and David Page
How the Grinch Stole Christmas
Janty Yates
Gladiator
Timmy Yip
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
2001(28th)
Judianna Makovsky
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Colleen Atwood
Planet of the Apes
Kym Barrett
From Hell
Dominique Borg
Brotherhood of the Wolf
Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Catherine Martin and Angus Strathie
Moulin Rouge!
2002(29th)
Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Trisha Biggar
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
Deena Appel
Austin Powers in Goldmember
Lindy Hemming
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Bob Ringwood
Star Trek: Nemesis
Deborah Lynn Scott
Minority Report
2003(30th)
Penny Rose
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Kym Barrett
The Matrix Revolutions
Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Louise Mingenbach
X2
Janet Patterson
Peter Pan
Jacqueline West
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
2004(31st)
Kevin Conran
Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
Alexandra Byrne
The Phantom of the Opera
Wendy Partridge
Hellboy
Gabriella Pescucci and Carlo Poggioli
Van Helsing
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Emi Wada
House of Flying Daggers
2005(32nd)
Isis Mussenden
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Trisha Biggar
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Lindy Hemming
Batman Begins
Gabriella Pescucci
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Terry Ryan
King Kong
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
2006(33rd)
Yee Chung-man
Curse of the Golden Flower
Joan Bergin
The Prestige
Nic Ede
Flyboys
Judianna Makovsky
X-Men: The Last Stand
Penny Rose
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Sammy Sheldon
V for Vendetta
2007(34th)
Colleen Atwood
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
Ruth Myers
The Golden Compass
Penny Rose
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Sammy Sheldon
Stardust
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Michael Wilkinson
300
2008(35th)
Mary Zophres
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Lindy Hemming
The Dark Knight
Deborah Hopper
Changeling
Joanna Johnston
Valkyrie
Catherine Martin
Australia
Isis Mussenden
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
2009(36th)
Michael Wilkinson
Watchmen
Colleen Atwood
Nine
Jenny Beavan
Sherlock Holmes
Anna B. Sheppard
Inglourious Basterds
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Timmy Yip
Red Cliff
2010s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
2010(37th)
Colleen Atwood
Alice in Wonderland
Milena Canonero
The Wolfman
Isis Mussenden
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
Michael Wilkinson
Tron: Legacy
Janty Yates
Robin Hood
2011(38th)
Alexandra Byrne
Thor
Jenny Beavan
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
Lisy Christl
Anonymous
Sandy Powell
Hugo
Anna B. Sheppard
Captain America: The First Avenger
Jany Temime
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
2012(39th)
Paco Delgado
Les Misérables
Colleen Atwood
Snow White and the Huntsman
Kym Barrett and Pierre-Yves Gayraud
Cloud Atlas
Bob Buck, Ann Maskrey, and Richard Taylor
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
Sharen Davis
Django Unchained
Jacqueline Durran
Anna Karenina
2013(40th)
Trish Summerville
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
Gary Jones
Oz the Great and Powerful
Michael Kaplan
Star Trek Into Darkness
Wendy Partridge
Thor: The Dark World
Beatrix Aruna Pasztor
Great Expectations
Penny Rose
47 Ronin
2014(41st)
Ngila Dickson
Dracula Untold
Colleen Atwood
Into the Woods
Alexandra Byrne
Guardians of the Galaxy
Louise Mingenbach
X-Men: Days of Future Past
Anna B. Sheppard
Maleficent
Janty Yates
Exodus: Gods and Kings
2015(42nd)
Alexandra Byrne
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Kate Hawley
Crimson Peak
Michael Kaplan
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Arianne Phillips
Kingsman: The Secret Service
Sandy Powell
Cinderella
Rama Rajamouli and Prashanti Tipirneni
Baahubali: The Beginning
2016(43rd)
Colleen Atwood
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
Colleen Atwood
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Alexandra Byrne
Doctor Strange
David Crossman and Glyn Dillon
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
Sang-gyeong Jo
The Handmaiden
Joanna Johnston
The BFG
2017(44th)
Jacqueline Durran
Beauty and the Beast
Olivier Bériot
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets
Ruth E. Carter
Black Panther
Lindy Hemming
Wonder Woman
Michael Kaplan
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Ellen Mirojnick
The Greatest Showman
2018/2019(45th)
Michael Wilkinson
Aladdin
Kym Barrett
Aquaman
Leah Butler
Shazam!
Judianna Makovsky
Avengers: Endgame
Chen Minzheng
Shadow
Sandy Powell
Mary Poppins Returns
2019/2020(46th)
Bina Daigeler
Mulan
Erin Benach
Birds of Prey
Michael Kaplan
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker
Arianne Phillips
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood
Mayes C. Rubeo
Jojo Rabbit
Albert Wolsky
Ad Astra
2020s
Year
Costume designer(s)
Film
2021/2022(50th)
Jacqueline Durran, David Crossman, and Glyn Dillon
The Batman
Kym Barrett
Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings
Jenny Beavan
Cruella
Bob Morgan and Jacqueline West
Dune
Mayes C. Rubeo
Thor: Love and Thunder
Luis Sequeira
Nightmare Alley
Sammy Sheldon
Eternals
2022/2023(51st)
Jacqueline Durran
Barbie
Bob Buck and Deborah Scott
Avatar: The Way of Water
Ruth E. Carter
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
Judianna Makovsky
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
Joanna Johnston
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
Ellen Mirojnick
Oppenheimer
Multiple nominations
13 nominations
Colleen Atwood
10 nominations
Bob Ringwood
7 nominations
Kym Barrett
6 nominations
Joanna Johnston
Jany Temime
5 nominations
Alexandra Byrne
Michael Kaplan
Judianna Makovsky
4 nominations
Jenny Beavan
John Bloomfield
Ngila Dickson
Jacqueline Durran
Robert Fletcher
Lindy Hemming
Sandy Powell
Penny Rose
Anna B. Sheppard
Richard Taylor
Michael Wilkinson
3 nominations
Trisha Biggar
Milena Canonero
Jean-Pierre Dorleac
Louise Mingenbach
Ellen Mirojnick
John Mollo
Isis Mussenden
Gabriella Pescucci
Arianne Phillips
Joseph A. Porro
Emma Porteous
Deborah Lynn Scott
Sammy Sheldon
Albert Wolsky
Janty Yates
2 nominations
Theoni V. Aldredge
Deena Appel
Richard Bruno
Vin Burnham
Ruth E. Carter
David Crossman
Glyn Dillon
Ingrid Ferrin
Jean Paul Gaultier
Eiko Ishioka
Catherine Martin
Anthony Mendleson
Norma Moriceau
Ruth Myers
Patricia Norris
Rosanna Norton
Wendy Partridge
Beatrix Aruna Pasztor
Erica Edell Phillips
Anthony Powell
Mayes C. Rubeo
Theadora Van Runkle
Marilyn Vance
Mary E. Vogt
Julie Weiss
Jacqueline West
Timmy Yip
Multiple wins
3 wins
Colleen Atwood
Jacqueline Durran
2 wins
Trisha Biggar
Alexandra Byrne
Ngila Dickson
Jean-Pierre Dorleac
Bob Ringwood
External links
Official website
IMDb: 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 50th
vteSaturn Award for Best Costume Design1970s
Bill Thomas (1976)
John Mollo (1977)
Theoni V. Aldredge (1978)
Jean-Pierre Dorleac (1979)
1980s
Jean-Pierre Dorleac (1980)
Bob Ringwood (1981)
Elois Jenssen and Rosanna Norton (1982)
Aggie Guerard Rodgers and Nilo Rodis-Jamero (1983)
Bob Ringwood (1984)
Nanà Cecchi (1985)
Robert Fletcher (1986)
Phyllis Dalton (1987)
Barbara Lane (1988)
Erica Edell Phillips (1989/90)
1990s
Marilyn Vance (1991)
Eiko Ishioka (1992)
Mary E. Vogt (1993)
Sandy Powell (1994)
Julie Weiss (1995)
Deborah Everton (1996)
Ellen Mirojnick (1997)
Jenny Beavan (1998)
Trisha Biggar (1999)
2000s
Louise Mingenbach (2000)
Judianna Makovsky (2001)
Ngila Dickson and Richard Taylor / Trisha Biggar (2002)
Penny Rose (2003)
Kevin Conran (2004)
Isis Mussenden (2005)
Yee Chung-man (2006)
Colleen Atwood (2007)
Mary Zophres (2008)
Michael Wilkinson (2009)
2010s
Colleen Atwood (2010)
Alexandra Byrne (2011)
Paco Delgado (2012)
Trish Summerville (2013)
Ngila Dickson (2014)
Alexandra Byrne (2015)
Colleen Atwood (2016)
Jacqueline Durran (2017)
Michael Wilkinson (2018/19)
Bina Daigeler (2019/20)
2020s
Jacqueline Durran, David Crossman and Glyn Dillon (2021/22)
Jacqueline Durran (2022/23)
Note: The years are listed as per convention, usually the year of film release; the ceremonies are usually held the next year.
vteSaturn AwardsFilm
Best Action / Adventure Film Release
Best Actor in a Film
Best Actress in a Film
Best Animated Film Release
Best Comic-to-Motion Picture Release
Best Fantasy Film Release
Best Film Costume Design
Best Film Director
Best Film Editing
Best Film Make-up
Best Film Music
Best Film Production Design
Best Film Special / Visual Effects
Best Film Writing
Best Horror Film Release
Best Independent Film Release
Best International Film Release
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Film
Best Science Fiction Film Release
Best Supporting Actor in a Film
Best Supporting Actress in a Film
Best Thriller Film Release
Television
Best Action / Thriller Television Series
Best Actor on Television
Best Actress on Television
Best Actor in Streaming Television Series
Best Actress in Streaming Television Series
Best Animated Series on Television
Best Fantasy Television Series
Best Film Presentation in Streaming Media
Best Guest Starring Performance in a Network or Cable Television Series
Best Guest Starring Performance in a Streaming Television Series
Best Horror Television Series
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Newtwork or Cable Television Series
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series
Best Science Fiction Television Series
Best Streaming Horror/Thriller Series
Best Supporting Actor on Television
Best Supporting Actress on Television
Best Supporting Actor in a Streaming Television Series
Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Television Series
Best Television Presentation (under 10 Episodes)
Home Entertainment
Best 4K Film Release
Best DVD / BD Classic Film Release
Best DVD / BD Collection
Best DVD / BD Television Movie or Series Release
Special awards
Artist Showcase Award
Breakthrough Performance Award
Dan Curtis Legacy Award
Filmmaker's Showcase Award
The George Pal Memorial Award
Legion M Breakout Director Award
The Life Career Award
The President's Memorial Award
Producer's Showcase Award
Special Recognition Award
Stan Lee World Builder Award
Visionary Award
Retired awards
Best DVD or Blu-ray Release (2001–2018/19)
Best DVD or Blu-ray Special Edition Release (2001–2018/19)
Best Home Video Release (1991–2000)
Best International Series (2007)
Best Low-Budget Film (1980–1982)
Best Network Television Series (1988–2014)
Best New Media Television Series (2015–2017)
Best Guest Starring Role on Television (2008-2021)
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series (2013-2021)
Best Retro Television Series on DVD (2004–2008)
Best Streaming Science Fiction, Action & Fantasy Series (2018/19)
Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series (2015-2021)
Best Streaming Superhero Series (2017–2018/19)
Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series (1996–2014)
Best Youth-Oriented Television Series (2011–2014)
Ceremonies
1972
1973
1974/75
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989/90
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018/19
2019/20
2021/22
2022/23
Note: The years are listed as per convention, usually the year of film release; the ceremonies are usually held the next year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_image
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Thermography
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["1 Thermal energy","2 Emissivity","3 Difference from infrared film","4 Passive vs. active thermography","5 Advantages","6 Limitations and disadvantages","7 Applications","8 Standards","9 Biological counterpart","10 CCD and CMOS thermography","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
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Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature
This article is about the infrared imaging technique. For the printing technique called thermography, see thermographic printing. For thermography in medicine, see Non-contact thermography.
It has been suggested that Thermographic camera be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2023.
Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a "passive house" in the foreground
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal video and/or thermal imaging, is a process where a thermal camera captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of surveillance cameras.
Thermogram of a cat
Some physiological changes in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics. Thermography is used in allergy detection and veterinary medicine. Some alternative medicine practitioners promote its use for breast screening, despite the FDA warning that "those who opt for this method instead of mammography may miss the chance to detect cancer at its earliest stage". Government and airport personnel used thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.
Thermal imaging camera and screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (swine influenza).
Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past fifty years. Firefighters use thermography to see through smoke, to find persons, and to localize the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate overheating joints and sections of power lines, which are a sign of impending failure. Building construction technicians can see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty thermal insulation and can use the results to improve the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units.
The appearance and operation of a modern thermographic camera is often similar to a camcorder. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in.
Specialized thermal imaging cameras use focal plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to longer wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled microbolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 1280 x 1024 for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to the military uses for this technology. Older bolometers or more sensitive models such as InSb require cryogenic cooling, usually by a miniature Stirling cycle refrigerator or liquid nitrogen.
Thermal energy
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A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.
This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.
Thermal images, or thermograms, are actually visual displays of the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging camera is capable of performing algorithms to interpret that data and build an image. Although the image shows the viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is operating, the camera is actually using multiple sources of data based on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than detecting the actual temperature.
This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula:
Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;
where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera.
Emitted radiant power is generally what is intended to be measured;
transmitted radiant power is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and;
reflected radiant power is the amount of radiant power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.
This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals radiant energy. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use. The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation apply equally at every wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.
If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then power transfer will be taking place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the second law of thermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object.
The ability of objects to emit is called emissivity, to absorb radiation is called absorptivity. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.
The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with the human eye, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture, usually in a JPG format.
In order to perform the role of non-contact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.
Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed.
This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and by being careful when capturing the image, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found. Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate.
In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do more. Because it can see the effective radiation temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating towards, it can help locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions as well.
Emissivity
Emissivity is a term that is often misunderstood and misused. It represents a material's ability to emit thermal radiation and is an optical property of matter.
Each material has a different emissivity, which may vary by temperature and infrared wavelength. For example, clean metal surfaces have emissivity that decreases at longer wavelengths; many dielectric materials, such as quartz (SiO2), sapphire (Al2O3), calcium fluoride (CaF2), etc. have emissivity that increases at longer wavelength; simple oxides, such as iron oxide (Fe2O3) display relatively flat emissivity in the infrared spectrum.
A material's emissivity can range from a theoretical 0.00 (completely not-emitting) to an equally theoretical 1.00 (completely emitting). An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of .02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98.
A black body is a theoretical object with an emissivity of 1 that radiates thermal radiation characteristic of its contact temperature. That is, if the contact temperature of a thermally uniform black body radiator were 50 °C (122 °F), the black body would emit thermal radiation characteristic of 50 °C (122 °F).
Thermogram of a snake held by a human
An ordinary object emits less infrared radiation than a theoretical black body. The fraction of its actual emission to the theoretical emission (of the black body) is its emissivity (or emissivity coefficient).
In order to make a temperature measurement of an object using an infrared imager, it is necessary to estimate or determine the object's emissivity. For quick work, a thermographer may refer to an emissivity table for a given type of object, and enter that value into the imager. The imager would then calculate the object's contact temperature based on the value entered from the table and the object's emission of infrared radiation as detected by the imager.
In order to get a more accurate temperature measurement, a thermographer may apply a standard material of known, high emissivity to the surface of the object. The standard material might be as complex as industrial emissivity spray produced specifically for the purpose, or as simple as standard black insulation tape, with an emissivity of about 0.97. The object's known temperature can then be measured using the standard emissivity. If desired, the object's actual emissivity (on a part of the object that is not covered by the standard material) can then be determined by adjusting the imager's setting to the known temperature. There are situations, however, when such an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions. In these situations, the thermographer must rely on tables.
Difference from infrared film
IR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250 to 500 °C (482 to 932 °F) range, while the range of thermography is approximately −50 to 2,000 °C (−58 to 3,632 °F). So, for an IR film to work thermographically, the measured object must be over 250 °C (482 °F) or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.
Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, again, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high temperature requirements, but are instead used with active near-IR sources.
Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify ambient light.
Passive vs. active thermography
All objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K) emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an infrared vision device, usually a focal plane array (FPA) infrared camera capable of detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 μm) and long (7 to 14 μm) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem.
In passive thermography, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology).
In active thermography, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. Given the super-linearities of the black-body radiation, active thermography can also be used to enhance the resolution of imaging systems beyond their diffraction limit or to achieve super-resolution microscopy.
Advantages
Thermography shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared. It is capable of catching moving targets in real time. It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods. It is a non-destructive test method. It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts. It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It has some medical application, essentially in physiotherapy.
Limitations and disadvantages
There are various cameras cheaper and more expensive.
Quality cameras often have a high price range (often US$3,000 or more) due to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 1280 x 1024), while less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40x40 up to 160x120 pixels) are also available. Fewer pixels reduce the image quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets within the same field of view.
There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only have a refreshing value of 5 –15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc) 180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.
Also the lens can be integrated or not.
Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to construct the output image; the loss of this information without a correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently incorrect measurements of temperature.
Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.
Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant heat energy it receives. As radiation levels are influenced by the emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.
Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.
Methods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface temperatures.
Applications
Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field. Thermal inertia and differential transpiration/evaporation are involved
UAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in Switzerland
AN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifle
Condition monitoring
Low slope and flat roofing inspections
Building diagnostics including building envelope inspections, moisture inspections, and energy losses in buildings
Thermal mapping
Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care
Medical imaging
Non-contact thermography, contact thermography and dynamic angiothermography
Peripheral vascular disease screening.
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) screening through skin thermal maps.
Active Dynamic Thermography (ADT) for medical applications.
Neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease.
Thyroid gland abnormalities.
Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.
Archaeological kite aerial thermography
Thermology
Veterinary Thermal Imaging
Thermal imaging in ornithology and other wildlife monitoring
Night vision and Targeting
UAV Surveillance
Stereo vision
Research
Process control
Nondestructive testing
Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence
Chemical imaging
Volcanology
Building
Thermal imaging cameras convert the energy in the infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras only see objects warmer than −50 °C (−58 °F).
The spectrum and amount of thermal radiation depend strongly on an object's surface temperature. This makes it possible for a thermal imaging camera to display an object's temperature. However, other factors also influence the radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique. For example, the radiation depends not only on the temperature of the object, but is also a function of the emissivity of the object. Also, radiation originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
Standards
ASTM International (ASTM)
ASTM C1060, Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings
ASTM C1153, Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging
ATSM D4788, Standard Test Method for Detecting Delamination in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography
ASTM E1186, Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
ASTM E1934, Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 6781, Thermal insulation – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method
ISO 18434-1, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography – Part 1: General procedures
ISO 18436-7, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel – Part 7: Thermography
Biological counterpart
Thermography by definition is by means of an instrument (artifact), but some living creatures have natural organs that function as counterparts to bolometers, and thus possess a crude type of thermal imaging capability (thermoception). One of the best known examples is infrared sensing in snakes.
CCD and CMOS thermography
Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.
Non-specialized CCD and CMOS sensors have most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible light wavelength range. However, by utilizing the "trailing" area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called near-infrared (NIR), and by using off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about 280 °C (536 °F) and higher.
At temperatures of 600 °C and above, inexpensive cameras with CCD and CMOS sensors have also been used for pyrometry in the visible spectrum. They have been used for soot in flames, burning coal particles, heated materials, SiC filaments, and smoldering embers. This pyrometry has been performed using external filters or only the sensor's Bayer filters. It has been performed using color ratios, grayscales, and/or a hybrid of both.
See also
ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry
Chemical imaging – The simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
Fluorescent microthermography
Infrared and thermal testing
Infrared camera – Imaging device using infrared radiation
Infrared detector – detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Infrared thermometer – Thermometer which infers temperature by measuring infrared energy emission
Night vision – Ability to see in low light conditions
Non-contact thermography – thermography used for medical diagnosisPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Sakuma–Hattori equation – Formula for the thermal radiation emitted by a perfect black body
Thermal imaging camera – Thermal imaging camera in firefighting
Thermographic inspection
References
^ "Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram". fda.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ "FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases". applegate.co.uk. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ a b FLIR x8500sc Thermal imaging camera specifications. Retrieved on 2019-07-10.
^ "Infrared Technology". thermalscope.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ Hapke B (19 January 2012). Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-521-88349-8.
^ Maldague XP, Jones TS, Kaplan H, Marinetti S, Prystay M (2001). "Fundamentals of infrared and thermal testing.". In Maldague K, Moore PO (eds.). Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and Thermal Testing z÷÷÷÷. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: ASNT Press.
^ Graciani G, Amblard F (December 2019). "Super-resolution provided by the arbitrarily strong superlinearity of the blackbody radiation". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5761. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5761G. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13780-4. PMC 6917796. PMID 31848354.
^ a b c Costello JT, McInerney CD, Bleakley CM, Selfe J, Donnelly AE (2012-02-01). "The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review" (PDF). Journal of Thermal Biology. 37 (2): 103–110. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008.
^ a b c Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Minett GM, Costello JT (September 2015). "Does the technique employed for skin temperature assessment alter outcomes? A systematic review" (PDF). Physiological Measurement. 36 (9): R27-51. Bibcode:2015PhyM...36R..27B. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/r27. PMID 26261099. S2CID 23259170.
^ a b c Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Disher AE, Costello JT (2015-02-06). "A comparison between conductive and infrared devices for measuring mean skin temperature at rest, during exercise in the heat, and recovery". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0117907. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1017907B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117907. PMC 4319934. PMID 25659140.
^ Using Thermography to Find a Class of Latent Construction Defects. Globalspec.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
^ F. Colbert, "Looking Under the Hood: Converting Proprietary Image File Formats Created within IR Cameras for Improved Archival Use", Professional Thermographers Association
^ Infrared Temperature Theory and Application. Omega.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
^ "IR scanning handbook" (PDF). Nhatha. NETA. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
^ Real Time Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Temperature Measurement. Pyrometer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
^ Kylili A, Fokaides PA, Christou P, Kalogirou SA (2014). "Infrared thermography (IRT) applications for building diagnostics: A review". Applied Energy. 134: 531–549. Bibcode:2014ApEn..134..531K. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.005.
^ Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (October 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography as a potential screening modality for carotid artery stenosis". Computers in Biology and Medicine. 113: 103419. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103419. PMID 31493579. S2CID 202003120.
^ Saxena, Ashish; Raman, Vignesh; Ng, E. Y. K. (2 October 2019). "Study on methods to extract high contrast image in active dynamic thermography". Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal. 16 (3–4): 243–259. doi:10.1080/17686733.2019.1586376. hdl:10356/144497. S2CID 141334526.
^ Saxena, A; Ng, EYK; Lim, ST (May 2020). "Active dynamic thermography to detect the presence of stenosis in the carotid artery". Computers in Biology and Medicine. 120: 103718. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103718. PMID 32250851. S2CID 215408087.
^ Saxena, Ashish; Ng, E.Y.K.; Raman, Vignesh; Syarifuddin Bin Mohamed Hamli, Muhammad; Moderhak, Mateusz; Kolacz, Szymon; Jankau, Jerzy (December 2019). "Infrared (IR) thermography-based quantitative parameters to predict the risk of post-operative cancerous breast resection flap necrosis". Infrared Physics & Technology. 103: 103063. Bibcode:2019InPhT.10303063S. doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103063. S2CID 209285015.
^ Soroko M, Morel MC (2016). Equine thermography in practice. Wallingford - Boston: CABI. ISBN 9781780647876. LCCN 2016935227.
^ Morgan Hughes; Paul Hopwood; Matilda Dolan; Ben Dolan (4 October 2022). "Applications of thermal imaging for bird surveys: examples from the field". Ringing and Migration: 1–4. doi:10.1080/03078698.2022.2123026. ISSN 0307-8698. Wikidata Q114456608.
^ Gaszczak A, Breckon TP, Han J (2011). "Real-time people and vehicle detection from UAV imagery". In Röning J, Casasent DP, Hall EL (eds.). Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques. Vol. 7878. pp. 78780B. Bibcode:2011SPIE.7878E..0BG. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.4657. doi:10.1117/12.876663. hdl:1826/7589. S2CID 18710932. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Pinggera P, Breckon TF, Bischof H (2012). "On Cross-Spectral Stereo Matching using Dense Gradient Features". Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2012. BMVA Press. pp. 103.1–103.12. doi:10.5244/C.26.103. ISBN 1-901725-46-4.
^ Thermographic images in active volcanoes surveillance system — TIIMNet project Vesuvius and Solfatara INGV Naples Italy Archived 2012-07-10 at archive.today. Ipf.ov.ingv.it. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
^ Infrared Building Inspections — Resources for Electrical, Mechanical, Residential and Commercial Infrared/Thermal Inspections Archived 2018-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. Infrared-buildinginspections.com (2008-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
^ Porev VA, Porev GV (2004). "Experimental determination of the temperature range of a television pyrometer". Journal of Optical Technology. 71 (1): 70–71. Bibcode:2004JOptT..71...62P. doi:10.1364/JOT.71.000062.
^ Kim, Dennis K.; Sunderland, Peter B. (2019). "Fire Ember Pyrometry Using a Color Camera (2019)". Fire Safety Journal. 106: 88–93. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.006. S2CID 145942969.
best thermal scanning service provider in india
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thermography.
Infrared Tube, infrared imaging science demonstrations
Compix, Some uses of thermographic images in electronics
Thermographic Images, Infrared pictures
Uncooled thermal imaging works round the clock by Lawrence Mayes
Archaeological aerial thermography
IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository , IR Thermometry & Thermography Applications Repository
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Full body:
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For the printing technique called thermography, see thermographic printing. For thermography in medicine, see Non-contact thermography.Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a \"passive house\" in the foregroundInfrared thermography (IRT), thermal video and/or thermal imaging, is a process where a thermal camera captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of surveillance cameras.Thermogram of a catSome physiological changes in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics. Thermography is used in allergy detection and veterinary medicine. Some alternative medicine practitioners promote its use for breast screening, despite the FDA warning that \"those who opt for this method instead of mammography may miss the chance to detect cancer at its earliest stage\".[1] Government and airport personnel used thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.[2]Thermal imaging camera and screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (swine influenza).Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past fifty years. Firefighters use thermography to see through smoke, to find persons, and to localize the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate overheating joints and sections of power lines, which are a sign of impending failure. Building construction technicians can see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty thermal insulation and can use the results to improve the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units.The appearance and operation of a modern thermographic camera is often similar to a camcorder. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in.Specialized thermal imaging cameras use focal plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to longer wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled microbolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 1280 x 1024[3] for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to the military uses for this technology. Older bolometers or more sensitive models such as InSb require cryogenic cooling, usually by a miniature Stirling cycle refrigerator or liquid nitrogen.","title":"Thermography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Infrared.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human-Visible.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electrical_fault.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"radiant energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energy"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"power transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transfer"},{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"absorptivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbance"},{"link_name":"human eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"JPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"}],"text":"A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.Thermal images, or thermograms, are actually visual displays of the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging camera is capable of performing algorithms to interpret that data and build an image. Although the image shows the viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is operating, the camera is actually using multiple sources of data based on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than detecting the actual temperature.[4]This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula:Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera. \nEmitted radiant power is generally what is intended to be measured; \ntransmitted radiant power is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and; \nreflected radiant power is the amount of radiant power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals radiant energy. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use. The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation apply equally at every wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then power transfer will be taking place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the second law of thermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object.The ability of objects to emit is called emissivity, to absorb radiation is called absorptivity. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with the human eye, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture, usually in a JPG format.In order to perform the role of non-contact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object being viewed.This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and by being careful when capturing the image, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found. Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate.In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do more. Because it can see the effective radiation temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating towards, it can help locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions as well.","title":"Thermal energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation"},{"link_name":"optical property of matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hapke2012-5"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg"},{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"temperature measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_measurement"},{"link_name":"insulation tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation_tape"}],"text":"Emissivity is a term that is often misunderstood and misused. It represents a material's ability to emit thermal radiation and is an optical property of matter.Each material has a different emissivity, which may vary by temperature and infrared wavelength.[5] For example, clean metal surfaces have emissivity that decreases at longer wavelengths; many dielectric materials, such as quartz (SiO2), sapphire (Al2O3), calcium fluoride (CaF2), etc. have emissivity that increases at longer wavelength; simple oxides, such as iron oxide (Fe2O3) display relatively flat emissivity in the infrared spectrum.A material's emissivity can range from a theoretical 0.00 (completely not-emitting) to an equally theoretical 1.00 (completely emitting). An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of .02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98.A black body is a theoretical object with an emissivity of 1 that radiates thermal radiation characteristic of its contact temperature. That is, if the contact temperature of a thermally uniform black body radiator were 50 °C (122 °F), the black body would emit thermal radiation characteristic of 50 °C (122 °F).Thermogram of a snake held by a humanAn ordinary object emits less infrared radiation than a theoretical black body. The fraction of its actual emission to the theoretical emission (of the black body) is its emissivity (or emissivity coefficient).In order to make a temperature measurement of an object using an infrared imager, it is necessary to estimate or determine the object's emissivity. For quick work, a thermographer may refer to an emissivity table for a given type of object, and enter that value into the imager. The imager would then calculate the object's contact temperature based on the value entered from the table and the object's emission of infrared radiation as detected by the imager.In order to get a more accurate temperature measurement, a thermographer may apply a standard material of known, high emissivity to the surface of the object. The standard material might be as complex as industrial emissivity spray produced specifically for the purpose, or as simple as standard black insulation tape, with an emissivity of about 0.97. The object's known temperature can then be measured using the standard emissivity. If desired, the object's actual emissivity (on a part of the object that is not covered by the standard material) can then be determined by adjusting the imager's setting to the known temperature. There are situations, however, when such an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions. In these situations, the thermographer must rely on tables.","title":"Emissivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambient light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available_light"}],"text":"IR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250 to 500 °C (482 to 932 °F) range, while the range of thermography is approximately −50 to 2,000 °C (−58 to 3,632 °F). So, for an IR film to work thermographically, the measured object must be over 250 °C (482 °F) or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, again, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high temperature requirements, but are instead used with active near-IR sources.Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify ambient light.","title":"Difference from infrared film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"absolute zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"infrared radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiation"},{"link_name":"infrared vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_vision"},{"link_name":"focal plane array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staring_array"},{"link_name":"infrared camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camera"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"infrared windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_window"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"medical diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"thermology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermology"},{"link_name":"black-body radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-body_radiation"},{"link_name":"diffraction limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_limit"},{"link_name":"super-resolution microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_microscopy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"All objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K) emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an infrared vision device, usually a focal plane array (FPA) infrared camera capable of detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 μm) and long (7 to 14 μm) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem.[6]In passive thermography, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology).In active thermography, an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. Given the super-linearities of the black-body radiation, active thermography can also be used to enhance the resolution of imaging systems beyond their diffraction limit or to achieve super-resolution microscopy.[7]","title":"Passive vs. active thermography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiotherapy"}],"text":"Thermography shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared.[8][9][10] It is capable of catching moving targets in real time.[8][9][10] It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods. It is a non-destructive test method. It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts.[11] It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It has some medical application, essentially in physiotherapy.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"There are various cameras cheaper and more expensive.\nQuality cameras often have a high price range (often US$3,000 or more) due to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 1280 x 1024), while less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40x40 up to 160x120 pixels) are also available. Fewer pixels reduce the image quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets within the same field of view.There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only have a refreshing value of 5 –15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc[3]) 180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.Also the lens can be integrated or not.Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to construct the output image; the loss of this information without a correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently incorrect measurements of temperature.[12]Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.[13]Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant heat energy it receives.[14] As radiation levels are influenced by the emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.[15]Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.[8][9][10]\nMethods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface temperatures.","title":"Limitations and disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kite_aerial_thermogram_of_Statford_Court_Playingfields,_Stroud,_Gloucestershire,_UK.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DroneMapper_UAS_Thermal_Imagery.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANPAS-13thermal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Condition monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_monitoring"},{"link_name":"Low slope and flat roofing inspections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_slope_and_flat_roofing_inspections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"building envelope inspections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building_envelope_inspections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"moisture inspections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moisture_inspections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"energy losses in buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_losses_in_buildings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Thermal mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_mapping&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_infrared_thermal_imaging_in_health_care"},{"link_name":"Medical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging"},{"link_name":"Non-contact thermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact_thermography"},{"link_name":"contact thermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dynamic angiothermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Archaeological kite aerial thermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography"},{"link_name":"Thermology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermology"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Thermal imaging in ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_in_ornithology"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-22"},{"link_name":"Night vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision"},{"link_name":"Targeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_homing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Stereo vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_vision"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nondestructive testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing"},{"link_name":"Chemical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imaging"},{"link_name":"Volcanology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"spectrum and amount of thermal radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation#Properties"},{"link_name":"surface temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"}],"text":"Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field. Thermal inertia and differential transpiration/evaporation are involvedUAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in SwitzerlandAN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifleCondition monitoring\nLow slope and flat roofing inspections\nBuilding diagnostics including building envelope inspections, moisture inspections, and energy losses in buildings[16]\nThermal mapping\nDigital infrared thermal imaging in health care\nMedical imaging\nNon-contact thermography, contact thermography and dynamic angiothermography\nPeripheral vascular disease screening.\nCarotid artery stenosis (CAS) screening through skin thermal maps.[17]\nActive Dynamic Thermography (ADT) for medical applications.[18][19][20]\nNeuromusculoskeletal disorders.\nExtracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease.\nThyroid gland abnormalities.\nVarious other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.\nArchaeological kite aerial thermography\nThermology\nVeterinary Thermal Imaging[21]\nThermal imaging in ornithology and other wildlife monitoring[22]\nNight vision and Targeting\nUAV Surveillance[23]\nStereo vision[24]\nResearch\nProcess control\nNondestructive testing\nSurveillance in security, law enforcement and defence\nChemical imaging\nVolcanology[25]\nBuilding[26]Thermal imaging cameras convert the energy in the infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras only see objects warmer than −50 °C (−58 °F).The spectrum and amount of thermal radiation depend strongly on an object's surface temperature. This makes it possible for a thermal imaging camera to display an object's temperature. However, other factors also influence the radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique. For example, the radiation depends not only on the temperature of the object, but is also a function of the emissivity of the object. Also, radiation originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASTM International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"}],"text":"ASTM International (ASTM)ASTM C1060, Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings\nASTM C1153, Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging\nATSM D4788, Standard Test Method for Detecting Delamination in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography\nASTM E1186, Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems\nASTM E1934, Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared ThermographyInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO)ISO 6781, Thermal insulation – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method\nISO 18434-1, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography – Part 1: General procedures\nISO 18436-7, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel – Part 7: Thermography","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bolometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer"},{"link_name":"thermoception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoception"},{"link_name":"infrared sensing in snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes"}],"text":"Thermography by definition is by means of an instrument (artifact), but some living creatures have natural organs that function as counterparts to bolometers, and thus possess a crude type of thermal imaging capability (thermoception). One of the best known examples is infrared sensing in snakes.","title":"Biological counterpart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_smoldering_ember_pyrometry.png"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_coupled_device"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"near-infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"CMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS"},{"link_name":"SiC filaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-filament_pyrometry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bayer filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter"}],"text":"Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.Non-specialized CCD and CMOS sensors have most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible light wavelength range. However, by utilizing the \"trailing\" area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called near-infrared (NIR), and by using off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about 280 °C (536 °F) and higher.[27]At temperatures of 600 °C and above, inexpensive cameras with CCD and CMOS sensors have also been used for pyrometry in the visible spectrum. They have been used for soot in flames, burning coal particles, heated materials, SiC filaments, and smoldering embers.[28] This pyrometry has been performed using external filters or only the sensor's Bayer filters. It has been performed using color ratios, grayscales, and/or a hybrid of both.","title":"CCD and CMOS thermography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a \"passive house\" in the foreground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Passivhaus_thermogram_gedaemmt_ungedaemmt.png/220px-Passivhaus_thermogram_gedaemmt_ungedaemmt.png"},{"image_text":"Thermogram of a cat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Termografia_kot.jpg/220px-Termografia_kot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thermal imaging camera and screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (swine influenza).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Airport_Thermographic_Camera.jpg/250px-Airport_Thermographic_Camera.jpg"},{"image_text":"This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Electrical_fault.jpg/220px-Electrical_fault.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thermogram of a snake held by a human","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg/220px-Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field. Thermal inertia and differential transpiration/evaporation are involved","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kite_aerial_thermogram_of_Statford_Court_Playingfields%2C_Stroud%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Kite_aerial_thermogram_of_Statford_Court_Playingfields%2C_Stroud%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_UK.jpg"},{"image_text":"UAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DroneMapper_UAS_Thermal_Imagery.png/220px-DroneMapper_UAS_Thermal_Imagery.png"},{"image_text":"AN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ANPAS-13thermal.jpg/220px-ANPAS-13thermal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A_smoldering_ember_pyrometry.png/321px-A_smoldering_ember_pyrometry.png"}]
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[{"title":"ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_Subcommittee_E20.02_on_Radiation_Thermometry"},{"title":"Chemical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imaging"},{"title":"Fluorescent microthermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_microthermography"},{"title":"Infrared and thermal testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_and_thermal_testing"},{"title":"Infrared camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"title":"Infrared detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_detector"},{"title":"Infrared thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer"},{"title":"Night vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision"},{"title":"Non-contact thermography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact_thermography"},{"title":"Sakuma–Hattori equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuma%E2%80%93Hattori_equation"},{"title":"Thermal imaging camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera"},{"title":"Thermographic inspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_inspection"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram\". fda.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm257499.htm","url_text":"\"Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623185214/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm257499.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases\". applegate.co.uk. 29 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229061442/http://www.applegate.co.uk/b2b-news-articles/more-detail-regarding-infrared-camera-0020792.htm?view=NEWS_105027","url_text":"\"FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases\""},{"url":"http://www.applegate.co.uk/news-on-line/more-detail-regarding-infrared-camera-0020792.htm?view=NEWS_105027","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Infrared Technology\". thermalscope.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108081407/http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging","url_text":"\"Infrared Technology\""},{"url":"http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hapke B (19 January 2012). Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-521-88349-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3FNzaFuoXY0C","url_text":"Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88349-8","url_text":"978-0-521-88349-8"}]},{"reference":"Maldague XP, Jones TS, Kaplan H, Marinetti S, Prystay M (2001). \"Fundamentals of infrared and thermal testing.\". In Maldague K, Moore PO (eds.). Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and Thermal Testing z÷÷÷÷. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: ASNT Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio","url_text":"Columbus, Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Graciani G, Amblard F (December 2019). \"Super-resolution provided by the arbitrarily strong superlinearity of the blackbody radiation\". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5761. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.5761G. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13780-4. PMC 6917796. 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Journal of Thermal Biology. 37 (2): 103–110. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008.","urls":[{"url":"https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50189/1/50189.pdf","url_text":"\"The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtherbio.2011.11.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008"}]},{"reference":"Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Minett GM, Costello JT (September 2015). \"Does the technique employed for skin temperature assessment alter outcomes? A systematic review\" (PDF). Physiological Measurement. 36 (9): R27-51. Bibcode:2015PhyM...36R..27B. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/r27. PMID 26261099. S2CID 23259170.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/ws/files/2805906/Does_the_technique_employed_for_skin_temperature.pdf","url_text":"\"Does the technique employed for skin temperature assessment alter outcomes? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoprix
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Monoprix
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["1 History","2 Monoprix in Popular Culture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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French retail chain
This article is about the French Monoprix retail chain. For the Tunisian chain, see Monoprix (Tunisia).
MonoprixCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryRetailFounded1932; 92 years ago (1932), in Rouen, FranceFounderMax HeilbronnHeadquartersClichy, Hauts-de-Seine, FranceNumber of locations700+Area servedFranceKey peopleJean-Charles Naouri (CEO)BrandsMonop'Monop' DailyMonop' BeautyMonop' StationNaturaliaParentGroupe CasinoWebsitemonoprix.fr
A Monoprix location, which is the former head office of the Félix Potin company, in Paris
A Monop' location in Paris
Monoprix S.A. (French pronunciation: ) is a major French retail chain with its headquarters in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, near Paris. The company's stores combine food retailing with fashion, beauty and home products.
History
The company was founded in 1932 in Rouen by Max Heilbronn, a son-in-law of Theophile Bader, the founder of Galeries Lafayette.
In 1991, Monoprix acquired the Uniprix brand after Galeries Lafayette took over Nouvelles Galeries, the parent of Uniprix.
In 1997, the chain merged with French retailer Prisunic, in a deal that saw Casino Group acquire a 21% stake in the merged company.
In 2000, Galeries Lafayette, entered into an agreement to sell a 50% interest in Monoprix. Casino Group provided Galeries Lafayette with a put option to sell the remaining 50%. In 2012, after legal wrangling over the value of the put option, the shareholders of both firms agreed on a sale price of $1.6 billion (€1.2 billion). The Autorité de la concurrence, France's competition regulatory body, approved the transaction in 2013, with the condition that the merged group sell 58 stores. This allowed the deal to close, making Monoprix a wholly-owned subsidiary of Casino Group.
In 2023, Monoprix's parent Casino announced that they have completed a deal to avoid bankruptcy. This restructuring procedure would allow for the company to cut high debt and improve recent losses to other rival supermarket corporations. In 2024, Casino USA filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy.
Monoprix currently has more than 700 shops in total: most under the Monoprix brand, but also smaller Monop', Monop' Daily, Monop' Station, Monop' Beauty, and Naturalia formats. It has a presence in over 250 towns and cities in France and employs around 21,000 people.
Monoprix in Popular Culture
In 1966, in the song "Les Élucubrations d'Antoine", the singer Antoine sings the lyrics "Put the pill on sale in the Monoprix."
In 1979, Alain Bashung performed "Y'a un yeti", whose lyrics, written by Boris Bergman, included: "Y'a un yeti dans l'Monoprix".
In Michel Houellebecq's book "The Elementary Particles", the line "He ate a Monoprix TV dinner--monkfish in parsley sauce" appears.
See also
France portalCompanies portalFood portal
References
^ "Informations légales Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine." Monoprix. Retrieved on 4 February 2010. "Siège social : 14 - 16 rue Marc Bloch 92116 CLICHY Cedex"
^ O'Connor, Clare (26 November 2013). "High Fashion, Nazi Plunder And Family Feuds: Retail's Newest Billionaire Has Quite A Story". Forbes.
^ Jones, Terril Yue (20 April 1998). "Eat or be Eaten". Forbes.
^ Daneshkhu, Scheherazade (29 June 2012). "Casino and Lafayette end Monoprix fight". Financial Times.
^ Daneshkhu, Scheherazade (13 July 2013). "French watchdog approves Casino's takeover of Monoprix". Financial Times.
^ "French retailer Casino finalises rescue deal led by Czech tycoon". Reuters. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ "Groupe Casino: Proceedings for recognition of financial restructuring in the United States (Chapter 15)". Yahoo! Finance. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ "Nos enseignes" (in French). Monoprix. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ "PAROLES DE LA CHANSON LES ELUCUBRATIONS D'ANTOINE PAR ANTOINE". Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Y'a Un Yéti". Genius.com. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
^ "Excerpt From The Elementary Particles". Penguin-Random House Canada. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monoprix (Tunisia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoprix_(Tunisia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rue_Reaumur_51-2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Félix Potin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Potin"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monop%27Parislocation.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monop'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monop%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[mɔnɔpʁi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the French Monoprix retail chain. For the Tunisian chain, see Monoprix (Tunisia).A Monoprix location, which is the former head office of the Félix Potin company, in ParisA Monop' location in ParisMonoprix S.A. (French pronunciation: [mɔnɔpʁi]) is a major French retail chain with its headquarters in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, near Paris.[1] The company's stores combine food retailing with fashion, beauty and home products.","title":"Monoprix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Max Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"Theophile Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophile_Bader"},{"link_name":"Galeries Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heilbronn-2"},{"link_name":"Galeries Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Nouvelles Galeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelles_Galeries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prisunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisunic"},{"link_name":"Casino Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prisunic-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Autorité de la concurrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_de_la_concurrence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chapter 15 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_15_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1932 in Rouen by Max Heilbronn, a son-in-law of Theophile Bader, the founder of Galeries Lafayette.[2]In 1991, Monoprix acquired the Uniprix brand after Galeries Lafayette took over Nouvelles Galeries, the parent of Uniprix.[citation needed]In 1997, the chain merged with French retailer Prisunic, in a deal that saw Casino Group acquire a 21% stake in the merged company.[3]In 2000, Galeries Lafayette, entered into an agreement to sell a 50% interest in Monoprix. Casino Group provided Galeries Lafayette with a put option to sell the remaining 50%. In 2012, after legal wrangling over the value of the put option, the shareholders of both firms agreed on a sale price of $1.6 billion (€1.2 billion).[4] The Autorité de la concurrence, France's competition regulatory body, approved the transaction in 2013, with the condition that the merged group sell 58 stores. This allowed the deal to close, making Monoprix a wholly-owned subsidiary of Casino Group.[5]In 2023, Monoprix's parent Casino announced that they have completed a deal to avoid bankruptcy. This restructuring procedure would allow for the company to cut high debt and improve recent losses to other rival supermarket corporations.[6] In 2024, Casino USA filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy.[7]Monoprix currently has more than 700 shops in total: most under the Monoprix brand, but also smaller Monop', Monop' Daily, Monop' Station, Monop' Beauty, and Naturalia formats.[8] It has a presence in over 250 towns and cities in France and employs around 21,000 people.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alain Bashung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Bashung"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michel Houellebecq's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq"},{"link_name":"The Elementary Particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomised"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1966, in the song \"Les Élucubrations d'Antoine\", the singer Antoine sings the lyrics \"Put the pill on sale in the Monoprix.\"[9]In 1979, Alain Bashung performed \"Y'a un yeti\", whose lyrics, written by Boris Bergman, included: \"Y'a un yeti dans l'Monoprix\".[10]In Michel Houellebecq's book \"The Elementary Particles\", the line \"He ate a Monoprix TV dinner--monkfish in parsley sauce\" appears.[11]","title":"Monoprix in Popular Culture"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Monoprix location, which is the former head office of the Félix Potin company, in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rue_Reaumur_51-2.JPG/220px-Rue_Reaumur_51-2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Monop' location in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Monop%27Parislocation.JPG/220px-Monop%27Parislocation.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"O'Connor, Clare (26 November 2013). \"High Fashion, Nazi Plunder And Family Feuds: Retail's Newest Billionaire Has Quite A Story\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/11/26/high-fashion-nazi-plunder-and-family-feuds-retails-newest-billionaire-has-quite-a-story/#2719eb263779","url_text":"\"High Fashion, Nazi Plunder And Family Feuds: Retail's Newest Billionaire Has Quite A Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Terril Yue (20 April 1998). \"Eat or be Eaten\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0420/0201034a.html","url_text":"\"Eat or be Eaten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Daneshkhu, Scheherazade (29 June 2012). \"Casino and Lafayette end Monoprix fight\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7e032c72-c203-11e1-bffa-00144feabdc0.html","url_text":"\"Casino and Lafayette end Monoprix fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Daneshkhu, Scheherazade (13 July 2013). \"French watchdog approves Casino's takeover of Monoprix\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/9d2fd68c-e970-11e2-9f11-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"French watchdog approves Casino's takeover of Monoprix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"French retailer Casino finalises rescue deal led by Czech tycoon\". Reuters. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/retailer-casino-seals-lock-up-debt-rescue-deal-led-by-czech-billionaire-2023-10-05/","url_text":"\"French retailer Casino finalises rescue deal led by Czech tycoon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groupe Casino: Proceedings for recognition of financial restructuring in the United States (Chapter 15)\". Yahoo! Finance. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/groupe-casino-proceedings-recognition-financial-180000045.html","url_text":"\"Groupe Casino: Proceedings for recognition of financial restructuring in the United States (Chapter 15)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nos enseignes\" [Our brands] (in French). Monoprix. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entreprise.monoprix.fr/qui-sommes-nous/nos-enseignes/","url_text":"\"Nos enseignes\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAROLES DE LA CHANSON LES ELUCUBRATIONS D'ANTOINE PAR ANTOINE\". Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paroles.net/antoine/paroles-les-elucubrations-d-antoine","url_text":"\"PAROLES DE LA CHANSON LES ELUCUBRATIONS D'ANTOINE PAR ANTOINE\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240403132147/https://www.paroles.net/antoine/paroles-les-elucubrations-d-antoine","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Y'a Un Yéti\". Genius.com. Retrieved 3 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Alain-bashung-ya-un-yeti-lyrics","url_text":"\"Y'a Un Yéti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excerpt From The Elementary Particles\". Penguin-Random House Canada. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/83039/the-elementary-particles-by-michel-houellebecq/9780375727016/excerpt","url_text":"\"Excerpt From The Elementary Particles\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240403134838/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/83039/the-elementary-particles-by-michel-houellebecq/9780375727016/excerpt","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Perot
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Alfred Perot
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["1 Spelling","2 References","3 External links"]
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French physicist
Alfred PerotAlfred Perot, a photo by Eugène PirouBorn(1863-11-03)3 November 1863Metz, FranceDied28 November 1925(1925-11-28) (aged 62)Paris, FranceKnown forFabry–Pérot interferometerAwardsJanssen Medal (1912)Rumford Medal (1918)Scientific careerThesisSur la mesure du volume spécifique des vapeurs saturées et la détermination de l'équivalent mécanique de la chaleur (1988)
Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot (French: ; 3 November 1863 – 28 November 1925) was a French physicist.
Together with his colleague Charles Fabry he developed the Fabry–Pérot interferometer in 1899.
The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Janssen Medal for 1912. The Royal Society awarded Fabry and Perot the Rumford medal in 1918.
Spelling
There is some confusion about the spelling of Perot's last name. Perot himself used the spelling Pérot in scientific publications, but according to the French civil registry, his family name was Perot, without accent.
References
^ Fabry, C; Perot, A (1899). "Theorie et applications d'une nouvelle methode de spectroscopie interferentielle". Ann. Chim. Phys. 16 (7).
^ Perot, A; Fabry, C (1899). "On the Application of Interference Phenomena to the Solution of Various Problems of Spectroscopy and Metrology". Astrophysical Journal. 9: 87. Bibcode:1899ApJ.....9...87P. doi:10.1086/140557.
^ "Séance du 16 décembre". Le Moniteur Scientifique du Docteur Quesneville: 135. February 1913. Archived from the original on 2014-10-28.
^ Métivier, Françoise (September–October 2006). "Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot" (PDF). Photoniques (in French) (25). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2007-10-02. (inset "Pérot ou Perot?" on the second page. Translation: "In the previous issue...we wrote "Pérot", after the spelling that Alfred Perot himself used to sign his articles. Several readers pointed out to us that the "official" spelling — that is, the one used on the birth certificate — does not have an accent.")
External links
Media related to Alfred Pérot at Wikimedia Commons
Joseph F. Mulligan (1998). "Who were Fabry and Pérot?" (PDF). Am. J. Phys. 66 (9): 797. Bibcode:1998AmJPh..66..797M. doi:10.1119/1.18960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-22.
"Alfred Perot, un expérimentateur et inventeur de talent" A good biography, in French.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
zbMATH
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a French physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones
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The Rolling Stones
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["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 1962–1964: Building a following","1.3 1965–1967: Height of fame","1.4 1968–1972: Jones' departure and death, Mick Taylor joins, \"Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World\"","1.5 1972–1977: Critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood replaces Taylor","1.6 1978–1982: Commercial peak","1.7 1983–1988: Band turmoil and solo projects","1.8 1989–1999: Comeback, record-breaking tours and Wyman's departure","1.9 2000–2011: 40th anniversary, A Bigger Bang and continued success","1.10 2012–2016: 50th anniversary, documentary and Blue & Lonesome","1.11 2017–present: No Filter Tour, Watts' death, and Hackney Diamonds","2 Musical development","3 Legacy","4 Live performances","5 Band members","6 Discography","7 Tours","8 Awards and nominations","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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English rock band
This article is about the band. For the magazine, see Rolling Stone. For other uses, see Rolling Stone (disambiguation).
The Rolling StonesThe Rolling Stones performing at Summerfest in Milwaukee in 2015. From left to right: Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards.Background informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenres
Rock
pop
blues
Discography
Albums and singles
songs
Years active1962–presentLabels
Decca
London
Rolling Stones
Virgin
ABKCO
Interscope
Polydor
Columbia
Atlantic
A&M
Geffen
Members
Mick Jagger
Keith Richards
Ronnie Wood
Past members
Brian Jones
Ian Stewart
Bill Wyman
Charlie Watts
Mick Taylor
Websiterollingstones.com
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. Active across seven decades, they are one of the most popular and enduring bands of the rock era. In the early 1960s, the band pioneered the gritty, rhythmically driven sound that came to define hard rock. Their first stable line-up consisted of vocalist Mick Jagger, guitarist Keith Richards, multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones, bassist Bill Wyman, and drummer Charlie Watts. During their early years, Jones was the primary leader of the band. After Andrew Loog Oldham became the group's manager in 1963, he encouraged them to write their own songs. The Jagger–Richards partnership became the band's primary songwriting and creative force.
Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the Rolling Stones started out playing covers and were at the forefront of the British Invasion in 1964, becoming identified with the youthful counterculture of the 1960s. They then found greater success with their own material, as "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", "Get Off of My Cloud" (both 1965), and "Paint It Black" (1966) became international number-one hits. Aftermath (1966), their first entirely original album, is often considered to be the most important of their early albums. In 1967, they had the double-sided hit "Ruby Tuesday"/"Let's Spend the Night Together" and experimented with psychedelic rock on Their Satanic Majesties Request. By the end of the 1960s, they had returned to their rhythm and blues-based rock sound, with hit singles "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (1968) and "Honky Tonk Women" (1969), and albums Beggars Banquet (1968), featuring "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Street Fighting Man", and Let It Bleed (1969), featuring "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Gimme Shelter".
Jones left the band shortly before his death in 1969, having been replaced by guitarist Mick Taylor. That year they were first introduced on stage as "the greatest rock and roll band in the world". Sticky Fingers (1971), which yielded "Brown Sugar" and "Wild Horses" and included the first usage of their tongue and lips logo, was their first of eight consecutive number-one studio albums in the US. It was followed by Exile on Main St. (1972), featuring "Tumbling Dice" and "Happy", and Goats Head Soup (1973), featuring "Angie". Taylor left the band at the end of 1974 and was replaced by Ronnie Wood. The band released Some Girls in 1978, featuring "Miss You" and "Beast of Burden", and Tattoo You in 1981, featuring "Start Me Up". Steel Wheels (1989) was widely considered a comeback album and was followed by Voodoo Lounge (1994). Both releases were promoted by large stadium and arena tours, as the Stones continued to be a huge concert attraction; by 2007, they had recorded the all-time highest-grossing concert tour three times, and they were the highest-earning live act of 2021. Following Wyman's departure in 1993, the band continued as a four-piece core, with Darryl Jones becoming their regular bassist, and then as a three-piece core following Watts' death in 2021, with Steve Jordan becoming their regular drummer. Hackney Diamonds, the band's first new album of original material in 18 years, was released in October 2023, becoming their fourteenth UK number-one album.
The Rolling Stones' estimated record sales of more than 250 million make them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. They have won three Grammy Awards and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. Billboard and Rolling Stone have ranked them as one of the greatest artists of all time.
History
Early history
The blue plaque commemorating Jagger and Richards meeting on Platform 2 at Dartford railway station in Dartford, Kent, on 17 October 1961
Keith Richards and Mick Jagger became classmates and childhood friends in 1950 in Dartford, Kent. The Jagger family moved to Wilmington, Kent, five miles (8.0 km) away, in 1954. In the mid-1950s Jagger formed a garage band with his friend Dick Taylor; the group mainly played material by Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley. Jagger next met Richards on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station. Jagger was carrying records by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters; these revealed to Richards a shared interest. A musical partnership began shortly afterwards. Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house. The meetings moved to Taylor's house in late 1961, where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio; the quintet called themselves the Blues Boys.
In March 1962, the Blues Boys read about the Ealing Jazz Club in the newspaper Jazz News, which mentioned Alexis Korner's rhythm and blues band, Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated. The Blues Boys sent a tape of their best recordings to Korner, who was impressed. On 7 April, they visited the Ealing Jazz Club, where they met the members of Blues Incorporated, who included slide guitarist Brian Jones, keyboardist Ian Stewart, and drummer Charlie Watts. After a meeting with Korner, Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group.
Having left Blues Incorporated, Jones advertised for bandmates in Jazz Weekly in the week of 2 May 1962. Ian Stewart was among the first to respond to the ad. In June, Jagger, Taylor, and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart. The first rehearsal included guitarist Geoff Bradford and vocalist Brian Knight, both of whom decided not to join the band. They objected to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs preferred by Jagger and Richards. That same month, the addition of the drummer Tony Chapman completed the line-up of Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, and Taylor. According to Richards, Jones named the band during a phone call to Jazz News. When asked by a journalist for the band's name, Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor; one of the tracks was "Rollin' Stone". Jones was the band's "uncontested leader" during its early years and a key to the band's early success.
1962–1964: Building a following
The band played their first show billed as "the Rollin' Stones" on 12 July 1962, at the Marquee Club in London. At the time, the band consisted of Jones, Jagger, Richards, Stewart, and Taylor. Bill Wyman auditioned for the role of bass guitarist at a pub in Chelsea on 7 December 1962 and was hired as a successor to Dick Taylor. The band were impressed by his instrument and amplifiers (including the Vox AC30). The classic line-up of the Rolling Stones, with Charlie Watts on drums, played for the first time in public on Saturday, 12 January 1963 at the Ealing Jazz Club. However, it was not until a gig there on 2 February 1963 that Watts became the Stones' permanent drummer.
The backroom of the former Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London, where the Rolling Stones had their first residency, beginning in February 1963
Shortly afterwards, the band began their first tour of the UK, performing Chicago blues, including songs by Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. By 1963, they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity. In 1964, they beat the Beatles as the number one United Kingdom band in two surveys. The band's name was changed shortly after their first gig to "The Rolling Stones". The group's then acting manager, Giorgio Gomelsky, secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London, in February 1963.
In May 1963, the Rolling Stones signed Andrew Loog Oldham as their manager. He had been directed to them by his previous clients, the Beatles. Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority—he was also younger than anyone in the band—he could not obtain an agent's licence or sign any contracts without his mother co-signing. By necessity he joined with booking agent Eric Easton to secure record financing and assistance booking venues. Gomelsky, who had no written agreement with the band, was not consulted.
Oldham initially tried applying the strategy used by Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, and have the band members wear suits. He later changed his mind and imagined a band that contrasted with the Beatles, featuring unmatched clothing, long hair, and an unclean appearance. He wanted to make the Stones "a raunchy, gamy, unpredictable bunch of undesirables" and to "establish that the Stones were threatening, uncouth and animalistic". Stewart left the official line-up, but remained road manager and touring keyboardist. Of Stewart's decision, Oldham later said, "Well, he just doesn't look the part, and six is too many for to remember the faces in the picture." Later, Oldham reduced the band members' ages in publicity material to make them appear as teenagers.
Decca Records, which had declined to sign a deal with the Beatles, gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms. The band were to receive a royalty rate three times as high as that typically given to a new act, full artistic control of recordings, and ownership of the recording master tapes. The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios. Regent Sound Studios, a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment, became their preferred location. Oldham, who had no recording experience but made himself the band's producer, said Regent had a sound that "leaked, instrument-to-instrument, the right way" creating a "wall of noise" that worked well for the band. Because of Regent's low booking rates, the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three-hour blocks common at other studios. All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album, The Rolling Stones, were recorded there.
Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones' independence with the Beatles' obligation to record in EMI's studios, saying it made the Beatles appear as "mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man". He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoint to the Beatles, by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album. He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as: "Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone?" In contrast, Wyman says: "Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later, completely there, accidentally. ... never did engineer it. He simply exploited it exhaustively." In a 1971 interview, Wyman stated, "We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little dance steps, wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter."
A cover version of Chuck Berry's "Come On" was the Rolling Stones' first single, released on 7 June 1963. The band refused to play it at live gigs, and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record. At Oldham's direction, fan-club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts, helping "Come On" rise to number 21 on the UK Singles Chart. Having a charting single gave the band entrée to play outside London, starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July, sharing the billing with the Hollies. Later in 1963, Oldham and Easton arranged the band's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars, including Bo Diddley, Little Richard, and the Everly Brothers. The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft.
During the tour, the band recorded their second single, a Lennon–McCartney song, "I Wanna Be Your Man". It reached number 13 on the UK charts. The Beatles' own recording of the song is included on the 1963 album With the Beatles. On 1 January 1964, the Stones' were the first band to play on BBC's Top of the Pops, performing "I Wanna Be Your Man". In January 1964 the band released a self-titled EP, which became their first number 1 record in the UK. The third single by the Stones, Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away", reflecting Bo Diddley's style, was released in February 1964 and reached number 3.
The Rolling Stones arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands, in 1964. From left to right: Wyman, Richards, Jones, Watts and Jagger
Oldham saw little future for an act that gave up the chance to get significant songwriting royalties by only playing the songs of what he described as "middle-aged blacks", thus limiting their appeal to teenage audiences. Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together. Oldham described the first batch as "soppy and imitative". Because the band's songwriting developed slowly, songs on their first album The Rolling Stones (1964; issued in the US as England's Newest Hit Makers), were primarily covers, with only one Jagger/Richards original—"Tell Me (You're Coming Back)"—and two numbers credited to Nanker Phelge, the pen name used for songs written by the entire group.
The Rolling Stones' first US tour in June 1964 was "a disaster", according to Wyman. "When we arrived, we didn't have a hit record or anything going for us." When the band appeared on the variety show The Hollywood Palace, that week's guest host, Dean Martin, mocked both their hair and their performance. During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago, meeting many of their most important influences, including Muddy Waters. These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones' first number 1 hit in the UK, their cover version of Bobby and Shirley Womack's "It's All Over Now".
The Stones followed the Famous Flames, featuring James Brown, in the theatrical release of the 1964 film T.A.M.I. Show, which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists. According to Jagger, "We weren't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section. Nevertheless, he was still very annoyed about it ..." On 25 October the band appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show. Because of the pandemonium surrounding the Stones, Sullivan initially declined to rebook them. However, he booked them for appearances in 1966 and 1967.
A second EP, Five by Five, was issued in the UK in August 1964. In the US the EP was expanded into their second LP, 12 X 5, which was released in October during the tour. The Rolling Stones' fifth UK single, a cover of Willie Dixon's "Little Red Rooster"—with "Off the Hook", credited to Nanker Phelge, as the B-side—was released in November 1964 and became their second number 1 hit in the UK. The band's US distributors, London Records, declined to release "Little Red Rooster" as a single. In December 1964, the distributor released the band's first single with Jagger/Richards originals on both sides: "Heart of Stone", with "What a Shame" as the B-side; the single went to number 19 in the US.
1965–1967: Height of fame
Three members of the Rolling Stones, Richards, Wyman and Watts, at Turku Airport in Turku, Finland, on 25 June 1965
The band's second UK LP, The Rolling Stones No. 2, was released in January 1965 and reached number 1 on the charts. The US version, released in February as The Rolling Stones, Now!, reached number 5. The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles. In January and February of that year, the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in Australia and New Zealand. The single "The Last Time", released in February, was the first Jagger/Richards composition to reach number 1 on the UK charts; it reached number 9 in the US. It was later identified by Richards as "the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it."
An advertisement for the 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour
Their first international number 1 hit was "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", recorded in May 1965 during the band's third North American tour. Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox as a scratch track to guide a horn section. Nevertheless, the final cut did not include the planned horn overdubs. Issued in the summer of 1965, it was their fourth UK number 1 and their first in the US, where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100. It was a worldwide commercial success for the band. The US version of the LP Out of Our Heads, released in July 1965, also went to number 1; it included seven original songs, three Jagger/Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge. The UK version of Out of Our Heads was released in September 1965. Their second international number 1 single "Get Off of My Cloud" was released in the autumn of 1965, followed by another US-only LP, December's Children (And Everybody's).
The album Aftermath, released in the late spring of 1966, was the first LP to be composed entirely of Jagger/Richards songs; it reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US. According to The Daily Telegraph, Aftermath is often regarded as the most important of the band's formative records. On this album, Jones' contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica. To the Middle Eastern-influenced "Paint It Black" he added sitar; to the ballad "Lady Jane" he added dulcimer, and to "Under My Thumb" he added marimbas. Aftermath also contained "Goin' Home", a nearly 12-minute song that included elements of jamming and improvisation.
The Stones' success on the British and American singles charts peaked during the 1960s. "19th Nervous Breakdown" was released in February 1966, and reached number 2 in the UK and US charts; "Paint It Black" reached number 1 in the UK and US in May 1966. "Mother's Little Helper", released in June 1966, reached number 8 in the US; it was one of the first pop songs to discuss the issue of prescription drug abuse. "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" was released in September 1966 and reached number 5 in the UK and number 9 in the US. It had a number of firsts for the group: it was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns, and the back-cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag. The song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos, directed by Peter Whitehead.
During their North American tour in June and July 1966, the Stones' high-energy concerts proved highly successful with young people, while alienating local police who had the physically exhausting task of controlling the often rebellious crowds. According to the Stones historians Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon, the band's notoriety "among the authorities and the establishment seems to have been inversely proportional to their popularity among young people". In an effort to capitalise on this, London released the live album Got Live If You Want It! in December. The band's first greatest hits album Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) was released in the UK in November 1966, a different version of which had been released in the US in March that year.
In January 1967, Between the Buttons was released, and reached number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. It was Andrew Oldham's last venture as the Rolling Stones' producer. Allen Klein took over his role as the band's manager in 1965. Richards recalled, "There was a new deal with Decca to be made ... and he said he could do it." The US version included the double A-side single "Let's Spend the Night Together" and "Ruby Tuesday", which went to number 1 in the US and number 3 in the UK. When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show in January, they were ordered to change the lyrics of the refrain of "Let's Spend the Night Together" to "let's spend some time together".
In early 1967, Jagger, Richards, and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use, after News of the World ran a three-part feature entitled "Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You". The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including the Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and described alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians. The first article targeted Donovan (who was raided and charged soon after); the second instalment (published on 5 February) targeted the Rolling Stones. A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish, and invited his companions back to his flat for a "smoke". The article claimed this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones. Two days after the article was published, Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World.
A week later, on 12 February, Sussex police, tipped off by the paper, raided a party at Keith Richards' home, Redlands. No arrests were made at the time, but Jagger, Richards, and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences. Andrew Oldham was afraid of being arrested and fled to America. Richards said in 2003, "When we got busted at Redlands, it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped. Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted."
In March 1967, while awaiting the consequences of the police raid, Jagger, Richards, and Jones took a short trip to Morocco, accompanied by Marianne Faithfull, Jones' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg, and other friends. During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that she left Morocco with Richards. Richards said later: "That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian. He'd never forgive me for that and I don't blame him, but hell, shit happens." Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years. Despite these complications, the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967. The tour included the band's first performances in Poland, Greece, and Italy. June 1967 saw the release of the US-only compilation album Flowers.
On 10 May 1967, the day Jagger, Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges, Jones' house was raided by police. He was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis. Three of the five Stones now faced drug charges. Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June. Jagger received a three-month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to a year in prison. Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point but were released on bail the next day, pending appeal.
The Times ran an editorial, "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?", in which conservative editor William Rees-Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing, pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than "any purely anonymous young man". While awaiting the appeal hearings, the band recorded a new single, "We Love You", as a thank you for their fans' loyalty. It began with the sound of prison doors closing, and the accompanying music video included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde. On 31 July, the appeals court overturned Richards' conviction, and reduced Jagger's sentence to a conditional discharge. Jones' trial took place in November 1967. In December, after appealing the original prison sentence, Jones received a £1,000 fine and was put on three years' probation, with an order to seek professional help.
In December 1967, the band released Their Satanic Majesties Request, which reached number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. It drew unfavourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Satanic Majesties was recorded while Jagger, Richards, and Jones were awaiting their court cases. The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions. The split was publicly amicable, but in 2003 Jagger said: "The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we weren't concentrating and that we were being childish. It was not a great moment really—and I would have thought it wasn't a great moment for Andrew either. There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point, that was Andrew's job." Satanic Majesties became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own. Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art, which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper, who had also photographed the cover of Sgt. Pepper. Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album: "In Another Land", also released as a single, the first on which Jagger did not sing lead.
1968–1972: Jones' departure and death, Mick Taylor joins, "Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World"
The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album. Those sessions resulted in the song "Jumpin' Jack Flash", released as a single in May. The subsequent album, Beggars Banquet, an eclectic mix of country and blues–inspired tunes, marked the band's return to their rhythm and blues roots. It was also the beginning of their collaboration with producer Jimmy Miller. It featured the lead single "Street Fighting Man" (which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968) and "Sympathy for the Devil". Controversy over the design of the album cover, which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the wall behind it, delayed the album's release for six months. While the band had "absolute artistic control over their albums", Decca was not enthused about the cover's depiction of graffiti reading "John Loves Yoko" being included; the album was released that December, with a different cover design.
Brian Jones pictured outside his home, Cotchford Farm in East Sussex, in 1969
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, which originally began as an idea about "the new shape of the rock-and-roll concert tour", was filmed at the end of 1968. It featured John Lennon, Yoko Ono, the Dirty Mac, the Who, Jethro Tull, Marianne Faithfull, and Taj Mahal. The footage was shelved for 28 years but was finally released officially in 1996, with a DVD version released in October 2004.
By the time Beggars Banquet was released, Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band. Jagger said that Jones was "not psychologically suited to this way of life". His drug use had become a hindrance, and he was unable to obtain a US visa. Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger, Watts, and himself at Jones' house, Jones admitted that he was unable to "go on the road again", and left the band saying, "I've left, and if I want to I can come back." On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex. The band auditioned several guitarists, including Paul Kossoff, as a replacement for Jones, before settling on Mick Taylor, who was recommended to Jagger by John Mayall.
Mick Taylor, who replaced Brian Jones in the band
The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London's Hyde Park, two days after Jones' death; they decided to go ahead with the show as a tribute to him. Jagger began by reading an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Adonaïs, an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats. They released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones before opening their set with "I'm Yours and I'm Hers", a Johnny Winter number. The concert, their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor, was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans. A Granada Television production team filmed the performance, which was broadcast on British television as The Stones in the Park. Blackhill Enterprises stage manager Sam Cutler introduced the Rolling Stones onto the stage by announcing: "Let's welcome the Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World."
Cutler repeated the introduction throughout their 1969 US tour. The show also included the concert debut of their fifth US number 1 single, "Honky Tonk Women", which had been released the previous day. In September 1969 the band's second greatest hits album Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2) was released, featuring a poem in dedication to Jones on the inside cover.
"Gimme Shelter"
Sample of "Gimme Shelter" by The Rolling Stones, from Let It Bleed (1969)
"Brown Sugar"
Sample of "Brown Sugar" by The Rolling Stones, from Sticky Fingers (1971)
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The Stones' last album of the 1960s was Let It Bleed, which reached number 1 in the UK and number 3 in the US. It featured "Gimme Shelter" with guest lead female vocals by Merry Clayton (sister of Sam Clayton, of the American rock band Little Feat). Other tracks include "You Can't Always Get What You Want" (with accompaniment by the London Bach Choir, who initially asked that their name be removed from the album's credits after apparently being "horrified" by the content of some of its other material, but later withdrew this request), "Midnight Rambler", as well as a cover of Robert Johnson's "Love in Vain". Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album.
Just after the US tour ended, the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway, about fifty miles (80 km) east of San Francisco. A Hells Angels biker gang provided security, and a fan, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised he was armed. Part of the tour, and the Altamont concert, was documented in Albert and David Maysles' film Gimme Shelter. In response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings (in particular Live'r Than You'll Ever Be, recorded during the 1969 tour), the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! was released in 1970. Critic Lester Bangs declared it the best-ever live album. It reached number 1 in the UK and number 6 in the US.
At the end of the decade, the band appeared on BBC's review of the 1960s music scene, Pop Go the Sixties, performing "Gimme Shelter", which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969. The following year, the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca, but still owed them one more Jagger/Richards–credited single. To get back at the label and fulfil their final contractual obligation, the band came up with the track "Cocksucker Blues"—deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of making it un-releasable. Decca instead released "Street Fighting Man" from Beggar's Banquet as a UK single in July 1971, the track's 1968 single release having been only in the US.
Amid contractual disputes with Klein, they formed their own record company, Rolling Stones Records. Sticky Fingers, released in March 1971, the band's first album on their own label, featured an elaborate cover designed by Andy Warhol. It was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man from the waist down in tight jeans featuring a functioning zipper. When unzipped, it revealed the subject's underwear. In some markets an alternate cover was released because of the perceived offensive nature of the original at the time.
The Rolling Stones' logo, designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun, introduced in 1971
Sticky Fingers' cover was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records, which effectively became the band's logo. It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue. Designer John Pasche created the logo, following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the stuck-out tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali. Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo, Without using the Stones' name, it instantly conjures them, or at least Jagger, as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones' own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of popular music. The tongue and lips design was part of a package that in 2003 VH1 named the best album cover ever. The logo has remained on all the Stones' post-1970 albums and singles, in addition to their merchandise and stage sets. The album contains one of their best-known hits, "Brown Sugar", and the country-influenced "Dead Flowers". "Brown Sugar" and "Wild Horses" were recorded at Alabama's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio after the 1969 American tour. The album continued the band's immersion into heavily blues-influenced compositions; is noted for its "loose, ramshackle ambience"; and marked Mick Taylor's first full album with the band. Sticky Fingers reached number 1 in both the UK and the US.
In 1968, the Stones, acting on a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart, put a control room in a van and created the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio so they would not be limited to the standard 9–5 operating hours of most recording studios. The band lent the mobile studio to other artists, including Led Zeppelin, who used it to record Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). Deep Purple immortalised the mobile studio itself in the song "Smoke on the Water" with the line "the Rolling truck Stones thing just outside, making our music there".
Following the release of Sticky Fingers, the Rolling Stones left England after receiving advice from their financial manager Prince Rupert Loewenstein. He recommended they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year. The band had learned that they had not paid taxes for seven years, despite being assured that their taxes were taken care of; and the UK government was owed a relative fortune. The Stones moved to the South of France, where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and their entourage.
Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, they held recording sessions in the basement. They completed the new tracks, along with material dating as far back as 1969, at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles. The resulting double album, Exile on Main St., was released in May 1972, and reached number one in both the UK and the US. Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau and disparaged by Lester Bangs—who reversed his opinion within months—Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones' best albums. The films Cocksucker Blues (never officially released) and Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (released in 1974) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour.
The band's double compilation album, Hot Rocks 1964–1971, was released in 1971; it reached number 3 in the UK and number 4 in the US. It is certified Diamond in the US, having sold over 6 million copies, being certified 12× Platinum for being a double album, and spent over 347 weeks on the Billboard album chart. A follow-up double compilation album More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies) was released in 1972. In 1974, Bill Wyman was the first band member to release solo material, his album Monkey Grip.
1972–1977: Critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood replaces Taylor
Bill Wyman (left) in 1975 and Mick Jagger (right) in 1976
In 1972, members of the band set up a complex financial structure to reduce the amount of their taxes. Their holding company, Promogroup, has offices in both the Netherlands and the Caribbean. The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments. The band have been tax exiles ever since, meaning they can no longer use Britain as their main residence. Due to the arrangements with the holding company, the band has reportedly paid a tax of just 1.6% on their total earnings of £242 million over the past 20 years.
In November 1972, the band began recording sessions in Kingston, Jamaica, for the album Goats Head Soup; it was released in 1973 and reached number 1 in both the UK and US. The album, which contained the worldwide hit "Angie", was the first in a string of commercially successful, but critically tepidly received, studio albums. The sessions for Goats Head Soup also produced unused material, most notably an early version of the popular ballad "Waiting on a Friend", which was not released until the Tattoo You LP nine years later.
Another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France, interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup. Authorities had issued a warrant for Richards' arrest, and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning. This, along with Jagger's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges, complicated the band's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973: they were denied permission to play in Japan and almost banned from Australia. A European tour followed in September and October 1973, which bypassed France, coming, as it did, after Richards' recent arrest in England on drug charges.
The 1974 album It's Only Rock 'n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany; it reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US. Miller was not invited to return as the album's producer because his "contribution level had dropped". Jagger and Richards, credited as "the Glimmer Twins", produced the album. Both the album and the single of the same name were hits.
Near the end of 1974, Taylor began to lose patience after years of feeling like a "junior citizen in the band of jaded veterans". The band's situation made normal functioning complicated, with members living in different countries, and legal barriers restricting where they could tour. In addition, drug use was starting to affect Taylor's and Richards' productivity, and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised. At the end of 1974, Taylor quit the Rolling Stones. Taylor said in 1980, "I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I wasn't really composing songs or writing at that time. I was just beginning to write, and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest; they can ride along somebody else's success. And there are some people for whom that's not enough. It really wasn't enough for me."
Ronnie Wood (left), on his first tour with the Rolling Stones, with Mick Jagger (right) in Chicago in 1975
The Stones needed a new guitarist, and the recording sessions in Munich for the next album, Black and Blue (1976) (number 2 in the UK, number 1 in the US), provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out. Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck were auditioned, as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis. Both Beck and Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed they had played without realising they were being auditioned. American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out, but Richards and Jagger preferred for the band to remain purely British. When Ronnie Wood auditioned, everyone agreed he was the right choice. He had already recorded and played live with Richards, and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track "It's Only Rock 'n Roll". He had declined Jagger's earlier offer to join the Stones, because of his commitment to Faces, saying "that's what's really important to me". Faces' lead singer Rod Stewart went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones.
In 1975, Wood joined the band as second guitarist for their upcoming Tour of the Americas, which was a contributing factor in the disbandment of Faces. His installment as a Rolling Stone was announced in 1976; unlike the other band members, however, Wood was a salaried employee, which remained the case until the early 1990s, when he finally joined the Stones' business partnership.
The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in New York City with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway. The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience. In June of that year, the Stones' Decca catalogue was purchased by Klein's ABKCO label. In August 1976, the Stones played Knebworth in England in front of 200,000—their largest audience to date—and finished their set at 7 a.m. Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo, a club in Toronto, to produce a long-overdue live album, 1977's Love You Live, the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! It reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 5 in the US.
Richards' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto; the other members had already arrived. On 24 February 1977, when Richards and his family flew in from London, they were temporarily detained by Canadian customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue. Three days later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, armed with an arrest warrant for Anita Pallenberg, discovered 22 grams (0.78 oz) of heroin in Richards' room. He was charged with importing narcotics into Canada, an offence that carried a minimum seven-year sentence. The Crown prosecutor later conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after his arrival.
El Mocambo in Toronto, where some of the live album Love You Live was recorded in 1977
Despite the incident, the band played two shows in Toronto, but caused more controversy when Margaret Trudeau, then-wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was seen partying with the band after one show. The band's shows were not advertised to the public. Instead, the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session. 1050 CHUM, a local radio station, ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine. Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing.
On 4 March, Richards' partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident. The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year. Ultimately, he received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two charity concerts to benefit the Canadian institute for the blind in Oshawa; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians, a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album, which Richards also joined. This episode strengthened Richards' resolve to stop using heroin. It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg, which had become strained since the death of their third child, Tara. Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction as Richards struggled to get clean. While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems, Jagger continued his jet-set lifestyle. He was a regular at New York's Studio 54 disco club, often in the company of model Jerry Hall. His marriage to Bianca Jagger ended in 1977, although they had long been estranged.
Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s, music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band's output, and record sales failed to meet expectations. By the mid-1970s, after punk rock became influential, many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band.
1978–1982: Commercial peak
The group's fortunes changed in 1978, after the band released Some Girls, which included the hit single "Miss You", the country ballad "Far Away Eyes", "Beast of Burden", and "Shattered". In part as a response to punk, many songs, particularly "Respectable", were fast, basic, guitar-driven rock and roll, and the album's success re-established the Rolling Stones' immense popularity among young people. It reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US. Following the 1978 US Tour, the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live. Following the success of Some Girls, the band released their next album, Emotional Rescue, in mid-1980. During recording sessions for the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards slowly developed. Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album. Much to his disappointment, Jagger declined. Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached number 3 in the US.
The Rolling Stones performing at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, December 1981
In early 1981, the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album, as well as to rehearse for the tour. That year's resulting album, Tattoo You, featured a number of outtakes from other recording sessions, including lead single "Start Me Up", which reached number 2 in the US and ranked number 22 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart. Two songs ("Waiting on a Friend" (US number 13) and "Tops") featured Mick Taylor's unused rhythm guitar tracks, while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on "Slave", "Neighbours", and "Waiting on a Friend". The album reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US.
The Rolling Stones reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982 with "Hang Fire". Their 1981 American Tour was their biggest, longest, and most colourful production to date. It was the highest-grossing tour of that year. It included a concert at Chicago's Checkerboard Lounge with Muddy Waters, in one of his last performances before his death in 1983. Some of the shows were recorded. This resulted in the 1982 live album Still Life (American Concert 1981) which reached number 4 in the UK and number 5 in the US, and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let's Spend the Night Together, filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands, New Jersey.
In mid-1982, to commemorate their 20th anniversary, the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe. The European tour was their first in six years and used a similar format to the American tour. The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who continues to perform and record with them. By the end of the year, the Stones had signed a new four-album recording deal with a new label, CBS Records, for a reported $50 million, then the biggest record deal in history.
1983–1988: Band turmoil and solo projects
Before leaving Atlantic, the Rolling Stones released Undercover in late 1983. It reached number 3 in the UK and number 4 in the US. Despite good reviews and the peak Top Ten position of the title track, the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it. Subsequently, the Stones' new marketer/distributor CBS Records took over distributing their Atlantic catalogue.
Richards and Wood during a Stones concert in Turin, Italy, in 1982
By this time, the Jagger/Richards rift had grown significantly. To Richards' annoyance, Jagger signed a solo deal with CBS Records and spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album. He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones. By 1985, Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings. Much of the material on 1986's Dirty Work was generated by Richards, with more contributions from Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums. It was recorded in Paris, and Jagger was often absent from the studio, leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward.
In June 1985, Jagger teamed up with David Bowie for "Dancing in the Street", which was recorded for the Live Aid charity movement. This was one of Jagger's first solo performances, and the song reached number 1 in the UK, and number 7 in the US. In December 1985, Ian Stewart died of a heart attack. The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London's 100 Club in February 1986. Two days later they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Dirty Work was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews, reaching number 4 in both the US and UK. It was the Stones' first album for CBS with an outside producer, Steve Lillywhite. With relations between Richards and Jagger at an all-time low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album and instead undertook a solo tour, where he performed some Rolling Stones songs. As a result of their animosity, the Stones almost broke up. Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (1985), which reached number 6 in the UK and number 13 in the US, and Primitive Cool (1987), which reached number 26 in the UK and number 41 in the US, met with moderate commercial success. In 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, Talk Is Cheap, which reached number 37 in the UK and No. 24 in the US. It was well received by fans and critics, and was certified Gold in the US. Richards has subsequently referred to this late-80s period, when the two were recording solo albums with no obvious reunion of the Stones in sight, as "World War III".
1989–1999: Comeback, record-breaking tours and Wyman's departure
The band's 1994 album Voodoo Lounge was certified multi-platinum. Top: award displayed at the Museo del Rock in Madrid. Bottom: Richards performing onstage in Rio de Janeiro during the accompanying tour.
In early 1989, the Stones - Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Ronnie Wood, Brian Jones, Mick Taylor, and Ian Stewart - were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with Jagger, Richards, Wood and Taylor in attendance. Jagger and Richards set aside their animosity and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album, Steel Wheels. Heralded as a return to form, it included the singles "Mixed Emotions" (US number 5), "Rock and a Hard Place" (US number 23) and "Almost Hear You Sigh". The album also included "Continental Drift", which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier, Morocco, in 1989, with the Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar, coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting. Nigel Finch produced the BBC documentary film The Rolling Stones in Morocco. Finch also directed 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the band's 25-year history, featuring new interviews with the five current members and archival interview materiel of Brain Jones and Mick Taylor. 25x5 aired on the BBC in late 1989 and was released on home video early the following year. Steel Wheels reached number 2 in the UK and number 3 in the US.
The Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour was the band's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date. Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses. Recordings from the tour include the 1991 concert album Flashpoint, which reached number 6 in the UK and number 16 in the US, and the concert film Live at the Max released in 1991. The tour was Bill Wyman's last. After years of deliberation he decided to leave the band, although his departure was not made official until January 1993. He then published Stone Alone, an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had kept since the band's early days. A few years later he formed Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again.
After the successes of the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle tours, the band took a break. Watts released two jazz albums; Wood recorded his fifth solo album, the first in 11 years, called Slide On This; Wyman released his fourth solo album; Richards released his second solo album in late 1992, Main Offender, and did a small tour, including big concerts in Spain and Argentina. Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album, Wandering Spirit, which reached number 12 in the UK and number 11 in the US. The album sold more than two million copies worldwide, being certified Gold in the US.
After Wyman's departure, the Rolling Stones' new distributor/record label, Virgin Records, remastered and repackaged the band's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels, except for the three live albums. They issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back, which reached number 16 in the UK and number 30 in the US. By 1993, the Stones were ready to start recording another studio album. Charlie Watts recruited bassist Darryl Jones, a former sideman of Miles Davis, and Sting, as Wyman's replacement for 1994's Voodoo Lounge. Jones continues to perform with the band as their touring and session bassist. The album met with positive reviews and strong sales, going double platinum in the US. Reviewers took note and credited the album's "traditionalist" sounds to the Rolling Stones' new producer Don Was. Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards. It reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US.
Jagger in Chile during the Voodoo Lounge Tour in 1995
The accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour lasted into the following year and grossed $320 million, becoming the world's highest-grossing tour at the time. Mostly acoustic numbers from various concerts and rehearsals made up Stripped which reached number 9 in the UK and the US. It featured a cover of Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone", as well as infrequently played songs such as "Shine a Light", "Sweet Virginia", and "The Spider and the Fly". On 8 September 1994, the Stones performed their new song "Love Is Strong" and "Start Me Up" at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York. The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony.
The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet; a 20-minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second. The broadcast, engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems, was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video; while it was not a true webcast, it introduced many to the technology.
The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon, released in 1997 to mixed reviews. It reached number 6 in the UK and number 3 in the US. The video of the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featured Angelina Jolie as guest and was given steady rotation on both MTV and VH1. Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records (about 1.2 million copies sold in the US). The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which crossed Europe, North America, and other destinations, proved that the band remained a strong live attraction. Once again, a live album was recorded during the tour, No Security; only this time all but two songs ("Live With Me" and "The Last Time") were previously unreleased on live albums. The album reached number 67 in the UK and number 34 in the US. In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe.
2000–2011: 40th anniversary, A Bigger Bang and continued success
In late 2001, Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway. It met with mixed reviews; it reached number 44 in the UK and number 39 in the US. A month after the September 11 attacks, Jagger, Richards, and a backing band took part in The Concert for New York City, performing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You". In 2002, the Stones released Forty Licks, a greatest hits double album, to mark forty years as a band. The collection contained four new songs recorded with the core band of Jagger, Richards, Watts, Wood, Leavell, and Jones. The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. It reached number 2 in both the US and UK. The same year, Q magazine named the Rolling Stones one of the 50 Bands To See Before You Die. The Stones headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto, Canada, to help the city—which they had used for rehearsals since the Voodoo Lounge tour—recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic; an estimated 490,000 people attended the concert.
On 9 November 2003, the band played their first concert in Hong Kong, as part of the Harbour Fest celebration, in support of its SARS-affected economy. The same month, the band licensed the exclusive rights to sell the new four-DVD boxed set Four Flicks, recorded on their recent world tour, to the US Best Buy chain of stores. In response, some Canadian and US music retail chains (including HMV Canada and Circuit City) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced it with signs explaining why. In 2004, a double live album of the Licks Tour, Live Licks, was released and certified gold in the US. It reached number 2 in both the UK and US. In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame.
The Stones at San Siro stadium, Milan, during A Bigger Bang Tour, July 2006The Stones at Twickenham Stadium in London, August 2006
The band's first new album in almost eight years, A Bigger Bang, was released on 6 September 2005 to positive reviews, including a glowing write-up in Rolling Stone magazine. The album reached number 2 in the UK and number 3 in the US. The single "Streets of Love" reached the top 15 in the UK. The album included the political "Sweet Neo Con", Jagger's criticism of American Neoconservatism. Richards was initially worried about a political backlash in the US, but did not object to the lyrics, saying "I just didn't want it to become some peripheral distractions/political storm in a tea-cup sort of thing." The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005, and included North America, South America, and East Asia. In February 2006, the group played the half-time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan. By the end of 2005, the Bigger Bang tour had set a record of $162 million in gross receipts, breaking the North American mark set by the band in 1994. On 18 February 2006, the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro—one of the largest rock concerts of all time.
After performances in Japan, China, Australia, and New Zealand in March and April 2006, the Stones' tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe. During the break, Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji, where he had been on holiday. The incident led to a six-week delay in launching the European leg of the tour. In June 2006, it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his alcohol abuse rehabilitation programme, but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule. Mick Jagger's throat problems forced the cancellation of three shows and the rescheduling of several others that fall. The Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006, and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007. By November 2006, the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest-grossing tour of all time.
The Rolling Stones at the Berlin Film Festival's world premiere of Martin Scorsese's documentary Shine a Light. From left to right: Watts, Wood, Richards, and Jagger.
Martin Scorsese filmed the Stones performances at New York City's Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 for the documentary film, Shine a Light, released in 2008. The film features guest appearances by Buddy Guy, Jack White, and Christina Aguilera. An accompanying soundtrack, also titled Shine a Light, was released in April 2008 and reached number 2 in the UK and number 11 in the US. The album's debut at number 2 on the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970. At the Beacon Theatre show, music executive Ahmet Ertegun fell and later died from his injuries.
The band toured Europe throughout June and August 2007. 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band's second four-disc DVD set: The Biggest Bang, a seven-hour film featuring their shows in Austin, Rio de Janeiro, Saitama, Shanghai, and Buenos Aires, along with extras. On 10 June 2007, the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years, at the Isle of Wight Festival, to a crowd of 65,000, and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse. On 26 August 2007, they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at the O2 Arena in London. At the conclusion of the tour, the band had grossed a record-setting $558 million and were listed in the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records. On 12 November 2007, ABKCO released Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones, a double-CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold. In July 2008, the Rolling Stones left EMI to sign with Vivendi's Universal Music, taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers. New music released by the band while under this contract was to be issued through Universal's Polydor label.
During the autumn, Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions. Jagger and Mick Taylor also recorded a session together in London, where Taylor added a new guitar track to what would be the expanded album's single, "Plundered My Soul". On 17 April 2010, the band released a limited edition 7-inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track "Plundered My Soul", as part of Record Store Day. The track, part of the group's 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St., was combined with "All Down the Line" as its B-side. The band appeared at the Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary Stones in Exile (directed by Stephen Kijak) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St. On 23 May, the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached number 1 on the UK charts, almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position. The band became the first act to see a classic work return to number 1 decades after it was first released. In the US, the album re-entered the charts at number 2.
Loewenstein proposed to the band that they wind down their recording and touring activity and sell off their assets. The band disagreed, and that year Loewenstein parted from the band after four decades as their manager, later writing the memoir A Prince Among Stones. Joyce Smyth, a lawyer who had long been working for the Stones, took over as their full-time manager in 2010. Smyth would go on to win Top Manager in the 2019 Billboard Live Music Awards.
In October 2010, the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones to cinemas and later to DVD. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the United States. Although originally released to cinemas in 1974, it had never been available for home release, apart from bootleg recordings. In October 2011, the Stones released The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 to cinemas. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US. This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft. Worth, Texas, in support of their 1978 US Tour and their album Some Girls. The film was released (on DVD/Blu-ray Disc) on 15 November 2011. On 21 November, the band reissued Some Girls as a 2-CD deluxe edition. The second CD included twelve previously unreleased tracks (except "So Young", which was a B-side to "Out of Tears") from the sessions, with mostly newly recorded vocals by Jagger.
2012–2016: 50th anniversary, documentary and Blue & Lonesome
The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones: 50. A new take on the band's lip-and-tongue logo, designed by Shepard Fairey, was also revealed and used during the celebrations. Jagger's brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia, in conjunction with the celebrations.
The documentary Crossfire Hurricane, directed by Brett Morgen, was released in October 2012. He conducted approximately fifty hours of interviews for the film, including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor. This was the first official career-spanning documentary since 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1989. A new compilation album, GRRR!, was released on 12 November. Available in four different formats, it included two new tracks, "Doom and Gloom" and "One More Shot", recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris, France, in the last few weeks of August 2012. The album went on to sell over two million copies worldwide. The music video for "Doom and Gloom", featuring Noomi Rapace, was released on 20 November.
In November 2012, the Stones began their 50 & Counting... tour at London's O2 Arena, where they were joined by Jeff Beck. At their second show, in London, Eric Clapton and Florence Welch joined the group onstage. The third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York. The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, on 13 and 15 December. Bruce Springsteen and blues–rock band the Black Keys joined the band on the final night. The stage on this tour was designed so that the lips could "inflate and deflate during different parts of the show." The band also played two songs at 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief.
In July 2013, the Stones played Hyde Park for the first time since 1969, with Mick Taylor performing with the band for the first time since 1974.
The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013 with various guest stars, including Katy Perry and Taylor Swift, before returning to the UK. In June, the band performed at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival. They returned to Hyde Park in July and performed the same set list as their 1969 concert at the venue. Hyde Park Live, a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July, was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month. An award-winning live DVD, Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park, was released on 11 November.
In February 2014, the band embarked on their 14 On Fire tour, scheduled for the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Europe and to go until the summer. On 17 March, Jagger's long-time partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly, resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October. On 4 June, the Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel. Haaretz described the concert as being "Historic with a capital H". In a 2015 interview with Jagger, when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated, "Nah, not in the moment. I'm thinking about what the next tour is. I'm not thinking about retirement. I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'"
The Stones playing in Havana, Cuba, in March 2016; a spokesman for the band called it "the first open air concert in Cuba by a British rock band".
The Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016. On 25 March, the band played a bonus show, a free open-air concert in Havana, Cuba, which was attended by an estimated 500,000 concert-goers. In June of that year, the Rolling Stones released Totally Stripped, an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped, in multiple formats. Their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba was commemorated in the film Havana Moon. It premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide. The film Olé Olé Olé: A Trip Across Latin America, a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 16 September 2016; it came out on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 May 2017. The Stones performed at the Desert Trip festival held in Indio, California, playing two nights, 7 and 14 October, the same nights as Bob Dylan.
The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016. The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists such as Howlin' Wolf, Jimmy Reed, and Little Walter. Recording took place in British Grove Studios, London, in December 2015, and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks. The album reached number 1 in the UK, the second-highest opening sales week for an album that year. It also debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200.
2017–present: No Filter Tour, Watts' death, and Hackney Diamonds
In July 2017, the Toronto Sun reported that the Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade, but recording was later ultimately delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On Air, a collection of 18 recordings the band performed on the BBC between 1963 and 1965, was released in December 2017. The album featured eight songs the band had never recorded or released commercially.
The band's plane touches down in Amsterdam (top) in October 2017 during the No Filter Tour European leg, which ended at London Stadium (bottom) in May 2018.
In May 2017, the No Filter Tour was announced, with fourteen shows in twelve different venues across Europe in September and October of the same year. It was later extended to go from May to July 2018, adding fourteen new dates across the UK and Europe, making it the band's first UK tour since 2006. In November 2018, the Stones announced plans to bring the No Filter Tour to US stadiums in 2019, with 13 shows set to run from April to June. In March 2019, it was announced that Jagger would be undergoing heart valve replacement surgery, forcing the band to postpone the 17-date North American leg of their No Filter Tour. On 4 April 2019, it was announced that Jagger had completed his heart valve procedure in New York, was recovering (in hospital) after a successful operation, and could be released in the following few days. On 16 May, the Rolling Stones announced that the No Filter Tour would resume on 21 June with the 17 postponed dates rescheduled up to the end of August. In March 2020, the No Filter Tour was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Rolling Stones—featuring Jagger, Richards, Watts, and Wood at their homes—were one of the headline acts on Global Citizen's One World: Together at Home on-line and on-screen concert on 18 April 2020, a global event featuring dozens of artists and comedians to support frontline healthcare workers and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. On 23 April, Jagger announced through his Facebook page the release (the same day at 5pm BST) of the single "Living in a Ghost Town", a new Rolling Stones song recorded in London and Los Angeles in 2019 and finished in isolation (part of the new material that the band were recording in the studio before the COVID-19 lockdown), a song that the band "thought would resonate through the times we're living in" and their first original one since 2012. The song reached number 1 on the German Singles Chart, the first time the Stones had reached the top spot in 52 years, and making them the oldest artists ever to do so.
The Rolling Stones on stage at BST Hyde Park 2022, a year after the death of Watts. Left to right: Jagger, Wood, and Richards.
The band's 1973 album Goats Head Soup was reissued on 4 September 2020 and featured previously unreleased outtakes: such as "Criss Cross", which was released as a single and music video on 9 July 2020; "Scarlet", featuring Jimmy Page; and "All the Rage". On 11 September 2020, the album topped the UK Albums Chart as the Rolling Stones became the first artist to top the chart across six different decades.
In August 2021, it was announced that Watts would undergo an unspecified medical procedure and would not perform on the remainder of the No Filter tour; the longtime Stones associate Steve Jordan filled in as drummer. Watts died on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80, in a London hospital with his family around him. For 10 days, the contents of the Rolling Stones' official website were replaced with a picture of Watts, in his memory. On 27 August, the band's social media accounts shared a montage of pictures and videos of Watts. The band subsequently showed pictures and videos of Watts at the beginning of each concert on the No Filter tour. The short segment is roughly a minute long and plays a simple drum track by Watts. They became the highest-earning live act of 2021, surpassing Taylor Swift; since 2018 the two have traded the top two spots. The band began a new tour in 2022, with Jordan on drums.
Following reports in February 2023 that former Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr would appear on their yet-named new album, representatives for the band confirmed that McCartney will appear but stated that Starr would not. This will mark the first time that McCartney and the Stones have collaborated on a studio album. Four months later, it was reported that Wyman would return for a song, more than 30 years after his departure from the band; the album is expected to be released in late 2023.
The Stones announced their 2023 album, Hackney Diamonds, at the Hackney Empire in London (pictured) in a news conference at the venue.
In August 2023, media outlets reported, based on an advertisement in a local UK newspaper, that a new Stones album might be released in September 2023. The Hackney Gazette advertisement made reference to several previous Stones hits, and linked to a fictitious diamond jeweller called "Hackney Diamonds", whose website privacy policy is that of Universal Music Group; the band's logo was used to dot the letter "i" in "diamonds". On 29 August, the band confirmed association with the website through posts on its social media profiles. Because of the advertisement, it was suspected that the album could be called Hackney Diamonds. Elton John, Lady Gaga, Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney, among others, are expected to guest on the new album. On 6 September 2023, Jagger, Richards and Wood appeared in a live Q&A with Jimmy Fallon to announce that Hackney Diamonds would be released on 20 October 2023. The album features the final two songs Charlie Watts recorded with the band prior to his death, and it also features former longtime bassist Bill Wyman on one of the album's tracks, marking only his second studio recording with the band since 1991's Flashpoint album. "Angry", the album's first single and music video (starring actress Sydney Sweeney), was also released during the Q&A, with the song also landing on the EA Sports FC 24 soundtrack. Jagger speculated that the band's follow-up to Hackney Diamonds was 75% done by the time that album was released. Ten months later, Jagger stated that it is likely the band would release new music "soon".
Musical development
See also: Instruments played by the Rolling Stones
A copy of the signature Telecaster used by Keith Richards, known as "Micawber", in Fender's factory museum
The Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound. Throughout the band's career, their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference to and reliance on musical styles including blues, psychedelia, R&B, country, folk, reggae, dance, and world music—exemplified by Jones' collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka—as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instruments such as harps. Brian Jones experimented with the use of non-traditional instruments, such as the sitar and slide guitar, in their early days. The group started out covering early rock 'n' roll and blues songs, and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs. According to biographer Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the Stones "pioneered the gritty, hard-driving blues-based rock & roll that came to define hard rock with a "strong yet subtly swinging rhythm" provided by Wyman and Watts.
Jagger and Richards had a shared admiration of Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf. Little Walter influenced Brian Jones. Richards recalls, "He was more into T-Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff. We'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say, 'Look, it's all the same shit, man, and you can do it.'" Charlie Watts, a traditional jazz drummer, was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair, stating in 2003, "Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that. I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer, playing swing, with a straight four." Jagger, recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Muddy Waters, Fats Domino, and other major American R&B artists, said it "seemed the most real thing" he had heard up to that point. Similarly, Keith Richards, describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters, said it was the "most powerful music ever heard ... the most expressive". He also recalled, "when you think of some dopey, spotty seventeen year old from Dartford, who wants to be Muddy Waters—and there were a lot of us—in a way, very pathetic, but in another way, very ... heartwarming".
Despite the Rolling Stones' predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists, the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide-ranging interest. Critic Richie Unterberger described the first Jagger/Richards single, "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)", as a "pop rock ballad ... When began to write songs, they were usually not derived from the blues, but were often surprisingly fey, slow, Mersey-type pop numbers". "As Tears Go By", the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull, was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and one of many written by the duo for other artists. Jagger said of the song, "It's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time. And we didn't think of it, because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group." The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US.
Richards said of their early writing experiences, "The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten-time, every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts. That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on, because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew , 'Well, at least we gave it a try ...'" Jagger opined, "We were very pop-orientated. We didn't sit around listening to Muddy Waters; we listened to everything. In some ways it's easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes; they were done in ten minutes. I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh, and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us."
A Vox Teardrop guitar used by Brian Jones on display at Hard Rock Cafe in Sacramento, California
The writing of "The Last Time", the Rolling Stones' first major single, proved a turning point. Richards called it "a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it." The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers, but the Rolling Stones' number features a distinctive guitar riff, played by Brian Jones. Prior to the emergence of Jagger/Richards as the Stones' songwriters, the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge. Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger/Richards.
Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood, the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the "ancient art of weaving" responsible for part of their sound—the interplay between two guitarists on stage. Unlike most bands, the Stones follow Richards' lead rather than the drummer's. Likewise, Watts was primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genre's influences to the style of the band's drumming. The following of Richards' lead has led to conflicts between Jagger and Richards, and they have been known to annoy one another, but they have both agreed it makes for a better record; Watts in particular has praised Jagger's production skills. In the studio the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song. Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins' piano playing. On Exile on Main St., Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four.
Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts (often in conjunction with a capo), most prominently an open-E or open-D tuning in 1968. Beginning in 1969, he often used 5-string open-G tuning (with the lower 6th string removed), as heard on the 1969 single "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" (Sticky Fingers, 1971), "Tumbling Dice" (capo IV), "Happy" (capo IV), (Exile on Main St., 1972), and "Start Me Up" (Tattoo You, 1981).
The feuds between Jagger and Richards originated in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict, resulting in Jagger managing the band's affairs for many years. When Richards got himself off heroin and became more present in decision-making, Jagger was not used to it and did not like having his authority diminished. This led to the period Richards has referred to as "World War III". Of making albums with the Stones, Richards referred to it in 2023 as "controlled madness. Mick is the controller and I'm the madness."
Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key, due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio, as tracks tended to be recorded "by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions". Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, "changed music" through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry.
Stephen Hyden writes:The Rolling Stones turn 50 next year, an unprecedented milestone for a rock group and confirmation of an obvious truism: Nobody survives like the world's greatest rock 'n' roll band. Starting out as a purist blues combo that fronted a bad-boy image while recording the occasional Lennon/McCartney pop tune and string-laden ballad to help secure their popularity, the Stones deftly moved through a number of guises in the '60s and '70s while remaining essentially the same band at its core. When arena-rock reigned, the Stones became an excessive live act whose decadence was on par with Led Zeppelin; when David Bowie and glam became the hippest thing in England, Mick Jagger lathered on the mascara and campy posturing. By the time of 1978's Some Girls, the Stones absorbed the energy of New York City's punk and disco scenes so completely that it reinvigorated the band's career, spawning their final (to date) No. 1 single in the U.S., "Miss You."
Legacy
See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Rolling Stones
Aerial view of the Stones' concert at Washington–Grizzly Stadium in Missoula, Montana, in October 2006. On three separate tours, the Stones have set records for the highest-grossing concert tour.
Since their formation in 1962, the Rolling Stones have survived multiple feuds. They have released 30 studio albums, 23 live albums, 12 official compilation albums, many recognised bootleg recordings, all of which comprise over 340 songs. According to OfficialCharts.com, the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time. Their top single is "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", regarded by many at the time as "the classic example of rock and roll". The Stones contributed to the blues lexicon, creating their own "codewords" and slang, such as "losing streak" for menstrual period, which they have used throughout their catalogue of songs.
They pioneered the "raw, blues-based sound" that came to define hard rock and has been viewed as the musical "vanguard of a major transfusion" of various cultural attitudes, making them accessible to youth in Britain and the rest of the world. Muddy Waters was quoted as saying that the Rolling Stones and other English bands piqued the interest of American youth in blues musicians. After they came to the United States, sales of Waters' albums—and those of other blues musicians—increased public interest, thus helping to reconnect the country with its own music.
The Stones were supporters of the civil rights movement, having a clause in period contracts stating that they would not perform in segregated venues. Breach of this clause would fine the promoter £30,100 and allow the band to walk away. Their support of civil rights causes has continued to the current era.
In 1981, Rolling Stone wrote that the Stones "are the great rock & roll rhythm section of our time" and are "special primarily because they understand that a great rock & roll band never takes too much for granted." In 2010, they ranked fourth on the magazine's list of the Greatest Artists of All Time. Steven Van Zandt wrote: The Rolling Stones are my life. If it wasn't for them, I would have been a Soprano for real. I first saw the Stones on TV, on The Hollywood Palace in 1964. In '64, the Beatles were perfect: the hair, the harmonies, the suits. They bowed together. Their music was extraordinarily sophisticated. The whole thing was exciting and alien but very distant in its perfection. The Stones were alien and exciting, too. But with the Stones, the message was, "Maybe you can do this." The hair was sloppier. The harmonies were a bit off. And I don't remember them smiling at all. They had the R&B traditionalist's attitude: "We are not in show business. We are not pop music." And the sex in Mick Jagger's voice was adult. This wasn't pop sex — holding hands, playing spin the bottle. This was the real thing. Jagger had that conversational quality that came from R&B singers and bluesmen, that sort of half-singing, not quite holding notes. The acceptance of Jagger's voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll. He broke open the door for everyone else. Suddenly, Eric Burdon and Van Morrison weren't so weird — even Bob Dylan.
The Rolling Stones store on Carnaby Street in London in 2012. Merchandise has contributed to the band's record-breaking revenues.
The Telegraph has called Mick Jagger "the Rolling Stone who changed music". The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989. The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band and individually. They are also credited with changing the "whole business model of popular music". The only artists to top the UK Album Charts in six different decades, they are tied with Elvis Presley and Robbie Williams for the second most number 1 albums on the Official UK Chart, surpassed only by the Beatles.
In 2002, CNN called the Stones "far and away the most successful act in rock today", adding, "since 1989 alone, the band has generated more than $1.5 billion in gross revenues. That total includes sales of records, song rights, merchandising, sponsorship money, and touring. The Stones have made more money than U2, or Springsteen, or Michael Jackson, or Britney Spears, or the Who—or whoever. Sure, Mick attended the London School of Economics, but his greatest talent, besides strutting and singing, is his ability to surround himself and the rest of the band with a group of very able executives." The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide.
In a review of the band's 2020 acoustic rendition of "You Can't Always Get What You Want" for Global Citizen's One World: Together At Home on-line and on-screen concert, Billboard stated that they are "still the masters of delivering unforgettable live performances." On their enduring appeal and reinvention, Rich Cohen of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2016:
The Stones have gone through at least five stylistic iterations: cover band, '60s pop, '60s acid, '70s groove, '80s New Wave. At some point, they lost that elasticity and ability to reinvent—they got old—but the fact that they did it so well for so long explains their inexhaustible relevance. The Stones have lived and died and been reborn again and again. It means that, for many different generations of adults, the sound of high school was the Rolling Stones. The Stones have reinvented themselves so many times that they might as well be immortal.
The band have received and been nominated for multiple awards including three Grammy Awards (and 12 nominations) and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1986, the Juno Award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991, U.K.'s Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year (2017) for their album Blue & Lonesome, and NME (New Musical Express) awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film, for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane.
On Jagger's 75th birthday in 2018, scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band. Two species, Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi, were placed within a new family Petroperlidae. The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones, derived from the Greek "petra" that stands for "stone". The scientists referred to the fossils as "Rolling Stoneflies". This theme was continued when NASA named a rock disturbed by the thrusters of the Mars InSight Lander "Rolling Stones Rock", as announced by Robert Downey Jr. during the band's 22 August 2019 performance in Pasadena, California. In 2020, a third species of Petroperlidae, Branchioperla ianstewarti, was named after Ian Stewart, pianist and founding member of the band.
In 2019, Billboard magazine ranked the Rolling Stones second on their list of the "Greatest Artists of All Time", based on the band's US chart success. In 2022, the band featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail and their 60th anniversary was commemorated with a collectible coin by the Royal Mint. The band has 38 top-10 albums in the US, the most of any artist. They have sold more than 250 million albums worldwide.
Live performances
Main article: List of the Rolling Stones concert tours
Since their first concert on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London, the Rolling Stones have performed more than two thousand concerts around the world and have gone on over 48 tours of varying length, including three of the highest-grossing tours of all time: Bridges to Babylon, Voodoo Lounge, and A Bigger Bang.
From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around to selling out stadiums worldwide, Rolling Stones tours have changed significantly over the decades. The Stones' early setups were simple compared to what they became later in the band's career, when elaborate stage designs, pyrotechnics, and giant screens were used. By the time the Stones toured America in 1969, they began to fill large halls and arenas, such as The Forum in Inglewood, California. They were also using more equipment, including lighting rigs and better sound equipment, than they had used in clubs.
The 1969 tour is considered a "great watershed tour" by Mick Jagger because they "started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights". Attributing the birth of arena rock to the Stones 1969 US tour, The Guardian ranked it 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history. Before this tour the loudest sound at large-capacity shows was often the crowd, so the Stones used lighting and sound systems that ensured they could be seen and heard in the biggest arenas. The Guardian commented that their "combination of front-of-house excellence and behind-the-scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level." During the 1972 tour, the Stones developed a complex light show that included giant mirrors that bounced the light off them.
The Stones' concert runway at Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, in 2012; it first appeared in Stones' concerts in 1981.
During the 1975 Tour of the Americas, arena shows became an industry for the band, and the Stones hired a new lighting director, Jules Fisher. The props the band used on stage increased in both size and sophistication, similar to those on Broadway. They started to use multiple stages, from which they would select for a particular show. On this tour they had two versions of what Jagger referred to as the "lotus stage". One version had a large Venetian (cylindrical) curtain, and the other had leaves that began in a folded up position and opened during the beginning of the concert. This period also included a variety of props, including inflatable penises and other gimmicks, and incorporated a number of circus tricks.
During the 1981–1982 American tour, the Stones worked with Japanese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium-sized locations and audiences. During this period, stages increased in size to include runways and movable sections of the stage going out into the audience. This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens. Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band.
When you're out there in this vast stadium, you have to physically tiny up on stage, so that's why on the 1981-2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens. We became very aware of not being seen, of just being there like ants. Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights. And when the show gets that big, you need a little extra help, you need a couple of gimmicks, as we call it, in the show. You need fireworks, you need lights, you need a bit of theatre.— Charlie Watts, According to the Rolling Stones
Over time, their props and stage equipment have become increasingly sophisticated. When the Stones began to fill stadium-sized venues, or larger, they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them. This was particularly the case when they performed a free concert for an estimated 1.5 million people in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour in 2006. The show required over 500 lights, hundreds of speakers, and a video screen almost thirteen metres (43 ft) in length. Due to the 2.5 km (1.6 mi) length of the beach on which the Stones performed, sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach, to keep the sound in sync with the music from the stage; for every three hundred and forty metres (1,120 ft) of beach, the sound would be delayed by an additional second.
Band members
Main article: List of Rolling Stones band members
Current members
Mick Jagger – lead and backing vocals, harmonica, rhythm guitar, percussion, keyboards, bass (1962–present)
Keith Richards – lead and rhythm guitars, bass, keyboards, percussion, backing and lead vocals (1962–present)
Ronnie Wood – lead and rhythm guitars, slide guitar, bass, backing vocals, pedal steel guitar (1975–present)
Former members
Brian Jones – lead and rhythm guitars, slide guitar, harmonica, keyboards, sitar, Appalachian dulcimer, marimbas, recorder, saxophone, percussion, backing vocals (1962–1969; died 1969)
Ian Stewart – piano, organ, percussion (1962–1963; touring and session musician 1963–1985; his death)
Bill Wyman – bass, keyboards, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals (1962–1993; guest 2011, 2012, 2023)
Charlie Watts – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1963–2021; his death)
Mick Taylor – lead and slide guitars, bass, synthesisers, congas, backing vocals (1969–1974; guest 1981, 2012–2014)
Discography
Main articles: The Rolling Stones discography and List of songs recorded by the Rolling Stones
Studio albums
The Rolling Stones (1964, UK)
England's Newest Hit Makers (1964, US)
12 X 5 (1964, US)
The Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965, UK)
The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965, US)
Out of Our Heads (1965, UK and US versions different)
December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965, US)
Aftermath (1966, UK and US versions different)
Between the Buttons (1967, UK and US versions different)
Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967, studio albums are uniform in UK and US from this album onwards)
Beggars Banquet (1968)
Let It Bleed (1969)
Sticky Fingers (1971)
Exile on Main St. (1972)
Goats Head Soup (1973)
It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
Black and Blue (1976)
Some Girls (1978)
Emotional Rescue (1980)
Tattoo You (1981)
Undercover (1983)
Dirty Work (1986)
Steel Wheels (1989)
Voodoo Lounge (1994)
Bridges to Babylon (1997)
A Bigger Bang (2005)
Blue & Lonesome (2016)
Hackney Diamonds (2023)
Tours
Main article: List of the Rolling Stones concert tours
British Tour 1963 (1963)
1st British Tour 1964 (1964)
2nd British Tour 1964 (1964)
1st American Tour 1964 (1964)
3rd British Tour 1964 (1964)
4th British Tour 1964 (1964)
2nd American Tour 1964 (1964)
Irish Tour 1965 (1965)
Far East Tour 1965 (1965)
1st British Tour 1965 (1965)
1st European Tour 1965 (1965)
2nd European Tour 1965 (1965)
1st American Tour 1965 (1965)
3rd European Tour 1965 (1965)
2nd Irish Tour 1965 (1965)
4th European Tour 1965 (1965)
2nd British Tour 1965 (1965)
2nd American Tour 1965 (1965)
Australasian Tour 1966 (1966)
European Tour 1966 (1966)
American Tour 1966 (1966)
British Tour 1966 (1966)
European Tour 1967 (1967)
American Tour 1969 (1969)
European Tour 1970 (1970)
UK Tour 1971 (1971)
American Tour 1972 (1972)
Pacific Tour 1973 (1973)
European Tour 1973 (1973)
Tour of the Americas '75 (1975)
Tour of Europe '76 (1976)
US Tour 1978 (1978)
American Tour 1981 (1981)
European Tour 1982 (1982)
Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour (1989–1990)
Voodoo Lounge Tour (1994–1995)
Bridges to Babylon Tour (1997–1998)
No Security Tour (1999)
Licks Tour (2002–2003)
A Bigger Bang Tour (2005–2007)
50 & Counting (2012–2013)
14 On Fire (2014)
Zip Code (2015)
América Latina Olé (2016)
No Filter Tour (2017–2021)
Sixty (2022)
Hackney Diamonds Tour (2024)
Awards and nominations
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by the Rolling Stones
Notes
^ Mick Avory himself has categorically denied "on many occasions" that he played with the Rollin' Stones that night. In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub, before they became known as the Rollin' Stones.
^ Wyman's book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night.
^ The comma in the early version of the song title, "Paint It, Black", being later dropped.
^ News of the World was tipped off by Richards' Belgian chauffeur. The chauffeur "developed a severe perambulatory impediment after ratting the band out to the News of the World in the build-up to the Redlands raid. In Keef's words: 'As I heard it, he never walked the same again.' "
^ The original cover for Beggars Banquet did not surface until the 1980s.
^ The previous performance was in 1976 at the Knebworth Fair.
^ The 2013 show tickets were not free like they were for the 1969 concert the band performed in Hyde Park.
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Further reading
Booth, Stanley (1984). Dance with the Devil: The Rolling Stones & Their Times. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-53488-6.
Booth, Stanley (1995). Keith: Standing in the Shadows. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-11841-9.
Carr, Roy (1976). The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-52641-5.
Egan, Sean (2006). The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-84353-719-9.
Egan, Sean (2014). The Utmost Guide to The Rolling Stones. Askill. ISBN 978-0-954575-06-9.
Flippo, Chet (1985). On the Road With the Rolling Stones. Doubleday/Dolphin. ISBN 978-0-385-19374-0.
Forget, Thomas (2003). The Rolling Stones. Rosen Central. ISBN 978-0-8239-3644-1.
Greenfield, Robert (2002) . S.T.P.: A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81199-9.
Hector, James (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-4303-2.
Hotchner, A. E. (1990). Blown Away: The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-69316-9.
Jackson, Laura (1993). Golden Stone: The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-09820-9.
Janovitz, Bill (2013). Rocks Off: 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-02631-6.
McMillian, John (2013). Beatles vs. Stones. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-5969-9.
Miller, Jim (1980). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-73728-5.
Phelge, James (2000). Nankering with the Stones. A Capella Books. ISBN 978-1-55652-373-1.
Sanchez, Tony (1996). Up and Down with the Rolling Stones. Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-80711-4.
Spitz, Marc (2011). Jagger: Rebel, Rock Star, Rambler, Rogue. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-655-5.
External links
The Rolling Stones at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata
Official website
The Rolling Stones at Curlie
The Rolling Stones at AllMusic
The Rolling Stones discography at Discogs
vteThe Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger
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Ronnie Wood
Brian Jones
Ian Stewart
Bill Wyman
Charlie Watts
Mick Taylor
Dick Taylor
Ricky Fenson
Tony Chapman
Carlo Little
Video releases
Let's Spend the Night Together (1983)
Video Rewind (1984)
Stones at the Max (1992)
Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Voodoo Lounge Live (1995)
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996)
Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98 (1998)
Four Flicks (2003)
Toronto Rocks (2004)
A Bigger Bang: Special Edition (2005)
The Biggest Bang (2007)
T.A.M.I. Show (2010)
Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (2010)
Some Girls: Live in Texas '78 (2011)
Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981 (2012)
Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park (2013)
Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2014)
L.A. Friday (2014)
Live at the Tokyo Dome (2015)
Live at Leeds (2015)
Totally Stripped (2016)
Havana Moon (2016)
Voodoo Lounge Uncut (2018)
Steel Wheels Live (2020)
Documentaries
Charlie Is My Darling (1966)
The Stones in the Park (1969)
Gimme Shelter (1970)
Cocksucker Blues (1972)
25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones (1989)
Stripped (1995)
Shine a Light (2008)
Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (2009)
Stones in Exile (2010)
Crossfire Hurricane (2012)
Olé Olé Olé!: A Trip Across Latin America (2017)
Catching Fire: The Story of Anita Pallenberg
Tours
British Tour 1963
1964 tours
1965 tours
1966 tours
European Tour 1967
American Tour 1969
European Tour 1970
UK Tour 1971
American Tour 1972
Pacific Tour 1973
European Tour 1973
Tour of the Americas '75
Tour of Europe '76
US Tour 1978
American Tour 1981
Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour
Voodoo Lounge Tour
Bridges to Babylon Tour
No Security Tour
Licks Tour
A Bigger Bang Tour
50 & Counting
14 On Fire
Zip Code
América Latina Olé
No Filter Tour
Sixty
Hackney Diamonds Tour
Associated places
Redlands
Stargroves
Nellcôte
The Wick
Downe House
The Mick Jagger Centre
Stones Fan Museum
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Concert tours
Jagger–Richards
Nanker/Phelge
Rolling Stones Records
Promotone
Altamont Free Concert
The Rolling Stones' Redlands bust
Rolling Stones Mobile Studio
The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record
Andrew Loog Oldham
Eric Easton
Allen Klein
Nicky Hopkins
John Pasche
Instruments played
Stone Country: Country Artists Perform the Songs of the Rolling Stones
Tongue and lips logo
The Stone Age: Sixty Years of the Rolling Stones
Category
vteMick JaggerAlbums
She's the Boss
Primitive Cool
Wandering Spirit
Goddess in the Doorway
Alfie
The Very Best of Mick Jagger
Songs
"Memo from Turner"
"Just Another Night"
"Lucky in Love"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Let's Work"
"Sweet Thing"
"God Gave Me Everything"
"Visions of Paradise"
"Joy"
"Old Habits Die Hard"
"Checkin' Up on My Baby"
"Gotta Get a Grip"
"Eazy Sleazy"
Featured singles
"State of Shock"
"T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)"
Related
The Rolling Stones
Jagger–Richards
Solo discography
SuperHeavy
Being Mick
The Mick Jagger Centre
"Moves like Jagger"
Vinyl
Species namedfor Jagger
Aegrotocatellus jaggeri
Anomphalus jaggerius
Jaggermeryx naida
Family
Bianca de Macias (first wife)
Jerry Hall (second wife)
Jade Jagger (daughter)
Elizabeth Jagger (daughter)
Georgia May Jagger (daughter)
Chris Jagger (brother)
Category
vteKeith RichardsSolo discographyStudio albums
Talk Is Cheap
Main Offender
Crosseyed Heart
Live albums
Live at the Hollywood Palladium, December 15, 1988
Compilations
Vintage Vinos
Singles
"Run Rudolph Run"
"Take It So Hard"
"Trouble"
"The Harder They Come"
Bands
The Rolling Stones
The Dirty Mac
The New Barbarians
Other works
Keith Richards: Under the Influence
Life
Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll
Gus & Me
Family
Anita Pallenberg (partner)
Patti Hansen (wife)
Theodora Richards (daughter)
Alexandra Richards (daughter)
Related articles
Jagger–Richards
Wingless Angels
Steve Jordan
Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone
Perirehaedulus richardsi
Category
vteBill WymanStudio albums
Monkey Grip
Stone Alone
Green Ice
Bill Wyman
Back to Basics
Songs
"In Another Land"
"(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star"
"Come Back Suzanne"
Articles related to the Rolling Stones
vteRolling Stones albumsUK and US releases 1964–1967UK releases
The Rolling Stones (1964)
The Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965)
US releases
England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
12 X 5 (1964)
The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
UK and US releases
Out of Our Heads (1965)
Aftermath (1966)
Between the Buttons (1967)
Live albums
Got Live If You Want It! (1966)
Compilations
Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) (1966)
Flowers (1967)
Extended plays
The Rolling Stones (1964)
Five by Five (1964)
Got Live If You Want It! (1965)
International releases 1967–presentStudio albums
Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
Beggars Banquet (1968)
Let It Bleed (1969)
Sticky Fingers (1971)
Exile on Main St. (1972)
Goats Head Soup (1973)
It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
Black and Blue (1976)
Some Girls (1978)
Emotional Rescue (1980)
Tattoo You (1981)
Undercover (1983)
Dirty Work (1986)
Steel Wheels (1989)
Voodoo Lounge (1994)
Bridges to Babylon (1997)
A Bigger Bang (2005)
Blue & Lonesome (2016)
Hackney Diamonds (2023)
Live albums
Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (1970)
Love You Live (1977)
Still Life (1982)
Flashpoint (1991)
Stripped (1995)
No Security (1998)
Live Licks (2004)
Shine a Light (2008)
Brussels Affair (Live 1973) (2011)
Some Girls: Live in Texas '78 (2011)
Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2012)
L.A. Friday (Live 1975) (2012)
Live at the Tokyo Dome (1990) (2012)
Light the Fuse (Live 2005) (2012)
Live at Leeds (2012)
Live 1965: Music From Charlie Is My Darling (2012)
Hyde Park Live (2013)
Havana Moon (2016)
Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (2017)
Voodoo Lounge Uncut (2018)
Steel Wheels Live (2020)
El Mocambo 1977 (2022)
Licked Live in NYC (2022)
Grrr Live! (2023)
Live at the Wiltern (2024)
Compilations
Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2) (1969)
Made in the Shade (1975)
Time Waits for No One: Anthology 1971–1977 (1979)
Sucking in the Seventies (1981)
Rewind (1971–1984) (1984)
Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (1993)
Forty Licks (2002)
Rarities 1971–2003 (2005)
GRRR! (2012)
On Air (2017)
Honk (2019)
Box sets
Singles 1963–1965 (2004)
Singles 1965–1967 (2004)
Singles 1968–1971 (2005)
The Rolling Stones Box Set (2010)
The Singles 1971–2006 (2011)
The Rolling Stones in Mono (2016)
Post-contract ABKCO albums
Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (1971)
More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies) (1972)
Metamorphosis (1975)
Singles Collection: The London Years (1989)
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996)
Post-contract Decca albums
Stone Age (1971)
Gimme Shelter (1971)
Milestones (1972)
Rock 'n' Rolling Stones (1972)
No Stone Unturned (1973)
Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (1975)
Solid Rock (1980)
Slow Rollers (1981)
Rolled Gold+: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007)
Other albums
Jamming with Edward! (1972)
Story of The Stones (1982)
Live at the Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981 (2012)
vteThe Rolling Stones singlesDecca (UK) andLondon (US) singles
"Come On"
"I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned"
"Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little"
"It's All Over Now"
"Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
"Time Is on My Side"
"Little Red Rooster"
"Heart of Stone"
"The Last Time" / "Play with Fire"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly"
"Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free"
"As Tears Go By"
"19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By"
"Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl"
"Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane"
"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"
"Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday"
"We Love You" / "Dandelion"
"In Another Land" / "The Lantern"
"She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home"
"Jumpin' Jack Flash"
"Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations"
"Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
Rolling StonesRecords/Atlanticsingles
"Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock"
"Wild Horses" / "Sway"
"Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel"
"Happy" / "All Down the Line"
"Angie" / "Silver Train"
"Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D."
"It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister"
"Fool to Cry"
"Hot Stuff"
Rolling StonesRecords singles
"Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes"
"Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down"
"Shattered"
"Emotional Rescue"
"She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A"
"Hang Fire" / "Neighbours"
"Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live)
"Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live)
"Undercover of the Night"
"She Was Hot"
"Too Much Blood"
"Harlem Shuffle"
"One Hit (To the Body)"
"Mixed Emotions"
"Rock and a Hard Place"
"Almost Hear You Sigh"
"Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live)
"Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live)
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
Virgin singles
"Love Is Strong"
"You Got Me Rocking"
"Out of Tears"
"I Go Wild"
"Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line"
"Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live)
"Anybody Seen My Baby?"
"Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" (live)
"Out of Control"
"Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix)
"Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice"
"Rain Fall Down"
"Biggest Mistake" / "Before They Make Me Run" (live)
"Laugh, I Nearly Died"
Universal singles
"Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line"
"No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run"
"Doom and Gloom"
"One More Shot"
"Just Your Fool"
"Living in a Ghost Town"
"Scarlet"
ABKCO singles
"I Don't Know Why" / "Try a Little Harder"
"Out of Time" / "Jiving Sister Fanny"
Others
"Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (Japan)
"Rocks Off" / "Sweet Virginia" (Japan)
"Star Star" / "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" (France, Germany)
"Angry"
"Sweet Sounds of Heaven"
Awards for the Rolling Stones
vteGrammy Award for Best Music VideoVideo of the Year (1981−1982)
Elephant Parts – Michael Nesmith (1981)
Olivia Physical – Olivia Newton-John (1982)
1983–1986
"Girls on Film" / "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran (1983)
"Jazzin' for Blue Jean" – David Bowie (1984)
"We Are the World" – USA for Africa (1985)
"Brothers in Arms" – Dire Straits (1986)
Best ConceptMusic Video (1987−1988)
"Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1987)
"Fat" – "Weird Al" Yankovic (1988)
1989–2009
"Leave Me Alone" – Michael Jackson (1989)
"Opposites Attract" – Paula Abdul (1990)
"Losing My Religion" – R.E.M. (1991)
"Digging in the Dirt" – Peter Gabriel (1992)
"Steam" – Peter Gabriel (1993)
"Love Is Strong" – The Rolling Stones (1994)
"Scream" – Michael Jackson & Janet Jackson (1995)
"Free as a Bird" – The Beatles (1996)
"Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson (1997)
"Ray of Light" – Madonna (1998)
"Freak on a Leash" – Korn (1999)
"Learn to Fly" – Foo Fighters (2000)
"Weapon of Choice" – Fatboy Slim featuring Bootsy Collins (2001)
"Without Me" - Eminem (2002)
"Hurt" – Johnny Cash (2003)
"Vertigo" – U2 (2004)
"Lose Control" – Missy Elliott featuring Ciara & Fatman Scoop (2005)
"Here It Goes Again" – OK Go (2006)
"God's Gonna Cut You Down" – Johnny Cash (2007)
"Pork and Beans" – Weezer (2008)
"Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas (2009)
2010–present
"Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele (2011)
"We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris (2012)
"Suit & Tie" – Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z (2013)
"Happy" – Pharrell Williams (2014)
"Bad Blood" – Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015)
"Formation" – Beyoncé (2016)
"Humble" – Kendrick Lamar (2017)
"This Is America" – Childish Gambino (2018)
"Old Town Road" – Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus (2019)
"Brown Skin Girl" – Beyoncé, Blue Ivy & Wizkid (2020)
"Freedom" – Jon Batiste (2021)
All Too Well: The Short Film – Taylor Swift (2022)
"I'm Only Sleeping" – The Beatles (2023)
vteGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award1963–1990
1963
Bing Crosby
1965
Frank Sinatra
1966
Duke Ellington
1967
Ella Fitzgerald
1968
Irving Berlin
1971
Elvis Presley
1972
Louis Armstrong
Mahalia Jackson
1984
Chuck Berry
Charlie Parker
1985
Leonard Bernstein
1986
Benny Goodman
The Rolling Stones
Andrés Segovia
1987
Roy Acuff
Benny Carter
Enrico Caruso
Ray Charles
Fats Domino
Woody Herman
Billie Holiday
B.B. King
Isaac Stern
Igor Stravinsky
Arturo Toscanini
Hank Williams
1989
Fred Astaire
Pablo Casals
Dizzy Gillespie
Jascha Heifetz
Lena Horne
Leontyne Price
Bessie Smith
Art Tatum
Sarah Vaughan
1990
Nat King Cole
Miles Davis
Vladimir Horowitz
Paul McCartney
1991–2000
1991
Marian Anderson
Bob Dylan
John Lennon
Kitty Wells
1992
James Brown
John Coltrane
Jimi Hendrix
Muddy Waters
1993
Chet Atkins
Little Richard
Thelonious Monk
Bill Monroe
Pete Seeger
Fats Waller
1994
Bill Evans
Aretha Franklin
Arthur Rubinstein
1995
Patsy Cline
Peggy Lee
Henry Mancini
Curtis Mayfield
Barbra Streisand
1996
Dave Brubeck
Marvin Gaye
Georg Solti
Stevie Wonder
1997
Bobby "Blue" Bland
The Everly Brothers
Judy Garland
Stéphane Grappelli
Buddy Holly
Charles Mingus
Oscar Peterson
Frank Zappa
1998
Bo Diddley
The Mills Brothers
Roy Orbison
Paul Robeson
1999
Johnny Cash
Sam Cooke
Otis Redding
Smokey Robinson
Mel Tormé
2000
Harry Belafonte
Woody Guthrie
John Lee Hooker
Mitch Miller
Willie Nelson
2001–2010
2001
The Beach Boys
Tony Bennett
Sammy Davis Jr.
Bob Marley
The Who
2002
Count Basie
Rosemary Clooney
Perry Como
Al Green
Joni Mitchell
2003
Etta James
Johnny Mathis
Glenn Miller
Tito Puente
Simon & Garfunkel
2004
Van Cliburn
The Funk Brothers
Ella Jenkins
Sonny Rollins
Artie Shaw
Doc Watson
2005
Eddy Arnold
Art Blakey
The Carter Family
Morton Gould
Janis Joplin
Led Zeppelin
Jerry Lee Lewis
Jelly Roll Morton
Pinetop Perkins
The Staple Singers
2006
David Bowie
Cream
Merle Haggard
Robert Johnson
Jessye Norman
Richard Pryor
The Weavers
2007
Joan Baez
Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Maria Callas
Ornette Coleman
The Doors
The Grateful Dead
Bob Wills
2008
Burt Bacharach
The Band
Cab Calloway
Doris Day
Itzhak Perlman
Max Roach
Earl Scruggs
2009
Gene Autry
The Blind Boys of Alabama
The Four Tops
Hank Jones
Brenda Lee
Dean Martin
Tom Paxton
2010
Leonard Cohen
Bobby Darin
David "Honeyboy" Edwards
Michael Jackson
Loretta Lynn
André Previn
Clark Terry
2011–2020
2011
Julie Andrews
Roy Haynes
Juilliard String Quartet
The Kingston Trio
Dolly Parton
Ramones
George Beverly Shea
2012
The Allman Brothers Band
Glen Campbell
Antônio Carlos Jobim
George Jones
The Memphis Horns
Diana Ross
Gil Scott-Heron
2013
Glenn Gould
Charlie Haden
Lightnin' Hopkins
Carole King
Patti Page
Ravi Shankar
The Temptations
2014
The Beatles
Clifton Chenier
The Isley Brothers
Kraftwerk
Kris Kristofferson
Armando Manzanero
Maud Powell
2015
Bee Gees
Pierre Boulez
Buddy Guy
George Harrison
Flaco Jiménez
The Louvin Brothers
Wayne Shorter
2016
Ruth Brown
Celia Cruz
Earth, Wind & Fire
Herbie Hancock
Jefferson Airplane
Linda Ronstadt
Run-DMC
2017
Shirley Caesar
Ahmad Jamal
Charley Pride
Jimmie Rodgers
Nina Simone
Sly Stone
The Velvet Underground
2018
Hal Blaine
Neil Diamond
Emmylou Harris
Louis Jordan
The Meters
Queen
Tina Turner
2019
Black Sabbath
George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic
Billy Eckstine
Donny Hathaway
Julio Iglesias
Sam & Dave
Dionne Warwick
2020
Chicago
Roberta Flack
Isaac Hayes
Iggy Pop
John Prine
Public Enemy
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
2021–present
2021
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
Lionel Hampton
Marilyn Horne
Salt-N-Pepa
Selena
Talking Heads
2022
Bonnie Raitt
2023
Bobby McFerrin
Nirvana
Ma Rainey
Slick Rick
Nile Rodgers
The Supremes
Ann Wilson and Nancy Wilson
2024
Laurie Anderson
The Clark Sisters
Gladys Knight
N.W.A
Donna Summer
Tammy Wynette
vteMichael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
The Beatles and Richard Lester (1984)
David Bowie (1984)
David Byrne (1985)
Russell Mulcahy (1985)
Godley & Creme (1985)
Madonna (1986)
Zbigniew Rybczyński (1986)
Peter Gabriel (1987)
Julien Temple (1987)
Michael Jackson (1988)
George Michael (1989)
Janet Jackson (1990)
Bon Jovi and Wayne Isham (1991)
Guns N' Roses (1992)
The Rolling Stones (1994)
Tom Petty (1994)
R.E.M. (1995)
LL Cool J (1997)
Mark Romanek (1997)
Beastie Boys (1998)
Red Hot Chili Peppers (2000)
U2 (2001)
Duran Duran (2003)
Hype Williams (2006)
Britney Spears (2011)
Justin Timberlake (2013)
Beyoncé (2014)
Kanye West (2015)
Rihanna (2016)
Pink (2017)
Jennifer Lopez (2018)
Missy Elliott (2019)
Nicki Minaj (2022)
Shakira (2023)
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1989Performers
Dion
Otis Redding
The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, Bill Wyman
The Temptations
Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams
Stevie Wonder
Early influences
The Ink Spots
Charlie Fuqua, Jerry Daniels, Orville "Hoppy" Jones, Bill Kenny, Deek Watson
Bessie Smith
The Soul Stirrers
Roy Crain Sr., Jesse Farley, R. H. Harris, E. A. Rundless
Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Phil Spector
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Chile
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Croatia
Poland
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
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Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Sugar_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Wild Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horses_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"tongue and lips logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue_and_lips_logo"},{"link_name":"Exile on Main St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St."},{"link_name":"Tumbling Dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbling_Dice"},{"link_name":"Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Goats Head Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goats_Head_Soup"},{"link_name":"Angie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls"},{"link_name":"Miss You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Beast of Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_of_Burden_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tattoo You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_You"},{"link_name":"Start Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"Steel Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Wheels"},{"link_name":"comeback album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(publicity)"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Lounge"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours"},{"link_name":"Darryl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Steve Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jordan_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Hackney Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"fourteenth UK number-one album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_by_number_of_UK_Albums_Chart_number_ones"},{"link_name":"best-selling music artists of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"UK Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"}],"text":"English rock bandThis article is about the band. For the magazine, see Rolling Stone. For other uses, see Rolling Stone (disambiguation).The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. Active across seven decades, they are one of the most popular and enduring bands of the rock era. In the early 1960s, the band pioneered the gritty, rhythmically driven sound that came to define hard rock. Their first stable line-up consisted of vocalist Mick Jagger, guitarist Keith Richards, multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones, bassist Bill Wyman, and drummer Charlie Watts. During their early years, Jones was the primary leader of the band. After Andrew Loog Oldham became the group's manager in 1963, he encouraged them to write their own songs. The Jagger–Richards partnership became the band's primary songwriting and creative force.Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the Rolling Stones started out playing covers and were at the forefront of the British Invasion in 1964, becoming identified with the youthful counterculture of the 1960s. They then found greater success with their own material, as \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\", \"Get Off of My Cloud\" (both 1965), and \"Paint It Black\" (1966) became international number-one hits. Aftermath (1966), their first entirely original album, is often considered to be the most important of their early albums. In 1967, they had the double-sided hit \"Ruby Tuesday\"/\"Let's Spend the Night Together\" and experimented with psychedelic rock on Their Satanic Majesties Request. By the end of the 1960s, they had returned to their rhythm and blues-based rock sound, with hit singles \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\" (1968) and \"Honky Tonk Women\" (1969), and albums Beggars Banquet (1968), featuring \"Sympathy for the Devil\" and \"Street Fighting Man\", and Let It Bleed (1969), featuring \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" and \"Gimme Shelter\".Jones left the band shortly before his death in 1969, having been replaced by guitarist Mick Taylor. That year they were first introduced on stage as \"the greatest rock and roll band in the world\". Sticky Fingers (1971), which yielded \"Brown Sugar\" and \"Wild Horses\" and included the first usage of their tongue and lips logo, was their first of eight consecutive number-one studio albums in the US. It was followed by Exile on Main St. (1972), featuring \"Tumbling Dice\" and \"Happy\", and Goats Head Soup (1973), featuring \"Angie\". Taylor left the band at the end of 1974 and was replaced by Ronnie Wood. The band released Some Girls in 1978, featuring \"Miss You\" and \"Beast of Burden\", and Tattoo You in 1981, featuring \"Start Me Up\". Steel Wheels (1989) was widely considered a comeback album and was followed by Voodoo Lounge (1994). Both releases were promoted by large stadium and arena tours, as the Stones continued to be a huge concert attraction; by 2007, they had recorded the all-time highest-grossing concert tour three times, and they were the highest-earning live act of 2021. Following Wyman's departure in 1993, the band continued as a four-piece core, with Darryl Jones becoming their regular bassist, and then as a three-piece core following Watts' death in 2021, with Steve Jordan becoming their regular drummer. Hackney Diamonds, the band's first new album of original material in 18 years, was released in October 2023, becoming their fourteenth UK number-one album.The Rolling Stones' estimated record sales of more than 250 million make them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. They have won three Grammy Awards and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. Billboard and Rolling Stone have ranked them as one of the greatest artists of all time.","title":"The Rolling Stones"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Plaque_for_the_Rolling_Stones_at_Dartford_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Dartford railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20108-3"},{"link_name":"garage band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_band"},{"link_name":"Dick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"Howlin' Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Bo Diddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Diddley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20108-3"},{"link_name":"Dartford railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20109-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1981-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201010%E2%80%9311-7"},{"link_name":"Ealing Jazz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Jazz_Club"},{"link_name":"Alexis Korner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Korner"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Korner%27s_Blues_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201011-8"},{"link_name":"slide guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201011-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_advert-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_advert-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_advert-9"},{"link_name":"Geoff Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Bradford_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200340-10"},{"link_name":"Tony Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Chapman"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Rollin' Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin%27_Stone_(Muddy_Waters_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200342-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201013-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The blue plaque commemorating Jagger and Richards meeting on Platform 2 at Dartford railway station in Dartford, Kent, on 17 October 1961Keith Richards and Mick Jagger became classmates and childhood friends in 1950 in Dartford, Kent.[1][2] The Jagger family moved to Wilmington, Kent, five miles (8.0 km) away, in 1954.[3] In the mid-1950s Jagger formed a garage band with his friend Dick Taylor; the group mainly played material by Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley.[3] Jagger next met Richards on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station.[4] Jagger was carrying records by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters; these revealed to Richards a shared interest. A musical partnership began shortly afterwards.[5][6] Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house. The meetings moved to Taylor's house in late 1961, where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio; the quintet called themselves the Blues Boys.[7]In March 1962, the Blues Boys read about the Ealing Jazz Club in the newspaper Jazz News, which mentioned Alexis Korner's rhythm and blues band, Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated. The Blues Boys sent a tape of their best recordings to Korner, who was impressed.[8] On 7 April, they visited the Ealing Jazz Club, where they met the members of Blues Incorporated, who included slide guitarist Brian Jones, keyboardist Ian Stewart, and drummer Charlie Watts.[8] After a meeting with Korner, Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group.[8]Having left Blues Incorporated, Jones advertised for bandmates in Jazz Weekly in the week of 2 May 1962.[9] Ian Stewart was among the first to respond to the ad.[9] In June, Jagger, Taylor, and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart.[9] The first rehearsal included guitarist Geoff Bradford and vocalist Brian Knight, both of whom decided not to join the band. They objected to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs preferred by Jagger and Richards.[10] That same month, the addition of the drummer Tony Chapman completed the line-up of Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, and Taylor. According to Richards, Jones named the band during a phone call to Jazz News. When asked by a journalist for the band's name, Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor; one of the tracks was \"Rollin' Stone\".[11][12] Jones was the band's \"uncontested leader\" during its early years[13][14] and a key to the band's early success.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman200236%E2%80%9337-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:192-18"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(company)"},{"link_name":"AC30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_AC30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman200251-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crawdaddy_club_richmond_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crawdaddy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawdaddy_Club"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Chicago blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Bo Diddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Diddley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBockris199242%E2%80%9343-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Gomelsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Gomelsky"},{"link_name":"Crawdaddy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawdaddy_Club"},{"link_name":"Richmond, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Andrew Loog 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Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Chess Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Studios"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002128%E2%80%93129-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002158-72"},{"link_name":"Bobby and Shirley Womack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Womack"},{"link_name":"It's All Over Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_Over_Now"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002137-73"},{"link_name":"the Famous Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Flames"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"T.A.M.I. Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.A.M.I._Show"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200385-74"},{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002154-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Five by Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_by_Five_(Rolling_Stones_EP)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"12 X 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_X_5"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Little Red Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Rooster"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Charts4-66"},{"link_name":"London Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Records"},{"link_name":"Heart of Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Stone_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002159-80"}],"sub_title":"1962–1964: Building a following","text":"The band played their first show billed as \"the Rollin' Stones\" on 12 July 1962, at the Marquee Club in London.[16][17][18][a] At the time, the band consisted of Jones, Jagger, Richards, Stewart, and Taylor.[21] Bill Wyman auditioned for the role of bass guitarist at a pub in Chelsea on 7 December 1962 and was hired as a successor to Dick Taylor. The band were impressed by his instrument and amplifiers (including the Vox AC30).[22] The classic line-up of the Rolling Stones, with Charlie Watts on drums, played for the first time in public on Saturday, 12 January 1963 at the Ealing Jazz Club.[23] However, it was not until a gig there on 2 February 1963 that Watts became the Stones' permanent drummer.[24]The backroom of the former Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London, where the Rolling Stones had their first residency, beginning in February 1963Shortly afterwards, the band began their first tour of the UK, performing Chicago blues, including songs by Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley.[25] By 1963, they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity.[26] In 1964, they beat the Beatles as the number one United Kingdom band in two surveys.[27] The band's name was changed shortly after their first gig to \"The Rolling Stones\".[28][29] The group's then acting manager, Giorgio Gomelsky, secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London, in February 1963.[30]In May 1963, the Rolling Stones signed Andrew Loog Oldham as their manager.[31] He had been directed to them by his previous clients, the Beatles.[18][32] Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority—he was also younger than anyone in the band—he could not obtain an agent's licence or sign any contracts without his mother co-signing.[32] By necessity he joined with booking agent Eric Easton[33] to secure record financing and assistance booking venues.[31] Gomelsky, who had no written agreement with the band, was not consulted.[34]Oldham initially tried applying the strategy used by Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, and have the band members wear suits. He later changed his mind and imagined a band that contrasted with the Beatles, featuring unmatched clothing, long hair, and an unclean appearance. He wanted to make the Stones \"a raunchy, gamy, unpredictable bunch of undesirables\" and to \"establish that the Stones were threatening, uncouth and animalistic\".[35] Stewart left the official line-up, but remained road manager and touring keyboardist. Of Stewart's decision, Oldham later said, \"Well, he just doesn't look the part, and six is too many for [fans] to remember the faces in the picture.\"[36] Later, Oldham reduced the band members' ages in publicity material to make them appear as teenagers.[37]Decca Records, which had declined to sign a deal with the Beatles, gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms.[38] The band were to receive a royalty rate three times as high as that typically given to a new act, full artistic control of recordings, and ownership of the recording master tapes.[39][40] The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios. Regent Sound Studios, a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment, became their preferred location.[41][42] Oldham, who had no recording experience but made himself the band's producer, said Regent had a sound that \"leaked, instrument-to-instrument, the right way\" creating a \"wall of noise\" that worked well for the band.[40][43] Because of Regent's low booking rates, the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three-hour blocks common at other studios. All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album, The Rolling Stones, were recorded there.[44][45]Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones' independence with the Beatles' obligation to record in EMI's studios, saying it made the Beatles appear as \"mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man\".[46] He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoint to the Beatles, by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album. He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as: \"Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone?\"[47][48] In contrast, Wyman says: \"Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later, completely there, accidentally. ... [Oldham] never did engineer it. He simply exploited it exhaustively.\"[49] In a 1971 interview, Wyman stated, \"We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little dance steps, wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter.\"[50]A cover version of Chuck Berry's \"Come On\" was the Rolling Stones' first single, released on 7 June 1963. The band refused to play it at live gigs,[51] and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record. At Oldham's direction, fan-club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts,[52] helping \"Come On\" rise to number 21 on the UK Singles Chart.[53] Having a charting single gave the band entrée to play outside London, starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July, sharing the billing with the Hollies.[54][b] Later in 1963, Oldham and Easton arranged the band's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars, including Bo Diddley, Little Richard, and the Everly Brothers. The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft.[40][56][57]During the tour, the band recorded their second single, a Lennon–McCartney song, \"I Wanna Be Your Man\".[58][59] It reached number 13 on the UK charts.[60] The Beatles' own recording of the song is included on the 1963 album With the Beatles.[61] On 1 January 1964, the Stones' were the first band to play on BBC's Top of the Pops, performing \"I Wanna Be Your Man\".[62] In January 1964 the band released a self-titled EP, which became their first number 1 record in the UK.[63] The third single by the Stones, Buddy Holly's \"Not Fade Away\", reflecting Bo Diddley's style, was released in February 1964 and reached number 3.[64]The Rolling Stones arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands, in 1964. From left to right: Wyman, Richards, Jones, Watts and JaggerOldham saw little future for an act that gave up the chance to get significant songwriting royalties by only playing the songs of what he described as \"middle-aged blacks\", thus limiting their appeal to teenage audiences. Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together. Oldham described the first batch as \"soppy and imitative\".[65] Because the band's songwriting developed slowly, songs on their first album The Rolling Stones (1964; issued in the US as England's Newest Hit Makers), were primarily covers, with only one Jagger/Richards original—\"Tell Me (You're Coming Back)\"—and two numbers credited to Nanker Phelge, the pen name used for songs written by the entire group.[66]The Rolling Stones' first US tour in June 1964 was \"a disaster\", according to Wyman. \"When we arrived, we didn't have a hit record [there] or anything going for us.\"[67] When the band appeared on the variety show The Hollywood Palace, that week's guest host, Dean Martin, mocked both their hair and their performance.[68] During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago, meeting many of their most important influences, including Muddy Waters.[69][70] These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones' first number 1 hit in the UK, their cover version of Bobby and Shirley Womack's \"It's All Over Now\".[71]The Stones followed the Famous Flames, featuring James Brown, in the theatrical release of the 1964 film T.A.M.I. Show, which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists. According to Jagger, \"We weren't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section. Nevertheless, he was still very annoyed about it ...\"[72] On 25 October the band appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show. Because of the pandemonium surrounding the Stones, Sullivan initially declined to rebook them.[73] However, he booked them for appearances in 1966[74] and 1967.[75]A second EP, Five by Five, was issued in the UK in August 1964.[76] In the US the EP was expanded into their second LP, 12 X 5, which was released in October during the tour.[77] The Rolling Stones' fifth UK single, a cover of Willie Dixon's \"Little Red Rooster\"—with \"Off the Hook\", credited to Nanker Phelge, as the B-side—was released in November 1964 and became their second number 1 hit in the UK.[64] The band's US distributors, London Records, declined to release \"Little Red Rooster\" as a single. In December 1964, the distributor released the band's first single with Jagger/Richards originals on both sides: \"Heart of Stone\", with \"What a Shame\" as the B-side; the single went to number 19 in the US.[78]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling-Stones-1965-Finland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turku Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Airport"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_No._2"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones, Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones,_Now!"},{"link_name":"Chess Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002164%E2%80%93165,_171-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002166-82"},{"link_name":"The Last 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Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_breaks_a_butterfly_upon_a_wheel%3F"},{"link_name":"William Rees-Mogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rees-Mogg"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth2000271%E2%80%93278-126"},{"link_name":"We Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Love_You"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"conditional 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The US version, released in February as The Rolling Stones, Now!, reached number 5. The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles.[79] In January and February of that year, the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in Australia and New Zealand.[80] The single \"The Last Time\", released in February, was the first Jagger/Richards composition to reach number 1 on the UK charts;[64] it reached number 9 in the US. It was later identified by Richards as \"the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it.\"[81]An advertisement for the 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tourTheir first international number 1 hit was \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\", recorded in May 1965 during the band's third North American tour. Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox as a scratch track to guide a horn section. Nevertheless, the final cut did not include the planned horn overdubs. Issued in the summer of 1965, it was their fourth UK number 1 and their first in the US, where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100. It was a worldwide commercial success for the band.[81][82] The US version of the LP Out of Our Heads, released in July 1965, also went to number 1; it included seven original songs, three Jagger/Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge.[83] The UK version of Out of Our Heads was released in September 1965.[84] Their second international number 1 single \"Get Off of My Cloud\" was released in the autumn of 1965,[85] followed by another US-only LP, December's Children (And Everybody's).[86]The album Aftermath, released in the late spring of 1966, was the first LP to be composed entirely of Jagger/Richards songs;[87] it reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US.[88] According to The Daily Telegraph, Aftermath is often regarded as the most important of the band's formative records.[89] On this album, Jones' contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica. To the Middle Eastern-influenced \"Paint It Black\"[c] he added sitar; to the ballad \"Lady Jane\" he added dulcimer, and to \"Under My Thumb\" he added marimbas.[90] Aftermath also contained \"Goin' Home\", a nearly 12-minute song that included elements of jamming and improvisation.[91]The Stones' success on the British and American singles charts peaked during the 1960s.[92][93] \"19th Nervous Breakdown\"[94] was released in February 1966, and reached number 2 in the UK[95] and US charts;[96] \"Paint It Black\" reached number 1 in the UK and US in May 1966.[64][93] \"Mother's Little Helper\", released in June 1966, reached number 8 in the US;[96] it was one of the first pop songs to discuss the issue of prescription drug abuse.[97][98] \"Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?\" was released in September 1966 and reached number 5 in the UK[99] and number 9 in the US.[96] It had a number of firsts for the group: it was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns, and the back-cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag. The song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos, directed by Peter Whitehead.[100][101]During their North American tour in June and July 1966, the Stones' high-energy concerts proved highly successful with young people, while alienating local police who had the physically exhausting task of controlling the often rebellious crowds. According to the Stones historians Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon, the band's notoriety \"among the authorities and the establishment seems to have been inversely proportional to their popularity among young people\". In an effort to capitalise on this, London released the live album Got Live If You Want It! in December.[102] The band's first greatest hits album Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) was released in the UK in November 1966, a different version of which had been released in the US in March that year.[103]In January 1967, Between the Buttons was released, and reached number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. It was Andrew Oldham's last venture as the Rolling Stones' producer. Allen Klein took over his role as the band's manager in 1965. Richards recalled, \"There was a new deal with Decca to be made ... and he said he could do it.\"[104] The US version included the double A-side single \"Let's Spend the Night Together\" and \"Ruby Tuesday\",[105] which went to number 1 in the US and number 3 in the UK. When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show in January, they were ordered to change the lyrics of the refrain of \"Let's Spend the Night Together\" to \"let's spend some time together\".[106][107]In early 1967, Jagger, Richards, and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use, after News of the World ran a three-part feature entitled \"Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You\".[108] The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including the Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and described alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians. The first article targeted Donovan (who was raided and charged soon after); the second instalment (published on 5 February) targeted the Rolling Stones.[109] A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish, and invited his companions back to his flat for a \"smoke\". The article claimed this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones. Two days after the article was published, Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World.[110][109]A week later, on 12 February, Sussex police, tipped off by the paper,[d] raided a party at Keith Richards' home, Redlands. No arrests were made at the time, but Jagger, Richards, and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences. Andrew Oldham was afraid of being arrested and fled to America.[112][113] Richards said in 2003, \"When we got busted at Redlands, it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped. Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted.\"[114]In March 1967, while awaiting the consequences of the police raid, Jagger, Richards, and Jones took a short trip to Morocco, accompanied by Marianne Faithfull, Jones' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg, and other friends. During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that she left Morocco with Richards.[115] Richards said later: \"That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian. He'd never forgive me for that and I don't blame him, but hell, shit happens.\"[116] Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years. Despite these complications, the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967. The tour included the band's first performances in Poland, Greece, and Italy.[117] June 1967 saw the release of the US-only compilation album Flowers.[118]On 10 May 1967, the day Jagger, Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges, Jones' house was raided by police. He was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis.[106] Three of the five Stones now faced drug charges. Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June. Jagger received a three-month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to a year in prison.[119][120] Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point but were released on bail the next day, pending appeal.[121]The Times ran an editorial, \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\", in which conservative editor William Rees-Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing, pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than \"any purely anonymous young man\".[122] While awaiting the appeal hearings, the band recorded a new single, \"We Love You\", as a thank you for their fans' loyalty. It began with the sound of prison doors closing, and the accompanying music video included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde.[123][124][125] On 31 July, the appeals court overturned Richards' conviction, and reduced Jagger's sentence to a conditional discharge.[126] Jones' trial took place in November 1967. In December, after appealing the original prison sentence, Jones received a £1,000 fine and was put on three years' probation, with an order to seek professional help.[127]In December 1967, the band released Their Satanic Majesties Request, which reached number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. It drew unfavourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[128][129] Satanic Majesties was recorded while Jagger, Richards, and Jones were awaiting their court cases. The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions. The split was publicly amicable,[130] but in 2003 Jagger said: \"The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we weren't concentrating and that we were being childish. It was not a great moment really—and I would have thought it wasn't a great moment for Andrew either. There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point, that was Andrew's job.\"[106] Satanic Majesties became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own. Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art, which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper, who had also photographed the cover of Sgt. Pepper. Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album: \"In Another Land\", also released as a single, the first on which Jagger did not sing lead.[131]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jumpin' Jack Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpin%27_Jack_Flash"},{"link_name":"Beggars Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Banquet"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Miller_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighting Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighting_Man"},{"link_name":"Sympathy for the 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Loewenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert_Loewenstein"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Villa Nellcôte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellc%C3%B4te"},{"link_name":"Sunset Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Sound_Recorders"},{"link_name":"Exile on Main St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St."},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Cocksucker Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocksucker_Blues"},{"link_name":"Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_and_Gentlemen:_The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"1972 North American Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1972"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Hot Rocks 1964–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rocks_1964%E2%80%931971"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Hot_Rocks_(Big_Hits_%26_Fazed_Cookies)"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Monkey Grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Grip_(Bill_Wyman_album)"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:102-191"}],"sub_title":"1968–1972: Jones' departure and death, Mick Taylor joins, \"Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World\"","text":"The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album. Those sessions resulted in the song \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\", released as a single in May. The subsequent album, Beggars Banquet, an eclectic mix of country and blues–inspired tunes, marked the band's return to their rhythm and blues roots. It was also the beginning of their collaboration with producer Jimmy Miller. It featured the lead single \"Street Fighting Man\" (which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968) and \"Sympathy for the Devil\".[132][133] Controversy over the design of the album cover, which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the wall behind it, delayed the album's release for six months.[134] While the band had \"absolute artistic control over their albums\", Decca[135] was not enthused about the cover's depiction of graffiti reading \"John Loves Yoko\" being included;[136] the album was released that December, with a different cover design.[137][e]Brian Jones pictured outside his home, Cotchford Farm in East Sussex, in 1969The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, which originally began as an idea about \"the new shape of the rock-and-roll concert tour\", was filmed at the end of 1968.[18] It featured John Lennon, Yoko Ono, the Dirty Mac, the Who, Jethro Tull, Marianne Faithfull, and Taj Mahal. The footage was shelved for 28 years but was finally released officially in 1996,[139] with a DVD version released in October 2004.[140]By the time Beggars Banquet was released, Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band. Jagger said that Jones was \"not psychologically suited to this way of life\".[141] His drug use had become a hindrance, and he was unable to obtain a US visa. Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger, Watts, and himself at Jones' house, Jones admitted that he was unable to \"go on the road again\", and left the band saying, \"I've left, and if I want to I can come back.\"[6] On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex.[142] The band auditioned several guitarists, including Paul Kossoff,[143] as a replacement for Jones, before settling on Mick Taylor, who was recommended to Jagger by John Mayall.[144]Mick Taylor, who replaced Brian Jones in the bandThe Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London's Hyde Park, two days after Jones' death; they decided to go ahead with the show as a tribute to him. Jagger began by reading an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Adonaïs, an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats. They released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones[106] before opening their set with \"I'm Yours and I'm Hers\", a Johnny Winter number.[145] The concert, their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor, was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans.[106] A Granada Television production team filmed the performance, which was broadcast on British television as The Stones in the Park.[146] Blackhill Enterprises stage manager Sam Cutler introduced the Rolling Stones onto the stage by announcing: \"Let's welcome the Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World.\"[145][147]\nCutler repeated the introduction throughout their 1969 US tour.[148][149] The show also included the concert debut of their fifth US number 1 single, \"Honky Tonk Women\", which had been released the previous day.[150][151] In September 1969 the band's second greatest hits album Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2) was released,[152] featuring a poem in dedication to Jones on the inside cover.[153]\"Gimme Shelter\"\n\nSample of \"Gimme Shelter\" by The Rolling Stones, from Let It Bleed (1969)\n\"Brown Sugar\"\n\nSample of \"Brown Sugar\" by The Rolling Stones, from Sticky Fingers (1971)\nProblems playing these files? See media help.The Stones' last album of the 1960s was Let It Bleed, which reached number 1 in the UK and number 3 in the US.[154] It featured \"Gimme Shelter\" with guest lead female vocals by Merry Clayton (sister of Sam Clayton, of the American rock band Little Feat).[155] Other tracks include \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" (with accompaniment by the London Bach Choir, who initially asked that their name be removed from the album's credits after apparently being \"horrified\" by the content of some of its other material, but later withdrew this request), \"Midnight Rambler\", as well as a cover of Robert Johnson's \"Love in Vain\". Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album.[156]Just after the US tour ended, the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway, about fifty miles (80 km) east of San Francisco. A Hells Angels biker gang provided security, and a fan, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised he was armed.[157] Part of the tour, and the Altamont concert, was documented in Albert and David Maysles' film Gimme Shelter. In response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings (in particular Live'r Than You'll Ever Be, recorded during the 1969 tour), the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! was released in 1970. Critic Lester Bangs declared it the best-ever live album.[158] It reached number 1 in the UK and number 6 in the US.[159]At the end of the decade, the band appeared on BBC's review of the 1960s music scene, Pop Go the Sixties, performing \"Gimme Shelter\", which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969. The following year, the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca, but still owed them one more Jagger/Richards–credited single. To get back at the label and fulfil their final contractual obligation, the band came up with the track \"Cocksucker Blues\"—deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of making it un-releasable.[160] Decca instead released \"Street Fighting Man\" from Beggar's Banquet as a UK single in July 1971, the track's 1968 single release having been only in the US.Amid contractual disputes with Klein, they formed their own record company, Rolling Stones Records. Sticky Fingers, released in March 1971, the band's first album on their own label, featured an elaborate cover designed by Andy Warhol.[161] It was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man from the waist down in tight jeans featuring a functioning zipper.[162] When unzipped, it revealed the subject's underwear.[163] In some markets an alternate cover was released because of the perceived offensive nature of the original at the time.[164]The Rolling Stones' logo, designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun,[165] introduced in 1971Sticky Fingers' cover was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records, which effectively became the band's logo. It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue. Designer John Pasche created the logo, following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the stuck-out tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali.[165] Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo,Without using the Stones' name, it instantly conjures them, or at least Jagger, as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones' own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of popular music.[166]The tongue and lips design was part of a package that in 2003 VH1 named the best album cover ever.[165] The logo has remained on all the Stones' post-1970 albums and singles, in addition to their merchandise and stage sets.[167] The album contains one of their best-known hits, \"Brown Sugar\", and the country-influenced \"Dead Flowers\". \"Brown Sugar\" and \"Wild Horses\" were recorded at Alabama's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio after the 1969 American tour.[168] The album continued the band's immersion into heavily blues-influenced compositions; is noted for its \"loose, ramshackle ambience\";[169] and marked Mick Taylor's first full album with the band.[170][171] Sticky Fingers reached number 1 in both the UK and the US.[172]In 1968, the Stones, acting on a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart, put a control room in a van and created the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio so they would not be limited to the standard 9–5 operating hours of most recording studios.[173] The band lent the mobile studio to other artists,[173][174] including Led Zeppelin, who used it to record Led Zeppelin III (1970)[175] and Led Zeppelin IV (1971).[173][175] Deep Purple immortalised the mobile studio itself in the song \"Smoke on the Water\" with the line \"the Rolling truck Stones thing just outside, making our music there\".[176]Following the release of Sticky Fingers, the Rolling Stones left England after receiving advice from their financial manager Prince Rupert Loewenstein. He recommended they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year. The band had learned that they had not paid taxes for seven years, despite being assured that their taxes were taken care of; and the UK government was owed a relative fortune.[177] The Stones moved to the South of France, where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and their entourage.Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, they held recording sessions in the basement. They completed the new tracks, along with material dating as far back as 1969, at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles. The resulting double album, Exile on Main St., was released in May 1972, and reached number one in both the UK and the US.[178] Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau[179] and disparaged by Lester Bangs—who reversed his opinion within months—Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones' best albums.[180] The films Cocksucker Blues (never officially released) and Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (released in 1974) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour.[181]The band's double compilation album, Hot Rocks 1964–1971, was released in 1971; it reached number 3 in the UK[182] and number 4 in the US.[183] It is certified Diamond in the US, having sold over 6 million copies, being certified 12× Platinum for being a double album, and spent over 347 weeks on the Billboard album chart.[184] A follow-up double compilation album More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies) was released in 1972.[185] In 1974, Bill Wyman was the first band member to release solo material, his album Monkey Grip.[186]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Wyman_-_Rolling_Stones_-_1975.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mick_Jagger_(1976).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent_tax-192"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-193"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent_tax-192"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-193"},{"link_name":"royalty payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"tax exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exile"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent_tax-192"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-193"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Goats Head Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goats_Head_Soup"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Angie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_(song)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Waiting on a Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_on_a_Friend"},{"link_name":"Tattoo You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_You"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016514,_528-196"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002408-197"},{"link_name":"Pacific tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Pacific_Tour_1973"},{"link_name":"European tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1973"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman2002361,_412-198"},{"link_name":"It's Only Rock 'n Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Rock_%27n_Roll"},{"link_name":"Musicland Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicland_Studios"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-199"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-199"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"the single of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Rock_%27n_Roll_(But_I_Like_It)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016418-206"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016420%E2%80%93423-207"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016420-208"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mick_Jagger_and_Ron_Wood_-_Rolling_Stones_-_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Black and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Peter Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frampton"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"Robert A. 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Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaytress2003239-211"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones_Tour_of_the_Americas_%2775"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"phallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus"},{"link_name":"ABKCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABKCO"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"played Knebworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_Festival"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"El Mocambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mocambo"},{"link_name":"Love You Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_You_Live"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LYL-216"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LYL-216"},{"link_name":"Canadian customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenspan1980518-218"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford2003225-219"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenspan1980517%E2%80%93527-220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElMacomboSpadinaAveToronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Mocambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mocambo"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Love You Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_You_Live"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Margaret Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Pierre Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"April Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Wine"},{"link_name":"1050 CHUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford2003227-221"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford2003227-221"},{"link_name":"suspended sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence"},{"link_name":"Canadian institute for the blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNIB_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Oshawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenspan1980517%E2%80%93527-220"},{"link_name":"the New Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Barbarians_(band)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonemag-109"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford2003232%E2%80%93233,_248%E2%80%93250-222"},{"link_name":"Studio 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_54"},{"link_name":"Jerry Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bianca Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Jagger"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockhall3-87"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"sub_title":"1972–1977: Critical fluctuations and Ronnie Wood replaces Taylor","text":"Bill Wyman (left) in 1975 and Mick Jagger (right) in 1976In 1972, members of the band set up a complex financial structure to reduce the amount of their taxes.[187][188] Their holding company, Promogroup, has offices in both the Netherlands and the Caribbean.[187][188] The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments. The band have been tax exiles ever since, meaning they can no longer use Britain as their main residence. Due to the arrangements with the holding company, the band has reportedly paid a tax of just 1.6% on their total earnings of £242 million over the past 20 years.[187][188]In November 1972, the band began recording sessions in Kingston, Jamaica, for the album Goats Head Soup; it was released in 1973 and reached number 1 in both the UK and US.[189] The album, which contained the worldwide hit \"Angie\", was the first in a string of commercially successful, but critically tepidly received, studio albums.[190] The sessions for Goats Head Soup also produced unused material, most notably an early version of the popular ballad \"Waiting on a Friend\", which was not released until the Tattoo You LP nine years later.[191]Another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France, interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup. Authorities had issued a warrant for Richards' arrest, and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning.[192] This, along with Jagger's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges, complicated the band's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973: they were denied permission to play in Japan and almost banned from Australia. A European tour followed in September and October 1973, which bypassed France, coming, as it did, after Richards' recent arrest in England on drug charges.[193]The 1974 album It's Only Rock 'n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany; it reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US.[194] Miller was not invited to return as the album's producer because his \"contribution level had dropped\".[194] Jagger and Richards, credited as \"the Glimmer Twins\", produced the album.[195] Both the album and the single of the same name were hits.[196][197][198]Near the end of 1974, Taylor began to lose patience after years of feeling like a \"junior citizen in the band of jaded veterans\".[199] The band's situation made normal functioning complicated, with members living in different countries,[200] and legal barriers restricting where they could tour.[201] In addition, drug use was starting to affect Taylor's and Richards' productivity, and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised.[202] At the end of 1974, Taylor quit the Rolling Stones.[203] Taylor said in 1980, \"I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I wasn't really composing songs or writing at that time. I was just beginning to write, and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest; they can ride along somebody else's success. And there are some people for whom that's not enough. It really wasn't enough for me.\"[204]Ronnie Wood (left), on his first tour with the Rolling Stones, with Mick Jagger (right) in Chicago in 1975The Stones needed a new guitarist, and the recording sessions in Munich for the next album, Black and Blue (1976) (number 2 in the UK, number 1 in the US), provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out. Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck were auditioned, as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis. Both Beck and Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed they had played without realising they were being auditioned. American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out, but Richards and Jagger preferred for the band to remain purely British. When Ronnie Wood auditioned, everyone agreed he was the right choice.[205] He had already recorded and played live with Richards, and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track \"It's Only Rock 'n Roll\". He had declined Jagger's earlier offer to join the Stones, because of his commitment to Faces, saying \"that's what's really important to me\".[206] Faces' lead singer Rod Stewart went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones.[206]In 1975, Wood joined the band as second guitarist for their upcoming Tour of the Americas, which was a contributing factor in the disbandment of Faces. His installment as a Rolling Stone was announced in 1976; unlike the other band members, however, Wood was a salaried employee, which remained the case until the early 1990s, when he finally joined the Stones' business partnership.[207]The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in New York City with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway. The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience. In June of that year, the Stones' Decca catalogue was purchased by Klein's ABKCO label.[208][209] In August 1976, the Stones played Knebworth in England in front of 200,000—their largest audience to date—and finished their set at 7 a.m.[210] Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo, a club in Toronto, to produce a long-overdue live album, 1977's Love You Live,[211] the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out![212] It reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 5 in the US.[211]Richards' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto; the other members had already arrived. On 24 February 1977, when Richards and his family flew in from London, they were temporarily detained by Canadian customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue. Three days later, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, armed with an arrest warrant for Anita Pallenberg, discovered 22 grams (0.78 oz) of heroin in Richards' room.[213] He was charged with importing narcotics into Canada, an offence that carried a minimum seven-year sentence.[214] The Crown prosecutor later conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after his arrival.[215]El Mocambo in Toronto, where some of the live album Love You Live was recorded in 1977Despite the incident, the band played two shows in Toronto, but caused more controversy when Margaret Trudeau, then-wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was seen partying with the band after one show. The band's shows were not advertised to the public. Instead, the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session. 1050 CHUM, a local radio station, ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine. Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing.[216]On 4 March, Richards' partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident.[216] The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year. Ultimately, he received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two charity concerts to benefit the Canadian institute for the blind in Oshawa;[215] both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians, a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album, which Richards also joined. This episode strengthened Richards' resolve to stop using heroin.[106] It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg, which had become strained since the death of their third child, Tara. Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction as Richards struggled to get clean.[217] While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems, Jagger continued his jet-set lifestyle. He was a regular at New York's Studio 54 disco club, often in the company of model Jerry Hall. His marriage to Bianca Jagger ended in 1977, although they had long been estranged.[218]Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s, music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band's output, and record sales failed to meet expectations.[85] By the mid-1970s, after punk rock became influential, many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band.[219]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls"},{"link_name":"Miss You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_You_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Far Away Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Away_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Beast of Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_of_Burden_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shattered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_(song)"},{"link_name":"Respectable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respectable_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMGsomegirls-225"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"1978 US Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones_US_Tour_1978"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Emotional Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201092-227"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201092-227"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201092-227"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling_Stones_-_Keith-Mick-Ron_(1981).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupp Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupp_Arena"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Start Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_Me_Up"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Sonny Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Hang Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Fire"},{"link_name":"1981 American Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1981"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Checkerboard Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkerboard_Lounge"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"Still Life (American Concert 1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_(American_Concert_1981)"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Hal Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Ashby"},{"link_name":"Let's Spend the Night Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Spend_the_Night_Together_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sun Devil Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Devil_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tempe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Brendan Byrne Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_Center"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Allman Brothers Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band"},{"link_name":"Chuck Leavell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Leavell"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Music_Legends-236"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201096-237"}],"sub_title":"1978–1982: Commercial peak","text":"The group's fortunes changed in 1978, after the band released Some Girls, which included the hit single \"Miss You\", the country ballad \"Far Away Eyes\", \"Beast of Burden\", and \"Shattered\". In part as a response to punk, many songs, particularly \"Respectable\", were fast, basic, guitar-driven rock and roll,[220] and the album's success re-established the Rolling Stones' immense popularity among young people. It reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US.[221] Following the 1978 US Tour, the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live. Following the success of Some Girls, the band released their next album, Emotional Rescue, in mid-1980.[222] During recording sessions for the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards slowly developed. Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album. Much to his disappointment, Jagger declined.[222] Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic[223] and the title track reached number 3 in the US.[222]The Rolling Stones performing at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, December 1981In early 1981, the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album, as well as to rehearse for the tour. That year's resulting album, Tattoo You, featured a number of outtakes from other recording sessions, including lead single \"Start Me Up\", which reached number 2[224] in the US and ranked number 22 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart. Two songs (\"Waiting on a Friend\" (US number 13) and \"Tops\") featured Mick Taylor's unused rhythm guitar tracks, while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on \"Slave\", \"Neighbours\", and \"Waiting on a Friend\".[225] The album reached number 2 in the UK and number 1 in the US.[226]The Rolling Stones reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982 with \"Hang Fire\". Their 1981 American Tour was their biggest, longest, and most colourful production to date. It was the highest-grossing tour of that year.[227] It included a concert at Chicago's Checkerboard Lounge with Muddy Waters, in one of his last performances before his death in 1983.[228] Some of the shows were recorded. This resulted in the 1982 live album Still Life (American Concert 1981) which reached number 4 in the UK and number 5 in the US,[229] and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let's Spend the Night Together, filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands, New Jersey.[230]In mid-1982, to commemorate their 20th anniversary, the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe. The European tour was their first in six years and used a similar format to the American tour. The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who continues to perform and record with them.[231] By the end of the year, the Stones had signed a new four-album recording deal with a new label, CBS Records, for a reported $50 million, then the biggest record deal in history.[232]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201096-237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richards,_Wood_onstage_in_Turin,_1982.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsFox2010470%E2%80%93472-239"},{"link_name":"Dirty Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Work_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsFox2010461-240"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Street#Bowie/Jagger_version"},{"link_name":"Live Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-99"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tributeToIan-243"},{"link_name":"100 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Club"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tributeToIan-243"},{"link_name":"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Steve Lillywhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStoneJagger-247"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1999268-248"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStoneJagger-247"},{"link_name":"She's the Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_the_Boss"},{"link_name":"Primitive Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Cool"},{"link_name":"Talk Is Cheap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Is_Cheap"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-251"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003247-252"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatell2011138-253"}],"sub_title":"1983–1988: Band turmoil and solo projects","text":"Before leaving Atlantic, the Rolling Stones released Undercover in late 1983. It reached number 3 in the UK and number 4 in the US.[233] Despite good reviews and the peak Top Ten position of the title track, the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it. Subsequently, the Stones' new marketer/distributor CBS Records took over distributing their Atlantic catalogue.[232]Richards and Wood during a Stones concert in Turin, Italy, in 1982By this time, the Jagger/Richards rift had grown significantly. To Richards' annoyance, Jagger signed a solo deal with CBS Records and spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album. He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones.[234] By 1985, Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings. Much of the material on 1986's Dirty Work was generated by Richards, with more contributions from Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums. It was recorded in Paris, and Jagger was often absent from the studio, leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward.[235]In June 1985, Jagger teamed up with David Bowie for \"Dancing in the Street\", which was recorded for the Live Aid charity movement.[236] This was one of Jagger's first solo performances, and the song reached number 1 in the UK, and number 7 in the US.[237][96] In December 1985, Ian Stewart died of a heart attack.[238] The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London's 100 Club in February 1986.[238] Two days later they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[239]Dirty Work was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews, reaching number 4 in both the US and UK.[240] It was the Stones' first album for CBS with an outside producer, Steve Lillywhite.[241] With relations between Richards and Jagger at an all-time low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album and instead undertook a solo tour, where he performed some Rolling Stones songs.[242][243] As a result of their animosity, the Stones almost broke up.[242] Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (1985), which reached number 6 in the UK and number 13 in the US, and Primitive Cool (1987), which reached number 26 in the UK and number 41 in the US, met with moderate commercial success. In 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, Talk Is Cheap, which reached number 37[244] in the UK and No. 24 in the US.[245] It was well received by fans and critics, and was certified Gold in the US.[246] Richards has subsequently referred to this late-80s period, when the two were recording solo albums with no obvious reunion of the Stones in sight, as \"World War III\".[247][248]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platino_voodoo_lounge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KeithR2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rockhall3-87"},{"link_name":"Steel 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Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Strong"},{"link_name":"1994 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVAwards-273"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVAwards-273"},{"link_name":"Mbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbone"},{"link_name":"Thinking Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"streaming video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_video"},{"link_name":"webcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"Bridges to Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Anybody Seen My Baby?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anybody_Seen_My_Baby%3F"},{"link_name":"Angelina Jolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Bridges to Babylon Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon_Tour"},{"link_name":"No Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Security"},{"link_name":"Live With Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_With_Me"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"No Security Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Security_Tour"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"}],"sub_title":"1989–1999: Comeback, record-breaking tours and Wyman's departure","text":"The band's 1994 album Voodoo Lounge was certified multi-platinum. Top: award displayed at the Museo del Rock in Madrid. Bottom: Richards performing onstage in Rio de Janeiro during the accompanying tour.In early 1989, the Stones - Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Ronnie Wood, Brian Jones, Mick Taylor, and Ian Stewart - were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with Jagger, Richards, Wood and Taylor in attendance.[85] Jagger and Richards set aside their animosity and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album, Steel Wheels. Heralded as a return to form, it included the singles \"Mixed Emotions\" (US number 5), \"Rock and a Hard Place\" (US number 23) and \"Almost Hear You Sigh\". The album also included \"Continental Drift\", which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier, Morocco, in 1989, with the Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar, coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting. Nigel Finch produced the BBC documentary film The Rolling Stones in Morocco.[249] Finch also directed 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the band's 25-year history, featuring new interviews with the five current members and archival interview materiel of Brain Jones and Mick Taylor. 25x5 aired on the BBC in late 1989 and was released on home video early the following year.[250] Steel Wheels reached number 2 in the UK and number 3 in the US.[251]The Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour was the band's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date. Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses. Recordings from the tour include the 1991 concert album Flashpoint, which reached number 6 in the UK and number 16 in the US,[252] and the concert film Live at the Max released in 1991.[253] The tour was Bill Wyman's last. After years of deliberation he decided to leave the band, although his departure was not made official until January 1993.[254] He then published Stone Alone, an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had kept since the band's early days. A few years later he formed Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again.[255]After the successes of the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle tours, the band took a break. Watts released two jazz albums; Wood recorded his fifth solo album, the first in 11 years, called Slide On This; Wyman released his fourth solo album; Richards released his second solo album in late 1992, Main Offender, and did a small tour, including big concerts in Spain and Argentina.[256][257] Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album, Wandering Spirit, which reached number 12 in the UK[258] and number 11 in the US.[259] The album sold more than two million copies worldwide, being certified Gold in the US.[246]After Wyman's departure, the Rolling Stones' new distributor/record label, Virgin Records, remastered and repackaged the band's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels, except for the three live albums. They issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back, which reached number 16 in the UK and number 30 in the US.[260] By 1993, the Stones were ready to start recording another studio album. Charlie Watts recruited bassist Darryl Jones, a former sideman of Miles Davis, and Sting, as Wyman's replacement for 1994's Voodoo Lounge. Jones continues to perform with the band as their touring and session bassist. The album met with positive reviews and strong sales, going double platinum in the US. Reviewers took note and credited the album's \"traditionalist\" sounds to the Rolling Stones' new producer Don Was.[261] Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards.[262] It reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in the US.[263]Jagger in Chile during the Voodoo Lounge Tour in 1995The accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour lasted into the following year and grossed $320 million, becoming the world's highest-grossing tour at the time.[264] Mostly acoustic numbers from various concerts and rehearsals made up Stripped which reached number 9 in the UK and the US.[265] It featured a cover of Bob Dylan's \"Like a Rolling Stone\", as well as infrequently played songs such as \"Shine a Light\",[266] \"Sweet Virginia\",[266] and \"The Spider and the Fly\".[267] On 8 September 1994, the Stones performed their new song \"Love Is Strong\" and \"Start Me Up\" at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York.[268] The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony.[268]The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet; a 20-minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second. The broadcast, engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems, was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video; while it was not a true webcast, it introduced many to the technology.[269]The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon, released in 1997 to mixed reviews.[270] It reached number 6 in the UK and number 3 in the US.[271] The video of the single \"Anybody Seen My Baby?\" featured Angelina Jolie as guest[272] and was given steady rotation on both MTV and VH1.[273] Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records (about 1.2 million copies sold in the US). The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which crossed Europe, North America, and other destinations, proved that the band remained a strong live attraction. Once again, a live album was recorded during the tour, No Security; only this time all but two songs (\"Live With Me\" and \"The Last Time\") were previously unreleased on live albums. The album reached number 67 in the UK[274] and number 34 in the US.[275] In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe.[276]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goddess in the Doorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_in_the_Doorway"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"The Concert for New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_for_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Salt of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_(song)"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Forty 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Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"Plundered My Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plundered_My_Soul"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"All Down the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Down_the_Line"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Stones in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stones_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kijak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kijak"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes-314"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes-314"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Billboard Live Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Live_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones:_Some_Girls_Live_In_Texas_%2778"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls"},{"link_name":"Out of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"}],"sub_title":"2000–2011: 40th anniversary, A Bigger Bang and continued success","text":"In late 2001, Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway. It met with mixed reviews;[277] it reached number 44 in the UK[278] and number 39 in the US. A month after the September 11 attacks, Jagger, Richards, and a backing band took part in The Concert for New York City, performing \"Salt of the Earth\" and \"Miss You\".[279] In 2002, the Stones released Forty Licks, a greatest hits double album, to mark forty years as a band. The collection contained four new songs recorded with the core band of Jagger, Richards, Watts, Wood, Leavell, and Jones. The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. It reached number 2 in both the US and UK.[280] The same year, Q magazine named the Rolling Stones one of the 50 Bands To See Before You Die.[281] The Stones headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto, Canada, to help the city—which they had used for rehearsals since the Voodoo Lounge tour—recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic; an estimated 490,000 people attended the concert.[282]On 9 November 2003, the band played their first concert in Hong Kong, as part of the Harbour Fest celebration, in support of its SARS-affected economy. The same month, the band licensed the exclusive rights to sell the new four-DVD boxed set Four Flicks, recorded on their recent world tour, to the US Best Buy chain of stores. In response, some Canadian and US music retail chains (including HMV Canada and Circuit City) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced it with signs explaining why.[283] In 2004, a double live album of the Licks Tour, Live Licks, was released and certified gold in the US.[246] It reached number 2 in both the UK and US.[284] In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame.[285]The Stones at San Siro stadium, Milan, during A Bigger Bang Tour, July 2006The Stones at Twickenham Stadium in London, August 2006The band's first new album in almost eight years, A Bigger Bang, was released on 6 September 2005 to positive reviews, including a glowing write-up in Rolling Stone magazine.[286] The album reached number 2 in the UK and number 3 in the US.[287] The single \"Streets of Love\" reached the top 15 in the UK.[288] The album included the political \"Sweet Neo Con\", Jagger's criticism of American Neoconservatism.[289] Richards was initially worried about a political backlash in the US,[289] but did not object to the lyrics, saying \"I just didn't want it to become some peripheral distractions/political storm in a tea-cup sort of thing.\"[290] The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005, and included North America, South America, and East Asia. In February 2006, the group played the half-time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan. By the end of 2005, the Bigger Bang tour had set a record of $162 million in gross receipts, breaking the North American mark set by the band in 1994. On 18 February 2006, the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro—one of the largest rock concerts of all time.[291]After performances in Japan, China, Australia, and New Zealand in March and April 2006, the Stones' tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe. During the break, Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji, where he had been on holiday. The incident led to a six-week delay in launching the European leg of the tour.[292][293] In June 2006, it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his alcohol abuse rehabilitation programme,[294][295] but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule. Mick Jagger's throat problems forced the cancellation of three shows and the rescheduling of several others that fall.[296] The Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006, and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007. By November 2006, the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest-grossing tour of all time.[297]The Rolling Stones at the Berlin Film Festival's world premiere of Martin Scorsese's documentary Shine a Light. From left to right: Watts, Wood, Richards, and Jagger.Martin Scorsese filmed the Stones performances at New York City's Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 for the documentary film, Shine a Light, released in 2008. The film features guest appearances by Buddy Guy, Jack White, and Christina Aguilera.[298] An accompanying soundtrack, also titled Shine a Light, was released in April 2008 and reached number 2 in the UK and number 11 in the US.[299] The album's debut at number 2 on the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970. At the Beacon Theatre show, music executive Ahmet Ertegun fell and later died from his injuries.[300]The band toured Europe throughout June and August 2007. 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band's second four-disc DVD set: The Biggest Bang, a seven-hour film featuring their shows in Austin, Rio de Janeiro, Saitama, Shanghai, and Buenos Aires, along with extras. On 10 June 2007, the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years,[f] at the Isle of Wight Festival, to a crowd of 65,000, and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse.[301] On 26 August 2007, they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at the O2 Arena in London. At the conclusion of the tour, the band had grossed a record-setting $558 million[302] and were listed in the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records.[303] On 12 November 2007, ABKCO released Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones, a double-CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold.[304] In July 2008, the Rolling Stones left EMI to sign with Vivendi's Universal Music, taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers. New music released by the band while under this contract was to be issued through Universal's Polydor label.[305]During the autumn, Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions. Jagger and Mick Taylor also recorded a session together in London, where Taylor added a new guitar track to what would be the expanded album's single, \"Plundered My Soul\".[306] On 17 April 2010, the band released a limited edition 7-inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track \"Plundered My Soul\", as part of Record Store Day. The track, part of the group's 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St., was combined with \"All Down the Line\" as its B-side.[307] The band appeared at the Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary Stones in Exile (directed by Stephen Kijak[308]) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St.[308] On 23 May, the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached number 1 on the UK charts, almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position. The band became the first act to see a classic work return to number 1 decades after it was first released.[309] In the US, the album re-entered the charts at number 2.[310]Loewenstein proposed to the band that they wind down their recording and touring activity and sell off their assets. The band disagreed, and that year Loewenstein parted from the band[311] after four decades as their manager, later writing the memoir A Prince Among Stones.[312] Joyce Smyth, a lawyer who had long been working for the Stones, took over as their full-time manager in 2010.[313][314] Smyth would go on to win Top Manager in the 2019 Billboard Live Music Awards.[315]In October 2010, the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones to cinemas and later to DVD. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the United States. Although originally released to cinemas in 1974, it had never been available for home release, apart from bootleg recordings.[316] In October 2011, the Stones released The Rolling Stones: Some Girls Live In Texas '78 to cinemas. A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US. This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft. Worth, Texas, in support of their 1978 US Tour and their album Some Girls. The film was released (on DVD/Blu-ray Disc) on 15 November 2011.[317] On 21 November, the band reissued Some Girls as a 2-CD deluxe edition. The second CD included twelve previously unreleased tracks (except \"So Young\", which was a B-side to \"Out of Tears\") from the sessions, with mostly newly recorded vocals by Jagger.[318]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"Shepard Fairey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Fairey"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jagger"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Museum"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"Crossfire Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(film)"},{"link_name":"Brett 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Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_On_Fire"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"L'Wren Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Wren_Scott"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"Haaretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling_Stones_in_Cuba-4601.jpg"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuba_concert-350"},{"link_name":"Latin American tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_Ol%C3%A9_Tour_2016"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com_Rolling_Stones_2016_Latin_American_Tour-351"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuba_concert-350"},{"link_name":"Stripped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"Havana Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones:_Havana_Moon"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstones.com_Rolling_Stones_concert_film_Havana_Moon-354"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"Olé Olé Olé: A Trip Across Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A9_Ol%C3%A9_Ol%C3%A9!:_A_Trip_Across_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-357"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-357"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"Desert Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Trip"},{"link_name":"Indio, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Blue & Lonesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%26_Lonesome_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Reed"},{"link_name":"Little Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Walter"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"},{"link_name":"British Grove Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grove_Studios"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Blue&Lonesome-363"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-364"}],"sub_title":"2012–2016: 50th anniversary, documentary and Blue & Lonesome","text":"The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones: 50.[319] A new take on the band's lip-and-tongue logo, designed by Shepard Fairey, was also revealed and used during the celebrations.[320] Jagger's brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia, in conjunction with the celebrations.[321]The documentary Crossfire Hurricane, directed by Brett Morgen, was released in October 2012. He conducted approximately fifty hours of interviews for the film, including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor.[322] This was the first official career-spanning documentary since 25x5: The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1989.[250] A new compilation album, GRRR!, was released on 12 November. Available in four different formats, it included two new tracks, \"Doom and Gloom\" and \"One More Shot\", recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris, France, in the last few weeks of August 2012.[323] The album went on to sell over two million copies worldwide.[288] The music video for \"Doom and Gloom\", featuring Noomi Rapace, was released on 20 November.[324][325]In November 2012, the Stones began their 50 & Counting... tour at London's O2 Arena, where they were joined by Jeff Beck.[326] At their second show, in London, Eric Clapton and Florence Welch joined the group onstage.[327] The third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York.[327] The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, on 13 and 15 December. Bruce Springsteen and blues–rock band the Black Keys joined the band on the final night.[327][328] The stage on this tour was designed so that the lips could \"inflate and deflate during different parts of the show.\"[329] The band also played two songs at 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief.[330]In July 2013, the Stones played Hyde Park for the first time since 1969, with Mick Taylor performing with the band for the first time since 1974.The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013 with various guest stars, including Katy Perry[331] and Taylor Swift,[332] before returning to the UK. In June, the band performed at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival.[333] They returned to Hyde Park in July[g] and performed the same set list as their 1969 concert at the venue.[335] Hyde Park Live, a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July, was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month.[336] An award-winning[337] live DVD, Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park, was released on 11 November.[338]In February 2014, the band embarked on their 14 On Fire tour, scheduled for the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Europe and to go until the summer.[339] On 17 March, Jagger's long-time partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly, resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October.[340] On 4 June, the Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel. Haaretz described the concert as being \"Historic with a capital H\".[341] In a 2015 interview with Jagger, when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated, \"Nah, not in the moment. I'm thinking about what the next tour is. I'm not thinking about retirement. I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'\"[342]The Stones playing in Havana, Cuba, in March 2016; a spokesman for the band called it \"the first open air concert in Cuba by a British rock band\".[343]The Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016.[344] On 25 March, the band played a bonus show, a free open-air concert in Havana, Cuba, which was attended by an estimated 500,000 concert-goers.[343] In June of that year, the Rolling Stones released Totally Stripped, an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped, in multiple formats.[345][346] Their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba was commemorated in the film Havana Moon. It premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide.[347][348] The film Olé Olé Olé: A Trip Across Latin America, a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour,[349] premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 16 September 2016;[350] it came out on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 May 2017.[350][351] The Stones performed at the Desert Trip festival held in Indio, California, playing two nights, 7 and 14 October, the same nights as Bob Dylan.[352]The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016. The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists such as Howlin' Wolf, Jimmy Reed, and Little Walter.[353][354] Recording took place in British Grove Studios, London, in December 2015, and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks.[355] The album reached number 1 in the UK, the second-highest opening sales week for an album that year.[356] It also debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200.[357]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torontosun_Rolling_Stones_new_album_of_original_material-365"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"On Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Air_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone.com_The_Rolling_Stones_On_Air-367"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling-stones-3426802_1280.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rolling_Stones_bow_post-show,_London,_22_May_2018_(41437870545).jpg"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"No Filter Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Filter_Tour"},{"link_name":"London Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stadium"},{"link_name":"No Filter Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Filter_Tour"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"One World: Together at Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_at_Home"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"BST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Living in a Ghost Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_a_Ghost_Town"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RStonesHydePark030722_(125_of_125)_(52194125170)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"BST Hyde Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time_(concerts)"},{"link_name":"Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"top the chart across six different decades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_topped_the_UK_Albums_Chart_in_five_or_more_decades"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Six_decades-379"},{"link_name":"Steve Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jordan_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-383"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"began a new tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty_(tour)"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-391"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hackney_Empire_(152261787).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hackney Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"Hackney Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hackney Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-394"},{"link_name":"Hackney Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-395"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-396"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Angry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"EA Sports FC 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports_FC_24"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-397"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-398"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytint-399"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: No Filter Tour, Watts' death, and Hackney Diamonds","text":"In July 2017, the Toronto Sun reported that the Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade,[358] but recording was later ultimately delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[359] On Air, a collection of 18 recordings the band performed on the BBC between 1963 and 1965, was released in December 2017. The album featured eight songs the band had never recorded or released commercially.[360]The band's plane touches down in Amsterdam (top) in October 2017 during the No Filter Tour European leg, which ended at London Stadium (bottom) in May 2018.In May 2017, the No Filter Tour was announced, with fourteen shows in twelve different venues across Europe in September and October of the same year.[361] It was later extended to go from May to July 2018, adding fourteen new dates across the UK and Europe, making it the band's first UK tour since 2006.[362] In November 2018, the Stones announced plans to bring the No Filter Tour to US stadiums in 2019, with 13 shows set to run from April to June.[363] In March 2019, it was announced that Jagger would be undergoing heart valve replacement surgery, forcing the band to postpone the 17-date North American leg of their No Filter Tour.[364] On 4 April 2019, it was announced that Jagger had completed his heart valve procedure in New York, was recovering (in hospital) after a successful operation, and could be released in the following few days.[365] On 16 May, the Rolling Stones announced that the No Filter Tour would resume on 21 June with the 17 postponed dates rescheduled up to the end of August.[366] In March 2020, the No Filter Tour was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[367]The Rolling Stones—featuring Jagger, Richards, Watts, and Wood at their homes—were one of the headline acts on Global Citizen's One World: Together at Home on-line and on-screen concert on 18 April 2020, a global event featuring dozens of artists and comedians to support frontline healthcare workers and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic.[368] On 23 April, Jagger announced through his Facebook page the release (the same day at 5pm BST) of the single \"Living in a Ghost Town\", a new Rolling Stones song recorded in London and Los Angeles in 2019 and finished in isolation (part of the new material that the band were recording in the studio before the COVID-19 lockdown), a song that the band \"thought would resonate through the times we're living in\" and their first original one since 2012.[369] The song reached number 1 on the German Singles Chart, the first time the Stones had reached the top spot in 52 years, and making them the oldest artists ever to do so.[370]The Rolling Stones on stage at BST Hyde Park 2022, a year after the death of Watts. Left to right: Jagger, Wood, and Richards.The band's 1973 album Goats Head Soup was reissued on 4 September 2020 and featured previously unreleased outtakes: such as \"Criss Cross\", which was released as a single and music video on 9 July 2020; \"Scarlet\", featuring Jimmy Page; and \"All the Rage\".[371] On 11 September 2020, the album topped the UK Albums Chart as the Rolling Stones became the first artist to top the chart across six different decades.[372]In August 2021, it was announced that Watts would undergo an unspecified medical procedure and would not perform on the remainder of the No Filter tour; the longtime Stones associate Steve Jordan filled in as drummer.[373][374] Watts died on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80, in a London hospital with his family around him.[375][376] For 10 days, the contents of the Rolling Stones' official website were replaced with a picture of Watts, in his memory.[377] On 27 August, the band's social media accounts shared a montage of pictures and videos of Watts.[378] The band subsequently showed pictures and videos of Watts at the beginning of each concert on the No Filter tour. The short segment is roughly a minute long and plays a simple drum track by Watts.[379] They became the highest-earning live act of 2021, surpassing Taylor Swift; since 2018 the two have traded the top two spots.[380][381] The band began a new tour in 2022, with Jordan on drums.[382]Following reports in February 2023 that former Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr would appear on their yet-named new album,[383] representatives for the band confirmed that McCartney will appear but stated that Starr would not. This will mark the first time that McCartney and the Stones have collaborated on a studio album.[384] Four months later, it was reported that Wyman would return for a song, more than 30 years after his departure from the band; the album is expected to be released in late 2023.[385]The Stones announced their 2023 album, Hackney Diamonds, at the Hackney Empire in London (pictured) in a news conference at the venue.In August 2023, media outlets reported, based on an advertisement in a local UK newspaper, that a new Stones album might be released in September 2023. The Hackney Gazette advertisement made reference to several previous Stones hits, and linked to a fictitious diamond jeweller called \"Hackney Diamonds\", whose website privacy policy is that of Universal Music Group; the band's logo was used to dot the letter \"i\" in \"diamonds\".[386] On 29 August, the band confirmed association with the website through posts on its social media profiles.[387] Because of the advertisement, it was suspected that the album could be called Hackney Diamonds.[388] Elton John, Lady Gaga, Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney, among others, are expected to guest on the new album.[389] On 6 September 2023, Jagger, Richards and Wood appeared in a live Q&A with Jimmy Fallon to announce that Hackney Diamonds would be released on 20 October 2023. The album features the final two songs Charlie Watts recorded with the band prior to his death, and it also features former longtime bassist Bill Wyman on one of the album's tracks, marking only his second studio recording with the band since 1991's Flashpoint album. \"Angry\", the album's first single and music video (starring actress Sydney Sweeney), was also released during the Q&A, with the song also landing on the EA Sports FC 24 soundtrack.[390][391] Jagger speculated that the band's follow-up to Hackney Diamonds was 75% done by the time that album was released.[392] Ten months later, Jagger stated that it is likely the band would release new music \"soon\".[393]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instruments played by the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_played_by_the_Rolling_Stones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FGF_museum_04._Keith_Richards_Telecaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Telecaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Telecaster"},{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_(company)"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"Master Musicians of Jajouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Musicians_of_Jajouka"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003100%E2%80%93101-402"},{"link_name":"cover songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_song"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-403"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-405"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-405"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Walker"},{"link_name":"jazz blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_blues"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1981-6"},{"link_name":"traditional jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_jazz"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-406"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-407"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200341-408"},{"link_name":"Fats Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Domino"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-409"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-409"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-410"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"Richie Unterberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Unterberger"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_music"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"As Tears Go By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_(song)"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagger_Remembers-413"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-414"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200385-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200385-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brian_Jones_guitar,_HRC_Sacramento.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(company)"},{"link_name":"Hard Rock Cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood200395-83"},{"link_name":"the Staple Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Staple_Singers"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-415"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanLindsay2001217-416"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsaccordingtorolli00jaggpage160_160%E2%80%93161]-417"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsFox2010241-418"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-406"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-407"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2012159,_185-421"},{"link_name":"open tunings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_tuning"},{"link_name":"capo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_(musical_device)"},{"link_name":"Tumbling Dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbling_Dice"},{"link_name":"Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-422"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsFox2010236-423"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagger_Remembers-413"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003247-252"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-426"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2012185-427"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2012185-427"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-428"},{"link_name":"arena-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena-rock"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"glam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-429"}],"text":"See also: Instruments played by the Rolling StonesA copy of the signature Telecaster used by Keith Richards, known as \"Micawber\", in Fender's factory museumThe Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound. Throughout the band's career, their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference to and reliance on musical styles including blues, psychedelia, R&B, country, folk, reggae, dance, and world music—exemplified by Jones' collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka—as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instruments such as harps. Brian Jones experimented with the use of non-traditional instruments, such as the sitar and slide guitar, in their early days.[394][395] The group started out covering early rock 'n' roll and blues songs, and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs.[396] According to biographer Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the Stones \"pioneered the gritty, hard-driving blues-based rock & roll that came to define hard rock with a \"strong yet subtly swinging rhythm\" provided by Wyman and Watts.[397]Jagger and Richards had a shared admiration of Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters,[398] and Howlin' Wolf.[398] Little Walter influenced Brian Jones. Richards recalls, \"He was more into T-Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff. We'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say, 'Look, it's all the same shit, man, and you can do it.'\"[6] Charlie Watts, a traditional jazz drummer,[399][400] was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair, stating in 2003, \"Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that. I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer, playing swing, with a straight four.\"[401] Jagger, recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Muddy Waters, Fats Domino, and other major American R&B artists, said it \"seemed the most real thing\"[402] he had heard up to that point. Similarly, Keith Richards, describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters, said it was the \"most powerful music [he had] ever heard ... the most expressive\".[402][403] He also recalled, \"when you think of some dopey, spotty seventeen year old from Dartford, who wants to be Muddy Waters—and there were a lot of us—in a way, very pathetic, but in another way, [it was] very ... heartwarming\".[404]Despite the Rolling Stones' predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists, the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide-ranging interest. Critic Richie Unterberger described the first Jagger/Richards single, \"Tell Me (You're Coming Back)\", as a \"pop rock ballad ... When [Jagger and Richards] began to write songs, they were usually not derived from the blues, but were often surprisingly fey, slow, Mersey-type pop numbers\".[405] \"As Tears Go By\", the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull, was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and one of many written by the duo for other artists. Jagger said of the song, \"It's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time. And we didn't think of [recording] it, because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group.\"[406] The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US.[407]Richards said of their early writing experiences, \"The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten-time, every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts. That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on, because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew [Loog Oldham], 'Well, at least we gave it a try ...'\"[72] Jagger opined, \"We were very pop-orientated. We didn't sit around listening to Muddy Waters; we listened to everything. In some ways it's easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes; they were done in ten minutes. I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh, and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us.\"[72]A Vox Teardrop guitar used by Brian Jones on display at Hard Rock Cafe in Sacramento, CaliforniaThe writing of \"The Last Time\", the Rolling Stones' first major single, proved a turning point. Richards called it \"a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones. It gave us a level of confidence; a pathway of how to do it.\"[81] The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers, but the Rolling Stones' number features a distinctive guitar riff, played by Brian Jones.[408] Prior to the emergence of Jagger/Richards as the Stones' songwriters, the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge. Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger/Richards.[409]Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood, the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the \"ancient art of weaving\" responsible for part of their sound—the interplay between two guitarists on stage.[410] Unlike most bands, the Stones follow Richards' lead rather than the drummer's.[411][412] Likewise, Watts was primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genre's influences to the style of the band's drumming.[399][400] The following of Richards' lead has led to conflicts between Jagger and Richards, and they have been known to annoy one another, but they have both agreed it makes for a better record; Watts in particular has praised Jagger's production skills.[413] In the studio the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song. Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins' piano playing. On Exile on Main St., Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four.[414]Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts (often in conjunction with a capo), most prominently an open-E or open-D tuning in 1968. Beginning in 1969, he often used 5-string open-G tuning (with the lower 6th string removed), as heard on the 1969 single \"Honky Tonk Women\", \"Brown Sugar\" (Sticky Fingers, 1971), \"Tumbling Dice\" (capo IV), \"Happy\" (capo IV), (Exile on Main St., 1972), and \"Start Me Up\" (Tattoo You, 1981).[415]The feuds between Jagger and Richards originated in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict,[416][417] resulting in Jagger managing the band's affairs for many years.[406] When Richards got himself off heroin and became more present in decision-making, Jagger was not used to it and did not like having his authority diminished. This led to the period Richards has referred to as \"World War III\".[247] Of making albums with the Stones, Richards referred to it in 2023 as \"controlled madness. Mick is the controller and I'm the madness.\"[418]Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key, due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio,[419][420] as tracks tended to be recorded \"by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions\".[420] Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, \"changed music\" through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry.[421]Stephen Hyden writes:The Rolling Stones turn 50 next year, an unprecedented milestone for a rock group and confirmation of an obvious truism: Nobody survives like the world's greatest rock 'n' roll band. Starting out as a purist blues combo that fronted a bad-boy image while recording the occasional Lennon/McCartney pop tune and string-laden ballad to help secure their popularity, the Stones deftly moved through a number of guises in the '60s and '70s while remaining essentially the same band at its core. When arena-rock reigned, the Stones became an excessive live act whose decadence was on par with Led Zeppelin; when David Bowie and glam became the hippest thing in England, Mick Jagger lathered on the mascara and campy posturing. By the time of 1978's Some Girls, the Stones absorbed the energy of New York City's punk and disco scenes so completely that it reinvigorated the band's career, spawning their final (to date) No. 1 single in the U.S., \"Miss You.\"[422]","title":"Musical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of awards and nominations received by the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_the_Rolling_Stones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WaGriz_RollingStones.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington–Grizzly Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Grizzly_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Missoula, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing concert 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period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-405"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-405"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"Greatest Artists of All 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Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaby_Street"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stones_Inc-444"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-428"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-445"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-447"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-448"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-449"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-428"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Six_decades-379"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stones_Inc-444"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-451"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-453"},{"link_name":"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-455"},{"link_name":"Blue & Lonesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%26_Lonesome_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-456"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-457"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Robert Downey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-459"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"series of UK postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2020%E2%80%932029#2022"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"Royal Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mint"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-466"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-467"}],"text":"See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Rolling StonesAerial view of the Stones' concert at Washington–Grizzly Stadium in Missoula, Montana, in October 2006. On three separate tours, the Stones have set records for the highest-grossing concert tour.[423]Since their formation in 1962, the Rolling Stones have survived multiple feuds.[424][425] They have released 30 studio albums,[426] 23 live albums,[427] 12 official compilation albums, many recognised bootleg recordings,[428] all of which comprise over 340 songs.[429] According to OfficialCharts.com, the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time. Their top single is \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\",[430] regarded by many at the time as \"the classic example of rock and roll\".[398] The Stones contributed to the blues lexicon, creating their own \"codewords\" and slang, such as \"losing streak\" for menstrual period, which they have used throughout their catalogue of songs.[398]They pioneered the \"raw, blues-based sound\" that came to define hard rock[431] and has been viewed as the musical \"vanguard of a major transfusion\" of various cultural attitudes, making them accessible to youth in Britain and the rest of the world.[398] Muddy Waters was quoted as saying that the Rolling Stones and other English bands piqued the interest of American youth in blues musicians. After they came to the United States, sales of Waters' albums—and those of other blues musicians—increased public interest,[432] thus helping to reconnect the country with its own music.[433]The Stones were supporters of the civil rights movement, having a clause in period contracts stating that they would not perform in segregated venues. Breach of this clause would fine the promoter £30,100 and allow the band to walk away. Their support of civil rights causes has continued to the current era.[434]In 1981, Rolling Stone wrote that the Stones \"are the great rock & roll rhythm section of our time\" and are \"special primarily because they understand that a great rock & roll band never takes too much for granted.\"[435] In 2010, they ranked fourth on the magazine's list of the Greatest Artists of All Time. Steven Van Zandt wrote:The Rolling Stones are my life. If it wasn't for them, I would have been a Soprano for real. I first saw the Stones on TV, on The Hollywood Palace in 1964. In '64, the Beatles were perfect: the hair, the harmonies, the suits. They bowed together. Their music was extraordinarily sophisticated. The whole thing was exciting and alien but very distant in its perfection. The Stones were alien and exciting, too. But with the Stones, the message was, \"Maybe you can do this.\" The hair was sloppier. The harmonies were a bit off. And I don't remember them smiling at all. They had the R&B traditionalist's attitude: \"We are not in show business. We are not pop music.\" And the sex in Mick Jagger's voice was adult. This wasn't pop sex — holding hands, playing spin the bottle. This was the real thing. Jagger had that conversational quality that came from R&B singers and bluesmen, that sort of half-singing, not quite holding notes. The acceptance of Jagger's voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll. He broke open the door for everyone else. Suddenly, Eric Burdon and Van Morrison weren't so weird — even Bob Dylan.[436]The Rolling Stones store on Carnaby Street in London in 2012. Merchandise has contributed to the band's record-breaking revenues.[437]The Telegraph has called Mick Jagger \"the Rolling Stone who changed music\".[421] The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989.[438][439] The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band[440][441] and individually.[442][443] They are also credited with changing the \"whole business model of popular music\".[421] The only artists to top the UK Album Charts in six different decades, they are tied with Elvis Presley and Robbie Williams for the second most number 1 albums on the Official UK Chart, surpassed only by the Beatles.[372]In 2002, CNN called the Stones \"far and away the most successful act in rock today\", adding, \"since 1989 alone, the band has generated more than $1.5 billion in gross revenues. That total includes sales of records, song rights, merchandising, sponsorship money, and touring. The Stones have made more money than U2, or Springsteen, or Michael Jackson, or Britney Spears, or the Who—or whoever. Sure, Mick attended the London School of Economics, but his greatest talent, besides strutting and singing, is his ability to surround himself and the rest of the band with a group of very able executives.\"[437] The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide.[444]In a review of the band's 2020 acoustic rendition of \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" for Global Citizen's One World: Together At Home on-line and on-screen concert, Billboard stated that they are \"still the masters of delivering unforgettable live performances.\"[445] On their enduring appeal and reinvention, Rich Cohen of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2016:The Stones have gone through at least five stylistic iterations: cover band, '60s pop, '60s acid, '70s groove, '80s New Wave. At some point, they lost that elasticity and ability to reinvent—they got old—but the fact that they did it so well for so long explains their inexhaustible relevance. The Stones have lived and died and been reborn again and again. It means that, for many different generations of adults, the sound of high school was the Rolling Stones. The Stones have reinvented themselves so many times that they might as well be immortal.[446]The band have received and been nominated for multiple awards including three Grammy Awards (and 12 nominations) and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1986,[447] the Juno Award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991,[448] U.K.'s Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year (2017) for their album Blue & Lonesome,[449] and NME (New Musical Express) awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film, for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane.[450]On Jagger's 75th birthday in 2018, scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band. Two species, Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi, were placed within a new family Petroperlidae. The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones, derived from the Greek \"petra\" that stands for \"stone\". The scientists referred to the fossils as \"Rolling Stoneflies\".[451] This theme was continued when NASA named a rock disturbed by the thrusters of the Mars InSight Lander \"Rolling Stones Rock\", as announced by Robert Downey Jr. during the band's 22 August 2019 performance in Pasadena, California.[452] In 2020, a third species of Petroperlidae, Branchioperla ianstewarti, was named after Ian Stewart, pianist and founding member of the band.[453]In 2019, Billboard magazine ranked the Rolling Stones second on their list of the \"Greatest Artists of All Time\", based on the band's US chart success.[454] In 2022, the band featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail[455] and their 60th anniversary was commemorated with a collectible coin by the Royal Mint.[456] The band has 38 top-10 albums in the US, the most of any artist.[457] They have sold more than 250 million albums worldwide.[458][459][460]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201610-468"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2010141-430"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-269"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardStonesU2-302"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-470"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003191-471"},{"link_name":"The 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-473"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-473"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-473"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-473"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003190%E2%80%93192-478"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sloppy_start-479"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003190%E2%80%93192-478"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sloppy_start-479"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003190%E2%80%93192-478"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003192-480"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggerRichardsWattsWood2003190%E2%80%93192-478"},{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTRio-481"},{"link_name":"[475]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-482"},{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTRio-481"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-483"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-484"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-484"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-484"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-483"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-484"}],"text":"Since their first concert on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London,[461] the Rolling Stones have performed more than two thousand concerts around the world[462] and have gone on over 48 tours of varying length, including three of the highest-grossing tours of all time: Bridges to Babylon,[423] Voodoo Lounge,[264] and A Bigger Bang.[297]From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around[463][464] to selling out stadiums worldwide, Rolling Stones tours have changed significantly over the decades. The Stones' early setups were simple compared to what they became later in the band's career, when elaborate stage designs, pyrotechnics, and giant screens were used. By the time the Stones toured America in 1969, they began to fill large halls and arenas, such as The Forum in Inglewood, California.[465] They were also using more equipment, including lighting rigs and better sound equipment, than they had used in clubs.[465]The 1969 tour is considered a \"great watershed tour\" by Mick Jagger because they \"started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights\".[466] Attributing the birth of arena rock to the Stones 1969 US tour, The Guardian ranked it 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history.[467] Before this tour the loudest sound at large-capacity shows was often the crowd, so the Stones used lighting and sound systems that ensured they could be seen and heard in the biggest arenas. The Guardian commented that their \"combination of front-of-house excellence and behind-the-scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level.\"[467] During the 1972 tour, the Stones developed a complex light show that included giant mirrors that bounced the light off them.[468][469]The Stones' concert runway at Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, in 2012; it first appeared in Stones' concerts in 1981.During the 1975 Tour of the Americas, arena shows became an industry for the band, and the Stones hired a new lighting director, Jules Fisher.[470][page needed] The props the band used on stage increased in both size and sophistication, similar to those on Broadway.[466] They started to use multiple stages, from which they would select for a particular show. On this tour they had two versions of what Jagger referred to as the \"lotus stage\". One version had a large Venetian (cylindrical) curtain, and the other had leaves that began in a folded up position and opened during the beginning of the concert.[466] This period also included a variety of props, including inflatable penises and other gimmicks,[466] and incorporated a number of circus tricks.[466]During the 1981–1982 American tour, the Stones worked with Japanese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium-sized locations and audiences.[471][472] During this period, stages increased in size to include runways and movable sections of the stage going out into the audience.[471][472] This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens.[471] Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band.[473]When you're out there in this vast stadium, you have to physically tiny up on stage, so that's why on the 1981-2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens. We became very aware of not being seen, of just being there like ants. Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights. And when the show gets that big, you need a little extra help, you need a couple of gimmicks, as we call it, in the show. You need fireworks, you need lights, you need a bit of theatre.— Charlie Watts, According to the Rolling Stones[471]Over time, their props and stage equipment have become increasingly sophisticated. When the Stones began to fill stadium-sized venues, or larger, they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them. This was particularly the case when they performed a free concert for an estimated 1.5 million people[474] in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour in 2006.[475] The show required over 500 lights, hundreds of speakers, and a video screen almost thirteen metres (43 ft) in length.[474][476][477] Due to the 2.5 km (1.6 mi) length of the beach on which the Stones performed,[477] sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach, to keep the sound in sync with the music from the stage;[477] for every three hundred and forty metres (1,120 ft) of beach, the sound would be delayed by an additional second.[476][477]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-487"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-488"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016256%E2%80%93259-489"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-490"},{"link_name":"[484]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-491"},{"link_name":"[485]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-492"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"[486]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-493"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"},{"link_name":"[487]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-494"},{"link_name":"Mick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-485"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-486"}],"text":"Current membersMick Jagger – lead and backing vocals, harmonica, rhythm guitar, percussion, keyboards, bass (1962–present)[478][479][480]\nKeith Richards – lead and rhythm guitars, bass, keyboards, percussion, backing and lead vocals (1962–present)[478][479]\nRonnie Wood – lead and rhythm guitars, slide guitar, bass, backing vocals, pedal steel guitar (1975–present)[478][479]Former membersBrian Jones – lead and rhythm guitars, slide guitar, harmonica, keyboards, sitar, Appalachian dulcimer, marimbas, recorder, saxophone, percussion, backing vocals (1962–1969; died 1969)[478][479]\nIan Stewart – piano, organ, percussion (1962–1963; touring and session musician 1963–1985; his death)[478][479]\nBill Wyman – bass, keyboards, percussion,[481][482][483][484][485] backing and occasional lead vocals (1962–1993; guest 2011, 2012, 2023)[478][479][486]\nCharlie Watts – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1963–2021; his death)[478][479][487]\nMick Taylor – lead and slide guitars, bass, synthesisers, congas, backing vocals (1969–1974; guest 1981, 2012–2014)[478][479]","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_(album)"},{"link_name":"[488]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-495"},{"link_name":"[489]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201645-496"},{"link_name":"England's Newest Hit Makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_(album)"},{"link_name":"12 X 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_X_5"},{"link_name":"[490]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201670-497"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_No._2"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201669%E2%80%9370-498"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones, Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones,_Now!"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201669%E2%80%9370-498"},{"link_name":"Out of Our Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Our_Heads"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon201690-499"},{"link_name":"December's Children (And Everybody's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%27s_Children_(And_Everybody%27s)"},{"link_name":"[493]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016128-500"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_(Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[494]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016134-501"},{"link_name":"Between the Buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Buttons"},{"link_name":"[495]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016184-502"},{"link_name":"Their Satanic Majesties Request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Their_Satanic_Majesties_Request"},{"link_name":"[496]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016212-503"},{"link_name":"Beggars Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Banquet"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016246-504"},{"link_name":"Let It Bleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Bleed"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016280-505"},{"link_name":"Sticky Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016330-506"},{"link_name":"Exile on Main St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_on_Main_St."},{"link_name":"[500]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016360-507"},{"link_name":"Goats Head Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goats_Head_Soup"},{"link_name":"[501]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016394-508"},{"link_name":"It's Only Rock 'n Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Rock_%27n_Roll"},{"link_name":"[502]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016416-509"},{"link_name":"Black and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"[503]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016454-510"},{"link_name":"Some Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Girls"},{"link_name":"[504]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016470-511"},{"link_name":"Emotional Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_Rescue"},{"link_name":"[505]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016492-512"},{"link_name":"Tattoo You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_You"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016510-513"},{"link_name":"Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_(Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[507]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016532-514"},{"link_name":"Dirty Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Work_(Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[508]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016552-515"},{"link_name":"Steel Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Wheels"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016570-516"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Lounge"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016600-517"},{"link_name":"Bridges to Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[511]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016628-518"},{"link_name":"A Bigger Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bigger_Bang"},{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargotinGuesdon2016664-519"},{"link_name":"Blue & Lonesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%26_Lonesome_(Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Blue&Lonesome-363"},{"link_name":"Hackney Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Diamonds"}],"text":"Studio albumsThe Rolling Stones (1964, UK)[488][489]\nEngland's Newest Hit Makers (1964, US)\n12 X 5 (1964, US)[490]\nThe Rolling Stones No. 2 (1965, UK)[491]\nThe Rolling Stones, Now! (1965, US)[491]\nOut of Our Heads (1965, UK and US versions different)[492]\nDecember's Children (And Everybody's) (1965, US)[493]\nAftermath (1966, UK and US versions different)[494]\nBetween the Buttons (1967, UK and US versions different)[495]\nTheir Satanic Majesties Request (1967, studio albums are uniform in UK and US from this album onwards)[496]\nBeggars Banquet (1968)[497]\nLet It Bleed (1969)[498]\nSticky Fingers (1971)[499]\nExile on Main St. (1972)[500]\nGoats Head Soup (1973)[501]\nIt's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)[502]\nBlack and Blue (1976)[503]\nSome Girls (1978)[504]\nEmotional Rescue (1980)[505]\nTattoo You (1981)[506]\nUndercover (1983)[507]\nDirty Work (1986)[508]\nSteel Wheels (1989)[509]\nVoodoo Lounge (1994)[510]\nBridges to Babylon (1997)[511]\nA Bigger Bang (2005)[512]\nBlue & Lonesome (2016)[356]\nHackney Diamonds (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Tour 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_British_Tour_1963"},{"link_name":"1st British Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_1st_British_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"2nd British Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_British_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"1st American Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_1st_American_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"3rd British Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_3rd_British_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"4th British Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_4th_British_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"2nd American Tour 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_American_Tour_1964"},{"link_name":"Irish Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Irish_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"Far East Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Far_East_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"1st British Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_1st_British_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"1st European Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_1st_European_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"2nd European Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_European_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"1st American Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_1st_American_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"3rd European Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_3rd_European_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"2nd Irish Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_Irish_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"4th European Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_4th_European_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"2nd British Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_British_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"2nd American Tour 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_2nd_American_Tour_1965"},{"link_name":"Australasian Tour 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Australasian_Tour_1966"},{"link_name":"European Tour 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1966"},{"link_name":"American Tour 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1966"},{"link_name":"British Tour 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_British_Tour_1966"},{"link_name":"European Tour 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1967"},{"link_name":"American Tour 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1969"},{"link_name":"European Tour 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1970"},{"link_name":"UK Tour 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_UK_Tour_1971"},{"link_name":"American Tour 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1972"},{"link_name":"Pacific Tour 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Pacific_Tour_1973"},{"link_name":"European Tour 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_European_Tour_1973"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Americas '75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones%27_Tour_of_the_Americas_%2775"},{"link_name":"Tour of Europe '76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_Tour_of_Europe_%2776"},{"link_name":"US Tour 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_US_Tour_1978"},{"link_name":"American Tour 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_American_Tour_1981"},{"link_name":"Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Wheels/Urban_Jungle_Tour"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Lounge Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Lounge_Tour"},{"link_name":"Bridges to Babylon Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_to_Babylon_Tour"},{"link_name":"No Security Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Security_Tour"},{"link_name":"Licks Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licks_Tour"},{"link_name":"A Bigger Bang Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bigger_Bang_Tour"},{"link_name":"50 & Counting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_%26_Counting"},{"link_name":"14 On Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_On_Fire"},{"link_name":"Zip Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_Code_(tour)"},{"link_name":"América Latina Olé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_Ol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"No Filter Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Filter_Tour"},{"link_name":"Sixty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty_(tour)"},{"link_name":"Hackney Diamonds Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Diamonds_Tour"}],"text":"British Tour 1963 (1963)\n1st British Tour 1964 (1964)\n2nd British Tour 1964 (1964)\n1st American Tour 1964 (1964)\n3rd British Tour 1964 (1964)\n4th British Tour 1964 (1964)\n2nd American Tour 1964 (1964)\nIrish Tour 1965 (1965)\nFar East Tour 1965 (1965)\n1st British Tour 1965 (1965)\n1st European Tour 1965 (1965)\n2nd European Tour 1965 (1965)\n1st American Tour 1965 (1965)\n3rd European Tour 1965 (1965)\n2nd Irish Tour 1965 (1965)\n4th European Tour 1965 (1965)\n2nd British Tour 1965 (1965)\n2nd American Tour 1965 (1965)\nAustralasian Tour 1966 (1966)\nEuropean Tour 1966 (1966)\nAmerican Tour 1966 (1966)\nBritish Tour 1966 (1966)\nEuropean Tour 1967 (1967)\nAmerican Tour 1969 (1969)\nEuropean Tour 1970 (1970)\nUK Tour 1971 (1971)\nAmerican Tour 1972 (1972)\nPacific Tour 1973 (1973)\nEuropean Tour 1973 (1973)\nTour of the Americas '75 (1975)\nTour of Europe '76 (1976)\nUS Tour 1978 (1978)\nAmerican Tour 1981 (1981)\nEuropean Tour 1982 (1982)\nSteel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour (1989–1990)\nVoodoo Lounge Tour (1994–1995)\nBridges to Babylon Tour (1997–1998)\nNo Security Tour (1999)\nLicks Tour (2002–2003)\nA Bigger Bang Tour (2005–2007)\n50 & Counting (2012–2013)\n14 On Fire (2014)\nZip Code (2015)\nAmérica Latina Olé (2016)\nNo Filter Tour (2017–2021)\nSixty (2022)\nHackney Diamonds Tour (2024)","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Mick Avory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Avory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:110-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman200265-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-143"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-307"},{"link_name":"Knebworth Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebworth_Festival"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_Wight-306"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-341"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"}],"text":"^ Mick Avory himself has categorically denied \"on many occasions\"[19] that he played with the Rollin' Stones that night. In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub, before they became known as the Rollin' Stones.[20]\n\n^ Wyman's book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night.[55]\n\n^ The comma in the early version of the song title, \"Paint It, Black\", being later dropped.\n\n^ News of the World was tipped off by Richards' Belgian chauffeur. The chauffeur \"developed a severe perambulatory impediment after ratting the band out to the News of the World in the build-up to the Redlands raid. In Keef's words: 'As I heard it, he never walked the same again.' \"[111]\n\n^ The original cover for Beggars Banquet did not surface until the 1980s.[138]\n\n^ The previous performance was in 1976 at the Knebworth Fair.[301]\n\n^ The 2013 show tickets were not free like they were for the 1969 concert the band performed in Hyde Park.[334]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance with the Devil: The Rolling Stones & Their Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dancewithdevilro0000boot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-394-53488-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53488-6"},{"link_name":"Keith: Standing in the Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/keith00boot"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-11841-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-11841-9"},{"link_name":"Carr, Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Carr"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones:_An_Illustrated_Record"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-517-52641-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-52641-5"},{"link_name":"The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/roughguidetoroll0000egan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84353-719-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-719-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-954575-06-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-954575-06-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-19374-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-19374-0"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rollingstones0000forg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8239-3644-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3644-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-81199-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81199-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7119-4303-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-4303-2"},{"link_name":"Hotchner, A. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Hotchner"},{"link_name":"Blown Away: The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/blownawayrolling00hotc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-69316-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69316-9"},{"link_name":"Golden Stone: The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/goldenstoneuntol00jack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-09820-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09820-9"},{"link_name":"Janovitz, Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Janovitz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-250-02631-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-02631-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4391-5969-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5969-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-73728-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-73728-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55652-373-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-373-1"},{"link_name":"Up and Down with the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_and_Down_with_the_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-80711-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80711-4"},{"link_name":"Spitz, Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Spitz"},{"link_name":"Jagger: Rebel, Rock Star, Rambler, Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagger:_Rebel,_Rock_Star,_Rambler,_Rogue"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59240-655-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-655-5"}],"text":"Booth, Stanley (1984). Dance with the Devil: The Rolling Stones & Their Times. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-53488-6.\nBooth, Stanley (1995). Keith: Standing in the Shadows. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-11841-9.\nCarr, Roy (1976). The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-52641-5.\nEgan, Sean (2006). The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-84353-719-9.\nEgan, Sean (2014). The Utmost Guide to The Rolling Stones. Askill. ISBN 978-0-954575-06-9.\nFlippo, Chet (1985). On the Road With the Rolling Stones. Doubleday/Dolphin. ISBN 978-0-385-19374-0.\nForget, Thomas (2003). The Rolling Stones. Rosen Central. ISBN 978-0-8239-3644-1.\nGreenfield, Robert (2002) [1974]. S.T.P.: A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81199-9.\nHector, James (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-4303-2.\nHotchner, A. E. (1990). Blown Away: The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-69316-9.\nJackson, Laura (1993). Golden Stone: The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-09820-9.\nJanovitz, Bill (2013). Rocks Off: 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-02631-6.\nMcMillian, John (2013). Beatles vs. Stones. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-5969-9.\nMiller, Jim (1980). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-73728-5.\nPhelge, James (2000). Nankering with the Stones. A Capella Books. ISBN 978-1-55652-373-1.\nSanchez, Tony (1996). Up and Down with the Rolling Stones. Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-80711-4.\nSpitz, Marc (2011). Jagger: Rebel, Rock Star, Rambler, Rogue. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-655-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The blue plaque commemorating Jagger and Richards meeting on Platform 2 at Dartford railway station in Dartford, Kent, on 17 October 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Blue_Plaque_for_the_Rolling_Stones_at_Dartford_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Blue_Plaque_for_the_Rolling_Stones_at_Dartford_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"The backroom of the former Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London, where the Rolling Stones had their first residency, beginning in February 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crawdaddy_club_richmond_2014.jpg/220px-Crawdaddy_club_richmond_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands, in 1964. From left to right: Wyman, Richards, Jones, Watts and Jagger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Aankomst_van_de_Rolling_Stones_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-7420.jpg/220px-Aankomst_van_de_Rolling_Stones_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-7420.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three members of the Rolling Stones, Richards, Wyman and Watts, at Turku Airport in Turku, Finland, on 25 June 1965","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rolling-Stones-1965-Finland.jpg/220px-Rolling-Stones-1965-Finland.jpg"},{"image_text":"An advertisement for the 1965 Rolling Stones' North American tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stones_ad_1965.JPG/220px-Stones_ad_1965.JPG"},{"image_text":"Brian Jones pictured outside his home, Cotchford Farm in East Sussex, in 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Brian_1969.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Brian_1969.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mick Taylor, who replaced Brian Jones in the band","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mick_Taylor2.jpg/220px-Mick_Taylor2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones' logo, designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun,[165] introduced in 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/The_Rolling_Stones%27_logo.svg/170px-The_Rolling_Stones%27_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ronnie Wood (left), on his first tour with the Rolling Stones, with Mick Jagger (right) in Chicago in 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mick_Jagger_and_Ron_Wood_-_Rolling_Stones_-_1975.jpg/170px-Mick_Jagger_and_Ron_Wood_-_Rolling_Stones_-_1975.jpg"},{"image_text":"El Mocambo in Toronto, where some of the live album Love You Live was recorded in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ElMacomboSpadinaAveToronto.jpg/220px-ElMacomboSpadinaAveToronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones performing at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky, December 1981","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rolling_Stones_-_Keith-Mick-Ron_%281981%29.jpg/190px-Rolling_Stones_-_Keith-Mick-Ron_%281981%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Richards and Wood during a Stones concert in Turin, Italy, in 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Richards%2C_Wood_onstage_in_Turin%2C_1982.jpg/220px-Richards%2C_Wood_onstage_in_Turin%2C_1982.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jagger in Chile during the Voodoo Lounge Tour in 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mick_Jagger%2C_l%C3%ADder_de_The_Rolling_Stones%2C_en_el_Voodoo_Lounge_Tour_de_Chile%2C_en_febrero_de_1995.jpg/180px-Mick_Jagger%2C_l%C3%ADder_de_The_Rolling_Stones%2C_en_el_Voodoo_Lounge_Tour_de_Chile%2C_en_febrero_de_1995.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones at the Berlin Film Festival's world premiere of Martin Scorsese's documentary Shine a Light. From left to right: Watts, Wood, Richards, and Jagger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rolling_Stones_Berlinale_Filmfestspiele_2008_Berlin.jpg/220px-Rolling_Stones_Berlinale_Filmfestspiele_2008_Berlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"In July 2013, the Stones played Hyde Park for the first time since 1969, with Mick Taylor performing with the band for the first time since 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rolling_Stones_onstage_with_Mick_Taylor_-_Hyde_Park_2013.jpg/220px-Rolling_Stones_onstage_with_Mick_Taylor_-_Hyde_Park_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stones playing in Havana, Cuba, in March 2016; a spokesman for the band called it \"the first open air concert in Cuba by a British rock band\".[343]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rolling_Stones_in_Cuba-4601.jpg/240px-Rolling_Stones_in_Cuba-4601.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones on stage at BST Hyde Park 2022, a year after the death of Watts. Left to right: Jagger, Wood, and Richards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RStonesHydePark030722_%28125_of_125%29_%2852194125170%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-RStonesHydePark030722_%28125_of_125%29_%2852194125170%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stones announced their 2023 album, Hackney Diamonds, at the Hackney Empire in London (pictured) in a news conference at the venue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Hackney_Empire_%28152261787%29.jpg/220px-The_Hackney_Empire_%28152261787%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A copy of the signature Telecaster used by Keith Richards, known as \"Micawber\", in Fender's factory museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/FGF_museum_04._Keith_Richards_Telecaster.jpg/190px-FGF_museum_04._Keith_Richards_Telecaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Vox Teardrop guitar used by Brian Jones on display at Hard Rock Cafe in Sacramento, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Brian_Jones_guitar%2C_HRC_Sacramento.jpg/220px-Brian_Jones_guitar%2C_HRC_Sacramento.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the Stones' concert at Washington–Grizzly Stadium in Missoula, Montana, in October 2006. On three separate tours, the Stones have set records for the highest-grossing concert tour.[423]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WaGriz_RollingStones.jpg/220px-WaGriz_RollingStones.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rolling Stones store on Carnaby Street in London in 2012. Merchandise has contributed to the band's record-breaking revenues.[437]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rolling_Stones_pop_shop.jpg/220px-Rolling_Stones_pop_shop.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stones' concert runway at Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, in 2012; it first appeared in Stones' concerts in 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/The_Rolling_Stones_stage_props_at_Prudential_Center_2012-12-13b.jpg/220px-The_Rolling_Stones_stage_props_at_Prudential_Center_2012-12-13b.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mick Jagger | The Rolling Stones\". The Rolling Stones. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903121800/http://www.rollingstones.com/artist/mick-jagger/","url_text":"\"Mick Jagger | The Rolling Stones\""},{"url":"http://www.rollingstones.com/artist/mick-jagger/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anniversary of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Dartford meeting\". BBC News. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-15333771","url_text":"\"Anniversary of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards Dartford meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Künzler, Hanspeter (12 July 2012). \"Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years of raucous rock'n'roll\". CNN. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/12/opinion/rolling-stones-50/index.html","url_text":"\"Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years of raucous rock'n'roll\""}]},{"reference":"Aswad, Jem (19 June 2020). \"'Life and Death of Brian Jones' Documentary Digs Deep Into the Rolling Stones Co-Founder's Demise\". Variety. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/music/news/rolling-stones-life-death-of-brian-jones-documentary-1234643158/","url_text":"\"'Life and Death of Brian Jones' Documentary Digs Deep Into the Rolling Stones Co-Founder's Demise\""}]},{"reference":"O’Hagan, Sean (7 May 2023). \"'He epitomised the dazzling 60s and then was gone': the inside story of Rolling Stone Brian Jones\". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/07/nick-broomfield-brian-jones-rolling-stones-arena-documentary-interview","url_text":"\"'He epitomised the dazzling 60s and then was gone': the inside story of Rolling Stone Brian Jones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712","url_text":"0029-7712"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Music and BBC Arts present a Lafayette film production - The Stones and Brian Jones\". BBC. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2023/bbc.com/mediacentre/2023/arena-the-stones-and-brian-jones/","url_text":"\"BBC Music and BBC Arts present a Lafayette film production - The Stones and Brian Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Robert (23 June 1983). \"Muddy Waters: 1915–1983\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/muddy-waters-1915-1983-112658/","url_text":"\"Muddy Waters: 1915–1983\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Patrick (12 July 2012). \"50 Years Ago Today, the Rolling Stones Played Their First Gig\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/50-years-ago-today-the-rolling-stones-played-their-first-gig-242877/","url_text":"\"50 Years Ago Today, the Rolling Stones Played Their First Gig\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (21 June 2019). \"Watch Bill Wyman Explain How He Joined the Rolling Stones in 1962\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bill-wyman-the-quiet-one-rolling-stones-clip-850248/","url_text":"\"Watch Bill Wyman Explain How He Joined the Rolling Stones in 1962\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Keith (2010), Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 121, ISBN 978-0-297-85439-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards","url_text":"Richards, Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85439-5","url_text":"978-0-297-85439-5"}]},{"reference":"Goldsworthy, Joan; Paulson, Linda Dailey (2005). \"Mick Jagger\". In Pilchak, Angela M. (ed.). Contemporary Musicians. Vol. 53. Thomson Gale. p. 104. ISBN 0787680664. ISSN 1044-2197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787680664","url_text":"0787680664"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1044-2197","url_text":"1044-2197"}]},{"reference":"Januszczak, Waldemar (17 November 2014). \"The Rolling Stones up close\". BBC. Retrieved 6 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141117-the-rolling-stones-in-private","url_text":"\"The Rolling Stones up close\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rolling Stones\". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/rolling-stones","url_text":"\"The Rolling Stones\""}]},{"reference":"Covach, John; Coelho, Victor (2019). The Cambridge Companion to the Rolling Stones. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Loog Oldham\". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/andrew-loog-oldham","url_text":"\"Andrew Loog Oldham\""}]},{"reference":"Greenfield, Robert (19 August 1971). \"Keith Richard: The Rolling Stone Interview\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/keith-richards-the-rolling-stone-interview-19710819","url_text":"\"Keith Richard: The Rolling Stone Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170418035746/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/keith-richards-the-rolling-stone-interview-19710819","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Living with Superstardom: The Stones Bill Wyman says 'It Keeps Getting Harder'\". Billboard. 6 November 1971. p. 29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dooley, Sean Patrick (25 October 2010). \"This Day in Music Spotlight: Rolling Stones Riot on Ed Sullivan\". gibson.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130131204013/http://www2.gibson.com/News-Lifestyle/Features/en-us/day-in-music-1025.aspx","url_text":"\"This Day in Music Spotlight: Rolling Stones Riot on Ed Sullivan\""},{"url":"http://www2.gibson.com/News-Lifestyle/Features/en-us/day-in-music-1025.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (17 April 2008). \"Blues Brothers\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fricke","url_text":"Fricke, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405154532/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/19969845/Blues_Brothers","url_text":"\"Blues Brothers\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/19969845/Blues_Brothers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The gig that time forgot\". The Independent. 6 January 2006. p. 98. Retrieved 16 July 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105735890/the-gig-that-time-forgot/","url_text":"\"The gig that time forgot\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Greatest Show on Earth\". The Independent. 22 July 2006. p. 12. Retrieved 16 July 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/105735911/the-greatest-show-on-earth/","url_text":"\"The Greatest Show on Earth\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Ellie (10 June 2022). \"Watch The Rolling Stones cover The Beatles' 'I Wanna Be Your Man' in Liverpool\". NME. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-the-rolling-stones-cover-the-beatles-i-wanna-be-your-man-in-liverpool-3244311","url_text":"\"Watch The Rolling Stones cover The Beatles' 'I Wanna Be Your Man' in Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC says fond farewell to Top of the Pops\". BBC. 20 June 2006. 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Virgin Records. 2005. pp. 14–15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aftermath (liner notes). The Rolling Stones. 1966.","urls":[{"url_text":"The Rolling Stones"}]},{"reference":"Let It Bleed (liner notes). The Rolling Stones. 1969.","urls":[{"url_text":"The Rolling Stones"}]},{"reference":"Tattoo You (liner notes). The Rolling Stones. 1981.","urls":[{"url_text":"The Rolling Stones"}]},{"reference":"Undercover (CD booklet). The Rolling Stones. Rolling Stones Records. 1983. 90120-1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (8 April 2011). \"Rolling Stones Cover Bob Dylan with Original Bassist Bill Wyman\". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media. 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ISBN 978-1-56976-579-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Booth","url_text":"Booth, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-579-1","url_text":"978-1-56976-579-1"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Rich (2016). The Sun & the Moon & the Rolling Stones. Random House. ISBN 978-0-804-17923-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-17923-2","url_text":"978-0-804-17923-2"}]},{"reference":"Coral, Gus; Hinckley, David; Rodman, Debra (1995). The Rolling Stones: Black & White Blues. Turner Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57036-150-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57036-150-0","url_text":"978-1-57036-150-0"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Stephen (2001). Old Gods Almost Dead: The 40-Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0312-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Davis_(music_journalist)","url_text":"Davis, Stephen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldgodsalmostdea00step","url_text":"Old Gods Almost Dead: The 40-Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0312-7","url_text":"978-0-7679-0312-7"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Sean (2013). The Mammoth Book of The Rolling Stones. Robinson. ISBN 978-1-78033-646-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-646-6","url_text":"978-1-78033-646-6"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=29","url_text":"\"The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"Greenfield, Robert (1981). The Rolling Stone Interviews: Keith Richards. St. Martin's Press/Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-312-68954-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-68954-4","url_text":"978-0-312-68954-4"}]},{"reference":"Greenspan, Edward, ed. (1980). \"Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. (2d)\". Canadian Criminal Cases. Canada Law Book.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haslam, Dave (2015). Life After Dark: A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-857-20700-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-20700-5","url_text":"978-0-857-20700-5"}]},{"reference":"Jagger, Mick; Richards, Keith; Watts, Charlie; Wood, Ronnie (2003). Loewenstein, Dora; Dodd, Philip (eds.). According to the Rolling Stones. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-4060-6. OCLC 53051557.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/accordingtorolli00jagg","url_text":"According to the Rolling Stones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-4060-6","url_text":"978-0-8118-4060-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53051557","url_text":"53051557"}]},{"reference":"Margotin, Philippe; Guesdon, Jean-Michel (25 October 2016). The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-316-31773-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g5eTCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rolling Stones All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Press","url_text":"Running Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-31773-3","url_text":"978-0-316-31773-3"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Jim (2012). The Rolling Stones 1972. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521-2180-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-2180-2","url_text":"978-1-4521-2180-2"}]},{"reference":"McLagan, Ian (2000). All the Rage: A Riotous Romp Through Rock and Roll History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-8230-7842-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7842-4","url_text":"978-0-8230-7842-4"}]},{"reference":"Moon, Tom (2004). \"The Rolling Stones\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. pp. 695–699. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/695","url_text":"695–699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"978-0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rolling Stones Album Guide\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110412195111/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-rolling-stones/albumguide","url_text":"\"The Rolling Stones Album Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/the-rolling-stones/albumguide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, David; Lindsay, Susan Gedutis (2001). Inside the Hits. Berklee Press. p. 217.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Neill, Andy (2015). Keith Richards: A Life in Pictures. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12873-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-12873-7","url_text":"978-0-857-12873-7"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Murray N. (2010). The Rolling Stones: A Musical Biography. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-38034-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38034-1","url_text":"978-0-313-38034-1"}]},{"reference":"Norman, Philip (2001). The Stones. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-07277-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Norman_(author)","url_text":"Norman, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-07277-2","url_text":"978-0-283-07277-2"}]},{"reference":"Oldham, Andrew Loog (2000). Stoned. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-27094-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Loog_Oldham","url_text":"Oldham, Andrew Loog"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-27094-0","url_text":"978-0-312-27094-0"}]},{"reference":"Patell, Cyrus R.K. (2011). Rolling Stones' Some Girls. A&C Black. p. 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paytress, Mark (2003). Rolling Stones: Off the Record. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-8869-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-8869-9","url_text":"978-0-7119-8869-9"}]},{"reference":"Perone, James (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)
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Statistic (role-playing games)
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["1 Types","1.1 Attributes","1.2 Advantages and disadvantages","1.3 Character points","1.4 Powers","1.5 Skills","1.6 Traits","1.7 Derived statistics","2 Interdependencies between statistics","3 References"]
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Piece of data representing a particular aspect of a fictional character
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A statistic (or stat) in role-playing games is a piece of data that represents a particular aspect of a fictional character. That piece of data is usually a (unitless) integer or, in some cases, a set of dice.
For some types of statistics, this value may be accompanied with a descriptive adjective, sometimes called a specialisation or aspect, that either describes how the character developed that particular score or an affinity for a particular use of that statistic (like Specialisations in Ars Magica or Attribute Aspects in Aria).
Most games divide their statistics into several categories. The set of categories actually used in a game system, as well as the precise statistics within each category, vary greatly. The most often used types of statistic include:
Attributes describe to what extent a character possesses natural, in-born characteristics common to all characters.
Advantages and disadvantages are useful or problematic characteristics that are not common to all characters.
Powers represent unique or special qualities of the character. In game terms, these often grant the character the potential to gain or develop certain advantages or to learn and use certain skills.
Skills represent a character's learned abilities in predefined areas.
Traits are broad areas of expertise, similar to skills, but with a broader and usually more loosely defined scope, in areas freely chosen by the player.
There is no standard nomenclature for statistics; for example, both GURPS and the Storytelling System refer to their statistics as "traits", even though they are treated as attributes and skills.
Many games make use of derived statistics whose values depend on other statistics, which are known as primary or basic statistics. Game-specific concepts such as experience levels, alignment, character class and race can also be considered statistics.
Types
Attributes
Main article: Attribute (role-playing games)
Attribute advancement screen in a computer role-playing game
An attribute describes to what extent a character possesses a natural, in-born characteristic common to all characters in the game. Attributes are also called statistics, characteristics or abilities.
Most role-playing games use attributes to describe the physical and mental characteristics of characters, for example their strength or wisdom. Many games also include social characteristics as well, for example a character's natural charisma or physical appearance. They often influence the chance to succeed in a skill or other tests by addition to a die roll or by determining the number of dice to be thrown. As a consequence, usually a higher number is better, and ranges can be as small as 1–5 (for numbers of dice) or as great as 1–100 (when adding to results of percentile dice). In some games, attributes represent linearly increasing ability (e.g. in Tunnels and Trolls, where a character can lift 10 lbs per point of Strength) whereas in others a small increase can represent a major gain in ability (e.g. in the DC Heroes/Blood of Heroes system, where +1 to Strength doubles a character's lifting capacity).
Some games work with only a few broad attributes (such as Physical or Mental), while others have a greater number of more specific ones. Most games have about 4–10 attributes.
Most games try to give all attributes about the same usefulness to a character. Therefore, certain characteristics might be merged (such as merging a Charisma-type and a Willpower-type attribute into a single Personality attribute), or split into more attributes (such as splitting physical "Comeliness" from Charisma in the original Unearthed Arcana), or even ignored altogether (for example, Intelligence and Charisma in a hack and slash adventure). In many games, a small set of primary attributes control a larger number of derived statistics such as Armor Class or magic points.
During character creation, attribute scores are usually determined either randomly (by rolling dice) or by distributing character points. In some games, such as World of Warcraft, the base attribute scores are determined by the character's race and class (however the vast majority of stat points will be obtained through end-game gear/equipment). Because they represent common, in-born characteristics and not learned capabilities (as skills do), in many games they are fixed for the duration of the game. However, in some games they can be increased by spending experience points gained during the game, or as part of the process of "levelling up".
Advantages and disadvantages
See also: Character flaw
An advantage is a physical, social, intellectual, or other enhancement to a character. In contrast, a disadvantage is an adverse effect. Advantages are also known as virtues, merits or edges and disadvantages as flaws or hindrances, or by the abbreviation "disads".
Many games encourage or even force players to take disadvantages for their characters in order to balance their advantages or other "positive" statistics. Disadvantages also add flavor to a character that can't be obtained solely by a list of positive traits. Advantages and disadvantages often have a thematic element to them. They often provide a direct relationship between how someone wants to role-play their character and a tangible "in-game" enhancement to skill or ability rolls.
Systems of advantages and disadvantages are often criticized for allowing or even encouraging min-maxing, where a player strives to take disadvantages which have little or no tangible effect on play while using the character points gained from those disadvantages to pay for powerful advantages.
Character points
Character points are abstract units used in some role-playing games during character creation and development.
Early role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons assigned random values to a player character's attributes, while allowing each character a fixed number of skills. As a result, characters were at the same time wildly unbalanced in terms of attributes and heavily constrained in terms of skills. Champions (1981) introduced a points-based system of purchasing attributes and skills as a means of improving game balance and flexibility. These points are known as character points, and it has become a feature of numerous later games, most notably GURPS.
Usually, a player is allotted a number of points for character creation. A character's attributes (such as high intelligence), skills (such as fixing a car or mechanics), or powers (such as flying) can then be bought for a certain number of points. More powerful abilities or a greater degree of power will require more "spending" of character points. Later, character points can be earned and spent to improve attributes or skills, or to buy new skills or powers. In some games, such as Champions, these points are experience points; in others, such as Ars Magica, there is a more complicated relationship between experience points and character points.
Powers
A power represents a unique or special quality of a character.
In many games, powers are binary on-or-off qualities as opposed to attributes and skills which are usually numeric quantities. The main exception to this is superhero RPGs, where superpowers are often treated as a sort of skill. Superpowers may also use the same rating scale as the primary statistics.
Skills
A Dungeons & Dragons character sheet listing skills such as "move silently" and "speak with animals"
A skill represents the learned knowledge and abilities of a character. Skills are known by various names, including proficiencies, abilities, powers, talents and knacks.
During character creation, a player character's skills are generally chosen from a long list. A character may have a fixed number of starting skills, or they may be paid for using character points. In contrast to attributes, very few games fix a player's skills at the start of the game, instead allowing players to increase them by spending experience points or during "levelling up". Since some skills are likely to be more useful than others, different skills often have different costs.
Skills usually influence a character's chance to succeed by adding to the relevant attribute. In some games (such as GURPS), each skill has a specific base attribute to which it is always added; in others (such as Ars Magica), a skill can be added to different attributes depending on how the skill is being used. Some games (such as Feng Shui) add the base attribute to the skill at character creation time; after that, it is independent of the attribute and is used instead of the attribute rather than adding to it. Most games have a fixed penalty for attempting a task without a relevant skill; older editions of Shadowrun gave a complex network of penalties for using similar skills (such as attempting to pick an electronic lock by using the Computer skill instead of the Electronics skill). The text-based roleplaying game Avalon: The Legend Lives is noted for being the first text based multi user role-playing game to offer a developed profession and skills system . Choosing a profession then conveyed a bank of general skills and guild specific ones each containing a ladder of skills which could be invested in via lessons earned through on-line play. Initially there were around 30 such skills with approximately 17 abilities in each covering a wide range from Riding, Perception, Thievery or Demonology. As of 2015 Avalon possesses 66 Skills with 2194 distinct abilities developed over its 26-year tenure.
Traits
A trait represents a broad area of expertise of a character.
Traits are rarely drawn from a predetermined list; rather, the player chooses some description during character generation. For example, a squash-playing history professor with a knowledge of fine wines might have the traits "History", "Squash" and "Oenology". In terms of a more fine-grained system of statistics, a single trait would often be represented by a group of skills, one or more advantages and attributes, or a combination thereof.
The first major role-playing game to use traits was Over the Edge. Some systems, such as Castle Falkenstein and HeroQuest, use traits as the only type of statistic, although they may use some other term for them, such as abilities.
Derived statistics
Many games make use of derived statistics: statistics whose values are determined only by the values of other, "basic" statistics. They often represent a single capability of the character such as the weight a character can lift, or the speed at which they can move. Some are unitless numbers, but often they use real-world units of measurement (such as kilograms or metres per second). Derived statistics are often used during combat (e.g. hit points, Armor Class and initiative). Basic and derived statistics are also called primary and secondary statistics, respectively.
In games which use such concepts, derived statistics are often modified by the character's race and class. In addition, certain in-game methods such as spells or magical items might raise or lower these statistics temporarily.
Interdependencies between statistics
Some games define various interdependencies between statistics of different categories, as well as within categories. The most common are:
Prerequisite
Only if statistic A has a value of at least x, statistic B may exceed value y. (Where y is often 0 or none.) For example, a character class may require certain minimum attribute scores, or a spell may require a minimal level of magical talent. Learning some esoteric skill often requires knowledge of another one at an "expert" level or possession of a certain advantage: In GURPS Martial Arts, for example, "cinematic" or "mystical" martial arts abilities require a special advantage, Trained by a Master.
Limitation
If statistic A has a value of at least x, then statistic B cannot exceed value y. This is the opposite of prerequisite. (Only if statistic A has a value of at most x, statistic B may exceed value y.) For example, a character class may be disallowed for certain races, or one of the game effects of a disadvantage (say, Unfit), could be to limit a certain attribute (Constitution or Health in the example) to a certain maximum value (no more than average).
Bonus or base value
If statistic A has a value of x, then the value of statistic B is increased by (or starts at) y. The term base value is preferred if y = x or if y is large compared to Bs value. Higher scores in an attribute often grant bonuses to a group of skills.
Derivation
If statistics A and B have values of x and y, respectively, then the value of statistic C is a function of (x, y).
References
^ Mascarenhas, Sergio (2005-07-08). "A Broad View on Primary Attributes". RPGnet. Retrieved 2021-07-08. ...the table found in Primary Attributes in RPGs {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
^ Bartle, Richard (2015-12-15). "Legacy Reviews of MUA and MUDS". Retrieved 2015-12-14.
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In game terms, these often grant the character the potential to gain or develop certain advantages or to learn and use certain skills.\nSkills represent a character's learned abilities in predefined areas.\nTraits are broad areas of expertise, similar to skills, but with a broader and usually more loosely defined scope, in areas freely chosen by the player.There is no standard nomenclature for statistics; for example, both GURPS and the Storytelling System refer to their statistics as \"traits\", even though they are treated as attributes and skills.Many games make use of derived statistics whose values depend on other statistics, which are known as primary or basic statistics. Game-specific concepts such as experience levels, alignment, character class and race can also be considered statistics.","title":"Statistic (role-playing games)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scourge_character_creation.png"},{"link_name":"characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_strength"},{"link_name":"wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom"},{"link_name":"charisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma"},{"link_name":"physical appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_physical_appearance"},{"link_name":"skill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skills"},{"link_name":"percentile dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice_notation#Percentile_dice_(d%)"},{"link_name":"Tunnels and Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnels_and_Trolls"},{"link_name":"DC Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Blood of Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Heroes_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Unearthed Arcana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unearthed_Arcana"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"derived statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Derived_statistics"},{"link_name":"Armor Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Class"},{"link_name":"magic points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_point"},{"link_name":"character creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_creation"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"World of Warcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Warcraft"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_points"},{"link_name":"levelling up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(role-playing)"}],"sub_title":"Attributes","text":"Attribute advancement screen in a computer role-playing gameAn attribute describes to what extent a character possesses a natural, in-born characteristic common to all characters in the game. Attributes are also called statistics, characteristics or abilities.Most role-playing games use attributes to describe the physical and mental characteristics of characters, for example their strength or wisdom. Many games also include social characteristics as well, for example a character's natural charisma or physical appearance. They often influence the chance to succeed in a skill or other tests by addition to a die roll or by determining the number of dice to be thrown. As a consequence, usually a higher number is better, and ranges can be as small as 1–5 (for numbers of dice) or as great as 1–100 (when adding to results of percentile dice). In some games, attributes represent linearly increasing ability (e.g. in Tunnels and Trolls, where a character can lift 10 lbs per point of Strength) whereas in others a small increase can represent a major gain in ability (e.g. in the DC Heroes/Blood of Heroes system, where +1 to Strength doubles a character's lifting capacity).Some games work with only a few broad attributes (such as Physical or Mental), while others have a greater number of more specific ones. Most games have about 4–10 attributes.[1]Most games try to give all attributes about the same usefulness to a character. Therefore, certain characteristics might be merged (such as merging a Charisma-type and a Willpower-type attribute into a single Personality attribute), or split into more attributes (such as splitting physical \"Comeliness\" from Charisma in the original Unearthed Arcana), or even ignored altogether (for example, Intelligence and Charisma in a hack and slash adventure). 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However, in some games they can be increased by spending experience points gained during the game, or as part of the process of \"levelling up\".","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Character flaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_flaw"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_balance"},{"link_name":"min-maxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-maxing"}],"sub_title":"Advantages and disadvantages","text":"See also: Character flawAn advantage is a physical, social, intellectual, or other enhancement to a character. In contrast, a disadvantage is an adverse effect. Advantages are also known as virtues, merits or edges and disadvantages as flaws or hindrances, or by the abbreviation \"disads\".Many games encourage or even force players to take disadvantages for their characters in order to balance their advantages or other \"positive\" statistics. 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They often provide a direct relationship between how someone wants to role-play their character and a tangible \"in-game\" enhancement to skill or ability rolls.Systems of advantages and disadvantages are often criticized for allowing or even encouraging min-maxing, where a player strives to take disadvantages which have little or no tangible effect on play while using the character points gained from those disadvantages to pay for powerful advantages.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"character creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_creation"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"GURPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"Ars Magica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magica"}],"sub_title":"Character points","text":"Character points are abstract units used in some role-playing games during character creation and development.Early role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons assigned random values to a player character's attributes, while allowing each character a fixed number of skills. As a result, characters were at the same time wildly unbalanced in terms of attributes and heavily constrained in terms of skills. Champions (1981) introduced a points-based system of purchasing attributes and skills as a means of improving game balance and flexibility. These points are known as character points, and it has become a feature of numerous later games, most notably GURPS.Usually, a player is allotted a number of points for character creation. A character's attributes (such as high intelligence), skills (such as fixing a car or mechanics), or powers (such as flying) can then be bought for a certain number of points. More powerful abilities or a greater degree of power will require more \"spending\" of character points. Later, character points can be earned and spent to improve attributes or skills, or to buy new skills or powers. In some games, such as Champions, these points are experience points; in others, such as Ars Magica, there is a more complicated relationship between experience points and character points.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"on-or-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attributes"},{"link_name":"skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skills"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower_(ability)"}],"sub_title":"Powers","text":"A power represents a unique or special quality of a character.In many games, powers are binary on-or-off qualities as opposed to attributes and skills which are usually numeric quantities. The main exception to this is superhero RPGs, where superpowers are often treated as a sort of skill. Superpowers may also use the same rating scale as the primary statistics.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minsc_Character_Sheet_from_Cameron_Tofer_pen%26paper_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning"},{"link_name":"knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge"},{"link_name":"abilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill"},{"link_name":"character creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_creation"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attributes"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"GURPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS"},{"link_name":"Ars Magica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Magica"},{"link_name":"Feng Shui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Shui_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"Shadowrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowrun"},{"link_name":"Avalon: The Legend Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon:_The_Legend_Lives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BartleMud-2"}],"sub_title":"Skills","text":"A Dungeons & Dragons character sheet listing skills such as \"move silently\" and \"speak with animals\"A skill represents the learned knowledge and abilities of a character. Skills are known by various names, including proficiencies, abilities, powers, talents and knacks.During character creation, a player character's skills are generally chosen from a long list. A character may have a fixed number of starting skills, or they may be paid for using character points. In contrast to attributes, very few games fix a player's skills at the start of the game, instead allowing players to increase them by spending experience points or during \"levelling up\". Since some skills are likely to be more useful than others, different skills often have different costs.Skills usually influence a character's chance to succeed by adding to the relevant attribute. In some games (such as GURPS), each skill has a specific base attribute to which it is always added; in others (such as Ars Magica), a skill can be added to different attributes depending on how the skill is being used. Some games (such as Feng Shui) add the base attribute to the skill at character creation time; after that, it is independent of the attribute and is used instead of the attribute rather than adding to it. Most games have a fixed penalty for attempting a task without a relevant skill; older editions of Shadowrun gave a complex network of penalties for using similar skills (such as attempting to pick an electronic lock by using the Computer skill instead of the Electronics skill). The text-based roleplaying game Avalon: The Legend Lives is noted for being the first text based multi user role-playing game to offer a developed profession and skills system [2]. Choosing a profession then conveyed a bank of general skills and guild specific ones each containing a ladder of skills which could be invested in via lessons earned through on-line play. Initially there were around 30 such skills with approximately 17 abilities in each covering a wide range from Riding, Perception, Thievery or Demonology. As of 2015 Avalon possesses 66 Skills with 2194 distinct abilities developed over its 26-year tenure.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(game)"},{"link_name":"Oenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenology"},{"link_name":"skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Skills"},{"link_name":"advantages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Advantages_and_disadvantages"},{"link_name":"attributes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Attributes"},{"link_name":"Over the Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Edge_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Castle Falkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Falkenstein_(role-playing_game)"},{"link_name":"HeroQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeroQuest_(role-playing_game)"}],"sub_title":"Traits","text":"A trait represents a broad area of expertise of a character.Traits are rarely drawn from a predetermined list; rather, the player chooses some description during character generation. For example, a squash-playing history professor with a knowledge of fine wines might have the traits \"History\", \"Squash\" and \"Oenology\". In terms of a more fine-grained system of statistics, a single trait would often be represented by a group of skills, one or more advantages and attributes, or a combination thereof.The first major role-playing game to use traits was Over the Edge.[citation needed] Some systems, such as Castle Falkenstein and HeroQuest, use traits as the only type of statistic, although they may use some other term for them, such as abilities.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"kilograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"metres per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"hit points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_point"},{"link_name":"Armor Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Class"},{"link_name":"initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(fantasy)"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_class"},{"link_name":"spells or magical items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(gaming)"}],"sub_title":"Derived statistics","text":"Many games make use of derived statistics: statistics whose values are determined only by the values of other, \"basic\" statistics. They often represent a single capability of the character such as the weight a character can lift, or the speed at which they can move. Some are unitless numbers, but often they use real-world units of measurement (such as kilograms or metres per second). Derived statistics are often used during combat (e.g. hit points, Armor Class and initiative). Basic and derived statistics are also called primary and secondary statistics, respectively.In games which use such concepts, derived statistics are often modified by the character's race and class. In addition, certain in-game methods such as spells or magical items might raise or lower these statistics temporarily.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(number)"},{"link_name":"GURPS Martial Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GURPS_Martial_Arts"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Some games define various interdependencies between statistics of different categories, as well as within categories. The most common are:Prerequisite\nOnly if statistic A has a value of at least x, statistic B may exceed value y. (Where y is often 0 or none.) For example, a character class may require certain minimum attribute scores, or a spell may require a minimal level of magical talent. Learning some esoteric skill often requires knowledge of another one at an \"expert\" level or possession of a certain advantage: In GURPS Martial Arts, for example, \"cinematic\" or \"mystical\" martial arts abilities require a special advantage, Trained by a Master.Limitation\nIf statistic A has a value of at least x, then statistic B cannot exceed value y. This is the opposite of prerequisite. (Only if statistic A has a value of at most x, statistic B may exceed value y.) For example, a character class may be disallowed for certain races, or one of the game effects of a disadvantage (say, Unfit), could be to limit a certain attribute (Constitution or Health in the example) to a certain maximum value (no more than average).Bonus or base value\nIf statistic A has a value of x, then the value of statistic B is increased by (or starts at) y. The term base value is preferred if y = x or if y is large compared to Bs value. Higher scores in an attribute often grant bonuses to a group of skills.Derivation\nIf statistics A and B have values of x and y, respectively, then the value of statistic C is a function of (x, y).","title":"Interdependencies between statistics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Attribute advancement screen in a computer role-playing game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scourge_character_creation.png/220px-Scourge_character_creation.png"},{"image_text":"A Dungeons & Dragons character sheet listing skills such as \"move silently\" and \"speak with animals\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Minsc_Character_Sheet_from_Cameron_Tofer_pen%26paper_game.jpg/220px-Minsc_Character_Sheet_from_Cameron_Tofer_pen%26paper_game.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Mascarenhas, Sergio (2005-07-08). \"A Broad View on Primary Attributes\". RPGnet. Retrieved 2021-07-08. ...the table found in Primary Attributes in RPGs","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rpg.net/news+reviews/columns/roughquests08jul05.html","url_text":"\"A Broad View on Primary Attributes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPGnet","url_text":"RPGnet"},{"url":"http://www.rpg.net/columneditor/mendespinto/RQ08_t1.pdf","url_text":"Primary Attributes in RPGs"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2015-12-15). \"Legacy Reviews of MUA and MUDS\". Retrieved 2015-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://mud.co.uk/richard/imucg4.htm","url_text":"\"Legacy Reviews of MUA and MUDS\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagauta
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Nagauta
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["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Music genre
Sake Cup by Santō Kyōden, 1783–1784, a meriyasu
Nagauta (長唄, literally "long song") is a kind of traditional Japanese music played on the shamisen and used in kabuki theater, primarily to accompany dance and to provide reflective interludes.
History
It is uncertain when the shamisen was first integrated into kabuki, but it was sometime during the 17th century; Malm argues that it was probably before 1650.
The first reference to nagauta as shamisen music appears in the second volume of Matsu no ha (1703).
By the 18th century, the shamisen had become an established instrument in kabuki, when the basic forms and classifications of nagauta crystallized as a combination of different styles stemming from the music popular during the Edo period. Meriyasu is considered a subset of nagauta.
Many of the "classic" nagauta repertoire was composed in the 19th century, which is the time of the best-known nagauta composers as well. Many pieces are based on Noh theater, partly due to the number of kabuki plays derived from Noh theater pieces, and many were revived during the 19th century. There is evidence of the influence of Japanese folk music on nagauta too.
During the 19th century, ozashiki nagauta (concert nagauta) developed as a style of nagauta composed for non-kabuki, non-dance performances in which a performer's skill was emphasized. Two classic compositions of ozashiki nagauta are "Azuma hakkei" (1818) and "Aki no irogusa" (1845).
In the 20th century, a number of composers have integrated Western elements into nagauta styles, including playing the shamisen at a faster tempo, in violin cadenza style, or by using larger ensembles to increase the volume. Nagauta is the basis of the Nagauta Symphony, a symphony in one movement composed in 1934 by composer Kosaku Yamada.
References
^ a b c d e f g Malm, William P. (1960). "A Short History of Japanese Nagauta Music". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 124–132. doi:10.2307/595588. JSTOR 595588 – via JSTOR.
^ Santō, Kyōden (1783). "Sake Cup". World Digital Library (in Japanese). Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ William P. Malm (1963). Nagauta: the heart of kabuki music. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 17. ISBN 9780837169002. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Further reading
William P. Malm, Nagauta: the heart of kabuki music (C. E. Tuttle, 1963) Internet Archive copy
External links
Recording of Nagauta Symphony "Tsurukame"
vteMusic of Japan"Kimigayo" (National anthem)TraditionalInstruments
Genres and styles
Bugaku
Bushi
Dainichido Bugaku
Danmono
Gagaku
Gigaku
Jōruri
Kouta
Min'yō
Nagauta
Rōkyoku
Saimon Ondo
Komori-uta (lullaby)
Warabe Uta
Kazoe Uta
Ekaki Uta
Temari Uta
Post Meiji Restoration (1868–present)
Commercial song
Gakusēka (student song)
Kōka (school song)
Ryōka (dormitory song)
Daigaku-Ōenka (cheering song of university)
Enzetsuka/Enka
Gunka (military song)
Jazz
Kayōkyoku
Senji-kayō
Gunkoku-kayō
Radio calisthenics song
Ryūkōka
Shichōsonka (municipality song)
Shōka
Manshū-Shōka
Shin-min'yō
Post-War (1945–present)1945–present
Kayōkyoku
Mood-kayō
Idol-kayō
Group Sounds
Image song
J-pop
Rock
1970–present
Anime song
Chiptune
City pop
Denpa song
Disco
Electro
Electropop
Eurobeat
Disco
Hardcore punk
Hip hop
Metal
Noise
Noise rock
Nu-music
Ōenka (cheering song)
Reggae
Synth-pop
Ska
Visual kei
Italo Disco
Italo House
Juliana’s techno
1990–present
Bitpop
Grime
Being-kei
J-core
Japanese net label scene
Kawaii metal
Komuro-kei
Onkyokei
Shibuya-kei
Akishibu-kei
Visual kei
Eroguro kei
Nagoya kei
Vocaloid music
Ethnic and regional
Ainu music
Rekuhkara
Southern Islands
Charts
Oricon
Singles Chart
Albums Chart
Karaoke Chart
Billboard Japan
Hot 100
RIAJ Digital Track Chart (discontinued)
Achievements
List of best-selling music artists in Japan
List of best-selling Western artists in Japan
List of best-selling albums in Japan
List of best-selling singles in Japan
Record companies"Big 10" (as of 2024)
Avex Group
Sony Music Entertainment Japan
Universal Music Japan
King Record Co.
J Storm
Victor Entertainment
Being Inc.
Warner Music Group
Pony Canyon
Teichiku Entertainment
Others
Major
Independent
Musicians
List of musical artists from Japan
List of Japanese musical groups
List of J-pop artists
List of Japanese composers
List of Japanese hip hop musicians
List of Japanese singers
Years
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Online distributors
iTunes Store
Apple Music
Google Play Music
Amazon Music
Spotify
KKBox (the successor of LISMO Unlimited)
RecoChoku
Music.jp
Mora
Dwango.jp
E-Onkyo music
Oricon Music Store
Line Music
MySound
OTOTOY
AWA
Other topics
Awards
Shinto music
Min-On Concert Association
Authority control databases: National
Japan
Czech Republic
This article related to the music of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a music genre is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sake_Cup_by_Sant%C5%8D_Ky%C5%8Dden.png"},{"link_name":"Japanese music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"shamisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamisen"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Sake Cup by Santō Kyōden, 1783–1784, a meriyasuNagauta (長唄, literally \"long song\") is a kind of traditional Japanese music played on the shamisen and used in kabuki theater, primarily to accompany dance and to provide reflective interludes.[1]","title":"Nagauta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Meriyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriyasu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malm19632-3"},{"link_name":"Noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"cadenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Nagauta Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagauta_Symphony"},{"link_name":"symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(music)"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_in_music"},{"link_name":"Kosaku Yamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaku_Yamada"}],"text":"It is uncertain when the shamisen was first integrated into kabuki, but it was sometime during the 17th century; Malm argues that it was probably before 1650.[1]The first reference to nagauta as shamisen music appears in the second volume of Matsu no ha (1703).[1]By the 18th century, the shamisen had become an established instrument in kabuki, when the basic forms and classifications of nagauta crystallized[1] as a combination of different styles stemming from the music popular during the Edo period. Meriyasu is considered a subset of nagauta.[2][3]Many of the \"classic\" nagauta repertoire was composed in the 19th century, which is the time of the best-known nagauta composers as well. Many pieces are based on Noh theater, partly due to the number of kabuki plays derived from Noh theater pieces, and many were revived during the 19th century.[1] There is evidence of the influence of Japanese folk music on nagauta too.[1]During the 19th century, ozashiki nagauta (concert nagauta) developed as a style of nagauta composed for non-kabuki, non-dance performances in which a performer's skill was emphasized. Two classic compositions of ozashiki nagauta are \"Azuma hakkei\" (1818) and \"Aki no irogusa\" (1845).In the 20th century, a number of composers have integrated Western elements into nagauta styles, including playing the shamisen at a faster tempo, in violin cadenza style, or by using larger ensembles to increase the volume.[1] Nagauta is the basis of the Nagauta Symphony, a symphony in one movement composed in 1934 by composer Kosaku Yamada.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William P. Malm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Malm"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nagautaheartofka00malm"}],"text":"William P. Malm, Nagauta: the heart of kabuki music (C. E. Tuttle, 1963) Internet Archive copy","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Malm, William P. (1960). \"A Short History of Japanese Nagauta Music\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 80 (2): 124–132. doi:10.2307/595588. JSTOR 595588 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/595588","url_text":"\"A Short History of Japanese Nagauta Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595588","url_text":"10.2307/595588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/595588","url_text":"595588"}]},{"reference":"Santō, Kyōden (1783). \"Sake Cup\". World Digital Library (in Japanese). Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4350/","url_text":"\"Sake Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library","url_text":"World Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"William P. Malm (1963). Nagauta: the heart of kabuki music. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 17. ISBN 9780837169002. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nagautaheartofka00malm","url_text":"Nagauta: the heart of kabuki music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nagautaheartofka00malm/page/17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837169002","url_text":"9780837169002"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(video_game)
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Cars (video game)
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["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development and marketing","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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2006 video game
2006 video gameCarsDeveloper(s)
Rainbow Studios (PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Xbox 360)
Beenox (Microsoft Windows)
Helixe (Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS)
Locomotive Games (PlayStation Portable)
Incinerator Studios (Wii)
Publisher(s)THQSeriesCarsPlatform(s)PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, WiiReleasePlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, NA: June 6, 2006AU: June 8, 2006EU: July 14, 2006Xbox 360NA: October 23, 2006EU: November 17, 2006AU: November 23, 2006WiiNA: November 19, 2006EU: December 8, 2006AU: December 14, 2006Genre(s)Adventure, racingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Cars is a 2006 adventure racing game published by THQ. The game is based on the 2006 film of the same name. It was released for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable in June 2006, with versions for the Xbox 360 and Wii released later that year. The Wii version includes functionality geared towards its Wii Remote controller and was a launch game for the system. Taking place after the events of the film, the game follows Lightning McQueen as he participates in the new racing season with his goal set on finally winning the Piston Cup. While doing so, he races and trains with the local community of Radiator Springs.
The voice talent returns from the first film, with the exception of Keith Ferguson, who replaced Owen Wilson as the voice of McQueen on the PlayStation Portable version. The home console and Microsoft Windows versions received mixed to average reviews from critics, while the Game Boy Advance version was met with negative reception. The PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS releases of Cars each received a Platinum Sales Award by the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA).
Gameplay
While Cars is primarily played from the perspective of series protagonist Lightning McQueen, some scenarios allow the players to take control of other characters such as Strip "The King" Weathers.
The console versions of the game are set in the fictional town of Radiator Springs, where it takes place after the movie. The game takes place in a open world in the vein of Need for Speed, Grand Theft Auto and Midnight Club. As the player progresses additional areas of the open world are unlocked. The player character begins in Radiator Springs, but later unlocks Ornament Valley and Tailfin Pass. Players primarily control Lightning McQueen, but on occasion control other characters in specific events or minigames. It features ten playable characters from the film, all voiced by the original voice talent. The player must compete in 19 road races, eight mini-games, and five Piston Cup races to help Lightning McQueen win his first Piston Cup championship.
Races vary in format and include checkpoint races, circuit courses in the open world, and Piston Cup races. Additionally each format adjusts characters based on the situation. Piston Cup races include only Piston Cup racers and feature 20 cars. Circuit and checkpoint races feature characters from the open-world story. Additionally checkpoint races feature monster truck versions of characters. Multiplayer is available for two players in split-screen mode, and each of the standard races are available.
The game also features a number of minigames and items for the player to collect. Amongst the minigames are tractor tipping with Mater and a musical rhythm game featuring Ramone. Other minigames appear as events during races, such as Luigi's pit stops during Piston Cup races. Three additional minigames, Mater's Countdown Clean-Up, Mater's Speedy Circuit, and Ghosting Mater are exclusive to the Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii versions, which released over four months after the initial release. Collectables help to unlock characters, liveries and concept art.
The PlayStation Portable, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS versions differ from the primary release. In the PSP version, the player must compete several challenges to allow Lightning McQueen to claim Radiator Springs back from the Delinquent Road Hazards gang. These consist of 13 races, as well as five boss races. Six additional characters are playable on the PSP. The Nintendo DS version is played from a top-down perspective in races, and various other perspectives for minigames. It utilizes the handheld's touch controls. The Game Boy Advance version of the game is played from a fixed isometric perspective. While the camera keeps focus on the player character, it does not rotate with the character.
Plot
The story mode of the game is seen primarily via protagonist Lightning McQueen's perspective. The story progresses based on him completing various events to trigger the next major event, but due to the open-world nature players can complete minor events in any order. During the story players also take control of other characters such as Mater, Sally, and Sheriff for specific events.
The video game Cars is set shortly after the events of the first film. It begins with a playable dream sequence in which Lightning McQueen participates in a street race through Radiator Springs and the surrounding area. He is awakened by Sally, who informs him that Doc is waiting for him at Willy's Butte. Upon his arrival at the butte Doc gives McQueen lessons on how to perform a powerslide. With his lessons complete, McQueen heads to Flo's V8 Cafe, where he meets four new racers; two from England and two from Mexico. These characters challenge McQueen to exhibition races throughout the story. With his first exhibition race completed McQueen participates in some tractor tipping with Mater before heading to his first Piston Cup race at Palm Mile Speedway, which he wins.
Upon returning to Radiator Springs he participates in off-road training with Sarge. Fillmore also provides McQueen with a new organic fuel, which provides him with the ability to boost for short periods. He participates in a few more exhibition races in town before traveling to and winning his second Piston Cup race, this time at Speedway of the South. McQueen returns to Radiator Springs that evening. He is met by Mater, who teaches him the how to drive backwards, a skill that allows him to fill his boost. Through a race challenge from Sheriff he is introduced to nearby Ornament Valley, where he encounters three additional casual racers from Queens, New York. There he is also introduced to the Rustbucket Race-O-Rama, an arena event consisting of rusty vehicles. Lightning participates in multiple races in Ornament Valley before heading to his third Piston Cup seasonal race at Sun Valley International Raceway.
When McQueen returns from his third victory he encounters the Delinquent Road Hazards trio, the tuner gang seen antagonizing Mack in the first film. The three challenge McQueen to a race through an abandoned mine, which they lose. Later Sally goes on a drive to the Wheel Well Motel, and McQueen is subsequently introduced to the Tailfin Pass area. Here he takes place in additional races and minigames in order to train for his final few Piston Cup races. Additionally McQueen participates in a monster truck race after being temporarily modified into a monster truck himself. Lightning and Mack head to the penultimate Piston Cup race at Smasherville International Speedway, but during the trip the Delinquent Road Hazards harass Mack and steals several of McQueen's parts. They are apprehended and McQueen learns that they were hired by Chick Hicks, McQueen's rival and Piston Cup champion. McQueen wins his fourth Piston Cup race after confronting Hicks, who denies being involved.
McQueen challenges Hicks to a four-race competition, with one race in each open-world environment, and the final race being the Piston Cup finale at Los Angeles International Speedway. He is victorious in all four races, which also results in him being the new Piston Cup champion. The season over, McQueen returns to Radiator Springs and places the trophy on the window ledge in Doc's garage, where it shares space with Doc's trophies.
Development and marketing
Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy and Michael Keaton reprise their roles as Lightning McQueen, Mater, and Chick Hicks from the film, as do the other actors. In the PlayStation Portable version of the game, Owen Wilson is replaced by Keith Ferguson.
On May 8, 2002, video game publisher THQ acquired the rights to the next three titles from Pixar Animation Studios – Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, and Cars. Cars was announced on February 7, 2006, and was later announced for Wii and Xbox 360. Rainbow Studios known at the time for the MX vs. ATV series, led development for the primary version of the game, consisting of platforms PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and Xbox 360. This version would be used as a base for the Xbox 360 and Wii ports. On June 6, 2006, THQ announced that the game would be shipping out for all platforms except Wii and Xbox 360. It was shown to the public at E3 2006.
Cars was released on PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable on June 6, 2006. The Xbox 360 version would follow on October 23, 2006. The Wii version was released on November 19, 2006 as a launch title for the console. The PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and 360 versions were developed by Rainbow Studios, while the Wii version was developed by Incinerator Games. Beenox were responsible for the Windows port. Locomotive Games developed the PlayStation Portable version. Helixe developed both the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions.
The console versions feature the full voice-over cast from the film, including the likes of Owen Wilson, Michael Keaton, Paul Newman, and Larry the Cable Guy. However in the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS versions, Lightning McQueen is instead voiced by Keith Ferguson. The game's soundtrack utilizes both orchestral and licensed music from the movie, as well as new tracks. Featured licensed tracks include Free Ride by The Edgar Winter Group, Rock This Town by the Stray Cats, What I Want by Autopilot Off, Come On, Let's Go as performed by Los Lobos, and Real Gone by Sheryl Crow, which makes a return from the film.
In 2007 the Entertainment Software Association partnered with Microsoft for that edition of the ESA charity combo pack. For USD $29.99 players would receive Cars, Open Season, and Fuzion Frenzy 2. Proceeds were given to support positive youth programs through the ESA foundation. Proceeds were expected to exceed 2 million dollars.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticDS: 54/100GBA: 50/100GCN: 71/100PC: 73/100PS2: 71/100PSP: 70/100XBOX: 70/100X360: 65/100WII: 65/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer(PS2) 4/10(J2ME) 9/10GameSpot(DS) 6.5/10(GBA) 6.5/10(GCN/PS2/XBOX) 7.6/10(PSP) 7.4/10(X360) 7/10(WII) 7/10GameSpy(DS) (GCN/PS2/XBOX) (PSP) (WII) GamesRadar+(DS) (GCN/PS2/XBOX) (PSP) GameZone(DS) 4.9/10(GBA) 6.4/10(GCN) 8/10(PS2) 7.8/10IGN(DS) 5.8/10(GBA) 3/10(GCN/PS2/XBOX) 7.2/10(PSP) 7.5/10(WII) 6.8/10(J2ME) 7.2/10
Cars received "mixed or average" reviews. GameSpot gave 7.0 out of 10 for Xbox 360 and Wii versions, 7.6 out of 10 for the GameCube and Xbox versions, and 7.4 out of 10 for the PSP version. Metacritic gave 65 out of 100 for the Wii version, 54 out of 100 for the DS version, 73 out of 100 for the PC version, 71 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version, and 70 out of 100 for the PSP version. The PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS releases of Cars each received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies per version in the United Kingdom. It would also be added to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable Greatest Hits, GameCube Player's Choice, Xbox Platinum Hits, and Xbox 360 Platinum Hits budget lines. In total, the game sold more than 8 million copies as of May 2007.
References
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^ a b c "Cars for PSP Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
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External links
Cars at MobyGames
Cars (Game Boy Advance) at MobyGames
Cars (Nintendo DS) at MobyGames
Cars (PlayStation Portable) at MobyGames
vteCarsFilmsCars
Cars (2006)
Cars 2 (2011)
Cars 3 (2017)
Planes
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Short films
Mater and the Ghostlight (2006)
Television series
Cars Toons
Mater's Tall Tales (2008–2012)
Tales from Radiator Springs (2013–2014)
Cars on the Road (2022)
Characters
Lightning McQueen
Tow Mater
Sally Carrera
Music
Cars
"Real Gone"
"Life Is a Highway"
"Our Town"
Cars 2
Cars 3
"Ride"
Video games
Cars
Cars: Radiator Springs Adventures
Cars Mater-National Championship
Cars Race-O-Rama
The World of Cars Online
Cars 2
Cars 3: Driven to Win
Related
Rush: A Disney–Pixar Adventure
Disney Infinity
Attractions
Cars Land
Luigi's Flying Tires
Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters
Radiator Springs Racers
Cars Quatre Roues Rallye
Lightning McQueen's Racing Academy
Related
Lego Cars
The Autobots
Cadillac Ranch
Mandeville-Anthony v. Walt Disney Co.
Category
vteRainbow StudiosA THQ Nordic CompanyMX vs. ATV
ATV Offroad Fury
ATV Offroad Fury 2
MX Unleashed
MX vs. ATV Unleashed
MX vs. ATV: On the Edge
MX vs. ATV Untamed
MX vs. ATV Reflex
MX vs. ATV Alive
MX vs. ATV Supercross
MX vs. ATV Supercross Encore
MX vs. ATV All Out
MX vs. ATV Legends
Other games
The Hive
Deadly Tide
Motocross Madness
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2000
Motocross Madness 2
Splashdown
Star Wars Racer Revenge
Mat Hoffman's Pro BMX 2
Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild
Cars
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The game is based on the 2006 film of the same name. It was released for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable in June 2006, with versions for the Xbox 360 and Wii released later that year. The Wii version includes functionality geared towards its Wii Remote controller and was a launch game for the system. Taking place after the events of the film, the game follows Lightning McQueen as he participates in the new racing season with his goal set on finally winning the Piston Cup. While doing so, he races and trains with the local community of Radiator Springs.The voice talent returns from the first film, with the exception of Keith Ferguson, who replaced Owen Wilson as the voice of McQueen on the PlayStation Portable version. The home console and Microsoft Windows versions received mixed to average reviews from critics, while the Game Boy Advance version was met with negative reception. The PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS releases of Cars each received a Platinum Sales Award by the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA).","title":"Cars (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cars_video_game_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"Lightning McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Radiator Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_Springs"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"Midnight Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Club"},{"link_name":"voice talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)#Voice_cast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lightning McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen"},{"link_name":"monster truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_truck"},{"link_name":"minigames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"tractor tipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_tipping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"While Cars is primarily played from the perspective of series protagonist Lightning McQueen, some scenarios allow the players to take control of other characters such as Strip \"The King\" Weathers.The console versions of the game are set in the fictional town of Radiator Springs, where it takes place after the movie. The game takes place in a open world in the vein of Need for Speed, Grand Theft Auto and Midnight Club. As the player progresses additional areas of the open world are unlocked. The player character begins in Radiator Springs, but later unlocks Ornament Valley and Tailfin Pass. Players primarily control Lightning McQueen, but on occasion control other characters in specific events or minigames. It features ten playable characters from the film, all voiced by the original voice talent.[1][2] The player must compete in 19 road races, eight mini-games, and five Piston Cup races to help Lightning McQueen win his first Piston Cup championship.Races vary in format and include checkpoint races, circuit courses in the open world, and Piston Cup races. Additionally each format adjusts characters based on the situation. Piston Cup races include only Piston Cup racers and feature 20 cars. Circuit and checkpoint races feature characters from the open-world story. Additionally checkpoint races feature monster truck versions of characters. Multiplayer is available for two players in split-screen mode, and each of the standard races are available.The game also features a number of minigames and items for the player to collect. Amongst the minigames are tractor tipping with Mater and a musical rhythm game featuring Ramone. Other minigames appear as events during races, such as Luigi's pit stops during Piston Cup races. Three additional minigames, Mater's Countdown Clean-Up, Mater's Speedy Circuit, and Ghosting Mater are exclusive to the Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii versions, which released over four months after the initial release. Collectables help to unlock characters, liveries and concept art.[3]The PlayStation Portable, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS versions differ from the primary release. In the PSP version, the player must compete several challenges to allow Lightning McQueen to claim Radiator Springs back from the Delinquent Road Hazards gang. These consist of 13 races, as well as five boss races. Six additional characters are playable on the PSP. The Nintendo DS version is played from a top-down perspective in races, and various other perspectives for minigames. It utilizes the handheld's touch controls. The Game Boy Advance version of the game is played from a fixed isometric perspective. While the camera keeps focus on the player character, it does not rotate with the character.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"powerslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"tractor tipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_tipping"},{"link_name":"Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_(Cars)"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"tuner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_tuning"},{"link_name":"monster truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_truck"}],"text":"The story mode of the game is seen primarily via protagonist Lightning McQueen's perspective. The story progresses based on him completing various events to trigger the next major event, but due to the open-world nature players can complete minor events in any order. During the story players also take control of other characters such as Mater, Sally, and Sheriff for specific events.The video game Cars is set shortly after the events of the first film. It begins with a playable dream sequence in which Lightning McQueen participates in a street race through Radiator Springs and the surrounding area. He is awakened by Sally, who informs him that Doc is waiting for him at Willy's Butte. Upon his arrival at the butte Doc gives McQueen lessons on how to perform a powerslide. With his lessons complete, McQueen heads to Flo's V8 Cafe, where he meets four new racers; two from England and two from Mexico. These characters challenge McQueen to exhibition races throughout the story. With his first exhibition race completed McQueen participates in some tractor tipping with Mater before heading to his first Piston Cup race at Palm Mile Speedway, which he wins.Upon returning to Radiator Springs he participates in off-road training with Sarge. Fillmore also provides McQueen with a new organic fuel, which provides him with the ability to boost for short periods. He participates in a few more exhibition races in town before traveling to and winning his second Piston Cup race, this time at Speedway of the South. McQueen returns to Radiator Springs that evening. He is met by Mater, who teaches him the how to drive backwards, a skill that allows him to fill his boost. Through a race challenge from Sheriff he is introduced to nearby Ornament Valley, where he encounters three additional casual racers from Queens, New York. There he is also introduced to the Rustbucket Race-O-Rama, an arena event consisting of rusty vehicles. Lightning participates in multiple races in Ornament Valley before heading to his third Piston Cup seasonal race at Sun Valley International Raceway.When McQueen returns from his third victory he encounters the Delinquent Road Hazards trio, the tuner gang seen antagonizing Mack in the first film. The three challenge McQueen to a race through an abandoned mine, which they lose. Later Sally goes on a drive to the Wheel Well Motel, and McQueen is subsequently introduced to the Tailfin Pass area. Here he takes place in additional races and minigames in order to train for his final few Piston Cup races. Additionally McQueen participates in a monster truck race after being temporarily modified into a monster truck himself. Lightning and Mack head to the penultimate Piston Cup race at Smasherville International Speedway, but during the trip the Delinquent Road Hazards harass Mack and steals several of McQueen's parts. They are apprehended and McQueen learns that they were hired by Chick Hicks, McQueen's rival and Piston Cup champion. McQueen wins his fourth Piston Cup race after confronting Hicks, who denies being involved.McQueen challenges Hicks to a four-race competition, with one race in each open-world environment, and the final race being the Piston Cup finale at Los Angeles International Speedway. He is victorious in all four races, which also results in him being the new Piston Cup champion. The season over, McQueen returns to Radiator Springs and places the trophy on the window ledge in Doc's garage, where it shares space with Doc's trophies.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Owen_Wilson_Cannes_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_the_Cable_Guy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Keaton_(NYCC_2014)_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Owen Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Larry the Cable Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_the_Cable_Guy"},{"link_name":"Michael Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Keith Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ferguson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"THQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THQ"},{"link_name":"Pixar Animation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Finding Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"The Incredibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredibles_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Studios"},{"link_name":"MX vs. ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_vs._ATV"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e3_list-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-initial_release-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Beenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenox"},{"link_name":"Locomotive Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_Games"},{"link_name":"Helixe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixe"},{"link_name":"Owen Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Michael Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Larry the Cable Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_the_Cable_Guy"},{"link_name":"Keith Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ferguson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launch_title-14"},{"link_name":"Free Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Ride_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Edgar Winter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Winter"},{"link_name":"Rock This Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_This_Town"},{"link_name":"Stray Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Cats"},{"link_name":"Autopilot Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot_Off"},{"link_name":"Come On, Let's Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On,_Let%27s_Go"},{"link_name":"Los Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lobos"},{"link_name":"Real Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Gone_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Crow"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Software Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Open Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Season_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Fuzion Frenzy 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzion_Frenzy_2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy and Michael Keaton reprise their roles as Lightning McQueen, Mater, and Chick Hicks from the film, as do the other actors. In the PlayStation Portable version of the game, Owen Wilson is replaced by Keith Ferguson.On May 8, 2002, video game publisher THQ acquired the rights to the next three titles from Pixar Animation Studios – Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, and Cars.[4] Cars was announced on February 7, 2006,[5] and was later announced for Wii and Xbox 360.[6][7] Rainbow Studios known at the time for the MX vs. ATV series, led development for the primary version of the game, consisting of platforms PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and Xbox 360. This version would be used as a base for the Xbox 360 and Wii ports. On June 6, 2006, THQ announced that the game would be shipping out for all platforms except Wii and Xbox 360.[8][9] It was shown to the public at E3 2006.[10]Cars was released on PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable on June 6, 2006.[11] The Xbox 360 version would follow on October 23, 2006. The Wii version was released on November 19, 2006 as a launch title for the console.[12] The PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and 360 versions were developed by Rainbow Studios, while the Wii version was developed by Incinerator Games.[13] Beenox were responsible for the Windows port. Locomotive Games developed the PlayStation Portable version. Helixe developed both the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions.The console versions feature the full voice-over cast from the film, including the likes of Owen Wilson, Michael Keaton, Paul Newman, and Larry the Cable Guy. However in the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS versions, Lightning McQueen is instead voiced by Keith Ferguson.[14] The game's soundtrack utilizes both orchestral and licensed music from the movie, as well as new tracks. Featured licensed tracks include Free Ride by The Edgar Winter Group, Rock This Town by the Stray Cats, What I Want by Autopilot Off, Come On, Let's Go as performed by Los Lobos, and Real Gone by Sheryl Crow, which makes a return from the film.In 2007 the Entertainment Software Association partnered with Microsoft for that edition of the ESA charity combo pack. For USD $29.99 players would receive Cars, Open Season, and Fuzion Frenzy 2. Proceeds were given to support positive youth programs through the ESA foundation. Proceeds were expected to exceed 2 million dollars.[15]","title":"Development and marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_DS-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_GBA-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_GCN-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PC-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PS2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PSP-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_XBOX-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_X360-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_WII-24"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_WII-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PS2-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_DS-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PC-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PSP-21"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_WII-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_DS-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PC-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PS2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PSP-21"},{"link_name":"Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_and_Leisure_Software_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-platinumelspa-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutrasales-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticDS: 54/100[16]GBA: 50/100[17]GCN: 71/100[18]PC: 73/100[19]PS2: 71/100[20]PSP: 70/100[21]XBOX: 70/100[22]X360: 65/100[23]WII: 65/100[24]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer(PS2) 4/10[48](J2ME) 9/10[49]GameSpot(DS) 6.5/10[31](GBA) 6.5/10[32](GCN/PS2/XBOX) 7.6/10[33](PSP) 7.4/10[34](X360) 7/10[35](WII) 7/10[36]GameSpy(DS) [44](GCN/PS2/XBOX) [45](PSP) [46](WII) [47]GamesRadar+(DS) [37](GCN/PS2/XBOX) [38](PSP) [39]GameZone(DS) 4.9/10[40](GBA) 6.4/10[41](GCN) 8/10[42](PS2) 7.8/10[43]IGN(DS) 5.8/10[25](GBA) 3/10[26](GCN/PS2/XBOX) 7.2/10[27](PSP) 7.5/10[28](WII) 6.8/10[29](J2ME) 7.2/10[30]Cars received \"mixed or average\" reviews.[24][20][16][19][21] GameSpot gave 7.0 out of 10 for Xbox 360 and Wii versions, 7.6 out of 10 for the GameCube and Xbox versions, and 7.4 out of 10 for the PSP version.[50] Metacritic gave 65 out of 100 for the Wii version,[24] 54 out of 100 for the DS version,[16] 73 out of 100 for the PC version,[19] 71 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version,[20] and 70 out of 100 for the PSP version.[21] The PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS releases of Cars each received a Platinum sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),[51] indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies per version in the United Kingdom.[52] It would also be added to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable Greatest Hits, GameCube Player's Choice, Xbox Platinum Hits, and Xbox 360 Platinum Hits budget lines. In total, the game sold more than 8 million copies as of May 2007.[53]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"While Cars is primarily played from the perspective of series protagonist Lightning McQueen, some scenarios allow the players to take control of other characters such as Strip \"The King\" Weathers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Cars_video_game_screenshot.png/220px-Cars_video_game_screenshot.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cars for Xbox 360\". G4tv. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160326111104/http://www.g4tv.com/games/xbox-360/37579/cars/","url_text":"\"Cars for Xbox 360\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_(U.S._TV_channel)","url_text":"G4tv"},{"url":"http://www.g4tv.com/games/xbox-360/37579/cars/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of Cars (2006, Video Game)\". Voice Chasers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190525004151/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=2031","url_text":"\"The Voices of Cars (2006, Video Game)\""},{"url":"http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=2031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orlando, Greg (July 6, 2006). \"Cars Review for Xbox 360\". G4tv. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403093510/http://www.g4tv.com/games/xbox-360/37579/cars/review/","url_text":"\"Cars Review for Xbox 360\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_(U.S._TV_channel)","url_text":"G4tv"},{"url":"http://www.g4tv.com/games/xbox-360/37579/cars/review/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THQ Grabs Pixar's Load\". IGN. May 8, 2002. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/08/thq-grabs-pixars-load","url_text":"\"THQ Grabs Pixar's Load\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026131549/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/08/thq-grabs-pixars-load","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Surette, Tim (February 7, 2006). \"THQ Details Cars\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. 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Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/shippin-out-june-5-9-psp-gradius-ps2-gta-lcs/1100-6152334/","url_text":"\"Shippin' Out June 5-9: PSP Gradius, PS2 GTA: LCS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020034713/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/shippin-out-june-5-9-psp-gradius-ps2-gta-lcs/1100-6152334/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sanders, Kathleen (May 4, 2023). \"Pre-E3 2006: THQ's Stock for the show\". IGN. Retrieved October 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/04/pre-e3-2006-thqs-stock-for-the-show","url_text":"\"Pre-E3 2006: THQ's Stock for the show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Adams, David (June 6, 2006). \"Cars Rolls Out\". IGN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer
|
Windows Photo Viewer
|
["1 Features","2 Bugs","3 In Windows 10 and Windows 11","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Image viewing software
Windows Photo ViewerWindows Photo Viewer in Windows 11Developer(s)MicrosoftOperating systemWindows Picture and Fax Viewer:Windows XPWindows Server 2003Windows Photo Viewer:Windows 7Windows 8Windows 8.1Windows 10Windows 11PredecessorImaging for Windows, Windows Photo GallerySuccessorMicrosoft PhotosLicenseProprietaryWebsitewindows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer
Windows Photo Viewer (formerly Windows Picture and Fax Viewer) is an image viewer included with the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was first included with Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 under its former name. It was temporarily replaced with Windows Photo Gallery in Windows Vista, but was reinstated in Windows 7. This program succeeds Imaging for Windows. In Windows 10 and Windows 11, it is deprecated in favor of a Universal Windows Platform app called Photos, although it can be brought back with a registry tweak.
Windows Photo Viewer can show individual pictures, display all pictures in a folder as a slide show, reorient them in 90° increments, print them either directly or via an online print service, send them in e-mail or burn them to a disc. Windows Photo Viewer supports images in BMP, JPEG, JPEG XR (formerly HD Photo), PNG, ICO, GIF and TIFF file formats.
Features
Compared to Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, changes have been made to the graphical user interface in Windows Photo Viewer.
Whereas Windows Picture and Fax Viewer uses GDI+, Windows Photo Viewer uses Windows Imaging Component (WIC) and takes advantage of Windows Display Driver Model.
Although GIF files are supported in Windows Photo Viewer, whereas Windows Picture and Fax Viewer displays animated GIFs, Windows Photo Viewer only displays the first frame. Windows Picture and Fax Viewer was also capable of viewing multi-page TIFF files, (except those that employ JPEG compression) as well as annotating the TIFF files. Windows Photo Viewer, on the other hand, has added support for JPEG XR file format and ICC profiles.
Bugs
Some devices and Android phones are able to take photos and screenshots and have a custom ICC Profile being applied to said pictures, however Windows Photo Viewer will display an error when trying to display the picture with the message "Windows Photo Viewer can't display this picture because there might not be enough memory available on your computer." when an unknown ICC Profile is detected. There is a patch available on GitHub that fixes this behavior.
Also, regarding ICC Profiles, when a custom Display ICC Profile is applied after installing a Monitor driver, Windows Photo Viewer wrongly shifts the picture hue to a warm tint. This feature is intentional but is greatly exaggerated. This can be fixed by removing or replacing the Display ICC Profile.
In Windows 10 and Windows 11
In support documentation, Microsoft states that Windows Photo Viewer is not part of Windows 10, and a user still has it only if they upgraded from Windows 7 or 8.1. However, it can be brought back in Windows 10 and Windows 11 with registry editing, by adding the appropriate entries ("capabilities") in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Photo Viewer\Capabilities\FileAssociations. It is also possible to restore the Preview option in the context menu.
Windows Photo Viewer itself remains built-in into Windows and is set by default for TIFF files with the extensions ".tif" and ".tiff".
See also
Imaging for Windows
Comparison of image viewers
Windows Color Management
References
^ "Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ "What happened to the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer?". Windows Vista Help & How-to. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ a b "View and use your pictures in Windows Photo Viewer". Windows 7 Help & How-to. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ a b Tkachenko, Sergey (31 July 2015). "How get Windows Photo Viewer working in Windows 10". winaero.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Windows Photo Viewer slideshow turns secondary monitor black". Microsoft TechNet Forums. Microsoft Corporation. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ "How to Run the Windows Photo Viewer Slide Show on a Secondary Monitor". WindowsSevenForums Tutorials. Designer Media Ltd. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ a b Understanding Picture File Types Archived 17 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-029 – Critical". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ "Introduction (How to Write a WIC-Enabled Codec) (Windows)". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft Corporation. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ "Windows Vista Display Driver Model". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft Corporation. July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ Zhu, Sean (1 June 2010). "Why does Windows Picture Viewer does not show animated GIFs?". TechNet forum. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010. Q: I have noticed that in Windows 7, the Windows Picture viewer only displays the first frame of an animated GIF. Why is this? A: Hi, this is by design.
^ You Cannot View TIFF Images Using Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Archived 4 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Annotation overview". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ "Annotation toolbar overview". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
^ "Delete Calibrated Display Profile to Increase Speed of Windows 7 Photo Viewer". My Digital Life. 24 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ "Windows Vista Photo Gallery Yellow Tint Background Problem". My Digital Life. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ "Patch "Out of memory" exception when opening images containing an unknown color profile". GitHub.
^ "Fix Windows Photo Viewer Yellow Tint Background". OptimWise.
^ "Photo Viewer for Windows 10". Microsoft Support.
^ Tkachenko, Sergey. "How to Enable Windows Photo Viewer in Windows 11". Winaero.
^ "How to open .tif files without compromising on quality". Windows Report.
External links
Official website
Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview
Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Overview at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 January 2008)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPFW-1"},{"link_name":"image viewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_viewer"},{"link_name":"Windows NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003"},{"link_name":"Windows Photo Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPV-3"},{"link_name":"Imaging for Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10"},{"link_name":"Windows 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_11"},{"link_name":"deprecated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecated"},{"link_name":"Universal Windows Platform app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform_apps"},{"link_name":"Photos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photos_(Windows)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"slide show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_show"},{"link_name":"burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WPV-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"JPEG XR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XR"},{"link_name":"PNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics"},{"link_name":"ICO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF"},{"link_name":"TIFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-7"}],"text":"Windows Photo Viewer (formerly Windows Picture and Fax Viewer)[1] is an image viewer included with the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was first included with Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 under its former name. It was temporarily replaced with Windows Photo Gallery in Windows Vista,[2] but was reinstated in Windows 7.[3] This program succeeds Imaging for Windows. In Windows 10 and Windows 11, it is deprecated in favor of a Universal Windows Platform app called Photos, although it can be brought back with a registry tweak.[4]Windows Photo Viewer can show individual pictures, display all pictures in a folder as a slide show, reorient them in 90° increments, print them either directly or via an online print service, send them in e-mail or burn them to a disc.[3][5][6] Windows Photo Viewer supports images in BMP, JPEG, JPEG XR (formerly HD Photo), PNG, ICO, GIF and TIFF file formats.[7]","title":"Windows Photo Viewer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GDI+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDI%2B"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Windows Imaging Component","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Component"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Windows Display Driver Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF"},{"link_name":"animated GIFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_GIFs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-7"},{"link_name":"ICC profiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_profile"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Compared to Windows Picture and Fax Viewer, changes have been made to the graphical user interface in Windows Photo Viewer.[citation needed]Whereas Windows Picture and Fax Viewer uses GDI+,[8] Windows Photo Viewer uses Windows Imaging Component (WIC)[9] and takes advantage of Windows Display Driver Model.[10]Although GIF files are supported in Windows Photo Viewer, whereas Windows Picture and Fax Viewer displays animated GIFs, Windows Photo Viewer only displays the first frame.[11] Windows Picture and Fax Viewer was also capable of viewing multi-page TIFF files, (except those that employ JPEG compression)[12] as well as annotating the TIFF files.[13][14] Windows Photo Viewer, on the other hand, has added support for JPEG XR file format[7] and ICC profiles.[15][16]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Some devices and Android phones are able to take photos and screenshots and have a custom ICC Profile being applied to said pictures, however Windows Photo Viewer will display an error when trying to display the picture with the message \"Windows Photo Viewer can't display this picture because there might not be enough memory available on your computer.\" when an unknown ICC Profile is detected. There is a patch available on GitHub that fixes this behavior.[17]Also, regarding ICC Profiles, when a custom Display ICC Profile is applied after installing a Monitor driver, Windows Photo Viewer wrongly shifts the picture hue to a warm tint. This feature is intentional but is greatly exaggerated. This can be fixed by removing or replacing the Display ICC Profile.[18]","title":"Bugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"TIFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In support documentation, Microsoft states that Windows Photo Viewer is not part of Windows 10, and a user still has it only if they upgraded from Windows 7 or 8.1.[19] However, it can be brought back in Windows 10 and Windows 11 with registry editing, by adding the appropriate entries (\"capabilities\") in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows Photo Viewer\\Capabilities\\FileAssociations. It is also possible to restore the Preview option in the context menu.Windows Photo Viewer itself remains built-in into Windows and is set by default for TIFF files with the extensions \".tif\" and \".tiff\".[4][20][21]","title":"In Windows 10 and Windows 11"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Imaging for Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows"},{"title":"Comparison of image viewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_image_viewers"},{"title":"Windows Color Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management#Windows"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview\". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202003013/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What happened to the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer?\". Windows Vista Help & How-to. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-happened-to-the-Windows-Picture-and-Fax-Viewer","url_text":"\"What happened to the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609053707/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-happened-to-the-Windows-Picture-and-Fax-Viewer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"View and use your pictures in Windows Photo Viewer\". Windows 7 Help & How-to. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer","url_text":"\"View and use your pictures in Windows Photo Viewer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105131836/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tkachenko, Sergey (31 July 2015). \"How get Windows Photo Viewer working in Windows 10\". winaero.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://winaero.com/how-get-windows-photo-viewer-working-in-windows-10/","url_text":"\"How get Windows Photo Viewer working in Windows 10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165604/https://winaero.com/how-get-windows-photo-viewer-working-in-windows-10/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Photo Viewer slideshow turns secondary monitor black\". Microsoft TechNet Forums. Microsoft Corporation. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/pl-PL/w7itpromedia/thread/bc88984a-df40-4fc6-b353-0c6f34c8fc59","url_text":"\"Windows Photo Viewer slideshow turns secondary monitor black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet","url_text":"Microsoft TechNet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120943/http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/pl-PL/w7itpromedia/thread/bc88984a-df40-4fc6-b353-0c6f34c8fc59","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Run the Windows Photo Viewer Slide Show on a Secondary Monitor\". WindowsSevenForums Tutorials. Designer Media Ltd. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/27314-windows-photo-viewer-slide-show-secondary-monitor.html","url_text":"\"How to Run the Windows Photo Viewer Slide Show on a Secondary Monitor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110118015141/http://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/27314-windows-photo-viewer-slide-show-secondary-monitor.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-029 – Critical\". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2011/ms11-029","url_text":"\"Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-029 – Critical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction (How to Write a WIC-Enabled Codec) (Windows)\". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft Corporation. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee719885(v=vs.85).aspx","url_text":"\"Introduction (How to Write a WIC-Enabled Codec) (Windows)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network","url_text":"Microsoft Developer Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228053413/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee719885(v=vs.85).aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Vista Display Driver Model\". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft Corporation. July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa480220.aspx#winvistadisplaydrivermodel_topic1","url_text":"\"Windows Vista Display Driver Model\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110223205953/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa480220.aspx#winvistadisplaydrivermodel_topic1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Sean (1 June 2010). \"Why does Windows Picture Viewer does not show animated GIFs?\". TechNet forum. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010. Q: I have noticed that in Windows 7, the Windows Picture viewer only displays the first frame of an animated GIF. Why is this? [~snip~] A: Hi, this is by design.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itprogeneral/thread/b0e84027-9753-46cb-94b8-b099c0a60e1d","url_text":"\"Why does Windows Picture Viewer does not show animated GIFs?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124230525/http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itprogeneral/thread/b0e84027-9753-46cb-94b8-b099c0a60e1d","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Annotation overview\". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_overview.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Annotation overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114505/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_overview.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Annotation toolbar overview\". Windows XP Professional Product Documentation. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_toolbar.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"\"Annotation toolbar overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104064234/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_toolbar.mspx?mfr=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Delete Calibrated Display Profile to Increase Speed of Windows 7 Photo Viewer\". My Digital Life. 24 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mydigitallife.info/2010/01/24/delete-calibrated-display-profile-to-increase-speed-of-windows-7-photo-viewer/","url_text":"\"Delete Calibrated Display Profile to Increase Speed of Windows 7 Photo Viewer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110127125134/http://www.mydigitallife.info/2010/01/24/delete-calibrated-display-profile-to-increase-speed-of-windows-7-photo-viewer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Vista Photo Gallery Yellow Tint Background Problem\". My Digital Life. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mydigitallife.info/2007/07/11/windows-vista-photo-gallery-yellow-tint-background-problem/","url_text":"\"Windows Vista Photo Gallery Yellow Tint Background Problem\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110126050605/http://www.mydigitallife.info/2007/07/11/windows-vista-photo-gallery-yellow-tint-background-problem/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Patch \"Out of memory\" exception when opening images containing an unknown color profile\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/PaaaulZ/PhotoViewerOutOfMemoryNoMore","url_text":"\"Patch \"Out of memory\" exception when opening images containing an unknown color profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fix Windows Photo Viewer Yellow Tint Background\". OptimWise.","urls":[{"url":"https://optimwise.com/fix-windows-photo-viewer-yellow-tint-background/","url_text":"\"Fix Windows Photo Viewer Yellow Tint Background\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo Viewer for Windows 10\". Microsoft Support.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/photo-viewer-for-windows-10-ff861e89-d4a7-146d-19d0-1b117b94ffc2","url_text":"\"Photo Viewer for Windows 10\""}]},{"reference":"Tkachenko, Sergey. \"How to Enable Windows Photo Viewer in Windows 11\". Winaero.","urls":[{"url":"https://winaero.com/how-to-enable-windows-photo-viewer-in-windows-11/","url_text":"\"How to Enable Windows Photo Viewer in Windows 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to open .tif files without compromising on quality\". Windows Report.","urls":[{"url":"https://windowsreport.com/open-tif-files-windows-10/","url_text":"\"How to open .tif files without compromising on quality\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer","external_links_name":"windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202003013/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-happened-to-the-Windows-Picture-and-Fax-Viewer","external_links_name":"\"What happened to the Windows Picture and Fax Viewer?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609053707/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-happened-to-the-Windows-Picture-and-Fax-Viewer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer","external_links_name":"\"View and use your pictures in Windows Photo Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105131836/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://winaero.com/how-get-windows-photo-viewer-working-in-windows-10/","external_links_name":"\"How get Windows Photo Viewer working in Windows 10\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201111165604/https://winaero.com/how-get-windows-photo-viewer-working-in-windows-10/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/pl-PL/w7itpromedia/thread/bc88984a-df40-4fc6-b353-0c6f34c8fc59","external_links_name":"\"Windows Photo Viewer slideshow turns secondary monitor black\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120943/http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/pl-PL/w7itpromedia/thread/bc88984a-df40-4fc6-b353-0c6f34c8fc59","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/27314-windows-photo-viewer-slide-show-secondary-monitor.html","external_links_name":"\"How to Run the Windows Photo Viewer Slide Show on a Secondary Monitor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110118015141/http://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/27314-windows-photo-viewer-slide-show-secondary-monitor.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Understanding-picture-file-types","external_links_name":"Understanding Picture File Types"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130717123653/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Understanding-picture-file-types","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2011/ms11-029","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-029 – Critical\""},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee719885(v=vs.85).aspx","external_links_name":"\"Introduction (How to Write a WIC-Enabled Codec) (Windows)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228053413/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee719885(v=vs.85).aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa480220.aspx#winvistadisplaydrivermodel_topic1","external_links_name":"\"Windows Vista Display Driver Model\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110223205953/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa480220.aspx#winvistadisplaydrivermodel_topic1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itprogeneral/thread/b0e84027-9753-46cb-94b8-b099c0a60e1d","external_links_name":"\"Why does Windows Picture Viewer does not show animated GIFs?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124230525/http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itprogeneral/thread/b0e84027-9753-46cb-94b8-b099c0a60e1d","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/329270","external_links_name":"You Cannot View TIFF Images Using Windows Picture and Fax Viewer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304234013/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/329270","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_overview.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"\"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Annotation overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114505/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_overview.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_toolbar.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"\"Annotation toolbar overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104064234/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_annotate_toolbar.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mydigitallife.info/2010/01/24/delete-calibrated-display-profile-to-increase-speed-of-windows-7-photo-viewer/","external_links_name":"\"Delete Calibrated Display Profile to Increase Speed of Windows 7 Photo Viewer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110127125134/http://www.mydigitallife.info/2010/01/24/delete-calibrated-display-profile-to-increase-speed-of-windows-7-photo-viewer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mydigitallife.info/2007/07/11/windows-vista-photo-gallery-yellow-tint-background-problem/","external_links_name":"\"Windows Vista Photo Gallery Yellow Tint Background Problem\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110126050605/http://www.mydigitallife.info/2007/07/11/windows-vista-photo-gallery-yellow-tint-background-problem/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://github.com/PaaaulZ/PhotoViewerOutOfMemoryNoMore","external_links_name":"\"Patch \"Out of memory\" exception when opening images containing an unknown color profile\""},{"Link":"https://optimwise.com/fix-windows-photo-viewer-yellow-tint-background/","external_links_name":"\"Fix Windows Photo Viewer Yellow Tint Background\""},{"Link":"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/photo-viewer-for-windows-10-ff861e89-d4a7-146d-19d0-1b117b94ffc2","external_links_name":"\"Photo Viewer for Windows 10\""},{"Link":"https://winaero.com/how-to-enable-windows-photo-viewer-in-windows-11/","external_links_name":"\"How to Enable Windows Photo Viewer in Windows 11\""},{"Link":"https://windowsreport.com/open-tif-files-windows-10/","external_links_name":"\"How to open .tif files without compromising on quality\""},{"Link":"http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/View-and-use-your-pictures-in-Windows-Photo-Viewer","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx?mfr=true","external_links_name":"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080105131836/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/image_overview.mspx","external_links_name":"Windows Picture and Fax Viewer Overview"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol
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JSON Meta Application Protocol
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["1 Motivation","2 Design","3 Development","4 Implementations","5 See also","6 References"]
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Email handling protocol
JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)International standardCore: RFC 8620Mail: RFC 8621WebSocket: RFC 8887MDN: RFC 9007S/MIME: RFC 9219Blobs: RFC 9404Quotas: RFC 9425Developed byIETFFastmailIntroducedJuly 18, 2019; 4 years ago (2019-07-18)IndustryNetwork communicationsWebsitejmap.io
The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) is a set of related open Internet Standard protocols for handling email. JMAP is implemented using JSON APIs over HTTP and has been developed as an alternative to IMAP/SMTP and proprietary email APIs such as Google's Gmail and Microsoft's MAPI (used by Outlook).
Additional protocols and data models being built on top of the core of JMAP for handling contacts and calendar synchronization are meant to be potential replacements for CardDAV and CalDAV, and other support is currently in the works.
Motivation
Developers Bron Gondwana and Neil Jenkins wrote on the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) news site that "the current open protocols connecting email clients and servers, such as IMAP, were not designed for the modern age." They cited IMAP's complexity, high resource use, poor adaptability to the network constraints of modern mobile devices, and complex interactions with other protocols like SMTP, CalDAV, and CardDAV. They believe this has resulted in a stagnation in the quality of (especially free) email clients, and the creation of proprietary protocols to overcome these limitations, for instance MAPI, used by Microsoft's Exchange Server and Outlook email products.
Design
Gondwana and Jenkins wrote, "JMAP is the result of efforts to address shortcomings , providing a modern, efficient, easy-to-use API, built on many years of experience and field testing."
The protocol was developed with the intention of providing a modern open, reliable, and easy-to-use solution, and as a result it relies heavily upon the commonly-implemented JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). According to Gondwana of Fastmail—which has been a leading developer of the protocol -- "The use of JSON and HTTP as the basis of JMAP was always a key point — it means that people wanting to build something on top of email don’t have to re-implement complex parsers or find a software library in order to get started."
After atmail decided to implement JMAP, CEO Dave Richards wrote in 2018 that "the complexities required to implement IMAP in both user and server side software has resulted in user difficulties and a lack of software options, along with a rigid user experience...The new JMAP protocol solves the existing issues and is modular enough to take advantage of future technology. JMAP makes email better."
Development
JMAP started around 2014 as an internal development project by the Australian-based email provider Fastmail.
Starting in 2017 a working group at the IETF has been leading the development and standardization process. The core protocol and mail specifications were published in July and August 2019 by Neil Jenkins of Fastmail and Chris Newman of Oracle, as RFC 8620 and RFC 8621. The WebSocket specification was later published in August 2020 as RFC 8887, and Message Disposition Notification (return receipts) in March 2021 as RFC 9007.
Other ongoing JMAP drafts at IETF are for dealing with calendars, contacts, tasks, and Sieve mail filtering. The working group originally set milestones for these to be finalised by the end of 2020; as of November 2023, two further JMAP extensions have been submitted to the IESG as proposed standards: blob management (RFC 9404), and Quotas (RFC 9425).
Implementations
As of version 3.8.1 Apache Software Foundation’s free mail-server Apache James has "experimental" support for JMAP. The OpenPaas collaboration platform provides a webmail implementation supporting James and JMAP.
Cyrus IMAP provisionally supports the JMAP protocol standards as of version 3.8.3, released in May 2024, when built with this functionality.
Mailtemi is a JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP email app for iOS and Android. It supports multiple email accounts, contacts, and calendars.
Ltt.rs is a proof of concept email client for Android that supports only JMAP.
Stalwart JMAP server is a scalable open-source JMAP server written in Rust with full JMAP Core, JMAP Mail, JMAP over WebSocket at IMAP4rev2 support.
See also
Comparison of email clients
Comparison of mail servers
Fastmail
IMAP
List of mail server software
Post Office Protocol (POP)
Push-IMAP
Simple Mail Access Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Webmail
References
^ a b "JSON Meta Application Protocol Specification (JMAP)". jmap.io. Fastmail. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
^ a b "Jmap Status Pages". IETF Tools. Internet Engineering Task Force.
^ a b Gondwana, Bron; Jenkins, Neil (6 May 2019). "JMAP: A modern, open email protocol". IETF Blog. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ a b Gondwana, Bron (27 December 2018). "JMAP is on the home straight". Fastmail Blog. Fastmail. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Dear Mr Laguna, IMAP is Not the Right Protocol for Chat". atmail blog. 20 April 2018.
^ "FOSDEM 2019: IMAP, JMAP, and the Future of Open Email Standards". Peer tube. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
^ a b "JSON Mail Access Protocol (jmap)". IETF Datatracker. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Jenkins, Neil; Newman, Chris (July 2019). "RFC 8620 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Jenkins, Neil; Newman, Chris (August 2019). "RFC 8621 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) for Mail". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Murchison, Kenneth (August 2020). "RFC 8887 - A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ Ouazana, Raphaël (March 2021). "RFC 9007 - Handling Message Disposition Notification with the JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
^ "Apache James Project – Apache James Server 3 - Release Notes". Retrieved 2024-06-19.
^ "Apache James Enterprise Mail Server Features".
^ "OpenPaaS Documentation".
^ "Cyrus IMAP Features". Cyrus IMAP server.
^ "Mailtemi - JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP Email App".
^ "Ltt.rs for Android Codeberg repository". Codeberg.
^ "Stalwart JMAP Server Github repository". GitHub.
vteEmail clientsFree softwareCurrent
Alpine
Balsa
Citadel/UX
Claws Mail
Cleancode eMail
Evolution
fetchmail
fdm
Geary
getmail
GNUMail
Gnus
Gnuzilla
IMP
K-9 Mail
KMail
Mahogany
Mailpile
Mailx
Mailx (Heirloom Project)
Modest
Mozilla Thunderbird
Mulberry
Mutt
nmh / MH
OfflineIMAP
Roundcube
SeaMonkey
SquirrelMail
Sylpheed
Trojitá
YAM
Zimbra
Discontinued
Arachne
Beonex Communicator
BlitzMail
Classilla
Columbia MM
Elm
FossaMail
Hula
Mailody
Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups
Nylas N1
ProprietaryFreeware/Freemium
eM Client
EmailTray
Foxmail
i.Scribe
Mailbird
Opera Mail
Spark
Spike
TouchMail
Vivaldi Mail
Retail
Hiri
Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail
Newton
HCL Domino
InScribe
Apple Mail
Mail (Windows)
Microsoft Outlook
Outlook for Windows
Novell GroupWise
Airmail
Postbox
Shareware
Becky!
Forté Agent
GyazMail
The Bat!
Samsung Email
Donationware
Pegasus Mail
Discontinued
cc:Mail
Claris Emailer
Courier
Cyberdog
Cyberjack
Embrowser
Eudora
Mailbox
Microsoft Entourage
Microsoft Internet Mail and News
Microsoft Mail
MINUET
Netscape Mail
Netscape Messenger 9
NeXTMail
Outlook Express
Pine
Pocomail
POPmail
Sparrow
Turnpike
WebSpyder
Windows Live Mail
Windows Messaging
Related technologies
SMTP
IMAP
JMAP
LMTP
POP
Push-IMAP
SMAP
UUCP
Related topics
Email
Unicode and email
Category
Comparison
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Standard"},{"link_name":"protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol"},{"link_name":"email","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"},{"link_name":"APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"HTTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"},{"link_name":"IMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP"},{"link_name":"SMTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP"},{"link_name":"MAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-io-1"},{"link_name":"CardDAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CardDAV"},{"link_name":"CalDAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-status-2"}],"text":"The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) is a set of related open Internet Standard protocols for handling email. JMAP is implemented using JSON APIs over HTTP and has been developed as an alternative to IMAP/SMTP and proprietary email APIs such as Google's Gmail and Microsoft's MAPI (used by Outlook).[1]\nAdditional protocols and data models being built on top of the core of JMAP for handling contacts and calendar synchronization are meant to be potential replacements for CardDAV and CalDAV, and other support is currently in the works.[2]","title":"JSON Meta Application Protocol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Engineering Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ietf-blog-3"},{"link_name":"free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"link_name":"MAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPI"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Exchange Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server"},{"link_name":"Outlook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-io-1"}],"text":"Developers Bron Gondwana and Neil Jenkins wrote on the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) news site that \"the current open protocols connecting email clients and servers, such as IMAP, were not designed for the modern age.\" They cited IMAP's complexity, high resource use, poor adaptability to the network constraints of modern mobile devices, and complex interactions with other protocols like SMTP, CalDAV, and CardDAV.[3] They believe this has resulted in a stagnation in the quality of (especially free) email clients, and the creation of proprietary protocols to overcome these limitations, for instance MAPI, used by Microsoft's Exchange Server and Outlook email products.[1]","title":"Motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ietf-blog-3"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"},{"link_name":"Fastmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastmail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fastmail-blog-2018-12-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gondwana and Jenkins wrote, \"JMAP is the result of efforts to address shortcomings [in existing protocols], providing a modern, efficient, easy-to-use API, built on many years of experience and field testing.\"[3]The protocol was developed with the intention of providing a modern open, reliable, and easy-to-use solution, and as a result it relies heavily upon the commonly-implemented JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). According to Gondwana of Fastmail—which has been a leading developer of the protocol -- \"The use of JSON and HTTP as the basis of JMAP was always a key point — it means that people wanting to build something on top of email don’t have to re-implement complex parsers or find a software library in order to get started.\"[4]After atmail decided to implement JMAP, CEO Dave Richards wrote in 2018 that \"the complexities required to implement IMAP in both user and server side software has resulted in user difficulties and a lack of software options, along with a rigid user experience...The new JMAP protocol solves the existing issues and is modular enough to take advantage of future technology. JMAP makes email better.\"[5]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fastmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastmail"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-wg-about-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fastmail-blog-2018-12-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC-8620-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC-8621-9"},{"link_name":"return receipts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_receipt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC-8887-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC-9007-11"},{"link_name":"Sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_(mail_filtering_language)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-status-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmap-wg-about-7"},{"link_name":"IESG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9404"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9425"}],"text":"JMAP started around 2014 as an internal development project by the Australian-based email provider Fastmail.[6] \nStarting in 2017 a working group at the IETF has been leading the development and standardization process.[7] The core protocol and mail specifications were published in July and August 2019 by Neil Jenkins of Fastmail and Chris Newman of Oracle, as RFC 8620 and RFC 8621.[4][8][9] The WebSocket specification was later published in August 2020 as RFC 8887, and Message Disposition Notification (return receipts) in March 2021 as RFC 9007.[10][11]Other ongoing JMAP drafts at IETF are for dealing with calendars, contacts, tasks, and Sieve mail filtering. [2] The working group originally set milestones for these to be finalised by the end of 2020;[7] as of November 2023, two further JMAP extensions have been submitted to the IESG as proposed standards: blob management (RFC 9404), and Quotas (RFC 9425).","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apache Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Apache James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_James"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cyrus IMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_IMAP_server"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyru_Cyru-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"As of version 3.8.1 Apache Software Foundation’s free mail-server Apache James has \"experimental\" support for JMAP.[12][13] The OpenPaas collaboration platform provides a webmail implementation supporting James and JMAP.[14]\nCyrus IMAP provisionally supports the JMAP protocol standards as of version 3.8.3, released in May 2024, when built with this functionality.[15]\nMailtemi is a JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP email app for iOS and Android. It supports multiple email accounts, contacts, and calendars.[16]\nLtt.rs is a proof of concept email client for Android that supports only JMAP.[17]\nStalwart JMAP server is a scalable open-source JMAP server written in Rust with full JMAP Core, JMAP Mail, JMAP over WebSocket at IMAP4rev2 support.[18]","title":"Implementations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Comparison of email clients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_email_clients"},{"title":"Comparison of mail servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mail_servers"},{"title":"Fastmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastmail"},{"title":"IMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP"},{"title":"List of mail server software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mail_server_software"},{"title":"Post Office Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol"},{"title":"Push-IMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-IMAP"},{"title":"Simple Mail Access Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Access_Protocol"},{"title":"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol"},{"title":"Webmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmail"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"JSON Meta Application Protocol Specification (JMAP)\". jmap.io. Fastmail. Retrieved 2020-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://jmap.io/","url_text":"\"JSON Meta Application Protocol Specification (JMAP)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastmail","url_text":"Fastmail"}]},{"reference":"\"Jmap Status Pages\". IETF Tools. Internet Engineering Task Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.ietf.org/wg/jmap/","url_text":"\"Jmap Status Pages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"}]},{"reference":"Gondwana, Bron; Jenkins, Neil (6 May 2019). \"JMAP: A modern, open email protocol\". IETF Blog. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ietf.org/blog/jmap/","url_text":"\"JMAP: A modern, open email protocol\""}]},{"reference":"Gondwana, Bron (27 December 2018). \"JMAP is on the home straight\". Fastmail Blog. Fastmail. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fastmail.blog/2018/12/27/jmap-is-on-the-home-straight/","url_text":"\"JMAP is on the home straight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Mr Laguna, IMAP is Not the Right Protocol for Chat\". atmail blog. 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atmail.com/blog/rafael-laguna-imap-jmap/","url_text":"\"Dear Mr Laguna, IMAP is Not the Right Protocol for Chat\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOSDEM 2019: IMAP, JMAP, and the Future of Open Email Standards\". Peer tube. Retrieved 2019-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://peertube.social/videos/watch/ae54e97a-963c-4b99-88d8-3d8ff83e322d","url_text":"\"FOSDEM 2019: IMAP, JMAP, and the Future of Open Email Standards\""}]},{"reference":"\"JSON Mail Access Protocol (jmap)\". IETF Datatracker. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/jmap/about/","url_text":"\"JSON Mail Access Protocol (jmap)\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Neil; Newman, Chris (July 2019). \"RFC 8620 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8620","url_text":"\"RFC 8620 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Neil; Newman, Chris (August 2019). \"RFC 8621 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) for Mail\". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8621","url_text":"\"RFC 8621 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) for Mail\""}]},{"reference":"Murchison, Kenneth (August 2020). \"RFC 8887 - A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket\". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8887","url_text":"\"RFC 8887 - A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket\""}]},{"reference":"Ouazana, Raphaël (March 2021). \"RFC 9007 - Handling Message Disposition Notification with the JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc9007","url_text":"\"RFC 9007 - Handling Message Disposition Notification with the JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apache James Project – Apache James Server 3 - Release Notes\". Retrieved 2024-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://james.apache.org/server/release-notes.html","url_text":"\"Apache James Project – Apache James Server 3 - Release Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apache James Enterprise Mail Server Features\".","urls":[{"url":"https://james.apache.org/server/features.html","url_text":"\"Apache James Enterprise Mail Server Features\""}]},{"reference":"\"OpenPaaS Documentation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.open-paas.org/","url_text":"\"OpenPaaS Documentation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrus IMAP Features\". Cyrus IMAP server.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyrusimap.org/imap/concepts/features.html","url_text":"\"Cyrus IMAP Features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_IMAP_server","url_text":"Cyrus IMAP server"}]},{"reference":"\"Mailtemi - JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP Email App\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mailtemi.com/","url_text":"\"Mailtemi - JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP Email App\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ltt.rs for Android Codeberg repository\". Codeberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://codeberg.org/iNPUTmice/lttrs-android","url_text":"\"Ltt.rs for Android Codeberg repository\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeberg","url_text":"Codeberg"}]},{"reference":"\"Stalwart JMAP Server Github repository\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/stalwartlabs/jmap-server","url_text":"\"Stalwart JMAP Server Github repository\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8620","external_links_name":"8620"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8621","external_links_name":"8621"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8887","external_links_name":"8887"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9007","external_links_name":"9007"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9219","external_links_name":"9219"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9404","external_links_name":"9404"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9425","external_links_name":"9425"},{"Link":"https://jmap.io/","external_links_name":"jmap.io"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9404","external_links_name":"9404"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9425","external_links_name":"9425"},{"Link":"https://jmap.io/","external_links_name":"\"JSON Meta Application Protocol Specification (JMAP)\""},{"Link":"https://tools.ietf.org/wg/jmap/","external_links_name":"\"Jmap Status Pages\""},{"Link":"https://www.ietf.org/blog/jmap/","external_links_name":"\"JMAP: A modern, open email protocol\""},{"Link":"https://fastmail.blog/2018/12/27/jmap-is-on-the-home-straight/","external_links_name":"\"JMAP is on the home straight\""},{"Link":"https://www.atmail.com/blog/rafael-laguna-imap-jmap/","external_links_name":"\"Dear Mr Laguna, IMAP is Not the Right Protocol for Chat\""},{"Link":"https://peertube.social/videos/watch/ae54e97a-963c-4b99-88d8-3d8ff83e322d","external_links_name":"\"FOSDEM 2019: IMAP, JMAP, and the Future of Open Email Standards\""},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/jmap/about/","external_links_name":"\"JSON Mail Access Protocol (jmap)\""},{"Link":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8620","external_links_name":"\"RFC 8620 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\""},{"Link":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8621","external_links_name":"\"RFC 8621 - The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) for Mail\""},{"Link":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8887","external_links_name":"\"RFC 8887 - A JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) Subprotocol for WebSocket\""},{"Link":"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc9007","external_links_name":"\"RFC 9007 - Handling Message Disposition Notification with the JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP)\""},{"Link":"http://james.apache.org/server/release-notes.html","external_links_name":"\"Apache James Project – Apache James Server 3 - Release Notes\""},{"Link":"https://james.apache.org/server/features.html","external_links_name":"\"Apache James Enterprise Mail Server Features\""},{"Link":"https://docs.open-paas.org/","external_links_name":"\"OpenPaaS Documentation\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyrusimap.org/imap/concepts/features.html","external_links_name":"\"Cyrus IMAP Features\""},{"Link":"https://mailtemi.com/","external_links_name":"\"Mailtemi - JMAP/MS Graph/IMAP Email App\""},{"Link":"https://codeberg.org/iNPUTmice/lttrs-android","external_links_name":"\"Ltt.rs for Android Codeberg repository\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/stalwartlabs/jmap-server","external_links_name":"\"Stalwart JMAP Server Github repository\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Holdings
|
Enterprise Holdings
|
["1 History","1.1 Executive history","1.2 Mergers and acquisitions","1.3 Rebranding and Expansion","1.4 Enterprise Rent-A-Car","1.5 Enterprise CarShare","1.6 ONRAMP Concierge","1.7 Enterprise Center","1.8 Ties to Washington University in St. Louis","2 Businesses","2.1 Vehicle rental brands","2.2 Other transportation services","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Holding company of several car rental brands
For the Houston-based energy company, see Enterprise Products.
Enterprise Holdings, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryTravelFounded1957; 67 years ago (1957)August 3, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-08-03) (as holding company)FounderJack C. TaylorHeadquartersClayton, Missouri, United StatesNumber of locations9,500 branches (2020)Key peopleAndrew C. Taylor (executive chairman)Chrissy Taylor (president & CEO)BrandsAlamo Rent a CarEnterprise Car ClubEnterprise Car SalesEnterprise Rent-A-CarNational Car RentalRevenueUS$35 billion (2023)Total assets2.5 million vehicles (2023)Number of employees90,000 (2023)Websiteenterprisemobility.comFootnotes / references
Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (doing business as Enterprise Mobility) is an American private holding company headquartered in Clayton, Missouri, in Greater St. Louis. It is the parent company of car rental agencies Enterprise Rent-A-Car, National Car Rental, Alamo Rent a Car and also operates several other transportation services including commercial fleet management, used car sales (through its Enterprise Car Sales dealers), carsharing, and commercial truck rental operations.
It is one of the three big rental car holding companies in the United States, holding a 40% market share, placing it first, ahead of the Hertz Corporation and Avis Budget Group.
History
A combined Enterprise, Alamo and National car rental counter, a common sight at airports after the merger
Established in 1957 as Executive Leasing Company, the company was renamed Enterprise in 1969 in memory of the World War II ship USS Enterprise (CV-6) on which the founder Jack C. Taylor served. Jack Taylor's founding philosophy, which has shaped the company's business policy, has been stated as "Take care of your customers and employees first, and profits will follow."
Enterprise Rent-A-Car was established in St. Louis, Missouri, and the company still has its headquarters in the area and remains managed by the Taylor family. It is the largest privately owned company in the St. Louis area and one of its largest employers.
The holding company was formed on August 3, 2009, as a result of Enterprise Rent-A-Car's 2007 acquisition of Vanguard Automotive Group, the former parent company of National and Alamo. The resulting company was 21st on the 2008 Forbes list of "Largest Private Companies in America". Enterprise Holdings was 9th on the 2021 Forbes list of "Largest Private Companies in America".
As of 2010, Enterprise ranked as the largest car rental company in North America, and was the only investment-grade company in the car rental industry. Further, it was part of the largest global car rental network through its alliance with Europcar. The success of Enterprise can in part be attributed to its major focus on customer service.
Executive history
As of 2010, the company's chairman and CEO was Andrew Taylor, son of the founder Jack Taylor.
On June 4, 2013, it was announced that Pamela Nicholson would assume the role of chief executive officer. Nicholson was not only the first female CEO in the company's history, but also the first that was not a member of the Taylor family of St. Louis. Her predecessor, Andrew "Andy" Taylor, has continued to stay involved with company activities since then as Executive Chairman. In October 2019, the company announced Nicholson would retire by the end of the year. Two months later, it was announced that Chrissy Taylor, then the company's president and chief operating officer, would be promoted to chief executive officer (CEO), effective January 2020. Taylor is only the fourth CEO in the company's more than 60-year history and the third generation of Taylor family CEO leadership, preceded as CEO by her father Andy Taylor and grandfather Jack Taylor. In addition to being promoted to CEO, she retains her current title of president.
Mergers and acquisitions
A planned acquisition of Citer SA was announced in November 2011; this includes the acquisition of subsidiary Atesa. This acquisition would add 30,000 vehicles to the company's fleet and provide entry into the French and Spanish markets.
PhillyCarShare, a for-profit car-sharing organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was acquired by Enterprise in 2011 and was renamed Enterprise CarShare in 2014.
Enterprise acquired further car-share companies including Mint Cars-On-Demand in 2012 (New York and Boston), I-GO in 2013 (Chicago), and in 2014 Occasional Car in Denver and AutoShare in Toronto.
Enterprise acquired Performance Gateway, LLC, in 2014, which provided “Software-as-a-service (SAAS) services featuring performance management software for use in network management, vendor and employee feedback and training, vehicle rental, automotive insurance, automotive refinishing, and collision repair applications."
Enterprise acquired Zimride ride-matching business on July 10, 2013. Terms of the sale were not released.
Triangle Rent A Car, another car-rental company based in Raleigh, North Carolina, was acquired by Enterprise in 2015 and it was converted into Enterprise Rent-a-Car.
In 2017, Enterprise merged Cyncast Inc. and Performance Gateway, LLC (both acquired by Enterprise in 2007 and 2014 respectively) into ARMS® Business Solutions (ABS) "to provide an integrated management suite to insurance carriers, adjusters, collisions repair shops, manufacturers, and all partners involved in the claims and repair channels." In October 2019, Enterprise launched Entegral, the new name for its technology platform, which "was formerly known as ARMS® Business Solutions (ABS)."
In April 2017, Enterprise acquired Dooley Car Rentals, a car rental business operating in Ireland.
In January 2019, Enterprise acquired Deem, a managed-travel technology platform that "includes Deem Work Fource and Deem Ground Work, a suite of online booking and travel technology products for business travelers, travel managers, travel-management companies and suppliers."
In September 2020, Enterprise acquired Canadian company Discount Car and Truck Rental. The company, founded in 1980, had been privately held. This added nearly 600 locations to Enterprise's network in Canada.
Rebranding and Expansion
On October 26, 2023 Enterprise Holdings was officially rebranded as Enterprise Mobility.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car
In 2006, Enterprise Rent-A-Car ranked #1 in sales with $9 billion in sales; unclear what the geographical scope of this sales figure was.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car became an Enterprise Holdings subsidiary in 2009. This subsidiary has been recognized as a "Best Place to Launch a Career" by BusinessWeek for several years prior to 2010. It also has a strong culture of promoting from within, which has contributed to its being a top recruiter of college graduates. In addition, the subsidiary has been named the number one ranked car rental company in terms of customer satisfaction by J.D. Power several times.
Enterprise CarShare
In 2008, Enterprise piloted its first on-campus carsharing program at Washington University in St. Louis. The program, called WeCar, was introduced at University of South Florida in July 2009. As of September 2012, WeCar has 100 carsharing programs in more than 30 U.S. states and Canada, and the service offers almost 100 electric cars and plug-in hybrids, including the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt. By September 2013, WeCar was rebranded as Enterprise CarShare.
In March 2014, Enterprise Holdings acquired AutoShare, a carsharing company that had been founded in Toronto in 1998 and operated in several Canadian cities. It adopted the Enterprise CarShare name soon after.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Enterprise CarShare shut down business operations in New York and Philadelphia, retail rentals in those cities, Honolulu, and St. Louis, and suspended operations on most university campuses.
ONRAMP Concierge
In 2012, Enterprise launched a mobile concierge website accessible by scanning a QR code for smart phones. Known as "ONRAMP Concierge", the service is accessed by customers scanning the code printed on a sticker placed on the driver's side window of the vehicle; the codes were made available to nearly all vehicles in Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Alamo Rent A Car, and National Car Rental following a 20,000-vehicle pilot program started in 2011. The application, once scanned, gives users information about their rental vehicle's make and model, company offers and nearby resources such as gas stations or restaurants. Enterprise launched the application in an effort to raise vehicle awareness and generate sales for its auto manufacturing partners.
Enterprise Holdings is no longer supporting the OnRamp Concierge program.
To manage and provide feedback about your current rental, you must download the Alamo, Enterprise or National mobile apps in the app store.
Enterprise Center
On May 22, 2018, it was announced that Enterprise had purchased the naming rights of the Scottrade Center, home of the St. Louis Blues. The building's name was to become the Enterprise Center, with the name change effective July 1. The arena's renovations continued their second phase during this time; all Phase 2 renovations and signage changes were complete in time for the 2018–19 NHL season.
Ties to Washington University in St. Louis
The executive chairman of Enterprise Holdings, Andrew C. Taylor, is a Washington University trustee. His father, Enterprise founder Jack C. Taylor, is a Washington University alumnus and served as a trustee and emeritus trustee. In 2001, the Washington University Enterprise Holdings Scholars Program was founded with a $25 million gift from Enterprise Holdings. In 2011, Jack C. Taylor gave Washington University in St. Louis $25 million to further fund the scholarship program.
Businesses
A silver Nissan Pathfinder operated by Commute with Enterprise, the largest vanpool provider in the United States.
Vehicle rental brands
Enterprise Rent-A-Car – Flagship car rental brand, focused on “home city” rentals to consumers (often people renting a car close to their home as opposed to at an airport)
Alamo Rent A Car – Car rental brand that typically caters to budget-conscious leisure travelers
National Car Rental – Car rental brand that typically caters to business travelers
Enterprise Truck Rental – Consumer moving truck rentals and commercial vehicle rentals
Enterprise Flex-E-Rent – Commercial vehicle rentals in the United Kingdom
Enterprise CarShare – Carsharing service focused on company cars
Enterprise Car Club – Carsharing service in the United Kingdom
Exotic Car Collection by Enterprise – Exotic car rentals to consumers
Other transportation services
Enterprise Car Sales – Used vehicle sales
Commute with Enterprise – Vanpool fleet management
Subscribe with Enterprise – Subscription based consumer vehicle leasing
Enterprise Fleet Management (affiliate) – Fleet management for companies and government agencies
References
^ "Enterprise Holdings Reports Record $35 Billion Revenue In FY23". autobody news.
^ "5 Rental Car Companies Ranked from Worst to Best". GEP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^ a b c d e f g h i Harriott, Jesse; Quinn, Jeffrey; Artim, Marie (2010). "Leveraging Human Capital Analytics for Site Selection: Monster and Enterprise Rent-A-Car". In Fitz-Enz, Jac (ed.). The New HR Analytics. New York: AMACOM. pp. 224–5. ISBN 978-0-8144-1644-0. OCLC 5730565712 – via Internet Archive (Preview).
^ "CHRONOLOGY/KEY MILESTONES" (PDF). Enterprise Holdings. October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ "Global Leadership". ehi.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
^ a b "Enterprise Holdings, St. Louis' largest private company, launches new corporate brand name". bizjournals.com.
^ Louis, St. (August 3, 2009). "Enterprise launches new holding company". Retrieved August 17, 2009.
^ America's Largest Private Companies: #21 Enterprise Rent-A-Car, from Forbes
^ "Frequently Asked Questions." Enterprise Rent-a-Car. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
^ "Clayton city, Missouri Archived September 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
^ Hathaway, Matthew. "KC Star: Enterprise didn’t tell buyers cars lacked side air bags ." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. August 17, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
^ "Enterprise Holdings". Forbes.
^ "Enterprise Holdings Names Pamela Nicholson Chief Executive Officer". Auto Rental News. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
^ "Enterprise Holdings CEO Pam Nicholson to Retire at Year's End". Enterprise Holdings. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
^ "Chrissy Taylor Named Chief Executive Officer of Enterprise Holdings". Enterprise Holdings. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ a b Volkman, Kelsey (21 Nov 2011), "Enterprise to buy Citer, enter France and Spain", St. Louis Business Journal, bizjournals.com, archived from the original on 18 May 2015, retrieved 21 Dec 2011
^ Nusca, Andrew. "Enterprise acquires PhillyCarShare". Smart Takes. Smart Planet. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ "Enterprise enters car sharing with Mint Cars On-Demand". Boston Globe.
^ "Enterprise to acquire IGO CarSharing business". Washington Examiner.
^ "Enterprise buys Denver Car Sharing Firm". STL Today.
^ "Enterprise buys Toronto car-sharing company". Travel Weekly.
^ John Huetter (September 1, 2015). "One year later few details on Performance Gateway Under Enterprise". www.repairerdrivennews.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
^ "Enterprise acquires Zimride ride-matching business". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Enterprise Acquires Triangle Rent A Car". Archived from the original on 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
^ "Enterprise to Introduce ARMS Business Solutions In April". Fender Bender. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
^ "Enterprise Introduces Entegral Technology Solution". BodyShop Business. October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ "Enterprise Rent-A-Car acquires Dooley Car Rentals". Irish Times.
^ "Enterprise Completes Acquisition of Deem". Auto Rental News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ "Discount Car".
^ Plunkett, Jack W. (2007). Plunkett's Airline, Hotel & Travel Industry Almanac 2008. Plunkett Research. ISBN 978-1-59392-093-7. OCLC 884012692.
^ "Airport-Located Rental Car Companies Earn Record-High Customer Satisfaction Scores in J.D. Power Study". Enterprise Holdings. 7 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ a b "USF joins Enterprise WeCar sharing program". Tampa Bay Business Journal. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
^ Jim Motavalli (2012-09-21). "In Greenville, S.C., the First Shoots of an E.V. Ecosystem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
^ Enterprise CarShare Rebranding, archived from the original on 2014-02-09, retrieved 2013-11-29
^ Keenan, Greg (26 March 2014). "Enterprise Rent-a-Car buys Toronto-based AutoShare network". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
^ "Business Suspension".
^ "Retail Suspension". www.enterprisecarshare.com.
^ "University Suspension".
^ "Enterprise Launches QR Codes and 'ONRAMP Concierge' Mobile Site". Auto Rental News. October 25, 2012. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
^ Tode, Chantal (October 31, 2012). "Enterprise expands QR code program to more vehicles, adds travel content". Mobile Commerce Daily. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
^ "Our Brands & Services | Enterprise Holdings".
^ "Blues, Enterprise enter 15-year building naming rights agreement". NHL.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
^ "Washington University|Enterprise Holdings Scholars Program | Undergraduate Admissions | Washington University in St. Louis". admissions.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ Currier, Joel (25 March 2011). "Washington University receives $25 million for scholarships from Enterprise founder". stltoday.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ "Enterprise Holdings - WashU". ehi.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
External links
Burns, Stan (1997). Exceeding Expectations: The Enterprise Rent-A-Car Story. Lyme, Connecticut: Greenwich Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-944641-23-1. OCLC 1002525537.
"Diverse Mobility Portfolio Drives Steady Growth for Enterprise Holdings".
vteEnterprise HoldingsBrands
Alamo Rent a Car
Enterprise Car Club
Enterprise Car Sales
Enterprise Rent-A-Car
National Car Rental
People
Andrew C. Taylor
Jack C. Taylor
Former brands
ANC Rental
Citer SA
I-GO
PhillyCarShare
Tilden Rent-a-Car
Vanguard Automotive Group
Zimride
vteVehicle rental brandsCar rental
24Rent
ACE
Advantage
Alamo
Auto Europe
Avis
Europe
South Africa
Budget
Carzonrent
Dollar
Enterprise
Europcar
Firefly
First Car Rental
Fox Rent a Car
Hertz
JUCY
Kemwel
Localiza
National
Payless
Rent-a-Wreck
Sixt
Thrifty
Carsharing
List of carsharing organizations
BlueSG
Cambio CarSharing
Car Next Door
Carzonrent
Cityhop
Communauto/Vrtucar
Delimobil
Enjoy
Enterprise Car Club
EvCard
Evo Car Share
Flexicar
Flinkster
Getaround
GetGo (carsharing company)
Gig Car Share
GoCar
GoGet
Greenwheels
Modo
Momo Car-Sharing
MylesCar
Revv Cars
Share Now
Sixt
Stadtmobil
Sunfleet
Turo
Uhaul Car Share
Yandex.Drive
Zipcar
Zoomcar
Recreational vehicles
Cruise America
Indie Campers
JUCY
Motorhome hire agency
Wicked Campers
Truck rental
Budget Truck Rental
Enterprise Rent-a-Truck
Hertz Moving Truck Rental
Penske Truck Rental
Ryder
Sixt
TR Group
U-Haul
United Rentals
Zigup
Holding companies
Avis Budget Group
Combined Motor Holdings
Enterprise Holdings
Hertz Global Holdings
Shlomo Group
Tourism Holdings
Defunct
Autolib'
Bluecity
Citer
City CarShare
Community CarShare
Dollar Thrifty Automotive Group
DriveNow
Flexcar
Hertz 24/7
I-GO
JustShareIt
Maven
PhillyCarShare
ReachNow
Streetcar
Tilden Rent-a-Car
Whizzgo
Yourdrive
Category
Commons
Authority control databases
ISNI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Products"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Clayton, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"car rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_rental"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Rent-A-Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Rent-A-Car"},{"link_name":"National Car Rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Car_Rental"},{"link_name":"Alamo Rent a Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Rent_a_Car"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Car Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Car_Sales"},{"link_name":"Hertz Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Avis Budget Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Budget_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the Houston-based energy company, see Enterprise Products.Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (doing business as Enterprise Mobility) is an American private holding company headquartered in Clayton, Missouri, in Greater St. Louis. It is the parent company of car rental agencies Enterprise Rent-A-Car, National Car Rental, Alamo Rent a Car and also operates several other transportation services including commercial fleet management, used car sales (through its Enterprise Car Sales dealers), carsharing, and commercial truck rental operations.It is one of the three big rental car holding companies in the United States, holding a 40% market share, placing it first, ahead of the Hertz Corporation and Avis Budget Group.[2]","title":"Enterprise Holdings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enterprise,_Alamo_and_National_Car_Rental_Counter.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise (CV-6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)"},{"link_name":"Jack C. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_C._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournals-6"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Automotive Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Automotive_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hold-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterprise_Holdings&action=edit"},{"link_name":"investment-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment-grade"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Europcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europcar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"customer service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"A combined Enterprise, Alamo and National car rental counter, a common sight at airports after the mergerEstablished in 1957[3] as Executive Leasing Company, the company was renamed Enterprise in 1969 in memory of the World War II ship USS Enterprise (CV-6) on which the founder Jack C. Taylor served.[4] Jack Taylor's founding philosophy, which has shaped the company's business policy, has been stated as \"Take care of your customers and employees first, and profits will follow.\"[3]Enterprise Rent-A-Car was established in St. Louis, Missouri, and the company still has its headquarters in the area and remains managed by the Taylor family.[5] It is the largest privately owned company in the St. Louis area and one of its largest employers.[6]The holding company was formed on August 3, 2009, as a result of Enterprise Rent-A-Car's 2007 acquisition of Vanguard Automotive Group, the former parent company of National and Alamo.[7] The resulting company was 21st on the 2008 Forbes list of \"Largest Private Companies in America\".[8][9][10][11] Enterprise Holdings was 9th on the 2021 Forbes list of \"Largest Private Companies in America\".[12]As of 2010[update], Enterprise ranked as the largest car rental company in North America, and was the only investment-grade company in the car rental industry.[3] Further, it was part of the largest global car rental network through its alliance with Europcar.[3] The success of Enterprise can in part be attributed to its major focus on customer service.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterprise_Holdings&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Andrew Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_C._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jack Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_C._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Pamela Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Executive history","text":"As of 2010[update], the company's chairman and CEO was Andrew Taylor, son of the founder Jack Taylor.[3]On June 4, 2013, it was announced that Pamela Nicholson would assume the role of chief executive officer. Nicholson was not only the first female CEO in the company's history, but also the first that was not a member of the Taylor family of St. Louis. Her predecessor, Andrew \"Andy\" Taylor, has continued to stay involved with company activities since then as Executive Chairman.[13] In October 2019, the company announced Nicholson would retire by the end of the year.[14] Two months later, it was announced that Chrissy Taylor, then the company's president and chief operating officer, would be promoted to chief executive officer (CEO), effective January 2020. Taylor is only the fourth CEO in the company's more than 60-year history and the third generation of Taylor family CEO leadership, preceded as CEO by her father Andy Taylor and grandfather Jack Taylor. In addition to being promoted to CEO, she retains her current title of president.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citer SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citer_SA"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volkman2011-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volkman2011-16"},{"link_name":"PhillyCarShare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhillyCarShare"},{"link_name":"car-sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-sharing"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"I-GO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-GO"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"AutoShare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoShare"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Zimride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimride"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Mergers and acquisitions","text":"A planned acquisition of Citer SA was announced in November 2011; this includes the acquisition of subsidiary Atesa.[16] This acquisition would add 30,000 vehicles to the company's fleet and provide entry into the French and Spanish markets.[16]PhillyCarShare, a for-profit car-sharing organization in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was acquired by Enterprise in 2011[17] and was renamed Enterprise CarShare in 2014.Enterprise acquired further car-share companies including Mint Cars-On-Demand in 2012 (New York and Boston),[18] I-GO in 2013 (Chicago),[19] and in 2014 Occasional Car in Denver[20] and AutoShare in Toronto.[21]Enterprise acquired Performance Gateway, LLC, in 2014, which provided “Software-as-a-service (SAAS) services featuring performance management software for use in network management, vendor and employee feedback and training, vehicle rental, automotive insurance, automotive refinishing, and collision repair applications.\"[22]Enterprise acquired Zimride ride-matching business on July 10, 2013. Terms of the sale were not released.[23]Triangle Rent A Car, another car-rental company based in Raleigh, North Carolina, was acquired by Enterprise in 2015[24] and it was converted into Enterprise Rent-a-Car.In 2017, Enterprise merged Cyncast Inc. and Performance Gateway, LLC (both acquired by Enterprise in 2007 and 2014 respectively) into ARMS® Business Solutions (ABS) \"to provide an integrated management suite to insurance carriers, adjusters, collisions repair shops, manufacturers, and all partners involved in the claims and repair channels.\"[25] In October 2019, Enterprise launched Entegral, the new name for its technology platform, which \"was formerly known as ARMS® Business Solutions (ABS).\"[26]In April 2017, Enterprise acquired Dooley Car Rentals, a car rental business operating in Ireland.[27]In January 2019, Enterprise acquired Deem, a managed-travel technology platform that \"includes Deem Work Fource and Deem Ground Work, a suite of online booking and travel technology products for business travelers, travel managers, travel-management companies and suppliers.\"[28]In September 2020, Enterprise acquired Canadian company Discount Car and Truck Rental. The company, founded in 1980, had been privately held. This added nearly 600 locations to Enterprise's network in Canada.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizjournals-6"}],"sub_title":"Rebranding and Expansion","text":"On October 26, 2023 Enterprise Holdings was officially rebranded as Enterprise Mobility.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"BusinessWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessweek"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"recruiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"J.D. Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Power"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Enterprise Rent-A-Car","text":"In 2006, Enterprise Rent-A-Car ranked #1 in sales with $9 billion in sales; unclear what the geographical scope of this sales figure was.[30]Enterprise Rent-A-Car became an Enterprise Holdings subsidiary in 2009.[3] This subsidiary has been recognized as a \"Best Place to Launch a Career\" by BusinessWeek for several years prior to 2010.[3] It also has a strong culture of promoting from within, which has contributed to its being a top recruiter of college graduates.[3] In addition, the subsidiary has been named the number one ranked car rental company in terms of customer satisfaction by J.D. Power several times.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carsharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsharing"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wecar-32"},{"link_name":"University of South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wecar-32"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterprise_Holdings&action=edit"},{"link_name":"electric cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"plug-in hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid"},{"link_name":"Nissan Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Leaf"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"rebranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wecarrebrand-34"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Enterprise CarShare","text":"In 2008, Enterprise piloted its first on-campus carsharing program at Washington University in St. Louis.[32] The program, called WeCar, was introduced at University of South Florida in July 2009.[32] As of September 2012[update], WeCar has 100 carsharing programs in more than 30 U.S. states and Canada, and the service offers almost 100 electric cars and plug-in hybrids, including the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt.[33] By September 2013, WeCar was rebranded as Enterprise CarShare.[34]In March 2014, Enterprise Holdings acquired AutoShare, a carsharing company that had been founded in Toronto in 1998 and operated in several Canadian cities. It adopted the Enterprise CarShare name soon after.[35]During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Enterprise CarShare shut down business operations in New York and Philadelphia,[36] retail rentals in those cities, Honolulu, and St. Louis,[37] and suspended operations on most university campuses.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concierge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concierge"},{"link_name":"QR code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code"},{"link_name":"smart phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_phones"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"ONRAMP Concierge","text":"In 2012, Enterprise launched a mobile concierge website accessible by scanning a QR code for smart phones. Known as \"ONRAMP Concierge\", the service is accessed by customers scanning the code printed on a sticker placed on the driver's side window of the vehicle; the codes were made available to nearly all vehicles in Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Alamo Rent A Car, and National Car Rental following a 20,000-vehicle pilot program started in 2011.[39] The application, once scanned, gives users information about their rental vehicle's make and model, company offers and nearby resources such as gas stations or restaurants. Enterprise launched the application in an effort to raise vehicle awareness and generate sales for its auto manufacturing partners.[40]Enterprise Holdings is no longer supporting the OnRamp Concierge program.\nTo manage and provide feedback about your current rental, you must download the Alamo, Enterprise or National mobile apps in the app store.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Center"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2018–19 NHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NHL_season"}],"sub_title":"Enterprise Center","text":"On May 22, 2018, it was announced that Enterprise had purchased the naming rights of the Scottrade Center, home of the St. Louis Blues. The building's name was to become the Enterprise Center, with the name change effective July 1.[42] The arena's renovations continued their second phase during this time; all Phase 2 renovations and signage changes were complete in time for the 2018–19 NHL season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew C. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_C._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Jack C. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_C._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Ties to Washington University in St. Louis","text":"The executive chairman of Enterprise Holdings, Andrew C. Taylor, is a Washington University trustee. His father, Enterprise founder Jack C. Taylor, is a Washington University alumnus and served as a trustee and emeritus trustee.[43] In 2001, the Washington University Enterprise Holdings Scholars Program was founded with a $25 million gift from Enterprise Holdings. In 2011, Jack C. Taylor gave Washington University in St. Louis $25 million to further fund the scholarship program.[44][45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Pathfinder_Commute_with_Enterprise.jpg"}],"text":"A silver Nissan Pathfinder operated by Commute with Enterprise, the largest vanpool provider in the United States.","title":"Businesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise Rent-A-Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Rent-A-Car"},{"link_name":"Alamo Rent A Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Rent_a_Car"},{"link_name":"leisure travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation_(travel)"},{"link_name":"National Car Rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Car_Rental"},{"link_name":"business travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_travel"},{"link_name":"Carsharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsharing"},{"link_name":"company cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-home_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Car Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Car_Club"},{"link_name":"Exotic car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_car"}],"sub_title":"Vehicle rental brands","text":"Enterprise Rent-A-Car – Flagship car rental brand, focused on “home city” rentals to consumers (often people renting a car close to their home as opposed to at an airport)\nAlamo Rent A Car – Car rental brand that typically caters to budget-conscious leisure travelers\nNational Car Rental – Car rental brand that typically caters to business travelers\nEnterprise Truck Rental – Consumer moving truck rentals and commercial vehicle rentals\nEnterprise Flex-E-Rent – Commercial vehicle rentals in the United Kingdom\nEnterprise CarShare – Carsharing service focused on company cars\nEnterprise Car Club – Carsharing service in the United Kingdom\nExotic Car Collection by Enterprise – Exotic car rentals to consumers","title":"Businesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise Car Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Car_Sales"},{"link_name":"Vanpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanpool"},{"link_name":"vehicle leasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_leasing"}],"sub_title":"Other transportation services","text":"Enterprise Car Sales – Used vehicle sales\nCommute with Enterprise – Vanpool fleet management\nSubscribe with Enterprise – Subscription based consumer vehicle leasing\nEnterprise Fleet Management (affiliate) – Fleet management for companies and government agencies","title":"Businesses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A combined Enterprise, Alamo and National car rental counter, a common sight at airports after the merger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Enterprise%2C_Alamo_and_National_Car_Rental_Counter.jpg/220px-Enterprise%2C_Alamo_and_National_Car_Rental_Counter.jpg"},{"image_text":"A silver Nissan Pathfinder operated by Commute with Enterprise, the largest vanpool provider in the United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nissan_Pathfinder_Commute_with_Enterprise.jpg/220px-Nissan_Pathfinder_Commute_with_Enterprise.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Enterprise Holdings Reports Record $35 Billion Revenue In FY23\". autobody news.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autobodynews.com/news/enterprise-holdings-reports-record-35-billion-revenue-in-fy23","url_text":"\"Enterprise Holdings Reports Record $35 Billion Revenue In FY23\""}]},{"reference":"\"5 Rental Car Companies Ranked from Worst to Best\". GEP. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/5-rental-car-companies-ranked-from-worst-to-best-1157102/5/","url_text":"\"5 Rental Car Companies Ranked from Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"Harriott, Jesse; Quinn, Jeffrey; Artim, Marie (2010). \"Leveraging Human Capital Analytics for Site Selection: Monster and Enterprise Rent-A-Car\". In Fitz-Enz, Jac (ed.). The New HR Analytics. New York: AMACOM. pp. 224–5. ISBN 978-0-8144-1644-0. OCLC 5730565712 – via Internet Archive (Preview).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newhranalyticspr0000fitz","url_text":"The New HR Analytics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newhranalyticspr0000fitz/page/224","url_text":"224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-1644-0","url_text":"978-0-8144-1644-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5730565712","url_text":"5730565712"}]},{"reference":"\"CHRONOLOGY/KEY MILESTONES\" (PDF). Enterprise Holdings. October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2014. 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Retrieved 2017-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/enterprise-buys-autoshare-network/article17681552/","url_text":"\"Enterprise Rent-a-Car buys Toronto-based AutoShare network\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517134252/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/enterprise-buys-autoshare-network/article17681552/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Suspension\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterprisecarshare.com/us/en/programs/suspension/business.html","url_text":"\"Business Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retail Suspension\". www.enterprisecarshare.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterprisecarshare.com/us/en/programs/suspension/retail.html","url_text":"\"Retail Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"\"University Suspension\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterprisecarshare.com/us/en/programs/suspension/university.html","url_text":"\"University Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enterprise Launches QR Codes and 'ONRAMP Concierge' Mobile Site\". Auto Rental News. October 25, 2012. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autorentalnews.com/channel/rental-operations/news/story/2012/10/enterprise-launches-qr-codes-and-onramp-concierge-mobile-site.aspx","url_text":"\"Enterprise Launches QR Codes and 'ONRAMP Concierge' Mobile Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180529/http://www.autorentalnews.com/channel/rental-operations/news/story/2012/10/enterprise-launches-qr-codes-and-onramp-concierge-mobile-site.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tode, Chantal (October 31, 2012). \"Enterprise expands QR code program to more vehicles, adds travel content\". Mobile Commerce Daily. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/enterprise-expands-qr-code-program-to-more-vehicles-adds-travel-content","url_text":"\"Enterprise expands QR code program to more vehicles, adds travel content\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909230641/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/enterprise-expands-qr-code-program-to-more-vehicles-adds-travel-content","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Brands & Services | Enterprise Holdings\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterpriseholdings.com/en/onramp-concierge-error.html","url_text":"\"Our Brands & Services | Enterprise Holdings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blues, Enterprise enter 15-year building naming rights agreement\". NHL.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2018-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/blues/news/blues-enterprise-enter-15-year-building-naming-rights-agreement/c-298643618","url_text":"\"Blues, Enterprise enter 15-year building naming rights agreement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190508213049/https://www.nhl.com/blues/news/blues-enterprise-enter-15-year-building-naming-rights-agreement/c-298643618","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington University|Enterprise Holdings Scholars Program | Undergraduate Admissions | Washington University in St. Louis\". admissions.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://admissions.wustl.edu/Financial_Aid_Scholarships/First_Year_Academic_Scholarships/Pages/Enterprise-Holdings-Scholars-Program.aspx","url_text":"\"Washington University|Enterprise Holdings Scholars Program | Undergraduate Admissions | Washington University in St. Louis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820170132/https://admissions.wustl.edu/Financial_Aid_Scholarships/First_Year_Academic_Scholarships/Pages/Enterprise-Holdings-Scholars-Program.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Currier, Joel (25 March 2011). \"Washington University receives $25 million for scholarships from Enterprise founder\". stltoday.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/washington-university-receives-million-for-scholarships-from-enterprise-founder/article_8866a67c-56e2-11e0-8e60-00127992bc8b.html","url_text":"\"Washington University receives $25 million for scholarships from Enterprise founder\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820170130/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/education/washington-university-receives-million-for-scholarships-from-enterprise-founder/article_8866a67c-56e2-11e0-8e60-00127992bc8b.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Enterprise Holdings - WashU\". ehi.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterpriseholdings.com/en/press-archive/2011/03/washington-university-receives-major-gift-from-jack-taylor-on-behalf-of-enterprise-holdings.html","url_text":"\"Enterprise Holdings - WashU\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820170136/https://www.enterpriseholdings.com/en/press-archive/2011/03/washington-university-receives-major-gift-from-jack-taylor-on-behalf-of-enterprise-holdings.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Stan (1997). Exceeding Expectations: The Enterprise Rent-A-Car Story. Lyme, Connecticut: Greenwich Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-944641-23-1. OCLC 1002525537.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exceedingexpecta0000unse","url_text":"Exceeding Expectations: The Enterprise Rent-A-Car Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944641-23-1","url_text":"978-0-944641-23-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002525537","url_text":"1002525537"}]},{"reference":"\"Diverse Mobility Portfolio Drives Steady Growth for Enterprise Holdings\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterpriseholdings.com/news-stories/news-stories-archive/2022/10/diverse-mobility-portfolio-drives-steady-growth-for-enterprise-holdings.html","url_text":"\"Diverse Mobility Portfolio Drives Steady Growth for Enterprise Holdings\""}]}]
|
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name\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2009/08/03/daily1.html","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise launches new holding company\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/21/privates08_Enterprise-Rent-A-Car_9R1I.html","external_links_name":"America's Largest Private Companies: #21 Enterprise Rent-A-Car"},{"Link":"http://aboutus.enterprise.com/press_room/faqs.html","external_links_name":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US2914572&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on","external_links_name":"Clayton city, Missouri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090906013625/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US2914572&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-savvy-consumer-blog/news-from-elsewhere/2009/08/kc-star-enterprise-didnt-tell-car-buyers-it-removed-side-air-bags/","external_links_name":"Hathaway, Matthew. \"KC Star: Enterprise didn’t tell buyers cars lacked side air bags"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/companies/enterprise-holdings/?list=largest-private-companies&sh=107cf91c3310","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise Holdings\""},{"Link":"https://www.autorentalnews.com/111954/enterprise-holdings-names-pamela-nicholson-chief-executive-officer","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise Holdings Names Pamela Nicholson Chief Executive 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Holdings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128191236/https://www.enterpriseholdings.com/en/press-archive/2019/12/chrissy-taylor-named-chief-executive-officer-of-enterprise-holdings.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2011/11/20/enterprise-to-buy-citer.html?ana=e_pft","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise to buy Citer, enter France and Spain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518120458/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2011/11/20/enterprise-to-buy-citer.html?ana=e_pft","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/enterprise-acquires-phillycarshare/18233","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise acquires PhillyCarShare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208210102/http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/enterprise-acquires-phillycarshare/18233","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2012/05/17/enterprise-buys-car-sharing-service-mint/8foJOa0zUmne6X4kcDFWxN/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise enters car sharing with Mint Cars On-Demand\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/733931/enterprise-to-acquire-igo-carsharing-business/","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise to acquire IGO CarSharing business\""},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/business/enterprise-buys-denver-car-sharing-firm-occasionalcar/article_85ca4feb-057e-507b-9b7a-4acd63d5e2ab.html","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise buys Denver Car Sharing Firm\""},{"Link":"https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Car-Rental-News/Enterprise-buys-Toronto-car-sharing-company","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise buys Toronto car-sharing company\""},{"Link":"http://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2015/09/01/one-year-later-few-details-on-performance-gateway-under-enterprise/","external_links_name":"\"One year later few details on Performance Gateway Under Enterprise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421103125/http://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2015/09/01/one-year-later-few-details-on-performance-gateway-under-enterprise/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/enterprise-acquires-zimride-ride-matching-business/article_2355b144-679d-532a-b36b-fd401c67fa16.html","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise acquires Zimride ride-matching 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wagner_(Massachusetts_politician)
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Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Professional life","3 See also","4 References","5 Notes"]
|
Massachusetts politician
Joseph WagnerAssistant Majority Leader of the Massachusetts House of RepresentativesIn officeFebruary 14, 2019 – February 11, 2021Preceded byByron RushingSucceeded byMichael MoranMember of the Massachusetts House of Representativesfrom the 8th Hampden districtIn officeJanuary 2, 1991 – January 4, 2023Preceded byKenneth LemanskiSucceeded byShirley Arriaga
Personal detailsBorn (1960-05-07) May 7, 1960 (age 64)Springfield, MassachusettsPolitical partyDemocraticResidenceChicopee, MassachusettsEducationCathedral High SchoolAlma materWestern New England CollegeUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst
Joseph F. Wagner (born May 7, 1960 in Springfield, Massachusetts) is an American politician who represents the 8th Hampden District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Prior to becoming a state representative, Wagner was the administrative assistant to mayor of Chicopee.
Early life and education
Wagner was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and attended Cathedral High School and later attended Western New England University.
Professional life
Wagner worked as the administrative aid to the Mayor of Chicopee, Massachusetts from 1988 until 1991.
See also
2019–2020 Massachusetts legislature
2021–2022 Massachusetts legislature
References
^ 2007–2008 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
^ Massachusetts Legislature profile
Notes
1.^ Sometimes erroneously referred to as Majority Whip.
vteMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives193rd General Court (2023–2024)
Speaker of the House
Ron Mariano (D)
Speaker pro tempore
Kate Hogan (D)
Majority leader
Michael Moran (D)
Minority leader
Bradley Jones Jr. (R)
▌Chris Flanagan (D, 1st Barnstable)
▌Kip Diggs (D, 2nd Barn.)
▌David Vieira (R, 3rd Barn.)
▌Sarah Peake (D, 4th Barn.)
▌Steven Xiarhos (R, 5th Barn.)
▌Dylan Fernandes (D, Barn., Dukes, Nan.)
▌John Barrett (D, 1st Berkshire)
▌Tricia Farley-Bouvier (D, 2nd Berk.)
▌Smitty Pignatelli (D, 3rd Berk.)
▌F. Jay Barrows (R, 1st Bristol)
▌Jim Hawkins (D, 2nd Bris.)
▌Carol Doherty (D, 3rd Bris.)
▌Steve Howitt (R, 4th Bris.)
▌Patricia Haddad (D, 5th Bris.)
▌Carole Fiola (D, 6th Bris.)
▌Alan Silvia (D, 7th Bris.)
▌Paul Schmid (D, 8th Bris.)
▌Christopher Markey (D, 9th Bris.)
▌William M. Straus (D, 10th Bris.)
▌Christopher Hendricks (D, 11th Bris.)
▌Norman Orrall (R, 12th Bris.)
▌Antonio Cabral (D, 13th Bris.)
▌Adam Scanlon (D, 14th Bris.)
▌Dawne Shand (D, 1st Essex)
▌Kristin Kassner (D, 2nd Ess.)
▌Andy Vargas (D, 3rd Ess.)
▌Estela Reyes (D, 4th Ess.)
▌Ann-Margaret Ferrante (D, 5th Ess.)
▌Jerry Parisella (D, 6th Ess.)
▌Manny Cruz (D, 7th Ess.)
▌Jenny Armini (D, 8th Ess.)
▌Donald Wong (R, 9th Ess.)
▌Daniel Cahill (D, 10th Ess.)
▌Peter Capano (D, 11th Ess.)
▌Thomas Walsh (D, 12th Ess.)
▌Sally Kerans (D, 13th Ess.)
▌Adrianne Ramos (D, 14th Ess.)
▌Ryan Hamilton (D, 15th Ess.)
▌Francisco E. Paulino (D, 16th Ess.)
▌Frank A. Moran (D, 17th Ess.)
▌Tram Nguyen (D, 18th Ess.)
▌Natalie Blais (D, 1st Frnk.)
▌Susannah Whipps (I, 2nd Frnk.)
▌Todd Smola (R, 1st Hpdn.)
▌Brian Ashe (D, 2nd Hpdn.)
▌Nicholas Boldyga (R, 3rd Hpdn.)
▌Kelly Pease (R, 4th Hpdn.)
▌Patricia Duffy (D, 5th Hpdn.)
▌Michael Finn (D, 6th Hpdn.)
▌Aaron Saunders (D, 7th Hpdn.)
▌Shirley Arriaga (D, 8th Hpdn.)
▌Orlando Ramos (D, 9th Hpdn.)
▌Carlos Gonzalez (D, 10th Hpdn.)
▌Bud Williams (D, 11th Hpdn.)
▌Angelo Puppolo (D, 12th Hpdn.)
▌Lindsay Sabadosa (D, 1st Hampshire)
▌Daniel R. Carey (D, 2nd Hpsh.)
▌Mindy Domb (D, 3rd Hpsh.)
▌Margaret Scarsdale (D, 1st Middlesex)
▌James Arciero (D, 2nd Mid.)
▌Kate Hogan (D, 3rd Mid.)
▌Danielle Gregoire (D, 4th Mid.)
▌David Linsky (D, 5th Mid.)
▌Priscila Sousa (D, 6th Mid.)
▌Jack Lewis (D, 7th Mid.)
▌James Arena-DeRosa (D, 8th Mid.)
▌Thomas M. Stanley (D, 9th Mid.)
▌John J. Lawn (D, 10th Mid.)
▌Kay Khan (D, 11th Mid.)
▌Ruth Balser (D, 12th Mid.)
▌Carmine Gentile (D, 13th Mid.)
▌Simon Cataldo (D, 14th Mid.)
▌Michelle Ciccolo (D, 15th Mid.)
▌Rodney Elliott (D, 16th Mid.)
▌Vanna Howard (D, 17th Mid.)
▌Rady Mom (D, 18th Mid.)
▌Dave Robertson (D, 19th Mid.)
▌Bradley Jones Jr. (R, 20th Mid.)
▌Kenneth Gordon (D, 21st Mid.)
▌Marc Lombardo (R, 22nd Mid.)
▌Sean Garballey (D, 23rd Mid.)
▌Dave Rogers (D, 24th Mid.)
▌Marjorie Decker (D, 25th Mid.)
▌Michael Connolly (D, 26th Mid.)
▌Erika Uyterhoeven (D, 27th Mid.)
▌Joe McGonagle (D, 28th Mid.)
▌Steven Owens (D, 29th Mid.)
▌Richard Haggerty (D, 30th Mid.)
▌Michael Day (D, 31st Mid.)
▌Kate Lipper-Garabedian (D, 32nd Mid.)
▌Steven Ultrino (D, 33rd Mid.)
▌Christine Barber (D, 34th Mid.)
▌Paul Donato (D, 35th Mid.)
▌Colleen Garry (D, 36th Mid.)
▌Dan Sena (D, 37th Mid.)
▌Bruce Ayers (D, 1st Norfolk)
▌Tackey Chan (D, 2nd Norf.)
▌Ron Mariano (D, 3rd Norf.)
▌James M. Murphy (D, 4th Norf.)
▌Mark Cusack (D, 5th Norf.)
▌William C. Galvin (D, 6th Norf.)
▌William Driscoll (D, 7th Norf.)
▌Ted Philips (D, 8th Norf.)
▌Marcus Vaughn (R, 9th Norf.)
▌Jeffrey Roy (D, 10th Norf.)
▌Paul McMurtry (D, 11th Norf.)
▌John H. Rogers (D, 12th Norf.)
▌Denise Garlick (D, 13th Norf.)
▌Alice Peisch (D, 14th Norf.)
▌Tommy Vitolo (D, 15th Norf.)
▌Matt Muratore (R, 1st Plymouth)
▌Susan Gifford (R, 2nd Plym.)
▌Joan Meschino (D, 3rd Plym.)
▌Patrick J. Kearney (D, 4th Plym.)
▌David DeCoste (R, 5th Plym.)
▌Vacant (6th Plym.)
▌Alyson Sullivan (R, 7th Plym.)
▌Angelo D'Emilia (R, 8th Plym.)
▌Gerard Cassidy (D, 9th Plym.)
▌Michelle DuBois (D, 10th Plym.)
▌Rita Mendes (D, 11th Plym.)
▌Kathleen LaNatra (D, 12th Plym.)
▌Adrian Madaro (D, 1st Suffolk)
▌Daniel Joseph Ryan (D, 2nd Suff.)
▌Aaron Michlewitz (D, 3rd Suff.)
▌David Biele (D, 4th Suff.)
▌Christopher Worrell (D, 5th Suff.)
▌Russell Holmes (D, 6th Suff.)
▌Chynah Tyler (D, 7th Suff.)
▌Jay Livingstone (D, 8th Suff.)
▌John F. Moran (D, 9th Suff.)
▌Bill MacGregor (D, 10th Suff.)
▌Judith García (D, 11th Suff.)
▌Brandy Fluker Oakley (D, 12th Suff.)
▌Daniel J. Hunt (D, 13th Suff.)
▌Robert Consalvo (D, 14th Suff.)
▌Sam Montaño (D, 15th Suff.)
▌Jessica Giannino (D, 16th Suff.)
▌Kevin Honan (D, 17th Suff.)
▌Michael Moran (D, 18th Suff.)
▌Jeff Turco (D, 19th Suff.)
▌Kimberly Ferguson (R, 1st Worcester)
▌Jonathan Zlotnik (D, 2nd Wor.)
▌Mike Kushmerek (D, 3rd Wor.)
▌Natalie Higgins (D, 4th Wor.)
▌Donnie Berthiaume (R, 5th Wor.)
▌John Marsi (R, 6th Wor.)
▌Paul Frost (R, 7th Wor.)
▌Michael Soter (R, 8th Wor.)
▌David Muradian (R, 9th Wor.)
▌Brian Murray (D, 10th Wor.)
▌Hannah Kane (R, 11th Wor.)
▌Meghan Kilcoyne (D, 12th Wor.)
▌John J. Mahoney (D, 13th Wor.)
▌Jim O'Day (D, 14th Wor.)
▌Mary Keefe (D, 15th Wor.)
▌Dan Donahue (D, 16th Wor.)
▌David LeBoeuf (D, 17th Wor.)
▌Joseph D. McKenna (R, 18th Wor.)
▌Kate Donaghue (D, 19th Wor.)
▌Democratic (133)
▌Republican (25)
▌Independent (1)
▌Vacant (1)
Massachusetts General Court
Massachusetts House of Representatives
Massachusetts Senate
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Prior to becoming a state representative, Wagner was the administrative assistant to mayor of Chicopee.[2]","title":"Joseph Wagner (Massachusetts politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western New England University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_England_University"}],"text":"Wagner was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and attended Cathedral High School and later attended Western New England University.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicopee, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Wagner worked as the administrative aid to the Mayor of Chicopee, Massachusetts from 1988 until 1991.","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"193rd General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Massachusetts_legislature"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ron Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mariano"},{"link_name":"Kate Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hogan"},{"link_name":"Michael Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moran_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"Bradley Jones Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Jones_Jr."},{"link_name":"Chris Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Flanagan_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"1st Barnstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_1st_Barnstable_district"},{"link_name":"Kip Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Diggs"},{"link_name":"2nd Barn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_2nd_Barnstable_district"},{"link_name":"David Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vieira_(politician)"},{"link_name":"3rd Barn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_3rd_Barnstable_district"},{"link_name":"Sarah Peake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Peake"},{"link_name":"4th Barn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_4th_Barnstable_district"},{"link_name":"Steven Xiarhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Xiarhos"},{"link_name":"5th Barn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_5th_Barnstable_district"},{"link_name":"Dylan Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"Barn., Dukes, Nan.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_Barnstable,_Dukes_and_Nantucket_district"},{"link_name":"John Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrett_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"1st Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_1st_Berkshire_district"},{"link_name":"Tricia Farley-Bouvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Farley-Bouvier"},{"link_name":"2nd Berk.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_2nd_Berkshire_district"},{"link_name":"Smitty Pignatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Smitty%22_Pignatelli"},{"link_name":"3rd Berk.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_3rd_Berkshire_district"},{"link_name":"F. 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McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_D._McKenna"},{"link_name":"18th Wor.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_18th_Worcester_district"},{"link_name":"Kate Donaghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Donaghue"},{"link_name":"19th Wor.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_19th_Worcester_district"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Wagner_(Massachusetts_politician)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Massachusetts-MARepresentative-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts-MARepresentative-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts-MARepresentative-stub"}],"text":"1.^ Sometimes erroneously referred to as Majority Whip.vteMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives193rd General Court (2023–2024)\nSpeaker of the House\nRon Mariano (D)\nSpeaker pro tempore\nKate Hogan (D)\nMajority leader\nMichael Moran (D)\nMinority leader\nBradley Jones Jr. (R)\n▌Chris Flanagan (D, 1st Barnstable)\n▌Kip Diggs (D, 2nd Barn.)\n▌David Vieira (R, 3rd Barn.)\n▌Sarah Peake (D, 4th Barn.)\n▌Steven Xiarhos (R, 5th Barn.)\n▌Dylan Fernandes (D, Barn., Dukes, Nan.)\n▌John Barrett (D, 1st Berkshire)\n▌Tricia Farley-Bouvier (D, 2nd Berk.)\n▌Smitty Pignatelli (D, 3rd Berk.)\n▌F. Jay Barrows (R, 1st Bristol)\n▌Jim Hawkins (D, 2nd Bris.)\n▌Carol Doherty (D, 3rd Bris.)\n▌Steve Howitt (R, 4th Bris.)\n▌Patricia Haddad (D, 5th Bris.)\n▌Carole Fiola (D, 6th Bris.)\n▌Alan Silvia (D, 7th Bris.)\n▌Paul Schmid (D, 8th Bris.)\n▌Christopher Markey (D, 9th Bris.)\n▌William M. Straus (D, 10th Bris.)\n▌Christopher Hendricks (D, 11th Bris.)\n▌Norman Orrall (R, 12th Bris.)\n▌Antonio Cabral (D, 13th Bris.)\n▌Adam Scanlon (D, 14th Bris.)\n▌Dawne Shand (D, 1st Essex)\n▌Kristin Kassner (D, 2nd Ess.)\n▌Andy Vargas (D, 3rd Ess.)\n▌Estela Reyes (D, 4th Ess.)\n▌Ann-Margaret Ferrante (D, 5th Ess.)\n▌Jerry Parisella (D, 6th Ess.)\n▌Manny Cruz (D, 7th Ess.)\n▌Jenny Armini (D, 8th Ess.)\n▌Donald Wong (R, 9th Ess.)\n▌Daniel Cahill (D, 10th Ess.)\n▌Peter Capano (D, 11th Ess.)\n▌Thomas Walsh (D, 12th Ess.)\n▌Sally Kerans (D, 13th Ess.)\n▌Adrianne Ramos (D, 14th Ess.)\n▌Ryan Hamilton (D, 15th Ess.)\n▌Francisco E. Paulino (D, 16th Ess.)\n▌Frank A. Moran (D, 17th Ess.)\n▌Tram Nguyen (D, 18th Ess.)\n▌Natalie Blais (D, 1st Frnk.)\n▌Susannah Whipps (I, 2nd Frnk.)\n▌Todd Smola (R, 1st Hpdn.)\n▌Brian Ashe (D, 2nd Hpdn.)\n▌Nicholas Boldyga (R, 3rd Hpdn.)\n▌Kelly Pease (R, 4th Hpdn.)\n▌Patricia Duffy (D, 5th Hpdn.)\n▌Michael Finn (D, 6th Hpdn.)\n▌Aaron Saunders (D, 7th Hpdn.)\n▌Shirley Arriaga (D, 8th Hpdn.)\n▌Orlando Ramos (D, 9th Hpdn.)\n▌Carlos Gonzalez (D, 10th Hpdn.)\n▌Bud Williams (D, 11th Hpdn.)\n▌Angelo Puppolo (D, 12th Hpdn.)\n▌Lindsay Sabadosa (D, 1st Hampshire)\n▌Daniel R. Carey (D, 2nd Hpsh.)\n▌Mindy Domb (D, 3rd Hpsh.)\n▌Margaret Scarsdale (D, 1st Middlesex)\n▌James Arciero (D, 2nd Mid.)\n▌Kate Hogan (D, 3rd Mid.)\n▌Danielle Gregoire (D, 4th Mid.)\n▌David Linsky (D, 5th Mid.)\n▌Priscila Sousa (D, 6th Mid.)\n▌Jack Lewis (D, 7th Mid.)\n▌James Arena-DeRosa (D, 8th Mid.)\n▌Thomas M. Stanley (D, 9th Mid.)\n▌John J. 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Hunt (D, 13th Suff.)\n▌Robert Consalvo (D, 14th Suff.)\n▌Sam Montaño (D, 15th Suff.)\n▌Jessica Giannino (D, 16th Suff.)\n▌Kevin Honan (D, 17th Suff.)\n▌Michael Moran (D, 18th Suff.)\n▌Jeff Turco (D, 19th Suff.)\n▌Kimberly Ferguson (R, 1st Worcester)\n▌Jonathan Zlotnik (D, 2nd Wor.)\n▌Mike Kushmerek (D, 3rd Wor.)\n▌Natalie Higgins (D, 4th Wor.)\n▌Donnie Berthiaume (R, 5th Wor.)\n▌John Marsi (R, 6th Wor.)\n▌Paul Frost (R, 7th Wor.)\n▌Michael Soter (R, 8th Wor.)\n▌David Muradian (R, 9th Wor.)\n▌Brian Murray (D, 10th Wor.)\n▌Hannah Kane (R, 11th Wor.)\n▌Meghan Kilcoyne (D, 12th Wor.)\n▌John J. Mahoney (D, 13th Wor.)\n▌Jim O'Day (D, 14th Wor.)\n▌Mary Keefe (D, 15th Wor.)\n▌Dan Donahue (D, 16th Wor.)\n▌David LeBoeuf (D, 17th Wor.)\n▌Joseph D. McKenna (R, 18th Wor.)\n▌Kate Donaghue (D, 19th Wor.)\n\n▌Democratic (133)\n▌Republican (25)\n▌Independent (1)\n▌Vacant (1)\nMassachusetts General Court\nMassachusetts House of Representatives\nMassachusetts SenateThis article about a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan
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Sunda Wiwitan
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["1 Ontology and belief system","2 Value system","3 Traditions and ceremonies","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
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Indonesian ethnic religion
Part of a series onReligion of Java
Java
Java
Javanese culture
Javanese people
Sundanese culture
Sundanese people
Religion in Indonesia
Early religiosity
Dewi Sri
Hyang
Kapitayan
Sunda Wiwitan
Hinduism
Hinduism in Java
Buddhism
Buddhism in Indonesia
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Ashin Jinarakkhita
Islam
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Santri
Abangan
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Christianity
Christianity in Indonesia
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vte
Sunda WiwitanSunda WiwitanAbbreviationWiwitanTypeFolk religionScriptureSanghyang Siksa Kandang KaresianGovernanceNational Sunda Wiwitan Religious Council of the Republic IndonesiaRegion
Western hemisphere of Java
Banten
West Java
Language
Baduy (mainly Tangtu Baduy)
Bantenese
Old Sundanese (mainly used in rituals)
Sundanese (mainly Cigugur Sundanese)
HeadquartersWest JavaRecognitionOfficially recognized by Indonesian governmentMembers
Baduy (mainly Tangtu Baduy)
Bantenese
Cirebonese
Sundanese (mainly Kasepuhan Sundanese)
Sunda Wiwitan is a folk religion and ancient beliefs adhered to by the Sundanese (including Baduy people & Bantenese) in Indonesia.
The followers of this belief system can be found in some villages in western Java, such as Kanekes, Lebak, Banten; Ciptagelar Kasepuhan Banten Kidul, Cisolok, Sukabumi; Kampung Naga; and Cigugur, Kuningan Regency. In Carita Parahyangan this faith is called Jatisunda. Its practitioners assert that Sunda Wiwitan has been part of their way of life since ancient times, before the arrival of Hinduism and Islam.
The sacred book of Sunda Wiwitan is called Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian. It is a didactic text of religious and moral guidance, rules, and lessons. The text is identified as Kropak 630 by the National Library of Indonesia. According to the kokolot (elder) of Cikeusik village, the people of Kanekes are not adherents to Hindu or Buddhist faiths; they follow an animistic system of belief that venerates and worships the spirits of ancestors. However, over the course of time, Sunda Wiwitan has been influenced by and incorporated Hindu and, to some extent, Islamic elements.
Ontology and belief system
The highest spiritual power in Sunda Wiwitan is Sang Hyang Kersa ("The Powerful") or Nu Ngersakeun ("He Who has the Will"). This supreme being is also referred to by several names or divine titles, such as Batara Tunggal ("The One"), Batara Jagat ("Ruler of Universe"), and Batara Seda Niskala ("The Unseen"). Sang Hyang Kersa resides in the highest and most sacred realm called Buana Nyungcung (lit. 'Pointy Realm'). The Hindu gods (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama, and so on) are considered subordinates of Sang Hyang Kersa.
According to Sunda Wiwitan ontology, the universe consists of three realms:
Buana Nyungcung ("The Pointy Realm" or "Peak Realm"): the uppermost realm; the abode of the supreme highest Sang Hyang Kersa.
Buana Panca Tengah ("The Middle World"): earth, the realm of human beings and animals, with five cardinal directions: east, west, north, south, and center/zenith.
Buana Larang ("The Forbidden World"): hell, the realm of demons and lowly spirits, the lowermost realm.
Between Buana Nyungcung (the peak realm) and Buana Panca Tengah (earth), there are 18 layers of realms, arranged in decreasing order of sacredness from top to bottom. The uppermost of these heavenly realms is called Bumi Suci Alam Padang, or according to Kropak 630 (Sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian), Alam Kahyangan or Mandala Hyang. This second-highest realm is the abode of Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri and Sunan Ambu.
Sang Hyang Kersa created seven bataras in Sasaka Pusaka Buana (The Sacred Place on Earth). The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered to be the ancestor of the Kanekes people. Other bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands.
Value system
The value system of Sunda Wiwitan is based on written and unwritten (internalized) norms. The written norms are rules and taboos that govern the way of life of adherents, while the unwritten norms are internal and individual understandings of the faith.
Sunda Wiwitan's basic and principle concepts are based on two things: Cara Ciri Manusia and Cara Ciri Bangsa. These two principles are mentioned by Sunda Wiwitan elders, yet are not explicitly mentioned in the Siksa Kanda-ng Karesian, the sacred text of Sunda Wiwitan.
Cara Ciri Manusia comprises the basic elements of human life. It consists of five fundamentals:
Welas asih: love and compassion
Undak usuk: social and family order
Tata krama: behavior order and rules of conduct, such as politeness and courteousness
Budi bahasa dan budaya: language and culture
Wiwaha yudha naradha: "yudha," meaning war or battle. This principle refers to the essential human characteristic of always being wary or suspicious of foreign or unknown influences. This reflects an inherent conservatism and resistance to change in traditional village life. It implies that influences incompatible with tradition must be rejected.
The second concept of Cara Ciri Bangsa states that people have universals or similarities in basic human traits, yet express diversity from one individual or community to another. These elements are the source of variety among human beings:
Rupa: looks
Adat: customs and rules
Bahasa: language
Aksara: letters
Budaya: culture
The philosophy and value system emphasizes the internal or spiritual elements of human life, indicating that humans need spiritual guidance and wisdom in their lives.
Originally Sunda Wiwitan did not incorporate many taboos or prohibitions. The core rules of conduct consist of just two elements:
"Do not do something not to the taste of others" (something that others dislike), and do no harm to others
"Do not do something to harm yourself"
However, to honor sacred places (Kabuyutan, Sasaka Pusaka Buana or Sasaka Domas) and follow certain traditions in rice farming, Sunda Wiwitan elaborated on many restrictions and taboos. The most numerous taboos (called Buyut by Kanekes people) are applied to those living within the most sacred place on earth—the people of Baduy Dalam that inhabit Sasaka Pusaka Buana (Sacred Place on Earth).
Traditions and ceremonies
In Sunda Wiwitan tradition, prayer and ritual is performed through songs and chant of pantun Sunda and kidung dances. These ritual practices can be observed during the rice harvest ceremony and the annual new year festival called Seren Taun. These customary ceremonies are still performed annually by the more traditional Sundanese communities in Kanekes, Lebak, Banten; Ciptagelar Kasepuhan Banten Kidul, Cisolok, Sukabumi; Kampung Naga; and Cigugur, Kuningan.
Although modern Sundanese people may practice Christianity or adhere to other faiths, influences and value systems, certain elements of traditional customs, beliefs, and culture of Sunda Wiwitan still survive into contemporary times. In terms of influence on their social values and cultural mores.
See also
Indonesia portal
Animism
Balinese Hinduism
Hinduism in Java
Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
Kejawèn
Wawacan Sulanjana
References
^ Ekadjati, Edi S (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda, Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. pp. 72–73.
^ Djajadiningrat, P.A.Achmad (1936). Kenang-Kenangan P.A.A. Djajadiningrat. Djokja: Kolffbuning. pp. 11–12.
^ Ekadjati, Edi S (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda, Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. p. 73.
^ As, Enjang; Aliyudin, Mukhlis; Nurdin, Farid Soleh; Laksana, Muhibudin Wijaya; Muslimah, Sitta Resmiyanti; Azis, Widodo Dwi Ismail (2020-06-30). "Sunda Wiwitan: The Belief System of Baduy Indigenous Community, Banten, Indonesia". Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya. 5 (1): 77–95. doi:10.15575/jw.v5i1.8069. ISSN 2502-3489.
^ Rama Jati
Further reading
Prawiro, Abdurrahman Misno Bambang (2013). "Baduy Pluralism: From Myth to Reality". Al-Albab: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies. 2 (1): 111–24.
Saringendyanti, Etty; Herlina, Nina; Zakaria, Mumuh Muhsin (2018). "Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century". Tawarikh: Journal of Historical Studies. 10 (1). Bandung: 1–14. ISSN 2085-0980.
Wessing, Robert; Barendregt, Bart (2005). "Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java". Moussons. 8.
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In Carita Parahyangan this faith is called Jatisunda. Its practitioners assert that Sunda Wiwitan has been part of their way of life since ancient times, before the arrival of Hinduism and Islam.The sacred book of Sunda Wiwitan is called Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian. It is a didactic text of religious and moral guidance, rules, and lessons. The text is identified as Kropak 630 by the National Library of Indonesia. According to the kokolot (elder) of Cikeusik village, the people of Kanekes are not adherents to Hindu or Buddhist faiths; they follow an animistic system of belief that venerates and worships the spirits of ancestors. 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This supreme being is also referred to by several names or divine titles, such as Batara Tunggal (\"The One\"), Batara Jagat (\"Ruler of Universe\"), and Batara Seda Niskala (\"The Unseen\"). Sang Hyang Kersa resides in the highest and most sacred realm called Buana Nyungcung (lit. 'Pointy Realm'). The Hindu gods (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama, and so on) are considered subordinates of Sang Hyang Kersa.[3]According to Sunda Wiwitan ontology, the universe consists of three realms:Buana Nyungcung (\"The Pointy Realm\" or \"Peak Realm\"): the uppermost realm; the abode of the supreme highest Sang Hyang Kersa.\nBuana Panca Tengah (\"The Middle World\"): earth, the realm of human beings and animals, with five cardinal directions: east, west, north, south, and center/zenith.\nBuana Larang (\"The Forbidden World\"): hell, the realm of demons and lowly spirits, the lowermost realm.Between Buana Nyungcung (the peak realm) and Buana Panca Tengah (earth), there are 18 layers of realms, arranged in decreasing order of sacredness from top to bottom. The uppermost of these heavenly realms is called Bumi Suci Alam Padang, or according to Kropak 630 (Sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian), Alam Kahyangan or Mandala Hyang. This second-highest realm is the abode of Nyi Pohaci Sanghyang Asri and Sunan Ambu.Sang Hyang Kersa created seven bataras in Sasaka Pusaka Buana (The Sacred Place on Earth). The oldest of these bataras is called Batara Cikal and is considered to be the ancestor of the Kanekes people. Other bataras ruled various locations in Sunda lands.","title":"Ontology and belief system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(social)"},{"link_name":"taboos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboos"}],"text":"The value system of Sunda Wiwitan is based on written and unwritten (internalized) norms. The written norms are rules and taboos that govern the way of life of adherents, while the unwritten norms are internal and individual understandings of the faith.Sunda Wiwitan's basic and principle concepts are based on two things: Cara Ciri Manusia and Cara Ciri Bangsa. These two principles are mentioned by Sunda Wiwitan elders, yet are not explicitly mentioned in the Siksa Kanda-ng Karesian, the sacred text of Sunda Wiwitan.Cara Ciri Manusia comprises the basic elements of human life. It consists of five fundamentals:Welas asih: love and compassion\nUndak usuk: social and family order\nTata krama: behavior order and rules of conduct, such as politeness and courteousness\nBudi bahasa dan budaya: language and culture\nWiwaha yudha naradha: \"yudha,\" meaning war or battle. This principle refers to the essential human characteristic of always being wary or suspicious of foreign or unknown influences. This reflects an inherent conservatism and resistance to change in traditional village life. It implies that influences incompatible with tradition must be rejected.The second concept of Cara Ciri Bangsa states that people have universals or similarities in basic human traits, yet express diversity from one individual or community to another. These elements are the source of variety among human beings:Rupa: looks\nAdat: customs and rules\nBahasa: language\nAksara: letters\nBudaya: cultureThe philosophy and value system emphasizes the internal or spiritual elements of human life, indicating that humans need spiritual guidance and wisdom in their lives.Originally Sunda Wiwitan did not incorporate many taboos or prohibitions. The core rules of conduct consist of just two elements:\"Do not do something not to the taste of others\" (something that others dislike), and do no harm to others\n\"Do not do something to harm yourself\"However, to honor sacred places (Kabuyutan, Sasaka Pusaka Buana or Sasaka Domas) and follow certain traditions in rice farming, Sunda Wiwitan elaborated on many restrictions and taboos. The most numerous taboos (called Buyut by Kanekes people) are applied to those living within the most sacred place on earth—the people of Baduy Dalam that inhabit Sasaka Pusaka Buana (Sacred Place on Earth).","title":"Value system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pantun Sunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantun_Sunda"},{"link_name":"Seren Taun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren_Taun"},{"link_name":"Kanekes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduy_people"},{"link_name":"Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ciptagelar Kasepuhan Banten Kidul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciptagelar"},{"link_name":"Kampung Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Naga"},{"link_name":"Kuningan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In Sunda Wiwitan tradition, prayer and ritual is performed through songs and chant of pantun Sunda and kidung dances. These ritual practices can be observed during the rice harvest ceremony and the annual new year festival called Seren Taun. These customary ceremonies are still performed annually by the more traditional Sundanese communities in Kanekes, Lebak, Banten;[4] Ciptagelar Kasepuhan Banten Kidul, Cisolok, Sukabumi; Kampung Naga; and Cigugur, Kuningan.Although modern Sundanese people may practice Christianity or adhere to other faiths, influences and value systems, certain elements of traditional customs, beliefs, and culture of Sunda Wiwitan still survive into contemporary times. In terms of influence on their social values and cultural mores.[5]","title":"Traditions and ceremonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/view/1056"},{"link_name":"Bandung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2085-0980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2085-0980"},{"link_name":"\"Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//moussons.revues.org/2199"}],"text":"Prawiro, Abdurrahman Misno Bambang (2013). \"Baduy Pluralism: From Myth to Reality\". Al-Albab: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies. 2 (1): 111–24.\nSaringendyanti, Etty; Herlina, Nina; Zakaria, Mumuh Muhsin (2018). \"Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century\". Tawarikh: Journal of Historical Studies. 10 (1). Bandung: 1–14. ISSN 2085-0980.\nWessing, Robert; Barendregt, Bart (2005). \"Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java\". Moussons. 8.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"title":"Balinese Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism"},{"title":"Hinduism in Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java"},{"title":"Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism"},{"title":"Kejawèn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n"},{"title":"Wawacan Sulanjana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawacan_Sulanjana"}]
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[{"reference":"Ekadjati, Edi S (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda, Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. pp. 72–73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Djajadiningrat, P.A.Achmad (1936). Kenang-Kenangan P.A.A. Djajadiningrat. Djokja: Kolffbuning. pp. 11–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ekadjati, Edi S (1995). Kebudayaan Sunda, Suatu Pendekatan Sejarah. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. p. 73.","urls":[]},{"reference":"As, Enjang; Aliyudin, Mukhlis; Nurdin, Farid Soleh; Laksana, Muhibudin Wijaya; Muslimah, Sitta Resmiyanti; Azis, Widodo Dwi Ismail (2020-06-30). \"Sunda Wiwitan: The Belief System of Baduy Indigenous Community, Banten, Indonesia\". Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya. 5 (1): 77–95. doi:10.15575/jw.v5i1.8069. ISSN 2502-3489.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/article/view/8069","url_text":"\"Sunda Wiwitan: The Belief System of Baduy Indigenous Community, Banten, Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fjw.v5i1.8069","url_text":"10.15575/jw.v5i1.8069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2502-3489","url_text":"2502-3489"}]},{"reference":"Prawiro, Abdurrahman Misno Bambang (2013). \"Baduy Pluralism: From Myth to Reality\". Al-Albab: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies. 2 (1): 111–24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saringendyanti, Etty; Herlina, Nina; Zakaria, Mumuh Muhsin (2018). \"Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century\". Tawarikh: Journal of Historical Studies. 10 (1). Bandung: 1–14. ISSN 2085-0980.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/view/1056","url_text":"\"Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung","url_text":"Bandung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2085-0980","url_text":"2085-0980"}]},{"reference":"Wessing, Robert; Barendregt, Bart (2005). \"Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java\". Moussons. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://moussons.revues.org/2199","url_text":"\"Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/article/view/8069","external_links_name":"\"Sunda Wiwitan: The Belief System of Baduy Indigenous Community, Banten, Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fjw.v5i1.8069","external_links_name":"10.15575/jw.v5i1.8069"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2502-3489","external_links_name":"2502-3489"},{"Link":"http://www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/view/1056","external_links_name":"\"Tri Tangtu on Sunda Wiwitan Doctrine in the XIV–XVII Century\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2085-0980","external_links_name":"2085-0980"},{"Link":"http://moussons.revues.org/2199","external_links_name":"\"Tending the Spirit's Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek
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Neue Pinakothek
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["1 The building","2 History","2.1 Renovations","3 Collection","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 48°8′59″N 11°34′16″E / 48.14972°N 11.57111°E / 48.14972; 11.57111Art museum in Munich, Germany
Neue PinakothekNeue PinakothekThe Neue Pinakothek opened in 1981Established1853 (1853)LocationMunich, GermanyCoordinates48°8′59″N 11°34′16″E / 48.14972°N 11.57111°E / 48.14972; 11.57111Typeart museumWebsitewww.pinakothek.de/en/
The Neue Pinakothek (German: , New Pinacotheca) is an art museum in Munich, Germany. Its focus is European Art of the 18th and 19th centuries, and it is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the world.
Together with the Alte Pinakothek and the Pinakothek der Moderne, the Neue Pinakothek is part of Munich's museum quarter (Kunstareal).
Neue Pinakothek 1880
The building
The Neue Pinakothek was completed in 1859 and was intended to be the first museum in Europe for the exhibition of contemporary paintings. The established schools of European painting were displayed. On the ground floor 1ß6 plaster busts of contemporary celebrities were also displayed.
The building was redeveloped in the late 20th century. Designed by architect Alexander von Branc in the new style of Postmodernism, the building opened in 1981. It combines a concrete construction with a stone facade design.
History
Gauguin's The Birth of Christ (1896), which brought Hugo von Tschudi to Munich and became the foundation of the Pinakothek's modern art collection.
Ludwig I of Bavaria began to collect contemporary art already as crown prince in 1809 and his collection was steadily enlarged. When the museum was founded, the separation to the old masters in the Alte Pinakothek was fixed with the period shortly before the turn of the 19th century, which has become a prototype for many galleries.
Owing to the personal preference of Ludwig I, the museum initially had a strong focus on paintings of German Romanticism and the Munich School. Also dynastic considerations played a role, as Greece had become a secundogeniture of Bavaria in 1832. In 1834 Carl Rottmann traveled to Greece to prepare for a commission from Ludwig I for a cycle of great Greek landscapes. These works were installed in the Neue Pinakothek, where the paintings were given their own hall.
The so-called Tschudi Contribution between 1905 and 1914 brought the Pinokathek an extraordinary collection of masterpieces of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Hugo von Tschudi was dismissed by Wilhelm II, German Emperor as a penalty for his exhibiting of Gauguin's The Birth of Christ in Berlin's National Gallery. He became the director of the Pinokathek. As general director of the State Collections, Tschudi acquired 44 paintings, nine sculptures, and 22 drawings, mostly from emerging French artists. Since public funds could not be used to purchase these works, Tschudi’s associates raised the money from private contributions after his death in 1911.
The space dedicated to painters of the Modernity was fixed at ca. 1900 by including Henri Matisse and Expressionism. Consequentially a painting of Matisse, which was part of the "Tschudi Contribution" ,is now displayed in the Pinakothek der Moderne.
In 1915, the Neue Pinakothek became the property of Bavaria. In 1938 the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler confiscated a self-portrait of Vincent van Gogh, classifying the paintings as degenerate art.
Renovations
Since January 2019 the Neue Pinakothek has been closed for renovations. Originally, it was planned for the building to remain closed at least until 2025. The opening of the museum to visitors was delayed until 2029 in January 2022.
Collection
The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, which houses an expanded collection of more than 3.000 European paintings from classicism to art nouveau. About 400 paintings and 50 sculptures of these are exhibited in the New Pinakothek.
Francisco de Goya, Plucked Turkey (1810).
International paintings of the second half of the 18th century:
Among others the gallery exhibits works of Francisco de Goya (Plucked Turkey) (Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor), Jacques-Louis David (Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy), Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (Nicolas Châtelain in the garden) and Anton Graff (Heinrich XIII, Graf Reuß).
English and Scottish paintings of 18th and early 19th centuries:
It has masterpieces of Thomas Gainsborough (portraits of Mrs. Thomas Hibbert and of Thomas Hibbert) (Landscape with Shepherd and Flock), William Hogarth (Richard Mounteney), John Constable (View of Dedham Vale from East Bergholt), Joshua Reynolds (Captain Philemon Pownall), David Wilkie (Reading the Will), Thomas Lawrence (The Two Sons of the 1st Earl of Talbot), George Romney (Catherine Clements), Richard Wilson (View of Syon House Across the Thames near Richmond Gardens), Henry Raeburn (Mrs. J. Campbell of Kilberry), George Stubbs (The pointer) and J. M. W. Turner (Ostende). The Pinakothek owns five works by Thomas Gainsborough, more than any other European museum outside the British Isles.
German artists of Classicism in Rome
like Friedrich Overbeck (Italia and Germania), Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow (The Holy Family beneath the Portico), Heinrich Maria von Hess (Marchesa Marianna Florenzi), Peter von Hess (The Entry of King Othon of Greece into Nauplia) and Peter von Cornelius (The three Marys at the Tomb).
German Romanticism
with paintings of Caspar David Friedrich (The Garden Bower), Karl Friedrich Schinkel (Cathedral Towering over a Town), Carl Blechen (Building of the Devil's Bridge) and others.
Carl Spitzweg The Poor Poet 1839
Biedermeier
represented by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (Graf Jenison-Walworth), Carl Spitzweg (The Poor Poet), Moritz von Schwind (A Symphony) and Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (Young Peasant Woman with Three Children at the Window).
French Realism and French Romanticism
with Eugène Delacroix (Clorinda Rescues Olindo and Sophronia), Théodore Géricault (Artillery Train Passing a Ravine), Gustave Courbet (Landscape near Maizières), Jean-François Millet (Farmer Inserting a Graft on a Tree), Honoré Daumier (The Drama) and others.
Deutschrömer (or German-Romans)
such as Hans von Marées (Self-Portrait), Arnold Böcklin (Pan in the Reeds), Anselm Feuerbach (Medea) and Hans Thoma (Landscape in the Taunus).
History paintings
with Wilhelm von Kaulbach ( King Ludwig I surrounded by artists), Karl Theodor von Piloty (Seni and Wallenstein), Franz von Defregger (Das letzte Aufgebot) and Hans Makart (Die Falknerin).
German Realism
like Wilhelm Leibl (Portrait of Frau Gedon), Franz von Lenbach (Aresing Village Street) and Adolph Menzel (Living-Room with the Artist's Sister).
German Impressionists
especially Max Liebermann (Boys Bathing), Lovis Corinth (Eduard, Count von Keyserling), August von Brandis (Duchblick) and Max Slevogt (The Day's Work Done).
Édouard Manet Luncheon in the Studio 1868.
French Impressionists
One of the world's leading collections with masterpieces of Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Portrait of a Young Woman), Édouard Manet (Luncheon in the Studio) (Monet Painting on His Studio Boat), Claude Monet (The Bridge at Argenteuil), Paul Cézanne (The Railway Cutting), Paul Gauguin (The Birth - Te tamari no atua), Edgar Degas (Woman Ironing), Camille Pissarro (Street in Upper Norwood), Alfred Sisley (The Road to Hampton Court), Paul Sérusier (The Laundresses) and Vincent van Gogh (Sunflowers) (The Weaver).
Symbolism and Art Nouveau and early 20th century
represented among others by Giovanni Segantini (L'aratura), Gustav Klimt (Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein), Paul Signac (S.Maria della Salute), Maurice Denis (Gaulish Goddess of Herds and Flocks), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (Le jeune Routy à Céleyran), James Ensor (Still Life in the Studio), Édouard Vuillard (Café Scene), Ferdinand Hodler (Tired of Life), Franz von Stuck (The Sin), Edvard Munch (Woman in Red Dress (Street in Aasgaardstrand)), Walter Crane (Neptune's horses), Thomas Austen Brown (Mademoiselle Plume rouge), Pierre Bonnard (Lady at the Mirror) and Egon Schiele (Agony).
Sculptures
Also sculptures of the 19th century are exhibited, for example works of Bertel Thorvaldsen (Adonis), Antonio Canova (Paris), Rudolph Schadow (Woman Tying Her Sandal), Auguste Rodin (Crouching Woman (La femme accroupie)), Max Klinger (Elsa Asenijeff), Aristide Maillol (La Flore), Pablo Picasso (Le Fou) and others.
Gallery
Other works in the collection of the Neue Pinakothek
Francisco de Goya —Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor
Jacques-Louis David —Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy
Thomas Gainsborough —Mrs. Thomas Hibbert
Eugène Delacroix —Clorinda Rescues Olindo und Sophronia
Max Liebermann —Boys Bathing
Claude Monet —The Bridge at Argenteuil
Paul Gauguin —Te tamari no atua
Paul Cézanne —The railway cutting
Toulouse-Lautrec —Le jeune Routy à Céleyran
Edvard Munch —Woman in Red Dress (Street in Åsgårdstrand)
Honoré Daumier —Don Quichotte and Sancho Pansa c. 1868
Bertel Thorvaldsen—Head of a warrior c. 1812
Auguste Rodin—Man with broken nose c. 1863
References
^ Dan Karlholm (2006). Art of Illusion: The Representation of Art History in Nineteenth-century Germany and Beyond. Lang. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-03910-958-6.
^ Dan Karlholm (2006). Art of Illusion: The Representation of Art History in Nineteenth-century Germany and Beyond. Lang. p. 204. ISBN 978-3-03910-958-6.
^ "Sanierung neue Pinakothek München". sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de (in German). Staatliches Bauamt München. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ "Neue Pinakothek wegen Renovierung geschlossen | Ausstellungen in München" (in German). 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020.
^ "Die Neue Pinakothek während der Sanierung". München Online (in German). Dreistern Verlag GmbH. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^ Gerdom, Ilona (19 January 2022). "München: 41 Bäume fallen für Sanierung der Neuen Pinakothek". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung GmbH. Retrieved 6 April 2023. Während es anfangs noch geheißen hatte, dass es bis 2025 dauern könnte, korrigiert Thiel-Lintner: Der Plan sei, zum Jahreswechsel 2027/28 "baulich fertig" zu sein. Wiedereröffnen könnten die Räume 2029.
^ "FAQ". sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de (in German). Retrieved 6 April 2023. Wenn die Sanierung planmäßig durchgeführt werden kann, wird die Baumaßnahme nach derzeitigem Stand zum Jahreswechsel 2027 / 2028 baulich fertig gestellt. Im Anschluss folgt eine Einregulierungsphase der technischen Anlagen, sowie der Wiedereinzug der BStGS. Die Wiederöffnung der Neuen Pinakothek erfolgt voraussichtlich in der 2. Jahreshälfte 2029.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neue Pinakothek.
Official website (in English) (depending on your needs, former version, archived March 29, 2016, may be more useful)
website (in German)
Article about the Neue Pinakothek
Lionel Gossman. “Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck’s ‘Italia und Germania.’” American Philosophical Society, 2007. ISBN 0-87169-975-3.
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Its focus is European Art of the 18th and 19th centuries, and it is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the world.[citation needed]Together with the Alte Pinakothek and the Pinakothek der Moderne, the Neue Pinakothek is part of Munich's museum quarter (Kunstareal).Neue Pinakothek 1880","title":"Neue Pinakothek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Branc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_von_Branc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Neue Pinakothek was completed in 1859 and was intended to be the first museum in Europe for the exhibition of contemporary paintings.[1] The established schools of European painting were displayed. 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It combines a concrete construction with a stone facade design.[citation needed]","title":"The building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gauguin_-_Te_Tamari_no_Atua_(Son_of_God).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo von Tschudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_von_Tschudi"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"old masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_master"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Munich School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_School"},{"link_name":"secundogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundogeniture"},{"link_name":"Carl Rottmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rottmann"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Hugo von Tschudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_von_Tschudi"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II, German Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Pinakothek der Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"degenerate art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_art"}],"text":"Gauguin's The Birth of Christ (1896), which brought Hugo von Tschudi to Munich and became the foundation of the Pinakothek's modern art collection.Ludwig I of Bavaria began to collect contemporary art already as crown prince in 1809 and his collection was steadily enlarged. When the museum was founded, the separation to the old masters in the Alte Pinakothek was fixed with the period shortly before the turn of the 19th century, which has become a prototype for many galleries.Owing to the personal preference of Ludwig I, the museum initially had a strong focus on paintings of German Romanticism and the Munich School. Also dynastic considerations played a role, as Greece had become a secundogeniture of Bavaria in 1832. In 1834 Carl Rottmann traveled to Greece to prepare for a commission from Ludwig I for a cycle of great Greek landscapes. These works were installed in the Neue Pinakothek, where the paintings were given their own hall.The so-called Tschudi Contribution between 1905 and 1914 brought the Pinokathek an extraordinary collection of masterpieces of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Hugo von Tschudi was dismissed by Wilhelm II, German Emperor as a penalty for his exhibiting of Gauguin's The Birth of Christ in Berlin's National Gallery. He became the director of the Pinokathek. As general director of the State Collections, Tschudi acquired 44 paintings, nine sculptures, and 22 drawings, mostly from emerging French artists. Since public funds could not be used to purchase these works, Tschudi’s associates raised the money from private contributions after his death in 1911.The space dedicated to painters of the Modernity was fixed at ca. 1900 by including Henri Matisse and Expressionism. Consequentially a painting of Matisse, which was part of the \"Tschudi Contribution\" ,is now displayed in the Pinakothek der Moderne.In 1915, the Neue Pinakothek became the property of Bavaria. In 1938 the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler confiscated a self-portrait of Vincent van Gogh, classifying the paintings as degenerate art.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Renovations","text":"Since January 2019 the Neue Pinakothek has been closed for renovations.[3] Originally, it was planned for the building to remain closed at least until 2025.[4][5] The opening of the museum to visitors was delayed until 2029 in January 2022.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bavarian State Painting Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections"},{"link_name":"classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"art nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_nouveau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavo_desplumado_por_Goya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich August Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_August_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"Anton Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Graff"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"John Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Philemon Pownall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon_Pownall"},{"link_name":"David Wilkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(painter)"},{"link_name":"George Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Henry Raeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Raeburn"},{"link_name":"George Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Overbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Overbeck"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schadow"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Maria von Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Maria_von_Hess"},{"link_name":"Peter von Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Hess"},{"link_name":"Peter von Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_von_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"German Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Caspar David Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"The Garden Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazebo_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Schinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel"},{"link_name":"Carl Blechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Blechen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spitzweg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Spitzweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg"},{"link_name":"The Poor Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poor_Poet"},{"link_name":"Biedermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier#Architecture"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Winterhalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter"},{"link_name":"Carl Spitzweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg"},{"link_name":"The Poor Poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poor_Poet"},{"link_name":"Moritz von Schwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_von_Schwind"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Théodore Géricault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault"},{"link_name":"Gustave Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet"},{"link_name":"Honoré Daumier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier"},{"link_name":"Hans von Marées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Mar%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Arnold Böcklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin"},{"link_name":"Anselm Feuerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Feuerbach"},{"link_name":"Hans Thoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Thoma"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Kaulbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Kaulbach"},{"link_name":"Karl Theodor von Piloty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty"},{"link_name":"Franz von Defregger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Defregger"},{"link_name":"Hans Makart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Makart"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Leibl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Leibl"},{"link_name":"Franz von Lenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach"},{"link_name":"Adolph Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Max Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"Lovis Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovis_Corinth"},{"link_name":"August von Brandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Brandis"},{"link_name":"Max Slevogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Slevogt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_025.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Luncheon in the Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncheon_in_the_Studio"},{"link_name":"Monet Painting on His Studio Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet_Painting_in_his_Studio"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"The Birth - Te tamari no atua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_tamari_no_atua"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Paul Sérusier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Sunflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflowers_(paintings)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Segantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Segantini"},{"link_name":"Gustav Klimt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Klimt"},{"link_name":"Paul Signac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Signac"},{"link_name":"Maurice Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Denis"},{"link_name":"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Édouard Vuillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Hodler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hodler"},{"link_name":"Franz von Stuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck"},{"link_name":"The Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sin_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Edvard Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch"},{"link_name":"Walter Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane"},{"link_name":"Thomas Austen Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Austen_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Bonnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard"},{"link_name":"Egon Schiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Schiele"},{"link_name":"Bertel Thorvaldsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Schadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Schadow"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Max Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Klinger"},{"link_name":"Aristide Maillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Maillol"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"}],"text":"The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Painting Collections, which houses an expanded collection of more than 3.000 European paintings from classicism to art nouveau. About 400 paintings and 50 sculptures of these are exhibited in the New Pinakothek.Francisco de Goya, Plucked Turkey (1810).International paintings of the second half of the 18th century:Among others the gallery exhibits works of Francisco de Goya (Plucked Turkey) (Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor), Jacques-Louis David (Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy), Johann Friedrich August Tischbein (Nicolas Châtelain in the garden) and Anton Graff (Heinrich XIII, Graf Reuß).English and Scottish paintings of 18th and early 19th centuries:It has masterpieces of Thomas Gainsborough (portraits of Mrs. Thomas Hibbert and of Thomas Hibbert) (Landscape with Shepherd and Flock), William Hogarth (Richard Mounteney), John Constable (View of Dedham Vale from East Bergholt), Joshua Reynolds (Captain Philemon Pownall), David Wilkie (Reading the Will), Thomas Lawrence (The Two Sons of the 1st Earl of Talbot), George Romney (Catherine Clements), Richard Wilson (View of Syon House Across the Thames near Richmond Gardens), Henry Raeburn (Mrs. J. Campbell of Kilberry), George Stubbs (The pointer) and J. M. W. Turner (Ostende). The Pinakothek owns five works by Thomas Gainsborough, more than any other European museum outside the British Isles.German artists of Classicism in Romelike Friedrich Overbeck (Italia and Germania), Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow (The Holy Family beneath the Portico), Heinrich Maria von Hess (Marchesa Marianna Florenzi), Peter von Hess (The Entry of King Othon of Greece into Nauplia) and Peter von Cornelius (The three Marys at the Tomb).German Romanticismwith paintings of Caspar David Friedrich (The Garden Bower), Karl Friedrich Schinkel (Cathedral Towering over a Town), Carl Blechen (Building of the Devil's Bridge) and others.Carl Spitzweg The Poor Poet 1839Biedermeierrepresented by Franz Xaver Winterhalter (Graf Jenison-Walworth), Carl Spitzweg (The Poor Poet), Moritz von Schwind (A Symphony) and Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (Young Peasant Woman with Three Children at the Window).French Realism and French Romanticismwith Eugène Delacroix (Clorinda Rescues Olindo and Sophronia), Théodore Géricault (Artillery Train Passing a Ravine), Gustave Courbet (Landscape near Maizières), Jean-François Millet (Farmer Inserting a Graft on a Tree), Honoré Daumier (The Drama) and others.Deutschrömer (or German-Romans)such as Hans von Marées (Self-Portrait), Arnold Böcklin (Pan in the Reeds), Anselm Feuerbach (Medea) and Hans Thoma (Landscape in the Taunus).History paintingswith Wilhelm von Kaulbach ( King Ludwig I surrounded by artists), Karl Theodor von Piloty (Seni and Wallenstein), Franz von Defregger (Das letzte Aufgebot) and Hans Makart (Die Falknerin).German Realismlike Wilhelm Leibl (Portrait of Frau Gedon), Franz von Lenbach (Aresing Village Street) and Adolph Menzel (Living-Room with the Artist's Sister).German Impressionistsespecially Max Liebermann (Boys Bathing), Lovis Corinth (Eduard, Count von Keyserling), August von Brandis (Duchblick) and Max Slevogt (The Day's Work Done).Édouard Manet Luncheon in the Studio 1868.French ImpressionistsOne of the world's leading collections with masterpieces of Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Portrait of a Young Woman), Édouard Manet (Luncheon in the Studio) (Monet Painting on His Studio Boat), Claude Monet (The Bridge at Argenteuil), Paul Cézanne (The Railway Cutting), Paul Gauguin (The Birth - Te tamari no atua), Edgar Degas (Woman Ironing), Camille Pissarro (Street in Upper Norwood), Alfred Sisley (The Road to Hampton Court), Paul Sérusier (The Laundresses) and Vincent van Gogh (Sunflowers) (The Weaver).Symbolism and Art Nouveau and early 20th centuryrepresented among others by Giovanni Segantini (L'aratura), Gustav Klimt (Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein), Paul Signac (S.Maria della Salute), Maurice Denis (Gaulish Goddess of Herds and Flocks), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (Le jeune Routy à Céleyran), James Ensor (Still Life in the Studio), Édouard Vuillard (Café Scene), Ferdinand Hodler (Tired of Life), Franz von Stuck (The Sin), Edvard Munch (Woman in Red Dress (Street in Aasgaardstrand)), Walter Crane (Neptune's horses), Thomas Austen Brown (Mademoiselle Plume rouge), Pierre Bonnard (Lady at the Mirror) and Egon Schiele (Agony).SculpturesAlso sculptures of the 19th century are exhibited, for example works of Bertel Thorvaldsen (Adonis), Antonio Canova (Paris), Rudolph Schadow (Woman Tying Her Sandal), Auguste Rodin (Crouching Woman (La femme accroupie)), Max Klinger (Elsa Asenijeff), Aristide Maillol (La Flore), Pablo Picasso (Le Fou) and others.","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goya_-_Don_Jos%C3%A9_Queralt%C3%B3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David98.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gainsborough-Mrs._Thomas_Hibbert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olinde_et_Sophronia_(Delacroix)_Neue_Pinakothek_13165.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Clorinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorinda_(Jerusalem_Delivered)"},{"link_name":"Olindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olindo"},{"link_name":"Sophronia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophronia_(Jerusalem_Delivered)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Liebermann_Boys_Bathing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Max Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liebermann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Seine_%C3%A0_Argenteuil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_062.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Tranch%C3%A9e_du_chemin_de_fer,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_jeune_Routy_%C3%A0_C%C3%A9leyran.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edvard_Munch_-_Woman_in_Red_Dress_(1902-03).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edvard Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch"},{"link_name":"Åsgårdstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sg%C3%A5rdstrand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don_Quichotte_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honoré Daumier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier"},{"link_name":"Don Quichotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Sancho Pansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Panza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertel_Thorvaldsen_Kopf_eines_Kriegers_ca._1812-18-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bertel Thorvaldsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auguste_Rodin_Der_Mann_mit_der_zerbrochenen_Nase_1863-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"}],"text":"Other works in the collection of the Neue Pinakothek\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancisco de Goya —Don José Queraltó as a Spanish Army doctor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacques-Louis David —Anne-Marie-Louise Thélusson, Comtesse de Sorcy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Gainsborough —Mrs. Thomas Hibbert\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEugène Delacroix —Clorinda Rescues Olindo und Sophronia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMax Liebermann —Boys Bathing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClaude Monet —The Bridge at Argenteuil\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Gauguin —Te tamari no atua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Cézanne —The railway cutting\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToulouse-Lautrec —Le jeune Routy à Céleyran\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdvard Munch —Woman in Red Dress (Street in Åsgårdstrand)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHonoré Daumier —Don Quichotte and Sancho Pansa c. 1868\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBertel Thorvaldsen—Head of a warrior c. 1812\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuguste Rodin—Man with broken nose c. 1863","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Neue Pinakothek 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Munich_neue_pinakothek_1880.jpg/220px-Munich_neue_pinakothek_1880.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gauguin's The Birth of Christ (1896), which brought Hugo von Tschudi to Munich and became the foundation of the Pinakothek's modern art collection.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gauguin_-_Te_Tamari_no_Atua_%28Son_of_God%29.jpg/250px-Gauguin_-_Te_Tamari_no_Atua_%28Son_of_God%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francisco de Goya, Plucked Turkey (1810).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pavo_desplumado_por_Goya.jpg/220px-Pavo_desplumado_por_Goya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carl Spitzweg The Poor Poet 1839","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Spitzweg.jpg/220px-Spitzweg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Édouard Manet Luncheon in the Studio 1868.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edouard_Manet_025.jpg/220px-Edouard_Manet_025.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dan Karlholm (2006). Art of Illusion: The Representation of Art History in Nineteenth-century Germany and Beyond. Lang. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-03910-958-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-958-6","url_text":"978-3-03910-958-6"}]},{"reference":"Dan Karlholm (2006). Art of Illusion: The Representation of Art History in Nineteenth-century Germany and Beyond. Lang. p. 204. ISBN 978-3-03910-958-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-958-6","url_text":"978-3-03910-958-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Sanierung neue Pinakothek München\". sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de (in German). Staatliches Bauamt München. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211121203650/https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/","url_text":"\"Sanierung neue Pinakothek München\""},{"url":"https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Neue Pinakothek wegen Renovierung geschlossen | Ausstellungen in München\" (in German). 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023949/https://muenchen-ausstellungen.de/neue-pinakothek-geschlossen/","url_text":"\"Neue Pinakothek wegen Renovierung geschlossen | Ausstellungen in München\""},{"url":"https://muenchen-ausstellungen.de/neue-pinakothek-geschlossen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Neue Pinakothek während der Sanierung\". München Online (in German). Dreistern Verlag GmbH. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muenchen-online.de/ausstellungen-muenchen/die-neue-pinakothek-waehrend-der-sanierung/","url_text":"\"Die Neue Pinakothek während der Sanierung\""}]},{"reference":"Gerdom, Ilona (19 January 2022). \"München: 41 Bäume fallen für Sanierung der Neuen Pinakothek\". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung GmbH. Retrieved 6 April 2023. Während es anfangs noch geheißen hatte, dass es bis 2025 dauern könnte, korrigiert Thiel-Lintner: Der Plan sei, zum Jahreswechsel 2027/28 \"baulich fertig\" zu sein. Wiedereröffnen könnten die Räume 2029.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-neue-pinakothek-sanierung-baeume-1.5510272","url_text":"\"München: 41 Bäume fallen für Sanierung der Neuen Pinakothek\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ\". sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de (in German). Retrieved 6 April 2023. Wenn die Sanierung planmäßig durchgeführt werden kann, wird die Baumaßnahme nach derzeitigem Stand zum Jahreswechsel 2027 / 2028 baulich fertig gestellt. Im Anschluss folgt eine Einregulierungsphase der technischen Anlagen, sowie der Wiedereinzug der BStGS. Die Wiederöffnung der Neuen Pinakothek erfolgt voraussichtlich in der 2. Jahreshälfte 2029.","urls":[{"url":"https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/faq/","url_text":"\"FAQ\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neue_Pinakothek¶ms=48_8_59_N_11_34_16_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°8′59″N 11°34′16″E / 48.14972°N 11.57111°E / 48.14972; 11.57111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neue_Pinakothek¶ms=48_8_59_N_11_34_16_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°8′59″N 11°34′16″E / 48.14972°N 11.57111°E / 48.14972; 11.57111"},{"Link":"https://www.pinakothek.de/en/","external_links_name":"www.pinakothek.de/en/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211121203650/https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/","external_links_name":"\"Sanierung neue Pinakothek München\""},{"Link":"https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023949/https://muenchen-ausstellungen.de/neue-pinakothek-geschlossen/","external_links_name":"\"Neue Pinakothek wegen Renovierung geschlossen | Ausstellungen in München\""},{"Link":"https://muenchen-ausstellungen.de/neue-pinakothek-geschlossen/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.muenchen-online.de/ausstellungen-muenchen/die-neue-pinakothek-waehrend-der-sanierung/","external_links_name":"\"Die Neue Pinakothek während der Sanierung\""},{"Link":"https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-neue-pinakothek-sanierung-baeume-1.5510272","external_links_name":"\"München: 41 Bäume fallen für Sanierung der Neuen Pinakothek\""},{"Link":"https://sanierung-neue-pinakothek.de/faq/","external_links_name":"\"FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://www.pinakothek.de/en/","external_links_name":"Official website (in English)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160329121717/http://www.pinakothek.de/en/neue-pinakothek","external_links_name":"version"},{"Link":"http://www.pinakothek.de/neue-pinakothek","external_links_name":"website (in German)"},{"Link":"http://www.destination-munich.com/neue-pinakothek.html","external_links_name":"Article about the Neue Pinakothek"},{"Link":"http://dianepub.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/lionel-gossman-making-of-a-romantic-icon-the-religious-context-of-friedrich-overbeck%E2%80%99s-italia-und-germaniaamerican-philosophical-society-transaction-97-5-isbn-0871699753/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123248656","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/160813173","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90582400","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX121614","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119872373","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119872373","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608120506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/2020220-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265951705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50064521","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/20dgj0bl28gx3hj","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000200877&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2008447618&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36306268","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000320333&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607771805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/11429","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02550476?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500303326","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://w3id.org/isil/DE-MUS-098215","external_links_name":"ISIL"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1244459","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027327140","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croton_macrostachyus
|
Croton macrostachyus
|
["1 Description","2 Range and habitat","3 Ecology","4 Uses","5 References"]
|
Species of flowering plant
Croton macrostachyus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Genus:
Croton
Species:
C. macrostachyus
Binomial name
Croton macrostachyusHochst. ex Delile
Synonyms
Croton acuminatus R.Br.
Croton butaguensis De Wild.
Croton guerzesiensis Beille ex A.Chev.
Croton guerzesiensis Beille nom. illeg.
Croton macrostachyus var. mollissimus Chiov.
Oxydectes macrostachya (Hochst. ex Delile) Kuntze
Rottlera schimperi Hochst. & Steud.
Croton macrostachyus is a species of flowering plant native to the mountains of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Description
Croton macrostachyus is a deciduous tree. It generally grows 6 to 12 meters tall, and occasionally up to 30 meters. It has a spreading, rounded, and open crown, and a cylindrical bole which can grow up to 100 cm in diameter.
Range and habitat
Croton macrostachyus ranges across the mountains of Sub-Saharan Africa, including the Guinea Highlands of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire, the Cameroon Highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria, the highlands of central Angola, and the mountains of eastern Africa from the Ethiopian Highlands through the mountains of the Eastern Rift, Albertine Rift, and Southern Rift to Mount Tumbine in Mozambique and the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe.
It inhabits Afromontane evergreen forest, Brachystegia woodland, and wooded grassland. It is often found on rocky hillsides, in evergreen riverine and gully forests, in swamp forests, and on termitaria between 825 and 1,830 meters elevation, and occasionally up to 2,165 meters.
Ecology
Croton macrostachyus is a food plant for the butterfly Charaxes candiope and the moths Nudaurelia gueinzii and Stomphastis heringi.
Uses
Croton macrostachyus has a wide range of uses, including timber, agroforestry, medicine, and as an ornamental plant.
The plant is fast-growing and drought-tolerant, and is used in reforestation projects, for erosion control, and as a shade tree in coffee plantations. Its flowers are attractive to bees, and its leaves are used for mulch and green manure to improve soil. It is also used as a hedge or an ornamental and shade tree in gardens.
Its wood is cream-colored, moderately soft, of medium weight, and perishable. It is used for carpentry, boxes, crates, and tools, but more frequently for fuel and charcoal.
The plant is somewhat toxic, but most parts of the plant are used for a variety of medical treatments, particularly for ridding the body of parasites and toxins and treating skin conditions. Juice from crushed leaves is used as an anthelmintic, applied to wounds to hasten clotting, and used to treat sores, warts, ringworm, and itchy scalp. Root decoctions are also used as an anthelmintic and to treat malaria and venereal diseases. Root decoctions and the oil from seeds are used as a purgative or as an abortifacient.
References
^ a b Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Croton macrostachyus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T146216193A146216195. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146216193A146216195.en. Accessed 25 November 2022.
^ a b Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 25 November 2022.
^ a b c d e f Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. Accessed 25 November 2022. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Croton+macrostachyus>
^ HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants, The Natural History Museum. Accessed 26 November 2022.
^ Euphorbiaceae: Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex A. Rich. Afromoths, Belgian Biodiversity Platform. Accessed 25 November 2022.
Taxon identifiersCroton macrostachyus
Wikidata: Q3004668
Wikispecies: Croton macrostachyus
APDB: 107192
CoL: ZQHH
EoL: 1146945
GBIF: 3059413
GRIN: 12415
iNaturalist: 342744
IPNI: 342917-1
IRMNG: 11215479
ITIS: 1026827
IUCN: 146216193
NCBI: 1704622
Open Tree of Life: 3913383
Plant List: kew-50457
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:342917-1
Tropicos: 12805804
WFO: wfo-0000931591
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"}],"text":"Croton macrostachyus is a species of flowering plant native to the mountains of Sub-Saharan Africa.","title":"Croton macrostachyus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"}],"text":"Croton macrostachyus is a deciduous tree. It generally grows 6 to 12 meters tall, and occasionally up to 30 meters. It has a spreading, rounded, and open crown, and a cylindrical bole which can grow up to 100 cm in diameter.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Cameroon Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rift"},{"link_name":"Albertine Rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift"},{"link_name":"Mount Tumbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tumbine"},{"link_name":"Eastern Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-2"},{"link_name":"Afromontane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afromontane"},{"link_name":"Brachystegia woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miombo_woodland"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"termitaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termitaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"}],"text":"Croton macrostachyus ranges across the mountains of Sub-Saharan Africa, including the Guinea Highlands of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire, the Cameroon Highlands of Cameroon and Nigeria, the highlands of central Angola, and the mountains of eastern Africa from the Ethiopian Highlands through the mountains of the Eastern Rift, Albertine Rift, and Southern Rift to Mount Tumbine in Mozambique and the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe.[1][2]It inhabits Afromontane evergreen forest, Brachystegia woodland, and wooded grassland. It is often found on rocky hillsides, in evergreen riverine and gully forests, in swamp forests, and on termitaria between 825 and 1,830 meters elevation, and occasionally up to 2,165 meters.[3]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charaxes candiope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaxes_candiope"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nudaurelia gueinzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nudaurelia_gueinzii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stomphastis heringi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomphastis_heringi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Croton macrostachyus is a food plant for the butterfly Charaxes candiope[4] and the moths Nudaurelia gueinzii and Stomphastis heringi.[5]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"},{"link_name":"anthelmintic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic"},{"link_name":"ringworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworm"},{"link_name":"purgative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgative"},{"link_name":"abortifacient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortifacient"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-3"}],"text":"Croton macrostachyus has a wide range of uses, including timber, agroforestry, medicine, and as an ornamental plant.[3]The plant is fast-growing and drought-tolerant, and is used in reforestation projects, for erosion control, and as a shade tree in coffee plantations. Its flowers are attractive to bees, and its leaves are used for mulch and green manure to improve soil. It is also used as a hedge or an ornamental and shade tree in gardens.[3]Its wood is cream-colored, moderately soft, of medium weight, and perishable. It is used for carpentry, boxes, crates, and tools, but more frequently for fuel and charcoal.[3]The plant is somewhat toxic, but most parts of the plant are used for a variety of medical treatments, particularly for ridding the body of parasites and toxins and treating skin conditions. Juice from crushed leaves is used as an anthelmintic, applied to wounds to hasten clotting, and used to treat sores, warts, ringworm, and itchy scalp. Root decoctions are also used as an anthelmintic and to treat malaria and venereal diseases. Root decoctions and the oil from seeds are used as a purgative or as an abortifacient.[3]","title":"Uses"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146216193A146216195.en","external_links_name":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146216193A146216195.en"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:342917-1","external_links_name":"Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/","external_links_name":"HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants"},{"Link":"https://www.afromoths.net/plants_species/show/405","external_links_name":"Euphorbiaceae: Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex A. Rich."},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/107192","external_links_name":"107192"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/ZQHH","external_links_name":"ZQHH"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1146945","external_links_name":"1146945"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3059413","external_links_name":"3059413"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=12415","external_links_name":"12415"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/342744","external_links_name":"342744"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/342917-1","external_links_name":"342917-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11215479","external_links_name":"11215479"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1026827","external_links_name":"1026827"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/146216193","external_links_name":"146216193"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1704622","external_links_name":"1704622"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3913383","external_links_name":"3913383"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-50457","external_links_name":"kew-50457"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A342917-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:342917-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/12805804","external_links_name":"12805804"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000931591","external_links_name":"wfo-0000931591"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser_graph
|
Kneser graph
|
["1 Examples","2 Properties","2.1 Basic properties","2.2 Chromatic number","2.3 Hamiltonian cycles","2.4 Cliques","2.5 Diameter","2.6 Spectrum","2.7 Independence number","3 Related graphs","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Works cited","5 External links"]
|
Graph whose vertices correspond to combinations of a set of n elements
For the Kneser neighborhood graph of unimodular lattices, see Niemeier lattice.
Kneser graphThe Kneser graph K(5, 2), isomorphic to the Petersen graphNamed afterMartin KneserVertices
(
n
k
)
{\displaystyle {\binom {n}{k}}}
Edges
1
2
(
n
k
)
(
n
−
k
k
)
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\binom {n}{k}}{\binom {n-k}{k}}}
Chromatic number
{
n
−
2
k
+
2
n
≥
2
k
1
n
<
2
k
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}n-2k+2&n\geq 2k\\1&n<2k\end{cases}}}
Properties
(
n
−
k
k
)
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n-k}{k}}}
-regulararc-transitiveNotationK(n, k), KGn,k.Table of graphs and parameters
In graph theory, the Kneser graph K(n, k) (alternatively KGn,k) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the k-element subsets of a set of n elements, and where two vertices are adjacent if and only if the two corresponding sets are disjoint. Kneser graphs are named after Martin Kneser, who first investigated them in 1956.
Examples
Kneser graph O4 = K(7, 3)
The Kneser graph K(n, 1) is the complete graph on n vertices.
The Kneser graph K(n, 2) is the complement of the line graph of the complete graph on n vertices.
The Kneser graph K(2n − 1, n − 1) is the odd graph On; in particular O3 = K(5, 2) is the Petersen graph (see top right figure).
The Kneser graph O4 = K(7, 3), visualized on the right.
Properties
Basic properties
The Kneser graph
K
(
n
,
k
)
{\displaystyle K(n,k)}
has
(
n
k
)
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}
vertices. Each vertex has exactly
(
n
−
k
k
)
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n-k}{k}}}
neighbors.
The Kneser graph is vertex transitive and arc transitive. When
k
=
2
{\displaystyle k=2}
, the Kneser graph is a strongly regular graph, with parameters
(
(
n
2
)
,
(
n
−
2
2
)
,
(
n
−
4
2
)
,
(
n
−
3
2
)
)
{\displaystyle ({\tbinom {n}{2}},{\tbinom {n-2}{2}},{\tbinom {n-4}{2}},{\tbinom {n-3}{2}})}
. However, it is not strongly regular when
k
>
2
{\displaystyle k>2}
, as different pairs of nonadjacent vertices have different numbers of common neighbors depending on the size of the intersection of the corresponding pairs of sets.
Because Kneser graphs are regular and edge-transitive, their vertex connectivity equals their degree, except for
K
(
2
k
,
k
)
{\displaystyle K(2k,k)}
which is disconnected. More precisely, the connectivity of
K
(
n
,
k
)
{\displaystyle K(n,k)}
is
(
n
−
k
k
)
,
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n-k}{k}},}
the same as the number of neighbors per vertex.
Chromatic number
As Kneser (1956) conjectured, the chromatic number of the Kneser graph
K
(
n
,
k
)
{\displaystyle K(n,k)}
for
n
≥
2
k
{\displaystyle n\geq 2k}
is exactly n − 2k + 2; for instance, the Petersen graph requires three colors in any proper coloring. This conjecture was proved in several ways.
László Lovász proved this in 1978 using topological methods, giving rise to the field of topological combinatorics.
Soon thereafter Imre Bárány gave a simple proof, using the Borsuk–Ulam theorem and a lemma of David Gale.
Joshua E. Greene won the 2002 Morgan Prize for outstanding undergraduate research for his further simplified but still topological proof.
In 2004, Jiří Matoušek found a purely combinatorial proof.
In contrast, the fractional chromatic number of these graphs is
n
/
k
{\displaystyle n/k}
.
When
n
<
2
k
{\displaystyle n<2k}
,
K
(
n
,
k
)
{\displaystyle K(n,k)}
has no edges and its chromatic number is 1.
Hamiltonian cycles
It is well-known that the Petersen graph is not Hamiltonian, but it was long conjectured that this was the sole exception and that every other connected Kneser graph K(n, k) is Hamiltonian.
In 2003, Chen showed that the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if
n
≥
1
2
(
3
k
+
1
+
5
k
2
−
2
k
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle n\geq {\frac {1}{2}}\left(3k+1+{\sqrt {5k^{2}-2k+1}}\right).}
Since
1
2
(
3
k
+
1
+
5
k
2
−
2
k
+
1
)
<
(
3
+
5
2
)
k
+
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left(3k+1+{\sqrt {5k^{2}-2k+1}}\right)<\left({\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)k+1}
holds for all
k
{\displaystyle k}
this condition is satisfied if
n
≥
(
3
+
5
2
)
k
+
1
≈
2.62
k
+
1.
{\displaystyle n\geq \left({\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)k+1\approx 2.62k+1.}
Around the same time, Shields showed (computationally) that, except the Petersen graph, all connected Kneser graphs K(n, k) with n ≤ 27 are Hamiltonian.
In 2021, Mütze, Nummenpalo, and Walczak proved that the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if there exists a non-negative integer
a
{\displaystyle a}
such that
n
=
2
k
+
2
a
{\displaystyle n=2k+2^{a}}
. In particular, the odd graph On has a Hamiltonian cycle if n ≥ 4. Finally, in 2023, Merino, Mütze and Namrata completed the proof of the conjecture.
Cliques
When n < 3k, the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains no triangles. More generally, when n < ck it does not contain cliques of size c, whereas it does contain such cliques when n ≥ ck. Moreover, although the Kneser graph always contains cycles of length four whenever n ≥ 2k + 2, for values of n close to 2k the shortest odd cycle may have variable length.
Diameter
The diameter of a connected Kneser graph K(n, k) is
⌈
k
−
1
n
−
2
k
⌉
+
1.
{\displaystyle \left\lceil {\frac {k-1}{n-2k}}\right\rceil +1.}
Spectrum
The spectrum of the Kneser graph K(n, k) consists of k + 1 distinct eigenvalues:
λ
j
=
(
−
1
)
j
(
n
−
k
−
j
k
−
j
)
,
j
=
0
,
…
,
k
.
{\displaystyle \lambda _{j}=(-1)^{j}{\binom {n-k-j}{k-j}},\qquad j=0,\ldots ,k.}
Moreover
λ
j
{\displaystyle \lambda _{j}}
occurs with multiplicity
(
n
j
)
−
(
n
j
−
1
)
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{j}}-{\tbinom {n}{j-1}}}
for
j
>
0
{\displaystyle j>0}
and
λ
0
{\displaystyle \lambda _{0}}
has multiplicity 1.
Independence number
The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that the independence number of the Kneser graph K(n, k) for
n
≥
2
k
{\displaystyle n\geq 2k}
is
α
(
K
(
n
,
k
)
)
=
(
n
−
1
k
−
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \alpha (K(n,k))={\binom {n-1}{k-1}}.}
Related graphs
The Johnson graph J(n, k) is the graph whose vertices are the k-element subsets of an n-element set, two vertices being adjacent when they meet in a (k − 1)-element set. The Johnson graph J(n, 2) is the complement of the Kneser graph K(n, 2). Johnson graphs are closely related to the Johnson scheme, both of which are named after Selmer M. Johnson.
The generalized Kneser graph K(n, k, s) has the same vertex set as the Kneser graph K(n, k), but connects two vertices whenever they correspond to sets that intersect in s or fewer items. Thus K(n, k, 0) = K(n, k).
The bipartite Kneser graph H(n, k) has as vertices the sets of k and n − k items drawn from a collection of n elements. Two vertices are connected by an edge whenever one set is a subset of the other. Like the Kneser graph it is vertex transitive with degree
(
n
−
k
k
)
.
{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n-k}{k}}.}
The bipartite Kneser graph can be formed as a bipartite double cover of K(n, k) in which one makes two copies of each vertex and replaces each edge by a pair of edges connecting corresponding pairs of vertices. The bipartite Kneser graph H(5, 2) is the Desargues graph and the bipartite Kneser graph H(n, 1) is a crown graph.
References
Notes
^ Watkins (1970).
^ Lovász (1978).
^ Bárány (1978).
^ Greene (2002).
^ Matoušek (2004).
^ Godsil & Meagher (2015).
^ Chen (2003).
^ Shields (2004).
^ Mütze, Nummenpalo & Walczak (2021).
^ Merino, Mütze & Namrata (2023).
^ a b Denley (1997).
^ Valencia-Pabon & Vera (2005).
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.math.caltech.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Simpson (1991).
Works cited
Bárány, Imre (1978), "A short proof of Kneser's conjecture", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 25 (3): 325–326, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90023-7, MR 0514626
Chen, Ya-Chen (2003), "Triangle-free Hamiltonian Kneser graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 89 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1016/S0095-8956(03)00040-6, MR 1999733
Denley, Tristan (1997), "The odd girth of the generalised Kneser graph", European Journal of Combinatorics, 18 (6): 607–611, doi:10.1006/eujc.1996.0122, MR 1468332
Godsil, Christopher; Meagher, Karen (2015), Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorems: Algebraic Approaches, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, p. 43, ISBN 9781107128446
Greene, Joshua E. (2002), "A new short proof of Kneser's conjecture", American Mathematical Monthly, 109 (10): 918–920, doi:10.2307/3072460, JSTOR 3072460, MR 1941810
Kneser, Martin (1956), "Aufgabe 360", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 58 (2): 27
Lovász, László (1978), "Kneser's conjecture, chromatic number, and homotopy", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 25 (3): 319–324, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90022-5, hdl:10338.dmlcz/126050, MR 0514625
Matoušek, Jiří (2004), "A combinatorial proof of Kneser's conjecture", Combinatorica, 24 (1): 163–170, doi:10.1007/s00493-004-0011-1, hdl:20.500.11850/50671, MR 2057690, S2CID 42583803
Mütze, Torsten; Nummenpalo, Jerri; Walczak, Bartosz (2021) , "Sparse Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 103 (4), New York: 912–919, arXiv:1711.01636, doi:10.1112/jlms.12406, MR 3826304
Merino, Arturo; Mütze, Torsten; Namrata (2023), "Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian", Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 963–970, arXiv:2212.03918, doi:10.1145/3564246.3585137, ISBN 978-1-4503-9913-5
Shields, Ian Beaumont (2004), Hamilton Cycle Heuristics in Hard Graphs, Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University, archived from the original on 2006-09-17, retrieved 2006-10-01
Simpson, J. E. (1991), "Hamiltonian bipartite graphs", Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory, and Computing (Baton Rouge, LA, 1991), Congressus Numerantium, vol. 85, pp. 97–110, MR 1152123
Valencia-Pabon, Mario; Vera, Juan-Carlos (2005), "On the diameter of Kneser graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 305 (1–3): 383–385, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2005.10.001, MR 2186709
Watkins, Mark E. (1970), "Connectivity of transitive graphs", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, 8: 23–29, doi:10.1016/S0021-9800(70)80005-9, MR 0266804
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Kneser Graph". MathWorld.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Odd Graph". MathWorld.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niemeier lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemeier_lattice"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"k-element subsets of a set of n elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination"},{"link_name":"sets are disjoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_sets"},{"link_name":"Martin Kneser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kneser"}],"text":"For the Kneser neighborhood graph of unimodular lattices, see Niemeier lattice.In graph theory, the Kneser graph K(n, k) (alternatively KGn,k) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the k-element subsets of a set of n elements, and where two vertices are adjacent if and only if the two corresponding sets are disjoint. Kneser graphs are named after Martin Kneser, who first investigated them in 1956.","title":"Kneser graph"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kneser_graph_KG(7,3).jpg"},{"link_name":"complete graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_graph"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_graph"},{"link_name":"line graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_graph"},{"link_name":"odd graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_graph"},{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"}],"text":"Kneser graph O4 = K(7, 3)The Kneser graph K(n, 1) is the complete graph on n vertices.The Kneser graph K(n, 2) is the complement of the line graph of the complete graph on n vertices.The Kneser graph K(2n − 1, n − 1) is the odd graph On; in particular O3 = K(5, 2) is the Petersen graph (see top right figure).The Kneser graph O4 = K(7, 3), visualized on the right.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertex transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"arc transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_graph"},{"link_name":"strongly regular graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_regular_graph"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_graph"},{"link_name":"edge-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"vertex connectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1970-1"}],"sub_title":"Basic properties","text":"The Kneser graph \n \n \n \n K\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(n,k)}\n \n has \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n}{k}}}\n \n vertices. Each vertex has exactly \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n k\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n-k}{k}}}\n \n neighbors.The Kneser graph is vertex transitive and arc transitive. When \n \n \n \n k\n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=2}\n \n, the Kneser graph is a strongly regular graph, with parameters \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 4\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\tbinom {n}{2}},{\\tbinom {n-2}{2}},{\\tbinom {n-4}{2}},{\\tbinom {n-3}{2}})}\n \n. However, it is not strongly regular when \n \n \n \n k\n >\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k>2}\n \n, as different pairs of nonadjacent vertices have different numbers of common neighbors depending on the size of the intersection of the corresponding pairs of sets.Because Kneser graphs are regular and edge-transitive, their vertex connectivity equals their degree, except for \n \n \n \n K\n (\n 2\n k\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(2k,k)}\n \n which is disconnected. More precisely, the connectivity of \n \n \n \n K\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(n,k)}\n \n is \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n k\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n-k}{k}},}\n \n the same as the number of neighbors per vertex.[1]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKneser1956"},{"link_name":"chromatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_number"},{"link_name":"László Lovász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELov%C3%A1sz1978-2"},{"link_name":"topological combinatorics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_combinatorics"},{"link_name":"Imre Bárány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Borsuk–Ulam theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsuk%E2%80%93Ulam_theorem"},{"link_name":"David Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny1978-3"},{"link_name":"Morgan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2002-4"},{"link_name":"Jiří Matoušek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Matou%C5%A1ek_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"combinatorial proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_proof"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatou%C5%A1ek2004-5"},{"link_name":"fractional chromatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_chromatic_number"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodsilMeagher2015-6"}],"sub_title":"Chromatic number","text":"As Kneser (1956) conjectured, the chromatic number of the Kneser graph \n \n \n \n K\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(n,k)}\n \n for \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 2\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 2k}\n \n is exactly n − 2k + 2; for instance, the Petersen graph requires three colors in any proper coloring. This conjecture was proved in several ways.László Lovász proved this in 1978 using topological methods,[2] giving rise to the field of topological combinatorics.\nSoon thereafter Imre Bárány gave a simple proof, using the Borsuk–Ulam theorem and a lemma of David Gale.[3]\nJoshua E. Greene won the 2002 Morgan Prize for outstanding undergraduate research for his further simplified but still topological proof.[4]\nIn 2004, Jiří Matoušek found a purely combinatorial proof.[5]In contrast, the fractional chromatic number of these graphs is \n \n \n \n n\n \n /\n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n/k}\n \n.[6]\nWhen \n \n \n \n n\n <\n 2\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n<2k}\n \n, \n \n \n \n K\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K(n,k)}\n \n has no edges and its chromatic number is 1.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_graph"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_cycle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2003-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2004-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCtzeNummenpaloWalczak2021-9"},{"link_name":"odd graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_graph"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerinoM%C3%BCtzeNamrata2023-10"}],"sub_title":"Hamiltonian cycles","text":"It is well-known that the Petersen graph is not Hamiltonian, but it was long conjectured that this was the sole exception and that every other connected Kneser graph K(n, k) is Hamiltonian.In 2003, Chen showed that the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if[7]n\n ≥\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n 3\n k\n +\n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(3k+1+{\\sqrt {5k^{2}-2k+1}}\\right).}\n \n Since\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n 3\n k\n +\n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n <\n \n (\n \n \n \n 3\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(3k+1+{\\sqrt {5k^{2}-2k+1}}\\right)<\\left({\\frac {3+{\\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\\right)k+1}\n \n holds for all \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n this condition is satisfied if\n\n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n \n (\n \n \n \n 3\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n k\n +\n 1\n ≈\n 2.62\n k\n +\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq \\left({\\frac {3+{\\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\\right)k+1\\approx 2.62k+1.}Around the same time, Shields showed (computationally) that, except the Petersen graph, all connected Kneser graphs K(n, k) with n ≤ 27 are Hamiltonian.[8]In 2021, Mütze, Nummenpalo, and Walczak proved that the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains a Hamiltonian cycle if there exists a non-negative integer \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 2\n k\n +\n \n 2\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=2k+2^{a}}\n \n.[9] In particular, the odd graph On has a Hamiltonian cycle if n ≥ 4. Finally, in 2023, Merino, Mütze and Namrata completed the proof of the conjecture.[10]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenley1997-11"}],"sub_title":"Cliques","text":"When n < 3k, the Kneser graph K(n, k) contains no triangles. More generally, when n < ck it does not contain cliques of size c, whereas it does contain such cliques when n ≥ ck. Moreover, although the Kneser graph always contains cycles of length four whenever n ≥ 2k + 2, for values of n close to 2k the shortest odd cycle may have variable length.[11]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValencia-PabonVera2005-12"}],"sub_title":"Diameter","text":"The diameter of a connected Kneser graph K(n, k) is[12]⌈\n \n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n k\n \n \n \n ⌉\n \n +\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\lceil {\\frac {k-1}{n-2k}}\\right\\rceil +1.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_spectrum"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Spectrum","text":"The spectrum of the Kneser graph K(n, k) consists of k + 1 distinct eigenvalues:λ\n \n j\n \n \n =\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n k\n −\n j\n \n \n k\n −\n j\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n j\n =\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n k\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{j}=(-1)^{j}{\\binom {n-k-j}{k-j}},\\qquad j=0,\\ldots ,k.}λ\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{j}}multiplicity(\n \n \n n\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n}{j}}-{\\tbinom {n}{j-1}}}j\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j>0}λ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{0}}[13]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Ko%E2%80%93Rado_theorem"},{"link_name":"independence number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_number"}],"sub_title":"Independence number","text":"The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem states that the independence number of the Kneser graph K(n, k) for \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 2\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 2k}\n \n isα\n (\n K\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha (K(n,k))={\\binom {n-1}{k-1}}.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_graph"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_graph"},{"link_name":"Johnson scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_scheme"},{"link_name":"Selmer M. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selmer_M._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenley1997-11"},{"link_name":"bipartite double cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_double_cover"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1991-14"},{"link_name":"Desargues graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desargues_graph"},{"link_name":"crown graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_graph"}],"text":"The Johnson graph J(n, k) is the graph whose vertices are the k-element subsets of an n-element set, two vertices being adjacent when they meet in a (k − 1)-element set. The Johnson graph J(n, 2) is the complement of the Kneser graph K(n, 2). Johnson graphs are closely related to the Johnson scheme, both of which are named after Selmer M. Johnson.The generalized Kneser graph K(n, k, s) has the same vertex set as the Kneser graph K(n, k), but connects two vertices whenever they correspond to sets that intersect in s or fewer items.[11] Thus K(n, k, 0) = K(n, k).The bipartite Kneser graph H(n, k) has as vertices the sets of k and n − k items drawn from a collection of n elements. Two vertices are connected by an edge whenever one set is a subset of the other. Like the Kneser graph it is vertex transitive with degree \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n k\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {n-k}{k}}.}\n \n The bipartite Kneser graph can be formed as a bipartite double cover of K(n, k) in which one makes two copies of each vertex and replaces each edge by a pair of edges connecting corresponding pairs of vertices.[14] The bipartite Kneser graph H(5, 2) is the Desargues graph and the bipartite Kneser graph H(n, 1) is a crown graph.","title":"Related graphs"}]
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[{"image_text":"Kneser graph O4 = K(7, 3)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kneser_graph_KG%287%2C3%29.jpg/220px-Kneser_graph_KG%287%2C3%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). www.math.caltech.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323231232/http://www.math.caltech.edu/~2011-12/2term/ma192b/kneser-evals.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.math.caltech.edu/~2011-12/2term/ma192b/kneser-evals.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bárány, Imre (1978), \"A short proof of Kneser's conjecture\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 25 (3): 325–326, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90023-7, MR 0514626","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny","url_text":"Bárány, Imre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0097-3165%2878%2990023-7","url_text":"10.1016/0097-3165(78)90023-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0514626","url_text":"0514626"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Ya-Chen (2003), \"Triangle-free Hamiltonian Kneser graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 89 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1016/S0095-8956(03)00040-6, MR 1999733","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0095-8956%2803%2900040-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0095-8956(03)00040-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1999733","url_text":"1999733"}]},{"reference":"Denley, Tristan (1997), \"The odd girth of the generalised Kneser graph\", European Journal of Combinatorics, 18 (6): 607–611, doi:10.1006/eujc.1996.0122, MR 1468332","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Combinatorics","url_text":"European Journal of Combinatorics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Feujc.1996.0122","url_text":"10.1006/eujc.1996.0122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1468332","url_text":"1468332"}]},{"reference":"Godsil, Christopher; Meagher, Karen (2015), Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorems: Algebraic Approaches, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, p. 43, ISBN 9781107128446","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Godsil","url_text":"Godsil, Christopher"},{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/ht/academic/subjects/mathematics/discrete-mathematics-information-theory-and-coding/erdoskorado-theorems-algebraic-approaches","url_text":"Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorems: Algebraic Approaches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107128446","url_text":"9781107128446"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Joshua E. (2002), \"A new short proof of Kneser's conjecture\", American Mathematical Monthly, 109 (10): 918–920, doi:10.2307/3072460, JSTOR 3072460, MR 1941810","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3072460","url_text":"10.2307/3072460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3072460","url_text":"3072460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1941810","url_text":"1941810"}]},{"reference":"Kneser, Martin (1956), \"Aufgabe 360\", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 58 (2): 27","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kneser","url_text":"Kneser, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahresbericht_der_Deutschen_Mathematiker-Vereinigung","url_text":"Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung"}]},{"reference":"Lovász, László (1978), \"Kneser's conjecture, chromatic number, and homotopy\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 25 (3): 319–324, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90022-5, hdl:10338.dmlcz/126050, MR 0514625","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz","url_text":"Lovász, László"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0097-3165%2878%2990022-5","url_text":"10.1016/0097-3165(78)90022-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10338.dmlcz%2F126050","url_text":"10338.dmlcz/126050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0514625","url_text":"0514625"}]},{"reference":"Matoušek, Jiří (2004), \"A combinatorial proof of Kneser's conjecture\", Combinatorica, 24 (1): 163–170, doi:10.1007/s00493-004-0011-1, hdl:20.500.11850/50671, MR 2057690, S2CID 42583803","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Matou%C5%A1ek_(mathematician)","url_text":"Matoušek, Jiří"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorica","url_text":"Combinatorica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00493-004-0011-1","url_text":"10.1007/s00493-004-0011-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F50671","url_text":"20.500.11850/50671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2057690","url_text":"2057690"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42583803","url_text":"42583803"}]},{"reference":"Mütze, Torsten; Nummenpalo, Jerri; Walczak, Bartosz (2021) [STOC 2018], \"Sparse Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian\", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 103 (4), New York: 912–919, arXiv:1711.01636, doi:10.1112/jlms.12406, MR 3826304","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01636","url_text":"1711.01636"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms.12406","url_text":"10.1112/jlms.12406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3826304","url_text":"3826304"}]},{"reference":"Merino, Arturo; Mütze, Torsten; Namrata (2023), \"Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian\", Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 963–970, arXiv:2212.03918, doi:10.1145/3564246.3585137, ISBN 978-1-4503-9913-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.03918","url_text":"2212.03918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3564246.3585137","url_text":"10.1145/3564246.3585137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-9913-5","url_text":"978-1-4503-9913-5"}]},{"reference":"Shields, Ian Beaumont (2004), Hamilton Cycle Heuristics in Hard Graphs, Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University, archived from the original on 2006-09-17, retrieved 2006-10-01","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060917132442/http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03142004-013420/","url_text":"Hamilton Cycle Heuristics in Hard Graphs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University","url_text":"North Carolina State University"},{"url":"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03142004-013420/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, J. E. (1991), \"Hamiltonian bipartite graphs\", Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory, and Computing (Baton Rouge, LA, 1991), Congressus Numerantium, vol. 85, pp. 97–110, MR 1152123","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congressus_Numerantium&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Congressus Numerantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1152123","url_text":"1152123"}]},{"reference":"Valencia-Pabon, Mario; Vera, Juan-Carlos (2005), \"On the diameter of Kneser graphs\", Discrete Mathematics, 305 (1–3): 383–385, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2005.10.001, MR 2186709","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Mathematics_(journal)","url_text":"Discrete Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disc.2005.10.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.disc.2005.10.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2186709","url_text":"2186709"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Mark E. (1970), \"Connectivity of transitive graphs\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, 8: 23–29, doi:10.1016/S0021-9800(70)80005-9, MR 0266804","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Combinatorial_Theory","url_text":"Journal of Combinatorial Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9800%2870%2980005-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9800(70)80005-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0266804","url_text":"0266804"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Kneser Graph\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KneserGraph.html","url_text":"\"Kneser Graph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Odd Graph\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/OddGraph.html","url_text":"\"Odd Graph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Defense_Trade_Controls
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Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
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["1 External links"]
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The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs' Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) is the organization within the U.S. Department of State responsible for enforcing the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). In accordance with 22. U.S.C. 2778-2780 of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), DDTC is charged with controlling the export and temporary import of defense articles and defense services covered by the United States Munitions List (USML). DDTC ensures that U.S. defense trade supports the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States, seeking to deny adversaries of the United States access to U.S. defense technology while ensuring interoperability among allies and coalition forces.
DDTC consists of the Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy (DTCP), the Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing (DTCL), and the Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance (DTCC).
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
This United States government–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"DDTC consists of the Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy (DTCP), the Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing (DTCL), and the Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance (DTCC).","title":"Directorate of Defense Trade Controls"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.pmddtc.state.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446600431","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148144848","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008161161","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Defense_Trade_Controls&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Doris_Miller_(CVN-81)
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USS Doris Miller
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["1 Naming","2 Construction","3 See also","4 References"]
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Planned Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
For the previous ship named after Doris Miller, see USS Miller (FF-1091).
History
United States
NameDoris Miller
NamesakeDoris Miller
BuilderNewport News Shipbuilding
Laid downJanuary 2026 (planned)
LaunchedOctober 2029 (planned)
Sponsored by
Charlene Austin
Taya Miller
Commissioned2032 (planned)
IdentificationCVN-81
StatusUnder Construction
General characteristics
Class and typeGerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
DisplacementAbout 100,000 long tons (100,000 tonnes) (full load)
Length1,106 ft (337 m)
Beam134 ft (41 m)
Draft39 ft (12 m)
Installed powerTwo A1B nuclear reactors
PropulsionFour shafts
SpeedIn excess of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
RangeUnlimited distance; 20–25 years
Complement4,660
Armament
Surface-to-air missiles
Close-in weapons systems
Aircraft carriedMore than 80, approx. up to 90 combat aircraft
Aviation facilities1,092 ft × 256 ft (333 m × 78 m) flight deck
USS Doris Miller crest designed by the USS Nevada Remembrance Project
USS Doris Miller (CVN-81) will be the fourth Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. Doris Miller is scheduled to be laid down January 2026, launched October 2029 and commissioned in 2032. She will be built at Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) in Newport News, Virginia.
Naming
The ship, named for Messman Second Class Doris Miller, is the first aircraft carrier named for both an enlisted sailor and an African American. The ship will be the second to honor Miller, who received the Navy Cross for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor; the first ship was USS Miller (FF-1091).
Construction
On 25 August 2021, with six members of Doris Miller's family in attendance, the Navy conducted the First Cut of Steel ceremony at Newport News Shipbuilding, signaling the formal start of construction for the fourth Ford-class aircraft carrier.
See also
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
References
^ a b Malone, Capt. Phillip (May 6, 2019). "Sea Air Space Exposition: John F. Kennedy (CVN 79) Enterprise (CVN 80) & Unnamed (CVN 81) – Two Ship Buy" (PDF). navsea.navy.mil. Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
^ "Report to Congress on Gerald R. Ford Carrier Program". USNI. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "SECNAV Names Future Replenishment Oiler Ship Thurgood Marshall and Sponsors for USS Doris Miller" (Press release). United States Navy. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ a b "Navy Awards 2-Carrier Contract to Newport News Shipbuilding". USNI. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^ "Aircraft Carriers - CVN". Fact File. United States Navy. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
^ "Navy Names Future Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller During MLK, Jr. Day Ceremony". U.S. Navy. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020.
^ LaGrone, Sam (18 January 2020). "Next Ford-class Carrier to be Named After Pearl Harbor Hero Doris Miller". U.S. Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ Price, Jay (29 September 2020). "A Military 1st: A Supercarrier Is Named After An African American Sailor". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ "Doris Miller: US Navy aircraft carrier to honor black sailor". BBC. 19 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "HII Celebrates First Steel Cut for Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller (CVN 81)". Naval News. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021.
vteGerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers
Gerald R. Ford
John F. Kennedy
Enterprise
Doris Miller
CVN-82
Preceded by: Nimitz class
Followed by: None
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
vteNuclear-powered surface shipsUnited StatesAircraft carriers
Enterprise (1961)
Nimitz
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Carl Vinson
Theodore Roosevelt
Abraham Lincoln
George Washington
John C. Stennis
Harry S. Truman
Ronald Reagan
George H.W. Bush
Gerald R. Ford
John F. Kennedy
Enterprise (2028)
Doris Miller
Cruisers
Long Beach
Bainbridge
Truxtun
California
South Carolina
Virginia
Texas
Mississippi
Arkansas
Merchant ships
Savannah
RussiaCruisers
Kirov
Admiral Lazarev
Admiral Nakhimov
Pyotr Velikiy
C3 vessels
Ural (1983)
Merchant ships
Sevmorput
Icebreakers
Lenin
Arktika (1975)
Sibir (1977)
Rossiya (1983)
Yamal
Taymyr
Vaygach
Sovetskiy Soyuz
50 Let Pobedy
Arktika (2016)
Sibir (2017)
Ural
Yakutiya
Chukotka
Leningrad
FranceAircraft carriers
Charles de Gaulle
GermanyMerchant ships
Otto Hahn
JapanMerchant ships
Mutsu
This article about a specific ship or boat of the United States Armed Forces is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"USS Doris Miller crest designed by the USS Nevada Remembrance Project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/USS_Doris_Miller.jpg/220px-USS_Doris_Miller.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy"}]
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[{"reference":"Malone, Capt. Phillip (May 6, 2019). \"Sea Air Space Exposition: John F. Kennedy (CVN 79) Enterprise (CVN 80) & Unnamed (CVN 81) – Two Ship Buy\" (PDF). navsea.navy.mil. Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/Exhibits/SAS2019/Capt%20Malone-SAS-05062019.pdf?ver=2019-05-06-200404-223","url_text":"\"Sea Air Space Exposition: John F. Kennedy (CVN 79) Enterprise (CVN 80) & Unnamed (CVN 81) – Two Ship Buy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230520200311/https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/Exhibits/SAS2019/Capt%20Malone-SAS-05062019.pdf?ver=2019-05-06-200404-223","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Report to Congress on Gerald R. Ford Carrier Program\". USNI. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2021/02/25/report-to-congress-on-gerald-r-ford-carrier-program-5","url_text":"\"Report to Congress on Gerald R. Ford Carrier Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"SECNAV Names Future Replenishment Oiler Ship Thurgood Marshall and Sponsors for USS Doris Miller\" (Press release). United States Navy. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/Press-Releases/display-pressreleases/Article/2946560/secnav-names-future-replenishment-oiler-ship-thurgood-marshall-and-sponsors-for/","url_text":"\"SECNAV Names Future Replenishment Oiler Ship Thurgood Marshall and Sponsors for USS Doris Miller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Awards 2-Carrier Contract to Newport News Shipbuilding\". USNI. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2019/01/31/navy-awards-2-carrier-contract-newport-news-shipbuilding","url_text":"\"Navy Awards 2-Carrier Contract to Newport News Shipbuilding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aircraft Carriers - CVN\". Fact File. United States Navy. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2169795/aircraft-carriers-cvn/","url_text":"\"Aircraft Carriers - CVN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy","url_text":"United States Navy"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Names Future Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller During MLK, Jr. Day Ceremony\". U.S. Navy. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200121063214/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=111885","url_text":"\"Navy Names Future Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller During MLK, Jr. Day Ceremony\""},{"url":"https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=111885","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LaGrone, Sam (18 January 2020). \"Next Ford-class Carrier to be Named After Pearl Harbor Hero Doris Miller\". U.S. Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2020/01/18/next-ford-class-carrier-to-be-named-after-pearl-harbor-hero-doris-miller","url_text":"\"Next Ford-class Carrier to be Named After Pearl Harbor Hero Doris Miller\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200118175408/https://news.usni.org/2020/01/18/next-ford-class-carrier-to-be-named-after-pearl-harbor-hero-doris-miller","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Price, Jay (29 September 2020). \"A Military 1st: A Supercarrier Is Named After An African American Sailor\". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917816651/a-military-first-a-supercarrier-is-named-after-an-african-american-sailor","url_text":"\"A Military 1st: A Supercarrier Is Named After An African American Sailor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929122109/https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917816651/a-military-first-a-supercarrier-is-named-after-an-african-american-sailor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Doris Miller: US Navy aircraft carrier to honor black sailor\". BBC. 19 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-51168798","url_text":"\"Doris Miller: US Navy aircraft carrier to honor black sailor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211215235226/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51168798.amp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HII Celebrates First Steel Cut for Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller (CVN 81)\". Naval News. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/hii-celebrates-first-steel-cut-for-aircraft-carrier-doris-miller-cvn-81/","url_text":"\"HII Celebrates First Steel Cut for Aircraft Carrier Doris Miller (CVN 81)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826195647/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/08/hii-celebrates-first-steel-cut-for-aircraft-carrier-doris-miller-cvn-81/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army
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Royal Yugoslav Army
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["1 Background","2 Formation to 1926","3 1927–1932","4 1933–1937","5 Prelude to war","6 April 1941 Campaign","7 Flags","8 See also","9 Footnotes","10 References","10.1 Books","10.2 Journals"]
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1918–1941 land warfare force
Yugoslav ArmyJugoslovenska vojskaЈугословенска војскаActive1918–1941CountryYugoslaviaBranchLand forcesTypeArmyEngagements
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
Christmas uprising
World War II
Invasion of Yugoslavia
CommandersNotablecommanders
Živojin Mišić
Petar Bojović
Petar Pešić
Milan Milovanović
Milan Nedić
Ljubomir Marić
Milutin Nedić
Dušan Simović
Vladimir Cukavac
Petar Kosić
Danilo Kalafatović
Military unit
Alternate flag of the Royal Yugoslav Army, with Latin script. The text reads "With faith in God, for King and Fatherland".
The Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslovenska vojska, JV, Југословенска војска, ЈВ), commonly the Royal Yugoslav Army, was the land warfare military service branch of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (originally Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). It existed from the Kingdom's formation in December 1918, until its surrender to the Axis powers on 17 April 1941. Aside from fighting along the Austrian border in 1919 and 1920 related to territorial disputes, and some border skirmishes on its southern borders in the 1920s, the JV was not involved in fighting until April 1941 when it was quickly overcome by the German-led invasion of Yugoslavia.
Shortly before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, Serbian officers of the Yugoslav General Staff, encouraged by the British SOE in Belgrade, led a military coup against Prince Paul and the Cvetković government for adhering to the Tripartite Pact. Beyond the problems of inadequate equipment and incomplete mobilization, the Royal Yugoslav Army suffered badly from the Serbo-Croat schism in Yugoslav politics. "Yugoslav" resistance to the invasion collapsed overnight. The main reason was that a large part of the non-Serb population, Croats in particular, were unwilling to offer resistance. In its worst expression, Yugoslavia's defenses were badly compromised on 10 April 1941, when some of the units in the Croat-manned 4th and 7th Armies mutinied, and a newly formed Croatian government hailed the entry of the Germans into Zagreb the same day.
During the occupation of Yugoslavia, the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović were referred to as the "Royal Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland". The Royal Yugoslav Army was formally disbanded on 7 March 1945 when the Yugoslav government-in-exile appointed by King Peter II was abolished.
Background
The Austro-Hungarian Army exited the First World War after the Armistice of Villa Giusti was struck with the Kingdom of Italy on 3 November 1918. A National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs had been formed in Zagreb in the previous month with the aim of representing the kingdoms of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia, the condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Slavic-populated areas of Carniola and Styria. On 1 November 1918 the National Council had established the Department of National Defense, which brought all Austro-Hungarian units on its territory under the command of a new National Army of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. All affected units of the Common Army, the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Royal Croatian Home Guard came under that unified command. Immediately after the Armistice of Villa Giusti, Italy began occupying parts of the Kingdom of Dalmatia that had been promised to it under the secret Treaty of London.
On 1 December 1918 the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia was declared, forming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Kingdom of Montenegro had already united with Serbia five days earlier. This declaration and firm action by armed groups halted any further encroachments by Italy. The National Council subsequently organised a celebration in Zagreb on 5 December with a Te Deum at the Zagreb Cathedral. Members of the 25th Croatian Home Guard Infantry Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Division held a protest at the same time at the nearby Ban Jelačić Square. The protest was quelled by the police with 15 dead and 17 injured. Both units were subsequently demobilised and disbanded.
Formation to 1926
See also: Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
At the end of 1918, a Serbian Army mission led by Colonel Dušan Simović, Milan Pribićević and Milisav Antonijević arrived in Zagreb to lead the re-organisation of the Serbian Army and the National Army of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into a single new Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS). The re-organisation talks were led by Pribičević on one side and Mate Drinković and Slavko Kvaternik on the other. They agreed that there would be a new army for the new state, consisting of six regiments. Two of them would be based in Croatia and one in Slovene Lands (specifically in Ljubljana), commanded by Croatian and Slovene officers respectively. The agreement was ignored by Serbian military authorities. Following the December 1918 protest in Zagreb, existing Royal Croatian Home Guard were disbanded. Existing Slovenia-based units of the former Austro-Hungarian armed forces were gradually disbanded over the course of 1919 when the new army was established, led by Serbian generals with Serbian language as the official language. Apart from the name of the army and the emblem worn on the cap, virtually everything else was retained from the Serbian Army, including uniforms, ranks, medals and regulations. Serbian Army symbols were used by the force for a substantial part of 1919. While the Serbian Army officers were automatically transferred to the Army of the KSCS, the former Austro-Hungarian and Croatian Home Guard officers had to apply to be accepted to the force. Non-Serbian officers accepted to the service were often discriminated against.
The Serbian Army numbered 145,225 soldiers at the end of the war, and absorbed the some 15,000 former Austro-Hungarian officers and volunteers which had been organized by the National Council. By 1 January 1919, a total of 134 former high-ranking Austro-Hungarian officers had been retired or relieved of their duties. From late 1918 until 10 September 1919, the new army was involved in a sharp military confrontation with irregular pro-Austrian formations in the region of Carinthia on the northern frontier of the new KSCS. At one point, KSCS troops briefly occupied Klagenfurt. After a plebiscite in October 1920 the frontier with Austria was fixed and tensions subsided. To deal with these security concerns, a large mobilization was carried out from 1918 to 1919, reaching a peak of 450,000 soldiers in July 1919, though demobilization quickly followed.
Yugoslav soldiers in 1925
By early 1921 the army organisation had settled into one cavalry division of four regiments, 16 infantry divisions, each consisting of three infantry regiments and one artillery regiment, and additional army-level troops. The 16 infantry divisions were grouped into four numbered army areas, with headquarters at Novi Sad (1st Army), Sarajevo (2nd Army), Skoplje (3rd Army), and Zagreb (4th Army). Later in 1921, a second cavalry division was formed using the four army-level cavalry regiments. Artillery allocation was one heavy artillery regiment and one howitzer regiment at army level, and one field artillery regiment at infantry division level. The army was based on conscription, and annual call-ups were used to maintain the peacetime strength of the army at 140,000. Of the four armies, two were equipped with French-pattern rifles, and the other two used an Austrian model. In the early 1920s, the army responded to several external crises, including the attempted return of King Charles IV to neighbouring Hungary, disturbances along the Albanian border, and incursions from Bulgaria. Despite high standards of discipline and individual training, the army was unable to conduct large-scale mobilisation due to threats on all frontiers, lack of funds, poor railway infrastructure, lack of suitably trained and qualified officers, and shortage of arms, munitions, clothing and equipment.
In 1922, the allocation of artillery within the army was enhanced using material captured in World War I. The result was that the army-level artillery was stripped of its howitzer regiments, which were used to increase the division-level field artillery regiments to brigade strength in eight of the 16 infantry divisions. In the same year, the peacetime strength of the army was reduced to 100,000, and the Ministry of War was trimmed by handing over the frontier troops to the Minister of Finance and transferring the gendarmerie to the Ministry of Interior. From the earliest days of the army, a clique of officers known as the White Hand, were actively engaged in politics. In 1923, the liability for service in the army were changed so that all citizens were liable to service from 21 to 50 years of age, in the active army from 21 to 40 years of age and in the reserve army from 40 to 50 years of age. Service in the standing army was set at one-and-a-half years, and three general ranks were introduced instead of the previous single rank. One year after their disbandment, border disturbances made it necessary to reconstitute a smaller contingent of frontier troops in the 3rd Army area. A total of 32 companies were therefore raised and stationed along the borders with Albania, Bulgaria and Greece. In 1923, the only non-Serb generals in the army retired, and the number of generals in the army was increased from 26 to more than 100 by the promotion of colonels into the lower general ranks of brigadni đeneral (brigadier general) and divizijski đeneral (divisional general). In 1924, the artillery strength of the remaining eight infantry divisions were brought up to brigade strength.
In 1925, a Guards division was formed, consisting of two regiments of cavalry, and one regiment each of infantry and artillery. It was commanded by Petar Živković, a founder of the White Hand. The first significant acquisition of military aircraft were made in the same year, with 150 Breguet 19 light bomber and aerial reconnaissance biplanes being purchased from France under the terms of a loan. Extensions were also made to the arsenal at Kragujevac in 1925, but the previous deficiencies in the army continued to plague the force, with the result that despite its size, the army could not be expected to contend with a smaller and more modern force for any significant time. In 1926, the 5th Army was created, utilising two divisions from the 1st Army and one from the 4th Army. In the same year, 13 more companies of frontier troops were raised for deployment along the Hungarian and Italian borders, and 12 Dornier floatplanes were also purchased.
1927–1932
Royal Yugoslav Army officers' uniform
The first manoeuvres of any significant size since the formation of the army in 1919 were conducted between the troops of two divisions during 29 September to 2 October 1927, although the number of troops engaged did not exceed 10,000 and some reserves had to be called up to achieve this number. Prior to this, only local inter-garrison exercises had been conducted. The method adopted for the exercises and the tactics used were similar to those used by the British Army before the Second Boer War. In 1928, four new infantry regiments were established in response to an Italian buildup along the frontier. These were seen as the nucleus for a potential new infantry division. The arsenal at Kragujevac also went into operation, producing Mauser M24 series rifles and ammunition. In January 1929, King Alexander established a personal dictatorship and appointed Živković as prime minister. In April, thirty-two generals were forcibly retired, including the chief of the General Staff, Petar Pešić. During that year, the army took delivery of 4,000 light machine guns, eighty 75 mm (3.0 in) field guns and 200,000 vz. 24 rifles from the Czech firm Škoda. The latter meant that the standing army could finally be equipped with a single type of rifle. The year also saw three inter-divisional exercises conducted, although reports indicated that they were poorly organised and carried out.
In 1930, Živković was promoted to Armijski đeneral, and four out of the five army commanders were changed. There was only one Croat or Slovene in the general ranks, and he was an engineer in an unimportant post. Acquisition of about 800 modern artillery pieces of various calibres was also undertaken, again from Czechoslovakia, and another 100,000 rifles were purchased from Belgium. Despite this new equipment, the army remained deficient in light and heavy machine guns, motor transport, signalling and bridging equipment, and tanks. Inter-division manoeuvres were again undertaken in three regions, but cavalry charges and massed infantry attacks demonstrated that the army had not learned the lessons of World War I. In the view of the British military attaché, the clique of Serbian officers in charge of the army at this time were narrow-minded and conservative men who, while keen to modernise the equipment of the army, did not see the need to modernise its tactics or organisation, and were unwilling to learn from others. During following year, a machine gun company was created in each infantry battalion, and both the Savska (Zagreb) and Dravska (Ljubljana) divisions converted one of their infantry regiments into a mountain infantry regiment. This latter development was intended as the first step to creating two independent formations that, with integral artillery, signals and transport elements, could be used along the mountainous northwest frontier. The year saw no military exercises, even the recent inter-divisional manoeuvres being foregone due to the international financial crisis. The British military attaché observed that the army lacked the sound system of battalion and regimental training needed to thoroughly prepare units for modern warfare, as training consisted mainly of close order drill, basic marksmanship and a small number of field firing exercises.
In 1932, Živković resigned as Prime Minister and from official politics, and returned to the command of the Guards Division. Some communist activity was detected within the army during the year, and the same conservative group of senior Serb officers remained firmly in charge. The two independent mountain brigades completed formation in 1932, each provided with two batteries of 75 mm (3.0 in) guns. The exclusively Serb Chetnik organisation led by Kosta Pećanac formed new detachments in various parts of the country. From a military perspective, it was intended that the Chetniks would assist the frontier guards in peacetime, in addition to their traditional guerilla activities in times of war. Three anti-aircraft regiments were formed in the same year.
1933–1937
In early 1933, there was a war scare regarding Italy and Hungary which greatly concerned the General Staff. The British military attaché observed that the army had great self-belief, its infantry was tough and its artillery was well-equipped, but it greatly lacked in significant areas required by a modern fighting force. Key deficiencies remained in machine guns and infantry guns, and there was no combined arms training. The attaché further observed that, along with the almost complete Serb domination of the general ranks, the General Staff was also 90 per cent Serb, and "Serbianisation" of the army had continued, with young educated Croats and Slovenes now reluctant to enter the army. The attaché saw the Serb domination of the army as a possible political weakness for the nation, but also a military weakness in time of war. Three Croat officers were promoted to the rank of brigadni đeneral during the year. There were also reductions in the numbers of artillery regiments and batteries, and infantry battalions and companies, due to significantly lower conscription numbers for 1933, which were caused by the Balkan Wars twenty years earlier. Three more anti-aircraft regiments were formed, and an independent command was created for Šibenik in Dalmatia. Long-term shortages in officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) remained, with deficiencies of 3,500 officers and 7,300 NCOs. Disturbances in the Macedonian region resulted in the issue of 25,000 rifles to members of the Serb-nationalist paramilitary force Narodna Odbrana.
In June 1934, Army general Milan Nedić became Chief of the General Staff, replacing Milovanović. King Alexander appointed Nedić to carry through a significant change in army organisation against the opposition of many of the senior generals, mainly to reduce the size of the oversized infantry divisions and create corps as an intermediate formation between divisions and armies. After Alexander's assassination, Nedić decided to defer the changes, citing practical difficulties. A chemical warfare battalion was also formed, with the intention of providing each army with one company. Trials were also undertaken with Skoda tankettes and a locally designed automatic rifle. It was announced that army-level manoeuvres would be held in 1935, for the first time since the formation of the army in 1919. A commission formed to examine the issue of mechanisation of the army concluded that the terrain of much of the country and the weakness of existing bridges meant that motorisation and mechanisation should be developed slowly, but that a light truck should be acquired as a first step. Reserves of ammunition of all types were reported as low.
In 1935, estimates were made that within a month of mobilisation, 800,000 to 900,000 soldiers could be placed under arms. This was based on the duplication of eight of the sixteen standing infantry divisions and of the alpine division, and the formation of an additional cavalry division, resulting in a total of 24 infantry divisions of about 25,000 men each, one guards division, two alpine divisions and three cavalry divisions. This year saw significant changes in the higher command of the army following the creation of the Military Council. Nedić became a member of the Military Council and was replaced by Army General Ljubomir Marić as Chief of the General Staff. Six infantry regiments were disbanded, but the General Staff decided to stick with four infantry regiments per infantry division. Equipment received during the year included 800 Stokes mortars, enough Skoda anti-aircraft guns to arm 20 batteries, and six Skoda Škoda S-1d tankettes. Deficiencies in radio communications were apparent, with the infantry needing between 1,000 and 2,000 small sets, and the cavalry being completely lacking in radios. The radios issued to artillery units were unable to communicate with aircraft, and were therefore of little use. The British military attaché observed that even the most senior commanders have never handled a force larger than a division on exercises or in war. The 1935 manoeuvres were the first of any type since 1930, and the first above divisional level since the formation of the army in 1919. They took place on the Sava river between Novi Sad and Sarajevo at the end of September, and were really in the form of a demonstration rather than a war game. There was no freedom of action for commanders, and control was rigid.
During 1936, Marić became Minister of the Army and Navy, replacing Živković, who had been intriguing against the government. Before this occurred Marić had told the British naval and military attachés that any mobilisation of the army would take 25 days, and revealed that shortfalls in many items of equipment were severe, including gas masks, steel helmets, tents, horseshoes, small arms ammunition, saddlery and tanks. The new Chief of the General Staff was Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić, brother of Milan, who had been the General Officer Commanding the Royal Yugoslav Air Force. The major organisational change during the year was the formation of a tank battalion, consisting of three companies, each of three platoons of five tanks. The only tankettes in service at this time were Renault FTs operated by a training company, but an order for new tanks had been submitted. Large-scale manoeuvres were carried out in Slovenia in September 1937, involving the equivalent of four divisions, and exposing to foreign observers the serious deficiencies in the army, caused by incompetent General Staff and the senior commanders, a lack of technical training of regimental officers in modern warfare, and across-the-board shortages of arms and equipment of almost every type. The British military attaché observed that the army was not capable of undertaking any large-scale operations outside of the country, but if fully mobilised would be able to give a good account of itself in a defensive campaign. The exercise was conducted in Slovenia to test the loyalty and value of Slovene and Croat reservists, and was completely satisfactory in this respect only, with nearly all of the reservists reporting for duty and bearing the hardships of the exercise with "discipline and fortitude". The same year saw the delivery of a substantial amount of equipment from Czechoslovakia, including 36 mountain guns, 32 anti-aircraft guns, 60 reconditioned howitzers, 80 field guns, and eight Škoda S-1d tankettes. Considerable work was being undertaken building fortifications on the Italian frontier.
Prelude to war
Main article: Yugoslav coup d'état
During 1938, Milutin Nedić was appointed as Minister of the Army and Navy, and was replaced as Chief of the General Staff by Armijski đeneral Dušan Simović. That year, two geo-strategic changes made the task of the army significantly more difficult, the Anschluss between Germany and Austria, and the Munich Agreement which drastically weakened Czechoslovakia. These changes meant that Yugoslavia now had a common frontier with Germany and its most significant supplier of arms and munitions was under threat. It was the assessment of the British military attaché that the army could stem the tide of an invasion by one of its neighbours acting alone, with the possible exception of Germany, and could also deal with a combined Italian and Hungarian attack. During the year, a Coastal Defence Command was raised using troops already stationed along the Yugoslav coastline, and did not involve the creation of new formations. Delivery of 10,000 light machine guns from Czechoslovakia was completed during the year, which meant that the army was fully equipped with rifles and light machine guns. Further fortification was undertaken along the Italian border, and plans were developed to fortify the former Austrian border. Of the 165 generals in the army in 1938, two were Croats and two were Slovenes, the rest were Serbs.
During the interwar period, the Yugoslav military budget expended 30 per cent of government outlays. By January 1939, the army, when mobilised, and including reserves, numbered 1,457,760 men, with fighting formations including 30 infantry divisions, one guards division, and three cavalry divisions. In late 1940, the army mobilised troops in Macedonia and parts of Serbia along the border with Albania.
April 1941 Campaign
Main article: Invasion of Yugoslavia
See also: Yugoslav order of battle for the invasion of Yugoslavia
A map of the invasion of Yugoslavia, April 1941
Formed after World War I, the Royal Yugoslav Army was still largely equipped with weapons and material from that era, although some modernization with Czech equipment and vehicles had begun. Of about 4,000 artillery pieces, many were aged and horse-drawn, but about 1,700 were relatively modern, including 812 Czech 37mm and 47mm anti-tank guns. There were also about 2,300 mortars, including 1,600 modern 81 millimetres (3.2 in) pieces, as well as twenty-four 220 millimetres (8.7 in) and 305 millimetres (12.0 in) pieces. Of 940 anti-aircraft guns, 360 were 15 millimetres (0.59 in) and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Czech and Italian models. All of these arms were imported, from different sources, which meant that the various models often lacked proper repair and maintenance facilities.
The only mechanized units were 6 motorized infantry battalions in the three cavalry divisions, six motorized artillery regiments, two tank battalions equipped with 110 tanks, one of which had Renault FT models of World War I origin and the other 54 modern French Renault R35 tanks, plus an independent tank company with eight Czech SI-D tank destroyers. Some 1,000 trucks for military purposes had been imported from the United States in the months just preceding the invasion.
Fully mobilized, the Royal Yugoslav Army could have put 28 infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and 35 independent regiments in the field. Of the independent regiments, 16 were in frontier fortifications and 19 were organized as combined detachments, around the size of a reinforced brigade. Each detachment had one to three infantry regiments and one to three artillery battalions, with three organised as "alpine" units. The German attack, however, caught the army still mobilizing, and only some eleven divisions were in their planned defense positions at the start of the invasion. The total strength of the Royal Yugoslav Army at full mobilization was about 1,200,000 however only around 50 per cent of the recruits were able to join their units before the German invasion. By 20 March 1941, its total mobilized strength amounted to 600,000.
On the eve of the invasion, there were 167 Generals on the Yugoslav active list. Of these, 150 were Serbs, 8 Croats, and 9 Slovenes.
The Royal Yugoslav Army was organized into three army groups and the coastal defense troops. The 3rd Army Group was the strongest with the 3rd, 3rd Territorial, 5th and 6th Armies defending the borders with Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. The 2nd Army Group with the 1st and 2nd Armies, defended the region between the Iron Gates and the Drava River. The 1st Army Group with the 4th and 7th Armies, composed mainly of Croatian troops, was in Croatia and Slovenia defending the Italian, German (Austrian) and Hungarian frontiers.
The strength of each "Army" amounted to little more than a corps, with the three Army Groups consisting of the units deployed as follows; The 3rd Army Group's 3rd Army consisted of four infantry divisions and one cavalry detachment; the 3rd Territorial Army with three infantry divisions and one independent motorized artillery regiment; the 5th Army with four infantry divisions, one cavalry division, two detachments and one independent motorized artillery regiment and the 6th Army with three infantry divisions, the two Royal Guards detachments and three infantry detachments. The 2nd Army Group's 1st Army had one infantry and one cavalry division, three detachments and six frontier defence regiments; the 2nd Army had three infantry divisions and one frontier defence regiment. Finally, the 1st Army Group consisted of the 4th Army, with three infantry divisions and one detachment, whilst the 7th Army had two infantry divisions, one cavalry division, three mountain detachments, two infantry detachments and nine frontier defence regiments. The Strategic, "Supreme Command" Reserve in Bosnia comprised four infantry divisions, four independent infantry regiments, one tank battalion, two motorized engineer battalions, two motorized heavy artillery regiments, fifteen independent artillery battalions and two independent anti-aircraft artillery battalions. The Coastal Defence Force, on the Adriatic opposite Zadar comprised one infantry division and two detachments, in addition to fortress brigades and anti-aircraft units at Šibenik and Kotor.
Along with other Yugoslav forces, the Royal Yugoslav Army surrendered on 17 April 1941 to an invading force of Germans, Italians, and Hungarians. Subsequently, a unit titled "1st Battalion, Royal Yugoslav Guards" was formed in Alexandria, Egypt. This unit saw action in North Africa with the 4th Indian Division but was later disbanded in Italy in 1944 as its strength dwindled and the unit was plagued by infighting between royalist and pro-Josip Broz Tito factions. During 1943–44, 27 men made up the "No. 7 (Yugoslav) Troop" of the 10th (Inter-Allied) Commando, a special forces unit under British command. In November 1943, the Yugoslav Detachment was established as part of the 512th Bombardment Squadron of the United States Army Air Forces. The detachment consisted of 40 Yugoslav aviators and was disbanded in August 1945. All Royal Yugoslav Forces were formally disbanded on March 7, 1945, when King Peter II's government was abolished in Yugoslavia.
Flags
Standard of the rank of field marshal.
Standard of the rank of army general.
Standard of the rank of division general.
Standard of the rank of brigade general.
See also
Royal Yugoslav Air Force
Royal Yugoslav Navy
Yugoslav Partisans
Yugoslav Ground Forces
Footnotes
^ Roberts & Tito 1973, p. 17.
^ Tanner 2010, p. 119.
^ a b c d Huzjan 2005, p. 447.
^ Ramet 2006, p. 43.
^ Ramet 2006, p. 44.
^ a b Huzjan 2005, p. 464.
^ Huzjan 2005, p. 458.
^ Bizjak 2012, pp. 40–41.
^ a b Banac 1984, p. 150.
^ Judah 1997, p. 106.
^ a b Newman 2015, p. 42.
^ Cede 2012, p. 18.
^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 527.
^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 577.
^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 578.
^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 529.
^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 579.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 622.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 623.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 672.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 729.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 730.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 731.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 775.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 776.
^ Jarman 1997a, p. 777.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 121.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 122.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 123.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 178.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 179.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 180.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 240.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 242.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 243.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 244.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 316.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 317–318.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 384.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 385–386.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 387.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 441–442.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 443.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 444.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 534–535.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 536.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 632.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 633–635.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 734–735 & 834.
^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 831–833.
^ Jarman 1997b, p. 835.
^ Jarman 1997c, pp. 86–87.
^ Jarman 1997c, p. 88.
^ Jarman 1997c, pp. 89–90.
^ Vucinich 1969, p. 11.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 20.
^ Hoptner 1963, p. 160.
^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 32.
^ a b Tomasevich, 1975, p. 59.
^ Battistelli & Hook 2021, p. 17.
^ Bjelajac, p. 353
^ Geschichte, pp. 317–318
^ Fatutta, et al., 1975. p. 52.
^ Thomas, pp. 34–35
^ Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2022). Yugoslav Armies 1941–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472842015.
^ Bjelajac, p. 15
^ Flag of Voivoda
^ a b c Bjelajac, p. 14
References
Books
Banac, Ivo (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1675-2.
Battistelli, P.P.; Hook, A. (2021). The Balkans 1940–41 (2): Hitler's Blitzkrieg against Yugoslavia and Greece. Campaign. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4262-6.
Bjelajac, Mile S. (1994). Vojska Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca-Jugoslavije: 1922–1935. Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije.
Bjelajac, Mile S. (1988). Vojska Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1918–1921. Narodna knj.
Bjelajac, Mile (2004). Generali i admirali Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1918–1941: Studija o vojnoj eliti i biografski leksikon (in Serbian). Belgrade: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije (Institute for the Recent History of Serbia). OCLC 607699124.
Cede, Franz (2012). "The Plebiscites in Carinthia and Sopron-Ödenburg after World War I". In Wilfried Marxer (ed.). Direct Democracy and Minorities. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-531-94304-6.
Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges Vol. 3, A. A. Gretschko, Berlin: Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1977.
Hoptner, J.B. (1963). Yugoslavia in Crisis, 1934–1941. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 404664.
Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997a). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 1. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997b). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997c). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 3. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
Judah, Tim (1997). The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300071139.
The Times Atlas of the Second World War, John Keegan (ed.), New York: Harper and Row, 1989.
Newman, John Paul (2015). Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107070769.
Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.
Roberts, W.R.; Tito, J.B. (1973). Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941–1945. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0740-8.
Tanner, M. (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War; Third Edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17159-4.
Thomas, Nigel. Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces 1939–45. London: Osprey, 1991. ISBN 1-85532-136-X.
Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
Vucinich, Wayne S. (1969). "Interwar Yugoslavia". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. OCLC 652337606.
Journals
Bizjak, Matjaž (2012). "Problemi slovenskega častniškega zbora ob prehodu v vojsko Kraljevine SHS" . Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino (in Slovenian). 52 (1). Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: 39–52. ISSN 2463-7807.
Fatutta, F.; Covelli, L. (January–May 1975). "1941: Attack on Yugoslavia". The International Magazine of Armies & Weapons. Vol. 4, no. 15 & 17. Lugano, Switzerland.
Huzjan, Vladimir (2005). "Raspuštanje Hrvatskog domobranstva nakon završetka Prvog svjetskog rata" . Časopis za suvremenu povijest (in Croatian). 37 (2). Croatian Institute of History: 445–462. ISSN 0590-9597.
vte Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces Leadership
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Minister of the Army and Navy
Chief of the General Staff
Supreme Command
Branches
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4th and 7th Armies
2nd Army Group
1st and 2nd Armies
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3rd and 3rd Territorial Armies
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Personnel
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Orders, decorations, and medals
Authority control databases: National
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The text reads \"With faith in God, for King and Fatherland\".The Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslovenska vojska, JV, Југословенска војска, ЈВ), commonly the Royal Yugoslav Army, was the land warfare military service branch of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (originally Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). It existed from the Kingdom's formation in December 1918, until its surrender to the Axis powers on 17 April 1941. Aside from fighting along the Austrian border in 1919 and 1920 related to territorial disputes, and some border skirmishes on its southern borders in the 1920s, the JV was not involved in fighting until April 1941 when it was quickly overcome by the German-led invasion of Yugoslavia.Shortly before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, Serbian officers of the Yugoslav General Staff, encouraged by the British SOE in Belgrade, led a military coup against Prince Paul and the Cvetković government for adhering to the Tripartite Pact. Beyond the problems of inadequate equipment and incomplete mobilization, the Royal Yugoslav Army suffered badly from the Serbo-Croat schism in Yugoslav politics. \"Yugoslav\" resistance to the invasion collapsed overnight. The main reason was that a large part of the non-Serb population, Croats in particular, were unwilling to offer resistance.[1] In its worst expression, Yugoslavia's defenses were badly compromised on 10 April 1941, when some of the units in the Croat-manned 4th and 7th Armies mutinied, and a newly formed Croatian government hailed the entry of the Germans into Zagreb the same day.[2]During the occupation of Yugoslavia, the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović were referred to as the \"Royal Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland\". The Royal Yugoslav Army was formally disbanded on 7 March 1945 when the Yugoslav government-in-exile appointed by King Peter II was abolished.","title":"Royal Yugoslav Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Villa Giusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatia-Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniola"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447-3"},{"link_name":"Common Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial-Royal Landwehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr"},{"link_name":"Royal Croatian Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Croatian_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200643-4"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200644-5"},{"link_name":"Te Deum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum_(religious_service)"},{"link_name":"Zagreb Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ban Jelačić Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Jela%C4%8Di%C4%87_Square"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005464-6"}],"text":"The Austro-Hungarian Army exited the First World War after the Armistice of Villa Giusti was struck with the Kingdom of Italy on 3 November 1918. A National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs had been formed in Zagreb in the previous month with the aim of representing the kingdoms of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia, the condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Slavic-populated areas of Carniola and Styria. On 1 November 1918 the National Council had established the Department of National Defense, which brought all Austro-Hungarian units on its territory under the command of a new National Army of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.[3] All affected units of the Common Army, the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Royal Croatian Home Guard came under that unified command.[3] Immediately after the Armistice of Villa Giusti, Italy began occupying parts of the Kingdom of Dalmatia that had been promised to it under the secret Treaty of London.[4]On 1 December 1918 the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia was declared, forming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Kingdom of Montenegro had already united with Serbia five days earlier.[3] This declaration and firm action by armed groups halted any further encroachments by Italy.[5] The National Council subsequently organised a celebration in Zagreb on 5 December with a Te Deum at the Zagreb Cathedral. Members of the 25th Croatian Home Guard Infantry Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Division held a protest at the same time at the nearby Ban Jelačić Square.[3] The protest was quelled by the police with 15 dead and 17 injured. Both units were subsequently demobilised and disbanded.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"Dušan Simović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Pribićević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Pribi%C4%87evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milisav Antonijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milisav_Antonijevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovenes, Croats and Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005458-7"},{"link_name":"Mate Drinković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_Drinkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Slavko Kvaternik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik"},{"link_name":"Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"1918 protest in Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_protest_in_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Royal Croatian Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Croatian_Home_Guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBizjak201240%E2%80%9341-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1984150-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah1997106-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanac1984150-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman201542-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005464-6"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECede201218-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman201542-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skupina_slovenskih_vojakov_v_Sarajevu.jpg"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Skoplje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje"},{"link_name":"3rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Army_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"4th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Army_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a527-13"},{"link_name":"howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a577-14"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a527-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a578-15"},{"link_name":"King Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a529-16"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a579-17"},{"link_name":"mobilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilisation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a529-16"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a577-14"},{"link_name":"gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a578-15"},{"link_name":"White Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hand_(military_organization)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a579-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a622-18"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a623-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a672-20"},{"link_name":"Petar Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a729-21"},{"link_name":"Breguet 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_19"},{"link_name":"light bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber"},{"link_name":"aerial reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"biplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Kragujevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a730-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a731-23"},{"link_name":"5th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a775-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a776-25"},{"link_name":"Dornier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke"},{"link_name":"floatplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997a777-26"}],"text":"See also: Austro-Slovene conflict in CarinthiaAt the end of 1918, a Serbian Army mission led by Colonel Dušan Simović, Milan Pribićević and Milisav Antonijević arrived in Zagreb to lead the re-organisation of the Serbian Army and the National Army of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into a single new Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS).[7] The re-organisation talks were led by Pribičević on one side and Mate Drinković and Slavko Kvaternik on the other. They agreed that there would be a new army for the new state, consisting of six regiments. Two of them would be based in Croatia and one in Slovene Lands (specifically in Ljubljana), commanded by Croatian and Slovene officers respectively. The agreement was ignored by Serbian military authorities. Following the December 1918 protest in Zagreb, existing Royal Croatian Home Guard were disbanded. Existing Slovenia-based units of the former Austro-Hungarian armed forces were gradually disbanded over the course of 1919 when the new army was established, led by Serbian generals with Serbian language as the official language.[8] Apart from the name of the army and the emblem worn on the cap, virtually everything else was retained from the Serbian Army, including uniforms, ranks, medals and regulations. Serbian Army symbols were used by the force for a substantial part of 1919.[9] While the Serbian Army officers were automatically transferred to the Army of the KSCS, the former Austro-Hungarian and Croatian Home Guard officers had to apply to be accepted to the force.[10] Non-Serbian officers accepted to the service were often discriminated against.[9]The Serbian Army numbered 145,225 soldiers at the end of the war, and absorbed the some 15,000 former Austro-Hungarian officers and volunteers which had been organized by the National Council.[11] By 1 January 1919, a total of 134 former high-ranking Austro-Hungarian officers had been retired or relieved of their duties.[6] From late 1918 until 10 September 1919, the new army was involved in a sharp military confrontation with irregular pro-Austrian formations in the region of Carinthia on the northern frontier of the new KSCS. At one point, KSCS troops briefly occupied Klagenfurt. After a plebiscite in October 1920 the frontier with Austria was fixed and tensions subsided.[12] To deal with these security concerns, a large mobilization was carried out from 1918 to 1919, reaching a peak of 450,000 soldiers in July 1919, though demobilization quickly followed.[11]Yugoslav soldiers in 1925By early 1921 the army organisation had settled into one cavalry division of four regiments, 16 infantry divisions, each consisting of three infantry regiments and one artillery regiment, and additional army-level troops. The 16 infantry divisions were grouped into four numbered army areas, with headquarters at Novi Sad (1st Army), Sarajevo (2nd Army), Skoplje (3rd Army), and Zagreb (4th Army). Later in 1921, a second cavalry division was formed using the four army-level cavalry regiments.[13] Artillery allocation was one heavy artillery regiment and one howitzer regiment at army level, and one field artillery regiment at infantry division level.[14] The army was based on conscription, and annual call-ups were used to maintain the peacetime strength of the army at 140,000.[13] Of the four armies, two were equipped with French-pattern rifles, and the other two used an Austrian model.[15] In the early 1920s, the army responded to several external crises, including the attempted return of King Charles IV to neighbouring Hungary, disturbances along the Albanian border,[16] and incursions from Bulgaria.[17] Despite high standards of discipline and individual training, the army was unable to conduct large-scale mobilisation due to threats on all frontiers, lack of funds, poor railway infrastructure, lack of suitably trained and qualified officers, and shortage of arms, munitions, clothing and equipment.[16]In 1922, the allocation of artillery within the army was enhanced using material captured in World War I. The result was that the army-level artillery was stripped of its howitzer regiments, which were used to increase the division-level field artillery regiments to brigade strength in eight of the 16 infantry divisions.[14] In the same year, the peacetime strength of the army was reduced to 100,000, and the Ministry of War was trimmed by handing over the frontier troops to the Minister of Finance and transferring the gendarmerie to the Ministry of Interior.[15] From the earliest days of the army, a clique of officers known as the White Hand, were actively engaged in politics.[17] In 1923, the liability for service in the army were changed so that all citizens were liable to service from 21 to 50 years of age, in the active army from 21 to 40 years of age and in the reserve army from 40 to 50 years of age.[18] Service in the standing army was set at one-and-a-half years, and three general ranks were introduced instead of the previous single rank. One year after their disbandment, border disturbances made it necessary to reconstitute a smaller contingent of frontier troops in the 3rd Army area. A total of 32 companies were therefore raised and stationed along the borders with Albania, Bulgaria and Greece. In 1923, the only non-Serb generals in the army retired, and the number of generals in the army was increased from 26 to more than 100 by the promotion of colonels into the lower general ranks of brigadni đeneral (brigadier general) and divizijski đeneral (divisional general).[19] In 1924, the artillery strength of the remaining eight infantry divisions were brought up to brigade strength.[20]In 1925, a Guards division was formed, consisting of two regiments of cavalry, and one regiment each of infantry and artillery. It was commanded by Petar Živković, a founder of the White Hand.[21] The first significant acquisition of military aircraft were made in the same year, with 150 Breguet 19 light bomber and aerial reconnaissance biplanes being purchased from France under the terms of a loan. Extensions were also made to the arsenal at Kragujevac in 1925,[22] but the previous deficiencies in the army continued to plague the force, with the result that despite its size, the army could not be expected to contend with a smaller and more modern force for any significant time.[23] In 1926, the 5th Army was created,[24] utilising two divisions from the 1st Army and one from the 4th Army. In the same year, 13 more companies of frontier troops were raised for deployment along the Hungarian and Italian borders,[25] and 12 Dornier floatplanes were also purchased.[26]","title":"Formation to 1926"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%9A%D0%92.JPG"},{"link_name":"manoeuvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b121-27"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b122-28"},{"link_name":"Mauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser"},{"link_name":"M24 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_series"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b123-29"},{"link_name":"King Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"personal dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"chief of the General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"Petar Pešić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b178-30"},{"link_name":"light machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_gun"},{"link_name":"vz. 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz._24"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslavakia"},{"link_name":"Škoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b179-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b180-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b240-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b242-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b243-35"},{"link_name":"military attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b244-36"},{"link_name":"Savska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_Savska"},{"link_name":"Dravska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_Dravska"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"mountain infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b316-37"},{"link_name":"international financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"close order drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"marksmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksman"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b317%E2%80%93318-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b384-39"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Chetnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik"},{"link_name":"Kosta Pećanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosta_Pe%C4%87anac"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b385%E2%80%93386-40"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b387-41"}],"text":"Royal Yugoslav Army officers' uniformThe first manoeuvres of any significant size since the formation of the army in 1919 were conducted between the troops of two divisions during 29 September to 2 October 1927, although the number of troops engaged did not exceed 10,000 and some reserves had to be called up to achieve this number. Prior to this, only local inter-garrison exercises had been conducted.[27] The method adopted for the exercises and the tactics used were similar to those used by the British Army before the Second Boer War.[28] In 1928, four new infantry regiments were established in response to an Italian buildup along the frontier. These were seen as the nucleus for a potential new infantry division. The arsenal at Kragujevac also went into operation, producing Mauser M24 series rifles and ammunition.[29] In January 1929, King Alexander established a personal dictatorship and appointed Živković as prime minister. In April, thirty-two generals were forcibly retired, including the chief of the General Staff, Petar Pešić.[30] During that year, the army took delivery of 4,000 light machine guns, eighty 75 mm (3.0 in) field guns and 200,000 vz. 24 rifles from the Czech firm Škoda. The latter meant that the standing army could finally be equipped with a single type of rifle.[31] The year also saw three inter-divisional exercises conducted, although reports indicated that they were poorly organised and carried out.[32]In 1930, Živković was promoted to Armijski đeneral, and four out of the five army commanders were changed. There was only one Croat or Slovene in the general ranks, and he was an engineer in an unimportant post.[33] Acquisition of about 800 modern artillery pieces of various calibres was also undertaken, again from Czechoslovakia, and another 100,000 rifles were purchased from Belgium. Despite this new equipment, the army remained deficient in light and heavy machine guns, motor transport, signalling and bridging equipment, and tanks.[34] Inter-division manoeuvres were again undertaken in three regions, but cavalry charges and massed infantry attacks demonstrated that the army had not learned the lessons of World War I.[35] In the view of the British military attaché, the clique of Serbian officers in charge of the army at this time were narrow-minded and conservative men who, while keen to modernise the equipment of the army, did not see the need to modernise its tactics or organisation, and were unwilling to learn from others.[36] During following year, a machine gun company was created in each infantry battalion, and both the Savska (Zagreb) and Dravska (Ljubljana) divisions converted one of their infantry regiments into a mountain infantry regiment. This latter development was intended as the first step to creating two independent formations that, with integral artillery, signals and transport elements, could be used along the mountainous northwest frontier.[37] The year saw no military exercises, even the recent inter-divisional manoeuvres being foregone due to the international financial crisis. The British military attaché observed that the army lacked the sound system of battalion and regimental training needed to thoroughly prepare units for modern warfare, as training consisted mainly of close order drill, basic marksmanship and a small number of field firing exercises.[38]In 1932, Živković resigned as Prime Minister and from official politics, and returned to the command of the Guards Division.[39] Some communist activity was detected within the army during the year, and the same conservative group of senior Serb officers remained firmly in charge. The two independent mountain brigades completed formation in 1932, each provided with two batteries of 75 mm (3.0 in) guns. The exclusively Serb Chetnik organisation led by Kosta Pećanac formed new detachments in various parts of the country. From a military perspective, it was intended that the Chetniks would assist the frontier guards in peacetime, in addition to their traditional guerilla activities in times of war.[40] Three anti-aircraft regiments were formed in the same year.[41]","title":"1927–1932"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b441%E2%80%93442-42"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b443-43"},{"link_name":"Narodna Odbrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Odbrana"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b444-44"},{"link_name":"Army general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_general"},{"link_name":"Milan Nedić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"chemical warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare"},{"link_name":"automatic rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b534%E2%80%93535-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b536-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b632-47"},{"link_name":"Military Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_Council_(Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljubomir Marić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubomir_Mari%C4%87_(general)"},{"link_name":"Stokes mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_mortar"},{"link_name":"Škoda S-1d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0koda_S-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"war game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_simulation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b633%E2%80%93635-48"},{"link_name":"Milutin Nedić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Nedi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Royal Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Renault FTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FT"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b734%E2%80%93735_&_834-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b831%E2%80%93833-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997b835-51"}],"text":"In early 1933, there was a war scare regarding Italy and Hungary which greatly concerned the General Staff. The British military attaché observed that the army had great self-belief, its infantry was tough and its artillery was well-equipped, but it greatly lacked in significant areas required by a modern fighting force. Key deficiencies remained in machine guns and infantry guns, and there was no combined arms training. The attaché further observed that, along with the almost complete Serb domination of the general ranks, the General Staff was also 90 per cent Serb, and \"Serbianisation\" of the army had continued, with young educated Croats and Slovenes now reluctant to enter the army. The attaché saw the Serb domination of the army as a possible political weakness for the nation, but also a military weakness in time of war.[42] Three Croat officers were promoted to the rank of brigadni đeneral during the year. There were also reductions in the numbers of artillery regiments and batteries, and infantry battalions and companies, due to significantly lower conscription numbers for 1933, which were caused by the Balkan Wars twenty years earlier. Three more anti-aircraft regiments were formed, and an independent command was created for Šibenik in Dalmatia.[43] Long-term shortages in officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) remained, with deficiencies of 3,500 officers and 7,300 NCOs. Disturbances in the Macedonian region resulted in the issue of 25,000 rifles to members of the Serb-nationalist paramilitary force Narodna Odbrana.[44]In June 1934, Army general Milan Nedić became Chief of the General Staff, replacing Milovanović. King Alexander appointed Nedić to carry through a significant change in army organisation against the opposition of many of the senior generals, mainly to reduce the size of the oversized infantry divisions and create corps as an intermediate formation between divisions and armies. After Alexander's assassination, Nedić decided to defer the changes, citing practical difficulties. A chemical warfare battalion was also formed, with the intention of providing each army with one company. Trials were also undertaken with Skoda tankettes and a locally designed automatic rifle.[45] It was announced that army-level manoeuvres would be held in 1935, for the first time since the formation of the army in 1919. A commission formed to examine the issue of mechanisation of the army concluded that the terrain of much of the country and the weakness of existing bridges meant that motorisation and mechanisation should be developed slowly, but that a light truck should be acquired as a first step. Reserves of ammunition of all types were reported as low.[46]In 1935, estimates were made that within a month of mobilisation, 800,000 to 900,000 soldiers could be placed under arms. This was based on the duplication of eight of the sixteen standing infantry divisions and of the alpine division, and the formation of an additional cavalry division, resulting in a total of 24 infantry divisions of about 25,000 men each, one guards division, two alpine divisions and three cavalry divisions.[47] This year saw significant changes in the higher command of the army following the creation of the Military Council. Nedić became a member of the Military Council and was replaced by Army General Ljubomir Marić as Chief of the General Staff. Six infantry regiments were disbanded, but the General Staff decided to stick with four infantry regiments per infantry division. Equipment received during the year included 800 Stokes mortars, enough Skoda anti-aircraft guns to arm 20 batteries, and six Skoda Škoda S-1d tankettes. Deficiencies in radio communications were apparent, with the infantry needing between 1,000 and 2,000 small sets, and the cavalry being completely lacking in radios. The radios issued to artillery units were unable to communicate with aircraft, and were therefore of little use. The British military attaché observed that even the most senior commanders have never handled a force larger than a division on exercises or in war. The 1935 manoeuvres were the first of any type since 1930, and the first above divisional level since the formation of the army in 1919. They took place on the Sava river between Novi Sad and Sarajevo at the end of September, and were really in the form of a demonstration rather than a war game. There was no freedom of action for commanders, and control was rigid.[48]During 1936, Marić became Minister of the Army and Navy, replacing Živković, who had been intriguing against the government. Before this occurred Marić had told the British naval and military attachés that any mobilisation of the army would take 25 days, and revealed that shortfalls in many items of equipment were severe, including gas masks, steel helmets, tents, horseshoes, small arms ammunition, saddlery and tanks. The new Chief of the General Staff was Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić, brother of Milan, who had been the General Officer Commanding the Royal Yugoslav Air Force. The major organisational change during the year was the formation of a tank battalion, consisting of three companies, each of three platoons of five tanks. The only tankettes in service at this time were Renault FTs operated by a training company, but an order for new tanks had been submitted.[49] Large-scale manoeuvres were carried out in Slovenia in September 1937, involving the equivalent of four divisions, and exposing to foreign observers the serious deficiencies in the army, caused by incompetent General Staff and the senior commanders, a lack of technical training of regimental officers in modern warfare, and across-the-board shortages of arms and equipment of almost every type. The British military attaché observed that the army was not capable of undertaking any large-scale operations outside of the country, but if fully mobilised would be able to give a good account of itself in a defensive campaign. The exercise was conducted in Slovenia to test the loyalty and value of Slovene and Croat reservists, and was completely satisfactory in this respect only, with nearly all of the reservists reporting for duty and bearing the hardships of the exercise with \"discipline and fortitude\". The same year saw the delivery of a substantial amount of equipment from Czechoslovakia, including 36 mountain guns, 32 anti-aircraft guns, 60 reconditioned howitzers, 80 field guns, and eight Škoda S-1d tankettes.[50] Considerable work was being undertaken building fortifications on the Italian frontier.[51]","title":"1933–1937"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dušan Simović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Simovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Munich Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997c86%E2%80%9387-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997c88-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarman1997c89%E2%80%9390-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVucinich196911-55"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich197520-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoptner1963160-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich197532-58"}],"text":"During 1938, Milutin Nedić was appointed as Minister of the Army and Navy, and was replaced as Chief of the General Staff by Armijski đeneral Dušan Simović. That year, two geo-strategic changes made the task of the army significantly more difficult, the Anschluss between Germany and Austria, and the Munich Agreement which drastically weakened Czechoslovakia. These changes meant that Yugoslavia now had a common frontier with Germany and its most significant supplier of arms and munitions was under threat.[52] It was the assessment of the British military attaché that the army could stem the tide of an invasion by one of its neighbours acting alone, with the possible exception of Germany, and could also deal with a combined Italian and Hungarian attack.[53] During the year, a Coastal Defence Command was raised using troops already stationed along the Yugoslav coastline, and did not involve the creation of new formations. Delivery of 10,000 light machine guns from Czechoslovakia was completed during the year, which meant that the army was fully equipped with rifles and light machine guns. Further fortification was undertaken along the Italian border, and plans were developed to fortify the former Austrian border.[54] Of the 165 generals in the army in 1938, two were Croats and two were Slovenes, the rest were Serbs.[55]During the interwar period, the Yugoslav military budget expended 30 per cent of government outlays.[56] By January 1939, the army, when mobilised, and including reserves, numbered 1,457,760 men, with fighting formations including 30 infantry divisions, one guards division, and three cavalry divisions.[57] In late 1940, the army mobilised troops in Macedonia and parts of Serbia along the border with Albania.[58]","title":"Prelude to war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav order of battle for the invasion of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_order_of_battle_for_the_invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Yugoslavia_during_the_1941_German_invasion.png"},{"link_name":"37mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37_mm_kanon_P.U.V._vz._37"},{"link_name":"47mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_mm_kanon_P.U.V._vz._36_(%C5%A0koda_A6)"},{"link_name":"Renault FT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FT"},{"link_name":"Renault R35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R35"},{"link_name":"SI-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-32_(%C5%A0-I-D)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomasevich,_1975,_p._59-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattistelliHook202117-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavian_First_Army"},{"link_name":"Iron Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Gates"},{"link_name":"Drava River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava_River"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomasevich,_1975,_p._59-59"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"Šibenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"1st Battalion, Royal Yugoslav Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Guards_Battalion"},{"link_name":"4th Indian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"512th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512th_Rescue_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"King Peter II's government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_government-in-exile"}],"text":"See also: Yugoslav order of battle for the invasion of YugoslaviaA map of the invasion of Yugoslavia, April 1941Formed after World War I, the Royal Yugoslav Army was still largely equipped with weapons and material from that era, although some modernization with Czech equipment and vehicles had begun. Of about 4,000 artillery pieces, many were aged and horse-drawn, but about 1,700 were relatively modern, including 812 Czech 37mm and 47mm anti-tank guns. There were also about 2,300 mortars, including 1,600 modern 81 millimetres (3.2 in) pieces, as well as twenty-four 220 millimetres (8.7 in) and 305 millimetres (12.0 in) pieces. Of 940 anti-aircraft guns, 360 were 15 millimetres (0.59 in) and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Czech and Italian models. All of these arms were imported, from different sources, which meant that the various models often lacked proper repair and maintenance facilities.\nThe only mechanized units were 6 motorized infantry battalions in the three cavalry divisions, six motorized artillery regiments, two tank battalions equipped with 110 tanks, one of which had Renault FT models of World War I origin and the other 54 modern French Renault R35 tanks, plus an independent tank company with eight Czech SI-D tank destroyers. Some 1,000 trucks for military purposes had been imported from the United States in the months just preceding the invasion.[59]Fully mobilized, the Royal Yugoslav Army could have put 28 infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and 35 independent regiments in the field. Of the independent regiments, 16 were in frontier fortifications and 19 were organized as combined detachments, around the size of a reinforced brigade. Each detachment had one to three infantry regiments and one to three artillery battalions, with three organised as \"alpine\" units. The German attack, however, caught the army still mobilizing, and only some eleven divisions were in their planned defense positions at the start of the invasion. The total strength of the Royal Yugoslav Army at full mobilization was about 1,200,000 however only around 50 per cent of the recruits were able to join their units before the German invasion. By 20 March 1941, its total mobilized strength amounted to 600,000.[60]\nOn the eve of the invasion, there were 167 Generals on the Yugoslav active list. Of these, 150 were Serbs, 8 Croats, and 9 Slovenes.[61]The Royal Yugoslav Army was organized into three army groups and the coastal defense troops. The 3rd Army Group was the strongest with the 3rd, 3rd Territorial, 5th and 6th Armies defending the borders with Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. The 2nd Army Group with the 1st and 2nd Armies, defended the region between the Iron Gates and the Drava River. The 1st Army Group with the 4th and 7th Armies, composed mainly of Croatian troops, was in Croatia and Slovenia defending the Italian, German (Austrian) and Hungarian frontiers.[59][62]The strength of each \"Army\" amounted to little more than a corps, with the three Army Groups consisting of the units deployed as follows; The 3rd Army Group's 3rd Army consisted of four infantry divisions and one cavalry detachment; the 3rd Territorial Army with three infantry divisions and one independent motorized artillery regiment; the 5th Army with four infantry divisions, one cavalry division, two detachments and one independent motorized artillery regiment and the 6th Army with three infantry divisions, the two Royal Guards detachments and three infantry detachments. The 2nd Army Group's 1st Army had one infantry and one cavalry division, three detachments and six frontier defence regiments; the 2nd Army had three infantry divisions and one frontier defence regiment. Finally, the 1st Army Group consisted of the 4th Army, with three infantry divisions and one detachment, whilst the 7th Army had two infantry divisions, one cavalry division, three mountain detachments, two infantry detachments and nine frontier defence regiments. The Strategic, \"Supreme Command\" Reserve in Bosnia comprised four infantry divisions, four independent infantry regiments, one tank battalion, two motorized engineer battalions, two motorized heavy artillery regiments, fifteen independent artillery battalions and two independent anti-aircraft artillery battalions. The Coastal Defence Force, on the Adriatic opposite Zadar comprised one infantry division and two detachments, in addition to fortress brigades and anti-aircraft units at Šibenik and Kotor.[63]Along with other Yugoslav forces, the Royal Yugoslav Army surrendered on 17 April 1941 to an invading force of Germans, Italians, and Hungarians. Subsequently, a unit titled \"1st Battalion, Royal Yugoslav Guards\" was formed in Alexandria, Egypt. This unit saw action in North Africa with the 4th Indian Division but was later disbanded in Italy in 1944 as its strength dwindled and the unit was plagued by infighting between royalist and pro-Josip Broz Tito factions.[64] During 1943–44, 27 men made up the \"No. 7 (Yugoslav) Troop\" of the 10th (Inter-Allied) Commando, a special forces unit under British command. In November 1943, the Yugoslav Detachment was established as part of the 512th Bombardment Squadron of the United States Army Air Forces. The detachment consisted of 40 Yugoslav aviators and was disbanded in August 1945.[65] All Royal Yugoslav Forces were formally disbanded on March 7, 1945, when King Peter II's government was abolished in Yugoslavia.","title":"April 1941 Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_rank_of_Marshal_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg"},{"link_name":"field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_of_Army_General_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg"},{"link_name":"army general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_general"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjelajac,_p._14-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_of_Division_General_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg"},{"link_name":"division general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_general"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjelajac,_p._14-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_of_Brigade_General_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg"},{"link_name":"brigade general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_general"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjelajac,_p._14-68"}],"text":"Standard of the rank of field marshal.[66][67]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard of the rank of army general.[68]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard of the rank of division general.[68]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard of the rank of brigade general.[68]","title":"Flags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsTito197317_1-0"},{"link_name":"Roberts & Tito 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRobertsTito1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner2010119_2-0"},{"link_name":"Tanner 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTanner2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuzjan2005447_3-3"},{"link_name":"Huzjan 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHuzjan2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200643_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ramet 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1997c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJarman1997c"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVucinich196911_55-0"},{"link_name":"Vucinich 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVucinich1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich197520_56-0"},{"link_name":"Tomasevich 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomasevich1975"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoptner1963160_57-0"},{"link_name":"Hoptner 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHoptner1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich197532_58-0"},{"link_name":"Tomasevich 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomasevich1975"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tomasevich,_1975,_p._59_59-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tomasevich,_1975,_p._59_59-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattistelliHook202117_60-0"},{"link_name":"Battistelli & Hook 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBattistelliHook2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1472842015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472842015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"Flag of Voivoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr/hrvat/yu-king2.html#yu~19374"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bjelajac,_p._14_68-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bjelajac,_p._14_68-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bjelajac,_p._14_68-2"}],"text":"^ Roberts & Tito 1973, p. 17.\n\n^ Tanner 2010, p. 119.\n\n^ a b c d Huzjan 2005, p. 447.\n\n^ Ramet 2006, p. 43.\n\n^ Ramet 2006, p. 44.\n\n^ a b Huzjan 2005, p. 464.\n\n^ Huzjan 2005, p. 458.\n\n^ Bizjak 2012, pp. 40–41.\n\n^ a b Banac 1984, p. 150.\n\n^ Judah 1997, p. 106.\n\n^ a b Newman 2015, p. 42.\n\n^ Cede 2012, p. 18.\n\n^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 527.\n\n^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 577.\n\n^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 578.\n\n^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 529.\n\n^ a b Jarman 1997a, p. 579.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 622.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 623.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 672.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 729.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 730.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 731.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 775.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 776.\n\n^ Jarman 1997a, p. 777.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 121.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 122.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 123.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 178.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 179.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 180.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 240.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 242.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 243.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 244.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 316.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 317–318.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 384.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 385–386.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 387.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 441–442.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 443.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 444.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 534–535.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 536.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 632.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 633–635.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 734–735 & 834.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, pp. 831–833.\n\n^ Jarman 1997b, p. 835.\n\n^ Jarman 1997c, pp. 86–87.\n\n^ Jarman 1997c, p. 88.\n\n^ Jarman 1997c, pp. 89–90.\n\n^ Vucinich 1969, p. 11.\n\n^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 20.\n\n^ Hoptner 1963, p. 160.\n\n^ Tomasevich 1975, p. 32.\n\n^ a b Tomasevich, 1975, p. 59.\n\n^ Battistelli & Hook 2021, p. 17.\n\n^ Bjelajac, p. 353\n\n^ Geschichte, pp. 317–318\n\n^ Fatutta, et al., 1975. p. 52.\n\n^ Thomas, pp. 34–35\n\n^ Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2022). Yugoslav Armies 1941–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472842015.\n\n^ Bjelajac, p. 15\n\n^ Flag of Voivoda\n\n^ a b c Bjelajac, p. 14","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Alternate flag of the Royal Yugoslav Army, with Latin script. The text reads \"With faith in God, for King and Fatherland\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Royal_Yugoslav_Army_%28Latin%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Yugoslav_Army_%28Latin%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Yugoslav soldiers in 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Skupina_slovenskih_vojakov_v_Sarajevu.jpg/220px-Skupina_slovenskih_vojakov_v_Sarajevu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Royal Yugoslav Army officers' uniform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%9A%D0%92.JPG/250px-%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%9A%D0%92.JPG"},{"image_text":"A map of the invasion of Yugoslavia, April 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map_of_Yugoslavia_during_the_1941_German_invasion.png/220px-Map_of_Yugoslavia_during_the_1941_German_invasion.png"}]
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[{"title":"Royal Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force"},{"title":"Royal Yugoslav Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy"},{"title":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"title":"Yugoslav Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces"}]
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[{"reference":"Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2022). Yugoslav Armies 1941–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472842015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472842015","url_text":"978-1472842015"}]},{"reference":"Banac, Ivo (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1675-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Banac","url_text":"Banac, Ivo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ggjhCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1675-2","url_text":"0-8014-1675-2"}]},{"reference":"Battistelli, P.P.; Hook, A. (2021). The Balkans 1940–41 (2): Hitler's Blitzkrieg against Yugoslavia and Greece. Campaign. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=erUIEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Balkans 1940–41 (2): Hitler's Blitzkrieg against Yugoslavia and Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4262-6","url_text":"978-1-4728-4262-6"}]},{"reference":"Bjelajac, Mile S. (1994). Vojska Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca-Jugoslavije: 1922–1935. Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bjelajac, Mile S. (1988). Vojska Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1918–1921. Narodna knj.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bjelajac, Mile (2004). Generali i admirali Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1918–1941: Studija o vojnoj eliti i biografski leksikon [The Generals and Admirals of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1918–1941: A Study of the Military Elite and Biographical Lexicon] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije (Institute for the Recent History of Serbia). OCLC 607699124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade","url_text":"Belgrade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607699124","url_text":"607699124"}]},{"reference":"Cede, Franz (2012). \"The Plebiscites in Carinthia and Sopron-Ödenburg after World War I\". In Wilfried Marxer (ed.). Direct Democracy and Minorities. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-531-94304-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jyWiNVe3cB0C","url_text":"Direct Democracy and Minorities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-94304-6","url_text":"978-3-531-94304-6"}]},{"reference":"Hoptner, J.B. (1963). Yugoslavia in Crisis, 1934–1941. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 404664.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/404664","url_text":"404664"}]},{"reference":"Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997a). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 1. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85207-950-5","url_text":"978-1-85207-950-5"}]},{"reference":"Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997b). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85207-950-5","url_text":"978-1-85207-950-5"}]},{"reference":"Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997c). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 3. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85207-950-5","url_text":"978-1-85207-950-5"}]},{"reference":"Judah, Tim (1997). The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300071139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Judah","url_text":"Judah, Tim"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4JCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300071139","url_text":"9780300071139"}]},{"reference":"Newman, John Paul (2015). Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107070769.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN1107070767","url_text":"Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107070769","url_text":"978-1107070769"}]},{"reference":"Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC","url_text":"The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana","url_text":"Bloomington, Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8","url_text":"978-0-253-34656-8"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, W.R.; Tito, J.B. (1973). Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941–1945. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0740-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fNBmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies, 1941–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0740-8","url_text":"978-0-8135-0740-8"}]},{"reference":"Tanner, M. (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War; Third Edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17159-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w9MoHgroUn0C&pg=PT119","url_text":"Croatia: A Nation Forged in War; Third Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17159-4","url_text":"978-0-300-17159-4"}]},{"reference":"Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich","url_text":"Tomasevich, Jozo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9","url_text":"978-0-8047-0857-9"}]},{"reference":"Vucinich, Wayne S. (1969). \"Interwar Yugoslavia\". In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.). Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. OCLC 652337606.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci","url_text":"Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California","url_text":"Berkeley, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/652337606","url_text":"652337606"}]},{"reference":"Bizjak, Matjaž (2012). \"Problemi slovenskega častniškega zbora ob prehodu v vojsko Kraljevine SHS\" [Problems of the Slovenian Officers During Their Transfer to the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]. Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino (in Slovenian). 52 (1). Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino: 39–52. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_migration
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Animal migration
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["1 Overview","1.1 Concepts","1.2 Seasonal","1.3 Circadian","1.4 Tidal","1.5 Diel","2 In specific groups","2.1 In birds","2.2 In fish","2.3 In insects","2.4 In mammals","2.5 In other animals","3 Tracking migration","4 In culture","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","7.1 General","7.2 By group","7.3 For children","8 External links"]
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Periodic large-scale movement of animals, usually seasonal
"Irruption" redirects here. For rapid changes in population size, see Irruptive growth.
Mexican free-tailed bats on their long aerial migration
Animal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The cause of migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating.
To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, or a major habitat change as part of their life. An annual event could include Northern Hemisphere birds migrating south for the winter, or wildebeest migrating annually for seasonal grazing. A major habitat change could include young Atlantic salmon or sea lamprey leaving the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches in size. Some traditional forms of human migration fit this pattern.
Migrations can be studied using traditional identification tags such as bird rings, or tracked directly with electronic tracking devices.
Before animal migration was understood, folklore explanations were formulated for the appearance and disappearance of some species, such as that barnacle geese grew from goose barnacles.
Overview
Concepts
Wildebeest on the Serengeti 'great migration'
Migration can take very different forms in different species, and has a variety of causes.
As such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration. One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by the zoologist J. S. Kennedy is
Migratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out movement effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses, but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence.
Migration encompasses four related concepts: persistent straight movement; relocation of an individual on a greater scale (in both space and time) than its normal daily activities; seasonal to-and-fro movement of a population between two areas; and movement leading to the redistribution of individuals within a population. Migration can be either obligate, meaning individuals must migrate, or facultative, meaning individuals can "choose" to migrate or not. Within a migratory species or even within a single population, often not all individuals migrate. Complete migration is when all individuals migrate, partial migration is when some individuals migrate while others do not, and differential migration is when the difference between migratory and non-migratory individuals is based on discernible characteristics like age or sex. Irregular (non-cyclical) migrations such as irruptions can occur under pressure of famine, overpopulation of a locality, or some more obscure influence.
Seasonal
Seasonal migration is the movement of various species from one habitat to another during the year. Resource availability changes depending on seasonal fluctuations, which influence migration patterns. Some species such as Pacific salmon migrate to reproduce; every year, they swim upstream to mate and then return to the ocean. Temperature is a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the time of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during the winter to escape poor environmental conditions.
Circadian
Circadian migration is where birds utilise circadian rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both fall and spring. In circadian migration, clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are used to determine the birds' orientation in both time and space as they migrate from one destination to the next. This type of migration is advantageous in birds that, during the winter, remain close to the equator, and also allows the monitoring of the auditory and spatial memory of the bird's brain to remember an optimal site of migration. These birds also have timing mechanisms that provide them with the distance to their destination.
Tidal
Tidal migration is the use of tides by organisms to move periodically from one habitat to another. This type of migration is often used in order to find food or mates. Tides can carry organisms horizontally and vertically for as little as a few nanometres to even thousands of kilometres. The most common form of tidal migration is to and from the intertidal zone during daily tidal cycles. These zones are often populated by many different species and are rich in nutrients. Organisms like crabs, nematodes, and small fish move in and out of these areas as the tides rise and fall, typically about every twelve hours. The cycle movements are associated with foraging of marine and bird species. Typically, during low tide, smaller or younger species will emerge to forage because they can survive in the shallower water and have less chance of being preyed upon. During high tide, larger species can be found due to the deeper water and nutrient upwelling from the tidal movements. Tidal migration is often facilitated by ocean currents.
Diel
While most migratory movements occur on an annual cycle, some daily movements are also described as migration. Many aquatic animals make a diel vertical migration, travelling a few hundred metres up and down the water column, while some jellyfish make daily horizontal migrations of a few hundred metres.
In specific groups
Different kinds of animals migrate in different ways.
In birds
Flocks of birds assembling before migration southwards
Main article: Bird migration
Approximately 1,800 of the world's 10,000 bird species migrate long distances each year in response to the seasons. Many of these migrations are north-south, with species feeding and breeding in high northern latitudes in the summer and moving some hundreds of kilometres south for the winter. Some species extend this strategy to migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Arctic tern has the longest migration journey of any bird: it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year, a distance of at least 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving it two summers every year.
Bird migration is controlled primarily by day length, signalled by hormonal changes in the bird's body. On migration, birds navigate using multiple senses. Many birds use a sun compass, requiring them to compensate for the sun's changing position with time of day. Navigation involves the ability to detect magnetic fields.
In fish
Main article: Fish migration
Many species of salmon migrate up rivers to spawn
Most fish species are relatively limited in their movements, remaining in a single geographical area and making short migrations to overwinter, to spawn, or to feed. A few hundred species migrate long distances, in some cases of thousands of kilometres. About 120 species of fish, including several species of salmon, migrate between saltwater and freshwater (they are 'diadromous').
Forage fish such as herring and capelin migrate around substantial parts of the North Atlantic ocean. The capelin, for example, spawn around the southern and western coasts of Iceland; their larvae drift clockwise around Iceland, while the fish swim northwards towards Jan Mayen island to feed and return to Iceland parallel with Greenland's east coast.
In the 'sardine run', billions of Southern African pilchard Sardinops sagax spawn in the cold waters of the Agulhas Bank and move northward along the east coast of South Africa between May and July.
In insects
Main articles: Insect migration and Lepidoptera migration
An aggregation of migratory Pantala flavescens dragonflies, known as globe skimmers, in Coorg, India
Some winged insects such as locusts and certain butterflies and dragonflies with strong flight migrate long distances. Among the dragonflies, species of Libellula and Sympetrum are known for mass migration, while Pantala flavescens, known as the globe skimmer or wandering glider dragonfly, makes the longest ocean crossing of any insect: between India and Africa. Exceptionally, swarms of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, flew westwards across the Atlantic Ocean for 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) during October 1988, using air currents in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.
In some migratory butterflies, such as the monarch butterfly and the painted lady, no individual completes the whole migration. Instead, the butterflies mate and reproduce on the journey, and successive generations continue the migration.
In mammals
Further information: List of mammals that perform mass migrations
Some mammals undertake exceptional migrations; reindeer have one of the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, reaching as much as 4,868 kilometres (3,025 mi) per year in North America. However, over the course of a year, grey wolves move the most. One grey wolf covered a total cumulative annual distance of 7,247 kilometres (4,503 mi).
High-mountain shepherds in Lesotho practice transhumance with their flocks.
Mass migration occurs in mammals such as the Serengeti 'great migration', an annual circular pattern of movement with some 1.7 million wildebeest and hundreds of thousands of other large game animals, including gazelles and zebra. More than 20 such species engage, or used to engage, in mass migrations. Of these migrations, those of the springbok, black wildebeest, blesbok, scimitar-horned oryx, and kulan have ceased. Long-distance migrations occur in some bats – notably the mass migration of the Mexican free-tailed bat between Oregon and southern Mexico. Migration is important in cetaceans, including whales, dolphins and porpoises; some species travel long distances between their feeding and their breeding areas.
Humans are mammals, but human migration, as commonly defined, is when individuals often permanently change where they live, which does not fit the patterns described here. An exception is some traditional migratory patterns such as transhumance, in which herders and their animals move seasonally between mountains and valleys, and the seasonal movements of nomads.
In other animals
Further information: Sea turtle migration
Among the reptiles, adult sea turtles migrate long distances to breed, as do some amphibians. Hatchling sea turtles, too, emerge from underground nests, crawl down to the water, and swim offshore to reach the open sea. Juvenile green sea turtles make use of Earth's magnetic field to navigate.
Christmas Island red crabs on annual migration
Some crustaceans migrate, such as the largely-terrestrial Christmas Island red crab, which moves en masse each year by the millions. Like other crabs, they breathe using gills, which must remain wet, so they avoid direct sunlight, digging burrows to shelter from the sun. They mate on land near their burrows. The females incubate their eggs in their abdominal brood pouches for two weeks. Then they return to the sea to release their eggs at high tide in the moon's last quarter. The larvae spend a few weeks at sea and then return to land.
Tracking migration
Main article: Animal migration tracking
A migratory butterfly, a monarch, tagged for identification
Scientists gather observations of animal migration by tracking their movements. Animals were traditionally tracked with identification tags such as bird rings for later recovery. However, no information was obtained about the actual route followed between release and recovery, and only a fraction of tagged individuals were recovered. More convenient, therefore, are electronic devices such as radio-tracking collars that can be followed by radio, whether handheld, in a vehicle or aircraft, or by satellite. GPS animal tracking enables accurate positions to be broadcast at regular intervals, but the devices are inevitably heavier and more expensive than those without GPS. An alternative is the Argos Doppler tag, also called a 'Platform Transmitter Terminal' (PTT), which sends regularly to the polar-orbiting Argos satellites; using Doppler shift, the animal's location can be estimated, relatively roughly compared to GPS, but at a lower cost and weight. A technology suitable for small birds which cannot carry the heavier devices is the geolocator which logs the light level as the bird flies, for analysis on recapture. There is scope for further development of systems able to track small animals globally.
Radio-tracking tags can be fitted to insects, including dragonflies and bees.
In culture
Before animal migration was understood, various folklore and erroneous explanations were formulated to account for the disappearance or sudden arrival of birds in an area. In Ancient Greece, Aristotle proposed that robins turned into redstarts when summer arrived. The barnacle goose was explained in European Medieval bestiaries and manuscripts as either growing like fruit on trees, or developing from goose barnacles on pieces of driftwood. Another example is the swallow, which was once thought, even by naturalists such as Gilbert White, to hibernate either underwater, buried in muddy riverbanks, or in hollow trees.
See also
Great American Interchange
References
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Further reading
General
Aidley, D. J. (1981). Animal migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52123-274-6.
Baker, R. R. (1978) The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-34019-409-6.
Dingle, H. (1996) Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19802-577-1.
Gauthreaux, S. A. (1980) Animal Migration, Orientation, and Navigation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12277-750-9.
Milner-Gulland, E. J., Fryxell, J. M., and Sinclair, A. R. E. (2011) Animal Migration: A Synthesis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19956-899-4.
Rankin, M. (1985) Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance: Contributions in Marine Science. Marine Science Institute. OCLC 747358527.
Riede, K. (2002) Global Register of Migratory Species. With database and GIS maps on CD. ISBN 978-3-78433-826-2.
By group
Drake, V. A. and Gatehouse, A. G. (1995) Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52101-853-1
Elphick, J. (1995) The atlas of bird migration: tracing the great journeys of the world's birds. Random House. ISBN 978-1-55407-971-1
Greenberg, R. and Marra, P. P. (2005) Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-80188-107-7
Lucas, M. C. and Baras, E. (2001) Migration of freshwater fishes. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-47099-964-6
MacKeown, B. A. (1984) Fish migration. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-91730-499-6
Sonnenschein, E; Berthold, P. (2003) Avian migration. Springer. ISBN 978-3-54043-408-5
For children
Gans, R. and Mirocha, P. How do Birds Find their Way? HarperCollins. (Stage 2) ISBN 978-0-43969-940-2
Marsh, L. (2010) Amazing Animal Journeys. National Geographic Society. (Level 3) ISBN 978-0-00826-686-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal migration.
Migration Basics from U.S. National Park Service
Witnessing the Great Migration in Serengeti and Masai Mara
Global Register of Migratory Species – identifies, maps and features 4,300 migratory vertebrate species
Animal migration on PubMed MeSH term F01.145.113.083
vteSwarmingBiological swarming
Agent-based model in biology
Collective animal behavior
Droving
Flock
flocking
sort sol
Herd
herd behavior
Locust
Mixed-species foraging flock
Mobbing behavior
feeding frenzy
Pack
pack hunter
Patterns of self-organization in ants
ant mill
symmetry breaking of escaping ants
Shoaling and schooling
bait ball
Swarming behaviour
Swarming (honey bee)
Swarming motility
Animal migration
Animal migration
altitudinal
tracking
history
coded wire tag
Bird migration
flyways
reverse migration
Cell migration
Fish migration
diel vertical
Lessepsian
salmon run
sardine run
Homing
natal
philopatry
Insect migration
butterflies
monarch
Sea turtle migration
Swarm algorithms
Agent-based models
Ant colony optimization
Boids
Crowd simulation
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm intelligence
Swarm (simulation)
Collective motion
Active matter
Collective motion
Self-propelled particles
clustering
Vicsek model
BIO-LGCA
Swarm robotics
Ant robotics
Microbotics
Nanorobotics
Swarm robotics
Symbrion
Related topics
Allee effect
Animal navigation
Collective intelligence
Decentralised system
Eusociality
Group size measures
Microbial intelligence
Mutualism
Predator satiation
Quorum sensing
Spatial organization
Stigmergy
Military swarming
Task allocation and partitioning of social insects
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irruptive growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irruptive_growth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexican free-tailed bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals"},{"link_name":"seasonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal"},{"link_name":"migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_that_perform_mass_migrations"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_migration"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab#Migration"},{"link_name":"dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersal"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"wildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildebeest"},{"link_name":"Atlantic salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"human migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration"},{"link_name":"bird rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_ringing"},{"link_name":"barnacle geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle_goose"},{"link_name":"goose barnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_barnacle"}],"text":"Periodic large-scale movement of animals, usually seasonal\"Irruption\" redirects here. For rapid changes in population size, see Irruptive growth.Mexican free-tailed bats on their long aerial migrationAnimal migration is the relatively long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The cause of migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating.To be counted as a true migration, and not just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, or a major habitat change as part of their life. An annual event could include Northern Hemisphere birds migrating south for the winter, or wildebeest migrating annually for seasonal grazing. A major habitat change could include young Atlantic salmon or sea lamprey leaving the river of their birth when they have reached a few inches in size. Some traditional forms of human migration fit this pattern.Migrations can be studied using traditional identification tags such as bird rings, or tracked directly with electronic tracking devices.\nBefore animal migration was understood, folklore explanations were formulated for the appearance and disappearance of some species, such as that barnacle geese grew from goose barnacles.","title":"Animal migration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildebeest"},{"link_name":"Serengeti 'great migration'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti#Great_Toms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilvaServia2012-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"},{"link_name":"obligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DingleDrake-4"},{"link_name":"overpopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Concepts","text":"Wildebeest on the Serengeti 'great migration'Migration can take very different forms in different species, and has a variety of causes.[1][2][3]\nAs such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration.[4] One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by the zoologist J. S. Kennedy[5] isMigratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out movement effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses, but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence.[5]Migration encompasses four related concepts: persistent straight movement; relocation of an individual on a greater scale (in both space and time) than its normal daily activities; seasonal to-and-fro movement of a population between two areas; and movement leading to the redistribution of individuals within a population.[4] Migration can be either obligate, meaning individuals must migrate, or facultative, meaning individuals can \"choose\" to migrate or not. Within a migratory species or even within a single population, often not all individuals migrate. Complete migration is when all individuals migrate, partial migration is when some individuals migrate while others do not, and differential migration is when the difference between migratory and non-migratory individuals is based on discernible characteristics like age or sex.[4] Irregular (non-cyclical) migrations such as irruptions can occur under pressure of famine, overpopulation of a locality, or some more obscure influence.[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Seasonal","text":"Seasonal migration is the movement of various species from one habitat to another during the year. Resource availability changes depending on seasonal fluctuations, which influence migration patterns. Some species such as Pacific salmon migrate to reproduce; every year, they swim upstream to mate and then return to the ocean.[7] Temperature is a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the time of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during the winter to escape poor environmental conditions.[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circadian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gwinner_1996_pp._39%E2%80%9348-9"}],"sub_title":"Circadian","text":"Circadian migration is where birds utilise circadian rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both fall and spring. In circadian migration, clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are used to determine the birds' orientation in both time and space as they migrate from one destination to the next. This type of migration is advantageous in birds that, during the winter, remain close to the equator, and also allows the monitoring of the auditory and spatial memory of the bird's brain to remember an optimal site of migration. These birds also have timing mechanisms that provide them with the distance to their destination.[9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_2003-10"},{"link_name":"intertidal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_2003-10"},{"link_name":"ocean currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tidal","text":"Tidal migration is the use of tides by organisms to move periodically from one habitat to another. This type of migration is often used in order to find food or mates. Tides can carry organisms horizontally and vertically for as little as a few nanometres to even thousands of kilometres.[10] The most common form of tidal migration is to and from the intertidal zone during daily tidal cycles.[10] These zones are often populated by many different species and are rich in nutrients. Organisms like crabs, nematodes, and small fish move in and out of these areas as the tides rise and fall, typically about every twelve hours. The cycle movements are associated with foraging of marine and bird species. Typically, during low tide, smaller or younger species will emerge to forage because they can survive in the shallower water and have less chance of being preyed upon. During high tide, larger species can be found due to the deeper water and nutrient upwelling from the tidal movements. Tidal migration is often facilitated by ocean currents.[11][12][13]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diel vertical migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Diel","text":"While most migratory movements occur on an annual cycle, some daily movements are also described as migration. Many aquatic animals make a diel vertical migration, travelling a few hundred metres up and down the water column,[14] while some jellyfish make daily horizontal migrations of a few hundred metres.[15]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Different kinds of animals migrate in different ways.","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:101111_Maison_007_(detail).jpg"},{"link_name":"bird species migrate long distances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berthold2001-17"},{"link_name":"Arctic tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tern"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramp-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"navigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_navigation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"detect magnetic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoreception"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"In birds","text":"Flocks of birds assembling before migration southwardsApproximately 1,800 of the world's 10,000 bird species migrate long distances each year in response to the seasons.[16] Many of these migrations are north-south, with species feeding and breeding in high northern latitudes in the summer and moving some hundreds of kilometres south for the winter.[17] Some species extend this strategy to migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Arctic tern has the longest migration journey of any bird: it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year, a distance of at least 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving it two summers every year.[18]Bird migration is controlled primarily by day length, signalled by hormonal changes in the bird's body.[19] On migration, birds navigate using multiple senses. Many birds use a sun compass, requiring them to compensate for the sun's changing position with time of day.[20] Navigation involves the ability to detect magnetic fields.[21]","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jumping_Salmon.jpg"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction"},{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myers_1949-23"},{"link_name":"Forage fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"capelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capelin"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Jan Mayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mayen"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"sardine run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run"},{"link_name":"pilchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilchard"},{"link_name":"Sardinops sagax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinops_sagax"},{"link_name":"Agulhas Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agulhas_Bank"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"In fish","text":"Many species of salmon migrate up rivers to spawnMost fish species are relatively limited in their movements, remaining in a single geographical area and making short migrations to overwinter, to spawn, or to feed. A few hundred species migrate long distances, in some cases of thousands of kilometres. About 120 species of fish, including several species of salmon, migrate between saltwater and freshwater (they are 'diadromous').[22][23]Forage fish such as herring and capelin migrate around substantial parts of the North Atlantic ocean. The capelin, for example, spawn around the southern and western coasts of Iceland; their larvae drift clockwise around Iceland, while the fish swim northwards towards Jan Mayen island to feed and return to Iceland parallel with Greenland's east coast.[24]In the 'sardine run', billions of Southern African pilchard Sardinops sagax spawn in the cold waters of the Agulhas Bank and move northward along the east coast of South Africa between May and July.[25]","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pantala flavescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantala_flavescens"},{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"locusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonflies"},{"link_name":"Libellula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellula"},{"link_name":"Sympetrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympetrum"},{"link_name":"Pantala flavescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantala_flavescens"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams1957-26"},{"link_name":"Schistocerca gregaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistocerca_gregaria"},{"link_name":"Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Tropical_Convergence_Zone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"migratory butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration"},{"link_name":"monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration"},{"link_name":"painted lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_lady"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StefanescuP%C3%A1ramo2013-28"}],"sub_title":"In insects","text":"An aggregation of migratory Pantala flavescens dragonflies, known as globe skimmers, in Coorg, IndiaSome winged insects such as locusts and certain butterflies and dragonflies with strong flight migrate long distances. Among the dragonflies, species of Libellula and Sympetrum are known for mass migration, while Pantala flavescens, known as the globe skimmer or wandering glider dragonfly, makes the longest ocean crossing of any insect: between India and Africa.[26] Exceptionally, swarms of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, flew westwards across the Atlantic Ocean for 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) during October 1988, using air currents in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.[27]In some migratory butterflies, such as the monarch butterfly and the painted lady, no individual completes the whole migration. Instead, the butterflies mate and reproduce on the journey, and successive generations continue the migration.[28]","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of mammals that perform mass migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_that_perform_mass_migrations"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"grey wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg"},{"link_name":"shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"transhumance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance"},{"link_name":"Serengeti 'great migration'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti#Great_Toms"},{"link_name":"wildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildebeest"},{"link_name":"gazelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle"},{"link_name":"zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngorongoro-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"springbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok"},{"link_name":"black wildebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_wildebeest"},{"link_name":"blesbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blesbok"},{"link_name":"scimitar-horned oryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar-horned_oryx"},{"link_name":"kulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenian_kulan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mexican free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"human migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration"},{"link_name":"transhumance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance"},{"link_name":"nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinlan_Morris_1994-37"}],"sub_title":"In mammals","text":"Further information: List of mammals that perform mass migrationsSome mammals undertake exceptional migrations; reindeer have one of the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, reaching as much as 4,868 kilometres (3,025 mi) per year in North America. However, over the course of a year, grey wolves move the most. One grey wolf covered a total cumulative annual distance of 7,247 kilometres (4,503 mi).[29]High-mountain shepherds in Lesotho practice transhumance with their flocks.Mass migration occurs in mammals such as the Serengeti 'great migration', an annual circular pattern of movement with some 1.7 million wildebeest and hundreds of thousands of other large game animals, including gazelles and zebra.[30][31] More than 20 such species engage, or used to engage, in mass migrations.[32] Of these migrations, those of the springbok, black wildebeest, blesbok, scimitar-horned oryx, and kulan have ceased.[33] Long-distance migrations occur in some bats – notably the mass migration of the Mexican free-tailed bat between Oregon and southern Mexico.[34] Migration is important in cetaceans, including whales, dolphins and porpoises; some species travel long distances between their feeding and their breeding areas.[35]Humans are mammals, but human migration, as commonly defined, is when individuals often permanently change where they live, which does not fit the patterns described here. An exception is some traditional migratory patterns such as transhumance, in which herders and their animals move seasonally between mountains and valleys, and the seasonal movements of nomads.[36][37]","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea turtle migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"},{"link_name":"sea turtles migrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"green sea turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"Earth's magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island red crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island red crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_red_crab"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adamcz2001-41"}],"sub_title":"In other animals","text":"Further information: Sea turtle migrationAmong the reptiles, adult sea turtles migrate long distances to breed, as do some amphibians. Hatchling sea turtles, too, emerge from underground nests, crawl down to the water, and swim offshore to reach the open sea.[38] Juvenile green sea turtles make use of Earth's magnetic field to navigate.[39]Christmas Island red crabs on annual migrationSome crustaceans migrate, such as the largely-terrestrial Christmas Island red crab, which moves en masse each year by the millions. Like other crabs, they breathe using gills, which must remain wet, so they avoid direct sunlight, digging burrows to shelter from the sun. They mate on land near their burrows. The females incubate their eggs in their abdominal brood pouches for two weeks. Then they return to the sea to release their eggs at high tide in the moon's last quarter. The larvae spend a few weeks at sea and then return to land.[40][41]","title":"In specific groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"bird rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_ringing"},{"link_name":"radio-tracking collars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_collar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Movebank-42"},{"link_name":"GPS animal tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_animal_tracking"},{"link_name":"Doppler shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Movebank-42"},{"link_name":"geolocator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopositioning"},{"link_name":"logs the light level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_level_geolocator"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wikelski_Kays_Kasdin_Thorup_2007-44"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonflies"},{"link_name":"bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"A migratory butterfly, a monarch, tagged for identificationScientists gather observations of animal migration by tracking their movements. Animals were traditionally tracked with identification tags such as bird rings for later recovery. However, no information was obtained about the actual route followed between release and recovery, and only a fraction of tagged individuals were recovered. More convenient, therefore, are electronic devices such as radio-tracking collars that can be followed by radio, whether handheld, in a vehicle or aircraft, or by satellite.[42] GPS animal tracking enables accurate positions to be broadcast at regular intervals, but the devices are inevitably heavier and more expensive than those without GPS. An alternative is the Argos Doppler tag, also called a 'Platform Transmitter Terminal' (PTT), which sends regularly to the polar-orbiting Argos satellites; using Doppler shift, the animal's location can be estimated, relatively roughly compared to GPS, but at a lower cost and weight.[42] A technology suitable for small birds which cannot carry the heavier devices is the geolocator which logs the light level as the bird flies, for analysis on recapture.[43] There is scope for further development of systems able to track small animals globally.[44]Radio-tracking tags can be fitted to insects, including dragonflies and bees.[45]","title":"Tracking migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"redstarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicurus_phoenicurus"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"barnacle goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle_goose"},{"link_name":"goose barnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_barnacle"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow"},{"link_name":"naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Gilbert White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_White"},{"link_name":"hibernate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Before animal migration was understood, various folklore and erroneous explanations were formulated to account for the disappearance or sudden arrival of birds in an area. In Ancient Greece, Aristotle proposed that robins turned into redstarts when summer arrived.[46] The barnacle goose was explained in European Medieval bestiaries and manuscripts as either growing like fruit on trees, or developing from goose barnacles on pieces of driftwood.[47] Another example is the swallow, which was once thought, even by naturalists such as Gilbert White, to hibernate either underwater, buried in muddy riverbanks, or in hollow trees.[48]","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-52123-274-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52123-274-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-34019-409-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-34019-409-6"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19802-577-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19802-577-1"},{"link_name":"Academic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12277-750-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12277-750-9"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19956-899-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19956-899-4"},{"link_name":"Marine Science Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Science_Institute"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"747358527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/747358527"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-78433-826-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-78433-826-2"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Aidley, D. J. (1981). Animal migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52123-274-6.\nBaker, R. R. (1978) The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-34019-409-6.\nDingle, H. (1996) Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19802-577-1.\nGauthreaux, S. A. (1980) Animal Migration, Orientation, and Navigation. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12277-750-9.\nMilner-Gulland, E. J., Fryxell, J. M., and Sinclair, A. R. E. (2011) Animal Migration: A Synthesis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19956-899-4.\nRankin, M. (1985) Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance: Contributions in Marine Science. Marine Science Institute. OCLC 747358527.\nRiede, K. (2002) Global Register of Migratory Species. With database and GIS maps on CD. ISBN 978-3-78433-826-2.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-52101-853-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52101-853-1"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55407-971-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-971-1"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-80188-107-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80188-107-7"},{"link_name":"Blackwell Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Science"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-47099-964-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-47099-964-6"},{"link_name":"Timber Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-91730-499-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-91730-499-6"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-54043-408-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-54043-408-5"}],"sub_title":"By group","text":"Drake, V. A. and Gatehouse, A. G. (1995) Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52101-853-1\nElphick, J. (1995) The atlas of bird migration: tracing the great journeys of the world's birds. Random House. ISBN 978-1-55407-971-1\nGreenberg, R. and Marra, P. P. (2005) Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-80188-107-7\nLucas, M. C. and Baras, E. (2001) Migration of freshwater fishes. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-47099-964-6\nMacKeown, B. A. (1984) Fish migration. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-91730-499-6\nSonnenschein, E; Berthold, P. (2003) Avian migration. Springer. ISBN 978-3-54043-408-5","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-43969-940-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-43969-940-2"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00826-686-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00826-686-8"}],"sub_title":"For children","text":"Gans, R. and Mirocha, P. How do Birds Find their Way? HarperCollins. (Stage 2) ISBN 978-0-43969-940-2\nMarsh, L. (2010) Amazing Animal Journeys. National Geographic Society. (Level 3) ISBN 978-0-00826-686-8","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mexican free-tailed bats on their long aerial migration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg/440px-Tadarida_brasiliensis_outflight_Hristov_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wildebeest on the Serengeti 'great migration'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/290px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flocks of birds assembling before migration southwards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-101111_Maison_007_%28detail%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many species of salmon migrate up rivers to spawn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Jumping_Salmon.jpg/220px-Jumping_Salmon.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aggregation of migratory Pantala flavescens dragonflies, known as globe skimmers, in Coorg, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/170px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg"},{"image_text":"High-mountain shepherds in Lesotho practice transhumance with their flocks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg/220px-High_mountain_Shepherds.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christmas Island red crabs on annual migration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG/280px-Christmas_Island_Crabs_on_annual_migration.JPG"},{"image_text":"A migratory butterfly, a monarch, tagged for identification","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/220px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Great American Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange"}]
|
[{"reference":"Attenborough, David (1990). The Trials of Life. London: Collins/BBCBooks. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-00-219940-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough","url_text":"Attenborough, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-219940-7","url_text":"978-0-00-219940-7"}]},{"reference":"Silva, S.; Servia, M. J.; Vieira-Lanero, R.; Cobo, F. (2012). \"Downstream migration and hematophagous feeding of newly metamorphosed sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758)\". Hydrobiologia. 700 (1): 277–286. doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1237-3. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 16752713.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiologia","url_text":"Hydrobiologia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-012-1237-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10750-012-1237-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-8158","url_text":"0018-8158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16752713","url_text":"16752713"}]},{"reference":"Dingle, Hugh; Drake, V. Alistair (2007). \"What is migration?\". BioScience. 57 (2): 113–121. doi:10.1641/B570206. S2CID 196608896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641%2FB570206","url_text":"10.1641/B570206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196608896","url_text":"196608896"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, J. S. (1985). \"Migration: Behavioral and ecological\". In Rankin, M. (ed.). Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance: Contributions in Marine Science. Marine Science Institute. pp. 5–26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ingersoll, Ernest (1920). \"Migration\" . In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll","url_text":"Ingersoll, Ernest"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Migration","url_text":"\"Migration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"About Pacific Salmon\". Pacific Salmon Commission. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.psc.org/about-us/history-purpose/about-pacific-salmon","url_text":"\"About Pacific Salmon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_Commission","url_text":"Pacific Salmon Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, and Where\". All About Birds. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/the-basics-how-why-and-where-of-bird-migration","url_text":"\"The Basics of Bird Migration: How, Why, and Where\""}]},{"reference":"Gwinner, E (1996). \"Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (Pt 1): 39–48. doi:10.1242/jeb.199.1.39. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 9317295.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Biology","url_text":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.199.1.39","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.199.1.39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0949","url_text":"0022-0949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317295","url_text":"9317295"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, R. (2003). \"Go with the flow: tidal migration in marine animals\". Hydrobiologia. 503 (1–3): 153–161. doi:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008488.33614.62. S2CID 11320839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiologia","url_text":"Hydrobiologia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHYDR.0000008488.33614.62","url_text":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008488.33614.62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11320839","url_text":"11320839"}]},{"reference":"Hufnagl, M.; Temming, A.; Pohlmann, T. (2014). \"The missing link: tidal-influenced activity a likely candidate to close the migration triangle in brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Crustacea, Decapoda)\". Fisheries Oceanography. 23 (3): 242–257. Bibcode:2014FisOc..23..242H. doi:10.1111/fog.12059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014FisOc..23..242H","url_text":"2014FisOc..23..242H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffog.12059","url_text":"10.1111/fog.12059"}]},{"reference":"Brenner, M.; Krumme, U. (2007). \"Tidal migration and patterns in feeding of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps L. in a north Brazilian mangrove\" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 70 (2): 406–427. Bibcode:2007JFBio..70..406B. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01313.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/15767/1/Bre2006p.pdf","url_text":"\"Tidal migration and patterns in feeding of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps L. in a north Brazilian mangrove\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..70..406B","url_text":"2007JFBio..70..406B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01313.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01313.x"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, R. N. (2003). \"Go with the Flow: Tidal Migration in Marine Animals\". Hydrobiologia. 503 (1–3): 153–161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.6977. doi:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008488.33614.62. S2CID 11320839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.463.6977","url_text":"10.1.1.463.6977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHYDR.0000008488.33614.62","url_text":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008488.33614.62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11320839","url_text":"11320839"}]},{"reference":"McLaren, I. A. (1974). \"Demographic strategy of vertical migration by a marine copepod\". The American Naturalist. 108 (959): 91–102. doi:10.1086/282887. JSTOR 2459738. S2CID 83760473.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F282887","url_text":"10.1086/282887"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2459738","url_text":"2459738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83760473","url_text":"83760473"}]},{"reference":"Hamner, W. M.; Hauri, I. R. (1981). \"Long-distance horizontal migrations of zooplankton (Scyphomedusae: Mastigias)\". Limnology and Oceanography. 26 (3): 414–423. Bibcode:1981LimOc..26..414I. doi:10.4319/lo.1981.26.3.0414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology_and_Oceanography","url_text":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981LimOc..26..414I","url_text":"1981LimOc..26..414I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1981.26.3.0414","url_text":"10.4319/lo.1981.26.3.0414"}]},{"reference":"Sekercioglu, C. H. (2007). \"Conservation ecology: area trumps mobility in fragment bird extinctions\". Current Biology. 17 (8): 283–286. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.R283S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.019. PMID 17437705. S2CID 744140.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.02.019","url_text":"\"Conservation ecology: area trumps mobility in fragment bird extinctions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Biology","url_text":"Current Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R283S","url_text":"2007CBio...17.R283S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.02.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17437705","url_text":"17437705"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:744140","url_text":"744140"}]},{"reference":"Berthold, Peter; Bauer, Hans-Günther; Westhead, Valerie (2001). Bird Migration: A General Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850787-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850787-1","url_text":"978-0-19-850787-1"}]},{"reference":"Cramp, Steve, ed. (1985). Birds of the Western Palearctic. pp. 87–100. ISBN 978-0-19-857507-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_the_Western_Palearctic","url_text":"Birds of the Western Palearctic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857507-8","url_text":"978-0-19-857507-8"}]},{"reference":"Fusani, L.; Cardinale, L.; Carere, C.; Goymann, W. (2009). \"Stopover decision during migration: physiological conditions predict nocturnal restlessness in wild passerines\". Biology Letters. 5 (3): 302–305. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0755. PMC 2679912. 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Birds\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PLoSO...2..937H","external_links_name":"2007PLoSO...2..937H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000937","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0000937"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976598","external_links_name":"1976598"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17895978","external_links_name":"17895978"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1438482","external_links_name":"10.2307/1438482"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1438482","external_links_name":"1438482"},{"Link":"http://escholarship.ucop.edu/uc/item/1jv6n689.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Modelling and simulations of the migration of pelagic fish\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsp067","external_links_name":"10.1093/icesjms/fsp067"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094105/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=3728","external_links_name":"\"A review and tests of hypotheses about causes of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AfJMS..32..449F","external_links_name":"2010AfJMS..32..449F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F1814232X.2010.519451","external_links_name":"10.2989/1814232X.2010.519451"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84513261","external_links_name":"84513261"},{"Link":"http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=3728","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.02.010157.001115","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.en.02.010157.001115"},{"Link":"http://www.entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/chapters/chapter_11.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 11: The Longest Migration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001116/http://www.entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/chapters/chapter_11.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/21064/1/N021064PP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Multi-generational long-distance migration of insects: studying the painted lady butterfly in the Western Palaearctic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.2012.07738.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07738.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0906-7590","external_links_name":"0906-7590"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6814704","external_links_name":"\"Longest terrestrial migrations and movements around the 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original"},{"Link":"https://thewordpoint.com/blog/migration-vs-immigration","external_links_name":"\"Migration vs. Immigration: Understanding the Nuances\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AJRFS..11...76Q","external_links_name":"1994AJRFS..11...76Q"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10220119.1994.9647851","external_links_name":"10.1080/10220119.1994.9647851"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1022-0119","external_links_name":"1022-0119"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-26604-6_7","external_links_name":"10.1007/3-540-26604-6_7"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428909a","external_links_name":"10.1038/428909a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118716","external_links_name":"15118716"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4329507","external_links_name":"4329507"},{"Link":"http://www.parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/people-place/red-crabs.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Crabs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140703153052/http://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/people-place/red-crabs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/11022","external_links_name":"\"Ecology and behaviour of Gecarcoidea natalis, the Christmas Island red crab, during the annual breeding migration\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1543512","external_links_name":"10.2307/1543512"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1543512","external_links_name":"1543512"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11441973","external_links_name":"11441973"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28150487","external_links_name":"28150487"},{"Link":"https://www.movebank.org/node/857","external_links_name":"\"What is animal 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Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518215933/http://www.aim4africa.com/great_migration.html","external_links_name":"Witnessing the Great Migration in Serengeti and Masai Mara"},{"Link":"http://www.groms.de/","external_links_name":"Global Register of Migratory Species"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Animal+Migration%5Bmh%5D","external_links_name":"Animal migration on PubMed"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2010/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Animal+Migration&field=entry","external_links_name":"F01.145.113.083"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133439-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294051105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005211","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054850&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph151469&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_Server_Management_Studio
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SQL Server Management Studio
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Database management software application
"SSMS" redirects here. For the type of mass spectrometer using spark ionization, see spark source mass spectrometer.
SQL Server Management StudioEarlier version of Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio showing a query, the results of the query, and the Object Explorer pane while connected to a SQL Server database engine instance.Developer(s)MicrosoftInitial release2005Stable release20.1
/ April 9, 2024; 2 months ago (2024-04-09)
Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsAvailable inChinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), English (United States), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, SpanishWebsitedocs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms
Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is a software application developed by Microsoft that is used for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. First launched with Microsoft SQL Server 2005, it is the successor to the Enterprise Manager in SQL 2000 or before. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools which work with objects and features of the server.
A central feature of SSMS is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server. It also shipped a separate Express edition that could be freely downloaded; however recent versions of SSMS are fully capable of connecting to and manage any SQL Server Express instance. Microsoft also incorporated backwards compatibility for older versions of SQL Server thus allowing a newer version of SSMS to connect to older versions of SQL Server instances. It also comes with Microsoft SQL Server Express 2012, or users can download it separately.
Starting from version 11, the application was based on the Visual Studio 2010 shell, using WPF for the user interface. Versions 18 and after are based on the Visual Studio 2017 Isolated Shell.
In June 2015, Microsoft announced their intention to release future versions of SSMS independently of SQL Server database engine releases.
See also
Comparison of database administration tools
SQL Server Management Objects
References
^ "Download SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)". 2024-04-09. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
^ "What is SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)?". microsoft.com. 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
^ "Manage Objects by Using Object Explorer". microsoft.com. 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
^ "SSMS 18.0 (preview 4)". SQL Server Management Studio - Changelog (SSMS). Microsoft. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
^ "Announcing SQL Server Management Studio – June 2015 Release". SQL Release Services Blog. Microsoft. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
External links
Download SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)
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[]
|
[{"title":"Comparison of database administration tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_database_administration_tools"},{"title":"SQL Server Management Objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_Server_Management_Objects"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imielin
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Imielin
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["1 Geography","2 Economy","3 History","3.1 Late Medieval","3.2 Early Modern and Nineteenth century","3.3 Twentieth century","3.4 Massacre during Second World War","4 Sights","5 Notable people from Imielin","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°8′52″N 19°10′53″E / 50.14778°N 19.18139°E / 50.14778; 19.18139This article is about a town in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. For a neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, see Imielin, Warsaw. For other uses, see Imielin (disambiguation).
Place in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Place in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandImielinOur Lady of Mount Carmel, a gothic revival church constructed between 1909 and 1912 and greatly enlarged in the 1950s
Coat of armsImielinCoordinates: 50°8′52″N 19°10′53″E / 50.14778°N 19.18139°E / 50.14778; 19.18139Country PolandVoivodeship SilesianCountyBieruń-LędzinyGminaImielin (urban gmina)Area • City28 km2 (11 sq mi)Population (2019-06-30) • City9,175 • Density330/km2 (850/sq mi) • Urban2,746,000 • Metro5,294,000Postal code41-407Websitehttp://www.imielin.pl
Imielin (German: Immenau O.S.) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Outer town of the Metropolis GZM – metropolis with the population of 2 million. It is located in the Silesian Highlands. The population of the town is 9098 (2021).
Geography
The municipality is situated a short distance to the south-west of Junction 41 on the A4 Highway.
It has been in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, previously having been in the Katowice Voivodeship, and before that, in the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Imielin is one of the towns included in the 2.7 million conurbation – Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people.
Economy
The area is both industrial and agricultural. There are dolomite deposits and, beneath the flatter area to the south-west of the municipality, coal deposits.
History
Late Medieval
The earliest mention in the records of Imielin dates from 1386. At that time it was part of the Duchy of Racibórz (Ratibor), the eastern border of which was marked by the Przemsza River. Imielin, like the neighbouring villages of Kosztowy and Chełm Śląski was nevertheless isolated from the rest of the duchy by the dense forest which were a feature of the area formed by the sources and headwaters of the Kłodnica and Mleczna rivers. For this reason in 1391 the Duke of Opava-Ratibor gifted this eastern portion of his lands to the Bishop of Kraków. From then until 1742 these villages were no longer part of the political entity of Silesia, control over them instead being exercised by the bishops of Kraków.
Early Modern and Nineteenth century
Following the annexation of Silesia to Prussia by Frederick the Great, sovereignty over the villages was removed from the bishops of Kraków in 1772, and in 1796 administrative control and ownership of the land was also transferred to the Prussian crown. In 1802 Alt Gatsch (Stara Gać) was established as a daughter settlement, followed in 1820 by Neu Gatsch (Nova/New Gać).
During the period of pan-European warfare with which the nineteenth century opened, the Napoleonic general Jean Lannes, who had been appointed Prince of Severia by the Duchy of Warsaw, asserted control over Imielin, along with Severia, citing in support the fact that historically both had belonged to the Bishopric of Kraków. Following the end of the Napoleonic War, Imielin was in 1817 returned to Prussia, and in 1818 it was incorporated into the newly created Pleß administrative district.
Twentieth century
Imielin's excellent transport links to the industrial cities of Katowice, Oświęcim and Tychy enabled it to grow considerably during the twentieth century, both as a residential town for commuters to these larger centres and on account of businesses establishing themselves in Imielin itself. The official population count increased from 2,614 in 1900 to 5,200 in 1931, and to 7,757 in 1970.
Massacre during Second World War
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, German soldiers mass murdered 28 Poles on the night of 4 and 5 September. The victims included refugees, three women and one 5-year-old child.
Sights
A noteworthy building is Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, a gothic revival building constructed between 1909 and 1912, and subsequently enlarged in 1953: in 1957 the height of the tower was increased to 27 meters. There is also a small chapel where Napoleon prayed on his way to Russia during his invasion of Russia.
Notable people from Imielin
Albin Siekierski (1920–1989), author
References
^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) "Project 1.4.3". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^ Szymon Datner "55 dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce" page 187
External links
Jewish Community in Imielin on Virtual Shtetl
vteGminas of Bieruń-Lędziny CountyUrban gminas
Bieruń (seat)
Imielin
Lędziny
Rural gminas
Gmina Bojszowy
Gmina Chełm Śląski
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imielin, Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imielin,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Imielin (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imielin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[iˈmʲɛlʲin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Metropolis GZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_GZM"},{"link_name":"Silesian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Highlands"}],"text":"This article is about a town in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. For a neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, see Imielin, Warsaw. For other uses, see Imielin (disambiguation).Place in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandPlace in Silesian Voivodeship, PolandImielin [iˈmʲɛlʲin] (German: Immenau O.S.) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Outer town of the Metropolis GZM – metropolis with the population of 2 million. It is located in the Silesian Highlands. The population of the town is 9098 (2021).","title":"Imielin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A4 Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_autostrada_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Katowice Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Katowice urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice_urban_area"},{"link_name":"Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The municipality is situated a short distance to the south-west of Junction 41 on the A4 Highway.It has been in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, previously having been in the Katowice Voivodeship, and before that, in the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Imielin is one of the towns included in the 2.7 million conurbation – Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"}],"text":"The area is both industrial and agricultural. There are dolomite deposits and, beneath the flatter area to the south-west of the municipality, coal deposits.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Racibórz (Ratibor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Przemsza River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemsza"},{"link_name":"Kosztowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosztowy"},{"link_name":"Chełm Śląski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82m_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Opava-Ratibor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Opava-Ratibor"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"}],"sub_title":"Late Medieval","text":"The earliest mention in the records of Imielin dates from 1386. At that time it was part of the Duchy of Racibórz (Ratibor), the eastern border of which was marked by the Przemsza River. Imielin, like the neighbouring villages of Kosztowy and Chełm Śląski was nevertheless isolated from the rest of the duchy by the dense forest which were a feature of the area formed by the sources and headwaters of the Kłodnica and Mleczna rivers. For this reason in 1391 the Duke of Opava-Ratibor gifted this eastern portion of his lands to the Bishop of Kraków. From then until 1742 these villages were no longer part of the political entity of Silesia, control over them instead being exercised by the bishops of Kraków.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annexation of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"the Napoleonic general Jean Lannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lannes"},{"link_name":"Severia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Pleß administrative district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Ple%C3%9F"}],"sub_title":"Early Modern and Nineteenth century","text":"Following the annexation of Silesia to Prussia by Frederick the Great, sovereignty over the villages was removed from the bishops of Kraków in 1772, and in 1796 administrative control and ownership of the land was also transferred to the Prussian crown. In 1802 Alt Gatsch (Stara Gać) was established as a daughter settlement, followed in 1820 by Neu Gatsch (Nova/New Gać).During the period of pan-European warfare with which the nineteenth century opened, the Napoleonic general Jean Lannes, who had been appointed Prince of Severia by the Duchy of Warsaw, asserted control over Imielin, along with Severia, citing in support the fact that historically both had belonged to the Bishopric of Kraków. Following the end of the Napoleonic War, Imielin was in 1817 returned to Prussia, and in 1818 it was incorporated into the newly created Pleß administrative district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychy"}],"sub_title":"Twentieth century","text":"Imielin's excellent transport links to the industrial cities of Katowice, Oświęcim and Tychy enabled it to grow considerably during the twentieth century, both as a residential town for commuters to these larger centres and on account of businesses establishing themselves in Imielin itself. The official population count increased from 2,614 in 1900 to 5,200 in 1931, and to 7,757 in 1970.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Massacre during Second World War","text":"During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, German soldiers mass murdered 28 Poles on the night of 4 and 5 September. The victims included refugees, three women and one 5-year-old child.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"his invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"}],"text":"A noteworthy building is Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, a gothic revival building constructed between 1909 and 1912, and subsequently enlarged in 1953: in 1957 the height of the tower was increased to 27 meters. There is also a small chapel where Napoleon prayed on his way to Russia during his invasion of Russia.","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albin Siekierski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Siekierski"}],"text":"Albin Siekierski (1920–1989), author","title":"Notable people from Imielin"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html","url_text":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project 1.4.3\". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090728052348/http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html","url_text":"\"Project 1.4.3\""},{"url":"http://www.espon.eu/mmp/online/website/content/projects/261/420/index_EN.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003
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2003
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["1 Demographics","2 Conflicts","2.1 Internal conflicts","2.2 International conflicts","3 Culture","3.1 Media","3.2 Sports","4 Economy","5 Environment and weather","6 Health","7 Events","7.1 January","7.2 February","7.3 March","7.4 April","7.5 May","7.6 June","7.7 July","7.8 August","7.9 September","7.10 October","7.11 November","7.12 December","8 Nobel Prizes","9 New English words and terms","10 References","11 External links"]
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2003
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
From top left, clockwise: the crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; Myspace launches becoming one of the first major social media platforms; protests in London against the invasion of Iraq; a drained river in France during the European heatwave; an earthquake in Bam, Iran kills 30,000 people; abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison by U.S. personnel; a statue of Saddam Hussein is toppled in Baghdad after his regime was deposed during the Iraq War.
Calendar year
Millennium:
3rd millennium
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1980s
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Years:
2000
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2003
2004
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2003 in various calendarsGregorian calendar2003MMIIIAb urbe condita2756Armenian calendar1452ԹՎ ՌՆԾԲAssyrian calendar6753Baháʼí calendar159–160Balinese saka calendar1924–1925Bengali calendar1410Berber calendar2953British Regnal year51 Eliz. 2 – 52 Eliz. 2Buddhist calendar2547Burmese calendar1365Byzantine calendar7511–7512Chinese calendar壬午年 (Water Horse)4700 or 4493 — to —癸未年 (Water Goat)4701 or 4494Coptic calendar1719–1720Discordian calendar3169Ethiopian calendar1995–1996Hebrew calendar5763–5764Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat2059–2060 - Shaka Samvat1924–1925 - Kali Yuga5103–5104Holocene calendar12003Igbo calendar1003–1004Iranian calendar1381–1382Islamic calendar1423–1424Japanese calendarHeisei 15(平成15年)Javanese calendar1935–1936Juche calendar92Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 daysKorean calendar4336Minguo calendarROC 92民國92年Nanakshahi calendar535Thai solar calendar2546Tibetan calendar阳水马年(male Water-Horse)2129 or 1748 or 976 — to —阴水羊年(female Water-Goat)2130 or 1749 or 977Unix time1041379200 – 1072915199
2003 by topic
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vte
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2003rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 4th year of the 2000s decade. Calendar year
2003 was designated by the United Nations as the International Year of Freshwater
In 2003, a United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, starting the Iraq War.
Demographics
The world population on January 1, 2003, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people and increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2004. An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2003. The average global life expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2002. The rate of child mortality was 6.85%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2002. 25.54% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 1.31pp from 2002
There were approximately 10.6 million global refugees at the beginning of 2003, and the number was reduced to 9.7 million refugees by the end of the year. Afghanistan was the largest source of refugees, with a total of 2.1 million at the end of the year.
Conflicts
Further information: Category:Conflicts in 2003
There were 29 armed conflicts affecting 22 countries in 2003. This was a net decrease from 31 conflicts in 2002.: 625 The deadliest conflicts were in Iraq, Kashmir, Liberia, Nepal, and Sudan.: 627
Internal conflicts
The Colombian conflict against two Marxist militant groups—the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army—escalated in 2003.: 101 The government negotiated an agreement for the right-wing militant group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia to disband as a means to deescalate the conflict.: 102
The First Ivorian Civil War was halted in 2003 amid a ceasefire while France and the states of ECOWAS intervened. Peace talks fell apart on March 7 until the ceasefire was restored on May 3, only to be broken again on September 23. The war was left in a frozen state at the end of 2003 with rebels controlling parts of the country.: 115–116 The Second Liberian Civil War against Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy escalated when the Movement for Democracy in Liberia split off as its own faction.: 116 President Charles Taylor resigned on August 2, allowing a peace agreement to take place on August 18.: 118
The Indonesian insurgency in Aceh escalated when a demilitarization agreement failed and the government renewed its offensive in May.: 126 The Moro conflict in the Philippines deescalated when the Philippine government agreed to peace talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in July, though conflicts with other groups continued.: 129
The Sri Lankan Civil War continued in 2003 as peace talks failed, and long-running civil wars in Burundi and in Uganda both escalated.: 107–112 The Second Sudanese Civil War escalated as new militant groups joined the conflict,: 628 though a security agreement was reached between the National Islamic Front and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on September 25.: 119 The Second Chechen War continued in Russia: the Russian government held a referendum for a new Chechen constitution and offered amnesty for Chechen rebels, but terror attacks continued.: 125
International conflicts
Only two inter-state conflicts took place in 2003: the Iraq War and the Kashmir conflict. The Kashmir conflict saw progress toward resolution in 2003 as negotiations began and a ceasefire took effect on November 23.: 95 A coalition of countries led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia led an invasion of Iraq beginning on March 20, warning that Iraq had been operating a program to develop weapons of mass destruction. The subsequent Iraq War became the most publicized conflict in 2003.: 627–628
The Second Intifada continued into 2003 as conflict between Israel and Palestine killed 400 people in suicide bombings by Palestinians and military strikes by the Israel Defense Forces.: 104
Culture
Media
Main articles: 2003 in film and 2003 in music
The highest-grossing films globally in 2003 were The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Finding Nemo, and The Matrix Reloaded. The highest-grossing non-English film was Bayside Shakedown 2 (Japanese), the 39th highest-grossing film of the year. Critically acclaimed films from 2003 include Finding Nemo, Lost in Translation, and Master and Commander.
Music sales in 2003 amounted to about 2.7 billion units, a decline of 6.5% from 2002. DVD music video thrived in 2003 at the expense of singles and cassettes. Globally, the best-selling albums of the year were Come Away with Me by Norah Jones, Get Rich or Die Tryin' by 50 Cent, and Meteora by Linkin Park. No non-English albums were among the global top fifty albums sold in 2003.
Sports
Main article: 2003 in sports
Golf saw an upset when Ben Curtis defeated some of the sport's top players in his first major competition at the 2003 Open Championship. Tennis players Roger Federer and Andy Roddick won their first Grand Slams in 2003.
Economy
The global economy improved in the second half of 2003 as it recovered from the early 2000s recession, brought about by low interest rates and expansionary fiscal policy. The United States led the recovery, while China and Japan also made significant contributions. The economic situation improved in Latin America and Africa, while Western Europe saw slower recovery. The gross world product increased by 2.5% in 2003, and international trade increased by 4.75%. The prices of non-fuel commodities, such as metal, minerals, and agricultural materials, increased during the year.
Environment and weather
Main article: 2003 in the environment
See also: List of earthquakes in 2003 and Tropical cyclones in 20032003 tied with 2002 as the second hottest year on record, behind only 1998. The year began during an El Niño period that continued until April. A major heatwave occurred in Europe during the summer, causing approximately 70,000 deaths, 14,000 in France alone.
Severe cold weather affected Asia, North America, and Peru. 2003 saw low precipitation, causing droughts in Australia, the United States, and Zimbabwe. The previous year's droughts in Asia were alleviated by heavy precipitation in the region.
Major earthquakes in 2003 included a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in Algeria on May 21 that killed over 2,200 people and a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Iran on December 26 that killed about 50,000 people.
The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was above average in activity, including sixteen named storms of which seven were hurricanes. The most severe hurricanes were Hurricane Fabian, Hurricane Isabel, and Hurricane Kate. Tropical Storm Ana was the first recorded North Atlantic tropical storm to occur in April, and 2003 was the first year since 1887 to have two tropical storms occur in December. The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was slightly more intense than average, though the overall number of tropical storms was below average with 23 total storms. The most destructive typhoons were Typhoon Dujuan, which made landfall in Guangdong, China, on September 2, and Typhoon Maemi, which made landfall in South Korea on September 12.
Health
Further information: Category:2003 in health
The World Health Organization set "shaping the future" as its health focus for 2003, seeking to improve health systems and primary health care for the poor.
Events
January
January 5 – Tel Aviv central bus station: Two Palestinian suicide bombers attack a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, killing at least 23 people and injuring 103.
January 8 – Air Midwest Flight 5481 crashed into a hangar upon takeoff in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 passengers and crew.
January 10 – North Korea announces its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
January 22
The last signal from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft is received, some 12.2 billion kilometers (7.6 billion mi) from Earth.
January 29 – Riots break out in Phnom Penh, Cambodia targeting Thai nationals after false reports that a Thai actress made comments about a temple. Thailand severs diplomatic relations with Cambodia in response.
February
February 1 – At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.
February 4 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is renamed to "Serbia and Montenegro" (after its two constituent states) after its leaders reconstitute the country into a loose state-union between Montenegro and Serbia, marking an end to the 73-year-long use of the name "Yugoslavia" by a sovereign state.
February 5 – U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell speaks to the United Nations presenting the case for a military invasion of Iraq. It will later be discovered that the Bush administration misled him when preparing his testimony.
February 7 – 2003 El Nogal Club bombing: A car bomb goes off in the garage of the El Nogal club in Bogotá, Colombia, killing 36 people and injuring hundreds.
February 9 - March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup is held in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Kenya with Australia defeating India in the final.
February 15–16 – Antwerp diamond heist: An Italian gang steals loose diamonds, gold and jewellery valued at more than $100 million from a Belgian vault, one of the largest robberies in history.
February 15 – Millions of people worldwide take part in massive anti-war protests in anticipation of the United States and its allies invading Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime.
February 18 – An arsonist sets fire to a subway train in Daegu, South Korea, killing 192 people.
February 19 – An Ilyushin Il-76 plane crashes near Kerman Airport in Iran, killing 270 military personnel.
February 20 – A pyrotechnics accident during a Great White concert causes a fire at a nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, killing 100 people.
February 24 – 2003 Bachu earthquake: A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes in Xinjiang, killing 257 people.
February 26 – The War in Darfur begins after rebel groups rise up against the Sudanese government.
February 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to 11 years in prison for war crimes committed during the Bosnian War.
March
March 8 – Malta approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
March 12
Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić is assassinated in Belgrade by a sniper.
The World Health Organization issues a global alert on severe acute respiratory syndrome when it spreads to Hong Kong and Vietnam after originating in Mainland China.
March 15 – Former General François Bozizé seizes power through a military coup in the Central African Republic.
March 17 – U.S. President George W. Bush presents a 48-hour ultimatum for Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to resign.
March 20 – The Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.
March 23
2003 Nadimarg massacre: Islamist militants gather and execute citizens of a Hindu village in Kashmir, killing 24 of the 54 residents.
Slovenia approves joining the European Union and NATO in a referendum.
April
April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the rule of Saddam Hussein.
April 12 – Hungary approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
April 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.
April 17 – Anneli Jäätteenmäki takes office as the first female prime minister of Finland.
April 18 – Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visits Kashmir and expresses support for peace negotiations with Pakistan.: 95
April 20 – Tropical Storm Ana becomes the first recorded North Atlantic tropical storm to occur in April.
April 21 – The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam end peace talks in the Sri Lankan Civil War.: 107
April 27 – Nicanor Duarte Frutos is elected president over Julio César Franco in the 2003 Paraguayan general election.
April 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of its troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
May
May 1
2003 Bingöl earthquake: A 6.4 Mw earthquake strikes in Bingöl, Turkey, killing 177 people.
U.S. President George W. Bush declares an end to the invasion of Iraq in the Mission Accomplished speech. Hostilities would continue for several years during a period of Iraqi insurgency.
May 11
Benvenuto Cellini's Cellini Salt Cellar table sculpture is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
Lithuania approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
2003 Sri Lanka cyclone: A cyclone makes landfall in Sri Lanka, killing 260 people and causing the country's worst natural disaster in 50 years.
May 12
In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over 30 people are killed in multiple bombings at a housing compound, mostly foreign expatriates.
2003 Znamenskoye suicide bombing: Chechen suicide bombers attack a government office in Znamenskoye, Russia, killing at least 59 people.
May 15 – 2003 Argentine general election: Néstor Kirchner becomes president-elect of Argentina after Carlos Menem withdraws from the runoff election.
May 16 – 2003 Casablanca bombings: Islamist militants affiliated with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb carry out a series of suicide bombings in Casablanca, Morocco, killing at least 41 people.
May 17 – Slovakia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
May 21 – The 6.8 Mw Boumerdès earthquake strikes in Algeria, killing over 2,200 people.
May 23 – Dewey, the world's first cloned deer is born, at Texas A&M University.
May 24 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 takes place in Riga, Latvia, and is won by Turkish entrant Sertab Erener with the song "Everyway That I Can".
May 26 – A constitutional referendum is held in Rwanda.
May 28 – Prometea, the world's first cloned horse, is born.
June
June 2 – Mars Express launches, containing the Beagle 2 lander.
June 8
Poland approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
Major Saleh Ould Hanenna leads a failed coup in Mauritania, leading to violence.
June 14 – The Czech Republic approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
June 15 – Operation Desert Scorpion: U.S. forces in Iraq facilitate searches for Ba'athist forces, distribution of humanitarian aid, and engineering programs to repair damaged infrastructure.
June 21 – Declaration of Thessaloniki: The European Union encourages accession of states of the western Balkans.
June 30 – Warring parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo sign a peace accord, bringing an end to the Second Congo War, which left millions dead.
July
July–August – 2003 European heat wave: Europe experiences its hottest summer in over five centuries.
July 1 – Tesla Inc., the American electric car company, is founded by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in San Carlos, California.
July 2 – The International Olympic Committee awards Vancouver the right to host the 2010 Winter Olympics.
July 4 – 2003 Quetta mosque bombing: Islamist militants attack a Shia mosque in Quetta, Pakistan, killing at least 44 people.
July 5 – Severe acute respiratory syndrome is declared to be contained by the World Health Organization.
July 6
The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to five stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, May 2044, September 2044 and 2049 respectively.
Dennis Schmitt discovers the island of 83-42, a candidate for being the northernmost point of land.
July 10 – The existence of PSR B1620−26 b, the oldest known exoplanet in the galaxy, is confirmed using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope.
July 13 – The Iraqi Governing Council is created by the United States as an ethnically diverse provisional government of Iraq.
July 14 – Robert Novak identifies Valerie Plame as a covert CIA agent, initiating a scandal known as the Plame affair.
July 15 – The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia agrees to disband.: 102
July 16 – Major Fernando Pereira leads a failed coup in São Tomé and Príncipe.
July 18 – The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.
July 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, led by Australia, begins after ethnic violence engulfs the island country.
July 27 – Oakwood mutiny: Philippine military officers lead approximately 300 soldiers a failed coup.
August
August 1 – Social networking service Myspace is launched.
August 2 – President Charles Taylor of Liberia resigns, effectively ending the Second Liberian Civil War.: 118
August 11
The Second Liberian Civil War comes to an end after President Charles Taylor resigns and flees the country.
NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
August 14 – The Northeast blackout of 2003 cuts electricity to the northeastern United States and parts of Canada.
August 19
In the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad 22 people are killed, among them United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello.
Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber kills at least 18 people in a bus bombing in Jerusalem.
August 25
The Spitzer Space Telescope is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Car bombs explode at Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in Mumbai, claiming 54 lives and injuring 244 others. Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba is blamed for the attack.
August 27
Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 60,000 years.
The first six-party talks, involving South and North Korea, the United States, China, Japan and Russia, convene to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.
August 29 – Imam Ali mosque bombing: A bomb kills at least 125 people, including Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, at a Shia mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
September
September 2 – Typhoon Dujuan makes landfall in Guangdong as a category 1 typhoon with sustained winds of 90 mph.
September 5 – Hurricane Fabian strikes Bermuda.
September 12 – Typhoon Maemi, makes landfall in South Korea as a category 3 typhoon with sustained winds of 125 mph.
September 14
General Veríssimo Correia Seabra leads a bloodless coup in Guinea-Bissau. He steps down to create a new civilian government days later.
Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
September 15 – ELN rebels kidnap eight foreign tourists at Ciudad Perdida, Colombia, being freed 100 days later following negotiations with the Colombian government.
September 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall in North Carolina.
September 20 – Latvia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
September 24 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, making 800 exposures, until January 16, 2004.
September 27 – SMART-1, an ESA spaceprobe and ESA's first mission to the moon, is launched from Kourou, French Guiana.
September 28 – 2003 Italy blackout: Power goes out across the Italian Peninsula for approximately 12 hours, affecting nearly all of the country's 57 million people.
October
October 1 – The popular and controversial English-language imageboard 4chan is launched.
October 4 – Maxim restaurant suicide bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber attacks a restaurant in Haifa, Israel, killing at least 19 people.
October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike alleged Islamic jihad bases inside Syrian territory, the first Israeli attack on the country since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
October 15 – China launches Shenzhou 5, their first human spaceflight.
October 24 – Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to an end.
October 27 – 27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings: A series of car bombings occur in Baghdad, Iraq, targeting multiple police stations and a Red Cross headquarters. Approximately 40 people are killed.
October 31 – Mahathir Mohamad steps down as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power. He is succeeded by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
November
November 12 – A suicide bombing at an Italian military police headquarters in Nasiriyah, Iraq, kills 17 Italian military police officers and nine Iraqi civilians.
November 23
Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze resigns after widespread protests engulf the country following a disputed parliamentary election.
A ceasefire takes place at the Line of Control in Kashmir.: 95
November 26 – The supersonic passenger jet, Concorde, makes its last ever flight from Heathrow Airport in London to Bristol Filton Airport.
December
December 5 – 2003 Stavropol train bombing: A suicide bomber attacks a train in Stavropol Krai, killing 46 people.
December 12 – Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
December 13 – Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, is captured in the small town of Ad-Dawr by the U.S. Army.
December 19
Libya agrees to eliminate all of its materials, equipment, and programs aimed at producing weapons of mass destruction.
The Beagle 2 Mars lander deploys, but contact is lost.
December 23
The World Tourism Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion, Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, killing at least 234.
December 26 – The 6.6 Mw Bam earthquake shakes Iran, killing approximately 50,000 people.
December 29 – The last known speaker of the Akkala Sámi language dies, rendering it extinct.
Nobel Prizes
Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
Literature – J. M. Coetzee
Peace – Shirin Ebadi
Physics – Alexei Abrikosov, Vitaly Ginzburg, Sir Anthony James Leggett
Physiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
New English words and terms
anti-cultural
baby bump
Big Rip
binge-watch
botnet
darmstadtium
electronic cigarette
flash mob
iraimbilanja
manscaping
MERS
muffin top
netroots
SARS
unfriend
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^ "Nato takes control of Afghanistan peace mission". The Guardian. Associated Press. August 11, 2003. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ Minkel, J. R. "The 2003 Northeast Blackout--Five Years Later". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "In Memoriam: Baghdad, 19 August 2003". United Nations. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ Bennet, James (August 19, 2003). "Bombing Kills 18 and Hurts Scores More on Jerusalem Bus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "Spitzer Space Telescope". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs". BBC. August 25, 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
^ "Mars Opposition in August 2003 - Windows to the Universe". windows2universe.org. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "The Six-party Talks Kicked off". china-un.org. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Najaf bombing kills Shiite leader, followers say". CNN. August 30, 2003. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "Interim government takes over Bissau". September 28, 2003. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ "Euroopa Liidu Infokeskus | Estonia's Accession to the EU". nlib.ee. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Ciudad Perpida Kidnappings and Modern History". La Ciudad Perpida. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Latvia in decisive 'yes' to EU". CNN. September 20, 2003. Archived from the original on October 8, 2003. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
^ "The Hubble Space Telescope "Ultra Deep Field" View". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ Malik, Tariq (November 12, 2004). "Europe's First Moon Probe to Enter Lunar Orbit". Space.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Italy recovering from big blackout". CNN. September 28, 2003. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ "4chan founder 'moot' joins Google. But why?". BBC Newsbeat. March 8, 2016. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Eyewitness: 'Dead children and babies'". BBC News. October 4, 2003. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ Crean, Ellen (October 5, 2003). "Israel Strikes Base Inside Syria". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Shenzhou-5 launch: long-cherished dream realized". People. October 15, 2003. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ Lawless, Jill (October 24, 2003). "Final Concorde Flight Lands at Heathrow". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Up to 40 die in Baghdad attacks". The Guardian. October 27, 2003. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ Perlez, Jane (November 1, 2003). "Mahathir, Malaysia's Autocratic Modernizer, Steps Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
^ Burns, John F. (November 12, 2003). "At Least 26 Killed in a Bombing of an Italian Compound in Iraq". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Georgian Leader Resigns Amid Peaceful Opposition Standoff". PBS Newshour. November 24, 2003. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Aerospace Bristol". Aerospace Bristol. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ Deffree, Suzanne (November 26, 2017). "Concorde makes its final flight, November 26, 2003". EDN Network. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ "Death of another victim takes Russian train blast toll to 46". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 22, 2003. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "Martin is new Canadian PM". Al Jazeera. December 12, 2003. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ Kreitner, Richard (December 13, 2015). "December 13, 2003: Saddam Hussein Is Captured". The Nation. Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Libya: Nuclear Program Overview". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Beagle-2 lander found on Mars". www.esa.int. January 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
^ "Tourism takes its place at United Nations". Kamloops This Week. February 8, 2004. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ Kahn, Joseph (December 26, 2003). "Gas Well Explosion and Fumes Kill 191 in China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Endangered Sami Language Becomes Extinct". National Geographic Society. November 20, 2014. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2003". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
External links
Modern history portal
Media related to 2003 at Wikimedia Commons
2003 Year in Review – comprehensive listing of 2003 reviews and lists
2003 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2003
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SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; Myspace launches becoming one of the first major social media platforms; protests in London against the invasion of Iraq; a drained river in France during the European heatwave; an earthquake in Bam, Iran kills 30,000 people; abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison by U.S. personnel; a statue of Saddam Hussein is toppled in Baghdad after his regime was deposed during the Iraq War.Calendar year2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2003rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 4th year of the 2000s decade.Calendar year2003 was designated by the United Nations as the International Year of Freshwater[1]In 2003, a United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, starting the Iraq War.","title":"2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"world population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-2"},{"link_name":"life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-2"},{"link_name":"child mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_mortality"},{"link_name":"pp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage_point"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"extreme poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"The world population on January 1, 2003, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people and increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2004.[2] An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2003.[2] The average global life expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2002.[2] The rate of child mortality was 6.85%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2002.[3] 25.54% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 1.31pp from 2002[4]There were approximately 10.6 million global refugees at the beginning of 2003, and the number was reduced to 9.7 million refugees by the end of the year.[5] Afghanistan was the largest source of refugees, with a total of 2.1 million at the end of the year.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Conflicts in 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2003"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"Further information: Category:Conflicts in 2003There were 29 armed conflicts affecting 22 countries in 2003. This was a net decrease from 31 conflicts in 2002.[6]: 625 The deadliest conflicts were in Iraq, Kashmir, Liberia, Nepal, and Sudan.[6]: 627","title":"Conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"First Ivorian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"ECOWAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Second Liberian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberians_United_for_Reconciliation_and_Democracy"},{"link_name":"Movement for Democracy in Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Democracy_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"insurgency in Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Moro conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"Moro Islamic Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"in Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"in Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"National Islamic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"sub_title":"Internal conflicts","text":"The Colombian conflict against two Marxist militant groups—the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army—escalated in 2003.[7]: 101 The government negotiated an agreement for the right-wing militant group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia to disband as a means to deescalate the conflict.[7]: 102The First Ivorian Civil War was halted in 2003 amid a ceasefire while France and the states of ECOWAS intervened. Peace talks fell apart on March 7 until the ceasefire was restored on May 3, only to be broken again on September 23. The war was left in a frozen state at the end of 2003 with rebels controlling parts of the country.[7]: 115–116 The Second Liberian Civil War against Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy escalated when the Movement for Democracy in Liberia split off as its own faction.[7]: 116 President Charles Taylor resigned on August 2, allowing a peace agreement to take place on August 18.[7]: 118The Indonesian insurgency in Aceh escalated when a demilitarization agreement failed and the government renewed its offensive in May.[7]: 126 The Moro conflict in the Philippines deescalated when the Philippine government agreed to peace talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in July, though conflicts with other groups continued.[7]: 129The Sri Lankan Civil War continued in 2003 as peace talks failed, and long-running civil wars in Burundi and in Uganda both escalated.[7]: 107–112 The Second Sudanese Civil War escalated as new militant groups joined the conflict,[6]: 628 though a security agreement was reached between the National Islamic Front and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on September 25.[7]: 119 The Second Chechen War continued in Russia: the Russian government held a referendum for a new Chechen constitution and offered amnesty for Chechen rebels, but terror attacks continued.[7]: 125","title":"Conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Kashmir conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"operating a program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"sub_title":"International conflicts","text":"Only two inter-state conflicts took place in 2003: the Iraq War and the Kashmir conflict. The Kashmir conflict saw progress toward resolution in 2003 as negotiations began and a ceasefire took effect on November 23.[7]: 95 A coalition of countries led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia led an invasion of Iraq beginning on March 20, warning that Iraq had been operating a program to develop weapons of mass destruction. The subsequent Iraq War became the most publicized conflict in 2003.[6]: 627–628The Second Intifada continued into 2003 as conflict between Israel and Palestine killed 400 people in suicide bombings by Palestinians and military strikes by the Israel Defense Forces.[7]: 104","title":"Conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"Finding Nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Nemo"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Bayside Shakedown 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside_Shakedown_2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lost in Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Translation_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"Master and Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-13"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"cassettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Come Away with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Away_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Get Rich or Die Tryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Rich_or_Die_Tryin%27"},{"link_name":"50 Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"Meteora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteora_(album)"},{"link_name":"Linkin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkin_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifpi-15"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"The highest-grossing films globally in 2003 were The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Finding Nemo, and The Matrix Reloaded. The highest-grossing non-English film was Bayside Shakedown 2 (Japanese), the 39th highest-grossing film of the year.[8] Critically acclaimed films from 2003 include Finding Nemo,[9][10][11][12] Lost in Translation,[9][11][13] and Master and Commander.[9][10][13]Music sales in 2003 amounted to about 2.7 billion units, a decline of 6.5% from 2002. DVD music video thrived in 2003 at the expense of singles and cassettes.[14] Globally, the best-selling albums of the year were Come Away with Me by Norah Jones, Get Rich or Die Tryin' by 50 Cent, and Meteora by Linkin Park. No non-English albums were among the global top fifty albums sold in 2003.[15]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Curtis_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"2003 Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Roger Federer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federer"},{"link_name":"Andy Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Roddick"},{"link_name":"Grand Slams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Golf saw an upset when Ben Curtis defeated some of the sport's top players in his first major competition at the 2003 Open Championship. Tennis players Roger Federer and Andy Roddick won their first Grand Slams in 2003.[16]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early 2000s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_2000s_recession"},{"link_name":"interest rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rates"},{"link_name":"expansionary fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionary_fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"gross world product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product"},{"link_name":"international trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-17"}],"text":"The global economy improved in the second half of 2003 as it recovered from the early 2000s recession, brought about by low interest rates and expansionary fiscal policy. The United States led the recovery, while China and Japan also made significant contributions. The economic situation improved in Latin America and Africa, while Western Europe saw slower recovery. The gross world product increased by 2.5% in 2003, and international trade increased by 4.75%. The prices of non-fuel commodities, such as metal, minerals, and agricultural materials, increased during the year.[17]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of earthquakes in 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2003"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclones in 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2003"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"El Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"A major heatwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_European_heatwave"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-18"},{"link_name":"a magnitude 6.8 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Boumerd%C3%A8s_earthquake"},{"link_name":"a magnitude 6.6 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"2003 Atlantic hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"named storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Kate_(2003)"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Ana_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-20"},{"link_name":"2003 Pacific typhoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Dujuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Dujuan_(2003)"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Maemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Maemi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSR2001Summ-21"}],"text":"See also: List of earthquakes in 2003 and Tropical cyclones in 20032003 tied with 2002 as the second hottest year on record, behind only 1998. The year began during an El Niño period that continued until April. A major heatwave occurred in Europe during the summer, causing approximately 70,000 deaths, 14,000 in France alone.Severe cold weather affected Asia, North America, and Peru. 2003 saw low precipitation, causing droughts in Australia, the United States, and Zimbabwe. The previous year's droughts in Asia were alleviated by heavy precipitation in the region.[18]Major earthquakes in 2003 included a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in Algeria on May 21 that killed over 2,200 people and a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Iran on December 26 that killed about 50,000 people.[19]The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was above average in activity, including sixteen named storms of which seven were hurricanes. The most severe hurricanes were Hurricane Fabian, Hurricane Isabel, and Hurricane Kate. Tropical Storm Ana was the first recorded North Atlantic tropical storm to occur in April, and 2003 was the first year since 1887 to have two tropical storms occur in December.[20] The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was slightly more intense than average, though the overall number of tropical storms was below average with 23 total storms. The most destructive typhoons were Typhoon Dujuan, which made landfall in Guangdong, China, on September 2, and Typhoon Maemi, which made landfall in South Korea on September 12.[21]","title":"Environment and weather"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:2003 in health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2003_in_health"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"primary health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_health_care"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Further information: Category:2003 in healthThe World Health Organization set \"shaping the future\" as its health focus for 2003, seeking to improve health systems and primary health care for the poor.[22]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_5"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv central bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"January 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8"},{"link_name":"Air Midwest Flight 5481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Midwest_Flight_5481"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"January 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Pioneer 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"January 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_29"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"January 5 – Tel Aviv central bus station: Two Palestinian suicide bombers attack a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, killing at least 23 people and injuring 103.[23]\nJanuary 8 – Air Midwest Flight 5481 crashed into a hangar upon takeoff in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 passengers and crew.[24]\nJanuary 10 – North Korea announces its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.[25]\nJanuary 22\nThe last signal from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft is received, some 12.2 billion kilometers (7.6 billion mi) from Earth.[26]\nJanuary 29 – Riots break out in Phnom Penh, Cambodia targeting Thai nationals after false reports that a Thai actress made comments about a temple. Thailand severs diplomatic relations with Cambodia in response.[27]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1"},{"link_name":"STS-107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-107"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"February 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_4"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"February 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5"},{"link_name":"Colin Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Bush administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_administration_(2000)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"February 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"2003 El Nogal Club bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"February 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"2003 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_16"},{"link_name":"Antwerp diamond heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_heist"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15"},{"link_name":"anti-war protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"February 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_18"},{"link_name":"sets fire to a subway train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu_subway_fire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"February 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_19"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76"},{"link_name":"crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Iran_Ilyushin_Il-76_crash"},{"link_name":"Kerman Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_Airport"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"February 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_20"},{"link_name":"Great White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White"},{"link_name":"a fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Station_nightclub_fire"},{"link_name":"West Warwick, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Warwick,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"2003 Bachu earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bachu_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"February 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_27"},{"link_name":"Biljana Plavšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljana_Plav%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"February 1 – At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.[28]\nFebruary 4 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is renamed to \"Serbia and Montenegro\" (after its two constituent states) after its leaders reconstitute the country into a loose state-union between Montenegro and Serbia, marking an end to the 73-year-long use of the name \"Yugoslavia\" by a sovereign state.[29][30][31]\nFebruary 5 – U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell speaks to the United Nations presenting the case for a military invasion of Iraq. It will later be discovered that the Bush administration misled him when preparing his testimony.[32]\nFebruary 7 – 2003 El Nogal Club bombing: A car bomb goes off in the garage of the El Nogal club in Bogotá, Colombia, killing 36 people and injuring hundreds.[33]\nFebruary 9 - March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup is held in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Kenya with Australia defeating India in the final.\nFebruary 15–16 – Antwerp diamond heist: An Italian gang steals loose diamonds, gold and jewellery valued at more than $100 million from a Belgian vault, one of the largest robberies in history.[34][35]\nFebruary 15 – Millions of people worldwide take part in massive anti-war protests in anticipation of the United States and its allies invading Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime.[36]\nFebruary 18 – An arsonist sets fire to a subway train in Daegu, South Korea, killing 192 people.[37]\nFebruary 19 – An Ilyushin Il-76 plane crashes near Kerman Airport in Iran, killing 270 military personnel.[38]\nFebruary 20 – A pyrotechnics accident during a Great White concert causes a fire at a nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, killing 100 people.[39]\nFebruary 24 – 2003 Bachu earthquake: A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes in Xinjiang, killing 257 people.[40]\nFebruary 26 – The War in Darfur begins after rebel groups rise up against the Sudanese government.[41]\nFebruary 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to 11 years in prison for war crimes committed during the Bosnian War.[42]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Maltese_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"March 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"Zoran Đinđić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"is assassinated in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"severe acute respiratory syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"March 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15"},{"link_name":"François Bozizé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boziz%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"a military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"March 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"March 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-48"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"2003 Nadimarg massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nadimarg_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Slovenian_European_Union_and_NATO_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"March 8 – Malta approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[43]\nMarch 12\nSerbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić is assassinated in Belgrade by a sniper.[44]\nThe World Health Organization issues a global alert on severe acute respiratory syndrome when it spreads to Hong Kong and Vietnam after originating in Mainland China.[45]\nMarch 15 – Former General François Bozizé seizes power through a military coup in the Central African Republic.[46]\nMarch 17 – U.S. President George W. Bush presents a 48-hour ultimatum for Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to resign.[47]\nMarch 20 – The Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.[48]\nMarch 23\n2003 Nadimarg massacre: Islamist militants gather and execute citizens of a Hindu village in Kashmir, killing 24 of the 54 residents.[49]\nSlovenia approves joining the European Union and NATO in a referendum.[50]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_9"},{"link_name":"seize control of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-48"},{"link_name":"April 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_12"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Hungarian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14"},{"link_name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"April 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"enlargement of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"April 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17"},{"link_name":"Anneli Jäätteenmäki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneli_J%C3%A4%C3%A4tteenm%C3%A4ki"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"April 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18"},{"link_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"April 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_20"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Ana_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-20"},{"link_name":"April 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"April 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_27"},{"link_name":"Nicanor Duarte Frutos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor_Duarte"},{"link_name":"Julio César Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Franco_(politician)"},{"link_name":"2003 Paraguayan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Paraguayan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"April 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_29"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Al Udeid Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the rule of Saddam Hussein.[48]\nApril 12 – Hungary approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[51]\nApril 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.[52]\nApril 16 – The Treaty of Accession[53] is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.\nApril 17 – Anneli Jäätteenmäki takes office as the first female prime minister of Finland.[54]\nApril 18 – Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visits Kashmir and expresses support for peace negotiations with Pakistan.[7]: 95 \nApril 20 – Tropical Storm Ana becomes the first recorded North Atlantic tropical storm to occur in April.[20]\nApril 21 – The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam end peace talks in the Sri Lankan Civil War.[7]: 107 \nApril 27 – Nicanor Duarte Frutos is elected president over Julio César Franco in the 2003 Paraguayan general election.[55]\nApril 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of its troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.[56]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1"},{"link_name":"2003 Bingöl earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Mission Accomplished speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech"},{"link_name":"Iraqi insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"Benvenuto Cellini's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini"},{"link_name":"Cellini Salt Cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellini_Salt_Cellar"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"2003 Sri Lanka cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Sri_Lanka_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"May 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_12"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"multiple bombings at a housing compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_compound_bombings"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"2003 Znamenskoye suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Znamenskoye_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Znamenskoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znamenskoye,_Chechen_Republic"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"May 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15"},{"link_name":"2003 Argentine general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Argentine_general_election"},{"link_name":"Néstor Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Carlos Menem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Menem"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"May 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16"},{"link_name":"2003 Casablanca bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"May 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_17"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Slovak_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"May 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_21"},{"link_name":"Boumerdès earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Boumerd%C3%A8s_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"May 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_23"},{"link_name":"Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_(deer)"},{"link_name":"cloned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"May 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_24"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Sertab Erener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertab_Erener"},{"link_name":"Everyway That I Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyway_That_I_Can"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"May 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_26"},{"link_name":"constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Rwandan_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"May 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_28"},{"link_name":"Prometea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometea"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"May 1\n2003 Bingöl earthquake: A 6.4 Mw earthquake strikes in Bingöl, Turkey, killing 177 people.[57]\nU.S. President George W. Bush declares an end to the invasion of Iraq in the Mission Accomplished speech. Hostilities would continue for several years during a period of Iraqi insurgency.[58]\nMay 11\nBenvenuto Cellini's Cellini Salt Cellar table sculpture is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.[59]\nLithuania approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[60]\n2003 Sri Lanka cyclone: A cyclone makes landfall in Sri Lanka, killing 260 people and causing the country's worst natural disaster in 50 years.[61]\nMay 12\nIn Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, over 30 people are killed in multiple bombings at a housing compound, mostly foreign expatriates.[62]\n2003 Znamenskoye suicide bombing: Chechen suicide bombers attack a government office in Znamenskoye, Russia, killing at least 59 people.[63]\nMay 15 – 2003 Argentine general election: Néstor Kirchner becomes president-elect of Argentina after Carlos Menem withdraws from the runoff election.[64]\nMay 16 – 2003 Casablanca bombings: Islamist militants affiliated with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb carry out a series of suicide bombings in Casablanca, Morocco, killing at least 41 people.[65]\nMay 17 – Slovakia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[66]\nMay 21 – The 6.8 Mw Boumerdès earthquake strikes in Algeria, killing over 2,200 people.[19]\nMay 23 – Dewey, the world's first cloned deer is born, at Texas A&M University.[67]\nMay 24 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 takes place in Riga, Latvia, and is won by Turkish entrant Sertab Erener with the song \"Everyway That I Can\".[68]\nMay 26 – A constitutional referendum is held in Rwanda.[69]\nMay 28 – Prometea, the world's first cloned horse, is born.[70]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2"},{"link_name":"Mars Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express"},{"link_name":"Beagle 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_2"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"June 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_8"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Polish_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Saleh Ould Hanenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Ould_Hanenna"},{"link_name":"a failed coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"June 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_14"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Czech_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Scorpion_(Iraq_2003)"},{"link_name":"Ba'athist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"June 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_21"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"June 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"June 2 – Mars Express launches, containing the Beagle 2 lander.[71]\nJune 8\nPoland approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[72]\nMajor Saleh Ould Hanenna leads a failed coup in Mauritania, leading to violence.[73]\nJune 14 – The Czech Republic approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[74]\nJune 15 – Operation Desert Scorpion: U.S. forces in Iraq facilitate searches for Ba'athist forces, distribution of humanitarian aid, and engineering programs to repair damaged infrastructure.[75]\nJune 21 – Declaration of Thessaloniki: The European Union encourages accession of states of the western Balkans.[76]\nJune 30 – Warring parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo sign a peace accord, bringing an end to the Second Congo War, which left millions dead.[77]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 European heat wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"July 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1"},{"link_name":"Tesla Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Inc."},{"link_name":"Martin Eberhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eberhard"},{"link_name":"Marc Tarpenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Tarpenning"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"July 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"July 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4"},{"link_name":"2003 Quetta mosque bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Quetta_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"July 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_5"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"July 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_6"},{"link_name":"METI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_SETI"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Call 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Call"},{"link_name":"55 Cancri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Cancri"},{"link_name":"HD 10307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_10307"},{"link_name":"47 Ursae Majoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47_Ursae_Majoris"},{"link_name":"2036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030s"},{"link_name":"2040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2040"},{"link_name":"2044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2044"},{"link_name":"2049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2049"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Dennis Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"83-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83-42"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"July 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_10"},{"link_name":"PSR B1620−26 b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1620%E2%88%9226_b"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"July 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_13"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Governing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"July 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14"},{"link_name":"Robert Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Novak"},{"link_name":"Valerie Plame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Plame"},{"link_name":"Plame affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plame_affair"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"July 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15"},{"link_name":"United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"July 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_16"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Pereira_(major)"},{"link_name":"a failed coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"July 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Future of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"July 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_24"},{"link_name":"Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Assistance_Mission_to_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"July 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27"},{"link_name":"Oakwood mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"July–August – 2003 European heat wave: Europe experiences its hottest summer in over five centuries.[78]\nJuly 1 – Tesla Inc., the American electric car company, is founded by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in San Carlos, California.[79][80]\nJuly 2 – The International Olympic Committee awards Vancouver the right to host the 2010 Winter Olympics.[81]\nJuly 4 – 2003 Quetta mosque bombing: Islamist militants attack a Shia mosque in Quetta, Pakistan, killing at least 44 people.[82]\nJuly 5 – Severe acute respiratory syndrome is declared to be contained by the World Health Organization.[83]\nJuly 6\nThe 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to five stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, May 2044, September 2044 and 2049 respectively.[84]\nDennis Schmitt discovers the island of 83-42, a candidate for being the northernmost point of land.[85]\nJuly 10 – The existence of PSR B1620−26 b, the oldest known exoplanet in the galaxy, is confirmed using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope.[86]\nJuly 13 – The Iraqi Governing Council is created by the United States as an ethnically diverse provisional government of Iraq.[87]\nJuly 14 – Robert Novak identifies Valerie Plame as a covert CIA agent, initiating a scandal known as the Plame affair.[88]\nJuly 15 – The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia agrees to disband.[7]: 102 \nJuly 16 – Major Fernando Pereira leads a failed coup in São Tomé and Príncipe.[89]\nJuly 18 – The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.[90]\nJuly 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, led by Australia, begins after ethnic violence engulfs the island country.[91]\nJuly 27 – Oakwood mutiny: Philippine military officers lead approximately 300 soldiers a failed coup.[92]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Second Liberian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"August 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_11"},{"link_name":"Second Liberian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"peacekeeping force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"Northeast blackout of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"August 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19"},{"link_name":"Canal Hotel bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Vieira de Mello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-97"},{"link_name":"Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"August 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_25"},{"link_name":"Spitzer Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Car bombs explode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2003_Mumbai_bombings"},{"link_name":"Gateway of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_of_India"},{"link_name":"Zaveri Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaveri_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Lashkar-e-Taiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-100"},{"link_name":"August 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_27"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"closest approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"six-party talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-party_talks"},{"link_name":"North Korean nuclear weapons program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"August 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_29"},{"link_name":"Imam Ali mosque bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Baqir_al-Hakim"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"August 1 – Social networking service Myspace is launched.[93]\nAugust 2 – President Charles Taylor of Liberia resigns, effectively ending the Second Liberian Civil War.[7]: 118 \nAugust 11\nThe Second Liberian Civil War comes to an end after President Charles Taylor resigns and flees the country.[94]\nNATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.[95]\nAugust 14 – The Northeast blackout of 2003 cuts electricity to the northeastern United States and parts of Canada.[96]\nAugust 19\nIn the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad 22 people are killed, among them United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello.[97]\nShmuel HaNavi bus bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber kills at least 18 people in a bus bombing in Jerusalem.[98]\nAugust 25\nThe Spitzer Space Telescope is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.[99]\nCar bombs explode at Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in Mumbai, claiming 54 lives and injuring 244 others. Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba is blamed for the attack.[100]\nAugust 27\nMars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 60,000 years.[101]\nThe first six-party talks, involving South and North Korea, the United States, China, Japan and Russia, convene to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.[102]\nAugust 29 – Imam Ali mosque bombing: A bomb kills at least 125 people, including Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, at a Shia mosque in Najaf, Iraq.[103]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Dujuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Dujuan_(2003)"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSR2001Summ-21"},{"link_name":"September 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-20"},{"link_name":"September 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_12"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Maemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Maemi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSR2001Summ-21"},{"link_name":"September 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_14"},{"link_name":"Veríssimo Correia Seabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%ADssimo_Correia_Seabra"},{"link_name":"a bloodless coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Estonian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"September 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_15"},{"link_name":"ELN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Perdida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Perdida"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"September 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_18"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isabel"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-20"},{"link_name":"September 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_20"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"a referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Latvian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"September 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_24"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Hubble Ultra-Deep Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"September 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_27"},{"link_name":"SMART-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART-1"},{"link_name":"ESA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Kourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourou"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"September 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28"},{"link_name":"2003 Italy blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Italy_blackout"},{"link_name":"Italian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"September 2 – Typhoon Dujuan makes landfall in Guangdong as a category 1 typhoon with sustained winds of 90 mph.[21]\nSeptember 5 – Hurricane Fabian strikes Bermuda.[20]\nSeptember 12 – Typhoon Maemi, makes landfall in South Korea as a category 3 typhoon with sustained winds of 125 mph.[21]\nSeptember 14\nGeneral Veríssimo Correia Seabra leads a bloodless coup in Guinea-Bissau. He steps down to create a new civilian government days later.[104]\nEstonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[105]\nSeptember 15 – ELN rebels kidnap eight foreign tourists at Ciudad Perdida, Colombia, being freed 100 days later following negotiations with the Colombian government.[106]\nSeptember 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall in North Carolina.[20]\nSeptember 20 – Latvia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.[107]\nSeptember 24 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, making 800 exposures, until January 16, 2004.[108]\nSeptember 27 – SMART-1, an ESA spaceprobe and ESA's first mission to the moon, is launched from Kourou, French Guiana.[109]\nSeptember 28 – 2003 Italy blackout: Power goes out across the Italian Peninsula for approximately 12 hours, affecting nearly all of the country's 57 million people.[110]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1"},{"link_name":"imageboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imageboard"},{"link_name":"4chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"October 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_4"},{"link_name":"Maxim restaurant suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"October 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"October 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15"},{"link_name":"Shenzhou 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhou_5"},{"link_name":"human spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"October 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"supersonic travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_transport"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"October 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_27"},{"link_name":"27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"October 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_31"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Ahmad Badawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"October 1 – The popular and controversial English-language imageboard 4chan is launched.[111]\nOctober 4 – Maxim restaurant suicide bombing: A Palestinian suicide bomber attacks a restaurant in Haifa, Israel, killing at least 19 people.[112]\nOctober 5 – Israeli warplanes strike alleged Islamic jihad bases inside Syrian territory, the first Israeli attack on the country since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[113]\nOctober 15 – China launches Shenzhou 5, their first human spaceflight.[114]\nOctober 24 – Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to an end.[115]\nOctober 27 – 27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings: A series of car bombings occur in Baghdad, Iraq, targeting multiple police stations and a Red Cross headquarters. Approximately 40 people are killed.[116]\nOctober 31 – Mahathir Mohamad steps down as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power. He is succeeded by Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.[117]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12"},{"link_name":"A suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nasiriyah_bombing"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Nasiriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiriyah"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"November 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_23"},{"link_name":"Georgian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Eduard Shevardnadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze"},{"link_name":"widespread protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Revolution"},{"link_name":"parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Georgian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Line of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Control"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"November 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_26"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bristol Filton Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Filton_Airport"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"November 12 – A suicide bombing at an Italian military police headquarters in Nasiriyah, Iraq, kills 17 Italian military police officers and nine Iraqi civilians.[118]\nNovember 23\nGeorgian President Eduard Shevardnadze resigns after widespread protests engulf the country following a disputed parliamentary election.[119]\nA ceasefire takes place at the Line of Control in Kashmir.[7]: 95 \nNovember 26 – The supersonic passenger jet, Concorde, makes its last ever flight from Heathrow Airport in London to Bristol Filton Airport.[120][121]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"December 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5"},{"link_name":"2003 Stavropol train bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Stavropol_train_bombing"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Krai"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"December 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_12"},{"link_name":"Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"December 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"president of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"is captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Ad-Dawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dawr"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"December 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya"},{"link_name":"producing weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"December 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_23"},{"link_name":"World Tourism Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"PetroChina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroChina"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"December 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26"},{"link_name":"Bam earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"December 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_29"},{"link_name":"Akkala Sámi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi_language"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"December 5 – 2003 Stavropol train bombing: A suicide bomber attacks a train in Stavropol Krai, killing 46 people.[122]\nDecember 12 – Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.[123]\nDecember 13 – Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, is captured in the small town of Ad-Dawr by the U.S. Army.[124]\nDecember 19\nLibya agrees to eliminate all of its materials, equipment, and programs aimed at producing weapons of mass destruction.[125]\nThe Beagle 2 Mars lander deploys, but contact is lost.[126]\nDecember 23\nThe World Tourism Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.[127]\nPetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion, Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, killing at least 234.[128]\nDecember 26 – The 6.6 Mw Bam earthquake shakes Iran, killing approximately 50,000 people.[19]\nDecember 29 – The last known speaker of the Akkala Sámi language dies, rendering it extinct.[129]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Peter Agre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre"},{"link_name":"Roderick MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"J. M. Coetzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Coetzee"},{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"Shirin Ebadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Alexei Abrikosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Ginzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg"},{"link_name":"Anthony James Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett"},{"link_name":"Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Paul Lauterbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur"},{"link_name":"Peter Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mansfield"}],"text":"Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon\nLiterature – J. M. Coetzee\nPeace – Shirin Ebadi\nPhysics – Alexei Abrikosov, Vitaly Ginzburg, Sir Anthony James Leggett\nPhysiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield","title":"Nobel Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"anti-cultural\nbaby bump\nBig Rip\nbinge-watch\nbotnet\ndarmstadtium\nelectronic cigarette\nflash mob\niraimbilanja\nmanscaping\nMERS\nmuffin top\nnetroots\nSARS\nunfriend[130]","title":"New English words and terms"}]
|
[{"image_text":"From top left, clockwise: the crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; Myspace launches becoming one of the first major social media platforms; protests in London against the invasion of Iraq; a drained river in France during the European heatwave; an earthquake in Bam, Iran kills 30,000 people; abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison by U.S. personnel; a statue of Saddam Hussein is toppled in Baghdad after his regime was deposed during the Iraq War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2003_Events_Collage_V2.3.jpg/300px-2003_Events_Collage_V2.3.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"A/RES/55/196 - International Year of Freshwater - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements\". www.un-documents.net. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.un-documents.net/a55r196.htm#:~:text=Proclaims%20the%20year%202003%20as,2.","url_text":"\"A/RES/55/196 - International Year of Freshwater - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070317204416/http://www.un-documents.net/a55r196.htm#:~:text=Proclaims%20the%20year%202003%20as,2.","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"World Population Prospects 2022 (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","url_text":"World Population Prospects 2022"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah; Dadonaite, Bernadeta (May 10, 2013). \"Child and Infant Mortality\". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","url_text":"\"Child and Infant Mortality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051011/https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Arrigada, Pablo (October 17, 2022). \"Poverty\". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/poverty","url_text":"\"Poverty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072344/https://ourworldindata.org/poverty","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"2003 Global Refugee Trends (Report). UNHCR. June 15, 2004. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/40d015fb4/2003-global-refugee-trends-overview-refugee-populations-new-arrivals-durable.html","url_text":"2003 Global Refugee Trends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR","url_text":"UNHCR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231012033657/https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/40d015fb4/2003-global-refugee-trends-overview-refugee-populations-new-arrivals-durable.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson, Mikael; Wallensteen, Peter (2004). \"Armed Conflict, 1989–2003\". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (5): 625–636. doi:10.1177/0022343304047568. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 111915843. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343304047568","url_text":"\"Armed Conflict, 1989–2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343304047568","url_text":"10.1177/0022343304047568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433","url_text":"0022-3433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111915843","url_text":"111915843"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231014060453/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343304047568","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dwan, Renata; Gustavsson, Micaela (2004). \"Major armed conflicts\". SIPRI Yearbook 2004: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp. 95–131. ISBN 978-0-19-926570-1. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2003/02","url_text":"\"Major armed conflicts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute","url_text":"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926570-1","url_text":"978-0-19-926570-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204444/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2003/02","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Worldwide Box Office\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeerGuardian
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PeerGuardian
|
["1 History","1.1 Version 1","1.2 Version 2","2 Blacklist","2.1 Binary formats","2.2 P2P plaintext format","2.3 Blacklist management issues","3 PeerGuardian Lite","4 Other criticism","5 References","6 External links"]
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Free and open source program developed by Phoenix Labs
PeerGuardian 2PeerGuardian 2 under Windows VistaDeveloper(s)Phoenix LabsInitial release2003Preview release2.0 RC1
/ 1 June 2007; 17 years ago (2007-06-01)
Written inC++Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeFirewallLicensezlib LicenseWebsitephoenixlabs.org/pg2
PeerGuardian LinuxStable release2.3.1
/ 17 November 2015; 8 years ago (2015-11-17)
Operating systemLinuxLicenseGPL-3Websitesourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian
PeerGuardian OS XStable release1.5.1
/ 8 March 2009; 15 years ago (2009-03-08)Preview release1.7b2
/ 28 October 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10-28)
Operating systemMac OS XLicensezlib LicenseWebsitephoenixlabs.org/pgosx/
PeerGuardian is a free and open source program developed by Phoenix Labs (software). It is capable of blocking incoming and outgoing connections based on IP blacklists. The aim of its use was to block peers on the same torrent download from any visibility of your own peer connection using IP lists. The system is also capable of blocking custom ranges, depending upon user preferences.
The Windows version of this program has been discontinued in favor of other applications (Phoenix Labs encourage current PeerGuardian users to migrate to PeerBlock which is based on PeerGuardian 2).
History
Development on PeerGuardian started in late 2002, led by programmer Tim Leonard. The first public version was released in 2003, at a time when the music industry started to sue individual file sharing users (a change from its previous stance that it would not target consumers with copyright infringement lawsuits).
Version 1
The original PeerGuardian (1.0) was programmed in Visual Basic and quickly became popular among P2P users despite blocking only the common TCP protocol and being known for high RAM and CPU usage when connected to P2P networks. By December 2003, it had been downloaded 1 million times.
The original version was released for free and the source code was made available under an open source license.
Due to Version 1.0 only blocking TCP ports PeerGuardian.net then shifted to bluetack.co.uk where Protowall, The blocklist Manager, B.I.M.S and the Hosts Manager were developed.
Version 2
After 7 months of development, in February 2005 Version 2 of PeerGuardian was released as a beta. The development of version 2.0 was led by Cory Nelson, and aimed to resolve many of the shortcomings of Version 1. Version 2 enabled support for more protocols (TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc.), multiple block lists, and automatic updates. The installation procedure was also simplified, no longer requiring a system restart and driver installation.
Speed and resource inefficiencies were fixed by re-designing and re-coding Version 2.0 in C++ to consume less processing power and memory. As with most other desktop firewall software for Windows, Version 2.0 is installed as a kernel-level filter in Windows 2000 and later, giving the application direct access to the Windows networking stack and improving performance.
Support for both Windows Vista and IPv6 were in release candidate phase as of May 2009.
Blacklist
The blacklist is stored in a number of different formats:
Binary formats
The binary formats (known as P2B) were created at the release of the first beta version of PeerGuardian 2, in order to create the smallest possible blocklist.
P2B Version 1 – This format was used only in the earliest releases of PeerGuardian 2. It was compressed using the gzip format. Lists are no longer produced in this format.
P2B Version 2 – The most widely used format, this is supported among a number of applications, including eMule and the Linux version of PeerGuardian. It is equivalent to the first version of the P2B format, but instead uses UTF-8 to store names.
P2B Version 3 – The newest version of the P2B format, this is currently supported only on the latest version of the Windows version of PeerGuardian 2. This format uses 7z compression for additional size reduction. The recent adoption of this format made it the least compatible one.
P2P plaintext format
The original format for PeerGuardian version 1.x was a simple plaintext format. Unfortunately this meant that lists became very large and cost a lot of bandwidth to distribute, heralding the construction of the smaller binary formats.
The format is as follows:
RangeName:FirstIP-LastIP
For example:
Localhost:127.0.0.1-127.0.0.1
This format also is used in eMule, in the SafePeer Vuze plugin, ProtoWall, KTorrent, and Transmission.
Blacklist management issues
Since at least 2006, the P2P blocklist used by PeerGuardian has been provided by "Bluetack Internet Security Solutions". ("Bluetack" was the name of the member of the original PeerGuardian team who owned its previous domain peerguardian.net and created the "Block List Manager" used to maintain the list.)
Bluetack.co.uk developed an application called the Bluetack Internet Management System (B.I.M.S) that would spider whois servers to create a map of the internet and all of its IP Addresses.
With this database the admins of the site (Seraphielx, Moore, Firstaid, Tozanno, DeathAngel, R00ted) would search for names of Anti-P2P companies and set a status code in the entry to make the blocklists that would be downloaded by the blocklist manager for import into PeerGuardian, Protowall, and other applications that would block Anti-P2P traffic from accessing your download.
They would also obtain logs from people who were sent letters for downloading "illegal" software, music and videos and figure out who in the list did not belong and flag the entry just to be safe.
The PeerGuardian developers state they have no control over Bluetack's list, and do not promote or link to alternative lists. They have been criticized for overly broad blocking based on unsubstantiated evidence.
PeerGuardian acknowledges that Battlefield 2, Blizzard, Steam, and ArenaNet connectivity is blocked, which creates problems for many online gaming users who are not aware that PeerGuardian will break game connectivity, and are thus directed to read the manual.
With the blocklist manager application, users can add these sites to a "Safe list" allowing them to continue using the Games and websites without interference from PeerGuardian.
In 2007, Bluetack/PeerGuardian 2 were criticized for blocking denis.stalker.h3q.com, the second largest BitTorrent tracker as of December 2007, as an "Anti-P2P" address, and claiming that its maintainers (whose tracking software "Opentracker" is also used by The Pirate Bay) were conspiring with the MPAA and MediaDefender. The maintainers are members of the Chaos Computer Club (CCC), a long-standing association of hackers and freedom of information activists, and had also briefly run their tracker from the CCC's own network. Bluetack also blocked CCC itself, accusing it of doing "anti-P2P work" and being a "threat" to file sharers, while others pointed to the fact that the CCC had been publicly defending P2P for years, and even called for boycotting the music industry to protest its file sharing lawsuits.
Although IP addresses of government and business entities are easily added to a list of IP addresses to be blocked, there is no means for PeerGuardian to block access by a government or business using an undocumented IP address to identify people engaged in copyright infringement or other possibly unlawful activity.
PeerGuardian Lite
PeerGuardian Lite is a derivative of PeerGuardian 2 made to consume as little CPU and RAM as possible. It has no UI or options and consists of a single tray icon. It is no longer developed, with the latest version released on 22 April 2005. It is also open-source, allowing for future derivatives by any party. As its developers reported online, Peerguardian Lite is now continued under the project and program Peerblock, and Peerguardian Lite users were recommended from around 2008 on to switch to Peerblock. Peerblock has some more options, but uses almost as little CPU as Peerguardian Lite did.
Other criticism
Besides the original criticism of Version 1 being slow and buggy, most other criticism of PeerGuardian is around the actual technique used to block peers. Critics have pointed out that the blocklists are open to the public, and thus parties who may wish to circumvent PeerGuardian can actively check the list to see if their IP addresses have been blocked.
The blocklists are also managed by the public, but there is no fool-proof method on checking or reporting why an IP address or range are bad, nor on checking if the blocked IP addresses still remain bad. The list relies on the public to make submissions, and thus is vulnerable to attack itself (see above section on blocklist management issues).
Vista 64-bit and Windows 7 64-bit are listed for application compatibility, but require a work around involving disabling driver signing that may require some degree of computer skill.
Free and open-source software portal
References
^ "PeerGuardian 2". Phoenix Labs. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "PeerGuardian Linux – Browse PeerGuardian Files". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ "PeerGuardian Mac OS X – Browse PeerGuardian Files". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "PeerGuardian Mac OS X 1.7b2 announcement". Phoenix Labs. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ "PeerBlock 1.0 Released". Phoenix Labs. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ King, Brad (6 May 2003). "Program Lets P2P Users Roam Free". Wired News. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ a b Mennecke, Thomas (10 December 2003). "PeerGuardian Interview". Slyck.com. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ Mennecke, Thomas (2 February 2005). "PeerGuardian 2.0 Goes Beta". Slyck News. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "Archived copy". phoenixlabs.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "The Pirate Bay Now Running on Opentracker". TorrentFreak.com. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ Roettgers, Janko (20 September 2007). "Peerguardian blocks hacker club, accuses them of working for Mediadefender". P2P Blog. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
^ "Disabling driver signing". Phoenix Labs. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
External links
Official site
PeerGuardian on SourceForge
Peerblock
Peerblocklist
Infringement FAQ
Effectiveness of PG
P2Partisan - peerguardian style script running on routers with tomato firmware
vteFirewall software
Application firewall
Context-based access control
Personal firewall
Stateful firewall
Virtual firewall
LinuxApps
FireHOL
Firestarter
firewalld
Netfilter
iptables
nftables
MoBlock
Privoxy
Shorewall
Squid
Uncomplicated Firewall
Distros
Endian Firewall
IPFire
LEDE
OpenWrt
SmoothWall
VyOS
Zeroshell
BSDApps
IPFilter
ipfirewall
NPF
PF
pfsync
Distros
OPNsense
pfSense
macOS
Little Snitch
NetBarrier X4
PeerGuardian
VirusBarrier X6
WindowsCommercial
Check Point Integrity
Kaspersky Internet Security
McAfee Personal Firewall Plus
Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway
Norton 360
Norton Internet Security
Norton Personal Firewall
Outpost Firewall Pro
Symantec Endpoint Protection
Trend Micro Internet Security
Windows Firewall
Windows Live OneCare
WinGate
WinRoute
Freemium
Comodo Internet Security
ZoneAlarm
Open-source
PeerBlock
PeerGuardian
Appliances
Palo Alto PA-Series
F5 BIG-IP iSeries
FortiGate Series
Novell BorderManager
ZoneAlarm Z100G
Zorp firewall
Comparison of firewalls
List of router or firewall distributions
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pg2rc1vista.png"},{"link_name":"Developer(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Labs"},{"link_name":"Preview release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches"},{"link_name":"Firewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)"},{"link_name":"License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"zlib License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib_License"},{"link_name":"phoenixlabs.org/pg2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//phoenixlabs.org/pg2/"},{"link_name":"Stable release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"GPL-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License_3"},{"link_name":"sourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian/"},{"link_name":"Stable release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Preview release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X"},{"link_name":"License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"zlib License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib_License"},{"link_name":"phoenixlabs.org/pgosx/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//phoenixlabs.org/pgosx/"},{"link_name":"free and open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Labs (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Labs_(software)"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"blacklists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklist_(computing)"},{"link_name":"PeerBlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeerBlock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"PeerGuardian 2PeerGuardian 2 under Windows VistaDeveloper(s)Phoenix LabsInitial release2003Preview release2.0 RC1[1]\n / 1 June 2007; 17 years ago (2007-06-01)[citation needed]\nWritten inC++Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsTypeFirewallLicensezlib LicenseWebsitephoenixlabs.org/pg2\nPeerGuardian LinuxStable release2.3.1\n / 17 November 2015; 8 years ago (2015-11-17)[2]\nOperating systemLinuxLicenseGPL-3Websitesourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian\nPeerGuardian OS XStable release1.5.1\n / 8 March 2009; 15 years ago (2009-03-08)[3]Preview release1.7b2\n / 28 October 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10-28)[4]\nOperating systemMac OS XLicensezlib LicenseWebsitephoenixlabs.org/pgosx/PeerGuardian is a free and open source program developed by Phoenix Labs (software). It is capable of blocking incoming and outgoing connections based on IP blacklists. The aim of its use was to block peers on the same torrent download from any visibility of your own peer connection using IP lists. The system is also capable of blocking custom ranges, depending upon user preferences.The Windows version of this program has been discontinued in favor of other applications (Phoenix Labs encourage current PeerGuardian users to migrate to PeerBlock which is based on PeerGuardian 2[5]).","title":"PeerGuardian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Development on PeerGuardian started in late 2002, led by programmer Tim Leonard. The first public version was released in 2003, at a time when the music industry started to sue individual file sharing users (a change from its previous stance that it would not target consumers with copyright infringement lawsuits).[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visual Basic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic"},{"link_name":"P2P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slyck03-7"},{"link_name":"open source license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_license"},{"link_name":"Protowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protowall&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Version 1","text":"The original PeerGuardian (1.0) was programmed in Visual Basic and quickly became popular among P2P users despite blocking only the common TCP protocol and being known for high RAM and CPU usage when connected to P2P networks. By December 2003, it had been downloaded 1 million times.[7]\nThe original version was released for free and the source code was made available under an open source license.\nDue to Version 1.0 only blocking TCP ports PeerGuardian.net then shifted to bluetack.co.uk where Protowall, The blocklist Manager, B.I.M.S and the Hosts Manager were developed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_beta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"release candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_candidate"}],"sub_title":"Version 2","text":"After 7 months of development, in February 2005 Version 2 of PeerGuardian was released as a beta.[8] The development of version 2.0 was led by Cory Nelson, and aimed to resolve many of the shortcomings of Version 1. Version 2 enabled support for more protocols (TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc.), multiple block lists, and automatic updates. The installation procedure was also simplified, no longer requiring a system restart and driver installation.Speed and resource inefficiencies were fixed by re-designing and re-coding Version 2.0 in C++ to consume less processing power and memory. As with most other desktop firewall software for Windows, Version 2.0 is installed as a kernel-level filter in Windows 2000 and later, giving the application direct access to the Windows networking stack and improving performance.Support for both Windows Vista and IPv6 were in release candidate phase as of May 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklist_(computing)"}],"text":"The blacklist is stored in a number of different formats:","title":"Blacklist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gzip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip"},{"link_name":"eMule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMule"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"7z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7z"}],"sub_title":"Binary formats","text":"The binary formats (known as P2B) were created at the release of the first beta version of PeerGuardian 2, in order to create the smallest possible blocklist.P2B Version 1 – This format was used only in the earliest releases of PeerGuardian 2. It was compressed using the gzip format. Lists are no longer produced in this format.\nP2B Version 2 – The most widely used format, this is supported among a number of applications, including eMule and the Linux version of PeerGuardian. It is equivalent to the first version of the P2B format, but instead uses UTF-8 to store names.\nP2B Version 3 – The newest version of the P2B format, this is currently supported only on the latest version of the Windows version of PeerGuardian 2. This format uses 7z compression for additional size reduction. The recent adoption of this format made it the least compatible one.","title":"Blacklist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eMule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMule"},{"link_name":"Vuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuze"},{"link_name":"ProtoWall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProtoWall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KTorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTorrent"},{"link_name":"Transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)"}],"sub_title":"P2P plaintext format","text":"The original format for PeerGuardian version 1.x was a simple plaintext format. Unfortunately this meant that lists became very large and cost a lot of bandwidth to distribute, heralding the construction of the smaller binary formats.\nThe format is as follows:RangeName:FirstIP-LastIPFor example:Localhost:127.0.0.1-127.0.0.1This format also is used in eMule, in the SafePeer Vuze plugin, ProtoWall, KTorrent, and Transmission.","title":"Blacklist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slyck03-7"},{"link_name":"Protowall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protowall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battlefield 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_2"},{"link_name":"Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"ArenaNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArenaNet"},{"link_name":"BitTorrent tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_tracker"},{"link_name":"Opentracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opentracker"},{"link_name":"The Pirate Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay"},{"link_name":"MPAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"MediaDefender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaDefender"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chaos Computer Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"sub_title":"Blacklist management issues","text":"Since at least 2006,[9] the P2P blocklist used by PeerGuardian has been provided by \"Bluetack Internet Security Solutions\". (\"Bluetack\" was the name of the member of the original PeerGuardian team who owned its previous domain peerguardian.net and created the \"Block List Manager\" used to maintain the list.[7])Bluetack.co.uk developed an application called the Bluetack Internet Management System (B.I.M.S) that would spider whois servers to create a map of the internet and all of its IP Addresses.\nWith this database the admins of the site (Seraphielx, Moore, Firstaid, Tozanno, DeathAngel, R00ted) would search for names of Anti-P2P companies and set a status code in the entry to make the blocklists that would be downloaded by the blocklist manager for import into PeerGuardian, Protowall, and other applications that would block Anti-P2P traffic from accessing your download.\nThey would also obtain logs from people who were sent letters for downloading \"illegal\" software, music and videos and figure out who in the list did not belong and flag the entry just to be safe.The PeerGuardian developers state they have no control over Bluetack's list, and do not promote or link to alternative lists. They have been criticized for overly broad blocking based on unsubstantiated evidence.PeerGuardian acknowledges that Battlefield 2, Blizzard, Steam, and ArenaNet connectivity is blocked, which creates problems for many online gaming users who are not aware that PeerGuardian will break game connectivity, and are thus directed to read the manual.With the blocklist manager application, users can add these sites to a \"Safe list\" allowing them to continue using the Games and websites without interference from PeerGuardian.In 2007, Bluetack/PeerGuardian 2 were criticized for blocking denis.stalker.h3q.com, the second largest BitTorrent tracker as of December 2007, as an \"Anti-P2P\" address, and claiming that its maintainers (whose tracking software \"Opentracker\" is also used by The Pirate Bay) were conspiring with the MPAA and MediaDefender.[10] The maintainers are members of the Chaos Computer Club (CCC), a long-standing association of hackers and freedom of information activists, and had also briefly run their tracker from the CCC's own network. Bluetack also blocked CCC itself, accusing it of doing \"anti-P2P work\" and being a \"threat\" to file sharers, while others pointed to the fact that the CCC had been publicly defending P2P for years, and even called for boycotting the music industry to protest its file sharing lawsuits.[11]Although IP addresses of government and business entities are easily added to a list of IP addresses to be blocked, there is no means for PeerGuardian to block access by a government or business using an undocumented IP address to identify people engaged in copyright infringement or other possibly unlawful activity.[original research?]","title":"Blacklist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"}],"text":"PeerGuardian Lite is a derivative of PeerGuardian 2 made to consume as little CPU and RAM as possible. It has no UI or options and consists of a single tray icon. It is no longer developed, with the latest version released on 22 April 2005. It is also open-source, allowing for future derivatives by any party. As its developers reported online, Peerguardian Lite is now continued under the project and program Peerblock, and Peerguardian Lite users were recommended from around 2008 on to switch to Peerblock. Peerblock has some more options, but uses almost as little CPU as Peerguardian Lite did.","title":"PeerGuardian Lite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"}],"text":"Besides the original criticism of Version 1 being slow and buggy, most other criticism of PeerGuardian is around the actual technique used to block peers. Critics have pointed out that the blocklists are open to the public, and thus parties who may wish to circumvent PeerGuardian can actively check the list to see if their IP addresses have been blocked.The blocklists are also managed by the public, but there is no fool-proof method on checking or reporting why an IP address or range are bad, nor on checking if the blocked IP addresses still remain bad. The list relies on the public to make submissions, and thus is vulnerable to attack itself (see above section on blocklist management issues).Vista 64-bit and Windows 7 64-bit are listed for application compatibility, but require a work around involving disabling driver signing that may require some degree of computer skill.[12]Free and open-source software portal","title":"Other criticism"}]
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[{"reference":"\"PeerGuardian 2\". Phoenix Labs. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://phoenixlabs.org/pg2/","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Labs","url_text":"Phoenix Labs"}]},{"reference":"\"PeerGuardian Linux – Browse PeerGuardian Files\". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 14 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian/files/PeerGuardian%20Linux/2.3.0/","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian Linux – Browse PeerGuardian Files\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge.net","url_text":"SourceForge.net"}]},{"reference":"\"PeerGuardian Mac OS X – Browse PeerGuardian Files\". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/peerguardian/files/PeerGuardian%20OS%20X/","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian Mac OS X – Browse PeerGuardian Files\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceForge.net","url_text":"SourceForge.net"}]},{"reference":"\"PeerGuardian Mac OS X 1.7b2 announcement\". Phoenix Labs. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://forums.phoenixlabs.org/thread-17063-post-121856.html#pid121856","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian Mac OS X 1.7b2 announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Labs","url_text":"Phoenix Labs"}]},{"reference":"\"PeerBlock 1.0 Released\". Phoenix Labs. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://phoenixlabs.org/2009/09/30/peerblock-1-0-released/","url_text":"\"PeerBlock 1.0 Released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Labs","url_text":"Phoenix Labs"}]},{"reference":"King, Brad (6 May 2003). \"Program Lets P2P Users Roam Free\". Wired News. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2003/05/58734?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"Program Lets P2P Users Roam Free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_News","url_text":"Wired News"}]},{"reference":"Mennecke, Thomas (10 December 2003). \"PeerGuardian Interview\". Slyck.com. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slyck.com/news.php?story=342","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slyck.com","url_text":"Slyck.com"}]},{"reference":"Mennecke, Thomas (2 February 2005). \"PeerGuardian 2.0 Goes Beta\". Slyck News. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slyck.com/story684_PeerGuardian_20_Goes_Beta","url_text":"\"PeerGuardian 2.0 Goes Beta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slyck_News","url_text":"Slyck News"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". phoenixlabs.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060423215540/http://phoenixlabs.org/2006/03/07/the-%25c2%25b5torrent-fiasco/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://phoenixlabs.org/2006/03/07/the-%25c2%25b5torrent-fiasco/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Pirate Bay Now Running on Opentracker\". TorrentFreak.com. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://torrentfreak.com/the-pirate-bay-switches-to-opentracker-071208/","url_text":"\"The Pirate Bay Now Running on Opentracker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TorrentFreak.com","url_text":"TorrentFreak.com"}]},{"reference":"Roettgers, Janko (20 September 2007). \"Peerguardian blocks hacker club, accuses them of working for Mediadefender\". P2P Blog. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.p2p-blog.com/?itemid=373","url_text":"\"Peerguardian blocks hacker club, accuses them of working for Mediadefender\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disabling driver signing\". Phoenix Labs. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222093112/http://phrosty.phoenixlabs.org/pg2-rc1/#vista64","url_text":"\"Disabling driver signing\""},{"url":"http://phrosty.phoenixlabs.org/pg2-rc1/#vista64","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line
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Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line
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["1 First stages","2 Complete operation","3 Speed","4 Usage","5 Criticism","6 Extension to France","6.1 Barcelona to Figueres","6.2 Figueres to Perpignan","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°36′34″N 0°13′15″E / 41.6094°N 0.2207°E / 41.6094; 0.2207Railway line connecting Madrid and Barcelona, in Spain
This article is about the AVE high-speed rail line between Madrid and Barcelona. For the conventional railway line, see Madrid–Barcelona railway.
Madrid–Barcelona (- Figueres) high-speed rail lineAVE Class 103 (Siemens Velaro) near VinaixaOverviewStatusOperationalOwnerAdifLocaleSpain (Community of Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha,Aragon, Catalonia)TerminiMadrid Puerta de AtochaBarcelona Sants/Figueres VilafantServiceTypeHigh-speed railOperator(s)Renfe Operadora, SNCF (Ouigo), Trenitalia (Iryo)Rolling stockAVE Class 103, 100, and 112Ridership4.4 million (2019)HistoryOpened2008 (first section in 2003)TechnicalLine length620.9 km (385.8 mi) (as far as Barcelona)748.9 km (465.3 mi) (as far as Figueres)Number of tracksDouble trackTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrification25 kV 50 HzOperating speed300 km/h (190 mph)2011 to 2016:310 km/h (195 mph)
Route map
Legend
km
0.0
Madrid Atocha
Madrid-Sevilla high-speed rail lineto Seville
24.7
Jarama (2,236 m)
64.4
Guadalajara–Yebes
116.0
Las Inviernas
182.7
Ariza AV
221.1
Calatayud
Paracuelos (4,763 m)
272.9
to Plasencia de Jalón
294.9
Moncasí Junction
306.7
Zaragoza–Delicias
311.7
315.8
Canal Imperial
Tardienta
Huesca
356.5
Bujaraloz
396.8
Ballobar
403.7
Cinca (870 m)
434.6
Les Torres de Sanuí
442.1
Lleida Pirineus
452.5
to Lleida
448.6
Artesa
452.5
to Segrià(former gauge conversion)
456.6
Las Borjas
488.9
La Espluga
509.3
L'Alcover
512.8
Mediterranean Corridorto Valencia
520.9
Camp de Tarragona
534.7
Montornès
549.3
La Gornal
552.7
Arbós
565.9
Villafranca del Panadés
579.6
Gelida
Martorell
Llobregat
Castellbisbal
Barcelona avoiding line
Llobregat (Pallejá)
595.8
San Vicente dels Horts
Llobregat (San Juan Despí)
610.4
Llobregat (San Baudilio)
Barcelona–Vilanova line
El Prat
Río Llobregat
to Can Tunis
Provença Tunnel,Sants–La Sagrera
620.9
Barcelona Sants
000.0
Perpignan–Barcelonahigh-speed rail line
000.0
Perpignan–Barcelonahigh-speed rail line
Barcelona Sagrera
Barcelona avoiding line
Montmeló
662.1
Llinars crossover
678.1
Riells
703.5
Viloví de Oñar
714.7
Girona
Vilademuls crossover
Barcelona–Cerbère railway(conventional line)
748.9
Figueres–Vilafant
752.4
International section
SpainFrance border
to Perpignan and TGV network
This diagram: viewtalkedit
The Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line is a 621-kilometre (385.9 mi) standard gauge railway line inaugurated on 20 February 2008. Designed for speeds of 350 km/h (217.5 mph) and compatibility with neighbouring countries' rail systems, it connects the cities of Madrid and Barcelona in 2 hours 30 minutes. In Barcelona the line is connected with the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line leading into France which connects it to the European high speed network.
Trains are operated by the national railway Renfe under the AVE and Avlo brands, and by private competitors Ouigo España and Iryo.
First stages
In 2003 construction of the first phase of a new standard gauge line from Madrid to the French border (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida) was completed and on 11 October of that year commercial service began. This service also stopped at Guadalajara–Yebes and Calatayud. The service began running at only 200 km/h (124.3 mph). On 19 May 2006, after two years of operation, speed was increased to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) when the Spanish ASFA signalling system was replaced with level 1 of the new European ETCS/ERTMS system. On 16 October 2006 the trains on this line increased their operating speed to 280 km/h (174.0 mph).
On 18 December 2006 the AVE started operating to Camp de Tarragona, and on 7 May 2007 the service increased its speed to the maximum allowable for the line, 300 km/h (186.4 mph). This puts Tarragona at 30 minutes from Lleida. The extension to Barcelona was delayed various times due to technical problems; the Ministerio de Fomento having originally forecast the AVE's arrival in Barcelona by the end of 2007.
Complete operation
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The complete line was opened February 2008. As of 2012, seventeen trains now run every day between the hours of 6 am and 9 pm, covering the distance between the two cities in just 2 hours 30 minutes for the direct trains, and in 3 hours and 10 minutes for those calling at all intermediate stations. Before the high-speed line was built, the journey between the two cities took more than six hours.
Madrid-Barcelona-Figueres line in red
Speed
Maximum speed profile of the "Madrid-Barcelona-French Border" line, in 2015.
It was originally forecast that, after reaching Barcelona in 2004, the line would run at 350 km/h (217.5 mph), the maximum capable speed of the new Siemens AVE trains S103 which have replaced the Talgo Bombardier AVE S102, after the installation of level 2 of the ETCS/ERTMS. But on the AVE's first day of operating at 300 km/h (186.4 mph) to Tarragona the Minister of Public Works, Magdalena Álvarez, stated that the maximum commercial operating speeds of the AVE on all lines would be 300 km/h (186.4 mph).
On 11 December 2011, the speed was raised to 310 km/h (192.6 mph) on a 60 km (37.3 mi) section of the railway (between km 64.4, near Guadalajara, and km 124.4), with plans to further increase the speed to 320 km/h (198.8 mph) on a 24 km (14.9 mi) sub-section (from km 81.0 to km 105.24) and plans to rapidly extend the 310 km/h (192.6 mph) speed throughout the Spanish high-speed network. Nevertheless, after almost 5 years of operation with S103 trains running at up to 310 km/h (192.6 mph) on this section, the speed was decreased back to 300 km/h (186.4 mph) on 17 August 2016. The tests performed by ADIF had revealed that, at speeds exceeding 300 km/h (186.4 mph), the air which the trains were moving underneath was causing some stones of the ballast to rise, hitting the trains and causing damage of various kinds (the Spanish high-speed railways follow the French high-speed rail model of laying the rails on a bed of stones known as ballast, instead of laying the tracks on concrete plates, as is done for high-speed rail in Germany). Due to this technical limitation and the substantial increase in costs and power necessary to break the 300 km/h (186.4 mph) barrier, the AVE in Spain abandoned prospects of operating at speeds over 300 km/h (186.4 mph) in the short or medium term.
Usage
It was forecast that the AVE would substantially replace air traffic on the Barcelona – Madrid route (in the same way that the Eurostar has on the London-Paris/London-Brussels routes and France's TGV has on the Paris-Lyon route). Indeed, by the end of 2017, the line had already taken 63% of the traffic, taking most of it from aircraft. A few years before the Madrid-Barcelona route was the world's busiest passenger air route in 2007 with 971 scheduled flights per week (both directions). Similarly more than 80% of travelers between Madrid and Seville use the AVE, with fewer than 20% traveling by air.
Criticism
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There was criticism during the construction of the Madrid-Barcelona line. A critical report by the consulting firm KPMG, commissioned by ADIF (Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias) at the behest of the Ministry for Public Works (Ministerio de Fomento) on 23 June 2004, pointed to a lack of in-depth studies and over-hasty execution of works as the most important reasons for the problems that dogged construction of the AVE line. For example, during the construction of the AVE tunnel near Barcelona, a number of nearby buildings suffered damage from a sinkhole that appeared near a commuter rail station, damaging one of its platforms. The construction committee of Barcelona's famed Sagrada Familia church lobbied for a re-routing of the tunnel – it passes within metres of the massive church's foundations. It also passes equally near the UNESCO-recognized Casa Milà also designed by Antoni Gaudí.
Furthermore, until 2005 both Siemens and Talgo/Bombardier train sets failed to meet scheduled speed targets, although in a test run during the homologation tests of the new S102 trains of RENFE, a train-set Talgo 350 (AVE S-102) reached a speed of 365 km/h (226.8 mph) on the night of the 25/26 June 2006, and in July 2006 a Siemens Velaro train-set (AVE S-103) reached the highest top speed ever in Spain: 403.7 km/h (250.8 mph). At this time, it was a record for railed vehicles in Spain and a world record for unmodified commercial service trainsets, as the earlier TGV and ICE records were achieved with specially modified and shortened trainsets, and the 1996 Shinkansen record of 443 km/h (275.3 mph) was using a test (non-commercial) trainset.
Planned services in 2012
At Paracuellos de la Ribera
Overview map of the high-speed connections from Barcelona towards France, with the year of opening
Extension to France
Main article: Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line
Barcelona to Figueres
Originally planned to open in 2009, the extension of some Madrid-Barcelona routes to Figueres–Vilafant railway station via Girona, opened on 9 January 2013. This made possible upon the completion of the 131-kilometre (81.4 mi) Barcelona-Figueres section of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line that connected for the first time the Spanish AVE high-speed network with the French TGV high-speed network. There have been delays in building a four kilometre tunnel in Girona, the first phase of which was finished in September 2010, and controversy over the route between Sants and Sagrera stations in Barcelona. As of January 2013 there are eight trains a day running from Madrid, connecting at Figueres Vilafant with two TGV services to Paris.
Figueres to Perpignan
This is an international high speed rail section between France and Spain. The section connects two cities on opposite sides of the border, Perpignan in Occitanie, France, and Figueres in Catalonia, Spain. It consists of a 44.4-kilometre (27.6 mi) railway which crosses the French–Spanish border via the Perthus Tunnel, an 8.3-kilometre (5.2 mi) tunnel bored under the Perthus Pass. The section is open to high speed trains and freight. Construction was completed in February 2009, although services did not run until a station was built on the line at Figueres. As of March 2015, a daily TGV service connects Paris to Barcelona Sants via Perpignan-Figueres with 2 pairs of trips, plus other connections involving Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.
See also
High-speed rail in Spain
LGV Méditerranée
TER Languedoc-Roussillon
List of highest railways in Europe
References
Notes
^ "AVE Barcelona-Madrid cumple 12 años acumulando más de 40 millones de viajeros". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 February 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ a b c "Velocidades máximas de los trenes y de las líneas" (maximum speeds of the trains and of the lines), last updated on 10 December 2022, accessed on 27 April 2023.
^ "La Vanguardia, 18 December 2006". Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
^ La Vanguardia, 7 May 2007
^ "310 km/h: velocidad máxima de circulación en España" (310 km/h: maximum circulation speed in Spain), ViaLibre, 13 December 2011.
^ "Renfe y Adif pondrán el AVE a 310 km/h en toda la red antes del verano de 2012" (Renfe and ADIF will set the AVE at 310 km/h in the whole network before the summer 2012), Cinco Dias (El Pais), 23 November 2011.
^ Madrid – Barcelona at 310 km/h with ETCS Level 2
^ a b "El futuro del tren en Léon. El Ave necesita seis meses para llegar a 300 kilómetros por hora" (The future of train in Leon. The AVE needs 6 months to arrive at 300 km/h), 27 September 2015, leonoticias.
^ Barcelona-Madrid high-speed line has had more than 85 million passengers 21 February 2018
^ Air passenger transport in Europe in 2007
^ Juan Carlos Martín and Gustavo Nombela, "Microeconomic impacts of investments in high speed trains in Spain", Annals of Regional Science, vol. 41, no. 3, September 2007
^ Madrid-Barcelona-French Border line on the ADIF website.
^ "Spain completes Iberia's high-speed link to Europe". International Railway Journal. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ "Railway Gazette: Girona tunnelling makes progress". Retrieved 23 September 2010.
^ "Perpignan-Barcelona AVE to open in 2012 or .... 2020?". Today's railways Europe, Issue 140. August 2007. p. 10.
^ "Barcelona - Figueres high speed rail line to open on January 7". International Rail Journal. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
^ "Perpignan-Figueras High-speed Rail Line". Structurae. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ "Spain—closer than ever before". SNCF. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
Further reading
Brunhouse, Jay (July 2009). "All Aboard » New high-speed Barcelona-Madrid". International Travel News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line (Adif line 050).
vteMadrid–Barcelona high-speed rail lineStations
Madrid Puerta de Atocha
Guadalajara–Yebes
Calatayud
Zaragoza–Delicias
Lleida Pirineus
Camp de Tarragona
El Prat de Llobregat (not opened)
Barcelona Sants
Barcelona Sagrera (under construction)
Girona
Figueres–Vilafant
(Perpignan )
Huesca branch
Tardienta
Huesca
vteHigh-speed rail in SpainLines in service
Atlantic Axis
Antequera–Granada
Madrid–Barcelona–Figueres
Madrid-Galicia
Madrid–Castellón/Alicante
Madrid–Asturias
Madrid–Málaga
Madrid–Seville
Madrid–Toledo
Barcelona–Perpignan
Seville–Cádiz
Lines under construction
Basque Y
Madrid – Basque Country
Mediterranean Corridor
Andalusian transverse axis
Madrid–Extremadura
Lisbon–Madrid
León – Asturias
Madrid – Jaén
Planned lines
Porto–Vigo
Two seas corridor
Central-Pyrenees corridor
Rolling stock
100
102
103
112
114
/120 / 121
130
353
354
490
ServicesRenfe
AVE
Avant
Alvia
Altaria
Alaris
Arco
Avlo
Ouigo España
Iryo
vteHigh-speed railway lines
High-speed rail
High-speed rail by country
Commons
AfricaMorocco
Casablanca–Tangier
AsiaChina
Coastal corridor*
Beijing–Shanghai
Beijing–Hong Kong
Harbin–Hong Kong (Macau)
Guangzhou–Hong Kong
Hohhot–Nanning
Beijing–Kunming
Lanzhou (Xining)–Guangzhou
Suifenhe–Manzhouli
Beijing–Lanzhou*
Qingdao–Yinchuan
Lianyungang–Ürümqi
Shanghai–Chengdu
Shanghai–Kunming
Guangzhou–Kunming
Indonesia
Whoosh HSR
Japan
Hokkaido Shinkansen
Hokuriku Shinkansen
Jōetsu Shinkansen
Kyushu Shinkansen
Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen
San'yō Shinkansen
Tōhoku Shinkansen
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Saudi Arabia
Haramain HSR
South Korea
Gyeongbu HSR Line
Honam HSR Line
Suseo–Pyeongtaek HSR Line
Gyeonggang Line (Wonju-Gangneung)
Jungang Line (Cheongnyangni-Dodam)*
Taiwan
Taiwan HSR
Turkey
Ankara–Istanbul
Ankara–Sivas
Polatlı–Konya
Konya–Karaman*
Uzbekistan
Tashkent–Samarkand
Samarkand–Bukhara
EuropeBelgium
HSL 1
HSL 2
HSL 3*
HSL 4
Denmark
Copenhagen–Ringsted
Finland
Kerava-Lahti*
St. Petersburg-Helsinki*
France
LGV Atlantique
LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire
LGV Est
LGV Interconnexion Est
LGV Méditerranée
LGV Nord
LGV Rhin-Rhône
LGV Rhône-Alpes
LGV Sud-Est
LGV Sud Europe Atlantique
LGV Perpignan–Barcelona*
Germany
Cologne–Düren*
Cologne–Frankfurt
Erfurt–Leipzig
Hanover–Würzburg
Mannheim–Stuttgart*
Nuremberg–Ingolstadt
Nuremberg–Erfurt
Rastatt–Offenburg
Wendlingen–Ulm
Wolfsburg–Berlin
Greece
Athens–Thessaloniki*
Italy
Bologna–Florence
Florence–Rome
Milan–Bologna
Milan–Verona
Naples–Salerno
Rome–Naples
Turin–Milan
Netherlands
HSL-Zuid
Norway
Gardermoen Line
PolandGrodzisk–Zawiercie*Russia
Moscow–St.Petersburg*
St. Petersburg-Helsinki*
Spain
Atlantic Axis
Madrid–Galicia
Madrid–Extremadura
Barcelona–Perpignan*
Madrid–Barcelona
Madrid–León
Madrid–Malaga
Madrid–Seville
Madrid–Toledo
Madrid–Levante
SwedenBothnia LineUnited Kingdom
High Speed 1
North AmericaUnited StatesNortheast Corridor*OceaniaNoneSouth AmericaNone
* An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services.
vteRailway lines in CataloniaHigh-speed
Madrid–Barcelona–Figueres
Perpignan–Figueres
Valencia–Sant Vicenç de Calders (partly)
Mainline
Barcelona–Cerbère
Barcelona–El Prat Airport rail link
Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes
Barcelona–Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg
Castellbisbal–Mollet-Sant Fost
La Plana-Picamoixons–Sant Vicenç de Calders
Lleida–Manresa–Barcelona
Madrid–Barcelona
Reus–Caspe–Zaragoza
Sant Vicenç de Calders–Vilafranca del Penedès–Barcelona
Tarragona–Lleida
Valencia–Sant Vicenç de Calders
Local
Barcelona Metro
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L9/L10
L11
Montjuïc Funicular
Barcelona–Vallès
Vallvidrera Funicular
Lleida–La Pobla
Llobregat–Anoia
Tibidabo Funicular
Trambaix
Trambesòs
Mountain
Montserrat Rack Railway
Sant Joan Funicular
Santa Cova Funicular
Vall de Núria Rack Railway
Heritage
Alt Llobregat Tourist Railway
Gelida Funicular
Tramvia Blau
Proposed
Bages Tram-train
Cornellà–Castelldefels
Orbital Railway Line
TramCamp
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TramVallès
Transversal Rail Link
Defunct
Manresa–Guardiola
Mina Grott
Mollerussa–Balaguer
Olot–Girona
Palamós–Girona–Banyoles
Reus–Salou
Roda de Berà–Reus (partly)
Sant Feliu de Guíxols–Girona
Tortosa–La Cava
Trams in Barcelona (historical system)
41°36′34″N 0°13′15″E / 41.6094°N 0.2207°E / 41.6094; 0.2207
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVE"},{"link_name":"high-speed rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Madrid–Barcelona railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_railway"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_line"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Renfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe"},{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVE"},{"link_name":"Avlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlo"},{"link_name":"Ouigo España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouigo_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Iryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryo"}],"text":"Railway line connecting Madrid and Barcelona, in SpainThis article is about the AVE high-speed rail line between Madrid and Barcelona. For the conventional railway line, see Madrid–Barcelona railway.The Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line is a 621-kilometre (385.9 mi) standard gauge railway line inaugurated on 20 February 2008. Designed for speeds of 350 km/h (217.5 mph) and compatibility with neighbouring countries' rail systems, it connects the cities of Madrid and Barcelona in 2 hours 30 minutes. In Barcelona the line is connected with the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line leading into France which connects it to the European high speed network.Trains are operated by the national railway Renfe under the AVE and Avlo brands, and by private competitors Ouigo España and Iryo.","title":"Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calatayud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calatayud"},{"link_name":"ASFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_protection_system"},{"link_name":"ETCS/ERTMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Train_Control_System"},{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVE"},{"link_name":"Camp de Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Tarragona_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2003 construction of the first phase of a new standard gauge line from Madrid to the French border (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida) was completed and on 11 October of that year commercial service began. This service also stopped at Guadalajara–Yebes and Calatayud. The service began running at only 200 km/h (124.3 mph). On 19 May 2006, after two years of operation, speed was increased to 250 km/h (155.3 mph) when the Spanish ASFA signalling system was replaced with level 1 of the new European ETCS/ERTMS system. On 16 October 2006 the trains on this line increased their operating speed to 280 km/h (174.0 mph).On 18 December 2006 the AVE started operating to Camp de Tarragona, and on 7 May 2007 the service increased its speed to the maximum allowable for the line, 300 km/h (186.4 mph). This puts Tarragona at 30 minutes from Lleida. The extension to Barcelona was delayed various times due to technical problems; the Ministerio de Fomento having originally forecast the AVE's arrival in Barcelona by the end of 2007.[3]","title":"First stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madrid-Barcelona_HS_line.svg"}],"text":"The complete line was opened February 2008. As of 2012, seventeen trains now run every day between the hours of 6 am and 9 pm, covering the distance between the two cities in just 2 hours 30 minutes for the direct trains, and in 3 hours and 10 minutes for those calling at all intermediate stations. Before the high-speed line was built, the journey between the two cities took more than six hours.Madrid-Barcelona-Figueres line in red","title":"Complete operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velocidades_m%C3%A1ximas_Madrid-Frontera_Francesa.jpg"},{"link_name":"S103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe_Class_103"},{"link_name":"ETCS/ERTMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Train_Control_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geotren-max-speeds-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geotren-max-speeds-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonoticias2015-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonoticias2015-8"}],"text":"Maximum speed profile of the \"Madrid-Barcelona-French Border\" line, in 2015.It was originally forecast that, after reaching Barcelona in 2004, the line would run at 350 km/h (217.5 mph), the maximum capable speed of the new Siemens AVE trains S103 which have replaced the Talgo Bombardier AVE S102, after the installation of level 2 of the ETCS/ERTMS. But on the AVE's first day of operating at 300 km/h (186.4 mph) to Tarragona the Minister of Public Works, Magdalena Álvarez, stated that the maximum commercial operating speeds of the AVE on all lines would be 300 km/h (186.4 mph).[4]On 11 December 2011, the speed was raised to 310 km/h (192.6 mph) on a 60 km (37.3 mi) section of the railway (between km 64.4, near Guadalajara, and km 124.4), with plans to further increase the speed to 320 km/h (198.8 mph) on a 24 km (14.9 mi) sub-section (from km 81.0 to km 105.24) and plans to rapidly extend the 310 km/h (192.6 mph) speed throughout the Spanish high-speed network.[5][2][6][7] Nevertheless, after almost 5 years of operation with S103 trains running at up to 310 km/h (192.6 mph) on this section, the speed was decreased back to 300 km/h (186.4 mph) on 17 August 2016.[2] The tests performed by ADIF had revealed that, at speeds exceeding 300 km/h (186.4 mph), the air which the trains were moving underneath was causing some stones of the ballast to rise, hitting the trains and causing damage of various kinds (the Spanish high-speed railways follow the French high-speed rail model of laying the rails on a bed of stones known as ballast, instead of laying the tracks on concrete plates, as is done for high-speed rail in Germany).[8] Due to this technical limitation and the substantial increase in costs and power necessary to break the 300 km/h (186.4 mph) barrier, the AVE in Spain abandoned prospects of operating at speeds over 300 km/h (186.4 mph) in the short or medium term.[8]","title":"Speed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar"},{"link_name":"London-Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Nord"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"Paris-Lyon route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"world's busiest passenger air route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_passenger_air_routes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"It was forecast that the AVE would substantially replace air traffic on the Barcelona – Madrid route (in the same way that the Eurostar has on the London-Paris/London-Brussels routes and France's TGV has on the Paris-Lyon route). Indeed, by the end of 2017, the line had already taken 63% of the traffic, taking most of it from aircraft.[9] A few years before the Madrid-Barcelona route was the world's busiest passenger air route in 2007 with 971 scheduled flights per week (both directions).[10] Similarly more than 80% of travelers between Madrid and Seville use the AVE, with fewer than 20% traveling by air.[11]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"Sagrada Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_Familia"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Casa Milà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Mil%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Antoni Gaudí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Talgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgo"},{"link_name":"Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation"},{"link_name":"train sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Multiple_Unit"},{"link_name":"RENFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENFE"},{"link_name":"Talgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgo"},{"link_name":"Siemens Velaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Velaro"},{"link_name":"world record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"ICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityExpress"},{"link_name":"Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madrid_Barcelona_services.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RENFE_Class_103_Paracuellos_de_la_Ribera.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barcelona_-_Perpignan.PNG"}],"text":"There was criticism during the construction of the Madrid-Barcelona line. A critical report by the consulting firm KPMG, commissioned by ADIF (Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias) at the behest of the Ministry for Public Works (Ministerio de Fomento) on 23 June 2004, pointed to a lack of in-depth studies and over-hasty execution of works as the most important reasons for the problems that dogged construction of the AVE line. For example, during the construction of the AVE tunnel near Barcelona, a number of nearby buildings suffered damage from a sinkhole that appeared near a commuter rail station, damaging one of its platforms. The construction committee of Barcelona's famed Sagrada Familia church lobbied for a re-routing of the tunnel – it passes within metres of the massive church's foundations. It also passes equally near the UNESCO-recognized Casa Milà also designed by Antoni Gaudí.Furthermore, until 2005 both Siemens and Talgo/Bombardier train sets failed to meet scheduled speed targets, although in a test run during the homologation tests of the new S102 trains of RENFE, a train-set Talgo 350 (AVE S-102) reached a speed of 365 km/h (226.8 mph) on the night of the 25/26 June 2006, and in July 2006 a Siemens Velaro train-set (AVE S-103) reached the highest top speed ever in Spain: 403.7 km/h (250.8 mph). At this time, it was a record for railed vehicles in Spain and a world record for unmodified commercial service trainsets, as the earlier TGV and ICE records were achieved with specially modified and shortened trainsets, and the 1996 Shinkansen record of 443 km/h (275.3 mph) was using a test (non-commercial) trainset.Planned services in 2012At Paracuellos de la RiberaOverview map of the high-speed connections from Barcelona towards France, with the year of opening","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extension to France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Figueres–Vilafant railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueres%E2%80%93Vilafant_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Figueres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueres"},{"link_name":"Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line"},{"link_name":"AVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVE"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Sants_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sagrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrera_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Barcelona to Figueres","text":"Originally planned to open in 2009, the extension of some Madrid-Barcelona routes to Figueres–Vilafant railway station via Girona, opened on 9 January 2013.[12] This made possible upon the completion of the 131-kilometre (81.4 mi) Barcelona-Figueres section of the Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line that connected for the first time the Spanish AVE high-speed network with the French TGV high-speed network.[13] There have been delays in building a four kilometre tunnel in Girona, the first phase of which was finished in September 2010,[14] and controversy over the route between Sants and Sagrera stations in Barcelona.[15] As of January 2013[update] there are eight trains a day running from Madrid, connecting at Figueres Vilafant with two TGV services to Paris.[16]","title":"Extension to France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high speed rail section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail"},{"link_name":"Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Figueres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueres"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Perthus Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthus_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-db-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Figueres to Perpignan","text":"This is an international high speed rail section between France and Spain. The section connects two cities on opposite sides of the border, Perpignan in Occitanie, France, and Figueres in Catalonia, Spain. It consists of a 44.4-kilometre (27.6 mi) railway which crosses the French–Spanish border via the Perthus Tunnel, an 8.3-kilometre (5.2 mi) tunnel bored under the Perthus Pass.[17] The section is open to high speed trains and freight. Construction was completed in February 2009, although services did not run until a station was built on the line at Figueres. As of March 2015, a daily TGV service connects Paris to Barcelona Sants via Perpignan-Figueres with 2 pairs of trips, plus other connections involving Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.[18]","title":"Extension to France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"All Aboard » New high-speed Barcelona-Madrid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130204093017/http://intltravelnews.com/2009/07/all-aboard-%C2%BB-new-high-speed-barcelona-madrid-3"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intltravelnews.com/2009/07/all-aboard-%C2%BB-new-high-speed-barcelona-madrid-3"}],"text":"Brunhouse, Jay (July 2009). \"All Aboard » New high-speed Barcelona-Madrid\". International Travel News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Madrid-Barcelona-Figueres line in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Madrid-Barcelona_HS_line.svg/220px-Madrid-Barcelona_HS_line.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Maximum speed profile of the \"Madrid-Barcelona-French Border\" line, in 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Velocidades_m%C3%A1ximas_Madrid-Frontera_Francesa.jpg/220px-Velocidades_m%C3%A1ximas_Madrid-Frontera_Francesa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Planned services in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Madrid_Barcelona_services.jpg/220px-Madrid_Barcelona_services.jpg"},{"image_text":"At Paracuellos de la Ribera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RENFE_Class_103_Paracuellos_de_la_Ribera.jpg/220px-RENFE_Class_103_Paracuellos_de_la_Ribera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overview map of the high-speed connections from Barcelona towards France, with the year of opening","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Barcelona_-_Perpignan.PNG/220px-Barcelona_-_Perpignan.PNG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg/120px-RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spain_High_Speed_Rail.svg/220px-Spain_High_Speed_Rail.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"High-speed rail in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain"},{"title":"LGV Méditerranée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"},{"title":"TER Languedoc-Roussillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TER_Languedoc-Roussillon"},{"title":"List of highest railways in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_railways_in_Europe"}]
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[{"reference":"\"AVE Barcelona-Madrid cumple 12 años acumulando más de 40 millones de viajeros\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 February 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20200220/473667074278/ave-barcelona-madrid-cumple-12-anos-acumulando-mas-de-40-millones-de-viajeros.html","url_text":"\"AVE Barcelona-Madrid cumple 12 años acumulando más de 40 millones de viajeros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"}]},{"reference":"\"La Vanguardia, 18 December 2006\". Archived from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128032630/http://www.lavanguardia.es/gen/20061218/51297191921/noticias/el-ave-llega-a-tarragona-lleida-madrid-barcelona-jose-montilla-generalitat-fomento-campo-magdalena-alvarez-joaquim-nadal-joan-rangel-joan-clos-girona.html","url_text":"\"La Vanguardia, 18 December 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.lavanguardia.es/gen/20061218/51297191921/noticias/el-ave-llega-a-tarragona-lleida-madrid-barcelona-jose-montilla-generalitat-fomento-campo-magdalena-alvarez-joaquim-nadal-joan-rangel-joan-clos-girona.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain completes Iberia's high-speed link to Europe\". International Railway Journal. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/europe/spain-opens-iberias-high-speed-rail-link-to-europe.html","url_text":"\"Spain completes Iberia's high-speed link to Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Railway Gazette: Girona tunnelling makes progress\". Retrieved 23 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/girona-tunnelling-makes-progress.html","url_text":"\"Railway Gazette: Girona tunnelling makes progress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perpignan-Barcelona AVE to open in 2012 or .... 2020?\". Today's railways Europe, Issue 140. August 2007. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Barcelona - Figueres high speed rail line to open on January 7\". International Rail Journal. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/high-speed/barcelona-figueres-high-speed-rail-line-to-open-on-january-7.html","url_text":"\"Barcelona - Figueres high speed rail line to open on January 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perpignan-Figueras High-speed Rail Line\". Structurae. Retrieved 30 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.structurae.de/projects/data/index.cfm?id=p0000133","url_text":"\"Perpignan-Figueras High-speed Rail Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurae","url_text":"Structurae"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain—closer than ever before\". SNCF. Retrieved 3 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sncf.com/en/trains/tgv-france-espagne","url_text":"\"Spain—closer than ever before\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF","url_text":"SNCF"}]},{"reference":"Brunhouse, Jay (July 2009). \"All Aboard » New high-speed Barcelona-Madrid\". International Travel News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130204093017/http://intltravelnews.com/2009/07/all-aboard-%C2%BB-new-high-speed-barcelona-madrid-3","url_text":"\"All Aboard » New high-speed Barcelona-Madrid\""},{"url":"http://www.intltravelnews.com/2009/07/all-aboard-%C2%BB-new-high-speed-barcelona-madrid-3","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-button_issue
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Controversy
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["1 Legal","2 Benford's law","3 Psychological bases","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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State of prolonged public dispute or debate
For other uses, see Controversy (disambiguation).
Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – "turned in an opposite direction".
Legal
In the theory of law, a controversy differs from a legal case; while legal cases include all suits, criminal as well as civil, a controversy is a purely civil proceeding.
For example, the Case or Controversy Clause of Article Three of the United States Constitution (Section 2, Clause 1) states that "the judicial Power shall extend ... to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party". This clause has been deemed to impose a requirement that United States federal courts are not permitted to cases that do not pose an actual controversy—that is, an actual dispute between adverse parties which is capable of being resolved by the . In addition to setting out the scope of the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary, it also prohibits courts from issuing advisory opinions, or from hearing cases that are either unripe, meaning that the controversy has not arisen yet, or moot, meaning that the controversy has already been
Benford's law
Main article: Benford's law of controversy
Benford's law of controversy, as expressed by the astrophysicist and science fiction author Gregory Benford in 1980, states: Passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available. In other words, it claims that the less factual information is available on a topic, the more controversy can arise around that topic – and the more facts are available, the less controversy can arise. Thus, for example, controversies in physics would be limited to subject areas where experiments cannot be carried out yet, whereas controversies would be inherent to politics, where communities must frequently decide on courses of action based on insufficient information.
Psychological bases
Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants – as implied by Benford's law of controversy, which only talks about lack of information ("passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available"). For example, in analyses of the political controversy over anthropogenic climate change, which is exceptionally virulent in the United States, it has been proposed that those who are opposed to the scientific consensus do so because they don't have enough information about the topic. A study of 1540 US adults found instead that levels of scientific literacy correlated with the strength of opinion on climate change, but not on which side of the debate that they stood.
The puzzling phenomenon of two individuals being able to reach different conclusions after being exposed to the same facts has been frequently explained (particularly by Daniel Kahneman) by reference to a 'bounded rationality' – in other words, that most judgments are made using fast acting heuristics that work well in every day situations, but are not amenable to decision-making about complex subjects such as climate change. Anchoring has been particularly identified as relevant in climate change controversies as individuals are found to be more positively inclined to believe in climate change if the outside temperature is higher, if they have been primed to think about heat, and if they are primed with higher temperatures when thinking about the future temperature increases from climate change.
In other controversies – such as that around the HPV vaccine, the same evidence seemed to license inference to radically different conclusions. Kahan et al. explained this by the cognitive biases of biased assimilation and a credibility heuristic.
Similar effects on reasoning are also seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the gun control debate in the United States. As with other controversies, it has been suggested that exposure to empirical facts would be sufficient to resolve the debate once and for all. In computer simulations of cultural communities, beliefs were found to polarize within isolated sub-groups, based on the mistaken belief of the community's unhindered access to ground truth. Such confidence in the group to find the ground truth is explicable through the success of wisdom of the crowd based inferences. However, if there is no access to the ground truth, as there was not in this model, the method will fail.
Bayesian decision theory allows these failures of rationality to be described as part of a statistically optimized system for decision making. Experiments and computational models in multisensory integration have shown that sensory input from different senses is integrated in a statistically optimal way, in addition, it appears that the kind of inferences used to infer single sources for multiple sensory inputs uses a Bayesian inference about the causal origin of the sensory stimuli. As such, it appears neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for Bayesian inference.
Brocas and Carrillo propose a model to make decisions based on noisy sensory inputs, beliefs about the state of the world are modified by Bayesian updating, and then decisions are made based on beliefs passing a threshold. They show that this model, when optimized for single-step decision making, produces belief anchoring and polarization of opinions – exactly as described in the global warming controversy context – in spite of identical evidence presented, the pre-existing beliefs (or evidence presented first) has an overwhelming effect on the beliefs formed. In addition, the preferences of the agent (the particular rewards that they value) also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the biased assimilation (also known as confirmation bias) shown above. This model allows the production of controversy to be seen as a consequence of a decision maker optimized for single-step decision making, rather than a result of limited reasoning in the bounded rationality of Daniel Kahneman.
See also
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Argument
Bipartisanship
Dialectic
Misinformation
ProCon.org
Scandal
Third rail (politics)
References
^ "EFF Quotes Collection 19.6". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2001-04-09. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ "Quotations: Computer Laws". SysProg. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ Ungar, S. (2000). "Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole". Public Understanding of Science. 9 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/306. S2CID 7089937.
^ Pidgeon, N.; B. Fischhoff (2011). "The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks". Nature Climate Change. 1 (1): 35–41. Bibcode:2011NatCC...1...35P. doi:10.1038/nclimate1080. S2CID 85362091.
^ Kahan, Dan M.; Maggie Wittlin; Ellen Peters; Paul Slovic; Lisa Larrimore Ouellette; Donald Braman; Gregory N. Mandel (2011). "The Tragedy of the Risk-Perception Commons: Culture Conflict, Rationality Conflict, and Climate Change". doi:10.2139/ssrn.1871503. hdl:1794/22097. S2CID 73649608. SSRN 1871503. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Kahneman, Daniel (2003-12-01). "Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 93 (5): 1449–1475. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.194.6554. doi:10.1257/000282803322655392. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 3132137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
^ Tversky, A.; D. Kahneman (1974). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–31. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Archived from the original on 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
^ Joireman, Jeff; Heather Barnes Truelove; Blythe Duell (December 2010). "Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 30 (4): 358–367. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.004. ISSN 0272-4944.
^ Saul, Stephanie; Andrew Pollack (2007-02-17). "Furor on Rush to Require Cervical Cancer Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
^ Kahan, Dan M.; Donald Braman; Geoffrey L. Cohen; Paul Slovic; John Gastil (2008-07-15). "Who Fears the HPV Vaccine, Who Doesn't, and Why? An Experimental Study of the Mechanisms of Cultural Cognition". Law and Human Behavior. SSRN 1160654.
^ Lord, Charles G.; Lee Ross; Mark R. Lepper (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37 (11): 2098–2109. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.372.1743. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098. ISSN 0022-3514.
^ HOVLAND, CARL I.; WALTER WEISS (1951-12-21). "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness". Public Opinion Quarterly. 15 (4): 635–650. doi:10.1086/266350.
^ a b Braman, Donald; James Grimmelmann; Dan M. Kahan (20 July 2007). "Modeling Cultural Cognition". Social Justice Research. SSRN 1000449.
^ Fremling, G.M.; J.R. Lott Jr (2002). "Surprising Finding That Cultural Worldviews Don't Explain People's Views on Gun Control, The". U. Pa. L. Rev. 151 (4): 1341–1348. doi:10.2307/3312932. JSTOR 3312932.
^ Ayres, I.; J.J. Donohue III (2002). Shooting down the more guns, less crime hypothesis. National Bureau of Economic Research.
^ Lee, M.D.; M. Steyvers; M. de Young; B.J. Miller. "A Model-Based Approach to Measuring Expertise in Ranking Tasks". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Ernst, Marc O.; Martin S. Banks (2002-01-24). "Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion". Nature. 415 (6870): 429–433. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..429E. doi:10.1038/415429a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11807554. S2CID 47459.
^ Wozny, D.R.; U.R. Beierholm; L. Shams (2008). "Human trimodal perception follows optimal statistical inference". Journal of Vision. 8 (3): 24.1–11. doi:10.1167/8.3.24. PMID 18484830.
^ Brocas, Isabelle; Juan D. Carrillo (2012). "From perception to action: An economic model of brain processes". Games and Economic Behavior. 75: 81–103. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2011.10.001. ISSN 0899-8256.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Controversy.
Look up controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Brian Martin, The Controversy Manual (Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing, 2014).
Controversial topics based on machine learning on Wikipedia data
Controversial Today
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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Thus, for example, controversies in physics would be limited to subject areas where experiments cannot be carried out yet, whereas controversies would be inherent to politics, where communities must frequently decide on courses of action based on insufficient information.","title":"Benford's law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benford's law of controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Benford#Benford's_law_of_controversy"},{"link_name":"anthropogenic climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"opinion on climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change"},{"link_name":"bounded rationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality"},{"link_name":"heuristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anchoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchoring"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HPV vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gun control debate in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guncontrol-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guncontrol-13"},{"link_name":"wisdom of the crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bayesian decision theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_estimator"},{"link_name":"multisensory integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisensory_integration"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"anchoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchoring"},{"link_name":"global warming controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy"},{"link_name":"confirmation bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias"},{"link_name":"bounded rationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality"},{"link_name":"Daniel Kahneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman"}],"text":"Controversies are frequently thought to be a result of a lack of confidence on the part of the disputants – as implied by Benford's law of controversy, which only talks about lack of information (\"passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available\"). For example, in analyses of the political controversy over anthropogenic climate change, which is exceptionally virulent in the United States, it has been proposed that those who are opposed to the scientific consensus do so because they don't have enough information about the topic.[3][4] A study of 1540 US adults[5] found instead that levels of scientific literacy correlated with the strength of opinion on climate change, but not on which side of the debate that they stood.The puzzling phenomenon of two individuals being able to reach different conclusions after being exposed to the same facts has been frequently explained (particularly by Daniel Kahneman) by reference to a 'bounded rationality' – in other words, that most judgments are made using fast acting heuristics[6][7] that work well in every day situations, but are not amenable to decision-making about complex subjects such as climate change. Anchoring has been particularly identified as relevant in climate change controversies [8] as individuals are found to be more positively inclined to believe in climate change if the outside temperature is higher, if they have been primed to think about heat, and if they are primed with higher temperatures when thinking about the future temperature increases from climate change.In other controversies – such as that around the HPV vaccine, the same evidence seemed to license inference to radically different conclusions.[9] Kahan et al.[10] explained this by the cognitive biases of biased assimilation[11] and a credibility heuristic.[12]Similar effects on reasoning are also seen in non-scientific controversies, for example in the gun control debate in the United States.[13] As with other controversies, it has been suggested that exposure to empirical facts would be sufficient to resolve the debate once and for all.[14][15] In computer simulations of cultural communities, beliefs were found to polarize within isolated sub-groups, based on the mistaken belief of the community's unhindered access to ground truth.[13] Such confidence in the group to find the ground truth is explicable through the success of wisdom of the crowd based inferences.[16] However, if there is no access to the ground truth, as there was not in this model, the method will fail.Bayesian decision theory allows these failures of rationality to be described as part of a statistically optimized system for decision making. Experiments and computational models in multisensory integration have shown that sensory input from different senses is integrated in a statistically optimal way,[17] in addition, it appears that the kind of inferences used to infer single sources for multiple sensory inputs uses a Bayesian inference about the causal origin of the sensory stimuli.[18] As such, it appears neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for Bayesian inference.Brocas and Carrillo propose a model to make decisions based on noisy sensory inputs,[19] beliefs about the state of the world are modified by Bayesian updating, and then decisions are made based on beliefs passing a threshold. They show that this model, when optimized for single-step decision making, produces belief anchoring and polarization of opinions – exactly as described in the global warming controversy context – in spite of identical evidence presented, the pre-existing beliefs (or evidence presented first) has an overwhelming effect on the beliefs formed. In addition, the preferences of the agent (the particular rewards that they value) also cause the beliefs formed to change – this explains the biased assimilation (also known as confirmation bias) shown above. This model allows the production of controversy to be seen as a consequence of a decision maker optimized for single-step decision making, rather than a result of limited reasoning in the bounded rationality of Daniel Kahneman.","title":"Psychological bases"}]
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The\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312932","external_links_name":"10.2307/3312932"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312932","external_links_name":"3312932"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.415..429E","external_links_name":"2002Natur.415..429E"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F415429a","external_links_name":"10.1038/415429a"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11807554","external_links_name":"11807554"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47459","external_links_name":"47459"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F8.3.24","external_links_name":"\"Human trimodal perception follows optimal statistical 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_remailer
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Anonymous remailer
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["1 Types of remailer","1.1 Pseudonymous remailers","1.2 Cypherpunk remailers, also called Type I","1.3 Mixmaster remailers, also called Type II","1.4 Mixminion remailers, also called Type III","2 Traceable remailers","3 Untraceable remailers","4 Web-based mailer","5 Remailer statistics","6 Remailer abuse and blocking by governments","7 See also","8 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anonymous remailer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An anonymous remailer is a server that receives messages with embedded instructions on where to send them next, and that forwards them without revealing where they originally came from. There are cypherpunk anonymous remailers, mixmaster anonymous remailers, and nym servers, among others, which differ in how they work, in the policies they adopt, and in the type of attack on the anonymity of e-mail they can (or are intended to) resist. Remailing as discussed in this article applies to e-mails intended for particular recipients, not the general public. Anonymity in the latter case is more easily addressed by using any of several methods of anonymous publication.
Types of remailer
There are several strategies that affect the anonymity of the handled e-mail. In general, different classes of anonymous remailers differ with regard to the choices their designers/operators have made. These choices can be influenced by the legal ramifications of operating specific types of remailers.
It must be understood that every data packet traveling on the Internet contains the node addresses (as raw IP bit strings) of both the sending and intended recipient nodes, and so no data packet can ever actually be anonymous at this level . In addition, all standards-based e-mail messages contain defined fields in their headers in which the source and transmitting entities (and Internet nodes as well) are required to be included.
Some remailers change both types of address in messages they forward, and the list of forwarding nodes in e-mail messages as well, as the message passes through; in effect, they substitute 'fake source addresses' for the originals. The 'IP source address' for that packet may become that of the remailer server itself, and within an e-mail message (which is usually several packets), a nominal 'user' on that server. Some remailers forward their anonymized e-mail to still other remailers, and only after several such hops is the e-mail actually delivered to the intended address.
There are, more or less, four types of remailers:
Pseudonymous remailers
A pseudonymous remailer simply takes away the e-mail address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender, and sends the message to the intended recipient (that can be answered via that remailer).
Cypherpunk remailers, also called Type I
A Cypherpunk remailer sends the message to the recipient, stripping away the sender address on it. One can not answer a message sent via a Cypherpunk remailer. The message sent to the remailer can usually be encrypted, and the remailer will decrypt it and send it to the recipient address hidden inside the encrypted message. In addition, it is possible to chain two or three remailers, so that each remailer can't know who is sending a message to whom. Cypherpunk remailers do not keep logs of transactions.
Mixmaster remailers, also called Type II
In Mixmaster, the user composes an email to a remailer, which is relayed through each node in the network using SMTP, until it finally arrives at the final recipient. Mixmaster can only send emails one way. An email is sent anonymously to an individual, but for them to be able to respond, a reply address must be included in the body of the email. Also, Mixmaster remailers require the use of a computer program to write messages. Such programs are not supplied as a standard part of most operating systems or mail management systems.
Mixminion remailers, also called Type III
A Mixminion remailer attempts to address the following challenges in Mixmaster remailers: replies, forward anonymity, replay prevention and key rotation, exit policies, integrated directory servers and dummy traffic. They are currently available for the Linux and Windows platforms. Some implementations are open source.
Traceable remailers
Some remailers establish an internal list of actual senders and invented names such that a recipient can send mail to invented name AT some-remailer.example. When receiving traffic addressed to this user, the server software consults that list, and forwards the mail to the original sender, thus permitting anonymous—though traceable with access to the list—two-way communication. The famous "penet.fi" remailer in Finland did just that for several years. Because of the existence of such lists in this type of remailing server, it is possible to break the anonymity by gaining access to the list(s), by breaking into the computer, asking a court (or merely the police in some places) to order that the anonymity be broken, and/or bribing an attendant. This happened to penet.fi as a result of some traffic passed through it about Scientology. The Church claimed copyright infringement and sued penet.fi's operator. A court ordered the list be made available. Penet's operator shut it down after destroying its records (including the list) to retain identity confidentiality for its users; though not before being forced to supply the court with the real e-mail addresses of two of its users.
More recent remailer designs use cryptography in an attempt to provide more or less the same service, but without so much risk of loss of user confidentiality. These are generally termed nym servers or pseudonymous remailers. The degree to which they remain vulnerable to forced disclosure (by courts or police) is and will remain unclear since new statutes/regulations and new cryptanalytic developments proceed apace. Multiple anonymous forwarding among cooperating remailers in different jurisdictions may retain, but cannot guarantee, anonymity against a determined attempt by one or more governments, or civil litigators.
Untraceable remailers
If users accept the loss of two-way interaction, identity anonymity can be made more secure.
By not keeping any list of users and corresponding anonymizing labels for them, a remailer can ensure that any message that has been forwarded leaves no internal information behind that can later be used to break identity confidentiality. However, while being handled, messages remain vulnerable within the server (e.g., to Trojan software in a compromised server, to a compromised server operator, or to mis-administration of the server), and traffic analysis comparison of traffic into and out of such a server can suggest quite a lot—far more than almost any would credit.
The Mixmaster strategy is designed to defeat such attacks, or at least to increase their cost (i.e., to 'attackers') beyond feasibility. If every message is passed through several servers (ideally in different legal and political jurisdictions), then attacks based on legal systems become considerably more difficult, if only because of 'Clausewitzian' friction among lawyers, courts, different statutes, organizational rivalries, legal systems, etc. And, since many different servers and server operators are involved, subversion of any (i.e., of either system or operator) becomes less effective also since no one (most likely) will be able to subvert the entire chain of remailers.
Random padding of messages, random delays before forwarding, and encryption of forwarding information between forwarding remailers, increases the degree of difficulty for attackers still further as message size and timing can be largely eliminated as traffic analysis clues, and lack of easily readable forwarding information renders ineffective simple automated traffic analysis algorithms.
Web-based mailer
There are also web services that allow users to send anonymous email messages. These services do not provide the anonymity of real remailers, but they are easier to use. When using a web-based anonymous email or anonymous remailer service, its reputation should first be analyzed, since the service stands between senders and recipients. Some of the aforementioned web services log the users IP addresses to ensure they do not break the law; others offer superior anonymity with attachment functionality by choosing to trust that the users will not breach the websites terms of service (ToS).
Remailer statistics
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)
In most cases, remailers are owned and operated by individuals, and are not as stable as they might ideally be. In fact, remailers can, and have, gone down without warning. It is important to use up-to-date statistics when choosing remailers.
Remailer abuse and blocking by governments
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2012)
Although most re-mailer systems are used responsibly, the anonymity they provide can be exploited by entities or individuals whose reasons for anonymity are not necessarily benign.
Such reasons could include support for violent extremist actions, sexual exploitation of children or more commonly to frustrate accountability for 'trolling' and harassment of targeted individuals, or companies (The Dizum.com re-mailer chain being abused as recently as May 2013 for this purpose.)
The response of some re-mailers to this abuse potential is often to disclaim responsibility (as dizum.com does), as owing to the technical design (and ethical principles) of many systems, it is impossible for the operators to physically unmask those using their systems. Some re-mailer systems go further and claim that it would be illegal for them to monitor for certain types abuse at all.
Until technical changes were made in the remailers concerned in the mid-2000s, some re-mailers (notably nym.alias.net based systems) were seemingly willing to use any genuine (and thus valid) but otherwise forged address. This loophole allowed trolls to mis-attribute controversial claims or statements with the aim of causing offence, upset or harassment to the genuine holder(s) of the address(es) forged.
While re-mailers may disclaim responsibility, the comments posted via them have led to them being blocked in some countries. In 2014, dizum.com (a Netherlands-based remailer) was seemingly blocked by authorities in Pakistan, because comments an (anonymous) user of that service had made concerning key figures in Islam.
See also
Anonymity
Anonymity application
Anonymous blogging
Anonymous P2P
Anonymous remailer
Cypherpunk anonymous remailer (Type I)
Mixmaster anonymous remailer (Type II)
Mixminion anonymous remailer (Type III)
Anonymous web browsing
Data privacy
Identity theft
Internet privacy
Personally identifiable information
Privacy software and Privacy-enhancing technologies
I2P
I2P-Bote
Java Anon Proxy
Onion routing
Tor (network)
Pseudonymity, Pseudonymization
Pseudonymous remailer (a.k.a. nym servers)
Penet remailer
Traffic analysis
Winston Smith Project
Mix network
References
^ du Pont, George F. (2001) The Time Has Come for Limited Liability for Operators of True Anonymity Remailers in Cyberspace: An Examination of the Possibilities and Perils Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine"Journal of Technology Law & Policy"
^ Froomkin, A. Michael (1995). "Anonymity and its Enmities". Journal of Online Law. 1. Rochester, NY. art. 4. SSRN 2715621.
^ "Johan Helsingius closes his Internet remailer" (Press release). 1996-08-30. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
^ "Amnesty Box". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
^ "Recommendations for Anonymous Remailer Policy at Oberlin College". www.cs.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
^ a b "DIZUM FAQ". Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Remailer Vulnerabilities
Email Security, Bruce Schneier (ISBN 0-471-05318-X)
Computer Privacy Handbook, Andre Bacard (ISBN 1-56609-171-3)
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One can not answer a message sent via a Cypherpunk remailer. The message sent to the remailer can usually be encrypted, and the remailer will decrypt it and send it to the recipient address hidden inside the encrypted message. In addition, it is possible to chain two or three remailers, so that each remailer can't know who is sending a message to whom. Cypherpunk remailers do not keep logs of transactions.","title":"Types of remailer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmaster_anonymous_remailer"},{"link_name":"SMTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP"}],"sub_title":"Mixmaster remailers, also called Type II","text":"In Mixmaster, the user composes an email to a remailer, which is relayed through each node in the network using SMTP, until it finally arrives at the final recipient. Mixmaster can only send emails one way. An email is sent anonymously to an individual, but for them to be able to respond, a reply address must be included in the body of the email. Also, Mixmaster remailers require the use of a computer program to write messages. Such programs are not supplied as a standard part of most operating systems or mail management systems.","title":"Types of remailer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixminion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixminion"}],"sub_title":"Mixminion remailers, also called Type III","text":"A Mixminion remailer attempts to address the following challenges in Mixmaster remailers: replies, forward anonymity, replay prevention and key rotation, exit policies, integrated directory servers and dummy traffic. They are currently available for the Linux and Windows platforms. Some implementations are open source.","title":"Types of remailer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penet.fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penet_remailer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_identity"},{"link_name":"confidentiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"nym servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nym_server"},{"link_name":"pseudonymous remailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer"},{"link_name":"cryptanalytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalytic"}],"text":"Some remailers establish an internal list of actual senders and invented names such that a recipient can send mail to invented name AT some-remailer.example. When receiving traffic addressed to this user, the server software consults that list, and forwards the mail to the original sender, thus permitting anonymous—though traceable with access to the list—two-way communication. The famous \"penet.fi\" remailer in Finland did just that for several years.[3] Because of the existence of such lists in this type of remailing server, it is possible to break the anonymity by gaining access to the list(s), by breaking into the computer, asking a court (or merely the police in some places) to order that the anonymity be broken, and/or bribing an attendant. This happened to penet.fi as a result of some traffic passed through it about Scientology.[citation needed] The Church claimed copyright infringement and sued penet.fi's operator. A court ordered the list be made available. Penet's operator shut it down after destroying its records (including the list) to retain identity confidentiality for its users; though not before being forced to supply the court with the real e-mail addresses of two of its users.[citation needed]More recent remailer designs use cryptography in an attempt to provide more or less the same service, but without so much risk of loss of user confidentiality. These are generally termed nym servers or pseudonymous remailers. The degree to which they remain vulnerable to forced disclosure (by courts or police) is and will remain unclear since new statutes/regulations and new cryptanalytic developments proceed apace. 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However, while being handled, messages remain vulnerable within the server (e.g., to Trojan software in a compromised server, to a compromised server operator, or to mis-administration of the server), and traffic analysis comparison of traffic into and out of such a server can suggest quite a lot—far more than almost any would credit.The Mixmaster strategy is designed to defeat such attacks, or at least to increase their cost (i.e., to 'attackers') beyond feasibility. If every message is passed through several servers (ideally in different legal and political jurisdictions), then attacks based on legal systems become considerably more difficult, if only because of 'Clausewitzian' friction among lawyers, courts, different statutes, organizational rivalries, legal systems, etc. And, since many different servers and server operators are involved, subversion of any (i.e., of either system or operator) becomes less effective also since no one (most likely) will be able to subvert the entire chain of remailers.Random padding of messages, random delays before forwarding, and encryption of forwarding information between forwarding remailers, increases the degree of difficulty for attackers still further as message size and timing can be largely eliminated as traffic analysis clues, and lack of easily readable forwarding information renders ineffective simple automated traffic analysis algorithms.","title":"Untraceable remailers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There are also web services that allow users to send anonymous email messages. These services do not provide the anonymity of real remailers, but they are easier to use. When using a web-based anonymous email or anonymous remailer service, its reputation should first be analyzed, since the service stands between senders and recipients. Some of the aforementioned web services log the users IP addresses to ensure they do not break the law; others offer superior anonymity with attachment functionality by choosing to trust that the users will not breach the websites terms of service (ToS).[4]","title":"Web-based mailer"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In most cases, remailers are owned and operated by individuals, and are not as stable as they might ideally be. In fact, remailers can, and have, gone down without warning. It is important to use up-to-date statistics when choosing remailers.","title":"Remailer statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZ-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DZ-6"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Although most re-mailer systems are used responsibly, the anonymity they provide can be exploited by entities or individuals whose reasons for anonymity are not necessarily benign.[5]Such reasons could include support for violent extremist actions,[citation needed] sexual exploitation of children [citation needed] or more commonly to frustrate accountability for 'trolling' and harassment of targeted individuals, or companies (The Dizum.com re-mailer chain being abused as recently as May 2013[citation needed] for this purpose.)The response of some re-mailers to this abuse potential is often to disclaim responsibility (as dizum.com does[6]), as owing to the technical design (and ethical principles) of many systems, it is impossible for the operators to physically unmask those using their systems. Some re-mailer systems go further and claim that it would be illegal for them to monitor for certain types abuse at all.[6]Until technical changes were made in the remailers concerned in the mid-2000s, some re-mailers (notably nym.alias.net based systems) were seemingly willing to use any genuine (and thus valid) but otherwise forged address. This loophole allowed trolls to mis-attribute controversial claims or statements with the aim of causing offence, upset or harassment to the genuine holder(s) of the address(es) forged.While re-mailers may disclaim responsibility, the comments posted via them have led to them being blocked in some countries. In 2014, dizum.com (a Netherlands-based remailer) was seemingly blocked by authorities in Pakistan,[citation needed] because comments an (anonymous) user of that service had made concerning key figures in Islam.","title":"Remailer abuse and blocking by governments"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Froomkin, A. Michael (1995). \"Anonymity and its Enmities\". Journal of Online Law. 1. Rochester, NY. art. 4. SSRN 2715621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Froomkin","url_text":"Froomkin, A. Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2715621","url_text":"2715621"}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Helsingius closes his Internet remailer\" (Press release). 1996-08-30. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221336/https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/960830_penet_closure.announce","url_text":"\"Johan Helsingius closes his Internet remailer\""},{"url":"https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/960830_penet_closure.announce","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amnesty Box\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amnestybox.com/","url_text":"\"Amnesty Box\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120414030144/http://www.amnestybox.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Recommendations for Anonymous Remailer Policy at Oberlin College\". www.cs.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2021-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~burnsm/remailers.html","url_text":"\"Recommendations for Anonymous Remailer Policy at Oberlin College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904002515/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~burnsm/remailers.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DIZUM FAQ\". Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100710023752/http://dizum.com/help/usenet.html","url_text":"\"DIZUM FAQ\""},{"url":"https://dizum.com/help/usenet.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-470
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E-470
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["1 Route description","2 Tolls","3 History","4 Exit list","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Route map: Highway in Colorado
E-470Map of the Denver metropolitan area with C-470 in red and E-470 in greenRoute informationMaintained by E-470 Public Highway AuthorityLength46.950 mi (75.559 km)Existed1991–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-25 / US 87 / SH 470 in Lone TreeMajor intersections
I-70 / US 36 / US 40 / US 287 in Aurora
I-76 / US 6 in Commerce City
US 85 in Brighton
North end I-25 / US 87 / Northwest Parkway in Thornton
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCountiesDouglas, Arapahoe, Denver, Adams
Highway system
Colorado State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
← SH 470→ US 491
E-470 is a 47-mile-long (76 km) controlled-access toll road that traverses the eastern portion of the Denver metropolitan area in the US state of Colorado. It is the eastern half of the 470 beltway that serves Meridian, Parker, Aurora, Denver International Airport, and Brighton.
The toll road is neither a state highway nor an Interstate Highway and is instead owned and maintained by the E-470 Public Highway Authority, which is controlled by a governing board of eight elected officials of eight local governments. Construction and operation involves no state or federal funding or taxes, with the exception of a $10 fee originally charged on vehicle registrations for residents of Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. Historically, 86±2% of the road's revenues have come from tolls.
Route description
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E-470 near Denver International Airport at the interchange with Peña Boulevard
E-470 provides an alternate north–south route to Interstate 25 (I-25) for travelers wishing to bypass Denver to the east. The tollway begins at the I-25/State Highway 470 (SH 470, C-470) interchange in Lone Tree and runs east through the unincorporated community of Meridian and south of the Centennial Airport. It then passes through the north side of Parker, interchanging with SH 83 (Parker Road) before continuing east to Southlands, an outdoor mall in southeast Aurora. It then turns north through Aurora, passing east of Buckley Space Force Base before interchanging with I-70, forming a fly-by interchange. The highway continues north, passing west of Denver International Airport and interchanging with Peña Boulevard at a full cloverleaf interchange to provide travelers access to the airport from the tollway. E-470 then continues north and then turns to the west, entering the outskirts of Brighton and interchanging with I-76 and then U.S. Highway 85 (US 85) near the unincorporated community of Henderson before reaching the northern end at the interchange with I-25, where the toll road continues west as Northwest Parkway north of Thornton.
The quasi-government entity that manages the highway, the E-470 Public Highway Authority, consists of eight member jurisdictions: Adams, Arapahoe, and Douglas counties and the cities of Aurora, Brighton, Commerce City, and Thornton and the town of Parker. In addition to all of these jurisdictions, E-470 also passes through the city and county of Denver near Denver International Airport. Affiliate, nonvoting members of the Authority, which the highway does not directly serve, are the cities of Arvada, Lone Tree, and Greeley; Weld County; and the city and county of Broomfield. Ex officio members are the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG), the Regional Air Quality Council, and the Regional Transportation District (RTD). The authority is headquartered in Aurora.
Tolls
The toll rate on E-470 for vehicles that do not have ExpressToll automated toll transponders is roughly $0.37 per mile ($0.23/km). In addition to 17 ramp toll interchanges, there are five mainline toll stations along the 47-mile (76 km) route and the non-discounted passenger car toll to pass each mainline station is either $4.15 or $4.50; the discounted rates are $2.70 or $2.95. Drivers with ExpressToll accounts, E-470's automated toll collection service, and transponders mounted on their vehicle save 20 percent on posted toll rates along E-470. The toll stations no longer accept cash; E-470 was one of the first highways in the US to implement full highway-speed electronic tolling. Regarding License Plate Toll (for vehicles without ExpressToll transponders), cameras at each station photograph the front and rear license plate of each vehicle. A bill is mailed after approximately 30 days to the registered owner of the vehicle in accordance with state law. The License Plate Toll statement must be paid in full by the due date or a second statement with a one-time $5 late fee will be mailed. If payment is still not received, a third statement is sent with no additional fees. If the account remains unpaid for more than 90 days, the account becomes delinquent and all overdue toll transactions will be sent to a collections law firm for up to four months in an attempt to find the customer and collect payment. The unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, and a one-time $20 collection fee are due at this time. If payment is still not received, a Civil Penalty Assessment Notice will be mailed for the unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, the $20 collection fee, and a $25 Civil Penalty per notice. Upon receipt of this document, the customer may request a hearing. If the full payment of the Civil Assessment Notice has not been received in 30 days, a Hearing Officer's Final Notice is issued to include the unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, the $20 collection fee, the $25 Civil Penalty, and a $20 Court Fee, totaling a maximum of $70 of fees and penalties for each unpaid set of tolls.
Rental car companies at Denver International Airport have been accused of overcharging unwitting visitors for unpaid tolls because of the road's cashless collection system.
History
E-470 is the eastern portion of what was originally planned as Interstate 470 (I-470), a full outer beltway for the Denver metropolitan area proposed by CDOT in the 1960s. After the completion of SH 470, plans for the eastern extension gained momentum in the 1980s, as Denver moved forward with plans for a new international airport in its corridor. Recognizing the highway's development potential, a number of local governments joined together to create the E-470 Public Highway Authority, a quasi-governmental entity that would construct the highway. In 1987, the Public Highway Authority Law was passed by the Colorado State Legislature, giving the E-470 Public Highway Authority the power to do everything needed to plan, design, finance, construct, and operate the toll highway. The highway would be financed through tolls, a relative rarity in the western US.
The first section, between I-25 in the south and Parker Road in Douglas County, opened to traffic June 1, 1991. Tolling began on July 15, making E-470 the first highway in the US to implement open road electronic tolling. The highway was opened segment by segment until the final stretch connecting to I-25 in the north in Adams County opened on January 3, 2003.
E-470 at I-76
In its early years, traffic was light as the completed portion was short and traversed a largely undeveloped area. With the opening of Denver International Airport in 1995, E-470 came in as a direct route to the airport from the rapidly growing southern tier of the metropolitan area. Upon its completion, the highway provided the same access for northern Colorado, itself a high-growth area. However, perhaps the most significant growth in the region will occur in the E-470 corridor itself, which spawned numerous annexations by member cities; Commerce City has doubled in land area in anticipation of this new development. In the coming decades, 250,000 new residents are expected along the E-470 corridor in Aurora alone, which would nearly double that city's population.
Up until 2006, E-470 had four signalized intersections with I-70 and its outer roads, which often got congested at peak hours. In 2006, the E-470 mainline was relocated about one-quarter mile (0.40 km) to the west to bypass the traffic signals and provide free-flowing conditions for toll customers. Ramp traffic accessing I-70 continues to use the signalized interchange, except for northbound E-470 to westbound I-70 traffic, which uses a flyover ramp. The I-70/E-470 Fly-By Interchange Complex in Aurora was recognized by the Design Build Institute of America (DBIA) with a National Design Build Award in 2008.
In November 2014, an additional interchange opened at Quebec Street in Thornton.
In April 2016, E-470 started construction work to widen an eight-mile (13 km) stretch of the toll road to three lanes in each direction between Parker Road and Quincy Avenue in southeastern Aurora. The $90-million (equivalent to $110 million in 2023) project was completed December 2017. According to the 2015 E-470 Annual Report (page 3), "The widening is being constructed now to get ahead of the curve on future traffic volume, which has had double-digit growth in each of the past three years."
Exit list
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
DouglasLone Tree0.0000.000 SH 470 west – Grand JunctionContinuation west
26 (NB)1A (SB) I-25 – Denver, Colorado SpringsI-25 exit 194; stack interchange
Meridian0.5060.8141BJamaica Street to County Line RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
1.7112.7542 Peoria Street – Centennial Airport
Parker2.7004.345Toll Gantry A
3.5025.6363Chambers Road
4.3807.0494Jordan Road – Parker
5.1808.3365 SH 83 (Parker Road) – Parker, Centennial, Aurora
ArapahoeAurora8.88714.3029Gartrell Road
10.68317.19310Smoky Hill Road
13.35221.48813Quincy Avenue – Aurora
16.15025.991Toll Gantry B
16.45126.47516Jewell Avenue to Iliff Avenue
19.00030.578196th Parkway
Arapahoe–Adamscounty line20.37532.79020 I-70 / Colfax Avenue / 19th Avenue / Gun Club Road – Limon, Aurora, DenverSigned as exits 20A (east) and 20B (west) northbound; I-70 exit 289
Adams22.61036.38722The Aurora Highlands ParkwayNorthbound exit and entrance; this will be upgraded to a full interchange with 38th Avenue with construction set to complete in 2025.
Toll Gantry C
23372348th AvenueAs of December 2022, construction on this added interchange slated to be completed in 2025
24.47739.39224 56th Avenue – Colorado Air and Space Port
25.52341.0752564th Avenue
City and County of Denver27.84944.81928 Peña Boulevard – Denver International AirportSigned as exits 28A (east) and 28B (west); Peña Boulevard exit 6
AdamsCommerce City29.80747.970Toll Gantry D
30.56249.1853196th Avenue
32.67852.59032104th Avenue
34.13054.92734 To I-76 west / 120th Avenue
Brighton35.49157.11735 I-76 east – Fort MorganNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; I-76 exit 18
38.46561.90338 US 85 to I-76 west – Brighton, Greeley, Commerce City, Denver
Todd Creek40.22064.728Toll Gantry E
Thornton41.71067.12641Quebec StreetOpened on November 24, 2014
43.81770.51743Colorado Boulevard – Thornton
44.84372.16845York Street
Adams–Broomfieldcounty lineThornton–Broomfield line46.95075.55947 I-25 – Fort Collins, DenverI-25 exit 228
Northwest Parkway west – Broomfield, BoulderContinuation west
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Electronic toll collection Incomplete access Unopened
See also
Colorado portal
U.S. Roads portal
References
^ a b Colorado Department of Transportation (n.d.). Highway Data Explorer (Map). Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
^ Snowdon, Quincy (March 9, 2015). "E-470 toll-road license fees should end in 2018, says Aurora mayor". Aurora Sentinel. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ "Investor Relations". E-470. Retrieved November 29, 2022.. A notable exception being 2020 where 82% of revenue came from tolls as a result of the significantly reduced traffic caused by Colorado's COVID-19 lockdowns.
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority (2018). "E-470's 2018 Toll Rates" (PDF). E-470 Public Highway Authority. Retrieved July 18, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). "ExpressToll". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). "How E-470 Works". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Colorado General Assembly (2005). "Traffic Laws—Toll Collection". Colorado Revised Statutes. Colorado General Assembly. § 43-4-506.5 (6)(a). Retrieved June 29, 2016 – via LexisNexis.
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). "Tolls". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Cashless E-470 Takes Toll on Rental-Car Drivers in the Form of Fines". The Denver Post. November 29, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). "History". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Colorado General Assembly (2005). "Public Highway Authority Law". Colorado Revised Statutes. Colorado General Assembly. §§ 43-4-501 et seq. Retrieved June 29, 2016 – via LexisNexis.
^ Samuels, Peter (August 19, 2012). "Wikipedia Declares DNT and E470 Both 'First' in Electronic Tolling". TollRoadsNews. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
^ E-470 Public Highway Authority. "E-470 Historical Fact File" (PDF). E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Hendee, Caitlin (November 24, 2014). "E-470 Interchange in Thornton Opens". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
^ "E-470 widening project complete". highlandsranchherald.net. December 7, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ Geography Division (2016). "Colorado Governmental Unit Reference Map". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Douglas County
Arapahoe County
Adams County
Denver County
^ "The Aurora Highlands Parkway". Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ a b "E-470 Rolling Closures for 38th Avenue Bridge Work" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2023.
^ a b Kirk, Alexander (September 21, 2022). "11-mile E-470 widening project is about to begin: The last widening project on E-470, from Quincy Ave to I-70, was completed in 2021". KUSA-TV. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to E-470.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/E-470KML is from Wikidata
Official Website
Federal Highway Administration Case Study
Denver's 470 Saga
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It is the eastern half of the 470 beltway that serves Meridian, Parker, Aurora, Denver International Airport, and Brighton.The toll road is neither a state highway nor an Interstate Highway and is instead owned and maintained by the E-470 Public Highway Authority, which is controlled by a governing board of eight elected officials of eight local governments. Construction and operation involves no state or federal funding or taxes, with the exception of a $10 fee[2] originally charged on vehicle registrations for residents of Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. Historically, 86±2% of the road's revenues have come from tolls.[3]","title":"E-470"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-470_north_of_Pena_Boulevard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"State Highway 470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_470"},{"link_name":"Lone Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Tree,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Centennial Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Airport"},{"link_name":"SH 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_83"},{"link_name":"Buckley Space Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley_Space_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Peña Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"I-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_76_(Colorado%E2%80%93Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Northwest Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Commerce City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Arvada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvada,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Lone Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Tree,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Weld County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Denver Regional Council of Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Regional_Council_of_Governments"},{"link_name":"Regional Transportation District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Transportation_District"}],"text":"E-470 near Denver International Airport at the interchange with Peña BoulevardE-470 provides an alternate north–south route to Interstate 25 (I-25) for travelers wishing to bypass Denver to the east. The tollway begins at the I-25/State Highway 470 (SH 470, C-470) interchange in Lone Tree and runs east through the unincorporated community of Meridian and south of the Centennial Airport. It then passes through the north side of Parker, interchanging with SH 83 (Parker Road) before continuing east to Southlands, an outdoor mall in southeast Aurora. It then turns north through Aurora, passing east of Buckley Space Force Base before interchanging with I-70, forming a fly-by interchange. The highway continues north, passing west of Denver International Airport and interchanging with Peña Boulevard at a full cloverleaf interchange to provide travelers access to the airport from the tollway. E-470 then continues north and then turns to the west, entering the outskirts of Brighton and interchanging with I-76 and then U.S. Highway 85 (US 85) near the unincorporated community of Henderson before reaching the northern end at the interchange with I-25, where the toll road continues west as Northwest Parkway north of Thornton.The quasi-government entity that manages the highway, the E-470 Public Highway Authority, consists of eight member jurisdictions: Adams, Arapahoe, and Douglas counties and the cities of Aurora, Brighton, Commerce City, and Thornton and the town of Parker. In addition to all of these jurisdictions, E-470 also passes through the city and county of Denver near Denver International Airport. Affiliate, nonvoting members of the Authority, which the highway does not directly serve, are the cities of Arvada, Lone Tree, and Greeley; Weld County; and the city and county of Broomfield. Ex officio members are the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG), the Regional Air Quality Council, and the Regional Transportation District (RTD). The authority is headquartered in Aurora.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"electronic tolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rental car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rental_car"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The toll rate on E-470 for vehicles that do not have ExpressToll automated toll transponders is roughly $0.37 per mile ($0.23/km). In addition to 17 ramp toll interchanges, there are five mainline toll stations along the 47-mile (76 km) route and the non-discounted passenger car toll to pass each mainline station is either $4.15 or $4.50; the discounted rates are $2.70 or $2.95.[4] Drivers with ExpressToll accounts, E-470's automated toll collection service, and transponders mounted on their vehicle save 20 percent on posted toll rates along E-470.[5] The toll stations no longer accept cash; E-470 was one of the first highways in the US to implement full highway-speed electronic tolling.[6] Regarding License Plate Toll (for vehicles without ExpressToll transponders), cameras at each station photograph the front and rear license plate of each vehicle. A bill is mailed after approximately 30 days to the registered owner of the vehicle in accordance with state law.[7] The License Plate Toll statement must be paid in full by the due date or a second statement with a one-time $5 late fee will be mailed. If payment is still not received, a third statement is sent with no additional fees. If the account remains unpaid for more than 90 days, the account becomes delinquent and all overdue toll transactions will be sent to a collections law firm for up to four months in an attempt to find the customer and collect payment. The unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, and a one-time $20 collection fee are due at this time. If payment is still not received, a Civil Penalty Assessment Notice will be mailed for the unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, the $20 collection fee, and a $25 Civil Penalty per notice. Upon receipt of this document, the customer may request a hearing. If the full payment of the Civil Assessment Notice has not been received in 30 days, a Hearing Officer's Final Notice is issued to include the unpaid tolls, the $5 late fee, the $20 collection fee, the $25 Civil Penalty, and a $20 Court Fee, totaling a maximum of $70 of fees and penalties for each unpaid set of tolls.[8] [citation needed]Rental car companies at Denver International Airport have been accused of overcharging unwitting visitors for unpaid tolls because of the road's cashless collection system.[9]","title":"Tolls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"SH 470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_470"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"a new international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Colorado State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Adams County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E-470_at_I-76.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Commerce City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quebec-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"E-470 is the eastern portion of what was originally planned as Interstate 470 (I-470), a full outer beltway for the Denver metropolitan area proposed by CDOT in the 1960s. After the completion of SH 470, plans for the eastern extension gained momentum in the 1980s, as Denver moved forward with plans for a new international airport in its corridor. Recognizing the highway's development potential, a number of local governments joined together to create the E-470 Public Highway Authority, a quasi-governmental entity that would construct the highway. In 1987, the Public Highway Authority Law was passed by the Colorado State Legislature, giving the E-470 Public Highway Authority the power to do everything needed to plan, design, finance, construct, and operate the toll highway.[10][11] The highway would be financed through tolls, a relative rarity in the western US.The first section, between I-25 in the south and Parker Road in Douglas County, opened to traffic June 1, 1991. Tolling began on July 15, making E-470 the first highway in the US to implement open road electronic tolling.[12] The highway was opened segment by segment until the final stretch connecting to I-25 in the north in Adams County opened on January 3, 2003.[13]E-470 at I-76In its early years, traffic was light as the completed portion was short and traversed a largely undeveloped area. With the opening of Denver International Airport in 1995, E-470 came in as a direct route to the airport from the rapidly growing southern tier of the metropolitan area. Upon its completion, the highway provided the same access for northern Colorado, itself a high-growth area. However, perhaps the most significant growth in the region will occur in the E-470 corridor itself, which spawned numerous annexations by member cities; Commerce City has doubled in land area in anticipation of this new development. In the coming decades, 250,000 new residents are expected along the E-470 corridor in Aurora alone, which would nearly double that city's population.Up until 2006, E-470 had four signalized intersections with I-70 and its outer roads, which often got congested at peak hours. In 2006, the E-470 mainline was relocated about one-quarter mile (0.40 km) to the west to bypass the traffic signals and provide free-flowing conditions for toll customers. Ramp traffic accessing I-70 continues to use the signalized interchange, except for northbound E-470 to westbound I-70 traffic, which uses a flyover ramp. The I-70/E-470 Fly-By Interchange Complex in Aurora was recognized by the Design Build Institute of America (DBIA) with a National Design Build Award in 2008.In November 2014, an additional interchange opened at Quebec Street in Thornton.[14]In April 2016, E-470 started construction work to widen an eight-mile (13 km) stretch of the toll road to three lanes in each direction between Parker Road and Quincy Avenue in southeastern Aurora. The $90-million (equivalent to $110 million in 2023[15]) project was completed December 2017.[16] According to the 2015 E-470 Annual Report (page 3), \"The widening is being constructed now to get ahead of the curve on future traffic volume, which has had double-digit growth in each of the past three years.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]
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[{"image_text":"E-470 near Denver International Airport at the interchange with Peña Boulevard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/E-470_north_of_Pena_Boulevard.jpg/220px-E-470_north_of_Pena_Boulevard.jpg"},{"image_text":"E-470 at I-76","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/E-470_at_I-76.jpg/220px-E-470_at_I-76.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
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[{"reference":"Colorado Department of Transportation (n.d.). Highway Data Explorer (Map). Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Colorado Department of Transportation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013513/http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/Otis/HighwayData","url_text":"Highway Data Explorer"},{"url":"http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Snowdon, Quincy (March 9, 2015). \"E-470 toll-road license fees should end in 2018, says Aurora mayor\". Aurora Sentinel. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sentinelcolorado.com/news/e-470-toll-road-license-fees-should-end-in-2017-says-aurora-mayor/","url_text":"\"E-470 toll-road license fees should end in 2018, says Aurora mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Sentinel","url_text":"Aurora Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Relations\". E-470. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-470.com/about-us/investor-relations/","url_text":"\"Investor Relations\""}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority (2018). \"E-470's 2018 Toll Rates\" (PDF). E-470 Public Highway Authority. Retrieved July 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/Content/documents/2018%20Toll%20Rate%20Tables.pdf","url_text":"\"E-470's 2018 Toll Rates\""}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). \"ExpressToll\". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415080503/https://www.expresstoll.com/Help/Pages/EXpressToll.aspx","url_text":"\"ExpressToll\""},{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/Help/Pages/EXpressToll.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). \"How E-470 Works\". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415075040/https://www.expresstoll.com/HowE-470Works/Pages/HowE-470Works.aspx","url_text":"\"How E-470 Works\""},{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/HowE-470Works/Pages/HowE-470Works.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colorado General Assembly (2005). \"Traffic Laws—Toll Collection\". Colorado Revised Statutes. Colorado General Assembly. § 43-4-506.5 (6)(a). Retrieved June 29, 2016 – via LexisNexis.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_General_Assembly","url_text":"Colorado General Assembly"},{"url":"http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/colorado/?app=00075&view=full&interface=1&docinfo=off&searchtype=get&search=C.R.S.+43-4-506.5","url_text":"\"Traffic Laws—Toll Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Revised_Statutes","url_text":"Colorado Revised Statutes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis","url_text":"LexisNexis"}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). \"Tolls\". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415080355/https://www.expresstoll.com/Help/Pages/Tolls.aspx","url_text":"\"Tolls\""},{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/Help/Pages/Tolls.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cashless E-470 Takes Toll on Rental-Car Drivers in the Form of Fines\". The Denver Post. November 29, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_13886500","url_text":"\"Cashless E-470 Takes Toll on Rental-Car Drivers in the Form of Fines\""}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority (2011). \"History\". E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130115194037/https://www.expresstoll.com/AboutUs/Pages/History.aspx","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/AboutUs/Pages/History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colorado General Assembly (2005). \"Public Highway Authority Law\". Colorado Revised Statutes. Colorado General Assembly. §§ 43-4-501 et seq. Retrieved June 29, 2016 – via LexisNexis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/colorado?app=00075&view=full&interface=1&docinfo=off&searchtype=get&search=C.R.S.+43-4-501","url_text":"\"Public Highway Authority Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Revised_Statutes","url_text":"Colorado Revised Statutes"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Peter (August 19, 2012). \"Wikipedia Declares DNT and E470 Both 'First' in Electronic Tolling\". TollRoadsNews. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601061819/http://tollroadsnews.com/node/6134","url_text":"\"Wikipedia Declares DNT and E470 Both 'First' in Electronic Tolling\""},{"url":"http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/6134","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"E-470 Public Highway Authority. \"E-470 Historical Fact File\" (PDF). E-470 Public Highway Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217081912/https://www.expresstoll.com/AboutUs/Documents/Historical%20Fact%20File%202011%209-30-2011.pdf","url_text":"\"E-470 Historical Fact File\""},{"url":"https://www.expresstoll.com/AboutUs/Documents/Historical%20Fact%20File%202011%209-30-2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hendee, Caitlin (November 24, 2014). \"E-470 Interchange in Thornton Opens\". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2014/11/24/e-470-interchange-in-thornton-opens.html?ana=e_du_pap&s=article_du&ed=2014-11-24&u=xkaEv7WLV4P6mpV+5OKsYbKBsON&t=1416884653","url_text":"\"E-470 Interchange in Thornton Opens\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). \"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/","url_text":"\"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"\"E-470 widening project complete\". highlandsranchherald.net. December 7, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://highlandsranchherald.net/stories/e-470-widening-project-complete,256889","url_text":"\"E-470 widening project complete\""}]},{"reference":"Geography Division (2016). \"Colorado Governmental Unit Reference Map\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/pvs/bas/bas17maps/st08_co/cou/","url_text":"\"Colorado Governmental Unit Reference Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"The Aurora Highlands Parkway\". Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theaurorahighlands.com/location/","url_text":"\"The Aurora Highlands Parkway\""}]},{"reference":"\"E-470 Rolling Closures for 38th Avenue Bridge Work\" (PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-470.com/app/uploads/2023/05/TRAFFIC-ADVISORY-Overnight-E-470-Rolling-Closures-for-38th-Avenue-Bridge-Work.pdf","url_text":"\"E-470 Rolling Closures for 38th Avenue Bridge Work\""}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Alexander (September 21, 2022). \"11-mile E-470 widening project is about to begin: The last widening project on E-470, from Quincy Ave to I-70, was completed in 2021\". KUSA-TV. Retrieved December 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.9news.com/article/traffic/e470-widening/73-e45a0b3d-bd8c-41ed-93d0-19db6d8f17f9","url_text":"\"11-mile E-470 widening project is about to begin: The last widening project on E-470, from Quincy Ave to I-70, was completed in 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSA_(TV)","url_text":"KUSA-TV"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe
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Neolithic Europe
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["1 Basic cultural characteristics","2 Archaeology","3 End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age","4 Gallery","5 Genetics","6 Language","7 List of cultures and sites","7.1 Megalithic","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Era of pre-history
Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BC
Female figure from Tumba Madžari, North Macedonia
The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, c. 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until c. 2000–1700 BC (the beginning of Bronze Age Europe with the Nordic Bronze Age). The Neolithic overlaps the Mesolithic and Bronze Age periods in Europe as cultural changes moved from the southeast to northwest at about 1 km/year – this is called the Neolithic Expansion.
The duration of the Neolithic varies from place to place, its end marked by the introduction of bronze tools: in southeast Europe it is approximately 4,000 years (i.e. 7000 BC–3000 BC) while in parts of Northwest Europe it is just under 3,000 years (c. 4500 BC–1700 BC). In parts of Europe, notably the Balkans, the period after c. 5000 BC is known as the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) due to the invention of copper smelting and the prevalence of copper tools, weapons and other artifacts.
The spread of the Neolithic from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic in the Near East to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of 14C age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available. Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (Jericho), thus demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr. More recent studies confirm these results and yield a speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at a 95% confidence level.
Basic cultural characteristics
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.
Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale, family-based communities, subsisting on domesticated plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and with hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, that is, pottery made without the potter's wheel. Polished stone axes lie at the heart of the neolithic (new stone) culture, enabling forest clearance for agriculture and production of wood for dwellings, as well as fuel.
Ancient Greek Early and Middle Neolithic pottery 6500–5300 BC. National Museum of Archaeology, Athens
There are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people (e.g., Sesklo in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in Britain were small (possibly 50–100 people) and highly mobile cattle-herders.
The details of the origin, chronology, social organization, subsistence practices and ideology of the peoples of Neolithic Europe are obtained from archaeology, and not historical records, since these people left none. Since the 1970s, population genetics has provided independent data on the population history of Neolithic Europe, including migration events and genetic relationships with peoples in South Asia.
A further independent tool, linguistics, has contributed hypothetical reconstructions of early European languages and family trees with estimates of dating of splits, in particular theories on the relationship between speakers of Indo-European languages and Neolithic peoples. Some archaeologists believe that the expansion of Neolithic peoples from southwest Asia into Europe, marking the eclipse of Mesolithic culture, coincided with the introduction of Indo-European speakers, whereas other archaeologists and many linguists believe the Indo-European languages were introduced from the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the succeeding Bronze Age.
Archaeology
Neolithic expansion of Cardium pottery and Linear Pottery culture according to archaeology.
A stone used in Neolithic rituals, in Detmerode, Wolfsburg, Germany.
Further information: Prehistoric Europe and Old Europe (archaeology)
Archeologists trace the emergence of food-producing societies in the Levantine region of southwest Asia to the close of the last glacial period around 12,000 BC, and these developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the eighth millennium BC. Remains of food-producing societies in the Aegean have been carbon-dated to c. 6500 BCE at Knossos, Franchthi Cave, and a number of mainland sites in Thessaly. Neolithic groups appear soon afterwards in the rest of Southeast Europe and south-central Europe. The Neolithic cultures of Southeast Europe (including the Aegean) show some continuity with groups in southwest Asia and Anatolia (e.g., Çatalhöyük).
In 2018, an 8,000-year-old ceramic figurine portraying the head of the "Mother Goddess", was found near Uzunovo, Vidin Province in Bulgaria, which pushes back the Neolithic revolution to 7th millennium BC.
Current evidence suggests that Neolithic material culture was introduced to Europe via western Anatolia, and that similarities in cultures of North Africa and the Pontic steppes are due to diffusion out of Europe. All Neolithic sites in Europe contain ceramics, and contain the plants and animals domesticated in Southwest Asia: einkorn, emmer, barley, lentils, pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle. Genetic data suggest that no independent domestication of animals took place in Neolithic Europe, and that all domesticated animals were originally domesticated in Southwest Asia. The only domesticate not from Southwest Asia was broomcorn millet, domesticated in East Asia. The earliest evidence of cheese-making dates to 5500 BC in Kuyavia, Poland.
Archaeologists agreed for some time that the culture of the early Neolithic is relatively homogeneous, compared to the late Mesolithic. DNA studies tend to confirm this, indicating that agriculture was brought to Western Europe by the Aegean populations, that are known as 'the Aegean Neolithic farmers'. When these farmers arrived in Britain, DNA studies show that they did not seem to mix much with the earlier population of the Western Hunter-Gatherers. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.
The diffusion of these farmers across Europe, from the Aegean to Britain, took about 2,500 years (6500–4000 BC). The Baltic region was penetrated a bit later, c. 3500 BCE, and there was also a delay in settling the Pannonian plain. In general, colonization shows a "saltatory" pattern, as the Neolithic advanced from one patch of fertile alluvial soil to another, bypassing mountainous areas. Analysis of radiocarbon dates show clearly that Mesolithic and Neolithic populations lived side by side for as much as a millennium in many parts of Europe, especially in the Iberian peninsula and along the Atlantic coast.
Investigation of the Neolithic skeletons found in the Talheim Death Pit suggests that prehistoric men from neighboring tribes were prepared to fight and kill each other in order to capture and secure women. The mass grave at Talheim in southern Germany is one of the earliest known sites in the archaeological record that shows evidence of organised violence in Early Neolithic Europe, among various Linear Pottery culture tribes.
In terms of overall size, some settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, such as Talianki (with a population of around 15,000) in western Ukraine, were as large as the city-states of Sumer in the Fertile Crescent, and these Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by more than half of a millennium.
End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age
Main article: Chalcolithic Europe
With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at the beginning of the Neolithic until they reached the carrying capacity. This was followed by a population crash of "enormous magnitude" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during the next 1,500 years.
The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) are found in the Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria - grave offerings on exposition in Varna Archaeological Museum
Scheme of Indo-European migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. These migrations are thought to have spread Yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry and Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.
Populations began to rise after 3500 BC, with further dips and rises occurring between 3000 and 2500 BC but varying in date between regions. Around this time is the Neolithic decline, when populations collapsed across most of Europe, possibly caused by climatic conditions, plague, or mass migration. A study of twelve European regions found most experienced boom and bust patterns and suggested an "endogenous, not climatic cause". Recent archaeological evidence suggests the possibility of plague causing this population collapse, as mass graves dating from c. 2900 BCE were discovered containing fragments of Yersinia pestis genetic material consistent with pneumonic plague.
The Chalcolithic Age in Europe started from about 3500 BC, followed soon after by the European Bronze Age. This also became a period of increased megalithic construction. From 3500 BC, copper was being used in the Balkans and eastern and central Europe. Also, the domestication of the horse took place during that time, resulting in the increased mobility of cultures.
Nearing the close of the Neolithic, c. 2500 BC, large numbers of Eurasian steppe peoples migrated in Southeast and Central from eastern Europe, from the Pontic–Caspian steppe north of the Black Sea.
Gallery
Pottery, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I, Bulgaria).
Female figurine, marble, Thessaly, 5300–3300 BC. Neolithic Greece
Ancient Neolithic Greece stone tools and weapons.
Ancient Neolithic Greece stone grinder.
Clay vase with polychrome decoration, Dimini, Neolithic Greece (5300–3300 BC)
Neolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Northern Greece
Neolithic long house, Germany, 5000 BC
Goseck Circle, Germany, 4900 BC
Genetics
Further information: Genetic history of Europe
Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the Neolithic period in the introduction of agriculture
Genetic studies since the 2010s have identified the genetic contribution of Neolithic farmers to modern European populations, providing quantitative results relevant to the long-standing "replacement model" vs. "demic diffusion" dispute in archaeology.
The earlier population of Europe were the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, called the "Western Hunter-Gatherers" (WHG). Along with the Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG) and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), the WHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe. Later, the Neolithic farmers expanded from the Aegean and Near East; in various studies, they are described as the Early European Farmers (EEF); Aegean Neolithic Farmers (ANF), First European Farmers (FEF), or also as the Early Neolithic Farmers (ENF).
A seminal 2014 study first identified the contribution of three main components to modern European lineages (the third being "Ancient North Eurasians", associated with the later Indo-European expansion). The EEF component was identified based on the genome of a woman buried c. 7,000 years ago in a Linear Pottery culture grave in Stuttgart, Germany.
This 2014 study found evidence for genetic mixing between WHG and EEF throughout Europe, with the largest contribution of EEF in Mediterranean Europe (especially in Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and among Ashkenazi Jews), and the largest contribution of WHG in Northern Europe and among Basque people.
Nevertheless, DNA studies show that when the Neolithic farmers arrived in Britain, these two groups did not seem to mix much. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.
Since 2014, further studies have refined the picture of interbreeding between EEF and WHG. In a 2017 analysis of 180 ancient DNA datasets of the Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods from Hungary, Germany and Spain, evidence was found of a prolonged period of interbreeding. Admixture took place regionally, from local hunter-gatherer populations, so that populations from the three regions (Germany, Iberia and Hungary) were genetically distinguishable at all stages of the Neolithic period, with a gradually increasing ratio of WHG ancestry of farming populations over time. This suggests that after the initial expansion of early farmers, there were no further long-range migrations substantial enough to homogenize the farming population, and that farming and hunter-gatherer populations existed side by side for many centuries, with ongoing gradual admixture throughout the 5th to 4th millennia BC (rather than a single admixture event on initial contact). Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25% and in Iberia as high as 50%.
During late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive invasions of Western Steppe Herders (WSHs) from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. These invasions led to EEF paternal DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with WSH paternal DNA (mainly R1b and R1a). EEF mtDNA however remained frequent, suggesting admixture between WSH males and EEF females.
Language
Main article: Paleo-European languages
Neolithic cultures in Europe in ca. 4000–3500 BC.
There is no direct evidence of the languages spoken in the Neolithic. Some proponents of paleolinguistics attempt to extend the methods of historical linguistics to the Stone Age, but this has little academic support. Criticising scenarios which envision for the Neolithic only a small number of language families spread over huge areas of Europe (as in modern times), Donald Ringe has argued on general principles of language geography (as concerns "tribal", pre-state societies), and the scant remains of (apparently indigenous) non-Indo-European languages attested in ancient inscriptions, that Neolithic Europe must have been a place of great linguistic diversity, with many language families with no recoverable linguistic links to each other, much like western North America prior to European colonisation.
Discussion of hypothetical languages spoken in the European Neolithic is divided into two topics, Indo-European languages and "Pre-Indo-European" languages.
Early Indo-European languages are usually assumed to have reached Danubian (and maybe Central) Europe in the Chalcolithic or early Bronze Age, e.g. with the Corded Ware or Beaker cultures (see also Kurgan hypothesis for related discussions). The Anatolian hypothesis postulates arrival of Indo-European languages with the early Neolithic. Old European hydronymy is taken by Hans Krahe to be the oldest reflection of the early presence of Indo-European in Europe.
Theories of "Pre-Indo-European" languages in Europe are built on scant evidence. The Basque language is the best candidate for a descendant of such a language, but since Basque is a language isolate, there is no comparative evidence to build upon. Theo Vennemann nevertheless postulates a "Vasconic" family, which he supposes had co-existed with an "Atlantic" or "Semitidic" (i. e., para-Semitic) group. Another candidate is a Tyrrhenian family which would have given rise to Etruscan and Raetic in the Iron Age, and possibly also Aegean languages such as Minoan or Pelasgian in the Bronze Age.
In the north, a similar scenario to Indo-European is thought to have occurred with Uralic languages expanding in from the east. In particular, while the Sami languages of the indigenous Sami people belong in the Uralic family, they show considerable substrate influence, thought to represent one or more extinct original languages. The Sami are estimated to have adopted a Uralic language less than 2,500 years ago. Some traces of indigenous languages of the Baltic area have been suspected in the Finnic languages as well, but these are much more modest. There are early loanwords from unidentified non-IE languages in other Uralic languages of Europe as well.
Guus Kroonen brought up the so-called "Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis", based on the comparison of presumable Pre-Germanic and Pre-Greek substrate lexicon (especially agricultural terms without clear IE etymologies). Kroonen links that substrate to the gradual spread of agriculture in Neolithic Europe from Anatolia and the Balkans, and associates the Pre-Germanic agricultural substrate language with the Linear Pottery culture. The prefix *a- and the suffix *-it- are the most apparent linguistic markers by which a small group of "Agricultural" substrate words - i.e. *arwīt ("pea") or *gait ("goat") - can be isolated from the rest of the Proto-Germanic lexicon. According to Aljoša Šorgo, there are at least 36 Proto-Germanic lexical items very likely originating from the "agricultural" substrate language (or a group of closely related languages). It is proposed by Šorgo that the Agricultural substrate was characterized by a four-vowel system of */æ/ */ɑ/ */i/ */u/, the presence of pre-nasalized stops, the absence of a semi-vowel */j/, a mobile stress accent, and reduction of unstressed vowels.
List of cultures and sites
Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae (Orkney, Scotland), Europe's most complete Neolithic village.
Mesolithic/Para-Neolithic
Franchthi Cave (Greece, 20th to 3rd millennium BC) First European Neolithic site.
Lepenski Vir culture (Serbia, 10th/8th to 6th millennium BC)
Megalithic culture (8th to 2nd millennium BC)
Elshanka culture (Russia, 7th millennium BC) Oldest European pottery.
Bug-Dniester culture (Moldova, Ukraine, 7th to 6th millennium BC)
Ertebølle culture (Denmark, 6th to 4th millennium BC)
Swifterbant culture (Netherlands, 6th to 4th millennium BC)
Neman culture (Poland, Lithuania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)
Dnieper-Donets culture (Ukraine, 5th millennium BC)
Early Neolithic
Khirokitia (Cyprus, 7th to 4th millennium BC)
Sesklo culture (Greece, 7th to 5th millennium BC)
Cardium pottery culture (Mediterranean coast, 7th to 6th millennium BC)
Kakanj culture (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7th to 5th millennium BC)
Starčevo-Criș culture (Starčevo I, Körös, Criş, Central Balkans, 7th to 5th millennium BC)
Karanovo culture (Bulgaria, 7th to 5th millennium BC)
Dudești culture (Romania, 6th millennium BC)
Katundas Cavern (Albania, 6th millennium BC)
Middle Neolithic
La Hoguette culture (France, 6th millennium BC)
Körös culture (Hungary, Romania, 6th millennium BC)
La Almagra pottery culture (Andalusia, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Linear Pottery culture (6th to 5th millennium BC)
Circular enclosures
Sopot culture (Croatia, Hungary, 6th to 4th millennium BC)
Vinča culture (Balkans, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture (Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)
Tisza culture (Central Europe, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Langweiler (Germany, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Hamangia culture (Romania, Bulgaria, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Butmir culture (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Bonu Ighinu culture (Sardinia, 6th to 5th millennium BC)
Għar Dalam phase (Malta, 5th millennium BC)
Lengyel culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)
A culture in Central Europe produced monumental arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. Reconstruction (model) of the Künzing-Unternberg circular ditch, Museum Quintana, Künzing, Lower Bavaria, Germany
Hinkelstein culture (Germany, 5th millennium BC)
Stroke-ornamented ware culture (5th millennium BC)
Dimini culture (Greece, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Cerny culture (France, 5th millennium BC)
Danilo culture (Croatia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Rössen culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)
San Ciriaco culture (Sardinia, 5th millennium BC)
Chasséen culture (France, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Sredny Stog culture (Ukraine, Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Michelsberg culture (Central Europe, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Boian culture (Romania, Bulgaria, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Pfyn culture (Switzerland, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Pit–Comb Ware culture, a.k.a. Comb Ceramic culture (Northeast Europe, 5th to 3rd millennium BC)
Mariupol culture (Pontic Steppe, 5th millennium BC)
Hembury culture (Britain, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Baalberge group (Germany, Czechia, 4th millennium BC)
Cortaillod culture (Switzerland, 4th millennium BC)
Mondsee group (Austria, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Horgen culture (Switzerland, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Hvar culture (Eastern Adriatic coast, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Windmill Hill culture (Britain, 4th millennium BC)
Eneolithic (Chalcolithic)A model of the prehistoric town of Los Millares, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain)
Samara culture (Russia, 5th millennium BC)
Khvalynsk culture (Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Gumelniţa culture (Romania, 5th millennium BC)
Varna culture (Bulgaria, 5th millennium BC)
Tiszapolgár culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)
Suvorovo culture (North-west Black Sea, 5th millennium BC)
Novodanilovka culture (Ukraine, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Funnelbeaker culture (5th to 3rd millennium BC)
Cernavodă culture (Bulgaria, Romania, 5th to 4th millennium BC)
Repin culture (East European forest steppe, 4th millennium BC)
Rinaldone culture (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Baden culture (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Usatove culture (North-west Black Sea, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Globular Amphora culture (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Yamnaya culture (Pontic-Caspian steppe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Eutresis culture (Greece, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Vučedol culture (North-west Balkans, Pannonian Plain, late 4th to 3rd millennium BC)
Los Millares culture (Almería, Spain, 4th to 2nd millennium BC)
Corded Ware culture, a.k.a. Battle-axe or Single Grave culture (Northern Europe, 3rd millennium BC)
Gaudo culture (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC, early Bronze Age)
Beaker culture (3rd to 2nd millennium BC, early Bronze Age)
Stonehenge, Skara Brae
Megalithic
Klekkende Høj passage grave, Denmark, c. 3500-2800 BC
Some Neolithic cultures listed above are known for constructing megaliths. These occur primarily on the Atlantic coast of Europe, but there are also megaliths on western Mediterranean islands.
c. 5000 BCE: Constructions in Portugal (Évora). Emergence of the Atlantic Neolithic period, the age of agriculture along the fertile shores of Europe.
c. 4800 BCE: Constructions in Brittany (Barnenez) and Poitou (Bougon).
c. 4000 BCE: Constructions in Brittany (Carnac), Portugal (Lisbon), Spain (Galicia and Andalusia), France (central and southern), Corsica, England, Wales, Northern Ireland (Banbridge) and elsewhere.
c. 3700 BCE: Constructions in Ireland (Carrowmore and elsewhere) and Spain (Dolmen of Menga, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga).
c. 3600 BCE: Constructions in England (Maumbury Rings and Godmanchester), and Malta (Ġgantija and Mnajdra temples).
c. 3500 BCE: Constructions in Spain (Dolmen of Viera, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga, and Guadiana), Ireland (south-west), France (Arles and the north), north-west and central Italy (Piedmont, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Tuscany), Mediterranean islands (Sardinia, Sicily, Malta) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, Belgium (north-east) and Germany (central and south-west).
c. 3400 BCE: Constructions in Ireland (Newgrange), Netherlands (north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark.
c. 3200 BCE: Constructions in Malta (Ħaġar Qim and Tarxien).
c. 3000 BCE: Constructions in France (Saumur, Dordogne, Languedoc, Biscay, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (Los Millares), Belgium (Ardennes), and Orkney, as well as the first henges (circular earthworks) in Britain.
c. 2900 BCE: Constructions in Spain (Tholos of El Romeral, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga)
c. 2800 BCE: Climax of the megalithic Funnel-beaker culture in Denmark, and the construction of the henge at Stonehenge.
See also
Prehistoric Europe
Chalcolithic Europe
Germanic substrate hypothesis
Indo-Iranians
Neolithic tomb
Old European culture
Pre-Indo-European languages
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Vinča symbols
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Busby, George B. J.; Brisighelli, Francesca; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Ramos-Luis, Eva; Martinez-Cadenas, Conrado; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gusmão, Leonor; Winney, Bruce; Bodmer, Walter; Vennemann, Marielle; Coia, Valentina; Scarnicci, Francesca; Tofanelli, Sergio; Vona, Giuseppe; Ploski, Rafal; Vecchiotti, Carla; Zemunik, Tatijana; Rudan, Igor; Karachanak, Sena; Toncheva, Draga; Anagnostou, Paolo; Ferri, Gianmarco; Rapone, Cesare; Hervig, Tor; Moen, Torolf; Wilson, James F.; Capelli, Cristian (2011). "The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1730): 884–92. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1044. PMC 3259916. PMID 21865258.
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Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Denisova, Galina; Perkova, Maria; Rogalla, Urszula; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (2012). Kivisild, Toomas (ed.). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732179D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811.
Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; Papola, F.; Ciavarella, G.; Cucci, F.; Di Stasi, L.; Gavrila, L.; Kerimova, M. G.; Kovatchev, D.; Kozlov, A. I.; Loutradis, A.; Mandarino, V.; Mammi', C.; Michalodimitrakis, E. N.; Paoli, G.; Pappa, K. I.; Pedicini, G.; Terrenato, L.; Tofanelli, S.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
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Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
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Haak, Wolfgang; Forster, Peter; Bramanti, Barbara; Matsumura, Shuichi; Brandt, Guido; Tänzer, Marc; Villems, Richard; Renfrew, Colin; et al. (2005). "Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites". Science. 310 (5750): 1016–8. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1016H. doi:10.1126/science.1118725. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 16284177. S2CID 11546893.
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Zvelebil, Marek (2009). "Mesolithic prelude and neolithic revolution". In Zvelebil, Marek (ed.). Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–15. ISBN 978-0-521-10957-4.
Zvelebil, Marek (2009). "Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation". In Zvelebil, Marek (ed.). Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–88. ISBN 978-0-521-10957-4.
Further reading
Bellwood, Peter (2001). "Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes". Annual Review of Anthropology. 30: 181–207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181. JSTOR 3069214. S2CID 12157394.
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4.
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2001). Genes, Peoples, and Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22873-3.
Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250356-5.
Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–5. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
External links
Media related to Neolithic Europe at Wikimedia Commons
Hofmanová, Zuzana; Kreutzer, Susanne; Hellenthal, Garrett; et al. (2016). "Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (25): 6886–6891. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6886H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1523951113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4922144. PMID 27274049.
The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016
Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Haak et al, 2015
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Allentoft et al, 2015
Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe, Mathieson et al, 2015
"The Horse, the Wheel and Language, How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the Modern World", David W Anthony, 2007
General table of Neolithic sites in Europe
Mario Alinei, et al., Paleolithic Continuity Theory of Indo-European Origins
culture.gouv.fr: Life along the Danube 6500 years ago
vteNeolithic Europe (including the Chalcolithic)↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑Horizons
Cardium pottery
Corded Ware culture
First Temperate Neolithic
Linear Pottery culture (LBK)
Cultures
Baden
Beaker
Boian
Butmir
Cernavodă
Cerny
Chasséen
Cortaillod
Coțofeni
Cucuteni–Trypillia
Danilo
Decea Mureşului
Dudești
Funnelbeaker
Gaudo
Globular Amphora
Gornești
Gumelnița–Karanovo
Hamangia
Horgen
Kakanj
Karanovo
Lengyel
Narva
Neman
Petrești
Pit–Comb Ware
Pitted Ware
Pfyn
Rössen
Rzucewo
Seine–Oise–Marne
Sesklo
Sopot
Sredny Stog
Starčevo–Körös–Criș StarčevoKörösCriş
Tisza
Tiszapolgár
Varna
Vinča
Vučedol
Wartberg
Windmill Hill
Monumental architecture
Bank barrow
Causewayed enclosure
Cist
Cursus
Dolmen
Great dolmen
Guardian stones
Henge
Long barrow
Megalith
Megalithic entrance
Menhir
Passage grave
Polygonal dolmen
Rectangular dolmen
Rondel
Round barrow
Simple dolmen
Statue menhir
Stone circle
Stone row
Timber circle
Tor enclosure
Unchambered long barrow
Technology
Grooved ware
Lithic industries
Metallurgy
Neolithic long house
Unstan ware
Concepts
Danubian culture
Secondary products revolution
Old Europe
Proto-Indo-Europeans
↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
vtePrehistoric EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
vteHistory of EuropePrehistory
Paleolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe
Bronze Age Europe
Iron Age Europe
Classical antiquity
Classical Greece
Roman Republic
Hellenistic period
Roman Empire
Early Christianity
Christianity in late antiquity
Crisis of the Third Century
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Late antiquity
Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages
Migration Period
Christianity in the Middle Ages
Christianization
Francia
Anglo-Saxon England
Byzantine Empire
Papal States
Bulgarian Empire
First
Second
Maritime republics
Venice
Genoa
Pisa
Amalfi
Viking Age
Kievan Rus'
Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca)
Holy Roman Empire
High Middle Ages
Republic of Florence
Feudalism
Crusades
Mongol invasion
Serbian Empire
Late Middle Ages
Black Death
Hundred Years' War
Kalmar Union
Early modern
Renaissance
Christianity in the modern era
Reformation
Age of Discovery
Baroque
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Thirty Years' War
Absolute monarchy
Ottoman Empire
Portuguese Empire
Spanish Empire
Early modern France
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossack Hetmanate
Swedish Empire
Dutch Republic
British Empire
Habsburg monarchy
Russian Empire
Age of Enlightenment
Late modern
Great Divergence
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution
Napoleonic Wars
Nationalism
Revolutions of 1848
World War I
Russian Revolution
Interwar period
World War II
Cold War
European integration
European debt crisis
COVID-19 pandemic
Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also
Art of Europe
Bibliography of European history
Genetic history of Europe
History of Christianity
History of the Mediterranean region
History of the European Union
History of Western civilization
Maritime history of Europe
Military history of Europe
Crusading movement
vtePrehistoric technology
Prehistory
Timeline
Outline
Stone Age
Subdivisions
New Stone Age
Technology
history
Glossary
ToolsFarming
Neolithic Revolution
Founder crops
New World crops
Ard / plough
Celt
Digging stick
Domestication
Goad
Irrigation
Secondary products
Sickle
Terracing
Food processing
Fire
Basket
Cooking
Earth oven
Granaries
Grinding slab
Ground stone
Hearth
Aşıklı Höyük
Qesem cave
Manos
Metate
Mortar and pestle
Pottery
Quern-stone
Storage pits
Hunting
Arrow
Boomerang
throwing stick
Bow and arrow
history
Nets
Spear
spear-thrower
baton
harpoon
Schöningen
woomera
Projectile points
Arrowhead
Transverse
Bare Island
Cascade
Clovis
Cresswell
Cumberland
Eden
Folsom
Lamoka
Manis Mastodon
Plano
Systems
Game drive system
Buffalo jump
Toolmaking
Earliest toolmaking
Oldowan
Acheulean
Mousterian
Aurignacian
Clovis culture
Cupstone
Fire hardening
Gravettian culture
Hafting
Hand axe
Grooves
Langdale axe industry
Levallois technique
Lithic core
Lithic reduction
analysis
debitage
flake
Lithic technology
Magdalenian culture
Metallurgy
Microblade technology
Mining
Prepared-core technique
Solutrean industry
Striking platform
Tool stone
Uniface
Yubetsu technique
Other tools
Adze
Awl
bone
Axe
Bannerstone
Blade
prismatic
Bone tool
Bow drill
Burin
Canoe
Oar
Pesse canoe
Chopper
tool
Cleaver
Denticulate tool
Fire plough
Fire-saw
Hammerstone
Knife
Microlith
Quern-stone
Racloir
Rope
Scraper
side
Stone tool
Tally stick
Weapons
Wheel
illustration
ArchitectureCeremonial
Kiva
Pyramid
Standing stones
megalith
row
Stonehenge
Dwellings
Neolithic architecture
long house
British megalith architecture
Nordic megalith architecture
Burdei
Cave
Cliff dwelling
Dugout
Hut
Quiggly hole
Jacal
Longhouse
Mudbrick
Mehrgarh
Pit-house
Pueblitos
Pueblo
Rock shelter
Blombos Cave
Abri de la Madeleine
Sibudu Cave
Roundhouse
Stilt house
Alp pile dwellings
Stone roof
Wattle and daub
Water management
Check dam
Cistern
Flush toilet
Reservoir
Well
Other architecture
Archaeological features
Broch
Burnt mound
fulacht fiadh
Causewayed enclosure
Tor enclosure
Circular enclosure
Goseck
Cursus
Henge
Thornborough
Megalithic architectural elements
Midden
Oldest extant buildings
Timber circle
Timber trackway
Sweet Track
Arts and cultureMaterial goods
Baskets
Beadwork
Beds
Chalcolithic
Clothing/textiles
timeline
Cosmetics
Glue
Hides
shoes
Ötzi
Jewelry
amber use
Mirrors
Pottery
Cardium
Cord-marked
Grooved ware
Jōmon
Linear
Unstan ware
Sewing needle
Weaving
Wine
winery
wine press
Prehistoric art
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Art of the Middle Paleolithic
Blombos Cave
List of Stone Age art
Bird stone
Cairn
Carved stone balls
Cave paintings
Cup and ring mark
Geoglyph
Hill figure
Golden hats
Guardian stones
Gwion Gwion rock paintings
painting
pigment
Megalithic art
Petroform
Petroglyph
Petrosomatoglyph
Pictogram
Rock art
Rock cupule
Stone carving
Sculpture
Statue menhir
Stone circle
list
British Isles and Brittany
Venus figurine
Burial
Burial mounds
Bowl barrow
Round barrow
Mound Builders culture
U.S. sites
Chamber tomb
Cotswold-Severn
Cist
Dartmoor kistvaens
Clava cairn
Court cairn
Cremation
Dolmen
Great dolmen
Funeral pyre
Gallery grave
transepted
wedge-shaped
Grave goods
Jar burial
Long barrow
unchambered
Grønsalen
Megalithic tomb
Mummy
Passage grave
Rectangular dolmen
Ring cairn
Simple dolmen
Stone box grave
Tor cairn
Unchambered long cairn
Other cultural
Archaeoastronomy
sites
lunar calendar
Behavioral modernity
Evolutionary musicology
music archaeology
Evolutionary origin of religion
Paleolithic religion
Prehistoric religion
Spiritual drug use
Origin of language
Prehistoric counting
Prehistoric medicine
trepanning
Prehistoric music
Alligator drum
flutes
Divje Babe flute
gudi
Prehistoric warfare
Symbols
symbolism
vteChronology of the Neolithic period Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pottery Neolithic
BC
Europe
Egypt
SyriaLevant
Anatolia
Khabur
Sinjar MountainsAssyria
Middle Tigris
LowMesopotamia
Iran(Khuzistan)
Iran
Indus/India
China
11000
Early Pottery(18,000 BC)
10000
Pre-Pottery Neolithic AGesherMureybet(10,500 BC)
9000
JerichoTell Abu Hureyra
8000
Pre-Pottery Neolithic BJerichoTell Aswad
Göbekli TepeÇayönüAşıklı Höyük
Initial Neolithic(Pottery)Nanzhuangtou(8500–8000 BC)
7000
Egyptian NeolithicNabta Playa(7500 BC)
Çatalhöyük(7500–5500)Hacilar(7000 BC)
Tell Sabi AbyadBouqras
Jarmo
Ganj DarehChia JaniAli Kosh
Mehrgarh I
6500
Neolithic EuropeFranchthiSesklo
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C('Ain Ghazal)
Pottery NeolithicTell Sabi AbyadBouqras
Pottery NeolithicJarmo
Chogha Bonut
Teppe Zagheh
Pottery NeolithicPeiligang(7000–5000 BC)
6000
Pottery NeolithicSeskloDimini
Pottery NeolithicYarmukian(Sha'ar HaGolan)
Pottery NeolithicUbaid 0(Tell el-'Oueili)
Pottery NeolithicChogha Mish
Pottery NeolithicSang-i Chakmak
Pottery NeolithicLahuradewaMehrgarh IIMehrgarh III
5600
Faiyum A
Amuq A
HalafHalaf-Ubaid
Umm Dabaghiya
Samarra(6000–4800 BC)
Tepe Muhammad Djafar
Tepe Sialk
5200
Linear Pottery culture(5500–4500 BC)
Amuq B
HacilarMersin24–22
Hassuna
Ubaid 1(Eridu 19–15)Ubaid 2(Hadji Muhammed)(Eridu 14–12)
Susiana A
Yarim TepeHajji Firuz Tepe
4800
Pottery NeolithicMerimde
Amuq C
HacilarMersin22–20
Hassuna LateGawra 20
Tepe Sabz
Kul Tepe Jolfa
4500
Amuq D
Gian HasanMersin19–17
Ubaid 3
Ubaid 3(Gawra)19–18
Ubaid 3
KhazinehSusiana B
3800
BadarianNaqada
Ubaid 4
Succeeded by: Historical Ancient Near East
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia,_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golemata_Majka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tumba Madžari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumba_Mad%C5%BEari"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Early European Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Expansion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971-1"},{"link_name":"southeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"copper smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_smelting"},{"link_name":"Pre-Pottery Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic"},{"link_name":"14C age determinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS1-2"},{"link_name":"Ammerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammerman"},{"link_name":"Cavalli-Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS1-2"}],"text":"Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BCFemale figure from Tumba Madžari, North MacedoniaThe European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, c. 7000 BC (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until c. 2000–1700 BC (the beginning of Bronze Age Europe with the Nordic Bronze Age). The Neolithic overlaps the Mesolithic and Bronze Age periods in Europe as cultural changes moved from the southeast to northwest at about 1 km/year – this is called the Neolithic Expansion.[1]The duration of the Neolithic varies from place to place, its end marked by the introduction of bronze tools: in southeast Europe it is approximately 4,000 years (i.e. 7000 BC–3000 BC) while in parts of Northwest Europe it is just under 3,000 years (c. 4500 BC–1700 BC). In parts of Europe, notably the Balkans, the period after c. 5000 BC is known as the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) due to the invention of copper smelting and the prevalence of copper tools, weapons and other artifacts.The spread of the Neolithic from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic in the Near East to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of 14C age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available.[2] Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (Jericho), thus demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr.[2] More recent studies confirm these results and yield a speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at a 95% confidence level.[2]","title":"Neolithic Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"domesticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated"},{"link_name":"potter's wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel"},{"link_name":"stone axes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_axe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek Early and Middle Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Greece"},{"link_name":"Sesklo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesklo"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-5"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale, family-based communities, subsisting on domesticated plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and with hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, that is, pottery made without the potter's wheel. Polished stone axes lie at the heart of the neolithic (new stone) culture, enabling forest clearance for agriculture and production of wood for dwellings, as well as fuel.[citation needed]Ancient Greek Early and Middle Neolithic pottery 6500–5300 BC. National Museum of Archaeology, AthensThere are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people (e.g., Sesklo in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in Britain were small (possibly 50–100 people) and highly mobile cattle-herders.[original research?]The details of the origin, chronology, social organization, subsistence practices and ideology of the peoples of Neolithic Europe are obtained from archaeology, and not historical records, since these people left none. Since the 1970s, population genetics has provided independent data on the population history of Neolithic Europe, including migration events and genetic relationships with peoples in South Asia.[original research?]A further independent tool, linguistics, has contributed hypothetical reconstructions of early European languages and family trees with estimates of dating of splits, in particular theories on the relationship between speakers of Indo-European languages and Neolithic peoples. Some archaeologists believe that the expansion of Neolithic peoples from southwest Asia into Europe, marking the eclipse of Mesolithic culture, coincided with the introduction of Indo-European speakers,[3][page needed][4][page needed] whereas other archaeologists and many linguists believe the Indo-European languages were introduced from the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the succeeding Bronze Age.[5][page needed]","title":"Basic cultural characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png"},{"link_name":"Cardium pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardium_pottery"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"},{"link_name":"Old Europe (archaeology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_civilization"},{"link_name":"Knossos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knossos"},{"link_name":"Franchthi Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchthi_Cave"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Southeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_civilization"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Çatalhöyük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Vidin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"einkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einkorn"},{"link_name":"emmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmer"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"lentils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil"},{"link_name":"pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468%E2%80%939-7"},{"link_name":"broomcorn millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomcorn_millet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200474,_118-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbaraman2012-9"},{"link_name":"Western Hunter-Gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"},{"link_name":"Pannonian plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_plain"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468%E2%80%9372-12"},{"link_name":"Talheim Death Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talheim_Death_Pit"},{"link_name":"capture and secure women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Talheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talheim,_Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlements_of_the_Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture"},{"link_name":"Talianki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talianki_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"city-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-states"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Neolithic expansion of Cardium pottery and Linear Pottery culture according to archaeology.A stone used in Neolithic rituals, in Detmerode, Wolfsburg, Germany.Further information: Prehistoric Europe and Old Europe (archaeology)Archeologists trace the emergence of food-producing societies in the Levantine region of southwest Asia to the close of the last glacial period around 12,000 BC, and these developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the eighth millennium BC. Remains of food-producing societies in the Aegean have been carbon-dated to c. 6500 BCE at Knossos, Franchthi Cave, and a number of mainland sites in Thessaly. Neolithic groups appear soon afterwards in the rest of Southeast Europe and south-central Europe. The Neolithic cultures of Southeast Europe (including the Aegean) show some continuity with groups in southwest Asia and Anatolia (e.g., Çatalhöyük).In 2018, an 8,000-year-old ceramic figurine portraying the head of the \"Mother Goddess\", was found near Uzunovo, Vidin Province in Bulgaria, which pushes back the Neolithic revolution to 7th millennium BC.[6]Current evidence suggests that Neolithic material culture was introduced to Europe via western Anatolia, and that similarities in cultures of North Africa and the Pontic steppes are due to diffusion out of Europe. All Neolithic sites in Europe contain ceramics,[original research?] and contain the plants and animals domesticated in Southwest Asia: einkorn, emmer, barley, lentils, pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle. Genetic data suggest that no independent domestication of animals took place in Neolithic Europe, and that all domesticated animals were originally domesticated in Southwest Asia.[7] The only domesticate not from Southwest Asia was broomcorn millet, domesticated in East Asia.[8][citation needed] The earliest evidence of cheese-making dates to 5500 BC in Kuyavia, Poland.[9]Archaeologists agreed for some time that the culture of the early Neolithic is relatively homogeneous, compared to the late Mesolithic. DNA studies tend to confirm this, indicating that agriculture was brought to Western Europe by the Aegean populations, that are known as 'the Aegean Neolithic farmers'. When these farmers arrived in Britain, DNA studies show that they did not seem to mix much with the earlier population of the Western Hunter-Gatherers. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.[10][11]The diffusion of these farmers across Europe, from the Aegean to Britain, took about 2,500 years (6500–4000 BC). The Baltic region was penetrated a bit later, c. 3500 BCE, and there was also a delay in settling the Pannonian plain. In general, colonization shows a \"saltatory\" pattern, as the Neolithic advanced from one patch of fertile alluvial soil to another, bypassing mountainous areas. Analysis of radiocarbon dates show clearly that Mesolithic and Neolithic populations lived side by side for as much as a millennium in many parts of Europe, especially in the Iberian peninsula and along the Atlantic coast.[12]Investigation of the Neolithic skeletons found in the Talheim Death Pit suggests that prehistoric men from neighboring tribes were prepared to fight and kill each other in order to capture and secure women.[13] The mass grave at Talheim in southern Germany is one of the earliest known sites in the archaeological record that shows evidence of organised violence in Early Neolithic Europe, among various Linear Pottery culture tribes.[14]In terms of overall size, some settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, such as Talianki (with a population of around 15,000) in western Ukraine, were as large as the city-states of Sumer in the Fertile Crescent, and these Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by more than half of a millennium.[15]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carrying capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-16"},{"link_name":"Varna Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Varna Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_Archaeological_Museum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IE_expansion.png"},{"link_name":"Indo-European migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations"},{"link_name":"Kurgan hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Yamnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture"},{"link_name":"steppe pastoralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-16"},{"link_name":"Neolithic decline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_decline"},{"link_name":"boom and bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_and_bust"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAS1409-21"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Yersinia pestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis"},{"link_name":"pneumonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonic_plague"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"domestication of the horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse"},{"link_name":"Eurasian steppe peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at the beginning of the Neolithic until they reached the carrying capacity.[16] This was followed by a population crash of \"enormous magnitude\" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during the next 1,500 years.[16]The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) are found in the Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria - grave offerings on exposition in Varna Archaeological Museum[17][18][19]Scheme of Indo-European migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. These migrations are thought to have spread Yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry and Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.[20]Populations began to rise after 3500 BC, with further dips and rises occurring between 3000 and 2500 BC but varying in date between regions.[16] Around this time is the Neolithic decline, when populations collapsed across most of Europe, possibly caused by climatic conditions, plague, or mass migration. A study of twelve European regions found most experienced boom and bust patterns and suggested an \"endogenous, not climatic cause\".[21] Recent archaeological evidence suggests the possibility of plague causing this population collapse, as mass graves dating from c. 2900 BCE were discovered containing fragments of Yersinia pestis genetic material consistent with pneumonic plague.[22]The Chalcolithic Age in Europe started from about 3500 BC, followed soon after by the European Bronze Age. This also became a period of increased megalithic construction. From 3500 BC, copper was being used in the Balkans and eastern and central Europe. Also, the domestication of the horse took place during that time, resulting in the increased mobility of cultures.Nearing the close of the Neolithic, c. 2500 BC, large numbers of Eurasian steppe peoples migrated in Southeast and Central from eastern Europe, from the Pontic–Caspian steppe north of the Black Sea.[23][24]","title":"End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karanovo4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanovo_culture"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC,_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration,_Dimini,_Magnesia,_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_(5300-3300_BC).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimini"},{"link_name":"Neolithic Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LBK_house_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic long house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_long_house"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goseck_Circle_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Goseck Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goseck_Circle"}],"text":"Pottery, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I, Bulgaria).[25]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFemale figurine, marble, Thessaly, 5300–3300 BC. Neolithic Greece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Neolithic Greece stone tools and weapons.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Neolithic Greece stone grinder.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClay vase with polychrome decoration, Dimini, Neolithic Greece (5300–3300 BC)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Northern Greece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeolithic long house, Germany, 5000 BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGoseck Circle, Germany, 4900 BC","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genetic history of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"introduction of agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_revolution"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Western Hunter-Gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherers"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hunter-Gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Early European Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"},{"link_name":"Ancient North Eurasians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians"},{"link_name":"Indo-European expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_expansion"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Western Steppe Herders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"paternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal"},{"link_name":"R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b"},{"link_name":"R1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Further information: Genetic history of EuropeSimplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the Neolithic period in the introduction of agriculture[26]Genetic studies since the 2010s have identified the genetic contribution of Neolithic farmers to modern European populations, providing quantitative results relevant to the long-standing \"replacement model\" vs. \"demic diffusion\" dispute in archaeology.The earlier population of Europe were the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, called the \"Western Hunter-Gatherers\" (WHG). Along with the Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG) and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), the WHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe. Later, the Neolithic farmers expanded from the Aegean and Near East; in various studies, they are described as the Early European Farmers (EEF); Aegean Neolithic Farmers (ANF),[11] First European Farmers (FEF), or also as the Early Neolithic Farmers (ENF).A seminal 2014 study first identified the contribution of three main components to modern European lineages (the third being \"Ancient North Eurasians\", associated with the later Indo-European expansion). The EEF component was identified based on the genome of a woman buried c. 7,000 years ago in a Linear Pottery culture grave in Stuttgart, Germany.[27]This 2014 study found evidence for genetic mixing between WHG and EEF throughout Europe, with the largest contribution of EEF in Mediterranean Europe (especially in Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and among Ashkenazi Jews), and the largest contribution of WHG in Northern Europe and among Basque people.[28]Nevertheless, DNA studies show that when the Neolithic farmers arrived in Britain, these two groups did not seem to mix much. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.[10][11]Since 2014, further studies have refined the picture of interbreeding between EEF and WHG. In a 2017 analysis of 180 ancient DNA datasets of the Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods from Hungary, Germany and Spain, evidence was found of a prolonged period of interbreeding. Admixture took place regionally, from local hunter-gatherer populations, so that populations from the three regions (Germany, Iberia and Hungary) were genetically distinguishable at all stages of the Neolithic period, with a gradually increasing ratio of WHG ancestry of farming populations over time. This suggests that after the initial expansion of early farmers, there were no further long-range migrations substantial enough to homogenize the farming population, and that farming and hunter-gatherer populations existed side by side for many centuries, with ongoing gradual admixture throughout the 5th to 4th millennia BC (rather than a single admixture event on initial contact).[29] Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25% and in Iberia as high as 50%.[30]During late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive invasions of Western Steppe Herders (WSHs) from the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[31] These invasions led to EEF paternal DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with WSH paternal DNA (mainly R1b and R1a). EEF mtDNA however remained frequent, suggesting admixture between WSH males and EEF females.[32][33]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European-late-neolithic-english.svg"},{"link_name":"paleolinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolinguistics"},{"link_name":"historical linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Donald Ringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Ringe"},{"link_name":"language geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_geography"},{"link_name":"language families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"linguistic links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinge2009-34"},{"link_name":"Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe"},{"link_name":"Corded Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware"},{"link_name":"Beaker cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Kurgan hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Anatolian hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Old European hydronymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy"},{"link_name":"Hans Krahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krahe"},{"link_name":"Basque language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"language isolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate"},{"link_name":"Theo Vennemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Vennemann"},{"link_name":"Vasconic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasconic_substratum_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"\"Atlantic\" or \"Semitidic\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_languages"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language"},{"link_name":"Raetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetic_language"},{"link_name":"Aegean languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_languages"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_language"},{"link_name":"Pelasgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelasgian_language"},{"link_name":"Uralic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"Sami languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages"},{"link_name":"Sami people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikio2004-35"},{"link_name":"Finnic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_languages"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4kkinen2012-36"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Neolithic cultures in Europe in ca. 4000–3500 BC.There is no direct evidence of the languages spoken in the Neolithic. Some proponents of paleolinguistics attempt to extend the methods of historical linguistics to the Stone Age, but this has little academic support. Criticising scenarios which envision for the Neolithic only a small number of language families spread over huge areas of Europe (as in modern times), Donald Ringe has argued on general principles of language geography (as concerns \"tribal\", pre-state societies), and the scant remains of (apparently indigenous) non-Indo-European languages attested in ancient inscriptions, that Neolithic Europe must have been a place of great linguistic diversity, with many language families with no recoverable linguistic links to each other, much like western North America prior to European colonisation.[34]Discussion of hypothetical languages spoken in the European Neolithic is divided into two topics, Indo-European languages and \"Pre-Indo-European\" languages.Early Indo-European languages are usually assumed to have reached Danubian (and maybe Central) Europe in the Chalcolithic or early Bronze Age, e.g. with the Corded Ware or Beaker cultures (see also Kurgan hypothesis for related discussions). The Anatolian hypothesis postulates arrival of Indo-European languages with the early Neolithic. Old European hydronymy is taken by Hans Krahe to be the oldest reflection of the early presence of Indo-European in Europe.Theories of \"Pre-Indo-European\" languages in Europe are built on scant evidence. The Basque language is the best candidate for a descendant of such a language, but since Basque is a language isolate, there is no comparative evidence to build upon. Theo Vennemann nevertheless postulates a \"Vasconic\" family, which he supposes had co-existed with an \"Atlantic\" or \"Semitidic\" (i. e., para-Semitic) group. Another candidate is a Tyrrhenian family which would have given rise to Etruscan and Raetic in the Iron Age, and possibly also Aegean languages such as Minoan or Pelasgian in the Bronze Age.In the north, a similar scenario to Indo-European is thought to have occurred with Uralic languages expanding in from the east. In particular, while the Sami languages of the indigenous Sami people belong in the Uralic family, they show considerable substrate influence, thought to represent one or more extinct original languages. The Sami are estimated to have adopted a Uralic language less than 2,500 years ago.[35] Some traces of indigenous languages of the Baltic area have been suspected in the Finnic languages as well, but these are much more modest. There are early loanwords from unidentified non-IE languages in other Uralic languages of Europe as well.[36]Guus Kroonen brought up the so-called \"Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis\", based on the comparison of presumable Pre-Germanic and Pre-Greek substrate lexicon (especially agricultural terms without clear IE etymologies). Kroonen links that substrate to the gradual spread of agriculture in Neolithic Europe from Anatolia and the Balkans, and associates the Pre-Germanic agricultural substrate language with the Linear Pottery culture. The prefix *a- and the suffix *-it- are the most apparent linguistic markers by which a small group of \"Agricultural\" substrate words - i.e. *arwīt (\"pea\") or *gait (\"goat\") - can be isolated from the rest of the Proto-Germanic lexicon.[37] According to Aljoša Šorgo, there are at least 36 Proto-Germanic lexical items very likely originating from the \"agricultural\" substrate language (or a group of closely related languages). It is proposed by Šorgo that the Agricultural substrate was characterized by a four-vowel system of */æ/ */ɑ/ */i/ */u/, the presence of pre-nasalized stops, the absence of a semi-vowel */j/, a mobile stress accent, and reduction of unstressed vowels.[38]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skara Brae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skara_Brae"},{"link_name":"Franchthi Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchthi_Cave"},{"link_name":"Lepenski Vir culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepenski_Vir"},{"link_name":"Megalithic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Elshanka culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elshanka_culture"},{"link_name":"Bug-Dniester culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture"},{"link_name":"Ertebølle culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture"},{"link_name":"Swifterbant culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifterbant_culture"},{"link_name":"Neman culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neman_culture"},{"link_name":"Dnieper-Donets culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture"},{"link_name":"Khirokitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirokitia"},{"link_name":"Sesklo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesklo"},{"link_name":"Cardium pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardium_pottery"},{"link_name":"Kakanj culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanj_culture"},{"link_name":"Starčevo-Criș culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture"},{"link_name":"Karanovo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanovo_culture"},{"link_name":"Dudești culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture"},{"link_name":"Katundas Cavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundas_Cavern"},{"link_name":"La Hoguette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Hoguette#Archeology"},{"link_name":"Körös culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_culture"},{"link_name":"La Almagra pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Almagra_pottery"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia#Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Linear Pottery culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture"},{"link_name":"Circular enclosures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_ditches"},{"link_name":"Sopot culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopot_culture"},{"link_name":"Vinča culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture"},{"link_name":"Cucuteni-Trypillian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture"},{"link_name":"Tisza culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza_culture"},{"link_name":"Langweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langweiler_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"Hamangia culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamangia_culture"},{"link_name":"Butmir culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butmir_culture"},{"link_name":"Bonu Ighinu culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonu_Ighinu_culture"},{"link_name":"Għar Dalam phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Dalam_phase"},{"link_name":"Lengyel culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyel_culture"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"circular ditches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_ditches"},{"link_name":"4800 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4800_BCE"},{"link_name":"4600 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4600_BCE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Künzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnzing"},{"link_name":"Hinkelstein culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinkelstein_culture"},{"link_name":"Stroke-ornamented ware culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke-ornamented_ware_culture"},{"link_name":"Dimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimini"},{"link_name":"Cerny culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerny_culture"},{"link_name":"Danilo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_culture"},{"link_name":"Rössen culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen_culture"},{"link_name":"San Ciriaco culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ciriaco_culture"},{"link_name":"Chasséen culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chass%C3%A9en_culture"},{"link_name":"Sredny Stog culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture"},{"link_name":"Michelsberg culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelsberg_culture"},{"link_name":"Boian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boian_culture"},{"link_name":"Pfyn culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfyn_culture"},{"link_name":"Pit–Comb Ware culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture"},{"link_name":"Mariupol culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol_culture"},{"link_name":"Hembury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hembury"},{"link_name":"Baalberge group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalberge_group"},{"link_name":"Cortaillod culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortaillod_culture"},{"link_name":"Mondsee group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondsee_group"},{"link_name":"Horgen culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horgen_culture"},{"link_name":"Hvar culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvar_culture"},{"link_name":"Windmill Hill culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_Hill_culture"},{"link_name":"Chalcolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Millares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Millares"},{"link_name":"Samara culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_culture"},{"link_name":"Khvalynsk culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture"},{"link_name":"Gumelniţa culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba_culture"},{"link_name":"Varna culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_culture"},{"link_name":"Tiszapolgár culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture"},{"link_name":"Suvorovo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvorovo_culture"},{"link_name":"Novodanilovka culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novodanilovka_group"},{"link_name":"Funnelbeaker culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Cernavodă culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture"},{"link_name":"Repin culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repin_culture"},{"link_name":"Rinaldone culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldone_culture"},{"link_name":"Baden culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_culture"},{"link_name":"Usatove culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usatove_culture"},{"link_name":"Globular Amphora culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture"},{"link_name":"Yamnaya culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture"},{"link_name":"Eutresis culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutresis_culture"},{"link_name":"Vučedol culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture"},{"link_name":"Los Millares culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Millares"},{"link_name":"Corded Ware culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture"},{"link_name":"Gaudo culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudo_culture"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Beaker culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Skara Brae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skara_Brae"}],"text":"Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae (Orkney, Scotland), Europe's most complete Neolithic village.Mesolithic/Para-Neolithic\nFranchthi Cave (Greece, 20th to 3rd millennium BC) First European Neolithic site.\nLepenski Vir culture (Serbia, 10th/8th to 6th millennium BC)\nMegalithic culture (8th to 2nd millennium BC)\nElshanka culture (Russia, 7th millennium BC) Oldest European pottery.\nBug-Dniester culture (Moldova, Ukraine, 7th to 6th millennium BC)\nErtebølle culture (Denmark, 6th to 4th millennium BC)\nSwifterbant culture (Netherlands, 6th to 4th millennium BC)\nNeman culture (Poland, Lithuania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)\nDnieper-Donets culture (Ukraine, 5th millennium BC)\nEarly Neolithic\nKhirokitia (Cyprus, 7th to 4th millennium BC)\nSesklo culture (Greece, 7th to 5th millennium BC)\nCardium pottery culture (Mediterranean coast, 7th to 6th millennium BC)\nKakanj culture (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7th to 5th millennium BC)\nStarčevo-Criș culture (Starčevo I, Körös, Criş, Central Balkans, 7th to 5th millennium BC)\nKaranovo culture (Bulgaria, 7th to 5th millennium BC)\nDudești culture (Romania, 6th millennium BC)\nKatundas Cavern (Albania, 6th millennium BC)\nMiddle Neolithic\nLa Hoguette culture (France, 6th millennium BC)\nKörös culture (Hungary, Romania, 6th millennium BC)\nLa Almagra pottery culture (Andalusia, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nLinear Pottery culture (6th to 5th millennium BC)\nCircular enclosures\nSopot culture (Croatia, Hungary, 6th to 4th millennium BC)\nVinča culture (Balkans, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nCucuteni-Trypillian culture (Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)\nTisza culture (Central Europe, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nLangweiler (Germany, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nHamangia culture (Romania, Bulgaria, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nButmir culture (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nBonu Ighinu culture (Sardinia, 6th to 5th millennium BC)\nGħar Dalam phase (Malta, 5th millennium BC)\nLengyel culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)\nA culture in Central Europe produced monumental arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. Reconstruction (model) of the Künzing-Unternberg circular ditch, Museum Quintana, Künzing, Lower Bavaria, Germany\nHinkelstein culture (Germany, 5th millennium BC)\nStroke-ornamented ware culture (5th millennium BC)\nDimini culture (Greece, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nCerny culture (France, 5th millennium BC)\nDanilo culture (Croatia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nRössen culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)\nSan Ciriaco culture (Sardinia, 5th millennium BC)\nChasséen culture (France, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nSredny Stog culture (Ukraine, Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nMichelsberg culture (Central Europe, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nBoian culture (Romania, Bulgaria, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nPfyn culture (Switzerland, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nPit–Comb Ware culture, a.k.a. Comb Ceramic culture (Northeast Europe, 5th to 3rd millennium BC)\nMariupol culture (Pontic Steppe, 5th millennium BC)\nHembury culture (Britain, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nBaalberge group (Germany, Czechia, 4th millennium BC)\nCortaillod culture (Switzerland, 4th millennium BC)\nMondsee group (Austria, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nHorgen culture (Switzerland, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nHvar culture (Eastern Adriatic coast, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nWindmill Hill culture (Britain, 4th millennium BC)\nEneolithic (Chalcolithic)A model of the prehistoric town of Los Millares, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain)\nSamara culture (Russia, 5th millennium BC)\nKhvalynsk culture (Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nGumelniţa culture (Romania, 5th millennium BC)\nVarna culture (Bulgaria, 5th millennium BC)\nTiszapolgár culture (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)\nSuvorovo culture (North-west Black Sea, 5th millennium BC)\nNovodanilovka culture (Ukraine, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nFunnelbeaker culture (5th to 3rd millennium BC)\nCernavodă culture (Bulgaria, Romania, 5th to 4th millennium BC)\nRepin culture (East European forest steppe, 4th millennium BC)\nRinaldone culture (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nBaden culture (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nUsatove culture (North-west Black Sea, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nGlobular Amphora culture (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nYamnaya culture (Pontic-Caspian steppe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nEutresis culture (Greece, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nVučedol culture (North-west Balkans, Pannonian Plain, late 4th to 3rd millennium BC)\nLos Millares culture (Almería, Spain, 4th to 2nd millennium BC)\nCorded Ware culture, a.k.a. Battle-axe or Single Grave culture (Northern Europe, 3rd millennium BC)\nGaudo culture (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC, early Bronze Age)\nBeaker culture (3rd to 2nd millennium BC, early Bronze Age)\nStonehenge, Skara Brae","title":"List of cultures and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Klekkende Høj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j"},{"link_name":"megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliths"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Évora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Barnenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnenez"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Bougon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon"},{"link_name":"Carnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Banbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legananny_Dolmen"},{"link_name":"Carrowmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrowmore"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Menga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga"},{"link_name":"Antequera Dolmens Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site"},{"link_name":"Maumbury Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maumbury_Rings"},{"link_name":"Godmanchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godmanchester"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Ġgantija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0gantija"},{"link_name":"Mnajdra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnajdra"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Dolmen of Viera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera"},{"link_name":"Antequera Dolmens Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Guadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiana"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Valle d'Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Newgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgrange"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ħaġar Qim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim"},{"link_name":"Tarxien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarxien"},{"link_name":"Saumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumur"},{"link_name":"Dordogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"link_name":"Los Millares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Millares"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"henges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henge"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Tholos of El Romeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholos_de_El_Romeral"},{"link_name":"Antequera Dolmens Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site"},{"link_name":"Funnel-beaker culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture"}],"sub_title":"Megalithic","text":"Klekkende Høj passage grave, Denmark, c. 3500-2800 BCSome Neolithic cultures listed above are known for constructing megaliths. These occur primarily on the Atlantic coast of Europe, but there are also megaliths on western Mediterranean islands.c. 5000 BCE: Constructions in Portugal (Évora). Emergence of the Atlantic Neolithic period, the age of agriculture along the fertile shores of Europe.\nc. 4800 BCE: Constructions in Brittany (Barnenez) and Poitou (Bougon).\nc. 4000 BCE: Constructions in Brittany (Carnac), Portugal (Lisbon), Spain (Galicia and Andalusia), France (central and southern), Corsica, England, Wales, Northern Ireland (Banbridge) and elsewhere.\nc. 3700 BCE: Constructions in Ireland (Carrowmore and elsewhere) and Spain (Dolmen of Menga, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga).\nc. 3600 BCE: Constructions in England (Maumbury Rings and Godmanchester), and Malta (Ġgantija and Mnajdra temples).\nc. 3500 BCE: Constructions in Spain (Dolmen of Viera, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga, and Guadiana), Ireland (south-west), France (Arles and the north), north-west and central Italy (Piedmont, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Tuscany), Mediterranean islands (Sardinia, Sicily, Malta) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, Belgium (north-east) and Germany (central and south-west).\nc. 3400 BCE: Constructions in Ireland (Newgrange), Netherlands (north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark.\nc. 3200 BCE: Constructions in Malta (Ħaġar Qim and Tarxien).\nc. 3000 BCE: Constructions in France (Saumur, Dordogne, Languedoc, Biscay, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (Los Millares), Belgium (Ardennes), and Orkney, as well as the first henges (circular earthworks) in Britain.\nc. 2900 BCE: Constructions in Spain (Tholos of El Romeral, Antequera Dolmens Site, Málaga)\nc. 2800 BCE: Climax of the megalithic Funnel-beaker culture in Denmark, and the construction of the henge at Stonehenge.","title":"List of cultures and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/4811770"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-951-9040-19-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9040-19-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2799190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2799190"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2799190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2799190"},{"link_name":"The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern 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peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259916"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1098/rspb.2011.1044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1044"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3259916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259916"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21865258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865258"},{"link_name":"\"Genes, peoples, and 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Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283723"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012PLoSO...732179D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...732179D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0032179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032179"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3283723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283723"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22363811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363811"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1168-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15322918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15322918"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18482536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18482536"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/200228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F200228"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2739787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2739787"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161324951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161324951"},{"link_name":"\"Estimating 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and neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1915109"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1915109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1915109"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8659525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8659525"},{"link_name":"Ringe, Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Ringe"},{"link_name":"\"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=980"},{"link_name":"\"Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by 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the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20131030095411/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/063/Ant0630379.htm"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0003598X00076110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00076110"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162882505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162882505"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//antiquity.ac.uk/ant/063/Ant0630379.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Mesolithic prelude and neolithic revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RPw8DsBG-aIC&pg=PA5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-10957-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4"},{"link_name":"\"Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RPw8DsBG-aIC&pg=PA167"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-10957-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4"}],"text":"Aikio, Ante (2004). \"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami\". In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.). Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen [Etymology, loanwords and developments]. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki (in German). Vol. 63. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique. pp. 5–34. ISBN 978-951-9040-19-6.\nAmmerman, A. J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1971). \"Measuring the Rate of Spread of Early Farming in Europe\". Man. 6 (4): 674–88. doi:10.2307/2799190. JSTOR 2799190.\nAnthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.\nBalaresque, Patricia; Bowden, Georgina R.; Adams, Susan M.; Leung, Ho-Yee; King, Turi E.; Rosser, Zoë H.; Goodwin, Jane; Moisan, Jean-Paul; Richard, Christelle; Millward, Ann; Demaine, Andrew G.; Barbujani, Guido; Previderè, Carlo; Wilson, Ian J.; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jobling, Mark A. (2010). Penny, David (ed.). \"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages\". PLOS Biology. 8 (1): e1000285. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285. PMC 2799514. PMID 20087410.\nIan Sample (19 January 2010). \"Most British men are descended from ancient farmers\". The Guardian.\nBarbujani, Guido; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Chikhi, Lounès (1998). \"Evidence for Paleolithic and Neolithic Gene Flow in Europe\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 488–92. doi:10.1086/301719. PMC 1376895. PMID 9463326.\nBar-Yosef, Ofer (1998). \"The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture\". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 6 (5): 159–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7. S2CID 35814375.\nBattaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; Marjanovic, Damir; Primorac, Dragan; Hadziselimovic, Rifat; Vidovic, Stojko; Drobnic, Katia; Durmishi, Naser; Torroni, Antonio; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A Silvana; Underhill, Peter A; Semino, Ornella (2008). \"Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.\nBellwood, Peter (2004). First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-0-631-20566-1.\nBrace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2005). \"The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (1): 242–7. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..242B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102. JSTOR 30048282. PMC 1325007. PMID 16371462.\nBusby, George B. J.; Brisighelli, Francesca; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Ramos-Luis, Eva; Martinez-Cadenas, Conrado; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gusmão, Leonor; Winney, Bruce; Bodmer, Walter; Vennemann, Marielle; Coia, Valentina; Scarnicci, Francesca; Tofanelli, Sergio; Vona, Giuseppe; Ploski, Rafal; Vecchiotti, Carla; Zemunik, Tatijana; Rudan, Igor; Karachanak, Sena; Toncheva, Draga; Anagnostou, Paolo; Ferri, Gianmarco; Rapone, Cesare; Hervig, Tor; Moen, Torolf; Wilson, James F.; Capelli, Cristian (2011). \"The peopling of Europe and the cautionary tale of Y chromosome lineage R-M269\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1730): 884–92. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1044. PMC 3259916. PMID 21865258.\nCavalli-Sforza, LL (1997). \"Genes, peoples, and languages\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (15): 7719–24. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.7719C. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7719. PMC 33682. PMID 9223254.\nChikhi, L.; Destro-Bisol, G.; Bertorelle, G.; Pascali, V.; Barbujani, G. (1998). \"Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene pool\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (15): 9053–8. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9053C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053. JSTOR 45884. PMC 21201. PMID 9671803.\nCruciani, F.; et al. (2007). \"Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–1311. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. PMID 17351267.\nDerenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Denisova, Galina; Perkova, Maria; Rogalla, Urszula; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia (2012). 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Silvana (2004). \"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.\nSemino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiae, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Underhill, PA (2000). \"The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective\". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.\nShennan, Stephen; Edinborough, Kevan (2007). \"Prehistoric population history: From the Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (8): 1339–45. 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Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–15. ISBN 978-0-521-10957-4.\nZvelebil, Marek (2009). \"Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation\". In Zvelebil, Marek (ed.). Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–88. ISBN 978-0-521-10957-4.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Review of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.30.1.181"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3069214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3069214"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12157394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12157394"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-08750-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08750-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-22873-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22873-3"},{"link_name":"The Language of the Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/languageofgoddes00gimb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-250356-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250356-5"},{"link_name":"\"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2016Natur.534..200F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..200F"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature17993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17993"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10211.3/198594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10211.3%2F198594"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4943878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27135931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27135931"}],"text":"Bellwood, Peter (2001). \"Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes\". Annual Review of Anthropology. 30: 181–207. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181. JSTOR 3069214. S2CID 12157394.\nCavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4.\nCavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2001). Genes, Peoples, and Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22873-3.\nGimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250356-5.\nFu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016). \"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe\". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–5. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/330px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png"},{"image_text":"Female figure from Tumba Madžari, North Macedonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg/160px-Golemata_Majka.jpg"},{"image_text":"An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/240px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ancient Greek Early and Middle Neolithic pottery 6500–5300 BC. National Museum of Archaeology, Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg/240px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neolithic expansion of Cardium pottery and Linear Pottery culture according to archaeology.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png/261px-Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png"},{"image_text":"A stone used in Neolithic rituals, in Detmerode, Wolfsburg, Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg/261px-Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scheme of Indo-European migrations from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. These migrations are thought to have spread Yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry and Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/290px-IE_expansion.png"},{"image_text":"Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the Neolithic period in the introduction of agriculture[26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg/290px-Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neolithic cultures in Europe in ca. 4000–3500 BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/290px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae (Orkney, Scotland), Europe's most complete Neolithic village.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction (model) of the Künzing-Unternberg circular ditch, Museum Quintana, Künzing, Lower Bavaria, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg/220px-Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A model of the prehistoric town of Los Millares, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/220px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg"},{"image_text":"Klekkende Høj passage grave, Denmark, c. 3500-2800 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/220px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Prehistoric Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"},{"title":"Chalcolithic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe"},{"title":"Germanic substrate hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis"},{"title":"Indo-Iranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians"},{"title":"Neolithic tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_tomb"},{"title":"Old European culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)"},{"title":"Pre-Indo-European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages"},{"title":"Proto-Indo-European language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"title":"Proto-Indo-Europeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans"},{"title":"Vinča symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_symbols"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_measure
|
Discrete measure
|
["1 Definition and properties","2 Example on R","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Schematic representation of the Dirac measure by a line surmounted by an arrow. The Dirac measure is a discrete measure whose support is the point 0. The Dirac measure of any set containing 0 is 1, and the measure of any set not containing 0 is 0.
In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, a measure on the real line is called a discrete measure (in respect to the Lebesgue measure) if it is concentrated on an at most countable set. The support need not be a discrete set. Geometrically, a discrete measure (on the real line, with respect to Lebesgue measure) is a collection of point masses.
Definition and properties
See also: Atom (measure theory)
Given two (positive) σ-finite measures
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
and
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
on a measurable space
(
X
,
Σ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )}
. Then
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is said to be discrete with respect to
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
if there exists an at most countable subset
S
⊂
X
{\displaystyle S\subset X}
in
Σ
{\displaystyle \Sigma }
such that
All singletons
{
s
}
{\displaystyle \{s\}}
with
s
∈
S
{\displaystyle s\in S}
are measurable (which implies that any subset of
S
{\displaystyle S}
is measurable)
ν
(
S
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \nu (S)=0\,}
μ
(
X
∖
S
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mu (X\setminus S)=0.\,}
A measure
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
on
(
X
,
Σ
)
{\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )}
is discrete (with respect to
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
) if and only if
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
has the form
μ
=
∑
i
=
1
∞
a
i
δ
s
i
{\displaystyle \mu =\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }a_{i}\delta _{s_{i}}}
with
a
i
∈
R
>
0
{\displaystyle a_{i}\in \mathbb {R} _{>0}}
and Dirac measures
δ
s
i
{\displaystyle \delta _{s_{i}}}
on the set
S
=
{
s
i
}
i
∈
N
{\displaystyle S=\{s_{i}\}_{i\in \mathbb {N} }}
defined as
δ
s
i
(
X
)
=
{
1
if
s
i
∈
X
0
if
s
i
∉
X
{\displaystyle \delta _{s_{i}}(X)={\begin{cases}1&{\mbox{ if }}s_{i}\in X\\0&{\mbox{ if }}s_{i}\not \in X\\\end{cases}}}
for all
i
∈
N
{\displaystyle i\in \mathbb {N} }
.
One can also define the concept of discreteness for signed measures. Then, instead of conditions 2 and 3 above one should ask that
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
be zero on all measurable subsets of
S
{\displaystyle S}
and
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
be zero on measurable subsets of
X
∖
S
.
{\displaystyle X\backslash S.}
Example on R
A measure
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
defined on the Lebesgue measurable sets of the real line with values in
[
0
,
∞
]
{\displaystyle }
is said to be discrete if there exists a (possibly finite) sequence of numbers
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
{\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\dots \,}
such that
μ
(
R
∖
{
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
}
)
=
0.
{\displaystyle \mu (\mathbb {R} \backslash \{s_{1},s_{2},\dots \})=0.}
Notice that the first two requirements in the previous section are always satisfied for an at most countable subset of the real line if
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
is the Lebesgue measure.
The simplest example of a discrete measure on the real line is the Dirac delta function
δ
.
{\displaystyle \delta .}
One has
δ
(
R
∖
{
0
}
)
=
0
{\displaystyle \delta (\mathbb {R} \backslash \{0\})=0}
and
δ
(
{
0
}
)
=
1.
{\displaystyle \delta (\{0\})=1.}
More generally, one may prove that any discrete measure on the real line has the form
μ
=
∑
i
a
i
δ
s
i
{\displaystyle \mu =\sum _{i}a_{i}\delta _{s_{i}}}
for an appropriately chosen (possibly finite) sequence
s
1
,
s
2
,
…
{\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\dots }
of real numbers and a sequence
a
1
,
a
2
,
…
{\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\dots }
of numbers in
[
0
,
∞
]
{\displaystyle }
of the same length.
See also
Isolated point – Point of a subset S around which there are no other points of S
Lebesgue's decomposition theorem
Singleton (mathematics) – Set with exactly one element
Singular measure – measure or probability distribution whose support has zero Lebesgue (or other) measurePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
References
"Why must a discrete atomic measure admit a decomposition into Dirac measures? Moreover, what is "an atomic class"?". math.stackexchange.com. Feb 24, 2022.
Kurbatov, V. G. (1999). Functional differential operators and equations. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-5624-1.
External links
A.P. Terekhin (2001) , "Discrete measure", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
vteMeasure theoryBasic concepts
Absolute continuity of measures
Lebesgue integration
Lp spaces
Measure
Measure space
Probability space
Measurable space/function
Sets
Almost everywhere
Atom
Baire set
Borel set
equivalence relation
Borel space
Carathéodory's criterion
Cylindrical σ-algebra
Cylinder set
𝜆-system
Essential range
infimum/supremum
Locally measurable
π-system
σ-algebra
Non-measurable set
Vitali set
Null set
Support
Transverse measure
Universally measurable
Types of Measures
Atomic
Baire
Banach
Besov
Borel
Brown
Complex
Complete
Content
(Logarithmically) Convex
Decomposable
Discrete
Equivalent
Finite
Inner
(Quasi-) Invariant
Locally finite
Maximising
Metric outer
Outer
Perfect
Pre-measure
(Sub-) Probability
Projection-valued
Radon
Random
Regular
Borel regular
Inner regular
Outer regular
Saturated
Set function
σ-finite
s-finite
Signed
Singular
Spectral
Strictly positive
Tight
Vector
Particular measures
Counting
Dirac
Euler
Gaussian
Haar
Harmonic
Hausdorff
Intensity
Lebesgue
Infinite-dimensional
Logarithmic
Product
Projections
Pushforward
Spherical measure
Tangent
Trivial
Young
Maps
Measurable function
Bochner
Strongly
Weakly
Convergence: almost everywhere
of measures
in measure
of random variables
in distribution
in probability
Cylinder set measure
Random: compact set
element
measure
process
variable
vector
Projection-valued measure
Main results
Carathéodory's extension theorem
Convergence theorems
Dominated
Monotone
Vitali
Decomposition theorems
Hahn
Jordan
Maharam's
Egorov's
Fatou's lemma
Fubini's
Fubini–Tonelli
Hölder's inequality
Minkowski inequality
Radon–Nikodym
Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem
Other results
Disintegration theorem
Lifting theory
Lebesgue's density theorem
Lebesgue differentiation theorem
Sard's theorem
Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem
For Lebesgue measure
Isoperimetric inequality
Brunn–Minkowski theorem
Milman's reverse
Minkowski–Steiner formula
Prékopa–Leindler inequality
Vitale's random Brunn–Minkowski inequality
Applications & related
Convex analysis
Descriptive set theory
Probability theory
Real analysis
Spectral theory
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"measure theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory"},{"link_name":"measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"real line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_line"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_measure"},{"link_name":"at most countable set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set"},{"link_name":"support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_(measure_theory)"},{"link_name":"discrete set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_set"}],"text":"In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, a measure on the real line is called a discrete measure (in respect to the Lebesgue measure) if it is concentrated on an at most countable set. The support need not be a discrete set. Geometrically, a discrete measure (on the real line, with respect to Lebesgue measure) is a collection of point masses.","title":"Discrete measure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atom (measure theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(measure_theory)"},{"link_name":"σ-finite measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-finite_measure"},{"link_name":"measurable space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable_space"},{"link_name":"singletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Dirac measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_measure"},{"link_name":"signed measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_measure"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"See also: Atom (measure theory)Given two (positive) σ-finite measures \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n and \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n on a measurable space \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma )}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is said to be discrete with respect to \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n if there exists an at most countable subset \n \n \n \n S\n ⊂\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S\\subset X}\n \n in \n \n \n \n Σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Sigma }\n \n such thatAll singletons \n \n \n \n {\n s\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{s\\}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n s\n ∈\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\in S}\n \n are measurable (which implies that any subset of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is measurable)\n\n \n \n \n ν\n (\n S\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu (S)=0\\,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n μ\n (\n X\n ∖\n S\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (X\\setminus S)=0.\\,}A measure \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n on \n \n \n \n (\n X\n ,\n Σ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (X,\\Sigma )}\n \n is discrete (with respect to \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n) if and only if \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n has the formμ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n δ\n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }a_{i}\\delta _{s_{i}}}with \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{i}\\in \\mathbb {R} _{>0}}\n \n and Dirac measures \n \n \n \n \n δ\n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{s_{i}}}\n \n on the set \n \n \n \n S\n =\n {\n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n }\n \n i\n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=\\{s_{i}\\}_{i\\in \\mathbb {N} }}\n \n defined asδ\n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n X\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n if \n \n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n X\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n if \n \n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n ∉\n X\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{s_{i}}(X)={\\begin{cases}1&{\\mbox{ if }}s_{i}\\in X\\\\0&{\\mbox{ if }}s_{i}\\not \\in X\\\\\\end{cases}}}for all \n \n \n \n i\n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i\\in \\mathbb {N} }\n \n.One can also define the concept of discreteness for signed measures. Then, instead of conditions 2 and 3 above one should ask that \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n be zero on all measurable subsets of \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n and \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n be zero on measurable subsets of \n \n \n \n X\n ∖\n S\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X\\backslash S.}\n \n[clarification needed]","title":"Definition and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebesgue measurable sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_measure"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence"},{"link_name":"Dirac delta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function"}],"text":"A measure \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n defined on the Lebesgue measurable sets of the real line with values in \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,\\infty ]}\n \n is said to be discrete if there exists a (possibly finite) sequence of numberss\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\\dots \\,}such thatμ\n (\n \n R\n \n ∖\n {\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n }\n )\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (\\mathbb {R} \\backslash \\{s_{1},s_{2},\\dots \\})=0.}Notice that the first two requirements in the previous section are always satisfied for an at most countable subset of the real line if \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n is the Lebesgue measure.The simplest example of a discrete measure on the real line is the Dirac delta function \n \n \n \n δ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta .}\n \n One has \n \n \n \n δ\n (\n \n R\n \n ∖\n {\n 0\n }\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta (\\mathbb {R} \\backslash \\{0\\})=0}\n \n and \n \n \n \n δ\n (\n {\n 0\n }\n )\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta (\\{0\\})=1.}More generally, one may prove that any discrete measure on the real line has the formμ\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n δ\n \n \n s\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\sum _{i}a_{i}\\delta _{s_{i}}}for an appropriately chosen (possibly finite) sequence \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1},s_{2},\\dots }\n \n of real numbers and a sequence \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\\dots }\n \n of numbers in \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,\\infty ]}\n \n of the same length.","title":"Example on R"}]
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[{"image_text":"Schematic representation of the Dirac measure by a line surmounted by an arrow. The Dirac measure is a discrete measure whose support is the point 0. The Dirac measure of any set containing 0 is 1, and the measure of any set not containing 0 is 0.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dirac_distribution_PDF.svg/325px-Dirac_distribution_PDF.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Isolated point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_point"},{"title":"Lebesgue's decomposition theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%27s_decomposition_theorem"},{"title":"Singleton (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Singular measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_measure"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Why must a discrete atomic measure admit a decomposition into Dirac measures? Moreover, what is \"an atomic class\"?\". math.stackexchange.com. Feb 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://math.stackexchange.com/a/4391020","url_text":"\"Why must a discrete atomic measure admit a decomposition into Dirac measures? Moreover, what is \"an atomic class\"?\""}]},{"reference":"Kurbatov, V. G. (1999). Functional differential operators and equations. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-5624-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-5624-1","url_text":"0-7923-5624-1"}]},{"reference":"A.P. Terekhin (2001) [1994], \"Discrete measure\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Discrete_measure","url_text":"\"Discrete measure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://math.stackexchange.com/a/4391020","external_links_name":"\"Why must a discrete atomic measure admit a decomposition into Dirac measures? Moreover, what is \"an atomic class\"?\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Discrete_measure","external_links_name":"\"Discrete measure\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%27s_martingale_inequality
|
Doob's martingale inequality
|
["1 Statement of the inequality","1.1 Discrete time","1.2 Continuous time","2 Further inequalities","3 Related inequalities","4 Application: Brownian motion","5 References","6 External links"]
|
In mathematics, Doob's martingale inequality, also known as Kolmogorov’s submartingale inequality is a result in the study of stochastic processes. It gives a bound on the probability that a submartingale exceeds any given value over a given interval of time. As the name suggests, the result is usually given in the case that the process is a martingale, but the result is also valid for submartingales.
The inequality is due to the American mathematician Joseph L. Doob.
Statement of the inequality
The setting of Doob's inequality is a submartingale relative to a filtration of the underlying probability space. The probability measure on the sample space of the martingale will be denoted by P. The corresponding expected value of a random variable X, as defined by Lebesgue integration, will be denoted by E.
Informally, Doob's inequality states that the expected value of the process at some final time controls the probability that a sample path will reach above any particular value beforehand. As the proof uses very direct reasoning, it does not require any restrictive assumptions on the underlying filtration or on the process itself, unlike for many other theorems about stochastic processes. In the continuous-time setting, right-continuity (or left-continuity) of the sample paths is required, but only for the sake of knowing that the supremal value of a sample path equals the supremum over an arbitrary countable dense subset of times.
Discrete time
Let X1, ..., Xn be a discrete-time submartingale relative to a filtration
F
1
,
…
,
F
n
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{1},\ldots ,{\mathcal {F}}_{n}}
of the underlying probability space, which is to say:
X
i
≤
E
[
X
i
+
1
∣
F
i
]
.
{\displaystyle X_{i}\leq \operatorname {E} .}
The submartingale inequality says that
P
[
max
1
≤
i
≤
n
X
i
≥
C
]
≤
E
[
max
(
X
n
,
0
)
]
C
{\displaystyle P\left\leq {\frac {\operatorname {E} }{C}}}
for any positive number C. The proof relies on the set-theoretic fact that the event defined by max(Xi) > C may be decomposed as the disjoint union of the events Ei defined by (Xi > C and (Xj ≤ C for all j < i)). Then
C
P
(
E
i
)
=
∫
E
i
C
d
P
≤
∫
E
i
X
i
d
P
≤
∫
E
i
E
[
X
n
∣
F
i
]
d
P
=
∫
E
i
X
n
d
P
,
{\displaystyle CP(E_{i})=\int _{E_{i}}C\,dP\leq \int _{E_{i}}X_{i}\,dP\leq \int _{E_{i}}{\text{E}}\,dP=\int _{E_{i}}X_{n}\,dP,}
having made use of the submartingale property for the last inequality and the fact that
E
i
∈
F
i
{\displaystyle E_{i}\in {\mathcal {F}}_{i}}
for the last equality. Summing this result as i ranges from 1 to n results in the conclusion
C
P
(
E
)
≤
∫
E
X
n
d
P
,
{\displaystyle CP(E)\leq \int _{E}X_{n}\,dP,}
which is sharper than the stated result. By using the elementary fact that Xn ≤ max(Xn, 0), the given submartingale inequality follows.
In this proof, the submartingale property is used once, together with the definition of conditional expectation. The proof can also be phrased in the language of stochastic processes so as to become a corollary of the powerful theorem that a stopped submartingale is itself a submartingale. In this setup, the minimal index i appearing in the above proof is interpreted as a stopping time.
Continuous time
Now let Xt be a submartingale indexed by an interval of real numbers, relative to a filtration Ft of the underlying probability space, which is to say:
X
s
≤
E
[
X
t
∣
F
s
]
.
{\displaystyle X_{s}\leq \operatorname {E} .}
for all s < t. The submartingale inequality says that if the sample paths of the martingale are almost-surely right-continuous, then
P
[
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
X
t
≥
C
]
≤
E
[
max
(
X
T
,
0
)
]
C
{\displaystyle P\left\leq {\frac {\operatorname {E} }{C}}}
for any positive number C. This is a corollary of the above discrete-time result, obtained by writing
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
X
t
=
sup
{
X
t
:
t
∈
[
0
,
T
]
∩
Q
}
=
lim
i
→
∞
sup
{
X
t
:
t
∈
[
0
,
T
]
∩
Q
i
}
{\displaystyle \sup _{0\leq t\leq T}X_{t}=\sup\{X_{t}:t\in \cap \mathbb {Q} \}=\lim _{i\to \infty }\sup\{X_{t}:t\in \cap Q_{i}\}}
in which Q1 ⊂ Q2 ⊂ ⋅⋅⋅ is any sequence of finite sets whose union is the set of all rational numbers. The first equality is a consequence of the right-continuity assumption, while the second equality is purely set-theoretic. The discrete-time inequality applies to say that
P
[
sup
t
∈
[
0
,
T
]
∩
Q
i
X
t
≥
C
]
≤
E
[
max
(
X
T
,
0
)
]
C
{\displaystyle P\left\cap Q_{i}}X_{t}\geq C\right]\leq {\frac {\operatorname {E} }{C}}}
for each i, and this passes to the limit to yield the submartingale inequality. This passage from discrete time to continuous time is very flexible, as it only required having a countable dense subset of , which can then automatically be built out of an increasing sequence of finite sets. As such, the submartingale inequality holds even for more general index sets, which are not required to be intervals or natural numbers.
Further inequalities
There are further submartingale inequalities also due to Doob. Now let Xt be a martingale or a positive submartingale; if the index set is uncountable, then (as above) assume that the sample paths are right-continuous. In these scenarios, Jensen's inequality implies that |Xt|p is a submartingale for any number p ≥ 1, provided that these new random variables all have finite integral. The submartingale inequality is then applicable to say that
P
[
sup
t
|
X
t
|
≥
C
]
≤
E
[
|
X
T
|
p
]
C
p
.
{\displaystyle {\text{P}}\leq {\frac {{\text{E}}}{C^{p}}}.}
for any positive number C. Here T is the final time, i.e. the largest value of the index set. Furthermore one has
E
[
|
X
T
|
p
]
≤
E
[
sup
0
≤
s
≤
T
|
X
s
|
p
]
≤
(
p
p
−
1
)
p
E
[
|
X
T
|
p
]
{\displaystyle {\text{E}}\leq {\text{E}}\left\leq \left({\frac {p}{p-1}}\right)^{p}{\text{E}}}
if p is larger than one. This, sometimes known as Doob's maximal inequality, is a direct result of combining the layer cake representation with the submartingale inequality and the Hölder inequality.
In addition to the above inequality, there holds
E
|
sup
0
≤
s
≤
T
X
s
|
≤
e
e
−
1
(
1
+
E
[
max
{
|
X
T
|
log
|
X
T
|
,
0
}
]
)
{\displaystyle {\text{E}}\left|\sup _{0\leq s\leq T}X_{s}\right|\leq {\frac {e}{e-1}}\left(1+{\text{E}}\right)}
Related inequalities
Doob's inequality for discrete-time martingales implies Kolmogorov's inequality: if X1, X2, ... is a sequence of real-valued independent random variables, each with mean zero, it is clear that
E
[
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
n
+
X
n
+
1
∣
X
1
,
…
,
X
n
]
=
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
n
+
E
[
X
n
+
1
∣
X
1
,
…
,
X
n
]
=
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
n
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {E} \left&=X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n}+\operatorname {E} \left\\&=X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n},\end{aligned}}}
so Sn = X1 + ... + Xn is a martingale. Note that Jensen's inequality implies that |Sn| is a nonnegative submartingale if Sn is a martingale. Hence, taking p = 2 in Doob's martingale inequality,
P
[
max
1
≤
i
≤
n
|
S
i
|
≥
λ
]
≤
E
[
S
n
2
]
λ
2
,
{\displaystyle P\left\leq {\frac {\operatorname {E} \left}{\lambda ^{2}}},}
which is precisely the statement of Kolmogorov's inequality.
Application: Brownian motion
Let B denote canonical one-dimensional Brownian motion. Then
P
[
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
B
t
≥
C
]
≤
exp
(
−
C
2
2
T
)
.
{\displaystyle P\left\leq \exp \left(-{\frac {C^{2}}{2T}}\right).}
The proof is just as follows: since the exponential function is monotonically increasing, for any non-negative λ,
{
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
B
t
≥
C
}
=
{
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
exp
(
λ
B
t
)
≥
exp
(
λ
C
)
}
.
{\displaystyle \left\{\sup _{0\leq t\leq T}B_{t}\geq C\right\}=\left\{\sup _{0\leq t\leq T}\exp(\lambda B_{t})\geq \exp(\lambda C)\right\}.}
By Doob's inequality, and since the exponential of Brownian motion is a positive submartingale,
P
[
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
B
t
≥
C
]
=
P
[
sup
0
≤
t
≤
T
exp
(
λ
B
t
)
≥
exp
(
λ
C
)
]
≤
E
[
exp
(
λ
B
T
)
]
exp
(
λ
C
)
=
exp
(
1
2
λ
2
T
−
λ
C
)
E
[
exp
(
λ
B
t
)
]
=
exp
(
1
2
λ
2
t
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P\left&=P\left\\&\leq {\frac {\operatorname {E} }{\exp(\lambda C)}}\\&=\exp \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda ^{2}T-\lambda C\right)&&\operatorname {E} \left=\exp \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda ^{2}t\right)\end{aligned}}}
Since the left-hand side does not depend on λ, choose λ to minimize the right-hand side: λ = C/T gives the desired inequality.
References
^ Billingsley 1995, Theorem 31.3; Doob 1953, Theorem VII.3.2; Hall & Heyde 1980, Theorem 2.1; Shiryaev 2019, Theorem 7.3.1.
^ Doob 1953, Theorem VII.3.2; Durrett 2019, Theorem 5.4.2; Kallenberg 2021, Theorem 9.16; Revuz & Yor 1999, Proposition II.1.5.
^ Karatzas & Shreve 1991, Theorem 1.3.8.
^ Doob 1953, p. 353; Loève 1978, Section 39.
^ Revuz & Yor 1999, Corollary II.1.6 and Theorem II.1.7.
^ Hall & Heyde 1980, Theorem 2.2; Karatzas & Shreve 1991, Theorem 1.3.8; Revuz & Yor 1999, Corollary II.1.6 and Theorem II.1.7.
^ Durrett 2019, p. 55, Theorem 5.4.4; Revuz & Yor 1999; Shiryaev 2019, Theorem 7.3.2.
^ Durrett 2019, Example 5.4.1.
^ Revuz & Yor 1999, Proposition II.1.8.
Sources
Billingsley, Patrick (1995). Probability and measure. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics (Third edition of 1979 original ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-00710-2. MR 1324786.
Doob, J. L. (1953). Stochastic processes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MR 0058896.
Durrett, Rick (2019). Probability – theory and examples. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics. Vol. 49 (Fifth edition of 1991 original ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108591034. ISBN 978-1-108-47368-2. MR 3930614. S2CID 242105330.
Hall, P.; Heyde, C. C. (1980). Martingale limit theory and its application. Probability and Mathematical Statistics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/C2013-0-10818-5. ISBN 0-12-319350-8.
Kallenberg, Olav (2021). Foundations of modern probability. Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling. Vol. 99 (Third edition of 1997 original ed.). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61871-1. ISBN 978-3-030-61871-1. MR 4226142.
Karatzas, Ioannis; Shreve, Steven E. (1991). Brownian motion and stochastic calculus. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 113 (Second edition of 1988 original ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0949-2. ISBN 0-387-97655-8. MR 1121940.
Loève, Michel (1978). Probability theory. II. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 46 (Fourth edition of 1955 original ed.). New York–Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90262-7. MR 0651018.
Revuz, Daniel; Yor, Marc (1999). Continuous martingales and Brownian motion. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 293 (Third edition of 1991 original ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06400-9. ISBN 3-540-64325-7. MR 1725357.
Shiryaev, Albert N. (2019). Probability—2. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 95. Translated by Boas, R. P.; Chibisov, D. M. (Third edition of 1980 original ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72208-5. ISBN 978-0-387-72207-8. MR 3930599.
External links
Shiryaev, Albert N. (2001) , "Martingale", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph L. Doob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob"}],"text":"The inequality is due to the American mathematician Joseph L. Doob.","title":"Doob's martingale inequality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submartingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability_theory)#Submartingales,_supermartingales,_and_relationship_to_harmonic_functions"},{"link_name":"filtration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration_(abstract_algebra)"},{"link_name":"probability measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_measure"},{"link_name":"sample space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"Lebesgue integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integration"},{"link_name":"sample path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process"}],"text":"The setting of Doob's inequality is a submartingale relative to a filtration of the underlying probability space. The probability measure on the sample space of the martingale will be denoted by P. The corresponding expected value of a random variable X, as defined by Lebesgue integration, will be denoted by E[X].Informally, Doob's inequality states that the expected value of the process at some final time controls the probability that a sample path will reach above any particular value beforehand. As the proof uses very direct reasoning, it does not require any restrictive assumptions on the underlying filtration or on the process itself, unlike for many other theorems about stochastic processes. In the continuous-time setting, right-continuity (or left-continuity) of the sample paths is required, but only for the sake of knowing that the supremal value of a sample path equals the supremum over an arbitrary countable dense subset of times.","title":"Statement of the inequality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"conditional expectation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillingsley1995Theorem_31.3Doob1953Theorem_VII.3.2HallHeyde1980Theorem_2.1Shiryaev2019Theorem_7.3.1-1"},{"link_name":"stopped submartingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopped_process"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoob1953Theorem_VII.3.2Durrett2019Theorem_5.4.2Kallenberg2021Theorem_9.16RevuzYor1999Proposition_II.1.5-2"},{"link_name":"stopping time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_time"}],"sub_title":"Discrete time","text":"Let X1, ..., Xn be a discrete-time submartingale relative to a filtration \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{1},\\ldots ,{\\mathcal {F}}_{n}}\n \n of the underlying probability space, which is to say:X\n \n i\n \n \n ≤\n E\n \n [\n \n X\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∣\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}\\leq \\operatorname {E} [X_{i+1}\\mid {\\mathcal {F}}_{i}].}The submartingale inequality[clarification needed] says thatP\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n ]\n \n ≤\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n 0\n )\n ]\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left[\\max _{1\\leq i\\leq n}X_{i}\\geq C\\right]\\leq {\\frac {\\operatorname {E} [{\\textrm {max}}(X_{n},0)]}{C}}}for any positive number C. The proof relies on the set-theoretic fact that the event defined by max(Xi) > C may be decomposed as the disjoint union of the events Ei defined by (Xi > C and (Xj ≤ C for all j < i)). ThenC\n P\n (\n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n d\n P\n ≤\n \n ∫\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n d\n P\n ≤\n \n ∫\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n ∣\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n ]\n \n d\n P\n =\n \n ∫\n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CP(E_{i})=\\int _{E_{i}}C\\,dP\\leq \\int _{E_{i}}X_{i}\\,dP\\leq \\int _{E_{i}}{\\text{E}}[X_{n}\\mid {\\mathcal {F}}_{i}]\\,dP=\\int _{E_{i}}X_{n}\\,dP,}having made use of the submartingale property for the last inequality and the fact that \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{i}\\in {\\mathcal {F}}_{i}}\n \n for the last equality. Summing this result as i ranges from 1 to n results in the conclusionC\n P\n (\n E\n )\n ≤\n \n ∫\n \n E\n \n \n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n P\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CP(E)\\leq \\int _{E}X_{n}\\,dP,}which is sharper than the stated result. By using the elementary fact that Xn ≤ max(Xn, 0), the given submartingale inequality follows.In this proof, the submartingale property is used once, together with the definition of conditional expectation.[1] The proof can also be phrased in the language of stochastic processes so as to become a corollary of the powerful theorem that a stopped submartingale is itself a submartingale.[2] In this setup, the minimal index i appearing in the above proof is interpreted as a stopping time.","title":"Statement of the inequality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratzasShreve1991Theorem_1.3.8-3"},{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoob1953353Lo%C3%A8ve1978Section_39-4"}],"sub_title":"Continuous time","text":"Now let Xt be a submartingale indexed by an interval [0, T] of real numbers, relative to a filtration Ft of the underlying probability space, which is to say:X\n \n s\n \n \n ≤\n E\n \n [\n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n ∣\n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n s\n \n \n ]\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{s}\\leq \\operatorname {E} [X_{t}\\mid {\\mathcal {F}}_{s}].}for all s < t. The submartingale inequality[clarification needed] says that if the sample paths of the martingale are almost-surely right-continuous, thenP\n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n ]\n \n ≤\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n ,\n 0\n )\n ]\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left[\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}X_{t}\\geq C\\right]\\leq {\\frac {\\operatorname {E} [{\\textrm {max}}(X_{T},0)]}{C}}}for any positive number C. This is a corollary of the above discrete-time result, obtained by writingsup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n =\n sup\n {\n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n :\n t\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n T\n ]\n ∩\n \n Q\n \n }\n =\n \n lim\n \n i\n →\n ∞\n \n \n sup\n {\n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n :\n t\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n T\n ]\n ∩\n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}X_{t}=\\sup\\{X_{t}:t\\in [0,T]\\cap \\mathbb {Q} \\}=\\lim _{i\\to \\infty }\\sup\\{X_{t}:t\\in [0,T]\\cap Q_{i}\\}}in which Q1 ⊂ Q2 ⊂ ⋅⋅⋅ is any sequence of finite sets whose union is the set of all rational numbers. The first equality is a consequence of the right-continuity assumption, while the second equality is purely set-theoretic. The discrete-time inequality applies to say thatP\n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n t\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n T\n ]\n ∩\n \n Q\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n ]\n \n ≤\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n ,\n 0\n )\n ]\n \n C\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left[\\sup _{t\\in [0,T]\\cap Q_{i}}X_{t}\\geq C\\right]\\leq {\\frac {\\operatorname {E} [{\\textrm {max}}(X_{T},0)]}{C}}}for each i, and this passes to the limit to yield the submartingale inequality.[3] This passage from discrete time to continuous time is very flexible, as it only required having a countable dense subset of [0,T], which can then automatically be built out of an increasing sequence of finite sets. As such, the submartingale inequality holds even for more general index sets, which are not required to be intervals or natural numbers.[4]","title":"Statement of the inequality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jensen's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevuzYor1999Corollary_II.1.6_and_Theorem_II.1.7-5"},{"link_name":"layer cake representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_cake_representation"},{"link_name":"Hölder inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder_inequality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallHeyde1980Theorem_2.2KaratzasShreve1991Theorem_1.3.8RevuzYor1999Corollary_II.1.6_and_Theorem_II.1.7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrett201955Theorem_5.4.4RevuzYor1999Shiryaev2019Theorem_7.3.2-7"}],"text":"There are further submartingale inequalities also due to Doob. Now let Xt be a martingale or a positive submartingale; if the index set is uncountable, then (as above) assume that the sample paths are right-continuous. In these scenarios, Jensen's inequality implies that |Xt|p is a submartingale for any number p ≥ 1, provided that these new random variables all have finite integral. The submartingale inequality is then applicable to say that[5]P\n \n [\n \n sup\n \n t\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n t\n \n \n \n |\n \n ≥\n C\n ]\n ≤\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ]\n \n \n C\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{P}}[\\sup _{t}|X_{t}|\\geq C]\\leq {\\frac {{\\text{E}}[|X_{T}|^{p}]}{C^{p}}}.}for any positive number C. Here T is the final time, i.e. the largest value of the index set. Furthermore one hasE\n \n [\n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ]\n ≤\n \n E\n \n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n s\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n ]\n \n ≤\n \n \n (\n \n \n p\n \n p\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{E}}[|X_{T}|^{p}]\\leq {\\text{E}}\\left[\\sup _{0\\leq s\\leq T}|X_{s}|^{p}\\right]\\leq \\left({\\frac {p}{p-1}}\\right)^{p}{\\text{E}}[|X_{T}|^{p}]}if p is larger than one. This, sometimes known as Doob's maximal inequality, is a direct result of combining the layer cake representation with the submartingale inequality and the Hölder inequality.[6]In addition to the above inequality, there holds[7]E\n \n \n |\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n s\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n X\n \n s\n \n \n \n |\n \n ≤\n \n \n e\n \n e\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n E\n \n [\n max\n {\n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n \n |\n \n log\n \n \n |\n \n \n X\n \n T\n \n \n \n |\n \n ,\n 0\n }\n ]\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{E}}\\left|\\sup _{0\\leq s\\leq T}X_{s}\\right|\\leq {\\frac {e}{e-1}}\\left(1+{\\text{E}}[\\max\\{|X_{T}|\\log |X_{T}|,0\\}]\\right)}","title":"Further inequalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolmogorov's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"independent random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_random_variables"},{"link_name":"Jensen's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurrett2019Example_5.4.1-8"}],"text":"Doob's inequality for discrete-time martingales implies Kolmogorov's inequality: if X1, X2, ... is a sequence of real-valued independent random variables, each with mean zero, it is clear thatE\n \n \n [\n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n X\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∣\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n +\n E\n \n \n [\n \n \n X\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ∣\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\operatorname {E} \\left[X_{1}+\\cdots +X_{n}+X_{n+1}\\mid X_{1},\\ldots ,X_{n}\\right]&=X_{1}+\\cdots +X_{n}+\\operatorname {E} \\left[X_{n+1}\\mid X_{1},\\ldots ,X_{n}\\right]\\\\&=X_{1}+\\cdots +X_{n},\\end{aligned}}}so Sn = X1 + ... + Xn is a martingale. Note that Jensen's inequality implies that |Sn| is a nonnegative submartingale if Sn is a martingale. Hence, taking p = 2 in Doob's martingale inequality,P\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n 1\n ≤\n i\n ≤\n n\n \n \n \n |\n \n S\n \n i\n \n \n |\n \n ≥\n λ\n \n ]\n \n ≤\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n [\n \n S\n \n n\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left[\\max _{1\\leq i\\leq n}\\left|S_{i}\\right|\\geq \\lambda \\right]\\leq {\\frac {\\operatorname {E} \\left[S_{n}^{2}\\right]}{\\lambda ^{2}}},}which is precisely the statement of Kolmogorov's inequality.[8]","title":"Related inequalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevuzYor1999Proposition_II.1.8-9"}],"text":"Let B denote canonical one-dimensional Brownian motion. Then[9]P\n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n ]\n \n ≤\n exp\n \n \n (\n \n −\n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n T\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\left[\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}B_{t}\\geq C\\right]\\leq \\exp \\left(-{\\frac {C^{2}}{2T}}\\right).}The proof is just as follows: since the exponential function is monotonically increasing, for any non-negative λ,{\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n }\n \n =\n \n {\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n exp\n \n (\n λ\n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n )\n ≥\n exp\n \n (\n λ\n C\n )\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}B_{t}\\geq C\\right\\}=\\left\\{\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}\\exp(\\lambda B_{t})\\geq \\exp(\\lambda C)\\right\\}.}By Doob's inequality, and since the exponential of Brownian motion is a positive submartingale,P\n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n ≥\n C\n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n =\n P\n \n [\n \n \n sup\n \n 0\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n T\n \n \n exp\n \n (\n λ\n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n )\n ≥\n exp\n \n (\n λ\n C\n )\n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ≤\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n exp\n \n (\n λ\n \n B\n \n T\n \n \n )\n ]\n \n \n exp\n \n (\n λ\n C\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n exp\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n T\n −\n λ\n C\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n [\n \n exp\n \n (\n λ\n \n B\n \n t\n \n \n )\n \n ]\n \n =\n exp\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}P\\left[\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}B_{t}\\geq C\\right]&=P\\left[\\sup _{0\\leq t\\leq T}\\exp(\\lambda B_{t})\\geq \\exp(\\lambda C)\\right]\\\\[8pt]&\\leq {\\frac {\\operatorname {E} [\\exp(\\lambda B_{T})]}{\\exp(\\lambda C)}}\\\\[8pt]&=\\exp \\left({\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\lambda ^{2}T-\\lambda C\\right)&&\\operatorname {E} \\left[\\exp(\\lambda B_{t})\\right]=\\exp \\left({\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\lambda ^{2}t\\right)\\end{aligned}}}Since the left-hand side does not depend on λ, choose λ to minimize the right-hand side: λ = C/T gives the desired inequality.","title":"Application: Brownian motion"}]
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L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc.","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0058896","url_text":"0058896"}]},{"reference":"Durrett, Rick (2019). Probability – theory and examples. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics. Vol. 49 (Fifth edition of 1991 original ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108591034. ISBN 978-1-108-47368-2. MR 3930614. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Sierra
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José María Sierra
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["1 Biography","2 Bogotá period","3 Return to Antioquia","4 Legacy","5 References"]
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Colombian businessman (1843–1921)
DonJosé María "Pepe" SierraBornDecember 18, 1843Girardota, Republic of New GranadaDiedMarch 7, 1921Medellin, ColombiaNationalityColombianOccupation(s)Countryman, businessman, landowner, moneylenderEra19th century
20th centuryKnown forRichest man of Colombia during the 19th CenturyPartnerZoraida Cadavid CadavidChildrenMaría Sierra Cadavid
Isabel Sierra Cadavid
Clara Sierra Cadavid
Aníbal Sierra CadavidParentEvaristo Sierra Gaviria
Gabriela Sierra CadavidRelativesRafael Reyes Prieto (in-law)
José María Sierra Sierra (Girardota, December 18, 1843 Medellín, March 7, 1921) known as 'Pepe' Sierra, was a Colombian businessman and landowner. who amassed part of his fortune speculating in the drink monopoly. He was considered the richest man of Colombia during the 19th Century.
Biography
In 1886 he went to reside in Medellín. There he founded several companies such as 'La Cuarta Compañía', dedicated to raising cattle and planting extensive cane fields to supply molasses to his brandy factories, already prosperous throughout the department.
Bogotá period
The first trip to Bogotá was made in 1888. It was the beginning of a 26-year residence in the capital of the country, where he began as a bettor and breeder of fighting cocks in the underworld of the city, later moving to the banking areas. and residence of opulent people. He had his daughter Clara Sierra Cadavid married to a son of former Colombian President Rafael Reyes Prieto, which led to frequent visits to the San Carlos Palace. He quickly became convinced that he was the only one capable of bailing out the impoverished governments of his time. The presidents Rafael Núñez Moledo, Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar, Carlos Holguín Mallarino, Jorge Holguín Mallarino, José Manuel Marroquín Ricaurte, Rafael Reyes Prieto, Ramón González Valencia and Carlos Eugenio Restrepo Restrepo were on his list of clients.
He started his business in Bogotá with the auction of the income from cattle and leather from Cundinamarca, but later he felt he had the right to monopolize the income. Sierra took advantage of the economic situation of his time, characterized by the permanent crisis that internal rebellions caused the national treasury. During the time of the movement called Regeneration, the problem became more acute. The then president, Rafael Núñez tried to solve public finances through the reactivation of auctions and state monopolies, abundant issuance of forced currency paper and the placement of bonds and payrolls in the market. The so-called auctions were the means to procure advances from private individuals. These were generally very solvent, since economic guarantees (mortgages, sureties, anticipated monetary deposits) were required of them in exchange for the privilege of enjoying the secure profits produced by such monopolies. José María Sierra quickly became the strongest auctioneer and lender nationwide, based on a simple business administrative system, but with an intricate network of agents spread throughout the country, in charge of negotiating the allocation of rents.
He extended the brandy manufacturing business to Valle del Cauca together with his cousin Apolinar Sierra Sierra. At the San José de Palmira hacienda and others in Cali and Yumbo, he created one of the region's agro-industrial empires. Also in Cauca, he auctioned off the 'Salento' farm and other assets of the Italian businessman Ernesto Cerruti, put up for auction by the Popayán government, which gave rise to the so-called 'Cerruti Conflict' during the decade from 1880 to 1890, and which brought as Consequently, the blockade of the Colombian north coast by the Italian navy and a heavy fine to compensate the damages to the aforementioned businessman.
In 1900 he acquired the Casablanca hacienda in Madrid, Cundinamarca from writer José María Vergara y Vergara, colonial hacienda that belonged to the Vergara family for over 200 years. He, his wife Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra and his 13 children lived there. The hacienda currently exists and is owned by Sierra's heirs. He and his wife Zoraida Cadavid left an important legacy in the municipality, such as the Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra Institute and the Guillermo Gómez Sierra Student House, founded by the grandson with the same name.
Later considered the richest man in Colombia, he lived austerely, something that he did not change when he entered the upper echelons of Bogotá, and he did not increase his family's social representation expenses. Sierra was also a businessman who financed the last stage of the construction of railways in Colombia. He was responsible for the completion of the Amagá Railroad and part of the Pacific Railroad, in which he was a partner of Nemesio Camacho and his friend Félix Salazar. He began as a banker establishing the 'Banco de Sucre' and the 'Banco Central ', in addition to the Ice Company in Panama. However, he failed in these entrepreneurial endeavors.
In the biography about his grandfather, the writer Bernardo Jaramillo affirmed that his relative's businesses would be seen today as irregular, although it was the weak Colombian economic system that left the State in the hands of lenders as the only way to guarantee their functioning. At that time, there was no exchange regime, nor was there a currency-issuing bank, but there were serious problems such as a high exchange rate between ten thousand and fifteen thousand percent and strong political instability.
Return to Antioquia
Pepe Sierra died in 1921 at his house in the Plaza de San Ignacio in Medellín.
Legacy
Pepe Sierra tm station, Bogotá, Cundinamarca. 2018
in Bogotá a station and an avenue bear his name; and in Medellín, he had a beautiful and spacious house in what is now known as Plazuela de San Ignacio. Don Pepe Sierra was nothing more and nothing less than the richest man in Colombia at the beginning of the 20th century, richer than all his countrymen and richer, even, than the State.
José or 'El Cerro de Oro' or 'El Campesino Millonario' is together with Marco A. Restrepo 'El Rey de la Leña', Carlos Coriolano Amador 'El Burro de Oro', and Gonzalo Mejía 'El Fabricador de Sueños'; member of the select group of characters that has given life to the mythical prototype of the businessman from Antioquia.
Mausoleum of José María Sierra in the San Pedro Cemetery Museum.
References
^ Londoño-Vega, Patricia (2002-04-11). Religion, Society, and Culture in Colombia: Medellín and Antioquia, 1850–1930. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-155466-7.
^ Quijano, Rubi Consuelo Mejía (2011-01-01). El riesgo y la historia empresarial antioqueña: tres casos de estudio (in Spanish). Universidad EAFIT. ISBN 978-958-720-103-1.
^ Dávila, De Guevara, Carlos (2017-04-01). Empresariado en Colombia: Perspectiva histórica y regional (in Spanish). Ediciones Uniandes-Universidad de los Andes. ISBN 978-958-695-693-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ García, José Joaquín (1977). Epocas y gentes (in Spanish). Ediciones Tercer Mundo.
^ Pinilla, Humberto, Rojas (2019-08-09). Teoría y práctica del análisis de conflictos ambientales complejos: El caso de San Isidro Patios en Bogotá (in Spanish). Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. ISBN 978-958-781-393-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jair, Preciado Beltrán (2005-01-28). Historia Ambiental de Bogotá Siglo XXI (in Spanish). Editorial Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. ISBN 978-958-8247-15-1.
^ Erazo, Juan Pablo Sarmiento (2012). Surgimiento de la dualidad de jurisdicciones en Colombia: entre la regeneración, la dictadura y la unión republicana (in Spanish). Universidad del Norte. ISBN 978-958-741-220-8.
^ Cubillos, Javier Mejía. Diccionario biográfico y genealógico de la élite antioqueña y viejocaldense. Segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primera del XX (in Spanish). Javier Mejía Cubillos. ISBN 978-958-57364-0-5.
^ "Don Pepe Sierra, el hombre más rico de Colombia". 2014-07-27. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
^ República, Subgerencia Cultural del Banco de la. "La Red Cultural del Banco de la República". www.banrepcultural.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
^ Antonio, González Tule,Luis (2019-04-12). Clientelismo, patronazgo y corrupción en Colombia y México (in Spanish). Universidad del Norte. ISBN 978-958-789-075-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Sierra took advantage of the economic situation of his time, characterized by the permanent crisis that internal rebellions caused the national treasury. During the time of the movement called Regeneration, the problem became more acute. The then president, Rafael Núñez tried to solve public finances through the reactivation of auctions and state monopolies, abundant issuance of forced currency paper and the placement of bonds and payrolls in the market. The so-called auctions were the means to procure advances from private individuals. These were generally very solvent, since economic guarantees (mortgages, sureties, anticipated monetary deposits) were required of them in exchange for the privilege of enjoying the secure profits produced by such monopolies. José María Sierra quickly became the strongest auctioneer and lender nationwide, based on a simple business administrative system, but with an intricate network of agents spread throughout the country, in charge of negotiating the allocation of rents.[citation needed]He extended the brandy manufacturing business to Valle del Cauca together with his cousin Apolinar Sierra Sierra. At the San José de Palmira hacienda and others in Cali and Yumbo, he created one of the region's agro-industrial empires. Also in Cauca, he auctioned off the 'Salento' farm and other assets of the Italian businessman Ernesto Cerruti, put up for auction by the Popayán government, which gave rise to the so-called 'Cerruti Conflict' during the decade from 1880 to 1890, and which brought as Consequently, the blockade of the Colombian north coast by the Italian navy and a heavy fine to compensate the damages to the aforementioned businessman.[citation needed]In 1900 he acquired the Casablanca hacienda in Madrid, Cundinamarca from writer José María Vergara y Vergara,[4] colonial hacienda that belonged to the Vergara family for over 200 years.[5] He, his wife Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra and his 13 children lived there. The hacienda currently exists and is owned by Sierra's heirs. He and his wife Zoraida Cadavid left an important legacy in the municipality, such as the Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra Institute and the Guillermo Gómez Sierra Student House, founded by the grandson with the same name.[6]Later considered the richest man in Colombia, he lived austerely, something that he did not change when he entered the upper echelons of Bogotá, and he did not increase his family's social representation expenses. Sierra was also a businessman who financed the last stage of the construction of railways in Colombia. He was responsible for the completion of the Amagá Railroad and part of the Pacific Railroad, in which he was a partner of Nemesio Camacho and his friend Félix Salazar. He began as a banker establishing the 'Banco de Sucre' and the 'Banco Central ', in addition to the Ice Company in Panama. However, he failed in these entrepreneurial endeavors.[7]In the biography about his grandfather, the writer Bernardo Jaramillo affirmed that his relative's businesses would be seen today as irregular, although it was the weak Colombian economic system that left the State in the hands of lenders as the only way to guarantee their functioning. At that time, there was no exchange regime, nor was there a currency-issuing bank, but there were serious problems such as a high exchange rate between ten thousand and fifteen thousand percent and strong political instability.[8]","title":"Bogotá period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pepe Sierra died in 1921 at his house in the Plaza de San Ignacio in Medellín.[citation needed]","title":"Return to Antioquia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pepe_Sierra_tm_Bogot%C3%A1_Cund_jul_2018_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Antioquia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Department"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Pepe Sierra tm station, Bogotá, Cundinamarca. 2018in Bogotá a station and an avenue bear his name; and in Medellín, he had a beautiful and spacious house in what is now known as Plazuela de San Ignacio. Don Pepe Sierra was nothing more and nothing less than the richest man in Colombia at the beginning of the 20th century, richer than all his countrymen and richer, even, than the State.[9]\nJosé or 'El Cerro de Oro' or 'El Campesino Millonario' is together with Marco A. Restrepo 'El Rey de la Leña', Carlos Coriolano Amador 'El Burro de Oro', and Gonzalo Mejía 'El Fabricador de Sueños'; member of the select group of characters that has given life to the mythical prototype of the businessman from Antioquia.[10][11]\nMausoleum of José María Sierra in the San Pedro Cemetery Museum.","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pepe Sierra tm station, Bogotá, Cundinamarca. 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pepe_Sierra_tm_Bogot%C3%A1_Cund_jul_2018_-_2.jpg/220px-Pepe_Sierra_tm_Bogot%C3%A1_Cund_jul_2018_-_2.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Londoño-Vega, Patricia (2002-04-11). Religion, Society, and Culture in Colombia: Medellín and Antioquia, 1850–1930. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-155466-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NxZREAAAQBAJ&dq=familia+de+pepe+sierra+Colombia&pg=PA275","url_text":"Religion, Society, and Culture in Colombia: Medellín and Antioquia, 1850–1930"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155466-7","url_text":"978-0-19-155466-7"}]},{"reference":"Quijano, Rubi Consuelo Mejía (2011-01-01). El riesgo y la historia empresarial antioqueña: tres casos de estudio (in Spanish). Universidad EAFIT. ISBN 978-958-720-103-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sSWjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA127","url_text":"El riesgo y la historia empresarial antioqueña: tres casos de estudio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-720-103-1","url_text":"978-958-720-103-1"}]},{"reference":"Dávila, De Guevara, Carlos (2017-04-01). Empresariado en Colombia: Perspectiva histórica y regional (in Spanish). Ediciones Uniandes-Universidad de los Andes. ISBN 978-958-695-693-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BJBcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA163","url_text":"Empresariado en Colombia: Perspectiva histórica y regional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-695-693-2","url_text":"978-958-695-693-2"}]},{"reference":"García, José Joaquín (1977). Epocas y gentes (in Spanish). Ediciones Tercer Mundo.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi1sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+jose+maria+vergara","url_text":"Epocas y gentes"}]},{"reference":"Pinilla, Humberto, Rojas (2019-08-09). Teoría y práctica del análisis de conflictos ambientales complejos: El caso de San Isidro Patios en Bogotá (in Spanish). Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. ISBN 978-958-781-393-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+hacienda+casablanca&pg=PT262","url_text":"Teoría y práctica del análisis de conflictos ambientales complejos: El caso de San Isidro Patios en Bogotá"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-781-393-7","url_text":"978-958-781-393-7"}]},{"reference":"Jair, Preciado Beltrán (2005-01-28). Historia Ambiental de Bogotá Siglo XXI (in Spanish). Editorial Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. ISBN 978-958-8247-15-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0lS_EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+hacienda+casablanca&pg=PA127","url_text":"Historia Ambiental de Bogotá Siglo XXI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8247-15-1","url_text":"978-958-8247-15-1"}]},{"reference":"Erazo, Juan Pablo Sarmiento (2012). Surgimiento de la dualidad de jurisdicciones en Colombia: entre la regeneración, la dictadura y la unión republicana (in Spanish). Universidad del Norte. ISBN 978-958-741-220-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WBVo24s58cgC&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA78","url_text":"Surgimiento de la dualidad de jurisdicciones en Colombia: entre la regeneración, la dictadura y la unión republicana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-741-220-8","url_text":"978-958-741-220-8"}]},{"reference":"Cubillos, Javier Mejía. Diccionario biográfico y genealógico de la élite antioqueña y viejocaldense. Segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primera del XX (in Spanish). Javier Mejía Cubillos. ISBN 978-958-57364-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b1j3NY4us9wC&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA184","url_text":"Diccionario biográfico y genealógico de la élite antioqueña y viejocaldense. Segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primera del XX"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-57364-0-5","url_text":"978-958-57364-0-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Don Pepe Sierra, el hombre más rico de Colombia\". 2014-07-27. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27. Retrieved 2023-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727002224/http://www.culturaemedellin.gov.co/sites/CulturaE/empresario/Paginas/10-empresarios-paisas-pepe-sierra.aspx","url_text":"\"Don Pepe Sierra, el hombre más rico de Colombia\""},{"url":"http://www.culturaemedellin.gov.co/sites/CulturaE/empresario/Paginas/10-empresarios-paisas-pepe-sierra.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"República, Subgerencia Cultural del Banco de la. \"La Red Cultural del Banco de la República\". www.banrepcultural.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banrepcultural.org/","url_text":"\"La Red Cultural del Banco de la República\""}]},{"reference":"Antonio, González Tule,Luis (2019-04-12). Clientelismo, patronazgo y corrupción en Colombia y México (in Spanish). Universidad del Norte. ISBN 978-958-789-075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNuZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA113","url_text":"Clientelismo, patronazgo y corrupción en Colombia y México"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-789-075-4","url_text":"978-958-789-075-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NxZREAAAQBAJ&dq=familia+de+pepe+sierra+Colombia&pg=PA275","external_links_name":"Religion, Society, and Culture in Colombia: Medellín and Antioquia, 1850–1930"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sSWjDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA127","external_links_name":"El riesgo y la historia empresarial antioqueña: tres casos de estudio"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BJBcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"Empresariado en Colombia: Perspectiva histórica y regional"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi1sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+jose+maria+vergara","external_links_name":"Epocas y gentes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jEzaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+hacienda+casablanca&pg=PT262","external_links_name":"Teoría y práctica del análisis de conflictos ambientales complejos: El caso de San Isidro Patios en Bogotá"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0lS_EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pepe%22+Sierra+hacienda+casablanca&pg=PA127","external_links_name":"Historia Ambiental de Bogotá Siglo XXI"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WBVo24s58cgC&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"Surgimiento de la dualidad de jurisdicciones en Colombia: entre la regeneración, la dictadura y la unión republicana"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b1j3NY4us9wC&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA184","external_links_name":"Diccionario biográfico y genealógico de la élite antioqueña y viejocaldense. Segunda mitad del siglo XIX y primera del XX"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727002224/http://www.culturaemedellin.gov.co/sites/CulturaE/empresario/Paginas/10-empresarios-paisas-pepe-sierra.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Don Pepe Sierra, el hombre más rico de Colombia\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturaemedellin.gov.co/sites/CulturaE/empresario/Paginas/10-empresarios-paisas-pepe-sierra.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.banrepcultural.org/","external_links_name":"\"La Red Cultural del Banco de la República\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNuZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Sierra+Sierra++%22Pepe%22+Sierra+colombia&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Clientelismo, patronazgo y corrupción en Colombia y México"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harghita_County
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Harghita County
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["1 Demographics","1.1 2002 census","1.2 2011 census","1.3 2021 census","2 Geography","2.1 Neighbours","3 Economy","4 Tourism","5 Politics","6 Administrative divisions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°22′N 25°48′E / 46.36°N 25.80°E / 46.36; 25.80County of Romania
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Harghita County" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
County in Centru, RomaniaHarghita County
Județul HarghitaHargita megyeCountyLandscape around Lake Sfânta Ana, southern Harghita County
Coat of armsHarghita county, territorial locationCountry RomaniaDevelopment region1CentruHistoric regionTransylvaniaCapital city (Reședință de județ)Miercurea CiucGovernment • TypeCounty Council • President of the County CouncilCsaba Borboly (RMDSZ) • Prefect2Sándor Petres Area • Total6,639 km2 (2,563 sq mi) • Rank13th in RomaniaPopulation (2021-12-01) • Total291,950 • Rank33rd in Romania • Density46/km2 (120/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal Code53wxyz3Area code+40 x664Car PlatesHR5GDPUS$1.840 billion (2015)GDP per capitaUS$6,033 (2015)WebsiteCounty CouncilCounty Prefecture1The developing regions of Romania have no administrative role. They were formed just to attract funds from the European Union2 as of 2007, the Prefect is not a politician, but a public functionary. The Prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and is banned from having any political activity in the first six months after the resignation (or exclusion) from the public functionary corps3w, x, y, and z are digits that indicate the city, the street, part of the street, or even the building of the address4x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, Romtelecom, and 3 for the other ground telephone networks5used on both the plates of the vehicles that operate only in the county limits (like utility vehicles, ATVs, etc.), and the ones used outside the county
Harghita County (Romanian: Județul Harghita, Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ and Hungarian: Hargita megye, pronounced ) is a county (județ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Miercurea Ciuc.
Demographics
2002 census
In 2002, Harghita County had a population of 326,222 and a population density of 52/km2.
Hungarians – 84.62% (or 276,038)
Romanians – 14.06% (or 45,870)
Romani – 1.18% (or 3,835)
Others – 0.14%
2011 census
In 2011, it had a population of 302,432 and a population density of 46/km2.
Hungarians – 85.21% (or 257,707)
Romanians – 12.96% (or 39,196)
Romani
Others – 1.76% (or 5,326).
2021 census
In 2021, it had a population of 291,950, and a population density of 43/km2.
Hungarians – 85.67% (or 232,157)
Romanians – 12.41% (or 33,634)
Romani - 1.82% (or 4,928)
Others – 0.1% (or 282).
Harghita county has the highest percentage of Hungarians in Romania, just ahead of Covasna county. The Hungarians form the majority of the population in most of the county's municipalities, with Romanians concentrated in the northern and eastern part of the county (particularly Toplița and Bălan), as well as in the enclave of Voșlăbeni.
The Székelys of Harghita are mostly Roman Catholic, with Reformed and Unitarian minorities, while the ethnic Romanians are primarily Orthodox. Catholicism is strongest in the east, in the former Csíkszék, while Protestants are concentrated in the south and west of Odorheiu Secuiesc. By religion, the county is divided roughly as follows:
Roman Catholic (65%)
Orthodox (13%)
Reformed (13%)
Unitarian (7%)
Other (2%)
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1930250,194— 1948258,495+0.18%1956273,964+0.73%1966282,392+0.30%1977326,310+1.32%1992347,637+0.42%2002326,222−0.63%2011304,969−0.75%2021291,950−0.44%
Geography
Harghita County has a total area of 6,639 km2.
Harghita consists primarily of mountains, connected to the Eastern Carpathians, such as the Ciuc and Harghita Mountains; volcanic plateaux, foothills, and the more densely populated river valleys.
The mountains are volcanic in origin, and the region is known for its excellent hot mineral springs. Harghita is known as one of the coldest regions in Romania, although summers can be quite warm.
It is in this county that two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureș and the Olt, originate. These rivers' origins, near the villages of Izvoru Mureșului and Sândominic, are only a few miles apart; yet the Mureș flows west to the Tisza, while the Olt flows south to the Danube. In the western part of the county the two Târnava rivers (Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică) flow to the Târnava Plateau, which is part of the Transylvanian Plateau.
Harghita's spectacular natural scenery includes Sfânta Ana Lake, a volcanic crater lake near the town of Băile Tușnad; Lacul Roșu a mountain lake in the northeast near the town of Gheorgheni, and Cheile Bicazului, a dramatic, narrow canyon formed by the Bicaz stream. The county is renowned for its spa resorts and mineral waters.
Neighbours
AB
AR
AG
BC
BH
BN
BT
BV
BR
BZ
CS
CL
CJ
CT
CV
DB
DJ
GL
GR
GJ
HR
HD
IL
IS
IF
MM
MH
MS
NT
OT
PH
SM
SJ
SB
SV
TR
TM
TL
VS
VL
VN
B
Neamț County and Bacău County to the East.
Mureș County to the West.
Suceava County to the North.
Brașov County and Covasna County to the South.
Economy
The county's main industries:
Wood industry – up to 30%;
Foods and beverages industry;
Textile and leather processing;
Mechanical components.
Tourism
Lacul Roșu
The main tourist attractions in Harghita county are
The cities of Miercurea Ciuc, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Gheorgheni, Toplița.
The mountain resorts of
Băile Tușnad
Borsec
Lacul Roșu
Izvorul Mureşului
Harghita Băi
Lake Sfânta Ana (crater lake)
The Via Transilvanica long-distance hiking and biking trail, which crosses the county
Politics
The Harghita County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 30 counsellors, with the following party composition:
Party
Seats
Current Council
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ)
19
Hungarian Alliance Of Transylvania
4
Social Democratic Party (PSD)
3
National Liberal Party (PNL)
2
Party Of Free People
2
Administrative divisions
Miercurea Ciuc
Băile Tușnad
Harghita County has 4 municipalities, 5 towns and 58 communes
Municipalities
Gheorgheni
Miercurea Ciuc – county seat; population: 37,980 (as of 2011)
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Toplița
Towns
Băile Tușnad
Bălan
Borsec
Cristuru Secuiesc
Vlăhița
Communes
Atid
Avrămești
Bilbor
Brădești
Căpâlnița
Cârța
Ciceu
Ciucsângeorgiu
Ciumani
Corbu
Corund
Cozmeni
Dănești
Dârjiu
Dealu
Ditrău
Feliceni
Frumoasa
Gălăutaș
Joseni
Lăzarea
Leliceni
Lueta
Lunca de Jos
Lunca de Sus
Lupeni
Mădăraș
Mărtiniș
Merești
Mihăileni
Mugeni
Ocland
Păuleni-Ciuc
Plăieșii de Jos
Porumbeni
Praid
Racu
Remetea
Săcel
Sâncrăieni
Sândominic
Sânmartin
Sânsimion
Sântimbru
Sărmaș
Satu Mare
Secuieni
Siculeni
Șimonești
Subcetate
Suseni
Tomești
Tulgheș
Tușnad
Ulieș
Vărșag
Voșlăbeni
Zetea
See also
Former Csík County of the Kingdom of Hungary
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harghita County.
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
^ National Institute of Statistics, "Populația la recensămintele din anii 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992 și 2002" Archived 22 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ National Institute of Statistics, "Populația după etnie" Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ("Population by ethnicity")
^ National Institute of Statistics,
^ "Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor 2011: Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020" (Json) (in Romanian). Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
External links
46°22′N 25°48′E / 46.36°N 25.80°E / 46.36; 25.80
vteHarghita County, RomaniaCities
Miercurea Ciuc (county seat)
Gheorgheni
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Toplița
Towns
Băile Tușnad
Bălan
Borsec
Cristuru Secuiesc
Vlăhița
Communes
Atid
Avrămești
Bilbor
Brădești
Căpâlnița
Cârța
Ciceu
Ciucsângeorgiu
Ciumani
Corbu
Corund
Cozmeni
Dănești
Dârjiu
Dealu
Ditrău
Feliceni
Frumoasa
Gălăuțaș
Joseni
Lăzarea
Leliceni
Lueta
Lunca de Jos
Lunca de Sus
Lupeni
Mădăraș
Mărtiniș
Merești
Mihăileni
Mugeni
Ocland
Păuleni-Ciuc
Plăieșii de Jos
Porumbeni
Praid
Racu
Remetea
Săcel
Sâncrăieni
Sândominic
Sânmartin
Sânsimion
Sântimbru
Sărmaș
Satu Mare
Secuieni
Siculeni
Șimonești
Subcetate
Suseni
Tomești
Tulgheș
Tușnad
Ulieș
Vărșag
Voșlăbeni
Zetea
vteCounties (județe) of Romania
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Hunedoara
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Iași
Ilfov
Maramureș
Mehedinți
Mureș
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Sălaj
Sibiu
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MusicBrainz area
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"[harˈɡita]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Ro-Harghita.ogg/Ro-Harghita.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Harghita.ogg"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈhɒrɡitɒ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian"},{"link_name":"județ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude%C8%9B"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Miercurea Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc"}],"text":"County of RomaniaCounty in Centru, RomaniaHarghita County (Romanian: Județul Harghita, Romanian pronunciation: [harˈɡita] ⓘ and Hungarian: Hargita megye, pronounced [ˈhɒrɡitɒ]) is a county (județ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Miercurea Ciuc.","title":"Harghita County"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_of_Romania"}],"sub_title":"2002 census","text":"In 2002, Harghita County had a population of 326,222[2] and a population density of 52/km2.Hungarians – 84.62% (or 276,038)[3]\nRomanians – 14.06% (or 45,870)\nRomani – 1.18% (or 3,835)\nOthers – 0.14%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_of_Romania"}],"sub_title":"2011 census","text":"In 2011, it had a population of 302,432[4] and a population density of 46/km2.Hungarians – 85.21% (or 257,707)[5]\nRomanians – 12.96% (or 39,196)\nRomani\nOthers – 1.76% (or 5,326).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Covasna county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covasna_County"},{"link_name":"Toplița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Bălan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83lan"},{"link_name":"Voșlăbeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C8%99l%C4%83beni"},{"link_name":"Székelys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Csíkszék","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%ADksz%C3%A9k"},{"link_name":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorheiu_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"sub_title":"2021 census","text":"In 2021, it had a population of 291,950, and a population density of 43/km2.Hungarians – 85.67% (or 232,157)\nRomanians – 12.41% (or 33,634)\nRomani - 1.82% (or 4,928)\nOthers – 0.1% (or 282).Harghita county has the highest percentage of Hungarians in Romania, just ahead of Covasna county. The Hungarians form the majority of the population in most of the county's municipalities, with Romanians concentrated in the northern and eastern part of the county (particularly Toplița and Bălan), as well as in the enclave of Voșlăbeni.The Székelys of Harghita are mostly Roman Catholic, with Reformed and Unitarian minorities, while the ethnic Romanians are primarily Orthodox. Catholicism is strongest in the east, in the former Csíkszék, while Protestants are concentrated in the south and west of Odorheiu Secuiesc. By religion, the county is divided roughly as follows:Roman Catholic (65%)\nOrthodox (13%)\nReformed (13%)\nUnitarian (7%)\nOther (2%)Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciuc_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Harghita Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harghita_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mureș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River"},{"link_name":"Olt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olt_river"},{"link_name":"Izvoru Mureșului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoru_Mure%C8%99ului"},{"link_name":"Sândominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ndominic"},{"link_name":"Tisza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Târnava rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rnava_River"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Sfânta Ana Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2nta_Ana_Lake"},{"link_name":"Băile Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Lacul Roșu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_Ro%C8%99u"},{"link_name":"Gheorgheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorgheni"},{"link_name":"Cheile Bicazului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheile_Bicazului"},{"link_name":"Bicaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicaz"},{"link_name":"mineral waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_waters"}],"text":"Harghita County has a total area of 6,639 km2.Harghita consists primarily of mountains, connected to the Eastern Carpathians, such as the Ciuc and Harghita Mountains; volcanic plateaux, foothills, and the more densely populated river valleys.The mountains are volcanic in origin, and the region is known for its excellent hot mineral springs. Harghita is known as one of the coldest regions in Romania, although summers can be quite warm.It is in this county that two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureș and the Olt, originate. These rivers' origins, near the villages of Izvoru Mureșului and Sândominic, are only a few miles apart; yet the Mureș flows west to the Tisza, while the Olt flows south to the Danube. In the western part of the county the two Târnava rivers (Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică) flow to the Târnava Plateau, which is part of the Transylvanian Plateau.Harghita's spectacular natural scenery includes Sfânta Ana Lake, a volcanic crater lake near the town of Băile Tușnad; Lacul Roșu a mountain lake in the northeast near the town of Gheorgheni, and Cheile Bicazului, a dramatic, narrow canyon formed by the Bicaz stream. The county is renowned for its spa resorts and mineral waters.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romania_judete.svg"},{"link_name":"AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_County"},{"link_name":"AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County"},{"link_name":"AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arge%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"BH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihor_County"},{"link_name":"BN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba-N%C4%83s%C4%83ud_County"},{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County"},{"link_name":"BV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County"},{"link_name":"BR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%83ila_County"},{"link_name":"BZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"CS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara%C8%99-Severin_County"},{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_County"},{"link_name":"CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County"},{"link_name":"CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covasna_County"},{"link_name":"DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolj_County"},{"link_name":"GL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi_County"},{"link_name":"GR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu_County"},{"link_name":"GJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorj_County"},{"link_name":"HR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunedoara_County"},{"link_name":"IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ialomi%C8%9Ba_County"},{"link_name":"IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_County"},{"link_name":"IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfov_County"},{"link_name":"MM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"MH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_County"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"NT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"OT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olt_County"},{"link_name":"PH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahova_County"},{"link_name":"SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Mare_County"},{"link_name":"SJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83laj_County"},{"link_name":"SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu_County"},{"link_name":"SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"TR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleorman_County"},{"link_name":"TM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulcea_County"},{"link_name":"VS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaslui_County"},{"link_name":"VL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County"},{"link_name":"VN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrancea_County"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Neamț County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_County"},{"link_name":"Bacău County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac%C4%83u_County"},{"link_name":"Mureș County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_County"},{"link_name":"Suceava County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceava_County"},{"link_name":"Brașov County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County"},{"link_name":"Covasna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covasna_County"}],"sub_title":"Neighbours","text":"AB\nAR\nAG\nBC\nBH\nBN\nBT\nBV\nBR\nBZ\nCS\nCL\nCJ\nCT\nCV\nDB\nDJ\nGL\nGR\nGJ\nHR\nHD\nIL\nIS\nIF\nMM\nMH\nMS\nNT\nOT\nPH\nSM\nSJ\nSB\nSV\nTR\nTM\nTL\nVS\nVL\nVN\nBNeamț County and Bacău County to the East.\nMureș County to the West.\nSuceava County to the North.\nBrașov County and Covasna County to the South.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The county's main industries:Wood industry – up to 30%;\nFoods and beverages industry;\nTextile and leather processing;\nMechanical components.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lacul_Rosu_092.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miercurea Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc"},{"link_name":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorheiu_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"Gheorgheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorgheni"},{"link_name":"Toplița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Băile Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Borsec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsec"},{"link_name":"Lacul Roșu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_Ro%C8%99u"},{"link_name":"Izvorul Mureşului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvorul_Mure%C5%9Fului"},{"link_name":"Harghita Băi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harghita_B%C4%83i"},{"link_name":"Lake Sfânta Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sf%C3%A2nta_Ana"},{"link_name":"Via Transilvanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Transilvanica"},{"link_name":"trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"}],"text":"Lacul RoșuThe main tourist attractions in Harghita county areThe cities of Miercurea Ciuc, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Gheorgheni, Toplița.\nThe mountain resorts of\nBăile Tușnad\nBorsec\nLacul Roșu\nIzvorul Mureşului\nHarghita Băi\nLake Sfânta Ana (crater lake)\nThe Via Transilvanica long-distance hiking and biking trail, which crosses the county","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Romanian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Harghita County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 30 counsellors, with the following party composition:[6]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cs%C3%ADkszereda,_Seg%C3%ADt%C5%91_M%C3%A1ria_Gimn%C3%A1zium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miercurea Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusnadfurdo_Csukas_to_felulnezet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Băile Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Gheorgheni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorgheni"},{"link_name":"Miercurea Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc"},{"link_name":"Odorheiu Secuiesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorheiu_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"Toplița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topli%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Băile Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Bălan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83lan"},{"link_name":"Borsec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsec"},{"link_name":"Cristuru Secuiesc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristuru_Secuiesc"},{"link_name":"Vlăhița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vl%C4%83hi%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Atid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atid"},{"link_name":"Avrămești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avr%C4%83me%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bilbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbor"},{"link_name":"Brădești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%83de%C8%99ti,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Căpâlnița","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83p%C3%A2lni%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Cârța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Ba,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Ciceu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciceu"},{"link_name":"Ciucsângeorgiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciucs%C3%A2ngeorgiu"},{"link_name":"Ciumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciumani"},{"link_name":"Corbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbu,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Corund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corund"},{"link_name":"Cozmeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozmeni"},{"link_name":"Dănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Dârjiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2rjiu"},{"link_name":"Dealu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealu,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Ditrău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditr%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"Feliceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliceni"},{"link_name":"Frumoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumoasa,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Gălăutaș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83l%C4%83uta%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Joseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseni"},{"link_name":"Lăzarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83zarea"},{"link_name":"Leliceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leliceni"},{"link_name":"Lueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lueta"},{"link_name":"Lunca de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunca_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Lunca de Sus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunca_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Lupeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupeni,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Mădăraș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83d%C4%83ra%C8%99,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Mărtiniș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83rtini%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Merești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Mihăileni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C4%83ileni,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Mugeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugeni"},{"link_name":"Ocland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocland"},{"link_name":"Păuleni-Ciuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83uleni-Ciuc"},{"link_name":"Plăieșii de Jos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%83ie%C8%99ii_de_Jos"},{"link_name":"Porumbeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porumbeni,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Praid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praid"},{"link_name":"Racu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racu"},{"link_name":"Remetea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remetea,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Săcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83cel,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Sâncrăieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ncr%C4%83ieni"},{"link_name":"Sândominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ndominic"},{"link_name":"Sânmartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nmartin,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Sânsimion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2nsimion"},{"link_name":"Sântimbru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntimbru,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Sărmaș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Satu Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Mare,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Secuieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuieni,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Siculeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siculeni"},{"link_name":"Șimonești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98imone%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Subcetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcetate"},{"link_name":"Suseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suseni,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Tomești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tome%C8%99ti,_Harghita"},{"link_name":"Tulgheș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulghe%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Tușnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C8%99nad"},{"link_name":"Ulieș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulie%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Vărșag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83r%C8%99ag"},{"link_name":"Voșlăbeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C8%99l%C4%83beni"},{"link_name":"Zetea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetea"}],"text":"Miercurea CiucBăile TușnadHarghita County has 4 municipalities, 5 towns and 58 communesMunicipalities\nGheorgheni\nMiercurea Ciuc – county seat; population: 37,980 (as of 2011)\nOdorheiu Secuiesc\nToplița\nTowns\nBăile Tușnad\nBălan\nBorsec\nCristuru Secuiesc\nVlăhițaCommunes\nAtid\nAvrămești\nBilbor\nBrădești\nCăpâlnița\nCârța\nCiceu\nCiucsângeorgiu\nCiumani\nCorbu\nCorund\nCozmeni\nDănești\nDârjiu\nDealu\n\n\nDitrău\nFeliceni\nFrumoasa\nGălăutaș\nJoseni\nLăzarea\nLeliceni\nLueta\nLunca de Jos\nLunca de Sus\nLupeni\nMădăraș\nMărtiniș\nMerești\nMihăileni\n\n\nMugeni\nOcland\nPăuleni-Ciuc\nPlăieșii de Jos\nPorumbeni\nPraid\nRacu\nRemetea\nSăcel\nSâncrăieni\nSândominic\nSânmartin\nSânsimion\nSântimbru\n\n\nSărmaș\nSatu Mare\nSecuieni\nSiculeni\nȘimonești\nSubcetate\nSuseni\nTomești\nTulgheș\nTușnad\nUlieș\nVărșag\nVoșlăbeni\nZetea","title":"Administrative divisions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lacul Roșu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lacul_Rosu_092.jpg/220px-Lacul_Rosu_092.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miercurea Ciuc","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Cs%C3%ADkszereda%2C_Seg%C3%ADt%C5%91_M%C3%A1ria_Gimn%C3%A1zium.jpg/220px-Cs%C3%ADkszereda%2C_Seg%C3%ADt%C5%91_M%C3%A1ria_Gimn%C3%A1zium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Băile Tușnad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tusnadfurdo_Csukas_to_felulnezet.jpg/220px-Tusnadfurdo_Csukas_to_felulnezet.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Csík County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%ADk_County"},{"title":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor 2011: Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune\". Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls","url_text":"\"Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor 2011: Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune\""},{"url":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020\" (Json) (in Romanian). Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Retrieved 2 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/data/json/sicpv/pv/pv_vs_final.json","url_text":"\"Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harghita_County¶ms=46.36_N_25.8_E_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"46°22′N 25°48′E / 46.36°N 25.80°E / 46.36; 25.80"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Harghita+County%22","external_links_name":"\"Harghita County\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Harghita+County%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Harghita+County%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Harghita+County%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Harghita+County%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Harghita+County%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://judetulharghita.ro/","external_links_name":"County Council"},{"Link":"https://hr.prefectura.mai.gov.ro/","external_links_name":"County Prefecture"},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.insse.ro/rpl2002rezgen/18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Populația la recensămintele din anii 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992 și 2002\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060922081325/http://www.insse.ro/rpl2002rezgen/18.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/tabele/t40a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Populația după etnie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090816034908/http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/tabele/t40a.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.harghita.insse.ro/phpfiles/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011_JUD_HR.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls","external_links_name":"\"Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor 2011: Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune\""},{"Link":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/data/json/sicpv/pv/pv_vs_final.json","external_links_name":"\"Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harghita_County¶ms=46.36_N_25.8_E_type:adm2nd","external_links_name":"46°22′N 25°48′E / 46.36°N 25.80°E / 46.36; 25.80"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge290582&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/49c21126-cdde-41d2-b75b-228935b2a068","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-UWB
|
C-UWB
|
["1 References"]
|
Continuous pulse ultra-wideband technology
C-UWB is an initialism for continuous pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. C-UWB derives its bandwidth by virtue of the short time duration of the individual pulses. Information can be imparted (modulated) on UWB signals (pulses) by encoding the polarity of the pulse, the amplitude of the pulse, or by using orthogonal pulse shape modulation. Polarity modulation is analogous to BPSK in conventional RF technology. In orthogonal wave shape modulation, two orthogonal UWB pulse shapes are employed. These are further polarity modulated in a fashion analogous to QPSK in conventional radio technology. Preferably, the modulating data bits are scrambled or "whitened" to randomize the occurrences of ones and zeros. The pulses are sent contiguously as a continuous stream, hence the bit rate can equal the pulse rate.
C-UWB systems were demonstrated in 2008 at channel pulse rates in excess of 1.3 giga-pulses per second, supporting forward error correction encoded data rates in excess of 675 Mbit/s.
Continuous pulse UWB technology was the basis of one of the physical layers specified by the IEEE 802.15.4a standard.
References
^ Fanny Mlinarsky (February 19, 2008). "Wireless HD video: Raising the UWB throughput bar (again)". EE Times.
This article about wireless technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ultra-wideband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband"},{"link_name":"BPSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPSK"},{"link_name":"QPSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPSK"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wdl-1"},{"link_name":"IEEE 802.15.4a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a"}],"text":"C-UWB is an initialism for continuous pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. C-UWB derives its bandwidth by virtue of the short time duration of the individual pulses. Information can be imparted (modulated) on UWB signals (pulses) by encoding the polarity of the pulse, the amplitude of the pulse, or by using orthogonal pulse shape modulation. Polarity modulation is analogous to BPSK in conventional RF technology. In orthogonal wave shape modulation, two orthogonal UWB pulse shapes are employed. These are further polarity modulated in a fashion analogous to QPSK in conventional radio technology. Preferably, the modulating data bits are scrambled or \"whitened\" to randomize the occurrences of ones and zeros. The pulses are sent contiguously as a continuous stream, hence the bit rate can equal the pulse rate.C-UWB systems were demonstrated in 2008 at channel pulse rates in excess of 1.3 giga-pulses per second, supporting forward error correction encoded data rates in excess of 675 Mbit/s.[1] \nContinuous pulse UWB technology was the basis of one of the physical layers specified by the IEEE 802.15.4a standard.","title":"C-UWB"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Fanny Mlinarsky (February 19, 2008). \"Wireless HD video: Raising the UWB throughput bar (again)\". EE Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1273536","url_text":"\"Wireless HD video: Raising the UWB throughput bar (again)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1273536","external_links_name":"\"Wireless HD video: Raising the UWB throughput bar (again)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-UWB&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watering_can
|
Watering can
|
["1 History","2 Modern uses","3 In popular culture","4 Gallery","5 References"]
|
Container used for watering plants
Assorted watering cans made of metal
A watering can (or watering pot) is a portable container, usually with a handle and a funnel, used to water plants by hand. It has been in use since at least A.D. 79 and has since seen many improvements in design. Apart from watering plants, it has varied uses, as it is a fairly versatile tool.
The capacity of the container can be anywhere from 0.5 litres (for indoor household plants) to 10 litres (for general garden use). It is usually made of metal, ceramic or plastic. At the end of the spout, a "rose" (a device, like a cap, with small holes) can be placed to break up the stream of water into droplets, to avoid excessive water pressure on the soil or on delicate plants.
Water pot, excavated at Villa of the Papyri, ca. A.D. 79.
History
The term "watering can" first appeared in 1692, in the diary of keen cottage gardener Lord Timothy George of Cornwall. Before then, it was known as a "watering pot".
In 1886 the "Haws" watering can was patented by John Haws. The patent read "This new invention forms a watering pot that is much easier to carry and tip, and at the same time being much cleaner, and more adapted for use than any other put before the public."
The shower head end is called a rose, rose head, rosette, or sprinkler head.
Modern uses
Watering cans are used by gardeners for watering plants, by road workers to apply bitumen to asphalt, as ornaments, and regularly in symbolic art pieces.
In popular culture
Impressionist artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir painted a work entitled A Girl with a Watering Can.
John Cleese, in a 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Revue ("Cambridge Circus") sketch, "Judge Not", described a watering can as: "a large, cylindrical, tin-plated vessel with a perforated pouring piece, much used by the lower classes for the purpose of artificially moistening the surface soil".
Gallery
Watering pot (16th–17th century)
Watering cans on a stake in a school garden, Schooltuin Plutodreef Utrecht, the Netherlands
A watering can made of plastic
A green, 2 litre watering can made of galvanised iron pouring water
Watering can for bonsai
Watering can made from discarded container
Person using two watering cans
References
^ Bourne, Val (2011). The ten-minute gardener's vegetable growing diary. Great Britain: Transworld. p. 12. ISBN 978-0593066713.
^ "Watering Pot - Definitions". Fine Dictionary. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Fone, Martin (13 November 2021). "Who invented the watering can?". Curious Questions. Country Life. Future plc. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Reeve, Jackie (17 September 2021). "Our Favorite Watering Cans". Wirecutter. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Farris, Emily (1 June 2022). "The Best Watering Can for All Your Gardening Needs". Epicurious. Condé Nast. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ A Girl with a Watering Can
Media related to Watering can at Wikimedia Commons
vteGarden toolsHand tools
Averruncator
Axe
Billhook
Broadfork
Daisy grubber
Dibber
Garden fork
Grafter
Grass shears
Grass Stitcher
Hoe
Homi
Hori hori
Kirpi
Loppers
Machete
Mattock
Pickaxe
Pitchfork
Post hole digger
Potting bench
Pruning shears or secateurs
Rake
Riddle
Scythe
Shovel
Sickle
Spade
Loy
Trowel
Watering can
Weeder
Wheelbarrow
Wood auger
Manual or powered
Cultivator
Dethatcher
Earth auger
Edger
Hedge trimmer
Lawn aerator
Lawn mower
Lawn sweeper
Plough
Power tools
Brushcutter
Chainsaw
Garden hose
Irrigation sprinkler
Leaf blower
String trimmer
Types of tools
Cleaning
Cutting and abrasive
Forestry
Garden
Hand
Kitchen
Machine and metalworking
Masonry
Measuring and alignment
Mining
Power
Woodworking
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MetalwateringcansDec08.jpg"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water-pot-Herculaneum-Villa-of-the-Papyri-Barker-1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa of the Papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri"}],"text":"Assorted watering cans made of metalA watering can (or watering pot) is a portable container, usually with a handle and a funnel, used to water plants by hand. It has been in use since at least A.D. 79 and has since seen many improvements in design. Apart from watering plants, it has varied uses, as it is a fairly versatile tool.The capacity of the container can be anywhere from 0.5 litres (for indoor household plants) to 10 litres (for general garden use). It is usually made of metal, ceramic or plastic. At the end of the spout, a \"rose\" (a device, like a cap, with small holes) can be placed to break up the stream of water into droplets, to avoid excessive water pressure on the soil or on delicate plants.Water pot, excavated at Villa of the Papyri, ca. A.D. 79.","title":"Watering can"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"\"Haws\" watering can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haws_Watering_Cans"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The term \"watering can\" first appeared in 1692, in the diary of keen cottage gardener Lord Timothy George of Cornwall.[1] Before then, it was known as a \"watering pot\".[2]In 1886 the \"Haws\" watering can was patented by John Haws. The patent read \"This new invention forms a watering pot that is much easier to carry and tip, and at the same time being much cleaner, and more adapted for use than any other put before the public.\"[3]The shower head end is called a rose, rose head, rosette, or sprinkler head.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bitumen to asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"}],"text":"Watering cans are used by gardeners for watering plants, by road workers to apply bitumen to asphalt, as ornaments, and regularly in symbolic art pieces.","title":"Modern uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"A Girl with a Watering Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Girl_with_a_Watering_Can"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Cleese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleese"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Footlights Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Footlights_Revue"}],"text":"Impressionist artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir painted a work entitled A Girl with a Watering Can.[6]\nJohn Cleese, in a 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Revue (\"Cambridge Circus\") sketch, \"Judge Not\", described a watering can as: \"a large, cylindrical, tin-plated vessel with a perforated pouring piece, much used by the lower classes for the purpose of artificially moistening the surface soil\".","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pot,_Watering_MET_sf52-46-1s1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schooltuin_Plutodreef_Utrecht_-_School_garden,_2019_-_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watercan.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watering-can-green.jpg"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green"},{"link_name":"2 litre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"galvanised iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watering_can_for_bonsai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watering_jug_make_from_empty_container.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_watering_cucumbers_plantation_on_small_island_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Watering pot (16th–17th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWatering cans on a stake in a school garden, Schooltuin Plutodreef Utrecht, the Netherlands\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA watering can made of plastic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA green, 2 litre watering can made of galvanised iron pouring water\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWatering can for bonsai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWatering can made from discarded container\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPerson using two watering cans","title":"Gallery"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"Bourne, Val (2011). The ten-minute gardener's vegetable growing diary. Great Britain: Transworld. p. 12. ISBN 978-0593066713.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593066713","url_text":"978-0593066713"}]},{"reference":"\"Watering Pot - Definitions\". Fine Dictionary. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finedictionary.com/watering%20pot.html","url_text":"\"Watering Pot - Definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Fone, Martin (13 November 2021). \"Who invented the watering can?\". Curious Questions. Country Life. Future plc. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.countrylife.co.uk/gardens/curious-questions-who-invented-the-watering-can-235038","url_text":"\"Who invented the watering can?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Country Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Reeve, Jackie (17 September 2021). \"Our Favorite Watering Cans\". Wirecutter. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-watering-cans/","url_text":"\"Our Favorite Watering Cans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirecutter_(website)","url_text":"Wirecutter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"The New York Times Company"}]},{"reference":"Farris, Emily (1 June 2022). \"The Best Watering Can for All Your Gardening Needs\". Epicurious. Condé Nast. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epicurious.com/shopping/the-best-watering-can-for-all-your-gardening-needs","url_text":"\"The Best Watering Can for All Your Gardening Needs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurious","url_text":"Epicurious"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast","url_text":"Condé Nast"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.finedictionary.com/watering%20pot.html","external_links_name":"\"Watering Pot - Definitions\""},{"Link":"https://www.countrylife.co.uk/gardens/curious-questions-who-invented-the-watering-can-235038","external_links_name":"\"Who invented the watering can?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-watering-cans/","external_links_name":"\"Our Favorite Watering Cans\""},{"Link":"https://www.epicurious.com/shopping/the-best-watering-can-for-all-your-gardening-needs","external_links_name":"\"The Best Watering Can for All Your Gardening Needs\""},{"Link":"https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/mary-cassatt-auguste-renoir.html#slide_6","external_links_name":"A Girl with a Watering Can"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Sing-Along_Songs
|
Disney Sing-Along Songs
|
["1 History","2 Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)","2.1 Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (1986)","2.2 Heigh-Ho (1987)","2.3 The Bare Necessities (1987)","2.4 You Can Fly! (1988)","2.5 Very Merry Christmas Songs (1988)","2.6 Fun with Music (1989)","2.7 Under the Sea (1990)","2.8 Disneyland Fun (1990)","2.9 I Love to Laugh! (1990)","2.10 Be Our Guest (1992)","2.11 Friend Like Me (1993)","2.12 The Twelve Days of Christmas (1993)","2.13 Campout at Walt Disney World (1994)","2.14 Let's Go to the Circus! (1994)","2.15 Circle of Life (1994)","2.16 Beach Party at Walt Disney World (1995)","2.17 Colors of the Wind (1995)","2.18 Topsy Turvy (1996)","2.19 Pongo and Perdita (1996)","2.20 From Hercules (1997)","3 Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)","3.1 Collection of All Time Favorites: The Early Years (1997)","3.2 Collection of All Time Favorites: The Magic Years (1997)","3.3 Collection of All-Time Favorites: The Modern Classics (1997)","3.4 Honor to Us All (1998)","3.5 Happy Haunting - Party at Disneyland! (1998)","3.6 Sing a Song with Pooh Bear (and Piglet Too!) (1999)","3.7 Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom (1999)","3.8 Winnie the Pooh - Sing a Song with Tigger (2000)","4 Volumes: New series (2003–2006)","4.1 Brother Bear - On My Way (2003)","4.2 Home on the Range - Little Patch of Heaven (2004)","4.3 Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 - Once Upon a Dream (2004)","4.4 Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 - Enchanted Tea Party (2005)","4.5 Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 3 - Perfectly Princess (2006)","5 Notes","6 References"]
|
Series of compilations of Disney songs with on-screen lyrics
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Disney Sing-Along SongsThe original 1986 Disney Sing Along Songs title card.Based onMusic from various worksby The Walt Disney CompanyStarring
Corey Burton
Eddie Carroll
Music byVarious composersProductioncompanyWalt Disney Home Video/EntertainmentDistributed byBuena Vista Home Video/EntertainmentRelease date1986–2006Running timeVariesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish (primarily)
Disney Sing-Along Songs is a series of videos on VHS, betamax, laserdisc, and DVD with musical moments from various Disney films, TV shows, and attractions. Lyrics for the songs are sometimes displayed on-screen with the Mickey Mouse icon as a "bouncing ball". Early releases open with a theme song introduction (written by Patrick DeRemer) containing footage featuring Professor Owl and his class, seen originally in 1953 in two Disney shorts, Melody and Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom (voiced then by Bill Thompson). Professor Owl (now voiced by Corey Burton) hosts some of the videos, while either Jiminy Cricket or Ludwig Von Drake host others. Later volumes, as well as the two Christmas videos, do not feature a host at all. Scenes with Jiminy Cricket and Ludwig Von Drake were taken from television programs, including the Walt Disney anthology television series and The Mickey Mouse Club, which featured the characters in the 1950s and 1960s.
History
The first of four distinct series was issued beginning on December 23, 1986, with Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah, which would be followed by five more volumes. The second series released in August 1990 with Under the Sea and Disneyland Fun, featuring a new design and reissued volumes labeled One (1) through Twelve (12) in North America (worldwide, volume numbers). The third series, which began with 1994's Circle of Life, saw another new package design and the re-release of all previous volumes (excluding Fun with Music, repackaged as 101 Notes of Fun along with Hercules for markets outside North America). Around 1996 this series incorporated Mickey's Fun Songs repackaged as Sing-Along Songs (a three volume live-action set in the style of Disneyland Fun). Spanish-language editions of some volumes were released (Disney Canta Con Nosotros). Some songs moved to newer volumes, newly remixed opening and closing songs appeared. The final release in this format was Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom on June 8, 1999. In the remixed opening and closing themes, the remixed opening can be heard on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, Honor to Us All, and Collection of All-Time Favorites, and the remixed closing can be heard on the 1993 and 1994 editions of Heigh-Ho, as well as Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, and Collection of All-Time Favorites. This series abandoned any new volume numbers, included only sporadically on third series volumes. A special three volume set, Collection of All-Time Favorites, was released in 1997. There have been over 30 titles released to home video. Newly remastered editions began appearing in 2002 on Disney DVD, beginning with Very Merry Christmas Songs, featuring a new package design, bonus features, and some new songs. Some Disney DVD feature releases include individual songs as bonus features. Winnie-the-Pooh Sing a Song volumes are being incorporated into the Sing Along Songs series. The DVD series (fourth series) features Sebastian the Crab (from The Little Mermaid) singing the theme song, replacing Professor Owl.
Following the advent of YouTube's online video-sharing platform, Disney has chosen to release individual sing-along videos on their channel, thus discontinuing the video series.
Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (1986)
Song List
The Mickey Mouse Club March (The Mickey Mouse Club TV Series)
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
It's a Small World (Disneyland)
The Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)
Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (Cinderella)
Casey Junior (Dumbo)
The Ballad of Davy Crockett (Davy Crockett TV Series)
Give a Little Whistle (Pinocchio)
Whistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl
Originally issued to promote the November 21, 1986, theatrical re-release of Song of the South, celebrating the film's 40th Anniversary, and representing the launch of the new home video series of (as yet, unnumbered) Sing Along Songs.
Footage for the song "It's a Small World" was taken from Disneyland Goes to the World's Fair, which aired May 17, 1964. On the song itself, the pitch appears to be shifted one semitone higher on the recording after the snake charmer-style music.
Ending footage to "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah Reprise" was taken from This is Your Life, Donald Duck, where the Disney gang comes to pay tribute to Mickey, Donald and Goofy.
1986 original print and 2001 print featured Sorcerer Mickey with "presents" appearing below it.
For some reason, the 2001 print starts with the same promo featured at the end of the 1990 print, then goes on to Sorcerer Mickey and then the 1994 print's intro.
Known as Cancion del Sur: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah in Spanish, released in Spain.
Known as Cendrillon: Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo in French, released in France and the United States.
Heigh-Ho (1987)
Song List
Heigh-Ho (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Up, Down and Touch the Ground (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me) (Pinocchio)
Yo-Ho (Pirates of the Caribbean)†
The Silly Song (The Dwarf's Yodel Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
A Cowboy Needs a Horse (A Cowboy Needs a Horse)
The Three Caballeros (The Three Caballeros)
Theme from Zorro (Zorro TV Series)
The Siamese Cat Song (Lady and the Tramp)†
Let's Go Fly a Kite (Mary Poppins)
Heigh-Ho Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl
Released in 1987 to promote the theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on the film's 50th Anniversary
Though designated in 1990 as Volume One (just as Snow White is "Animated Feature #1"), Sing Along Songs: Heigh Ho was the second release, preceded by Sing Along Songs: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (1986). But Volume Four in the UK.
There is extensive use of footage from Adventures in Music: Melody and Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom throughout the entire program, with a new script synched to the old video
The 1993 edition features a preview for all eleven numbered volumes to date
Footage of Pirates of the Caribbean in the song Yo Ho was taken from Disneyland: From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow, which aired January 21, 1968
†"The Siamese Cat Song" was cut from the 1994 print, but returns in Honor to Us All and is retained on the Spanish version.
†"Yo-Ho" was cut from the 1993 print, but is retained on the Spanish version.
The 1993 edition includes the remixed closing theme, which was also heard on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, From Hercules and Collection of All Time Favorites.
The 3rd series edition (1994) incorporates the new themes introduced on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, Collection of All Time Favorites, and Honor to Us All
Known as Blanca Nieves: Heigh-Ho in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.
Known as Blanche-Neige: He Ho in French, released in France and the United States.
The Bare Necessities (1987)
Song List
The Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)
You Are a Human Animal (The Mickey Mouse Club TV Series)
Cinderella Work Song (Cinderella)
Old Yeller (Old Yeller)
Figaro and Cleo (Figaro and Cleo - 1943 cartoon short)
Winnie the Pooh (Winnie the Pooh Featurettes)
I Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)
Look Out for Mr. Stork (Dumbo)
Everybody Wants to Be a Cat (The Aristocats)
The Ugly Bug Ball (Summer Magic)
The Bare Necessities Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Jiminy Cricket
Released in 1987 to mark the 20th Anniversary of The Jungle Book.
Known as El Libro de la Selva: Ritmo en la Selva in Spanish, released in Spain, and only a limited number of copies were released in the United States.
Known as Le Livre de la Jungle: Il En Faut Peu Pour Être Heureux in French, released in France.
You Can Fly! (1988)
Song List
You Can Fly! (Peter Pan)
The Beautiful Briny (Bedknobs and Broomsticks)
Colonel Hathi's March (The Jungle Book)
I've Got No Strings (Pinocchio)
Little Black Rain Cloud (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
The Merrily Song (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)
He's a Tramp (Lady and the Tramp)†
Step in Time (Mary Poppins)
When I See an Elephant Fly (Dumbo)
You Can Fly Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Ludwig Von Drake
Released in 1988 to mark the 35th Anniversary of Peter Pan.
†"He's a Tramp" was cut from the 1993 English print, but was retained in the Spanish version.
Known as Peter Pan: Volorás, Volorás in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.
Known as Peter Pan: Tu T'Envoles in French, released in France and the United States.
Very Merry Christmas Songs (1988)
Song List
From All of Us to All of You
It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas†
Winnie the Pooh's Jingle Bells†
Toyland†
All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth†
Deck the Halls
Jingle Bells
Joy to the World
Up on the Housetop
Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!
Sleigh Ride
Parade of the Wooden Soldiers
Winter Wonderland
Here Comes Santa Claus
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Silent Night
Seasons of Giving†
As Long as There's Christmas†
Jingle Bell Rock†
Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree†
White Christmas†
The Best Christmas of All†
We Wish You a Merry Christmas
Volume notes
† Songs featured only on the 2002 DVD release
The first three prints of the program opened with the song "From All of Us to All of You", sung by Jiminy Cricket, with Mickey Mouse playing the piano. It was cut from the 2002 print, replaced by a voice-over and a Christmas setting instead of transition cards.
During the end credits shown on the VHS release, a wide shot still frame background of the Christmas tree from the beginning of Lady and the Tramp is shown.
Known as Feliz Navidad in Spanish, released in Spain.
Fun with Music (1989)
Song List
Fun with Music (Mickey Mouse Club)
Why Should I Worry? (Oliver & Company)
With a Smile and a Song (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing (Disneyland's Enchanted Tiki Room)
Cruella de Vil (101 Dalmatians)†
All in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)
Strolling Through the Park (The Nifty Nineties)
Boo Boo Boo (A Symposium on Popular Songs)
The Green with Envy Blues (Adventures in Color)
Good Company (Oliver & Company)
Blue Danube Waltz (Square Peg in a Round Hole)
Old MacDonald Had a Band (Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom, Jack and Old Mac)
Scales and Arpeggios (The Aristocats)
Why Should I Worry? Reprise
Cruella de Vil Reprise†
Volume notes
Co-hosted by Professor Owl and Ludwig Von Drake. At the beginning of the program, Professor Owl hosts. When "All in the Golden Afternoon" ends, Ludwig Von Drake takes over as host. Finally, after "Blue Danube Waltz" is over, Professor Owl takes over as host for the rest of the program.
The song "Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing" includes a montage with Disney birds from Bambi and the Silly Symphonies cartoon Birds in the Spring.
"Old MacDonald Had a Band" first appeared in the Disney short Jack and Old Mac, but is here credited to the Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom episode of Walt Disney Presents.
This installment was the first to promote, and feature songs from, a then recently released Disney film (in this case, Oliver & Company). Prior to this, most installments promoted anniversary re-releases of older films.
Retitled 101 Notes of Fun in the UK and other countries, and was not released until 1994.
† "Cruella de Vil" appears in 101 Notes of Fun and replaces "Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing". It also replaces the reprise of "Why Should I Worry?".
The end credits mistakenly credit Eva Gabor, as she didn't sing any of the songs in The Aristocats (Robie Lester did), and also forgets to credit Roscoe Lee Browne (voice of Francis in Oliver & Company), as he sang in the final scene as well.
Known as 101 Dalmatas: Notas Musicales in Spanish, released in Spain. Also known as 101 Dalmatas: 101 Notas Musicales.
Known as Les 101 Dalmatiens: 101 Notes de Musique in French, released in France.
Under the Sea (1990)
Song List
Under the Sea (The Little Mermaid)
By the Beautiful Sea
Never Smile at a Crocodile (Peter Pan)
That's What Makes the World Go Round (The Sword in the Stone)
Kiss the Girl (The Little Mermaid)
At the Codfish Ball
Sailing, Sailing/Sailor's Hornpipe
A Whale of a Tale (20,000 Leagues Under the Sea)
Someone's Waiting for You (The Rescuers)
Under the Sea Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Ludwig Von Drake
The first Disney Sing-Along Songs videocassette to feature familiar tunes not from Disney movies, set to clips from Disney movies and cartoons (merely marked as "Disney scenes").
The first volume to credit the Quantel Paintbox in the end credits. Mike Bonner was credited as "Paintbox artist" for both this volume and "I Love to Laugh".
The original 1990 release included a Disneyland 35th anniversary graphic at the beginning of the video.
Known as La Sirenita: Bajo el Mar in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.
Known as La Petite Sirène: Sous L'Ocean in French, released in France and the United States.
Disneyland Fun (1990)
A full day of Disneyland is shown over Disney hit songs. A remake of Disneyland Fun set at what was then known as Euro Disney Resort was released in 1993 under the name Let's Go to Disneyland Paris!.
Song List
Disneyland
Whistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Step in Time (Mary Poppins)
I'm Walkin' Right Down the Middle of Main Street U.S.A. (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
The Great Outdoors
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)
Rumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)
It's a Small World (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
Making Memories
Grim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)
The Character Parade (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
When You Wish upon a Star (Pinocchio)
Euro Disneyland
Whistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Step in Time (Mary Poppins)
I'm Walkin' Right Down the Middle of Main Street U.S.A. (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)
How D'Ye Do and Shake Hands (Alice in Wonderland)
The Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)
Rumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)
Pecos Bill (Melody Time)
It's a Small World (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
Grim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)
The Character Parade (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)
When You Wish upon a Star (Pinocchio)
Volume notes
Released in 1990 to mark the 35th Anniversary of Disneyland.
This was the first Disney theme-park Sing-Along video.
After an introductory sequence, the sing-along commences with footage of the rides and attractions of Disneyland, with the appropriate characters' voice actors (and actress) dubbing lines of their costumed character counterparts.
The 1994 re-print introduced a new opening graphic for the series, but retained the original closing graphic.
During Follow The Leader, the kids follow Donald Duck in Disneyland and Peter Pan in Euro Disneyland.
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" includes a rap verse not present in the original version.
Roger Rabbit from Who Framed Roger Rabbit stars alongside the main Disney characters.
Let's Go to Disneyland Paris! was released in 1993.
More modern characters such as Ariel, Beast, Belle, Aladdin, Jasmine, Jafar, Iago, Genie, Launchpad McQuack, Grammi Gummi, Sunni Gummi, and Tummi Gummi appear in Let's Go to Disneyland Paris!
More dialogue is used in Let's Go to Disneyland Paris! than in Disneyland Fun.
Known as Vamos a Disneyland Paris in Spanish, released in Spain. There is no Spanish version for Disneyland Fun.
Known as En Route Pour Euro Disneyland in French, released in France. There is no French version for Disneyland Fun.
I Love to Laugh! (1990)
Song List
I Love to Laugh (Mary Poppins)
Ev'rybody Has a Laughing Place (Song of the South)
Bluddle-Uddle-Um-Dum (The Washing Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (Mary Poppins)
Quack, Quack, Quack, Donald Duck (A Day in the Life of Donald Duck)
Oo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? (The Three Little Pigs)
The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
Pink Elephants on Parade (Dumbo)
Jolly Holiday (Mary Poppins)
Volume notes
Hosted by Ludwig Von Drake
Retitled Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious in 1994, featuring new graphics at the start and new end credits
The 1994 print featured the gold WDHV logo (with blue background), replacing the 1986 Sorcerer Mickey WDHV logo, which was a video editing error, but was bothered not to be corrected.
Known as Mary Poppins: Supercalifagilistico in Spanish, released in Spain and Latin America.
Known as Mary Poppins: C'est Bon de Rire in French, released in France and the United States.
Be Our Guest (1992)
Song List
Be Our Guest (Beauty and the Beast)
A Spoonful of Sugar (Mary Poppins)
Little Wooden Head (Pinocchio)†
Bella Notte (Lady and the Tramp)
Heffalumps and Woozles (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
Beauty and the Beast (Beauty and the Beast)
The World's Greatest Criminal Mind (The Great Mouse Detective)
Chim Chim Cher-ee (Mary Poppins)
Once Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)
Be Our Guest Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Jiminy Cricket
† "Little Wooden Head" was cut from the 1993 and 1994 versions while not being present in the Spanish version, but returns in Colors of the Wind.
Known as La Bella y el Bestia: Nuestro Huésped in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Known as Qué Festin in Spain.
Known as La Belle et la Bête: C'est la Fête in French, released in France and the United States.
Friend Like Me (1993)
Song List
Friend Like Me (Aladdin)
Best of Friends (The Fox and the Hound)
Something There (Beauty and the Beast)
How Do You Do? (Song of the South)
Friendship (performed by Mickey, Donald and Goofy)
In Harmony (The Little Mermaid TV Series)
Let's Get Together (The Parent Trap)
That's What Friends Are For (The Jungle Book)
A Whole New World (Aladdin)
Friend Like Me Reprise
Volume notes
Hosted by Jiminy Cricket
This to have a different intro to the theme song play over the opening graphics. In its place, we hear the last couple of bars of Friend Like Me, with the title Friend Like Me appearing in Disney's Aladdin-style font, framed by blue and purple smoke, continuing into the remixed opening theme. The remixed opening was heard on Circle of Life, Honor to Us All, Collection of All-Time Favorites, and the UK versions of Colors of the Wind and The Hunchback of Notre Dame in Spanish, while the remixed closing theme was also heard on the 1993 and 1994 editions of Heigh-Ho, as well as Circle of Life, Collection of All-Time Favorites, and Honor to Us All.
Known as Aladdin: Un Amigo Fiel in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Also known as Un Amigo Genial.
Known as Aladdin: Je Suis Ton Meilleur Ami in French, released in France and the United States.
Instead of Professor Owl introducing Jiminy Cricket, Jiminy Cricket just shows up at the very beginning of the program.
This is the first time that Professor Owl did not introduce the host.
The Twelve Days of Christmas (1993)
The gang spends Christmas at Mickey's Log Cabin and at Disneyland.
Song List
Very Merry Christmas
Deck the Halls
Dear Santa
Jingle Bells
Snow Ho Ho
Hip Hop Noel
He Delivers
The Twelve Days of Christmas
I'd Like to Have an Elephant for Christmas
Here Comes Santa
O Christmas Tree/We Wish You a Merry Christmas
Volume notes
No host (voiceover only)
The song "Here Comes Santa" features highlights of the Disneyland Christmas Fantasy Parade
Campout at Walt Disney World (1994)
The gang spends time in the great outdoors at Fort Wilderness at Walt Disney World.
Song List
Let's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†
Comin' 'Round the Mountain
The Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)
The Caissons Go Rolling Along
The Happy Wanderer
Oh! Susanna
Camptown Races
By the Beautiful Sea
Don't Fence Me In
Turkey in the Straw
Talent Roundup
Jeepers Creepers
Mountain Greenery
Country Roads (John Denver)
If You're Happy and You Know It
Goodnight Campers
Volume notes
† "Let's Go" is only present in the original version.
Originally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Campout at Walt Disney World, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series
Christian Buenaventura, Tiffany Burton, Michelle Montoya and Shira Roth from Kidsongs make appearances in the video.
Let's Go to the Circus! (1994)
Mickey and the gang visit Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
Song List
Let's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†
Rainbow World
The Circus on Parade
Upside Down (Diana Ross)
Aba Daba Honeymoon
I Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)
The Man on the Flying Trapeze
Over and Over Again
Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
Make 'Em Laugh (Singin' in the Rain)
The Bells
Animal Calypso
Jump Rope
Be a Clown (The Pirate)
Join the Circus
Volume notes
† "Let's Go" is only present in the original version.
Originally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Let's Go to the Circus!, later reissued in the Sing-Along Songs series.
Barry Manilow is reported to have composed the score for the video and wrote two original songs with Bruce Sussman, but credited as written by Andy Belling and Nick Allen.
This is the only Disney live-action video that doesn't take place at Walt Disney World, even though the Disney characters are shown.
Christian Buenaventura, Tiffany Burton and Michelle Montoya from Kidsongs, along with child actor Tahj Mowry, make appearances in the video.
David Larible and Eric Michael Gillett make guest appearances on the video.
Samuel E. Wright is credited as the singer for "Animal Calypso".
Circle of Life (1994)
Song List
Circle of Life (The Lion King)
Part of Your World (The Little Mermaid)
Prince Ali (Aladdin)
I Just Can't Wait to Be King (The Lion King)
Belle (Beauty and the Beast)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)†
Everybody Wants to Be a Cat (The Aristocats)
Hakuna Matata (The Lion King)^
The Lion Sleeps Tonight (The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa)^
Yummy Yummy Yummy (The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa)^
W-I-L-D (The Jungle Book 2)^
Jungle Rhythm (The Jungle Book 2)^
When You Wish Upon a Star (Pinocchio)
Volume notes
Hosted by Jiminy Cricket (1st edition only. 2003 edition featured voiceover only)
† "Following the Leader" is only in the UK version and replaces "Everybody Wants to Be a Cat".
^ Songs in the 2003 DVD release
2003 DVD release includes a Vocabulary Game and Guess That Song. "We Are One" and "Upendi" from The Lion King II: Simba's Pride are shown as a bonus when you complete the Advanced Level of the Vocabulary Game and Song #3 of "Guess That Song" respectively, but they don't have any sing-along lyrics.
Known as El Rey Leon: El Ciclo Sin Fin in Spanish, released in Spain. Also known as El Ciclo de la Vida.
Known as Le Roi Lion: Le Cycle de la Vie in French, released in France and the United States.
Beach Party at Walt Disney World (1995)
Mickey and the gang have a big beach party.
Song List
Let's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†
Celebration (Kool & the Gang)
Set Your Name Free
Surfin' Safari (The Beach Boys)
Three Little Fishies
A Pirate's Life (Peter Pan)
Part of Your World (The Little Mermaid)
Hot, Hot, Hot (Arrow)
The Hukilau Song
Pearly Shells
Limbo Rock (Chubby Checker)
Slicin' Sand (Elvis Presley)
Volume notes
† "Let's Go" is only present in the original version.
Originally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Beach Party at Walt Disney World, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series.
Mario "Boo" Bailey and Tiffany Burton from Kidsongs make appearances in the video.
Colors of the Wind (1995)
Song List
Just Around the Riverbend (Pocahontas)
Cinderella Work Song (Cinderella)
Why Should I Worry? (Oliver & Company)
Casey Junior (Dumbo)†
Hakuna Matata (The Lion King)†^
Oo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)†
Little Wooden Head (Pinocchio)
Can You Feel the Love Tonight (The Lion King)
Higitus Figitus (The Sword in the Stone)
Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing (Disneyland's Enchanted Tiki Room)†^
Colors of the Wind (Pocahontas)
Volume notes
Hosted by Ludwig Von Drake
Features the return of "Little Wooden Head", cut from the 1993 edition of Be Our Guest
Known as Colours of the Wind in the UK, because of spelling differences in UK English and US English.
VHS edition features updated preview for the 3rd series, plus a preview for the Mickey's Fun Songs three tape series
† Songs in foreign versions and replace "Cinderella Work Song" and "Why Should I Worry?".
†^ "Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing" only appears in foreign English versions (e.g. UK, Australia, etc.) and is replaced by "Hakuna Matata" in other countries.
The "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" sing along has a new montage of Disney Lovers.
The UK version of Colours of the Wind has new lettering and a Mickey bouncing ball with a feather band around its head (applies to releases in other countries).
The Colors of the Wind laserdisc also included Mickey's Fun Songs: Let's Go to the Circus.
Known as Pocahontas: Colores en el Viento in Spanish, released in Spain.
Known as Pocahontas: L'Air du Vent in French, released in France.
Topsy Turvy (1996)
Song List
Topsy Turvy (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
You've Got a Friend in Me (Toy Story)
Stand by Me (Timon & Pumbaa Music Video)
Father and Son (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)†
Streets of Gold (Oliver & Company)
The Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
On the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)†
Out There (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Family (James and the Giant Peach)
The Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)
Mine, Mine, Mine (Pocahontas)†
Sing a New Song (Ariel's Undersea Adventures)†
Forget About Love (The Return of Jafar)†
What's This? (The Nightmare Before Christmas)†
Topsy Turvy Reprise
Volume notes
Retitled as The Hunchback of Notre Dame in the UK and other countries.
Segments only (no host)
† Songs featured in The Hunchback of Notre Dame which replaced "Stand by Me", "The Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song)", "Family", and "The Unbirthday Song".
Known as El Jorobado de Notre Dame in Spanish, released in Spain.
Known as Le Bossu de Notre Dame: Charivari in French, released in France.
The lyrics "It's the day the devil in us gets released. It's the day we mock the pig and shock the priest" were changed to "Good is bad and best is worst and west is east. On the day, we think the most of those with least" to excise religious references. Esmeralda's pole-dancing scene was also cut to discourage sinful thoughts and sensations.
The beginning of the song "Out There" is cut due to general misery.
Pongo and Perdita (1996)
Pongo, Perdita, and the puppies prepare for the Bow Wow Ball.
Song List
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
Do Your Ears Hang Low? (Traditional)
(Going to) The Bow-Wow Ball
Hokey Puppy (Hokey Pokey) (Traditional)
Pongo (Bingo) (Traditional)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game (Traditional)
Oh Where, Oh Where Has My Little Dog Gone? (Traditional)
Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)
The More We Get Together (Traditional)
Volume notes
The "Following the Leader" segment actually used a recording of the version in Disneyland Fun.
The only volume without sing-along words on the screen, though it is Closed Captioned (CC) for the hearing impaired (as are most volumes), and sing-along lyrics have been added to the 2006 DVD release (though still incomplete)
From Hercules (1997)
Song List
Zero to Hero (Hercules)
A Guy Like You (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Our Miss Minnie (Minnie's Greatest Hits)
After Today (A Goofy Movie)
Rescue Aid Society (The Rescuers)
Take Your Sweet Time (Jungle Cubs-Born to Be Wild)
Out of Thin Air (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)
Pecos Bill (Melody Time)
You Can Fly! (Peter Pan)
Adventure is a Wonderful Thing (Winnie the Pooh's Most Grand Adventure) (Known as Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin in the US)
In a World of My Own (Alice in Wonderland)
One Last Hope (Hercules)
Volume Notes
Released in all parts of the world except the US
Segments only (no host)
In the song "Pecos Bill", Pecos Bill is shown having a cigarette in his mouth, which is censored in Home on the Range: Little Patch of Heaven due to references of tobacco use.
The verse about the Painted Indians in "You Can Fly!" is cut in this volume, but appears in Home on the Range: Little Patch of Heaven.
Known as Hércules in Spanish, released in Spain.
Known as Hercule: Héros de Tous les Héros in French, released in France.
Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)
Collection of All Time Favorites: The Early Years (1997)
Song List
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)
Give a Little Whistle (Pinocchio)
Whistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? (Three Little Pigs)
Casey Junior (Dumbo)
The Merrily Song (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)
Little Wooden Head (Pinocchio)
Heigh-Ho (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
When I See an Elephant Fly (Dumbo)
The Three Caballeros (The Three Caballeros)
Bluddle-Uddle-Um-Dum (The Washing Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Everybody Has a Laughing Place (Song of the South)
When You Wish Upon a Star (Pinocchio)
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)
Features songs from 1933–1949
Collection of All Time Favorites: The Magic Years (1997)
Song List
You Can Fly! (Peter Pan)
The Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)
The Mickey Mouse Club March (The Mickey Mouse Club)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
That's What Makes the World Go Round (The Sword in the Stone)
Once Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)
Oo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)
Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (Cinderella)
Bella Notte (Lady and the Tramp)
All in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)
Higitus Figitus (The Sword in the Stone)
A Spoonful of Sugar (Mary Poppins)
Scales and Arpeggios (The Aristocats)
I Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)
Features songs from 1950–1973
Collection of All-Time Favorites: The Modern Classics (1997)
Song List
Circle of Life (The Lion King)
Be Our Guest (Beauty and the Beast)
One Last Hope (Hercules)
Under the Sea (The Little Mermaid)
A Whole New World (Aladdin)
Topsy Turvy (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Colors of the Wind (Pocahontas)
Prince Ali (Aladdin)
Part of Your World (The Little Mermaid)
Zero to Hero (Hercules)
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)
Features songs from 1989–1997
Honor to Us All (1998)
Song List
Honor to Us All (Mulan)
Zero to Hero (Hercules)
The Siamese Cat Song (Lady and the Tramp)
Where Do I Go from Here? (Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World)
A Guy Like You (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Cinderella)
We Are One (The Lion King II: Simba's Pride)
A Little Thought (Belle's Magical World)
On the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)
I Won't Say (I'm in Love) (Hercules)
Father and Son (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)
I'll Make a Man Out of You (Mulan)
Volume notes
Hosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before first song only)
Features the return of "The Siamese Cat Song", cut from the 1994 edition of Heigh-Ho
Happy Haunting - Party at Disneyland! (1998)
Mickey and the gang have a spooky halloween party at a haunted house.
Song List
It's Halloween
Five Little Pumpkins (Traditional)
Grim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)
Chicken Lips and Lizard Hips (John and Nancy Cassidy)
Headless Horseman (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)
Five Little Witches
Spooky Scary Skeletons
Casting My Spell
Trick or Treat
Monster Mash
Volume notes
Hosted by the Magic Mirror (Corey Burton)
Sing a Song with Pooh Bear (and Piglet Too!) (1999)
Song List
Winnie the Pooh (Winnie the Pooh Featurettes)
Winnie the Pooh (Piglet's Big Movie)†
Rumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)
The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too)
The Kanga Roo Hop (Kanga & Roo's Song)
Try a Little Something New/High and Low Medley (Welcome to Pooh Corner)
With a Few Good Friends (Piglet's Big Movie)†
The One and Only One (Piglet & Eeyore's Song)
The Floating Song (Balloonatics)
Harvest What You Grow (Rabbit's Song)
Heffalumps and Woozles (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day)
Nothing is Too Good for a Friend (The Piglet Who Would Be King)
Sing Ho for the Life of a Bear (Piglet's Big Movie)†
My Song (Winnie-the-Pooh's Song)
Volume notes
DVD released in April 2003 as "Sing a Song with Pooh Bear & Piglet Too!", to coincide with the theatrical release of Piglet's Big Movie.
† Songs seen only in the 2003 edition
Originally released as Winnie the Pooh: Sing a Song with Pooh Bear, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series under a new name with new songs. Also released in the UK, but only the original VHS version.
Featured at the end of the original release from 1999, Gopher hosts "How to Draw", as he shows you how to draw Pooh's face.
Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom (1999)
Flik, Mickey, Minnie, and the rest of the gang spend the day at Disney's Animal Kingdom.
Song List
Welcome to Harambe
On Safari
I Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)
You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby (Johnny Mercer and Harry Warren; made famous by Bing Crosby, Bobby Darin, and others)
Walk the Dinosaur (Was (Not Was))
It's a Bug's World (Based on "It's a Small World")
Asia (Based on "The Siamese Cat Song")
He Lives in You (The Lion King II: Simba's Pride)
Circle of Life (The Lion King)
Volume notes
Hosted by Flik the Ant from Disney/Pixar's A Bug's Life
Winnie the Pooh - Sing a Song with Tigger (2000)
Song List
The Scrapbook Song
The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
The Whoop-de-Dooper Bounce (The Tigger Movie)
Forever and Ever (Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin)
Round My Family Tree (The Tigger Movie)
I Wanna Scare Myself (Boo! To You!)
Playing in the Wood
King of the Beasties (King of the Beasties)
How to Be a Tigger (The Tigger Movie)
Pirates is What We'll Be (Rabbit Marks the Spot)
Everything is Right (Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin)
The Scrapbook Song Reprise
Volume notes
Bonus Programming - Tiggerrific Tips on How to Make a Scrapbook!
Hosted by Tigger, who is showing you his scrapbook
Released in 2000 in promotion of The Tigger Movie
This video was not released as a Sing Along Songs volume, rather a "Sing a Song With"..., but otherwise conforms to SAS volume standards.
Opening credits feature a computer-animated tour of Christopher Robin's bedroom showing his stuffed toys, also shown in Sing a Song with Pooh Bear
Also features bonus music videos at the end of the video to promote the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection titles: "A Girl Worth Fighting For" (Mulan), "Scales and Arpeggios" (The Aristocats), "The Best of Friends" (The Fox and the Hound), "Steady as the Beating Drum" (Pocahontas), and "Higitus Figitus" (The Sword in the Stone)
Volumes: New series (2003–2006)
Brother Bear - On My Way (2003)
Song List
On My Way (Brother Bear)
Try Again (101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure)
Following the Leader (Peter Pan)
Go the Distance (Hercules)
I'm Still Here (Treasure Planet)
Digga Tunnah (The Lion King 1½)
On the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)
Aloha, E Komo Mai (Stitch! The Movie)
Welcome (Brother Bear)
Dance Along: On My Way
Dance Along: Try Again
Dance Along: Aloha, E Komo Mai
Volume notes
The first volume to feature a new opening sequence, with the theme song sung by Sebastian from The Little Mermaid
Hosted by Rutt and Tuke
Also features Karaoke Mode and three Vocabulary Activities
"On the Open Road" was presented on Honor to Us All and features a Wilhelm Scream
Home on the Range - Little Patch of Heaven (2004)
Song List
Little Patch of Heaven (Home on the Range)
Yodel-Adle-Eedle-Idle-Oo (Home on the Range)
Home on the Range - Traditional
Oh, Susanna! - Traditional
Old MacDonald Had a Farm - Traditional
She'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain - Traditional
The Farmer in the Dell - Traditional
Pecos Bill (Melody Time)
A Cowboy Needs a Horse (A Cowboy Needs a Horse)
Stanley Rides Again (Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up)
Anytime You Need a Friend (Home on the Range)
Dance Along: Little Patch of Heaven
Dance Along: Anytime You Need a Friend
Dance Along: Yodel-Adle-Eedle-Idle-Oo
Volume notes
Hosted by Maggie the Cow
Also features Karaoke Mode and three Vocabulary Activities
Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 - Once Upon a Dream (2004)
Song List
A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Cinderella)
Part of Your World (The Little Mermaid)
A Whole New World (Aladdin)
Once Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)
I'm Wishing/One Song (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
Colors of the Wind (Pocahontas)
Beauty and the Beast (Beauty and the Beast)
Reflection (Mulan)
Like Other Girls (Mulan II)
I Won't Say (I'm in Love) (Hercules)
Put It Together (Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo) (Cinderella II: Dreams Come True)
Sweet Wings of Love (Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers)
If You Can Dream (Featuring all eligible princesses)
Volume notes
"If You Can Dream" appears to be an original song composed exclusively for this Sing Along Songs volume
Also features dance alongs, but unlike On My Way and Little Patch of Heaven, the dance alongs are bonus features.
Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 - Enchanted Tea Party (2005)
Song List
So This is Love (Cinderella)
Kiss the Girl (The Little Mermaid)
Forget About Love (The Return of Jafar)
Something There (Beauty and the Beast)
Just Around the Riverbend (Pocahontas)
Someday My Prince Will Come (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
I Wonder (Sleeping Beauty)
Honor to Us All (Mulan)
Love (Robin Hood)
In a World of My Own (Alice in Wonderland)
For a Moment (The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea)
Where Dreams Begin (All New Disney Princess Song)
Volume notes
DVD includes Princess Tea Time game, Dance Along, Karaoke, Random Play
"Where Dreams Begin" was newly created for this volume.
Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 3 - Perfectly Princess (2006)
Song List
In Harmony (The Little Mermaid TV Series)
It's What's Inside That Counts (Cinderella II: Dreams Come True)
Out of Thin Air (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)
A Little Thought (Belle's Magical World)
Where Do I Go from Here? (Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World)
Whistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
All in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)
The Work Song (Cinderella)
Belle (Beauty and the Beast)
Lesson Number One (Mulan II)
Here on the Land and Sea (The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea)
It's Not Just Make Believe (Ella Enchanted)
Volume notes
Includes Karaoke, Princess Pen Pals, Princess Pals DVD-ROM
Notes
^ Also known as Canta con Nosotros in Latin America and Spain, Disney Chansons Ensemble in France, Coleção Cante com Disney in Brazil, Disneys Sing mit uns in Germany, and Sing Along Song: Disney Musical World in Japan.
References
^ a b The Walt Disney Company, Walt Disney Home Video (May 19, 1987). "Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 (Laserdisc)" – via Internet Archive.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hischak, Thomas S.; Robinson, Mark A. (2009). The Disney Song Encyclopedia. Lantham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780810869387. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
^ a b The Walt Disney Company, Walt Disney Home Video (February 2, 1988). "Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 (Laserdisc)" – via Internet Archive.
^ Walt Disney (March 27, 1959), Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, retrieved May 6, 2024
^ "Top Kid Video". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 4. January 25, 1997. p. 91. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ a b c "Top Kid Video". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 36. September 6, 1997. p. 97. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ Hay, Carla (November 22, 2003). "Collins Scores For Disney". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 47. p. 22. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
vteDisney home entertainment animated featuresSequelsand otherfollow-ups
The Return of Jafar (1994)
Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000)
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000)
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001)
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)
The Lion King 1½ (2004)
Mulan II (2004)
Tarzan II (2005)
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005)
Kronk's New Groove (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Brother Bear 2 (2006)
The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006)
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008)
Films basedon TV series
Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade (2003)
Recess: All Growed Down (2003)
Leroy & Stitch (2006)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
TV seriespilots andcompilations
Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken (1995)
Around the World with Timon & Pumbaa (1996)
Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off (1997)
Hercules: Zero to Hero (1998)
Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street (2001)
Tarzan & Jane (2002)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Stitch! The Movie (2003)
Our Huge Adventure (2005)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Originalstories
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Springtime with Roo (2004)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Spin-offs
Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007)
Tinker Bell (2008)
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)
Secret of the Wings (2012)
The Pirate Fairy (2014)
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015)
Film clipanthologies
Disney Sing-Along Songs series (1986–2006)
Once Upon a Halloween (2005)
See also
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment
Disneytoon Studios
Disney Television Animation
Toon City
vteDisney's PinocchioFilms
Pinocchio (1940)
soundtrack
Geppetto
Pinocchio (2022)
soundtrack
Music
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
"Give a Little Whistle"
"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee"
"I've Got No Strings"
Characters
Jiminy Cricket
Video games
Pinocchio (1996)
Related
Disney's Villains' Revenge
Kingdom Hearts
Kingdom Hearts
Chain of Memories
Dream Drop Distance
Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion
Disney Magic Kingdoms
Attractions
Pinocchio's Daring Journey
Pleasure Island
Wishes
Related
Disney's My Son Pinocchio: Geppetto's Musical Tale
Fun and Fancy Free
Jiminy Cricket educational serials
Mickey's Christmas Carol
Disney Sing-Along Songs series
House of Mouse
Mickey's Magical Christmas
Once Upon a Time
Once Upon a Studio
vteLudwig Von Drake in animationFilms
Mickey and the Beanstalk (1963)
Disney Sing-Along Songs series (1988–1995)
A Symposium on Popular Songs (1999)
Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001; archive footage)
Once Upon a Studio (2023; cameo)
TV series
Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1961–1970; "An Adventure in Color/Mathmagicland")
DuckTales (1987)
Quack Pack (1996)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Mickey Mouse (2014–2019)
Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021)
DuckTales (2020–2021)
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023)
Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"laserdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc"},{"link_name":"attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"displayed on-screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"bouncing ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)"},{"link_name":"Melody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toot,_Whistle,_Plunk,_and_Boom"},{"link_name":"Bill Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney anthology television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"}],"text":"Series of compilations of Disney songs with on-screen lyricsDisney Sing-Along Songs[a] is a series of videos on VHS, betamax, laserdisc, and DVD with musical moments from various Disney films, TV shows, and attractions. Lyrics for the songs are sometimes displayed on-screen with the Mickey Mouse icon as a \"bouncing ball\". Early releases open with a theme song introduction (written by Patrick DeRemer) containing footage featuring Professor Owl and his class, seen originally in 1953 in two Disney shorts, Melody and Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom (voiced then by Bill Thompson). Professor Owl (now voiced by Corey Burton) hosts some of the videos, while either Jiminy Cricket or Ludwig Von Drake host others. Later volumes, as well as the two Christmas videos, do not feature a host at all. Scenes with Jiminy Cricket and Ludwig Von Drake were taken from television programs, including the Walt Disney anthology television series and The Mickey Mouse Club, which featured the characters in the 1950s and 1960s.","title":"Disney Sing-Along Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Disney Canta Con Nosotros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"},{"link_name":"Friend Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Honor to Us All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_to_Us_All"},{"link_name":"Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigh-Ho"},{"link_name":"Friend Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"home video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"Sebastian the Crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_(The_Little_Mermaid)"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"text":"The first of four distinct series was issued beginning on December 23, 1986, with Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah, which would be followed by five more volumes. The second series released in August 1990 with Under the Sea and Disneyland Fun, featuring a new design and reissued volumes labeled One (1) through Twelve (12) in North America (worldwide, volume numbers). The third series, which began with 1994's Circle of Life, saw another new package design and the re-release of all previous volumes (excluding Fun with Music, repackaged as 101 Notes of Fun along with Hercules for markets outside North America). Around 1996 this series incorporated Mickey's Fun Songs repackaged as Sing-Along Songs (a three volume live-action set in the style of Disneyland Fun). Spanish-language editions of some volumes were released (Disney Canta Con Nosotros). Some songs moved to newer volumes, newly remixed opening and closing songs appeared. The final release in this format was Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom on June 8, 1999. In the remixed opening and closing themes, the remixed opening can be heard on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, Honor to Us All, and Collection of All-Time Favorites, and the remixed closing can be heard on the 1993 and 1994 editions of Heigh-Ho, as well as Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, and Collection of All-Time Favorites. This series abandoned any new volume numbers, included only sporadically on third series volumes. A special three volume set, Collection of All-Time Favorites, was released in 1997. There have been over 30 titles released to home video. Newly remastered editions began appearing in 2002 on Disney DVD, beginning with Very Merry Christmas Songs, featuring a new package design, bonus features, and some new songs. Some Disney DVD feature releases include individual songs as bonus features. Winnie-the-Pooh Sing a Song volumes are being incorporated into the Sing Along Songs series. The DVD series (fourth series) features Sebastian the Crab (from The Little Mermaid) singing the theme song, replacing Professor Owl.Following the advent of YouTube's online video-sharing platform, Disney has chosen to release individual sing-along videos on their channel, thus discontinuing the video series.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Following the Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Following_the_Leader"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"It's a Small World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"The Unbirthday Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unbirthday_Song"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Davy Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Whistle While You Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_While_You_Work"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Cancion del Sur: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (1986)","text":"Song List\nThe Mickey Mouse Club March (The Mickey Mouse Club TV Series)\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nIt's a Small World (Disneyland)\nThe Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)\nBibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (Cinderella)\nCasey Junior (Dumbo)\nThe Ballad of Davy Crockett (Davy Crockett TV Series)\nGive a Little Whistle (Pinocchio)\nWhistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah RepriseVolume notesHosted by Professor Owl[1]\nOriginally issued to promote the November 21, 1986, theatrical re-release of Song of the South, celebrating the film's 40th Anniversary, and representing the launch of the new home video series of (as yet, unnumbered) Sing Along Songs.\nFootage for the song \"It's a Small World\" was taken from Disneyland Goes to the World's Fair, which aired May 17, 1964. On the song itself, the pitch appears to be shifted one semitone higher on the recording after the snake charmer-style music.\nEnding footage to \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah Reprise\" was taken from This is Your Life, Donald Duck, where the Disney gang comes to pay tribute to Mickey, Donald and Goofy.\n1986 original print and 2001 print featured Sorcerer Mickey with \"presents\" appearing below it.\nFor some reason, the 2001 print starts with the same promo featured at the end of the 1990 print, then goes on to Sorcerer Mickey and then the 1994 print's intro.\nKnown as Cancion del Sur: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah in Spanish, released in Spain.\nKnown as Cendrillon: Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigh-Ho"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Up, Down and Touch the Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up,_Down_and_Touch_the_Ground"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Honey_Tree"},{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"The Silly Song (The Dwarf's Yodel Song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silly_Song"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"The Three Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Caballeros_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Three Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Fly a Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Fly_a_Kite"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Friend Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Friend Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Blanca Nieves: Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Heigh-Ho (1987)","text":"Song List[2]\nHeigh-Ho (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nUp, Down and Touch the Ground (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)\nHi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me) (Pinocchio)\nYo-Ho (Pirates of the Caribbean)†\nThe Silly Song (The Dwarf's Yodel Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nA Cowboy Needs a Horse (A Cowboy Needs a Horse)\nThe Three Caballeros (The Three Caballeros)\nTheme from Zorro (Zorro TV Series)\nThe Siamese Cat Song (Lady and the Tramp)†\nLet's Go Fly a Kite (Mary Poppins)\nHeigh-Ho RepriseVolume notesHosted by Professor Owl[1]\nReleased in 1987 to promote the theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on the film's 50th Anniversary\nThough designated in 1990 as Volume One (just as Snow White is \"Animated Feature #1\"), Sing Along Songs: Heigh Ho was the second release, preceded by Sing Along Songs: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (1986). But Volume Four in the UK.\nThere is extensive use of footage from Adventures in Music: Melody and Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom throughout the entire program, with a new script synched to the old video\nThe 1993 edition features a preview for all eleven numbered volumes to date\nFootage of Pirates of the Caribbean in the song Yo Ho was taken from Disneyland: From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow, which aired January 21, 1968\n†\"The Siamese Cat Song\" was cut from the 1994 print, but returns in Honor to Us All and is retained on the Spanish version.\n†\"Yo-Ho\" was cut from the 1993 print, but is retained on the Spanish version.\nThe 1993 edition includes the remixed closing theme, which was also heard on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, From Hercules and Collection of All Time Favorites.\nThe 3rd series edition (1994) incorporates the new themes introduced on Friend Like Me, Circle of Life, Collection of All Time Favorites, and Honor to Us All\nKnown as Blanca Nieves: Heigh-Ho in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.\nKnown as Blanche-Neige: He Ho in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"The Bare Necessities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Old Yeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Yeller_(film)"},{"link_name":"Figaro and Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figaro_and_Cleo"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(song)"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh Featurettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"I Wan'na Be Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Everybody Wants to Be a Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Wants_to_Be_a_Cat"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"The Ugly Bug Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ugly_Bug_Ball"},{"link_name":"Summer Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Magic_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"El Libro de la Selva: Ritmo en la Selva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"The Bare Necessities (1987)","text":"Song List[2]\nThe Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)\nYou Are a Human Animal (The Mickey Mouse Club TV Series)\nCinderella Work Song (Cinderella)\nOld Yeller (Old Yeller)\nFigaro and Cleo (Figaro and Cleo - 1943 cartoon short)\nWinnie the Pooh (Winnie the Pooh Featurettes)\nI Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)\nLook Out for Mr. Stork (Dumbo)\nEverybody Wants to Be a Cat (The Aristocats)\nThe Ugly Bug Ball (Summer Magic)\nThe Bare Necessities RepriseVolume notesHosted by Jiminy Cricket[3]\nReleased in 1987 to mark the 20th Anniversary of The Jungle Book.\nKnown as El Libro de la Selva: Ritmo en la Selva in Spanish, released in Spain, and only a limited number of copies were released in the United States.\nKnown as Le Livre de la Jungle: Il En Faut Peu Pour Être Heureux in French, released in France.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"You Can Fly!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can_Fly!"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Beautiful Briny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_Briny"},{"link_name":"Bedknobs and Broomsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks"},{"link_name":"Colonel Hathi's March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Hathi%27s_March"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"I've Got No Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_No_Strings"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Little Black Rain Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Black_Rain_Cloud"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Honey_Tree"},{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ichabod_and_Mr._Toad"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Step in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_in_Time"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"When I See an Elephant Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_I_See_an_Elephant_Fly"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan: Volorás, Volorás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"You Can Fly! (1988)","text":"Song List[2]\nYou Can Fly! (Peter Pan)\nThe Beautiful Briny (Bedknobs and Broomsticks)\nColonel Hathi's March (The Jungle Book)\nI've Got No Strings (Pinocchio)\nLittle Black Rain Cloud (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)\nThe Merrily Song (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)\nHe's a Tramp (Lady and the Tramp)†\nStep in Time (Mary Poppins)\nWhen I See an Elephant Fly (Dumbo)\nYou Can Fly RepriseVolume notesHosted by Ludwig Von Drake[3]\nReleased in 1988 to mark the 35th Anniversary of Peter Pan.\n†\"He's a Tramp\" was cut from the 1993 English print, but was retained in the Spanish version.\nKnown as Peter Pan: Volorás, Volorás in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.\nKnown as Peter Pan: Tu T'Envoles in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Beginning_to_Look_a_Lot_Like_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Toyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyland_(song)"},{"link_name":"All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_My_Two_Front_Teeth"},{"link_name":"Deck the Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_the_Halls"},{"link_name":"Jingle Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bells"},{"link_name":"Joy to the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_to_the_World"},{"link_name":"Up on the Housetop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_on_the_Housetop"},{"link_name":"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Snow!_Let_It_Snow!_Let_It_Snow!"},{"link_name":"Sleigh Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleigh_Ride"},{"link_name":"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_of_the_Wooden_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"Winter Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Here Comes Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)"},{"link_name":"Silent Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night"},{"link_name":"As Long as There's Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_There%27s_Christmas_(Enchanted_Christmas)"},{"link_name":"Jingle Bell Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bell_Rock"},{"link_name":"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27_Around_the_Christmas_Tree"},{"link_name":"White Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"We Wish You a Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"still frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_still"},{"link_name":"Christmas tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Feliz Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Very Merry Christmas Songs (1988)","text":"Song List\nFrom All of Us to All of You\nIt's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas†\nWinnie the Pooh's Jingle Bells†\nToyland†\nAll I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth†\nDeck the Halls\nJingle Bells\nJoy to the World\nUp on the Housetop\nLet It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\nSleigh Ride\nParade of the Wooden Soldiers\nWinter Wonderland\nHere Comes Santa Claus\nRudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\nSilent Night\nSeasons of Giving†\nAs Long as There's Christmas†\nJingle Bell Rock†\nRockin' Around the Christmas Tree†\nWhite Christmas†\nThe Best Christmas of All†\nWe Wish You a Merry ChristmasVolume notes† Songs featured only on the 2002 DVD release\nThe first three prints of the program opened with the song \"From All of Us to All of You\", sung by Jiminy Cricket, with Mickey Mouse playing the piano. It was cut from the 2002 print, replaced by a voice-over and a Christmas setting instead of transition cards.\nDuring the end credits shown on the VHS release, a wide shot still frame background of the Christmas tree from the beginning of Lady and the Tramp is shown.\nKnown as Feliz Navidad in Spanish, released in Spain.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"With a Smile and a Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_a_Smile_and_a_Song_(song)"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Enchanted Tiki Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_Tiki_Room"},{"link_name":"101 Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"All in the Golden Afternoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_the_Golden_Afternoon"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Strolling Through the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountain_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"The Nifty Nineties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nifty_Nineties"},{"link_name":"A Symposium on Popular Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Symposium_on_Popular_Songs"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Blue Danube Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Danube_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Presents"},{"link_name":"Scales and Arpeggios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scales_and_Arpeggios"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"Bambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambi_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Silly Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphonies"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Presents"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Cruella de Vil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"Eva Gabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Gabor"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"Robie Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Lester"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Lee Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Lee_Browne"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"101 Dalmatas: Notas Musicales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Fun with Music (1989)","text":"Song List\nFun with Music (Mickey Mouse Club)\nWhy Should I Worry? (Oliver & Company)\nWith a Smile and a Song (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nLet's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing (Disneyland's Enchanted Tiki Room)\nCruella de Vil (101 Dalmatians)†\nAll in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)\nStrolling Through the Park (The Nifty Nineties)\nBoo Boo Boo (A Symposium on Popular Songs)\nThe Green with Envy Blues (Adventures in Color)\nGood Company (Oliver & Company)\nBlue Danube Waltz (Square Peg in a Round Hole)\nOld MacDonald Had a Band (Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom, Jack and Old Mac)\nScales and Arpeggios (The Aristocats)\nWhy Should I Worry? Reprise\nCruella de Vil Reprise†Volume notesCo-hosted by Professor Owl and Ludwig Von Drake. At the beginning of the program, Professor Owl hosts. When \"All in the Golden Afternoon\" ends, Ludwig Von Drake takes over as host. Finally, after \"Blue Danube Waltz\" is over, Professor Owl takes over as host for the rest of the program.\nThe song \"Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing\" includes a montage with Disney birds from Bambi and the Silly Symphonies cartoon Birds in the Spring.\n\"Old MacDonald Had a Band\" first appeared in the Disney short Jack and Old Mac, but is here credited to the Toot, Whistle, Plunk, and Boom episode of Walt Disney Presents.[4]\nThis installment was the first to promote, and feature songs from, a then recently released Disney film (in this case, Oliver & Company). Prior to this, most installments promoted anniversary re-releases of older films.\nRetitled 101 Notes of Fun in the UK and other countries, and was not released until 1994.\n† \"Cruella de Vil\" appears in 101 Notes of Fun and replaces \"Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing\". It also replaces the reprise of \"Why Should I Worry?\".\nThe end credits mistakenly credit Eva Gabor, as she didn't sing any of the songs in The Aristocats (Robie Lester did), and also forgets to credit Roscoe Lee Browne (voice of Francis in Oliver & Company), as he sang in the final scene as well.\nKnown as 101 Dalmatas: Notas Musicales in Spanish, released in Spain. Also known as 101 Dalmatas: 101 Notas Musicales.\nKnown as Les 101 Dalmatiens: 101 Notes de Musique in French, released in France.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"By the Beautiful Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Beautiful_Sea_(song)"},{"link_name":"Never Smile at a Crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Smile_at_a_Crocodile"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sword in the Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Kiss the Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Sailing, Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing,_Sailing"},{"link_name":"Sailor's Hornpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor%27s_Hornpipe"},{"link_name":"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Someone's Waiting for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone%27s_Waiting_for_You"},{"link_name":"The Rescuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"Quantel Paintbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantel_Paintbox"},{"link_name":"La Sirenita: Bajo el Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Under the Sea (1990)","text":"Song List[2]\nUnder the Sea (The Little Mermaid)\nBy the Beautiful Sea\nNever Smile at a Crocodile (Peter Pan)\nThat's What Makes the World Go Round (The Sword in the Stone)\nKiss the Girl (The Little Mermaid)\nAt the Codfish Ball\nSailing, Sailing/Sailor's Hornpipe\nA Whale of a Tale (20,000 Leagues Under the Sea)\nSomeone's Waiting for You (The Rescuers)\nUnder the Sea RepriseVolume notesHosted by Ludwig Von Drake\nThe first Disney Sing-Along Songs videocassette to feature familiar tunes not from Disney movies, set to clips from Disney movies and cartoons (merely marked as \"Disney scenes\").\nThe first volume to credit the Quantel Paintbox in the end credits. Mike Bonner was credited as \"Paintbox artist\" for both this volume and \"I Love to Laugh\".\nThe original 1990 release included a Disneyland 35th anniversary graphic at the beginning of the video.\nKnown as La Sirenita: Bajo el Mar in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States.\nKnown as La Petite Sirène: Sous L'Ocean in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro Disney Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Disney_Resort"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Whistle While You Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_While_You_Work"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Step in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_in_Time"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Rumbly in My Tumbly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumbly_in_My_Tumbly"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Honey_Tree"},{"link_name":"It's a Small World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Grim Grinning Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_Grinning_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"The Haunted Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"When You Wish upon a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Wish_upon_a_Star"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Melody Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Time"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Jasmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_(Aladdin)"},{"link_name":"Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)"},{"link_name":"Iago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_(Aladdin)"},{"link_name":"Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Launchpad McQuack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchpad_McQuack"},{"link_name":"Vamos a Disneyland Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Disneyland Fun (1990)","text":"A full day of Disneyland is shown over Disney hit songs. A remake of Disneyland Fun set at what was then known as Euro Disney Resort was released in 1993 under the name Let's Go to Disneyland Paris!.[clarification needed]Song List\nDisneyland\n\nWhistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nStep in Time (Mary Poppins)\nI'm Walkin' Right Down the Middle of Main Street U.S.A. (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nThe Great Outdoors\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)\nRumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)\nIt's a Small World (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nMaking Memories\nGrim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)\nThe Character Parade (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nWhen You Wish upon a Star (Pinocchio)\nEuro Disneyland\n\nWhistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nStep in Time (Mary Poppins)\nI'm Walkin' Right Down the Middle of Main Street U.S.A. (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)\nHow D'Ye Do and Shake Hands (Alice in Wonderland)\nThe Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)\nRumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)\nPecos Bill (Melody Time)\nIt's a Small World (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nGrim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)\nThe Character Parade (Walt Disney World and Disneyland)\nWhen You Wish upon a Star (Pinocchio)Volume notesReleased in 1990 to mark the 35th Anniversary of Disneyland.\nThis was the first Disney theme-park Sing-Along video.\nAfter an introductory sequence, the sing-along commences with footage of the rides and attractions of Disneyland, with the appropriate characters' voice actors (and actress) dubbing lines of their costumed character counterparts.\nThe 1994 re-print introduced a new opening graphic for the series, but retained the original closing graphic.\nDuring Follow The Leader, the kids follow Donald Duck in Disneyland and Peter Pan in Euro Disneyland.\n\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" includes a rap verse not present in the original version.\nRoger Rabbit from Who Framed Roger Rabbit stars alongside the main Disney characters.\nLet's Go to Disneyland Paris! was released in 1993.\nMore modern characters such as Ariel, Beast, Belle, Aladdin, Jasmine, Jafar, Iago, Genie, Launchpad McQuack, Grammi Gummi, Sunni Gummi, and Tummi Gummi appear in Let's Go to Disneyland Paris!\nMore dialogue is used in Let's Go to Disneyland Paris! than in Disneyland Fun.\nKnown as Vamos a Disneyland Paris in Spanish, released in Spain. There is no Spanish version for Disneyland Fun.\nKnown as En Route Pour Euro Disneyland in French, released in France. There is no French version for Disneyland Fun.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"I Love to Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_to_Laugh"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Day in the Life of Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"Oo-De-Lally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oo-De-Lally"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_the_Big_Bad_Wolf%3F"},{"link_name":"The Three Little Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_Tigger_Too"},{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Pink Elephants on Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Elephants_on_Parade"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Jolly Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins: Supercalifagilistico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"I Love to Laugh! (1990)","text":"Song List[2]\nI Love to Laugh (Mary Poppins)\nEv'rybody Has a Laughing Place (Song of the South)\nBluddle-Uddle-Um-Dum (The Washing Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious (Mary Poppins)\nQuack, Quack, Quack, Donald Duck (A Day in the Life of Donald Duck)\nOo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)\nWho's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? (The Three Little Pigs)\nThe Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)\nPink Elephants on Parade (Dumbo)\nJolly Holiday (Mary Poppins)Volume notesHosted by Ludwig Von Drake\nRetitled Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious in 1994, featuring new graphics at the start and new end credits\nThe 1994 print featured the gold WDHV logo (with blue background), replacing the 1986 Sorcerer Mickey WDHV logo, which was a video editing error, but was bothered not to be corrected.\nKnown as Mary Poppins: Supercalifagilistico in Spanish, released in Spain and Latin America.\nKnown as Mary Poppins: C'est Bon de Rire in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Be Our Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Our_Guest"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"A Spoonful of Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Spoonful_of_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Bella Notte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Notte"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Heffalumps and Woozles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heffalumps_and_Woozles"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Blustery_Day"},{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"The World's Greatest Criminal Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Greatest_Criminal_Mind"},{"link_name":"The Great Mouse Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective"},{"link_name":"Chim Chim Cher-ee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim_Chim_Cher-ee"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Colors of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"La Bella y el Bestia: Nuestro Huésped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Be Our Guest (1992)","text":"Song List\nBe Our Guest (Beauty and the Beast)\nA Spoonful of Sugar (Mary Poppins)\nLittle Wooden Head (Pinocchio)†\nBella Notte (Lady and the Tramp)\nHeffalumps and Woozles (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day or The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)\nBeauty and the Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\nThe World's Greatest Criminal Mind (The Great Mouse Detective)\nChim Chim Cher-ee (Mary Poppins)\nOnce Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)\nBe Our Guest RepriseVolume notesHosted by Jiminy Cricket\n† \"Little Wooden Head\" was cut from the 1993 and 1994 versions while not being present in the Spanish version, but returns in Colors of the Wind.\nKnown as La Bella y el Bestia: Nuestro Huésped in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Known as Qué Festin in Spain.\nKnown as La Belle et la Bête: C'est la Fête in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friend Like Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend_Like_Me"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fox and the Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Hound_(film)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Mickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck"},{"link_name":"Goofy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Let's Get Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Get_Together_(Hayley_Mills_song)"},{"link_name":"The Parent Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"That's What Friends Are For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_Friends_Are_For_(1967_song)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"A Whole New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whole_New_World"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Colors of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Aladdin: Un Amigo Fiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Friend Like Me (1993)","text":"Song List\nFriend Like Me (Aladdin)\nBest of Friends (The Fox and the Hound)\nSomething There (Beauty and the Beast)\nHow Do You Do? (Song of the South)\nFriendship (performed by Mickey, Donald and Goofy)\nIn Harmony (The Little Mermaid TV Series)\nLet's Get Together (The Parent Trap)\nThat's What Friends Are For (The Jungle Book)\nA Whole New World (Aladdin)\nFriend Like Me RepriseVolume notesHosted by Jiminy Cricket\nThis to have a different intro to the theme song play over the opening graphics. In its place, we hear the last couple of bars of Friend Like Me, with the title Friend Like Me appearing in Disney's Aladdin-style font, framed by blue and purple smoke, continuing into the remixed opening theme. The remixed opening was heard on Circle of Life, Honor to Us All, Collection of All-Time Favorites, and the UK versions of Colors of the Wind and The Hunchback of Notre Dame in Spanish, while the remixed closing theme was also heard on the 1993 and 1994 editions of Heigh-Ho, as well as Circle of Life, Collection of All-Time Favorites, and Honor to Us All.\nKnown as Aladdin: Un Amigo Fiel in Spanish, released in Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Also known as Un Amigo Genial.\nKnown as Aladdin: Je Suis Ton Meilleur Ami in French, released in France and the United States.\nInstead of Professor Owl introducing Jiminy Cricket, Jiminy Cricket just shows up at the very beginning of the program.\nThis is the first time that Professor Owl did not introduce the host.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deck the Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_the_Halls"},{"link_name":"Jingle Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bells"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Days of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Days_of_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"O Christmas Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Christmas_Tree"},{"link_name":"We Wish You a Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmas Fantasy Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Fantasy_Parade"}],"sub_title":"The Twelve Days of Christmas (1993)","text":"The gang spends Christmas at Mickey's Log Cabin and at Disneyland.Song List\nVery Merry Christmas\nDeck the Halls\nDear Santa\nJingle Bells\nSnow Ho Ho\nHip Hop Noel\nHe Delivers\nThe Twelve Days of Christmas\nI'd Like to Have an Elephant for Christmas\nHere Comes Santa\nO Christmas Tree/We Wish You a Merry ChristmasVolume notesNo host (voiceover only)\nThe song \"Here Comes Santa\" features highlights of the Disneyland Christmas Fantasy Parade","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Fort_Wilderness_Resort_%26_Campground"},{"link_name":"Comin' 'Round the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27ll_Be_Coming_%27Round_the_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Bare Necessities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Caissons Go Rolling Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along"},{"link_name":"The Happy Wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Wanderer"},{"link_name":"Oh! Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_Susanna"},{"link_name":"Camptown Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptown_Races"},{"link_name":"By the Beautiful Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Beautiful_Sea_(song)"},{"link_name":"Don't Fence Me In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Fence_Me_In_(song)"},{"link_name":"Turkey in the Straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Straw"},{"link_name":"Jeepers Creepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepers_Creepers_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mountain Greenery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Greenery"},{"link_name":"Country Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_Home,_Country_Roads"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"If You're Happy and You Know It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You%27re_Happy_and_You_Know_It"},{"link_name":"Kidsongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidsongs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Campout at Walt Disney World (1994)","text":"The gang spends time in the great outdoors at Fort Wilderness at Walt Disney World.Song List\nLet's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†\nComin' 'Round the Mountain\nThe Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)\nThe Caissons Go Rolling Along\nThe Happy Wanderer\nOh! Susanna\nCamptown Races\nBy the Beautiful Sea\nDon't Fence Me In\nTurkey in the Straw\nTalent Roundup\nJeepers Creepers\nMountain Greenery\nCountry Roads (John Denver)\nIf You're Happy and You Know It\nGoodnight CampersVolume notes† \"Let's Go\" is only present in the original version.\nOriginally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Campout at Walt Disney World, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series\nChristian Buenaventura, Tiffany Burton, Michelle Montoya and Shira Roth from Kidsongs make appearances in the video.[citation needed]","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus"},{"link_name":"Upside Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_Down_(Diana_Ross_song)"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Aba Daba Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba_Daba_Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"I Wan'na Be Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man on the Flying Trapeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_on_the_Flying_Trapeze"},{"link_name":"Over and Over Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_and_Over_Again_(Disney_song)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Make 'Em Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_%27Em_Laugh"},{"link_name":"Singin' in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Be a Clown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_a_Clown"},{"link_name":"The Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Barry Manilow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Manilow"},{"link_name":"Bruce Sussman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Sussman"},{"link_name":"Tahj Mowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahj_Mowry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Larible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Larible"},{"link_name":"Samuel E. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_E._Wright"}],"sub_title":"Let's Go to the Circus! (1994)","text":"Mickey and the gang visit Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.Song List\nLet's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†\nRainbow World\nThe Circus on Parade\nUpside Down (Diana Ross)\nAba Daba Honeymoon\nI Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)\nThe Man on the Flying Trapeze\nOver and Over Again\nThose Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines\nMake 'Em Laugh (Singin' in the Rain)\nThe Bells\nAnimal Calypso\nJump Rope\nBe a Clown (The Pirate)\nJoin the CircusVolume notes† \"Let's Go\" is only present in the original version.\nOriginally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Let's Go to the Circus!, later reissued in the Sing-Along Songs series.\nBarry Manilow is reported to have composed the score for the video and wrote two original songs with Bruce Sussman, but credited as written by Andy Belling and Nick Allen.\nThis is the only Disney live-action video that doesn't take place at Walt Disney World, even though the Disney characters are shown.\nChristian Buenaventura, Tiffany Burton and Michelle Montoya from Kidsongs, along with child actor Tahj Mowry, make appearances in the video.[citation needed]\nDavid Larible and Eric Michael Gillett make guest appearances on the video.\nSamuel E. Wright is credited as the singer for \"Animal Calypso\".","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Part of Your World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_Your_World"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Prince Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ali_(song)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"I Just Can't Wait to Be King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Just_Can%27t_Wait_to_Be_King"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Everybody Wants to Be a Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Wants_to_Be_a_Cat"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"Hakuna Matata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuna_Matata_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lion Sleeps Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_Sleeps_Tonight"},{"link_name":"The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2"},{"link_name":"When You Wish Upon a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Wish_upon_a_Star"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Jiminy Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Everybody Wants to Be a Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Wants_to_Be_a_Cat"},{"link_name":"We Are One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_One_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride"},{"link_name":"El Rey Leon: El Ciclo Sin Fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Circle of Life (1994)","text":"Song List\nCircle of Life (The Lion King)\nPart of Your World (The Little Mermaid)\nPrince Ali (Aladdin)\nI Just Can't Wait to Be King (The Lion King)\nBelle (Beauty and the Beast)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)†\nEverybody Wants to Be a Cat (The Aristocats)\nHakuna Matata (The Lion King)^\nThe Lion Sleeps Tonight (The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa)^\nYummy Yummy Yummy (The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa)^\nW-I-L-D (The Jungle Book 2)^\nJungle Rhythm (The Jungle Book 2)^\nWhen You Wish Upon a Star (Pinocchio)Volume notesHosted by Jiminy Cricket (1st edition only. 2003 edition featured voiceover only)\n† \"Following the Leader\" is only in the UK version and replaces \"Everybody Wants to Be a Cat\".\n^ Songs in the 2003 DVD release\n2003 DVD release includes a Vocabulary Game and Guess That Song. \"We Are One\" and \"Upendi\" from The Lion King II: Simba's Pride are shown as a bonus when you complete the Advanced Level of the Vocabulary Game and Song #3 of \"Guess That Song\" respectively, but they don't have any sing-along lyrics.\nKnown as El Rey Leon: El Ciclo Sin Fin in Spanish, released in Spain. Also known as El Ciclo de la Vida.\nKnown as Le Roi Lion: Le Cycle de la Vie in French, released in France and the United States.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_(Kool_%26_the_Gang_song)"},{"link_name":"Kool & the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"Surfin' Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfin%27_Safari_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"Three Little Fishies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Fishies"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Part of Your World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_Your_World"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Hot, Hot, Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Hot_Hot_(Arrow_song)"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Hukilau Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hukilau_Song"},{"link_name":"Pearly Shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearly_Shells"},{"link_name":"Limbo Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_Rock"},{"link_name":"Chubby Checker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubby_Checker"},{"link_name":"Slicin' Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Hawaii_(soundtrack)#Track_listing"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Beach Party at Walt Disney World (1995)","text":"Mickey and the gang have a big beach party.Song List[2]\nLet's Go (Mickey's Fun Songs Theme)†\nCelebration (Kool & the Gang)\nSet Your Name Free\nSurfin' Safari (The Beach Boys)\nThree Little Fishies\nA Pirate's Life (Peter Pan)\nPart of Your World (The Little Mermaid)\nHot, Hot, Hot (Arrow)\nThe Hukilau Song\nPearly Shells\nLimbo Rock (Chubby Checker)\nSlicin' Sand (Elvis Presley)Volume notes† \"Let's Go\" is only present in the original version.\nOriginally released as Mickey's Fun Songs - Beach Party at Walt Disney World, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series.\nMario \"Boo\" Bailey and Tiffany Burton from Kidsongs make appearances in the video.[citation needed]","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"Hakuna Matata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuna_Matata_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Can You Feel the Love Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_You_Feel_the_Love_Tonight"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Higitus Figitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higitus_Figitus"},{"link_name":"The Sword in the Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Enchanted Tiki Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_Tiki_Room"},{"link_name":"Colors of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Von Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Drake"},{"link_name":"Be Our Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Our_Guest"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas: Colores en el Viento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Colors of the Wind (1995)","text":"Song List[2]\nJust Around the Riverbend (Pocahontas)\nCinderella Work Song (Cinderella)\nWhy Should I Worry? (Oliver & Company)\nCasey Junior (Dumbo)†\nHakuna Matata (The Lion King)†^\nOo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)†\nLittle Wooden Head (Pinocchio)\nCan You Feel the Love Tonight (The Lion King)\nHigitus Figitus (The Sword in the Stone)\nLet's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing (Disneyland's Enchanted Tiki Room)†^\nColors of the Wind (Pocahontas)Volume notesHosted by Ludwig Von Drake\nFeatures the return of \"Little Wooden Head\", cut from the 1993 edition of Be Our Guest\nKnown as Colours of the Wind in the UK, because of spelling differences in UK English and US English.\nVHS edition features updated preview for the 3rd series, plus a preview for the Mickey's Fun Songs three tape series\n† Songs in foreign versions and replace \"Cinderella Work Song\" and \"Why Should I Worry?\".\n†^ \"Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing\" only appears in foreign English versions (e.g. UK, Australia, etc.) and is replaced by \"Hakuna Matata\" in other countries.\nThe \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" sing along has a new montage of Disney Lovers.\nThe UK version of Colours of the Wind has new lettering and a Mickey bouncing ball with a feather band around its head (applies to releases in other countries).\nThe Colors of the Wind laserdisc also included Mickey's Fun Songs: Let's Go to the Circus.\nKnown as Pocahontas: Colores en el Viento in Spanish, released in Spain.\nKnown as Pocahontas: L'Air du Vent in French, released in France.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"You've Got a Friend in Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Friend_in_Me"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"Timon & Pumbaa Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_and_the_King_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Oliver & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"The Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silly_Song_(1937_song)"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"A Goofy Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie"},{"link_name":"Out There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_There_(1996_song)"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"James and the Giant Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_and_the_Giant_Peach_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Mine, Mine, Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine,_Mine,_Mine"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Ariel's Undersea Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Return of Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Jafar"},{"link_name":"The Nightmare Before Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas"},{"link_name":"The Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silly_Song_(1937_song)"},{"link_name":"El Jorobado de Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"Topsy Turvy (1996)","text":"Song List[2]\nTopsy Turvy (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)\nYou've Got a Friend in Me (Toy Story)\nStand by Me (Timon & Pumbaa Music Video)\nFather and Son (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)†\nStreets of Gold (Oliver & Company)\nThe Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nOn the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)†\nOut There (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)\nFamily (James and the Giant Peach)\nThe Unbirthday Song (Alice in Wonderland)\nMine, Mine, Mine (Pocahontas)†\nSing a New Song (Ariel's Undersea Adventures)†\nForget About Love (The Return of Jafar)†\nWhat's This? (The Nightmare Before Christmas)†\nTopsy Turvy RepriseVolume notesRetitled as The Hunchback of Notre Dame in the UK and other countries.\nSegments only (no host)\n† Songs featured in The Hunchback of Notre Dame which replaced \"Stand by Me\", \"The Dwarfs' Yodel Song (The Silly Song)\", \"Family\", and \"The Unbirthday Song\".\nKnown as El Jorobado de Notre Dame in Spanish, released in Spain.\nKnown as Le Bossu de Notre Dame: Charivari in French, released in France.\nThe lyrics \"It's the day the devil in us gets released. It's the day we mock the pig and shock the priest\" were changed to \"Good is bad and best is worst and west is east. On the day, we think the most of those with least\" to excise religious references. Esmeralda's pole-dancing scene was also cut to discourage sinful thoughts and sensations.\nThe beginning of the song \"Out There\" is cut due to general misery.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_jan_25_1997-6"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Do Your Ears Hang Low?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Your_Ears_Hang_Low%3F"},{"link_name":"Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Diggity_(Dog_Ziggity_Boom)"}],"sub_title":"Pongo and Perdita (1996)","text":"Pongo, Perdita, and the puppies prepare for the Bow Wow Ball.Song List[2][5]\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nDo Your Ears Hang Low? (Traditional)\n(Going to) The Bow-Wow Ball\nHokey Puppy (Hokey Pokey) (Traditional)\nPongo (Bingo) (Traditional)\nTake Me Out to the Ball Game (Traditional)\nOh Where, Oh Where Has My Little Dog Gone? (Traditional)\nHot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)\nThe More We Get Together (Traditional)Volume notesThe \"Following the Leader\" segment actually used a recording of the version in Disneyland Fun.\nThe only volume without sing-along words on the screen, though it is Closed Captioned (CC) for the hearing impaired (as are most volumes), and sing-along lyrics have been added to the 2006 DVD release (though still incomplete)","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zero to Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_To_Hero_(Hercules%27s_Song)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"A Goofy Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Rescuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rescuers"},{"link_name":"Jungle Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_and_the_King_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Melody Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Time"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Grand_Adventure:_The_Search_for_Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Hércules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Canta_Con_Nosotros"}],"sub_title":"From Hercules (1997)","text":"Song List\nZero to Hero (Hercules)\nA Guy Like You (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)\nOur Miss Minnie (Minnie's Greatest Hits)\nAfter Today (A Goofy Movie)\nRescue Aid Society (The Rescuers)\nTake Your Sweet Time (Jungle Cubs-Born to Be Wild)\nOut of Thin Air (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)\nPecos Bill (Melody Time)\nYou Can Fly! (Peter Pan)\nAdventure is a Wonderful Thing (Winnie the Pooh's Most Grand Adventure) (Known as Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin in the US)\nIn a World of My Own (Alice in Wonderland)\nOne Last Hope (Hercules)Volume NotesReleased in all parts of the world except the US\nSegments only (no host)\nIn the song \"Pecos Bill\", Pecos Bill is shown having a cigarette in his mouth, which is censored in Home on the Range: Little Patch of Heaven due to references of tobacco use.\nThe verse about the Painted Indians in \"You Can Fly!\" is cut in this volume, but appears in Home on the Range: Little Patch of Heaven.\nKnown as Hércules in Spanish, released in Spain.\nKnown as Hercule: Héros de Tous les Héros in French, released in France.","title":"Volumes: Original series (1986–1998)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_sep_6_1997-7"},{"link_name":"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Whistle While You Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_While_You_Work"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_the_Big_Bad_Wolf%3F"},{"link_name":"Three Little Pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ichabod_and_Mr._Toad"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigh-Ho"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Dumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbo"},{"link_name":"The Three Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Song of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"When You Wish Upon a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Wish_upon_a_Star"},{"link_name":"Pinocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)"}],"sub_title":"Collection of All Time Favorites: The Early Years (1997)","text":"Song List[6]\nZip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah (Song of the South)\nGive a Little Whistle (Pinocchio)\nWhistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nWho's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? (Three Little Pigs)\nCasey Junior (Dumbo)\nThe Merrily Song (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)\nLittle Wooden Head (Pinocchio)\nHeigh-Ho (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nWhen I See an Elephant Fly (Dumbo)\nThe Three Caballeros (The Three Caballeros)\nBluddle-Uddle-Um-Dum (The Washing Song) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nEverybody Has a Laughing Place (Song of the South)\nWhen You Wish Upon a Star (Pinocchio)Volume notesHosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)\nFeatures songs from 1933–1949","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_sep_6_1997-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Bare Necessities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Necessities"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sword in the Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo_(The_Magic_Song)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sword in the Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"A Spoonful of Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Spoonful_of_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Scales and Arpeggios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scales_and_Arpeggios"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"I Wan'na Be Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"}],"sub_title":"Collection of All Time Favorites: The Magic Years (1997)","text":"Song List[6]\nYou Can Fly! (Peter Pan)\nThe Bare Necessities (The Jungle Book)\nThe Mickey Mouse Club March (The Mickey Mouse Club)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nThat's What Makes the World Go Round (The Sword in the Stone)\nOnce Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)\nOo-De-Lally (Robin Hood)\nBibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo (Cinderella)\nBella Notte (Lady and the Tramp)\nAll in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)\nHigitus Figitus (The Sword in the Stone)\nA Spoonful of Sugar (Mary Poppins)\nScales and Arpeggios (The Aristocats)\nI Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)Volume notesHosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)\nFeatures songs from 1950–1973","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_sep_6_1997-7"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Be Our Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Our_Guest"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"A Whole New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whole_New_World"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"Topsy Turvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy_Turvy"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Colors of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Prince Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Ali_(song)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"Part of Your World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_Your_World"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"}],"sub_title":"Collection of All-Time Favorites: The Modern Classics (1997)","text":"Song List[6]\nCircle of Life (The Lion King)\nBe Our Guest (Beauty and the Beast)\nOne Last Hope (Hercules)\nUnder the Sea (The Little Mermaid)\nA Whole New World (Aladdin)\nTopsy Turvy (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)\nColors of the Wind (Pocahontas)\nPrince Ali (Aladdin)\nPart of Your World (The Little Mermaid)\nZero to Hero (Hercules)Volume notesHosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before all songs)\nFeatures songs from 1989–1997","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_II:_Journey_to_a_New_World"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_a_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride"},{"link_name":"Belle's Magical World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%27s_Magical_World"},{"link_name":"A Goofy Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_and_the_King_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"I'll Make a Man Out of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Make_a_Man_Out_of_You"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)"}],"sub_title":"Honor to Us All (1998)","text":"Song List[2]\nHonor to Us All (Mulan)\nZero to Hero (Hercules)\nThe Siamese Cat Song (Lady and the Tramp)\nWhere Do I Go from Here? (Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World)\nA Guy Like You (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)\nA Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Cinderella)\nWe Are One (The Lion King II: Simba's Pride)\nA Little Thought (Belle's Magical World)\nOn the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)\nI Won't Say (I'm in Love) (Hercules)\nFather and Son (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)\nI'll Make a Man Out of You (Mulan)Volume notesHosted by Professor Owl (voiceover only, before first song only)\nFeatures the return of \"The Siamese Cat Song\", cut from the 1994 edition of Heigh-Ho","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Grim Grinning Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim_Grinning_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"The Haunted Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Ichabod_and_Mr._Toad"},{"link_name":"Corey Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Burton"}],"sub_title":"Happy Haunting - Party at Disneyland! (1998)","text":"Mickey and the gang have a spooky halloween party at a haunted house.Song List[2]\nIt's Halloween\nFive Little Pumpkins (Traditional)\nGrim Grinning Ghosts (The Haunted Mansion)\nChicken Lips and Lizard Hips (John and Nancy Cassidy)\nHeadless Horseman (The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad)\nFive Little Witches\nSpooky Scary Skeletons\nCasting My Spell\nTrick or Treat\nMonster MashVolume notesHosted by the Magic Mirror (Corey Burton)","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(song)"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh Featurettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(song)"},{"link_name":"Piglet's Big Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet%27s_Big_Movie"},{"link_name":"Rumbly in My Tumbly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumbly_in_My_Tumbly"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Honey_Tree"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_Tigger_Too"},{"link_name":"Kanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanga_(Winnie-the-Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Roo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Pooh Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Pooh_Corner"},{"link_name":"Piglet's Big Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet%27s_Big_Movie"},{"link_name":"Piglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Eeyore's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeyore"},{"link_name":"Balloonatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Rabbit's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_(Winnie_the_Pooh)"},{"link_name":"Heffalumps and Woozles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heffalumps_and_Woozles"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_the_Blustery_Day"},{"link_name":"The Piglet Who Would Be King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Piglet's Big Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet%27s_Big_Movie"},{"link_name":"Winnie-the-Pooh's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh"}],"sub_title":"Sing a Song with Pooh Bear (and Piglet Too!) (1999)","text":"Song List\nWinnie the Pooh (Winnie the Pooh Featurettes)\nWinnie the Pooh (Piglet's Big Movie)†\nRumbly in My Tumbly (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree)\nThe Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too)\nThe Kanga Roo Hop (Kanga & Roo's Song)\nTry a Little Something New/High and Low Medley (Welcome to Pooh Corner)\nWith a Few Good Friends (Piglet's Big Movie)†\nThe One and Only One (Piglet & Eeyore's Song)\nThe Floating Song (Balloonatics)\nHarvest What You Grow (Rabbit's Song)\nHeffalumps and Woozles (Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day)\nNothing is Too Good for a Friend (The Piglet Who Would Be King)\nSing Ho for the Life of a Bear (Piglet's Big Movie)†\nMy Song (Winnie-the-Pooh's Song)Volume notesDVD released in April 2003 as \"Sing a Song with Pooh Bear & Piglet Too!\", to coincide with the theatrical release of Piglet's Big Movie.\n† Songs seen only in the 2003 edition\nOriginally released as Winnie the Pooh: Sing a Song with Pooh Bear, later reissued in the Sing Along Songs series under a new name with new songs. Also released in the UK, but only the original VHS version.\nFeatured at the end of the original release from 1999, Gopher hosts \"How to Draw\", as he shows you how to draw Pooh's face.","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney's Animal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"I Wan'na Be Like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wan%27na_Be_Like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Must_Have_Been_a_Beautiful_Baby"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Harry Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Warren"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"Walk the Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Was (Not Was)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was_(Not_Was)"},{"link_name":"It's a Small World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Small_World"},{"link_name":"He Lives in You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lives_in_You"},{"link_name":"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride"},{"link_name":"Circle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"A Bug's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life"}],"sub_title":"Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom (1999)","text":"Flik, Mickey, Minnie, and the rest of the gang spend the day at Disney's Animal Kingdom.Song List[2]\nWelcome to Harambe\nOn Safari\nI Wan'na Be Like You (The Jungle Book)\nYou Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby (Johnny Mercer and Harry Warren; made famous by Bing Crosby, Bobby Darin, and others)\nWalk the Dinosaur (Was (Not Was))\nIt's a Bug's World (Based on \"It's a Small World\")\nAsia (Based on \"The Siamese Cat Song\")\nHe Lives in You (The Lion King II: Simba's Pride)\nCircle of Life (The Lion King)Volume notesHosted by Flik the Ant from Disney/Pixar's A Bug's Life","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"The Tigger Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie"},{"link_name":"Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Grand_Adventure:_The_Search_for_Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"The Tigger Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie"},{"link_name":"Boo! To You!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"King of the Beasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"The Tigger Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Marks the Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh"},{"link_name":"Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Grand_Adventure:_The_Search_for_Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"Tigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigger"},{"link_name":"The Tigger Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tigger_Movie"},{"link_name":"Christopher Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robin"},{"link_name":"music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videos"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Gold_Classic_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Aristocats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aristocats"},{"link_name":"The Fox and the Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Hound"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sword in the Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(1963_film)"}],"sub_title":"Winnie the Pooh - Sing a Song with Tigger (2000)","text":"Song List\nThe Scrapbook Song\nThe Wonderful Thing About Tiggers (The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)\nThe Whoop-de-Dooper Bounce (The Tigger Movie)\nForever and Ever (Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin)\nRound My Family Tree (The Tigger Movie)\nI Wanna Scare Myself (Boo! To You!)\nPlaying in the Wood\nKing of the Beasties (King of the Beasties)\nHow to Be a Tigger (The Tigger Movie)\nPirates is What We'll Be (Rabbit Marks the Spot)\nEverything is Right (Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin)\nThe Scrapbook Song RepriseVolume notesBonus Programming - Tiggerrific Tips on How to Make a Scrapbook!\nHosted by Tigger, who is showing you his scrapbook\nReleased in 2000 in promotion of The Tigger Movie\nThis video was not released as a Sing Along Songs volume, rather a \"Sing a Song With\"..., but otherwise conforms to SAS volume standards.\nOpening credits feature a computer-animated tour of Christopher Robin's bedroom showing his stuffed toys, also shown in Sing a Song with Pooh Bear\nAlso features bonus music videos at the end of the video to promote the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection titles: \"A Girl Worth Fighting For\" (Mulan), \"Scales and Arpeggios\" (The Aristocats), \"The Best of Friends\" (The Fox and the Hound), \"Steady as the Beating Drum\" (Pocahontas), and \"Higitus Figitus\" (The Sword in the Stone)","title":"Collection of All Time Favorites series (1997)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brother Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Bear"},{"link_name":"101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Dalmatians_II:_Patch%27s_London_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Go the Distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_the_Distance"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"I'm Still Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Still_Here_(Jim%27s_Theme)"},{"link_name":"Treasure Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet"},{"link_name":"The Lion King 1½","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_1%C2%BD"},{"link_name":"A Goofy Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie"},{"link_name":"Aloha, E Komo Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilo_%26_Stitch:_The_Series"},{"link_name":"Stitch! The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch!_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Brother Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Bear"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Honor to Us All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_to_Us_All"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Scream"}],"sub_title":"Brother Bear - On My Way (2003)","text":"Song List[2][7]\nOn My Way (Brother Bear)\nTry Again (101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure)\nFollowing the Leader (Peter Pan)\nGo the Distance (Hercules)\nI'm Still Here (Treasure Planet)\nDigga Tunnah (The Lion King 1½)\nOn the Open Road (A Goofy Movie)\nAloha, E Komo Mai (Stitch! The Movie)\nWelcome (Brother Bear)\nDance Along: On My Way\nDance Along: Try Again\nDance Along: Aloha, E Komo MaiVolume notesThe first volume to feature a new opening sequence, with the theme song sung by Sebastian from The Little Mermaid\nHosted by Rutt and Tuke\nAlso features Karaoke Mode and three Vocabulary Activities\n\"On the Open Road\" was presented on Honor to Us All and features a Wilhelm Scream","title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-song_encyc-3"},{"link_name":"Home on the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Home on the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Melody Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Time"},{"link_name":"Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%27s_Dinosaur_Round-Up"},{"link_name":"Home on the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_on_the_Range_(2004_film)"}],"sub_title":"Home on the Range - Little Patch of Heaven (2004)","text":"Song List[2]\nLittle Patch of Heaven (Home on the Range)\nYodel-Adle-Eedle-Idle-Oo (Home on the Range)\nHome on the Range - Traditional\nOh, Susanna! - Traditional\nOld MacDonald Had a Farm - Traditional\nShe'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain - Traditional\nThe Farmer in the Dell - Traditional\nPecos Bill (Melody Time)\nA Cowboy Needs a Horse (A Cowboy Needs a Horse)\nStanley Rides Again (Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up)\nAnytime You Need a Friend (Home on the Range)\nDance Along: Little Patch of Heaven\nDance Along: Anytime You Need a Friend\nDance Along: Yodel-Adle-Eedle-Idle-OoVolume notesHosted by Maggie the Cow\nAlso features Karaoke Mode and three Vocabulary Activities","title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_Is_a_Wish_Your_Heart_Makes"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Part of Your World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_Your_World"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"A Whole New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Whole_New_World"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Colors of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Mulan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_II"},{"link_name":"I Won't Say (I'm in Love)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Say_(I%27m_in_Love)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella II: Dreams Come True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_II:_Dreams_Come_True"},{"link_name":"Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey,_Donald,_Goofy:_The_Three_Musketeers"}],"sub_title":"Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 - Once Upon a Dream (2004)","text":"Song List\nA Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes (Cinderella)\nPart of Your World (The Little Mermaid)\nA Whole New World (Aladdin)\nOnce Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty)\nI'm Wishing/One Song (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nColors of the Wind (Pocahontas)\nBeauty and the Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\nReflection (Mulan)\nLike Other Girls (Mulan II)\nI Won't Say (I'm in Love) (Hercules)\nPut It Together (Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo) (Cinderella II: Dreams Come True)\nSweet Wings of Love (Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers)\nIf You Can Dream (Featuring all eligible princesses)Volume notes\"If You Can Dream\" appears to be an original song composed exclusively for this Sing Along Songs volume\nAlso features dance alongs, but unlike On My Way and Little Patch of Heaven, the dance alongs are bonus features.","title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Kiss the Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_the_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"The Return of Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Jafar"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Someday My Prince Will Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_My_Prince_Will_Come"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_II:_Return_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Disney Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Princess"}],"sub_title":"Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 - Enchanted Tea Party (2005)","text":"Song List\nSo This is Love (Cinderella)\nKiss the Girl (The Little Mermaid)\nForget About Love (The Return of Jafar)\nSomething There (Beauty and the Beast)\nJust Around the Riverbend (Pocahontas)\nSomeday My Prince Will Come (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nI Wonder (Sleeping Beauty)\nHonor to Us All (Mulan)\nLove (Robin Hood)\nIn a World of My Own (Alice in Wonderland)\nFor a Moment (The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea)\nWhere Dreams Begin (All New Disney Princess Song)Volume notesDVD includes Princess Tea Time game, Dance Along, Karaoke, Random Play\n\"Where Dreams Begin\" was newly created for this volume.","title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella II: Dreams Come True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_II:_Dreams_Come_True"},{"link_name":"Aladdin and the King of Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_and_the_King_of_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Belle's Magical World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast:_Belle%27s_Magical_World"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_II:_Journey_to_a_New_World"},{"link_name":"Whistle While You Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_While_You_Work"},{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Mulan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan_II"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_II:_Return_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ella Enchanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Enchanted_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Disney Princess Sing Along Songs Vol. 3 - Perfectly Princess (2006)","text":"Song List\nIn Harmony (The Little Mermaid TV Series)\nIt's What's Inside That Counts (Cinderella II: Dreams Come True)\nOut of Thin Air (Aladdin and the King of Thieves)\nA Little Thought (Belle's Magical World)\nWhere Do I Go from Here? (Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World)\nWhistle While You Work (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)\nAll in the Golden Afternoon (Alice in Wonderland)\nThe Work Song (Cinderella)\nBelle (Beauty and the Beast)\nLesson Number One (Mulan II)\nHere on the Land and Sea (The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea)\nIt's Not Just Make Believe (Ella Enchanted)Volume notesIncludes Karaoke, Princess Pen Pals, Princess Pals DVD-ROM","title":"Volumes: New series (2003–2006)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Also known as Canta con Nosotros in Latin America and Spain, Disney Chansons Ensemble in France, Coleção Cante com Disney in Brazil, Disneys Sing mit uns in Germany, and Sing Along Song: Disney Musical World in Japan.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"The Walt Disney Company, Walt Disney Home Video (May 19, 1987). \"Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 (Laserdisc)\" – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/588AS","url_text":"\"Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 1 (Laserdisc)\""}]},{"reference":"Hischak, Thomas S.; Robinson, Mark A. (2009). The Disney Song Encyclopedia. Lantham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780810869387. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mxHH9bKbPEC&pg=PA308","url_text":"The Disney Song Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"The Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810869387","url_text":"9780810869387"}]},{"reference":"The Walt Disney Company, Walt Disney Home Video (February 2, 1988). \"Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 (Laserdisc)\" – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/393AS","url_text":"\"Disney's Sing Along Songs Vol. 2 (Laserdisc)\""}]},{"reference":"Walt Disney (March 27, 1959), Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, retrieved May 6, 2024","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/toot-whistle-plunk-and-boom","url_text":"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Kid Video\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 4. January 25, 1997. p. 91. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA91","url_text":"\"Top Kid Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Kid Video\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 36. September 6, 1997. p. 97. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA97","url_text":"\"Top Kid Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Hay, Carla (November 22, 2003). \"Collins Scores For Disney\". Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 47. p. 22. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"\"Collins Scores For Disney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kelly_(actor)
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Jack Kelly (actor)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early roles","2.2 Maverick (1957–1962)","2.3 Later career","3 Business and politics","4 Personal life and death","5 Filmography","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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American actor
For other people with this name, see John Kelly.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jack Kelly" actor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jack KellyKelly in 1957BornJohn Augustus Kelly Jr.(1927-09-16)September 16, 1927New York City, U.S.DiedNovember 7, 1992(1992-11-07) (aged 65)Huntington Beach, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, politicianYears active1939–1992Spouses
May Wynn
(m. 1956; div. 1964)
Jo Ann Smith (m. 1969)
Children1Mayor of Huntington Beach, CaliforniaIn office1983–1986
John Augustus Kelly Jr. (September 16, 1927 – November 7, 1992), known professionally as Jack Kelly, was an American film and television actor most noted for the role of Bart Maverick in the television series Maverick, which ran on ABC from 1957 to 1962.
Kelly shared the series, rotating as the lead from week to week, first with James Garner as Bret Maverick (1957–1960) then with Roger Moore as Beau Maverick (1960–1961) and Robert Colbert as Brent Maverick (1961, for two episodes), before becoming the only Maverick (alternating with reruns from the Garner era) in the fifth season.
Kelly later became a politician, having served from 1983 to 1986 as the mayor of Huntington Beach, California.
Early life
John Augustus Kelly Jr. was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, one of four children, to Ann Mary (née Walsh) and John Augustus Kelly Sr. Jackie, as he was called as a child, came from a prominent theatrical family. His mother, Ann "Nan" Kelly, had been a popular stage actress and John Robert Powers model. Kelly Senior was a theater ticket broker, and after he moved the family to Hollywood, entered the real estate business.
His sister was actress Nancy Kelly. His other two siblings, Carole and William Clement, also tried show business. Kelly served as a weather observer in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, where he was on the first B-29 to fly over the Arctic Circle.
Career
Early roles
Kelly made his film debut in an uncredited role in the 1939 biopic The Story of Alexander Graham Bell. In early 1954, he appeared in the film noir Drive a Crooked Road, written by Blake Edwards and Richard Quine. On July 15, 1954, Kelly played the gunfighter, cattleman, and bandit Clay Allison in the television series Stories of the Century.
In 1955-1956 television season, Kelly starred in a series based on the 1942 feature film Kings Row starring Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan. He played Dr. Parris Mitchell, a young psychiatrist coping with the narrow-minded environment of his small town while Robert Horton played the part originally performed by Reagan in the theatrical film. King's Row was one-third of the Warner Bros. Presents wheel series, hosted by Gig Young. It rotated at the scheduled hour of 7:30 Eastern on Tuesday with a similar television version of the popular movie Casablanca as well as the new ABC Western series Cheyenne. After the series ended in 1956, Kelly appeared in Forbidden Planet (1956) and She Devil (1957), along with guest roles on Fireside Theater, Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, Lux Video Theatre, and Gunsmoke.
Maverick (1957–1962)
Kelly as Bart Maverick and Richard Long as Gentleman Jack Darby
The various anti-heroic Mavericks were dapper professional poker-players roaming the Old West with the benefit of superb scripts (at least in the first two seasons; the show gradually declined during the last three seasons). The series had an enormous cultural impact during a time when there were only three television networks and most American cities had only three TV channels to choose from.
Maverick's demanding filming schedule had caused production to lag behind early on. The producers decided to give Bret Maverick (James Garner) a brother so as not to run out of episodes long before the end of the season. Thus, Kelly was introduced as Bart Maverick in "Hostage," the eighth episode of the series.
Kelly shared the lead with James Garner in one of the show's famous episodes, "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres", on which the first half of the 1973 movie The Sting appears to be based. The pair also co-starred in the famous "Pappy" episode in which Garner played the brothers' much-quoted father Beauregard "Pappy" Maverick, in addition to his regular role of Bret. Aided by trick photography, Bret and Pappy play cards together in one scene (Kelly had a dual role in the episode as well, playing Bart and elderly Uncle Bentley "Bent" Maverick). Bart rescued Bret at the climax of "Duel at Sundown", in which Garner fought guest star Clint Eastwood.
Garner had first choice of which part he would play in the two-brother episodes, which delineated the brothers as "Maverick 1" and "Maverick 2" in the scripts, giving him an enormous advantage. All but one script during the show's first two years were written with Garner in mind regardless of which actor was being cast. Series creator Roy Huggins insisted that the writers visualize Garner as Maverick while writing the scripts, according to his Archive of American Television interview. The second-season episode in which Maverick was written with Kelly in mind instead of Garner was titled "Passage to Fort Doom."
Although the "solo" episodes in which Bart appeared tended to be somewhat more dramatic than the often more humorous Bret episodes, Kelly displayed his comedic skills in lighter Maverick outings such as "Hadley's Hunters" and "The People's Friend." Kelly actually appeared in more episodes of Maverick than James Garner, who left the show following a contract dispute in 1960 to successfully accelerate his theatrical film career. Kelly appeared in approximately 75 episodes due to his remaining for the entire run of the series; Garner is in 52 episodes altogether not counting introducing Kelly's earlier solo episodes in a separate frontispiece to ease audiences into the presence of a second Maverick during much of the first season.
In the wake of Garner's departure, Roger Moore played Bart's cousin Beau Maverick in 14 episodes, sharing the screen with Kelly in three of them, while Garner look-alike Robert Colbert appeared in two installments as a third brother wearing Bret's costume and named Brent, one of which briefly featured Kelly. The series was canceled after the fifth season, which consisted of Kelly appearing as the only Maverick in new episodes alternating with reruns of Garner shows from earlier seasons. The billing at the beginning of the show was reversed in the fifth season, with Kelly being billed above Garner. Kelly maintained that he was never notified of the cancellation by the studio but instead wound up learning about it in a newspaper article.
James Garner and Jack Kelly
James Garner and Kelly
Julie Adams and Kelly
Kelly, Kathleen Crowley and Mike Road
Kelly and Paula Raymond
Kelly and Jackie Searl
Later career
When Maverick ended in 1962, Kelly continued acting with roles in a number of films and television shows. In 1962, he played the lead in Red Nightmare (also known as The Commies Are Coming, the Commies Are Coming in its derisive 1985 video re-release incarnation) a Cold War film narrated by Jack Webb in which Kelly's character wakes up one morning to discover that America has been taken over by Communists.
NBC game show hosts in 1970. From left: Art James, Bob Clayton, Kelly and Art Fleming
On December 30, 1963, Kelly appeared in "The Fenton Canaby Story" on ABC's Wagon Train. Canaby, played by Kelly, is a former trailmaster with a dark secret he refuses to discuss. He is attracted to Lucy Garrison, a young woman with her own questionable past portrayed by Barbara Bain.
Kelly co-starred in Commandos (1968) and as a villain dressed quite similarly to Bart Maverick who beats Angie Dickinson with his belt in his hotel room in Young Billy Young (1969). From 1969 to 1971, Kelly hosted the daytime game show Sale of the Century, but he was replaced by Joe Garagiola. He was also briefly a series regular in Get Christie Love! (1974) and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries (1978), and performed many lucrative television commercial voice-overs.
In 1977 Kelly appeared as obstreperous villains for a few moments in two episodes of James Garner's series Rockford Files. The first appearance was in the season 3 episode "The Becker Connection," and the second was the first show of season 4, "Beamer's Last Case" as a jealous husband. In 1978, he briefly appeared as Bart Maverick and was again paired with Garner in the TV movie The New Maverick and in Garner's TV series Bret Maverick (1981; Kelly appeared momentarily at the end of the final episode of the show and would have become a regular had it been renewed). He showed up on a 1983 episode of The Fall Guy, costumed as Bart Maverick but playing himself in a story that rounded up many classic TV cowboys. In 1991, he reprised the role of Bart Maverick one last time in the Kenny Rogers vehicle The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw. Kelly died the following year.
Business and politics
Kelly's acting roles became less frequent in the late 1970s as he became more involved in real estate and local politics. He started buying real estate in Huntington Beach in the mid-1960s and moved there permanently in 1971.
He formed August II, Inc. to hold the real estate assets in June 1965 in Huntington Beach.
His wife Jo became a real estate broker and did much of the business management of the real estate business, especially while Kelly was involved with Huntington Beach city government.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, he served as Huntington Beach city councilman and mayor] campaigning with the slogan "Let Maverick Solve Your Problems."
Personal life and death
Publicity still with 1959 Warner Bros. series leads Will Hutchins (Sugarfoot), Peter Brown (Lawman), Jack Kelly (Maverick), Ty Hardin (Bronco), James Garner (Maverick), Wayde Preston (Colt .45), and John Russell (Lawman).
Kelly married actress May Wynn (real name: Donna Lee Hickey) on October 14, 1956. They separated in February 1964 and were divorced on October 19, 1964. She stated in court that they had been arguing frequently the last two years and he started staying out all night.
Following the divorce, he dated Karen Steele for a short time.
He married Jo Ann Smith in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 16, 1969. The following November, their daughter Nicole was born. Nicole is the founder of and executive producer at August II Productions.
On April 28, 1992, Kelly suffered a heart attack. A little over six months later he died of a stroke at Humana Hospital in Huntington Beach, California on November 7, 1992. He was age 65.
Jo Kelly became an extra in film and television productions, helped others learn the business, and wrote the book The Truth about Being an Extra (2006).
A Republican, Jack Kelly supported Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1939
The Story of Alexander Graham Bell
Banker's Son
uncredited
1939
Young Mr. Lincoln
Matt Clay As A Boy
uncredited
1949
Fighting Man of the Plains
Cattleman
uncredited
1949
Holiday Affair
Drunk On Train
uncredited
1949
Peggy
Lex, O.S.U. Player
uncredited
1950
Where Danger Lives
Dr. James Mullenbach
1950
The West Point Story
Officer-in-Charge
uncredited
1951
Call Me Mister
Marching Soldier
uncredited
1951
New Mexico
Private Clifton
uncredited
1951
People Will Talk
Student in Classroom
uncredited
1951
The Wild Blue Yonder
Lieutenant Jessup
1951
Submarine Command
Lieutenant Paul Barton
alternative title: The Submarine Story
1952
Bronco Buster
The Photographer
uncredited
1952
No Room for the Groom
Will Stubbins
1952
Red Ball Express
Private John Heyman
1952
Sally and Saint Anne
Mike O'Moyne
1953
The Redhead from Wyoming
Sandy
1953
Gunsmoke
Curly Mather
1953
Law and Order
Jed
1953
Column South
Trooper Vaness
1953
The Stand at Apache River
Hatcher
1953
The Glass Web
TBC Engineer
uncredited
1954
Drive a Crooked Road
Harold Baker
1954
Magnificent Obsession
First Mechanic
uncredited
1954
Stories of the Century
Clay Allison
episode: "Clay Allison"
1954
They Rode West
Lieutenant Raymond
1954
Black Tuesday
Frank Carson
1954
The Bamboo Prison
Slade
1955
The Violent Men
De Rosa, Parrish Rider
1955
Cult of the Cobra
Carl Turner
1955
Double Jeopardy
Jeff Calder
1955
The Night Holds Terror
Gene Courtier
1955
To Hell and Back
Kerrigan
1955
Frontier
Jubal Dolan
episode: "The Return of Jubal Dolan" and two other episodes
1956
Forbidden Planet
Jerry Farman
1956
The Millionaire
Fred Graham
episode: "The Fred Graham Story"
1956
Julie
Jack
1956
Canasta de cuentos mexicanos
Eddie Winthrop
segment: "Canasta"
1957
She Devil
Dan Scott
1957
Taming Sutton's Gal
Jugger Phelps
1957
Gunsmoke
Cam Durbin
episode: "Jealousy"
1957-1962
Maverick
Bart Maverick
83 episodes
1958
Sugarfoot
Bart Maverick
episode: "Price on His Head"
1958
Hong Kong Affair
Steven Whalen
1961
A Fever in the Blood
Dan Callahan
1962
FBI Code 98
Robert P. Cannon
1963
Kraft Mystery Theatre
Sam Greenlee
episode: "Shadow of a Man"
1963
Wagon Train
Fenton Canaby
episode: "The Fenton Canaby Story"
1964
The Lucy Show
Detective Bill Baker
episode: "Lucy Makes a Pinch"
1965
Love and Kisses
Jeff Pringle
1966
Batman
Jack O'Shea
2 episodes
1966
Laredo
Lance Mabry
"The Deadliest Kid in the West"
1967
Run for Your Life
Harry Bevins
episode: "Baby, the World's on Fire"
1967
The High Chaparral
Doc Holliday
episode: "The Doctor from Dodge"
1967
Laredo
Bart Cutler/Frank Parmalee
"Enemies and Brothers"
1968
Commandos
Captain Valli
1969
Young Billy Young
John Behan
1971
Alias Smith and Jones
Dr. Chauncey Beauregard
episode: "Night of the Red Dog"
1974
McCloud
Manny Donner
episode: "This Must Be the Alamo"
1974
Lucas Tanner
Ted Lefferts
episode: "Look the Other Way"
1974
Banacek
Lou Wayne
episode: "Fly Me — If You Can Find Me"
1975
Ellery Queen
Attorney J.T. Latimer
episode: "The Adventure of the Lover's Leap"
1976
The Human Tornado
Captain Ryan
alternative title: Dolemite II
1976
Hawaii Five-O
Jim Spier
episode: "Let Death Do Us Part"
1976
The Bionic Woman
Charles Keys
episode: "Claws"
1977
Quincy, M.E.
Peter Devlin
episode: "Visitors in Paradise"
1978
Vega$
Merle Ochs
episode: "High Roller"
1978
The Incredible Hulk
Tony Kelly
episode: "The Waterfront Story"
1978
Spawn of the Slithis
Radio Announcer
voice
1978
The Bionic Woman
Ray Fisk
episode: "The Martians Are Coming,the Martians Are Coming"
1978–1979
The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries
Harry Hammond / Helms
11 episodes
1979
B. J. and the Bear
Nichols
episode: "The Murphy Contingent"
1982
Bret Maverick
Bart Maverick
episode: "The Hidalgo Thing"
1983
The Fall Guy
Himself Dressed As Bart Maverick
episode: "Happy Trails"
1984
The Master
Brian Kirkwood
episode: "Kunoichi"
1991
The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw
Bart Maverick
television movie
References
^ a b c "Jack Kelly, an Actor On 'Maverick' Series And a Politician, 65". The New York Times. November 9, 1992. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
^ California Death Records. - California Department of Health Services Office of Health Information and Research.
^ Alexander, Linda (2011). A Maverick Life: The Jack Kelly Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-678-5.
^ a b "Son, Two Daughters of Illinois Woman Gain Fame by Acting and Picture Posing", The Owosso Argus-Press, United Media, February 23, 1934
^ a b Wride, Nancy (December 5, 1988), "Political Maverick Hopes to Take Act to Wider Audience", Los Angeles Times, p. 1 (section 2; Metro)
^ Neville, Lucy (March 12, 1939). "It's Nice To Be A Star and Vice Versa". The Lima News.
^ Jack Kelly: Movies, TV, Bio Amazon.com. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
^ 13 H&I STARS TO HONOR THIS VETERANS DAY HandiTV. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
^ "Stories of the Century: "Clay Allison"". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ "The Fenton Canaby Story". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
^ Holderman, Jerry; Janet Eastman (January 1981). "Rich man, poor man, beggar man...". Orange Coast Magazine. 7 (1). Emmis Communications: 148. ISSN 0279-0483.
^ a b About Us, August II Productions, LLC, archived from the original on March 16, 2012
^ Garner, James; Jon Winokur (2011), The Garner Files: A Memoir, Introduction by Julie Andrews., Simon & Schuster, p. 65, ISBN 978-1-4516-4260-5
^ "Actress Divorces Ex-maverick", Deseret News, United Press International, October 20, 1964"Divorce Granted to May Wynn", Los Angeles Times, p. B15, October 20, 1964
^ "Bardot for Parliament? Ooo la la!", Hartford Courant, December 9, 1964
^ Clark County, Nevada Marriage Records. - Clark County Clerk, County of Clark.
^ Billiter, Bill (November 6, 1992). "Huntington Beach Councilman Kelly Has Massive Stroke". Los Angeles Times. p. 1 (Section: Metro; PART-B).
^ Kelly, Jo (2006). The Truth About Being an Extra: How to Become a Good Background Actor. Background Actors Seminars. ISBN 978-0-9771878-0-5.
^ Motion Picture and Television Magazine, November 1952, page 34, Ideal Publishers
Further reading
Alexander, Linda (2011). A Maverick Life: The Jack Kelly Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-678-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Kelly (actor).
Jack Kelly at IMDb
Jack Kelly at the Internet Broadway Database
Roy Huggins' Archive of American Television Interview
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
vteMaverick
Episodes
"Shady Deal at Sunny Acres"
"Duel at Sundown"
The New Maverick
Young Maverick
Bret Maverick
Bret Maverick: The Lazy Ace
Bret Maverick: Faith, Hope and Clarity
Maverick (film)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kelly_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Bart Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)#Jack_Kelly_as_Bart_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"Bret Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)#James_Garner_as_Bret_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"Beau Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)#Roger_Moore_as_Beau_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Robert Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Brent Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)#Robert_Colbert_as_Brent_Maverick"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maverick_episodes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"}],"text":"For other people with this name, see John Kelly.John Augustus Kelly Jr. (September 16, 1927 – November 7, 1992), known professionally as Jack Kelly, was an American film and television actor most noted for the role of Bart Maverick in the television series Maverick, which ran on ABC from 1957 to 1962.Kelly shared the series, rotating as the lead from week to week, first with James Garner as Bret Maverick (1957–1960) then with Roger Moore as Beau Maverick (1960–1961) and Robert Colbert as Brent Maverick (1961, for two episodes), before becoming the only Maverick (alternating with reruns from the Garner era) in the fifth season.Kelly later became a politician, having served from 1983 to 1986 as the mayor of Huntington Beach, California.[1]","title":"Jack Kelly (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEAService-1934-02-23-4"},{"link_name":"John Robert Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Powers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WrideN-LAT-1988-12-05-5"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEAService-1934-02-23-4"},{"link_name":"B-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"John Augustus Kelly Jr.[2][3] was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, one of four children, to Ann Mary (née Walsh) and John Augustus Kelly Sr. Jackie, as he was called as a child,[4] came from a prominent theatrical family. His mother, Ann \"Nan\" Kelly, had been a popular stage actress and John Robert Powers model. Kelly Senior was a theater ticket broker, and after he moved the family to Hollywood, entered the real estate business.[5]His sister was actress Nancy Kelly. His other two siblings, Carole and William Clement, also tried show business.[6][4] Kelly served as a weather observer in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, where he was on the first B-29 to fly over the Arctic Circle.[7][8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Story of Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"Drive a Crooked Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_a_Crooked_Road"},{"link_name":"Blake Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Richard Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Quine"},{"link_name":"Clay Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Allison"},{"link_name":"Stories of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stories_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kings Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Row"},{"link_name":"Ann Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Robert Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Horton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Presents"},{"link_name":"wheel series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_series"},{"link_name":"Gig Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_Young"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Planet"},{"link_name":"She Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Devil_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Fireside Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireside_Theater"},{"link_name":"Schlitz Playhouse of Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlitz_Playhouse_of_Stars"},{"link_name":"Lux Video Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Video_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gunsmoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunsmoke"}],"sub_title":"Early roles","text":"Kelly made his film debut in an uncredited role in the 1939 biopic The Story of Alexander Graham Bell. In early 1954, he appeared in the film noir Drive a Crooked Road, written by Blake Edwards and Richard Quine. On July 15, 1954, Kelly played the gunfighter, cattleman, and bandit Clay Allison in the television series Stories of the Century.[9]In 1955-1956 television season, Kelly starred in a series based on the 1942 feature film Kings Row starring Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan. He played Dr. Parris Mitchell, a young psychiatrist coping with the narrow-minded environment of his small town while Robert Horton played the part originally performed by Reagan in the theatrical film. King's Row was one-third of the Warner Bros. Presents wheel series, hosted by Gig Young. It rotated at the scheduled hour of 7:30 Eastern on Tuesday with a similar television version of the popular movie Casablanca as well as the new ABC Western series Cheyenne. After the series ended in 1956, Kelly appeared in Forbidden Planet (1956) and She Devil (1957), along with guest roles on Fireside Theater, Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, Lux Video Theatre, and Gunsmoke.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Kelly_Richard_Long_Maverick_1960.JPG"},{"link_name":"Richard Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Long_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"eighth episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maverick_episodes"},{"link_name":"Shady Deal at Sunny Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Deal_at_Sunny_Acres"},{"link_name":"The Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sting"},{"link_name":"Duel at Sundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_at_Sundown_(Maverick)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Roy Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Archive of American Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_of_American_Television"},{"link_name":"theatrical film career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner_filmography"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"Beau Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maverick_episodes"},{"link_name":"Robert Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Colbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Garner_Bret_Maverick_Jack_Kelly_Bart_Maverick.JPG"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Garner_Jack_Kelly_Maverick_1959.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Kelly_Julie_Adams_Bart_Maverick_1960.JPG"},{"link_name":"Julie Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Kelly_Kathleen_Crowley_Mike_Road_Maverick_1962.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Mike Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Kelly_Paula_Raymond_Maverick_1961.JPG"},{"link_name":"Paula Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Raymond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Kelly-Jackie_Searl_in_Maverick.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jackie Searl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Searl"}],"sub_title":"Maverick (1957–1962)","text":"Kelly as Bart Maverick and Richard Long as Gentleman Jack DarbyThe various anti-heroic Mavericks were dapper professional poker-players roaming the Old West with the benefit of superb scripts (at least in the first two seasons; the show gradually declined during the last three seasons). The series had an enormous cultural impact during a time when there were only three television networks and most American cities had only three TV channels to choose from.Maverick's demanding filming schedule had caused production to lag behind early on. The producers decided to give Bret Maverick (James Garner) a brother so as not to run out of episodes long before the end of the season. Thus, Kelly was introduced as Bart Maverick in \"Hostage,\" the eighth episode of the series.Kelly shared the lead with James Garner in one of the show's famous episodes, \"Shady Deal at Sunny Acres\", on which the first half of the 1973 movie The Sting appears to be based. The pair also co-starred in the famous \"Pappy\" episode in which Garner played the brothers' much-quoted father Beauregard \"Pappy\" Maverick, in addition to his regular role of Bret. Aided by trick photography, Bret and Pappy play cards together in one scene (Kelly had a dual role in the episode as well, playing Bart and elderly Uncle Bentley \"Bent\" Maverick). Bart rescued Bret at the climax of \"Duel at Sundown\", in which Garner fought guest star Clint Eastwood.Garner had first choice of which part he would play in the two-brother episodes, which delineated the brothers as \"Maverick 1\" and \"Maverick 2\" in the scripts, giving him an enormous advantage. All but one script during the show's first two years were written with Garner in mind regardless of which actor was being cast. Series creator Roy Huggins insisted that the writers visualize Garner as Maverick while writing the scripts, according to his Archive of American Television interview. The second-season episode in which Maverick was written with Kelly in mind instead of Garner was titled \"Passage to Fort Doom.\"Although the \"solo\" episodes in which Bart appeared tended to be somewhat more dramatic than the often more humorous Bret episodes, Kelly displayed his comedic skills in lighter Maverick outings such as \"Hadley's Hunters\" and \"The People's Friend.\" Kelly actually appeared in more episodes of Maverick than James Garner, who left the show following a contract dispute in 1960 to successfully accelerate his theatrical film career. Kelly appeared in approximately 75 episodes due to his remaining for the entire run of the series; Garner is in 52 episodes altogether not counting introducing Kelly's earlier solo episodes in a separate frontispiece to ease audiences into the presence of a second Maverick during much of the first season.In the wake of Garner's departure, Roger Moore played Bart's cousin Beau Maverick in 14 episodes, sharing the screen with Kelly in three of them, while Garner look-alike Robert Colbert appeared in two installments as a third brother wearing Bret's costume and named Brent, one of which briefly featured Kelly. The series was canceled after the fifth season, which consisted of Kelly appearing as the only Maverick in new episodes alternating with reruns of Garner shows from earlier seasons. The billing at the beginning of the show was reversed in the fifth season, with Kelly being billed above Garner. Kelly maintained that he was never notified of the cancellation by the studio but instead wound up learning about it in a newspaper article.James Garner and Jack Kelly\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Garner and Kelly\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJulie Adams and Kelly\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKelly, Kathleen Crowley and Mike Road\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKelly and Paula Raymond\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKelly and Jackie Searl","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Commies Are Coming, the Commies Are Coming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commies_Are_Coming,_the_Commies_Are_Coming"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Jack Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Webb"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_James_Bob_Clayton_Jack_Kelly_Art_Fleming_NBC_game_show_hosts_1970.JPG"},{"link_name":"Art James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_James"},{"link_name":"Bob Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Art Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Wagon Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Train"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_(film)"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Young Billy Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Billy_Young"},{"link_name":"Sale of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Joe Garagiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Garagiola_Sr."},{"link_name":"Get Christie Love!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Christie_Love!"},{"link_name":"The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys/Nancy_Drew_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"voice-overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-overs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"Rockford Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Files"},{"link_name":"The New Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Bret Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Maverick"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Fall Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_Guy"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_Returns:_The_Luck_of_the_Draw"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"When Maverick ended in 1962, Kelly continued acting with roles in a number of films and television shows. In 1962, he played the lead in Red Nightmare (also known as The Commies Are Coming, the Commies Are Coming in its derisive 1985 video re-release incarnation) a Cold War film narrated by Jack Webb in which Kelly's character wakes up one morning to discover that America has been taken over by Communists.NBC game show hosts in 1970. From left: Art James, Bob Clayton, Kelly and Art FlemingOn December 30, 1963, Kelly appeared in \"The Fenton Canaby Story\" on ABC's Wagon Train. Canaby, played by Kelly, is a former trailmaster with a dark secret he refuses to discuss. He is attracted to Lucy Garrison, a young woman with her own questionable past portrayed by Barbara Bain.[10]Kelly co-starred in Commandos (1968) and as a villain dressed quite similarly to Bart Maverick who beats Angie Dickinson with his belt in his hotel room in Young Billy Young (1969). From 1969 to 1971, Kelly hosted the daytime game show Sale of the Century, but he was replaced by Joe Garagiola. He was also briefly a series regular in Get Christie Love! (1974) and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries (1978), and performed many lucrative television commercial voice-overs.[citation needed]In 1977 Kelly appeared as obstreperous villains for a few moments in two episodes of James Garner's series Rockford Files. The first appearance was in the season 3 episode \"The Becker Connection,\" and the second was the first show of season 4, \"Beamer's Last Case\" as a jealous husband. In 1978, he briefly appeared as Bart Maverick and was again paired with Garner in the TV movie The New Maverick and in Garner's TV series Bret Maverick (1981; Kelly appeared momentarily at the end of the final episode of the show and would have become a regular had it been renewed).[citation needed] He showed up on a 1983 episode of The Fall Guy, costumed as Bart Maverick but playing himself in a story that rounded up many classic TV cowboys. In 1991, he reprised the role of Bart Maverick one last time in the Kenny Rogers vehicle The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw.[citation needed] Kelly died the following year.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2-AU-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WrideN-LAT-1988-12-05-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Kelly's acting roles became less frequent in the late 1970s as he became more involved in real estate and local politics. He started buying real estate in Huntington Beach in the mid-1960s and moved there permanently in 1971.[11]He formed August II, Inc. to hold the real estate assets in June 1965 in Huntington Beach.[12]His wife Jo became a real estate broker and did much of the business management of the real estate business, especially while Kelly was involved with Huntington Beach city government.[5]During the 1980s and early 1990s, he served as Huntington Beach city councilman and mayor][1] campaigning with the slogan \"Let Maverick Solve Your Problems.\"[13]","title":"Business and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warner_Brothers_television_westerns_stars_1959.JPG"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Will Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Sugarfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarfoot"},{"link_name":"Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brown_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lawman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ty Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Hardin"},{"link_name":"Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronco_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wayde Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayde_Preston"},{"link_name":"Colt .45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_.45_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lawman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"May Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Wynn"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Karen Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Steele"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2-AU-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"1952 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Publicity still with 1959 Warner Bros. series leads Will Hutchins (Sugarfoot), Peter Brown (Lawman), Jack Kelly (Maverick), Ty Hardin (Bronco), James Garner (Maverick), Wayde Preston (Colt .45), and John Russell (Lawman).Kelly married actress May Wynn (real name: Donna Lee Hickey) on October 14, 1956. They separated in February 1964 and were divorced on October 19, 1964. She stated in court that they had been arguing frequently the last two years and he started staying out all night.[14]Following the divorce, he dated Karen Steele for a short time.[15]He married Jo Ann Smith in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 16, 1969.[16] The following November, their daughter Nicole was born. Nicole is the founder of and executive producer at August II Productions.[12][1]On April 28, 1992, Kelly suffered a heart attack.[17] A little over six months later he died of a stroke at Humana Hospital in Huntington Beach, California on November 7, 1992. He was age 65.[citation needed]Jo Kelly became an extra in film and television productions, helped others learn the business, and wrote the book The Truth about Being an Extra (2006).[18]A Republican, Jack Kelly supported Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.[19]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59393-678-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-678-5"}],"text":"Alexander, Linda (2011). A Maverick Life: The Jack Kelly Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-678-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Kelly as Bart Maverick and Richard Long as Gentleman Jack Darby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jack_Kelly_Richard_Long_Maverick_1960.JPG/220px-Jack_Kelly_Richard_Long_Maverick_1960.JPG"},{"image_text":"NBC game show hosts in 1970. From left: Art James, Bob Clayton, Kelly and Art Fleming","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Art_James_Bob_Clayton_Jack_Kelly_Art_Fleming_NBC_game_show_hosts_1970.JPG/220px-Art_James_Bob_Clayton_Jack_Kelly_Art_Fleming_NBC_game_show_hosts_1970.JPG"},{"image_text":"Publicity still with 1959 Warner Bros. series leads Will Hutchins (Sugarfoot), Peter Brown (Lawman), Jack Kelly (Maverick), Ty Hardin (Bronco), James Garner (Maverick), Wayde Preston (Colt .45), and John Russell (Lawman).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Warner_Brothers_television_westerns_stars_1959.JPG/220px-Warner_Brothers_television_westerns_stars_1959.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jack Kelly, an Actor On 'Maverick' Series And a Politician, 65\". The New York Times. November 9, 1992. Retrieved November 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/09/obituaries/jack-kelly-an-actor-on-maverick-series-and-a-politician-65.html","url_text":"\"Jack Kelly, an Actor On 'Maverick' Series And a Politician, 65\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Linda (2011). A Maverick Life: The Jack Kelly Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-678-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-678-5","url_text":"978-1-59393-678-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Son, Two Daughters of Illinois Woman Gain Fame by Acting and Picture Posing\", The Owosso Argus-Press, United Media, February 23, 1934","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wride, Nancy (December 5, 1988), \"Political Maverick Hopes to Take Act to Wider Audience\", Los Angeles Times, p. 1 (section 2; Metro)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Neville, Lucy (March 12, 1939). \"It's Nice To Be A Star and Vice Versa\". The Lima News.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Stories of the Century: \"Clay Allison\"\". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved September 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0710945","url_text":"\"Stories of the Century: \"Clay Allison\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fenton Canaby Story\". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved May 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0743116","url_text":"\"The Fenton Canaby Story\""}]},{"reference":"Holderman, Jerry; Janet Eastman (January 1981). \"Rich man, poor man, beggar man...\". Orange Coast Magazine. 7 (1). Emmis Communications: 148. ISSN 0279-0483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0279-0483","url_text":"0279-0483"}]},{"reference":"About Us, August II Productions, LLC, archived from the original on March 16, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316015433/http://www.august2productions.com/about-us-history.php","url_text":"About Us"},{"url":"http://www.august2productions.com/about-us-history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garner, James; Jon Winokur (2011), The Garner Files: A Memoir, Introduction by Julie Andrews., Simon & Schuster, p. 65, ISBN 978-1-4516-4260-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner","url_text":"Garner, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Andrews","url_text":"Julie Andrews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4260-5","url_text":"978-1-4516-4260-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Divorces Ex-maverick\", Deseret News, United Press International, October 20, 1964","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Divorce Granted to May Wynn\", Los Angeles Times, p. B15, October 20, 1964","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bardot for Parliament? Ooo la la!\", Hartford Courant, December 9, 1964","urls":[]},{"reference":"Billiter, Bill (November 6, 1992). \"Huntington Beach Councilman Kelly Has Massive Stroke\". Los Angeles Times. p. 1 (Section: Metro; PART-B).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jo (2006). The Truth About Being an Extra: How to Become a Good Background Actor. Background Actors Seminars. ISBN 978-0-9771878-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9771878-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9771878-0-5"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Linda (2011). A Maverick Life: The Jack Kelly Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-678-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59393-678-5","url_text":"978-1-59393-678-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th_percentile_speed
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85th percentile speed
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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This article was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 6 June 2024 with a consensus to merge the content into the article Speed limit#Maximum speed limits. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use the destination article's talk page. (June 2024)
It has been suggested that V85 speed be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2024.
The 85th percentile speed or 85th percentile rule is a traffic engineering standard used to set the speed limit for automobiles on a public roadway. It refers to a speed where 85% of vehicles travel at or below.
Critics of the guideline say that it is inappropriate to let drivers set the speed limit for a road via their own recorded speed. Once a speed limit has been set using the 85% rule, motorists tend to drive faster than that new speed limit. A speed limit set using this methodology also does not take into account the safety of pedestrians in the area or bicyclists using the road.
Public safety advocates have advocated for the Federal Highway Administration to change their guidance on the usage of the 85th percentile rule in updates to Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
See also
Design speed
Vision Zero, policy to minimize pedestrian fatalities
References
^ Taylor, Brian D.; Hong Hwang, Yu (June 30, 2020). "Eighty-Five Percent Solution: Historical Look at Crowdsourcing Speed Limits and the Question of Safety". Transportation Research Record. 2674 (9): 346–357. doi:10.1177/0361198120928995. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ a b c d Tchir, Jason (May 30, 2021). "Shouldn't speed limits be designed for the '85th percentile' of drivers?". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2024. The 85th percentile is an old tool for setting speeds on new roads, experts say – but it doesn't mean all limits should be decided by the fast crowd. 'It's got a history that goes back 50-plus years,' said Jeff Lindley, chief technical officer for the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). 'Over the years, I would say there has been an overreliance on as a way to set and adjust speed limits in a way that wasn't intended.'
^ McKinley, Jesse (March 23, 2023). "Is 70 M.P.H. the New 65? Legislators Say N.Y. Roads Are Just Too Slow". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2023. States set speed limits using a variety of methods and measurements, including the so-called 85 percentile rule, which refers to the speed 'at or below which 85 percent of the drivers travel on a road segment', according to the Federal Highway Administration.
^ a b c d Minor, Nathaniel (September 15, 2023). "A lower speed limit could be coming to a Colorado road near you". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved September 15, 2023. Traditionally, U.S. traffic engineers use the '85th percentile' method that sets limits at the speed at or below which 85 percent of drivers travel in normal conditions. This federally approved approach has been used by state and local transportation agencies since at least the '60s, but street safety advocates and city transportation officials deride the method because it usually leads to higher speed limits and faster speeds, which is associated with more serious crashes.
^ "Setting Speed Limits". Institute of Transportation Engineers. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ a b Sánchez, Vanessa G. (May 25, 2024). Written at Los Angeles. "'So Much Death': Lawmakers Weigh Stricter Speed Limits, Safer Roads for Pedestrians". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, D.C. KFF Health News. Retrieved May 25, 2024. Road safety advocates argue the federal government missed an opportunity to eliminate outdated standards for setting speed limits when it revised traffic guidelines last year. The agency could have eliminated guidance recommending setting speed limits at or below how fast 85% of drivers travel on uncongested roads. Critics contend that what's known as the 85th percentile rule encourages traffic engineers to set speed limits at levels unsafe for pedestrians.
vteTraffic law and safetyRules of the road
All-way stop
Assured clear distance ahead
Australian Road Rules
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Green Cross Code
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85th percentile speed
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Category: Speed limits by country
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"speed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit"},{"link_name":"automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRR2020-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeMail2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2023-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPR2023-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITE-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeMail2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPR2023-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeMail2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPR2023-4"},{"link_name":"pedestrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrians"},{"link_name":"bicyclists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobeMail2021-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPR2023-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KFF2024-6"},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KFF2024-6"}],"text":"The 85th percentile speed or 85th percentile rule is a traffic engineering standard used to set the speed limit for automobiles on a public roadway.[1] It refers to a speed where 85% of vehicles travel at or below.[2][3][4][5]Critics of the guideline say that it is inappropriate to let drivers set the speed limit for a road via their own recorded speed.[2][4] Once a speed limit has been set using the 85% rule, motorists tend to drive faster than that new speed limit.[2][4] A speed limit set using this methodology also does not take into account the safety of pedestrians in the area or bicyclists using the road.[2][4][6]Public safety advocates have advocated for the Federal Highway Administration to change their guidance on the usage of the 85th percentile rule in updates to Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.[6]","title":"85th percentile speed"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Design speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_speed"},{"title":"Vision Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Zero"}]
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[{"reference":"Taylor, Brian D.; Hong Hwang, Yu (June 30, 2020). \"Eighty-Five Percent Solution: Historical Look at Crowdsourcing Speed Limits and the Question of Safety\". Transportation Research Record. 2674 (9): 346–357. doi:10.1177/0361198120928995. Retrieved May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0361198120928995","url_text":"\"Eighty-Five Percent Solution: Historical Look at Crowdsourcing Speed Limits and the Question of Safety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361198120928995","url_text":"10.1177/0361198120928995"}]},{"reference":"Tchir, Jason (May 30, 2021). \"Shouldn't speed limits be designed for the '85th percentile' of drivers?\". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2024. The 85th percentile is an old tool for setting speeds on new roads, experts say – but it doesn't mean all limits should be decided by the fast crowd. 'It's got a history that goes back 50-plus years,' said Jeff Lindley, chief technical officer for the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). 'Over the years, I would say there has been an overreliance on [the 85th percentile] as a way to set and adjust speed limits in a way that wasn't intended.'","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602095731/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/mobility/article-shouldnt-speed-limits-be-designed-for-the-85th-percentile-of-drivers/","url_text":"\"Shouldn't speed limits be designed for the '85th percentile' of drivers?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"},{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/mobility/article-shouldnt-speed-limits-be-designed-for-the-85th-percentile-of-drivers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKinley, Jesse (March 23, 2023). \"Is 70 M.P.H. the New 65? Legislators Say N.Y. Roads Are Just Too Slow\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2023. States set speed limits using a variety of methods and measurements, including the so-called 85 percentile rule, which refers to the speed 'at or below which 85 percent of the drivers travel on a road segment', according to the Federal Highway Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/23/nyregion/new-york-70-mph-speed-limit.html","url_text":"\"Is 70 M.P.H. the New 65? Legislators Say N.Y. Roads Are Just Too Slow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Minor, Nathaniel (September 15, 2023). \"A lower speed limit could be coming to a Colorado road near you\". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved September 15, 2023. Traditionally, U.S. traffic engineers use the '85th percentile' method that sets limits at the speed at or below which 85 percent of drivers travel in normal conditions. This federally approved approach has been used by state and local transportation agencies since at least the '60s, but street safety advocates and city transportation officials deride the method because it usually leads to higher speed limits and faster speeds, which is associated with more serious crashes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpr.org/2023/09/15/cdot-lower-speed-limit-change-colorado/","url_text":"\"A lower speed limit could be coming to a Colorado road near you\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Public_Radio","url_text":"Colorado Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Setting Speed Limits\". Institute of Transportation Engineers. Retrieved January 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ite.org/technical-resources/topics/speed-management-for-safety/setting-speed-limits/","url_text":"\"Setting Speed Limits\""}]},{"reference":"Sánchez, Vanessa G. (May 25, 2024). Written at Los Angeles. \"'So Much Death': Lawmakers Weigh Stricter Speed Limits, Safer Roads for Pedestrians\". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, D.C. KFF Health News. Retrieved May 25, 2024. Road safety advocates argue the federal government missed an opportunity to eliminate outdated standards for setting speed limits when it revised traffic guidelines last year. The agency could have eliminated guidance recommending setting speed limits at or below how fast 85% of drivers travel on uncongested roads. Critics contend that what's known as the 85th percentile rule encourages traffic engineers to set speed limits at levels unsafe for pedestrians.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-05-25/so-much-death-lawmakers-weigh-stricter-speed-limits-safer-roads-for-pedestrians","url_text":"\"'So Much Death': Lawmakers Weigh Stricter Speed Limits, Safer Roads for Pedestrians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFF_Health_News","url_text":"KFF Health News"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0361198120928995","external_links_name":"\"Eighty-Five Percent Solution: Historical Look at Crowdsourcing Speed Limits and the Question of Safety\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361198120928995","external_links_name":"10.1177/0361198120928995"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602095731/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/mobility/article-shouldnt-speed-limits-be-designed-for-the-85th-percentile-of-drivers/","external_links_name":"\"Shouldn't speed limits be designed for the '85th percentile' of drivers?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/mobility/article-shouldnt-speed-limits-be-designed-for-the-85th-percentile-of-drivers/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/23/nyregion/new-york-70-mph-speed-limit.html","external_links_name":"\"Is 70 M.P.H. the New 65? Legislators Say N.Y. Roads Are Just Too Slow\""},{"Link":"https://www.cpr.org/2023/09/15/cdot-lower-speed-limit-change-colorado/","external_links_name":"\"A lower speed limit could be coming to a Colorado road near you\""},{"Link":"https://www.ite.org/technical-resources/topics/speed-management-for-safety/setting-speed-limits/","external_links_name":"\"Setting Speed Limits\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2024-05-25/so-much-death-lawmakers-weigh-stricter-speed-limits-safer-roads-for-pedestrians","external_links_name":"\"'So Much Death': Lawmakers Weigh Stricter Speed Limits, Safer Roads for Pedestrians\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=85th_percentile_speed&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like.com
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Like.com
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["1 History","2 Features","3 Reception","4 Acquisitions","5 References","6 External links"]
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Price comparison website
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Like.com" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Like.comType of sitePrice comparison serviceAvailable inEnglishOwnerGoogleCreated byLike.comURLwww.like.comRegistrationnoneLaunchedNovember 8, 2006Current statusoffline
Like.com was a price comparison service website that billed itself as a "visual search engine for products".
History
The website was created by Riya, a company built to create a search engine used to search for similar faces among photos. The company found it difficult to monetize the service, however, so they created Like.com to use the same technology for a different purpose. Riya's CEO, Munjal Shah, noted that "the same technology works well to find similar-looking products." Riya's CTO and co-founder, Burak Göktürk, had previously worked with computer vision technology and has filed for two dozen facial-recognition patents under his name. The website was first announced at the Web 2.0 Conference on November 8, 2006. Like.com raised US$19.5 million from investors who included Bay Partners, BlueRun Ventures, and Leapfrog Ventures. The company planned to make money by acting as an affiliate to the retail sites that it links to, allowing it to receive about a 10% commission on each sale that the website sent to an online retailer. As of November 2006, the website had about two million unique products from 200 merchants. In 2015, the site became defunct and redirected users to Google's shopping search engine.
Features
Since launching, the website has only allowed users to search for jewelry, handbags, shoes, and watches. Users can browse the website to find a product that they are interested in, or one that looks similar to what they are looking for. They can then choose to use the website to search its database for similar-looking products. The website then returns the results with links to retailers such as Amazon.com and Zappos. With the results, users can highlight parts of a product image to find other products with similar patterns, shapes, and colors. Each of the three criterion can be ranked to determine the importance of each according to the user. Like.com is planning to allow users to upload their own photos for the website to analyze and return similar-looking products. They wish to also allow users to upload photos taken in places such as stores with a mobile device, so that they can search for the product online at a cheaper price.
Reception
Bambi Francisco of MarketWatch described Like.com as "the next evolution of comparison-shopping engines, such as Google's Froogle, eBay's Shopping.com, EW Scripps' Shopzilla or Become.com and the next evolution in image search offered by the portals and search engines, Google, Yahoo, Microsoft's Live and InterActiveCorp's Ask.com."
Acquisitions
Internet search engine giant Google Inc. bought the shopping comparison website, Like.com on Aug 23 2010. Google officials reported that the Like.com will continue to operate separately from Google operations.
Now google.com/shopping.
References
^ Arrington, Michael (2006-11-08). "Riya's Like.com Is First True Visual Image Search". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
^ a b c d e f g Hof, Rob (2006-11-08). "Like.com: Visual Shopping Search". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on December 3, 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
^ a b Francisco, Bambi (2006-11-09). "Visual search and shopping collide". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
^ Needleman, Rafe (2006-11-08). "Riya launches Like.com, visual search for shoppers". Webware. CNET News. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
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WikiProject
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"price comparison service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_comparison_service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"}],"text":"Like.com was a price comparison service website that billed itself as a \"visual search engine for products\".[2]","title":"Like.com"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riya_(company)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-3"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0_Conference"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"}],"text":"The website was created by Riya, a company built to create a search engine used to search for similar faces among photos. The company found it difficult to monetize the service, however, so they created Like.com to use the same technology for a different purpose. Riya's CEO, Munjal Shah, noted that \"the same technology works well to find similar-looking products.\"[2] Riya's CTO and co-founder, Burak Göktürk, had previously worked with computer vision technology and has filed for two dozen facial-recognition patents under his name.[3] The website was first announced at the Web 2.0 Conference on November 8, 2006.[4] Like.com raised US$19.5 million from investors who included Bay Partners, BlueRun Ventures, and Leapfrog Ventures. The company planned to make money by acting as an affiliate to the retail sites that it links to, allowing it to receive about a 10% commission on each sale that the website sent to an online retailer. As of November 2006, the website had about two million unique products from 200 merchants.[2] In 2015, the site became defunct and redirected users to Google's shopping search engine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Zappos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bweek-2"}],"text":"Since launching, the website has only allowed users to search for jewelry, handbags, shoes, and watches. Users can browse the website to find a product that they are interested in, or one that looks similar to what they are looking for. They can then choose to use the website to search its database for similar-looking products.[2] The website then returns the results with links to retailers such as Amazon.com and Zappos. With the results, users can highlight parts of a product image to find other products with similar patterns, shapes, and colors.[2] Each of the three criterion can be ranked to determine the importance of each according to the user.[2] Like.com is planning to allow users to upload their own photos for the website to analyze and return similar-looking products. They wish to also allow users to upload photos taken in places such as stores with a mobile device, so that they can search for the product online at a cheaper price.[2]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MarketWatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Froogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froogle"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Shopping.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping.com"},{"link_name":"EW Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EW_Scripps"},{"link_name":"Shopzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopzilla"},{"link_name":"Become.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Become.com&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yahoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo"},{"link_name":"Microsoft's Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Live"},{"link_name":"InterActiveCorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterActiveCorp"},{"link_name":"Ask.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-3"}],"text":"Bambi Francisco of MarketWatch described Like.com as \"the next evolution of comparison-shopping engines, such as Google's Froogle, eBay's Shopping.com, EW Scripps' Shopzilla or Become.com and the next evolution in image search offered by the portals and search engines, Google, Yahoo, Microsoft's Live and InterActiveCorp's Ask.com.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Internet search engine giant Google Inc. bought the shopping comparison website, Like.com on Aug 23 2010. Google officials reported that the Like.com will continue to operate separately from Google operations.[citation needed]Now google.com/shopping.","title":"Acquisitions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Arrington, Michael (2006-11-08). \"Riya's Like.com Is First True Visual Image Search\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2009-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/08/riyas-likecom-is-first-true-visual-image-search/","url_text":"\"Riya's Like.com Is First True Visual Image Search\""}]},{"reference":"Hof, Rob (2006-11-08). \"Like.com: Visual Shopping Search\". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on December 3, 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061203210743/http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/11/likecom_visual.html","url_text":"\"Like.com: Visual Shopping Search\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/11/likecom_visual.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Francisco, Bambi (2006-11-09). \"Visual search and shopping collide\". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2009-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130623074715/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/visual-search-and-shopping-collide","url_text":"\"Visual search and shopping collide\""},{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/visual-search-and-shopping-collide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Needleman, Rafe (2006-11-08). \"Riya launches Like.com, visual search for shoppers\". Webware. CNET News. Retrieved 2009-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9661237-2.html","url_text":"\"Riya launches Like.com, visual search for shoppers\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Like.com%22","external_links_name":"\"Like.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Like.com%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Like.com%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Like.com%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Like.com%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Like.com%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.like.com/","external_links_name":"www.like.com"},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/08/riyas-likecom-is-first-true-visual-image-search/","external_links_name":"\"Riya's Like.com Is First True Visual Image Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061203210743/http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/11/likecom_visual.html","external_links_name":"\"Like.com: Visual Shopping Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/11/likecom_visual.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130623074715/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/visual-search-and-shopping-collide","external_links_name":"\"Visual search and shopping collide\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/visual-search-and-shopping-collide","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9661237-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Riya launches Like.com, visual search for shoppers\""},{"Link":"http://www.like.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rigney
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Bill Rigney
|
["1 New York Giants' infielder","2 Manager of three MLB clubs","2.1 Giants","2.2 Angels","2.3 Twins","2.4 Second turn with Giants","2.5 Managerial record","3 Broadcaster, scout and \"ambassador\"","4 Quotation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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American baseball player and manager (1918-2001)
Baseball player
Bill RigneyRigney in 1953Infielder / ManagerBorn: (1918-01-29)January 29, 1918Alameda, California, U.S.Died: February 20, 2001(2001-02-20) (aged 83)Walnut Creek, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 16, 1946, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 12, 1953, for the New York GiantsMLB statisticsBatting average.259Home runs41Runs batted in212Managerial record1,239–1,321Winning %.484
TeamsAs player
New York Giants (1946–1953)
As manager
New York / San Francisco Giants (1956–1960)
Los Angeles / California Angels (1961–1969)
Minnesota Twins (1970–1972)
San Francisco Giants (1976)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (1948)
William Joseph Rigney (January 29, 1918 – February 20, 2001) was an American infielder and manager in Major League Baseball. A 26-year big-league veteran, Rigney played for the New York Giants from 1946 to 1953, then spent 18 seasons as the skipper of three major-league clubs. The Bay Area native began his managerial career with the Giants (1956–1960) as the team's last manager in New York City (1957) and its first in San Francisco (1958). In 1961, Rigney became the first manager in the history of the Los Angeles Angels of the American League, serving into May of 1969. Then, in 1970, he led the Minnesota Twins to the American League West Division championship, the only postseason entry of his big-league tenure. Fired in midseason of 1972, he concluded his managerial career in 1976 by serving a one-year term at the helm of his original team, the Giants.
New York Giants' infielder
Born in Alameda, California, Rigney batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 178 pounds (81 kg). He began his professional baseball career in 1938 when he signed with the unaffiliated Oakland Oaks of the top-level Pacific Coast League. After seasoning in the Class B Western International League, Rigney played the full seasons of 1941 and 1942 with the Oaks, then performed World War II service in the United States Coast Guard from 1943–1945.
Acquired by the Giants during the war, he was a 28-year-old rookie in 1946 and played third base, shortstop and second base during his MLB career—appearing in over 100 games played in each of his first four MLB seasons. Rigney was the Giants' regular third baseman in 1946 and their starting second baseman in both 1947 and 1948. His most productive season came in 1947, when he reached career highs in home runs (17), runs batted in (59), runs (84), hits (142), doubles (24) and games played (130). In 1948, he was selected to the National League All-Star team; in the 1948 midsummer classic, on July 13 at Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, he drew a base on balls off Joe Coleman in his only plate appearance.
On August 12, 1950, Rigney replaced Eddie Stanky at second base after Stanky had been ejected from a game against the Phillies for repeatedly waving his arms while Andy Seminick was batting. Seminick was still irritated, and after he reached base on an error in the fourth inning, he slid hard into second base, crashing into Rigney and causing him to fall over. A nearly ten-minute brawl erupted between the teams, which required police intervention and resulted in the ejection of Seminick and Rigney from the game. The Phillies went on to win 4–3.
As a utility infielder, Rigney was a member of the 1951 NL champion Giants, and he appeared in four games of the 1951 World Series, collecting one hit in four at bats (a single off Vic Raschi), with one run batted in, as a pinch hitter.
As a big-leaguer, Rigney was a .259 career batsman with 510 hits, 41 home runs and 212 runs batted in over 654 games.
Manager of three MLB clubs
Giants
Following his MLB playing career, Rigney was named manager of the Giants' top farm club, the Triple-A Minneapolis Millers, in 1954–1955. He led the Millers to two playoff appearances, a 170–135 overall record, and the 1955 American Association and Junior World Series championships. He then was promoted to skipper of the parent Giants in 1956, succeeding his mentor, Leo Durocher. Despite the presence of Hall of Fame center fielder Willie Mays, the Giants' final two seasons in Upper Manhattan, 1956 and 1957, were dismal: they lost 87 and 85 games, respectively, finished in sixth place in the eight-team National League both years (a combined 52 games out of first place), and their attendance fell below 700,000.
But upon their move to San Francisco in 1958—and rejuvenated by young players such as Orlando Cepeda, Jim Davenport, Felipe Alou, and, later, Willie McCovey—the Giants returned to the first division and contended for the NL pennant into the final regular-season weekend in 1959. The 1960 Giants moved into new Candlestick Park and were expected to again contend for the league title. They got off the mark quickly, winning 20 of their first 29 games. But then they stumbled, losing 16 of their next 29, and were coming off a three-game series sweep at home by the eventual world champion Pittsburgh Pirates when, on June 17, Rigney was fired. At 33–25, his club was in second place, four games behind Pittsburgh, when Rigney was dismissed. Tom Sheehan, the veteran scout who replaced Rigney, fared even more poorly, however, going only 46–50 as the Giants plummeted into fifth place by season's end.
Angels
Rigney in 1964
Rigney was not unemployed for long. He became the first skipper in the history of the expansion Los Angeles Angels of the American League in 1961. Gene Autry and Robert O. Reynolds, the Angels' owners, originally wanted to hire future Baseball Hall of Fame manager Casey Stengel, a resident of nearby Glendale who had been fired by the New York Yankees after the 1960 World Series. But Stengel declined all managerial offers and spent 1961 in temporary retirement. Then Durocher, out of uniform since leaving the Giants in 1955 and working as a broadcaster, campaigned for the Angel job. Like Stengel, he had become a permanent resident of Southern California—he lived in Palm Springs—and was a future Hall of Fame pilot. But Autry and Reynolds bypassed him and chose Rigney instead, believing that he would have the patience to develop an expansion team's younger players.
While the Angels' maiden edition lost 91 games and finished eighth in the ten-team AL, the 1962 team, paced by young pitchers Dean Chance and Bo Belinsky, stunned baseball by finishing in third place with an 86–76 record during their second season of existence. As a result, Rigney was named Manager of the Year by The Sporting News.
During Rigney's eight full years with the Angels, the club played in three home ballparks—Wrigley Field, Dodger Stadium and Anaheim Stadium—and also compiled winning records in 1964 and 1967. But 1969, Rigney's ninth season, proved catastrophic. The Angels started the year 11–28 and were mired in a ten-game losing streak when Rigney was fired on May 27 and succeeded by Lefty Phillips. Later in 1969, Rigney joined the San Francisco Giants' radio broadcast team to close out the season; coincidentally, KSFO, the Giants flagship station, was then owned by Autry and Reynolds.
Twins
Returning to the field (and to the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–St. Paul) the next year, Rigney succeeded Billy Martin as manager of the Minnesota Twins in 1970, leading them to 98 victories and the American League West Division championship. But the Twins fell in three straight games to the eventual world champion Baltimore Orioles in the 1970 American League Championship Series, then won only 74 games in 1971. When the Twins began 1972 with a 36–34 record and 91⁄2 games behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics in third place, Rigney was replaced by Frank Quilici on July 6. Team owner Calvin Griffith's explanation for the move was that he felt many of the Twins players "were too nonchalant."
Second turn with Giants
After serving as a scout for the San Diego Padres and California Angels (1973–1974), Rigney had a second managerial stint with the Giants in 1976, a year of transition between the Horace Stoneham and Bob Lurie ownerships. Rigney's 1976 club went only 74–88 and finished 28 games behind the world champion Cincinnati Reds. Joe Altobelli succeeded him at the Giants' helm on October 7, 1976. Rigney finished with a managerial record of 1,239 wins and 1,321 losses.
Managerial record
Team
From
To
Regular season record
Post–season record
W
L
Win %
W
L
Win %
New York/San Francisco Giants
1956
1960
332
342
.493
—
Los Angeles/California Angels
1961
1969
625
707
.469
—
Minnesota Twins
1970
1972
208
184
.531
0
3
.000
San Francisco Giants
1976
1976
74
88
.457
—
Total
1239
1321
.484
0
3
.000
Ref.:
Broadcaster, scout and "ambassador"
In an 18-season managerial career, Rigney posted a 1,239–1,321 record (.484) in 2,561 games. The Twins' three-and-out loss in the 1970 ALCS was his only MLB postseason managing appearance. As a minor league pilot, Rigney won the 1955 American Association championship at the helm of the Minneapolis Millers.
After leaving the Giants at the close of his second managerial term in 1976, he served as a front-office consultant and a radio and television broadcaster for the Oakland Athletics in the 1980s.
Rigney died in Walnut Creek, California, at age of 83.
The "Bill Rigney Good Guy Award" is given each year to a San Francisco Giant and Oakland Athletic who is most accommodating to the media.
Quotation
Rigney took the reins of the Giants in 1956, succeeding Leo Durocher, for whom he had played from 1948 to 1953. "I learned a lot from Leo Durocher", he said. "I learned about the hit-and-run, about gambling and going against the percentages. You can't play it the same all the time." – Norman L. Macht, at Baseball Library
See also
Biography portalBaseball portal
List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
References
^ admin. "Bill Rigney – Society for American Baseball Research". Retrieved 2023-12-28.
^ Rogers, C. Paul III. "August 12, 1950: The day Andy Seminick took out the Giants' infield". SABR. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ Dark, Alvin; Underwood, John (1980). When in Doubt, Fire the Manager: My Life and Times in Baseball. New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 48. ISBN 0-525-23264-8.
^ "Quilici Is Named Twins' Manager," The Associated Press (AP), Thursday, July 6, 1972. Retrieved June 9, 2020
^ "Giants Pick Joe Altobelli," The Associated Press (AP), Friday, October 8, 1976. Retrieved August 18, 2019
^ a b "Bill Rigney". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ "John Shea, National Baseball Writer". sfchronicle.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
^ "Bill Rigney". baseballbiography.com. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Bill Rigney managerial career statistics at Baseball-Reference.com
Preceded byFreddie Fitzsimmons
Minneapolis Millers manager 1954–1955
Succeeded byEddie Stanky
vteSan Francisco Giants managers
John Clapp (1883)
Jim Price (1884)
John Montgomery Ward (1884)
Jim Mutrie (1885–1891)
Pat Powers (1892)
John Montgomery Ward (1893–1894)
George Davis (1895)
Jack Doyle (1895)
Harvey Watkins (1895)
Arthur Irwin (1896)
Bill Joyce (1896–1898)
Cap Anson (1898)
John B. Day (1899)
Fred Hoey (1899)
Buck Ewing (1900)
George Davis (1900–1901)
Horace Fogel (1902)
Heinie Smith (1902)
John McGraw (1902–1932)
Bill Terry (1932–1941)
Mel Ott (1942–1948)
Leo Durocher (1948–1955)
Bill Rigney (1956–1960)
Tom Sheehan (1960)
Alvin Dark (1961–1964)
Herman Franks (1965–1968)
Clyde King (1969–1970)
Charlie Fox (1970–1974)
Wes Westrum (1974–1975)
Bill Rigney (1976)
Joe Altobelli (1977–1979)
Dave Bristol (1979–1980)
Frank Robinson (1981–1984)
Danny Ozark (1984)
Jim Davenport (1985)
Roger Craig (1985–1992)
Dusty Baker (1993–2002)
Felipe Alou (2003–2006)
Bruce Bochy (2007–2019)
Gabe Kapler (2020–2023)
Kai Correa (2023)
Bob Melvin (2024–present)
vteLos Angeles Angels managers
Bill Rigney (1961–1969)
Lefty Phillips (1969–1971)
Del Rice (1972)
Bobby Winkles (1973–1974)
Whitey Herzog (1974)
Dick Williams (1974–1976)
Norm Sherry (1976–1977)
Dave Garcia (1977–1978)
Jim Fregosi (1978–1981)
Gene Mauch (1981–1982)
John McNamara (1983–1984)
Gene Mauch (1985–1987)
Cookie Rojas (1988)
Moose Stubing (1988)
Doug Rader (1989–1991)
Buck Rodgers (1991–1992)
Marcel Lachemann (1992)
John Wathan (1992)
Buck Rodgers (1993–1994)
Marcel Lachemann (1994–1996)
John McNamara (1996)
Joe Maddon (1996)
Terry Collins (1997–1999)
Joe Maddon (1999)
Mike Scioscia (2000–2018)
Brad Ausmus (2019)
Joe Maddon (2020–2022)
Phil Nevin (2022–2023)
Ron Washington (2024–present)
vteMinnesota Twins managers
Jim Manning (1901)
Tom Loftus (1902–1903)
Malachi Kittridge (1904)
Patsy Donovan (1904)
Jake Stahl (1905–1906)
Joe Cantillon (1907–1909)
Jimmy McAleer (1910–1911)
Clark Griffith (1912–1920)
George McBride (1921)
Clyde Milan (1922)
Donie Bush (1923)
Bucky Harris (1924–1928)
Walter Johnson (1929–1932)
Joe Cronin (1933–1934)
Bucky Harris (1935–1942)
Ossie Bluege (1943–1947)
Joe Kuhel (1948–1949)
Bucky Harris (1950–1954)
Chuck Dressen (1955–1957)
Cookie Lavagetto (1957–1961)
Sam Mele (1961–1967)
Cal Ermer (1967–1968)
Billy Martin (1969)
Bill Rigney (1970–1972)
Frank Quilici (1972–1975)
Gene Mauch (1976–1980)
Johnny Goryl (1980–1981)
Billy Gardner (1981–1985)
Ray Miller (1985–1986)
Tom Kelly (1986–2001)
Ron Gardenhire (2002–2014)
Paul Molitor (2015–2018)
Rocco Baldelli (2019–present)
vteSporting News Manager of the Year Award
1936: McCarthy
1937: McKechnie
1938: McCarthy
1939: Durocher
1940: McKechnie
1941: Southworth
1942: Southworth
1943: McCarthy
1944: Sewell
1945: Bluege
1946: Dyer
1947: Harris
1948: Meyer
1949: Stengel
1950: Rolfe
1951: Durocher
1952: Stanky
1953: Stengel
1954: Durocher
1955: Alston
1956: Tebbetts
1957: Hutchinson
1958: Stengel
1959: Alston
1960: Murtaugh
1961: Houk
1962: Rigney
1963: Alston
1964: Keane
1965: Mele
1966: Bauer
1967: D. Williams
1968: Smith
1969: Hodges
1970: Murtaugh
1971: Fox
1972: Tanner
1973: Mauch
1974: Virdon
1975: Dar. Johnson
1976: Ozark
1977: Weaver
1978: Bamberger
1979: Weaver
1980: Virdon
1981: Martin
1982: Herzog
1983: La Russa
1984: Frey
1985: Cox
1986: McNamara & Lanier
1987: Anderson & Rodgers
1988: La Russa & Leyland
1989: Robinson & Zimmer
1990: Torborg & Leyland
1991: Kelly & Cox
1992: La Russa & Leyland
1993: Oates & Cox
1994: Showalter & Alou
1995: Hargrove & Baylor
1996: Oates & Bochy
1997: Dav. Johnson & Baker
1998: Torre & Bochy
1999: J. Williams & Cox
2000: Manuel & Baker
2001: Piniella & Bowa
2002: Scioscia & Cox
2003: Peña & Cox
2004: Gardenhire, Showalter, & Cox
2005: Guillén & Cox
2006: Leyland & Girardi
2007: Wedge & Melvin
2008: Maddon & González
2009: Scioscia & Tracy
2010: Gardenhire & Black
2011: Maddon & Gibson
2012: Showalter & Dav. Johnson
2013: Farrell & Hurdle
2014: Scioscia & M. Williams
2015: Molitor & Collins
2016: Francona & Roberts
2017: Francona & Counsell
2018: Melvin, Counsell, & Snitker
2019: Cash & Snitker
2020: Cash & Mattingly
2021: Cash & Kapler
2022: Showalter & Hyde
2023: Hyde, Counsell, & Snitker
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"American League West Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_West_Division"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Major_League_Baseball_season"}],"text":"Baseball playerWilliam Joseph Rigney (January 29, 1918 – February 20, 2001) was an American infielder and manager in Major League Baseball. A 26-year big-league veteran, Rigney played for the New York Giants from 1946 to 1953, then spent 18 seasons as the skipper of three major-league clubs. The Bay Area native began his managerial career with the Giants (1956–1960) as the team's last manager in New York City (1957) and its first in San Francisco (1958). In 1961, Rigney became the first manager in the history of the Los Angeles Angels of the American League, serving into May of 1969. Then, in 1970, he led the Minnesota Twins to the American League West Division championship, the only postseason entry of his big-league tenure. Fired in midseason of 1972, he concluded his managerial career in 1976 by serving a one-year term at the helm of his original team, the Giants.","title":"Bill Rigney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alameda, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"Oakland Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Oaks_(PCL)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"Western International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_International_League"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"rookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"third base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"second base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"games played","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"All-Star team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"1948 midsummer classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Sportsman's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"base on balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"Joe Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Coleman_(1950s_pitcher)"},{"link_name":"plate appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_appearance"},{"link_name":"Eddie Stanky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Stanky"},{"link_name":"Andy Seminick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Seminick"},{"link_name":"error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"utility infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_infielder"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1951 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_World_Series"},{"link_name":"at bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bats"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Vic Raschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Raschi"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"}],"text":"Born in Alameda, California,[1] Rigney batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 178 pounds (81 kg). He began his professional baseball career in 1938 when he signed with the unaffiliated Oakland Oaks of the top-level Pacific Coast League. After seasoning in the Class B Western International League, Rigney played the full seasons of 1941 and 1942 with the Oaks, then performed World War II service in the United States Coast Guard from 1943–1945.Acquired by the Giants during the war, he was a 28-year-old rookie in 1946 and played third base, shortstop and second base during his MLB career—appearing in over 100 games played in each of his first four MLB seasons. Rigney was the Giants' regular third baseman in 1946 and their starting second baseman in both 1947 and 1948. His most productive season came in 1947, when he reached career highs in home runs (17), runs batted in (59), runs (84), hits (142), doubles (24) and games played (130). In 1948, he was selected to the National League All-Star team; in the 1948 midsummer classic, on July 13 at Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, he drew a base on balls off Joe Coleman in his only plate appearance.On August 12, 1950, Rigney replaced Eddie Stanky at second base after Stanky had been ejected from a game against the Phillies for repeatedly waving his arms while Andy Seminick was batting. Seminick was still irritated, and after he reached base on an error in the fourth inning, he slid hard into second base, crashing into Rigney and causing him to fall over. A nearly ten-minute brawl erupted between the teams, which required police intervention and resulted in the ejection of Seminick and Rigney from the game. The Phillies went on to win 4–3.[2][3]As a utility infielder, Rigney was a member of the 1951 NL champion Giants, and he appeared in four games of the 1951 World Series, collecting one hit in four at bats (a single off Vic Raschi), with one run batted in, as a pinch hitter.As a big-leaguer, Rigney was a .259 career batsman with 510 hits, 41 home runs and 212 runs batted in over 654 games.","title":"New York Giants' infielder"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"farm club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_system"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Millers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Millers"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"Junior World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Leo Durocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Durocher"},{"link_name":"center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Willie Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mays"},{"link_name":"Upper Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Orlando Cepeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Cepeda"},{"link_name":"Jim Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Felipe Alou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Alou"},{"link_name":"Willie McCovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_McCovey"},{"link_name":"first division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_division_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1960 Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_San_Francisco_Giants_season"},{"link_name":"Candlestick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick_Park"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Tom Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sports)"}],"sub_title":"Giants","text":"Following his MLB playing career, Rigney was named manager of the Giants' top farm club, the Triple-A Minneapolis Millers, in 1954–1955. He led the Millers to two playoff appearances, a 170–135 overall record, and the 1955 American Association and Junior World Series championships. He then was promoted to skipper of the parent Giants in 1956, succeeding his mentor, Leo Durocher. Despite the presence of Hall of Fame center fielder Willie Mays, the Giants' final two seasons in Upper Manhattan, 1956 and 1957, were dismal: they lost 87 and 85 games, respectively, finished in sixth place in the eight-team National League both years (a combined 52 games out of first place), and their attendance fell below 700,000.But upon their move to San Francisco in 1958—and rejuvenated by young players such as Orlando Cepeda, Jim Davenport, Felipe Alou, and, later, Willie McCovey—the Giants returned to the first division and contended for the NL pennant into the final regular-season weekend in 1959. The 1960 Giants moved into new Candlestick Park and were expected to again contend for the league title. They got off the mark quickly, winning 20 of their first 29 games. But then they stumbled, losing 16 of their next 29, and were coming off a three-game series sweep at home by the eventual world champion Pittsburgh Pirates when, on June 17, Rigney was fired. At 33–25, his club was in second place, four games behind Pittsburgh, when Rigney was dismissed. Tom Sheehan, the veteran scout who replaced Rigney, fared even more poorly, however, going only 46–50 as the Giants plummeted into fifth place by season's end.","title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Rigney_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry"},{"link_name":"Robert O. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Reynolds_(American_football,_born_1914)"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Casey Stengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Stengel"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"1960 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Dean Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Chance"},{"link_name":"Bo Belinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Belinsky"},{"link_name":"Manager of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"Wrigley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Dodger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodger_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Lefty Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty_Phillips"},{"link_name":"KSFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSFO"}],"sub_title":"Angels","text":"Rigney in 1964Rigney was not unemployed for long. He became the first skipper in the history of the expansion Los Angeles Angels of the American League in 1961. Gene Autry and Robert O. Reynolds, the Angels' owners, originally wanted to hire future Baseball Hall of Fame manager Casey Stengel, a resident of nearby Glendale who had been fired by the New York Yankees after the 1960 World Series. But Stengel declined all managerial offers and spent 1961 in temporary retirement. Then Durocher, out of uniform since leaving the Giants in 1955 and working as a broadcaster, campaigned for the Angel job. Like Stengel, he had become a permanent resident of Southern California—he lived in Palm Springs—and was a future Hall of Fame pilot. But Autry and Reynolds bypassed him and chose Rigney instead, believing that he would have the patience to develop an expansion team's younger players.While the Angels' maiden edition lost 91 games and finished eighth in the ten-team AL, the 1962 team, paced by young pitchers Dean Chance and Bo Belinsky, stunned baseball by finishing in third place with an 86–76 record during their second season of existence. As a result, Rigney was named Manager of the Year by The Sporting News.During Rigney's eight full years with the Angels, the club played in three home ballparks—Wrigley Field, Dodger Stadium and Anaheim Stadium—and also compiled winning records in 1964 and 1967. But 1969, Rigney's ninth season, proved catastrophic. The Angels started the year 11–28 and were mired in a ten-game losing streak when Rigney was fired on May 27 and succeeded by Lefty Phillips. Later in 1969, Rigney joined the San Francisco Giants' radio broadcast team to close out the season; coincidentally, KSFO, the Giants flagship station, was then owned by Autry and Reynolds.","title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twin Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis–St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93St._Paul"},{"link_name":"Billy Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Martin"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"American League West Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_West_Division"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"1970 American League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Minnesota_Twins_season"},{"link_name":"World Series champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Frank Quilici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Quilici"},{"link_name":"Calvin Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Twins","text":"Returning to the field (and to the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–St. Paul) the next year, Rigney succeeded Billy Martin as manager of the Minnesota Twins in 1970, leading them to 98 victories and the American League West Division championship. But the Twins fell in three straight games to the eventual world champion Baltimore Orioles in the 1970 American League Championship Series, then won only 74 games in 1971. When the Twins began 1972 with a 36–34 record and 91⁄2 games behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics in third place, Rigney was replaced by Frank Quilici on July 6. Team owner Calvin Griffith's explanation for the move was that he felt many of the Twins players \"were too nonchalant.\"[4]","title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Horace Stoneham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Stoneham"},{"link_name":"Bob Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lurie"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Joe Altobelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Altobelli"},{"link_name":"October 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-managerial_record-6"}],"sub_title":"Second turn with Giants","text":"After serving as a scout for the San Diego Padres and California Angels (1973–1974), Rigney had a second managerial stint with the Giants in 1976, a year of transition between the Horace Stoneham and Bob Lurie ownerships. Rigney's 1976 club went only 74–88 and finished 28 games behind the world champion Cincinnati Reds. Joe Altobelli succeeded him at the Giants' helm on October 7, 1976.[5] Rigney finished with a managerial record of 1,239 wins and 1,321 losses.[6]","title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial record","title":"Manager of three MLB clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Walnut Creek, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In an 18-season managerial career, Rigney posted a 1,239–1,321 record (.484) in 2,561 games. The Twins' three-and-out loss in the 1970 ALCS was his only MLB postseason managing appearance. As a minor league pilot, Rigney won the 1955 American Association championship at the helm of the Minneapolis Millers.After leaving the Giants at the close of his second managerial term in 1976, he served as a front-office consultant and a radio and television broadcaster for the Oakland Athletics in the 1980s.Rigney died in Walnut Creek, California, at age of 83.The \"Bill Rigney Good Guy Award\" is given each year to a San Francisco Giant and Oakland Athletic who is most accommodating to the media.[7]","title":"Broadcaster, scout and \"ambassador\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Durocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Durocher"},{"link_name":"hit-and-run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_and_run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rigney took the reins of the Giants in 1956, succeeding Leo Durocher, for whom he had played from 1948 to 1953. \"I learned a lot from Leo Durocher\", he said. \"I learned about the hit-and-run, about gambling and going against the percentages. You can't play it the same all the time.\" – Norman L. Macht, at Baseball Library[8]","title":"Quotation"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rigney in 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bill_Rigney_1964.jpg/220px-Bill_Rigney_1964.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball managers by wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_managers_by_wins"}]
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[{"reference":"admin. \"Bill Rigney – Society for American Baseball Research\". Retrieved 2023-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bill-rigney/","url_text":"\"Bill Rigney – Society for American Baseball Research\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, C. Paul III. \"August 12, 1950: The day Andy Seminick took out the Giants' infield\". SABR. Retrieved February 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/august-12-1950-the-day-andy-seminick-took-out-the-giants-infield/#:~:text=Seminick%20slid%20in%20hard%20right%20at%20the%20bag,yelled%2C%20%E2%80%9CTurn%20me%20loose%2C%20you%E2%80%99re%20killing%20me.%E2%80%9D%2012","url_text":"\"August 12, 1950: The day Andy Seminick took out the Giants' infield\""}]},{"reference":"Dark, Alvin; Underwood, John (1980). When in Doubt, Fire the Manager: My Life and Times in Baseball. New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 48. ISBN 0-525-23264-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-23264-8","url_text":"0-525-23264-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Rigney\". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/rignebi01.shtml","url_text":"\"Bill Rigney\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Shea, National Baseball Writer\". sfchronicle.com. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/john-shea/","url_text":"\"John Shea, National Baseball Writer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130330233625/http://www.sfchronicle.com:80/author/john-shea/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Rigney\". baseballbiography.com. Retrieved October 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://baseballbiography.com/bill-rigney","url_text":"\"Bill Rigney\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bill-rigney/","external_links_name":"\"Bill Rigney – Society for American Baseball Research\""},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/august-12-1950-the-day-andy-seminick-took-out-the-giants-infield/#:~:text=Seminick%20slid%20in%20hard%20right%20at%20the%20bag,yelled%2C%20%E2%80%9CTurn%20me%20loose%2C%20you%E2%80%99re%20killing%20me.%E2%80%9D%2012","external_links_name":"\"August 12, 1950: The day Andy Seminick took out the Giants' infield\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/07/archives/quilici-is-named-twins-manager-rigney-is-dismissed-by-club-in-third.html","external_links_name":"\"Quilici Is Named Twins' Manager,\" The Associated Press (AP), Thursday, July 6, 1972."},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19761008&id=jHwoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QsoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3085,2433539","external_links_name":"\"Giants Pick Joe Altobelli,\" The Associated Press (AP), Friday, October 8, 1976."},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/rignebi01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Bill Rigney\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/john-shea/","external_links_name":"\"John Shea, National Baseball Writer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130330233625/http://www.sfchronicle.com:80/author/john-shea/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://baseballbiography.com/bill-rigney","external_links_name":"\"Bill Rigney\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/rignebi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=rigney001wil","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/rignebi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Bill Rigney managerial career statistics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrs_Wood
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Parrs Wood
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["1 Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre","2 Stores","2.1 Main Units","2.2 Restaurants and Cafés","3 Transport","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°24′32″N 2°13′08″W / 53.40889°N 2.21889°W / 53.40889; -2.21889Area of Didsbury, in Manchester, England
Aerial view of Parrs Wood High School
Entrance to Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre
"Buckingham Bingo"
Parrs Wood is an area of East Didsbury, in south Manchester, England.
It was formerly the estate surrounding Parrs Wood House, an 18th-century Georgian villa.
Today the area incorporates part of Wilmslow Road and is home to Parrs Wood High School and Sixth Form Centre, a Tesco supermarket, and Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre.
Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre
Following a deal to build a new school in exchange for land, Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre was completed in 2001. The centre is owned by Land Securities, the largest commercial property company in the UK. Attractions and businesses in the Entertainment Centre include bowling (also includes American pool and arcade area), cinema, restaurants, health club (including a swimming pool), casino and hotel.
Stores
Main Units
Cineworld
Tenpin Ltd
Nuffield Health
Grosvenor Casinos
Restaurants and Cafés
Nandos
Wagamama
Starbucks
Five Guys
Transport
East Didsbury tram stopParrs Wood bus terminal
Parrs Wood is the southern terminus of the Wilmslow Road bus corridor, a busy bus route into central Manchester.
It is also the terminus of the South Manchester Line of the Manchester Metrolink network, at East Didsbury tram stop which is located on the eastern side of Kingsway. East Didsbury railway station is on the opposite side of the road junction, providing trains to Manchester Piccadilly and Manchester Airport.
References
^ Historic England. "Parrs Wood House (1254971)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
External links
Parrs Wood High School
Battlefield Live Manchester - An outdoor combat game based at Parrs Wood High School
Parrs Wood Celtic Football Club
Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre website
Parrs Wood Rural Studies Centre
53°24′32″N 2°13′08″W / 53.40889°N 2.21889°W / 53.40889; -2.21889
vteThe City of ManchesterAbout Manchester
Architecture
Tallest buildings
Grade I buildings
Warehouses
Banking
Culture
Dialect
Economy
History
Media
Television programmes
Music
Madchester
Pop music
People
Politics
Schools
Science
Sociology
Sport
Streets
Symbols
Transport
Cycling
ParliamentconstituenciesBlackley andBroughton
Charlestown
Cheetham
Crumpsall
Harpurhey
Higher Blackley
Heaton Park
This constituency also contains Broughton and Kersal in neighbouring Salford City Council.
ManchesterCentral
Ancoats & Beswick
Ardwick
Clayton & Openshaw
Deansgate
Hulme
Miles Platting & Newton Heath
Moss Side
Moston
Piccadilly
ManchesterGorton
Fallowfield
Gorton & Abbey Hey
Levenshulme
Longsight
Rusholme
Whalley Range
ManchesterWithington
Burnage
Chorlton
Chorlton Park
Didsbury East
Didsbury West
Old Moat
Withington
Wythenshaweand Sale East
Baguley
Brooklands (Manchester)
Northenden
Sharston
Woodhouse Park
Manchester Airport
This constituency also contains Brooklands (Trafford), Priory and Sale Moor in neighbouring Trafford Council.
Geographic areas
Ardwick
Ardwick Green
Baguley
Belle Vue
Benchill
Beswick
Blackley
Bradford
Burnage
Cheetham Hill
Chorlton-cum-Hardy
Chorlton-on-Medlock
Chorltonville
Clayton
Collyhurst
Crumpsall
Didsbury
Fallowfield
Gorton
Harpurhey
Heaton Park
Hulme
Levenshulme
Longsight
Lower Crumpsall
Manchester Airport
Miles Platting
Moss Side
Moston
Newall Green
New Moston
Newton Heath
Northenden
Northern Moor
Openshaw
Parrs Wood
Peel Hall
Ringway
Rusholme
Sharston
Victoria Park
Whalley Range
Withington
Woodhouse Park
Wythenshawe
City Centre
Ancoats
Castlefield
Chinatown
City Centre
Gay Village
New Islington
N.O.M.A.
Northern Quarter
Piccadilly Village
Spinningfields
St John's Quarter
vteLandsecShopping centres
Bluewater (Greenhithe) (30%)
Buchanan Galleries (Glasgow)
Lewisham Shopping (Lewisham)
O2 Centre (Camden)
One New Change (City of London)
Priory Square (Birmingham)
ShopStop (Clapham Junction) (50% with Delancey)
Southside (Wandsworth) (50% with Delancey)
St David's (Cardiff) (50% with Intu)
Trinity Leeds (Leeds)
West 12 (Shepherd's Bush)
Westgate (Oxford)
White Rose Centre (Leeds)
Outlet centres
Gunwharf Quays (Portsmouth)
The Galleria (Hatfield)
Retail parks
Lakeside (West Thurrock)
Team Valley (Gateshead)
Westwood Cross (Thanet)
Leisure
Bentley Bridge (Wolverhampton)
Brighton Marina (Brighton) (commercial operations only)
Cardigan Fields (Leeds)
Lockmeadow (Maidstone)
Parrs Wood (Manchester)
Riverside (Norwich)
The Cornerhouse (Nottingham)
The Printworks (Manchester)
Tower Park (Poole)
West India Quay (Canary Wharf, Poplar)
Xscape Milton Keynes (Milton Keynes)
Xscape Yorkshire (Castleford)
Developments
20 Fenchurch Street (City of London)
Cardinal Place (Westminster)
Nova (Westminster) (50% with CPPIB)
Oriana (West End) (50% with Frogmore)
Piccadilly Lights (Piccadilly Circus)
Portland House (Westminster)
vteBuildings and structures in Manchester, EnglandSkyscrapers (over 100 metres)
Deansgate Square South Tower (201m)
Beetham Tower (169m)
Deansgate Square East Tower (158m)
The Blade (154m)
Three60 (154m)
Elizabeth Tower (153m)
Deansgate Square West Tower (141m)
Viadux (136m)
Deansgate Square North Tower (122m)
CIS Tower (118m)
Affinity Living Circle Square (116m)
Oxygen Towers (110m)
Angel Gardens (108m)
City Tower (107m)
Bridgewater Heights (106m)
High-rises (over 50 metres)
Artisan Heights (95m)
Axis Tower (93m)
1 Spinningfields (92m)
River Street Tower (92m)
Arndale House (90m)
Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower (87m)
Cambridge Street Block A (83m)
One Regent (82m)
Civil Justice Centre (81m)
Manchester One (80m)
1 Circle Square (76m)
3 Hardman Street (75m)
Great Northern Tower (72m)
One Angel Square (72m)
3 St Peter's Square (72m)
The Gate, Angel Meadow (68m)
The Light House (67m)
Victoria Residence (67m)
The Principal Manchester (66m)
Victoria Mill (65m)
Albert Bridge House (64m)
111 Piccadilly (64m)
Islington Wharf (64m)
The Slate Yard Flint Building (64m)
Skyline Central (63m)
The Peninsula (63m)
Cambridge Street Block B (63m)
No. 1 Deansgate (62m)
Owens Park Tower (61m)
Brooklyn Hotel (61m)
One Castle Wharf (61m)
Manchester Business School Hotel (60m)
St James's Buildings (60m)
2 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Leftbank Apartments (60m)
3 Piccadilly Place (60m)
Chancery Place (60m)
The Lume (60m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2 (60m)
One St Peter's Square (59m)
Two St Peter's Square (59m)
Landmark, St. Peter's Square (59m)
2 Circle Square (59m)
Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square (59m)
Lowry House (58m)
Minshull Street Courts (57m)
UNITE Tower (57m)
Cornbrook Works Tower 1 (57m)
Ramada Renaissance Hotel (56m)
Parkway Gate Block 1 (56m)
Royal Exchange Theatre (55m)
1 New York Street (55m)
St James's House (55m)
Bank Chambers (55m)
Vita Circle Square Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 1 (54m)
Kampus Tower 2 (54m)
Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3 (54m)
No. 1 Marsden Street (53m)
The Stile, Angel Meadow (53m)
82 King Street (52m)
Oxygen Tower 2 (52m)
Vox Tower 1 (51m)
Kampus Tower 3 (51m)
New Century House (50m)
Hexagon Tower (50m)
Parkway Gate Block 2 (50m)
Notable low-rises(city centre or Grade II* listed)
1 The Avenue
1–3 York Street
25 St Ann Street
38 and 42 Mosley Street
46–48 Brown Street
50 Newton Street
53 King Street
84 Plymouth Grove
100 King Street
Afflecks
Alan Turing Building
Albert Hall
Ancoats Hospital
Arkwright House
Athenaeum
Baguley Hall
Bank Chambers
Barlow Hall
Barton Arcade
Central Library
Chetham's Library
Chips
Clayton Hall
Corn Exchange
County Court
Daily Express
Dalton-Ellis Hall
Didsbury Campus
Estate Exchange
Former Bank of England
Free Trade Hall
Gateway House
Old Granada Studios
The Green Building
Grove House
The Haçienda
Hanover Building
Heaton Hall
Holyoake House
Hough End Hall
Hulme Hall
Hulme Hippodrome
Institute of Biotechnology
John Rylands Library
John Rylands University Library
Kendals
Lawrence Buildings
Law Library
Lincoln House
London Road Fire Station
Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Museum
Mechanics' Institute
Memorial Hall
Midland Hotel
Minshull Street Crown Courts
Science and Industry Museum
National Graphene Institute
Nicholls Building
Odeon Cinema
Old Wellington Inn
One Piccadilly Gardens
Pankhurst Centre
People's History Museum
Police Museum
Portico Library
Playhouse Theatre
Redfern Building
Reform Club
Rose Hill
Royal Eye Hospital
Rylands Building
Sackville Street Building
Sharston Hall
Ship Canal House
Slade Hall
Smithfield Market Hall
St Anselm Hall
Saint Mary's Hospital
St Michael's
Strangeways
Sunlight House
Theatre Royal
Toast Rack
The Towers
Transport Museum
Urbis
Uttley House
Victoria Baths
Whitworth Art Gallery
Whitworth Building
Wythenshawe Bus Garage
Wythenshawe Hall
Mills and warehouses
107 Piccadilly
1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station
Albion Mill
Asia House
Beehive Mill
Bridgewater House
Brownsfield Mill
Brunswick Mill
Canada House
Chorlton New Mills
Churchgate House
Dale Street Warehouse
Havelock Mills
India House
Jackson's Warehouse
Lancaster House
McConnel & Kennedy Mills
Murrays' Mills
Old Mill
Piccadilly Mill
Royal Mill
Shudehill Mill
Watts Warehouse
Religious(Grade I or II* listed)
British Muslim Heritage Centre
Brookfield Church
Castlefield Chapel
Christ Church
Cross Street Chapel
Holy Name of Jesus
Edgar Wood Centre
Gorton Monastery
Holy Trinity Platt Church
The Hidden Gem (Church of St Mary)
Jewish Museum
Manchester Cathedral
Manchester Reform Synagogue
St Ann's
St Chrysostom's Church
Church of St Cross
St George
St James
St John
St Mary (Hulme)
Church of St Michael
St Nicholas
St Peter
Upper Brook Street Chapel
St Wilfrid
Transportation
Manchester Airport
Airport station
Deansgate station
Piccadilly station
Victoria station
Oxford Road station
Piccadilly bus station
Shudehill Interchange
Entertainment
O2 Apollo
Arndale Centre
Bridgewater Hall
Castlefield Bowl
Central
Co-op Live
Contact Theatre
Cornerhouse
The Factory
Great Northern Warehouse
HOME
Palace Theatre
Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre
Opera House
The Printworks
Manchester Arena
Manchester Academy
O2 Ritz
Royal Exchange Theatre
Victoria Warehouse
Sports venues
Aquatics Centre
Belle Vue Stadium
Broadhurst Park
National Cycling Centre (BMX Arena, Velodrome)
Etihad Campus
City of Manchester Stadium
Manchester City Academy Stadium
Manchester Regional Arena
National Speedway Stadium
National Squash Centre
Memorials and sculptures
Alan Turing Memorial
Albert Memorial
B of the Bang
The Glade of Light
Cenotaph
Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
Peacock Mausoleum
Victory Over Blindness
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Corporation Street Bridge
Hulme Arch Bridge
Irwell Railway bridge
Palatine Bridge
Store Street Aqueduct
Trinity Bridge
Victoria Bridge
Architecture
Castles
Churches
Grade I listed
Grade II* listed
Grade II listed
Mills
Monuments
Tallest
Warehouses
Italics denote building under construction
This Greater Manchester location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M712_Copperhead
|
M712 Copperhead
|
["1 Development","2 Description","3 Modes of operation","4 Combat history","5 Operators","5.1 Current operators","5.2 Former operators","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]
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American guided 155 mm howitzer projectile
M712 Copperhead White Sands Missile Range M712 CopperheadTypeCannon-launched guided projectilePlace of originUnited StatesService historyUsed byU.S., Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Taiwan, UkraineSpecificationsMass62.4 kg (137.6 lb)Length140 cm (54 in)Diameter155 mm (6.1 in)Caliber155 mm (6.1 in)Effective firing range16 km (9.9 mi)WarheadComposition BWarhead weight6.69 kilograms (14.75 lb)Guidancesystemlaser guidance
M712 Copperhead approaches an old M47 Patton tank used as a target
M712 detonating
The M712 Copperhead is a 155 mm caliber cannon-launched guided projectile. It is
a fin-stabilized, terminally laser guided, explosive shell intended to engage hard point targets such as tanks, self-propelled howitzers or other high-value targets. It may be fired from different artillery pieces, such as the M114, M109, M198, M777 and CAESAR howitzers. The projectile has a minimum range of 3 km (1.9 mi) and a maximum range of 16 km (9.9 mi).
Development
The concept for Copperhead was originally made in 1970 by engineers at the US Army's Rodman Laboratories, with feasibility studies conducted in 1971. In 1972 development contracts were awarded to Martin Marietta and Texas Instruments. After testing Martin Marietta was chosen for continued development through the 1970s.
Inventories of March 1, 1995:
US Army : Usable : 16,095 - Unusable 0 - Total : 16,095
USMC : Usable : 1,873 - Unusable : 894 - Total : 2,767
Description
At 62.4 kilograms (137.6 lb) and 140 centimetres (54 in) long, Copperhead is longer and heavier than traditional 155mm ammunition.
The warhead assembly consists of a shaped charge loaded with 6.69 kilograms (14.75 lb) of Composition B.
For Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a laser designator. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system will operate the steering vanes to maneuver the projectile to the target. The Copperhead targeting logic is designed to ensure (1) that the optical system will always be able to detect the target, and (2) that once the target has been detected there will be sufficient time and velocity to maneuver to hit the target. Copperhead must be below any cloud cover at critical parts of the trajectory, and there must be sufficient visibility to ensure that when the target is acquired the projectile will have sufficient time to maneuver.
Modes of operation
Cross section of M712 Copperhead
Copperhead has two modes of operation: ballistic mode and glide mode. Ballistic mode is used where the cloud ceiling is high and visibility is good. When the projectile is 3,000 m (9,800 ft) from the target, the guidance vanes extend, the target is acquired, and then the on-board guidance system adjusts the guidance vanes to maneuver onto the target.
Glide mode is used when the cloud ceiling and/or the visibility is too low to permit the use of the ballistic mode. A glide mode trajectory consists of two phases: a ballistic phase and a glide phase. At a predetermined point along the trajectory, the guidance vanes extend and there is a transition from ballistic phase to glide phase. Glide phase targeting logic is designed to ensure the largest possible angle of fall permitted by the cloud cover and the visibility. The target is acquired when the projectile is close enough to detect the laser illumination or when the projectile emerges from the cloud cover, whichever event occurs later in the trajectory. When a trajectory solution has been obtained, time-to-target and terminal velocity are checked to ensure that there will be enough time to maneuver and that the projectile is aerodynamically stable—that it will not stall while maneuvering.
Initially the laser designation was intended to be performed by the MQM-105 Aquila pilotless drone.
Combat history
Copperhead was used in Operation Desert Storm, with 90 rounds fired against hardened Iraqi fortifications and radar stations. One of these strikes caused an Iraqi unit to surrender.
Lebanese Armed Forces fired several hundred Copperhead shells at ISIL targets in east Lebanon during the Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017). At least five technicals, five occupied buildings, and several troop formations were struck with precision.
The US replenished 827 shells after the successful completion of the offensive.
Operators
Operators: Current Former
Current operators
United States
Egypt
Jordan
Lebanon
Taiwan
Former operators
Australia – now replaced by SMArt 155.
See also
M982 Excalibur – (United States, Sweden)
M1156 Precision Guidance Kit – (United States)
Krasnopol – (Russia, Soviet Union)
XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition – (United States)
Bofors/Nexter Bonus – (Sweden, France)
Bofors STRIX – (Sweden)
References
^ a b Ripley, Tim (1992). The new illustrated guide to the modern US Army. Salamander Books Ltd. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-86101-671-8.
^ Pretty, Ronald (1978). Jane's pocket book of missiles. London: Macdonald and Jane's. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-354-01069-6.
^ "Industrial Base: Inventory and Requirements for Artillery Projectiles".
^ http://www.ausairpower.net/SP/DT-SPH-0705.pdf
^ p.43, Yenne & Yenne
^ "M712 Copperhead". www.globalsecurity.org.
^ "Lebanese Troops Hammered ISIS with Laser Guided Artillery Shells in 2017". Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ "DEFENCE PURCHASES NEW ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY ROUND". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Sources
Yenne, William, Yenne, Bill, Attack of the Drones: A History of Unmanned Aerial Combat, Zenith Imprint, 2004 ISBN 0-7603-1825-5
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copperhead_and_tank.JPEG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copperhead_and_tank_(explosion).JPEG"},{"link_name":"155 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155_mm"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber"},{"link_name":"cannon-launched guided projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon-launched_guided_projectile"},{"link_name":"laser guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_guidance"},{"link_name":"explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"artillery pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_piece"},{"link_name":"M114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M109_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M198_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M777_howitzer"},{"link_name":"CAESAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_a_projectile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modernUSA-1"}],"text":"M712 Copperhead approaches an old M47 Patton tank used as a targetM712 detonatingThe M712 Copperhead is a 155 mm caliber cannon-launched guided projectile. It is \na fin-stabilized, terminally laser guided, explosive shell intended to engage hard point targets such as tanks, self-propelled howitzers or other high-value targets. It may be fired from different artillery pieces, such as the M114, M109, M198, M777 and CAESAR howitzers. The projectile has a minimum range of 3 km (1.9 mi) and a maximum range of 16 km (9.9 mi).[1]","title":"M712 Copperhead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The concept for Copperhead was originally made in 1970 by engineers at the US Army's Rodman Laboratories, with feasibility studies conducted in 1971. In 1972 development contracts were awarded to Martin Marietta and Texas Instruments. After testing Martin Marietta was chosen for continued development through the 1970s.[2]Inventories of March 1, 1995:[3]US Army : Usable : 16,095 - Unusable 0 - Total : 16,095\nUSMC : Usable : 1,873 - Unusable : 894 - Total : 2,767","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"shaped charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"},{"link_name":"Composition B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_B"},{"link_name":"laser designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"guidance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance_system"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"}],"text":"At 62.4 kilograms (137.6 lb) and 140 centimetres (54 in) long, Copperhead is longer and heavier than traditional 155mm ammunition.[4]The warhead assembly consists of a shaped charge loaded with 6.69 kilograms (14.75 lb) of Composition B.For Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a laser designator. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system will operate the steering vanes to maneuver the projectile to the target. The Copperhead targeting logic is designed to ensure (1) that the optical system will always be able to detect the target, and (2) that once the target has been detected there will be sufficient time and velocity to maneuver to hit the target. Copperhead must be below any cloud cover at critical parts of the trajectory, and there must be sufficient visibility to ensure that when the target is acquired the projectile will have sufficient time to maneuver.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copperhead_CLGP_axial_section_with_description.svg"},{"link_name":"ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"},{"link_name":"visibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibility"},{"link_name":"trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory"},{"link_name":"cloud cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_cover"},{"link_name":"terminal velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_velocity"},{"link_name":"aerodynamically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"MQM-105 Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-105_Aquila"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cross section of M712 CopperheadCopperhead has two modes of operation: ballistic mode and glide mode. Ballistic mode is used where the cloud ceiling is high and visibility is good. When the projectile is 3,000 m (9,800 ft) from the target, the guidance vanes extend, the target is acquired, and then the on-board guidance system adjusts the guidance vanes to maneuver onto the target.Glide mode is used when the cloud ceiling and/or the visibility is too low to permit the use of the ballistic mode. A glide mode trajectory consists of two phases: a ballistic phase and a glide phase. At a predetermined point along the trajectory, the guidance vanes extend and there is a transition from ballistic phase to glide phase. Glide phase targeting logic is designed to ensure the largest possible angle of fall permitted by the cloud cover and the visibility. The target is acquired when the projectile is close enough to detect the laser illumination or when the projectile emerges from the cloud cover, whichever event occurs later in the trajectory. When a trajectory solution has been obtained, time-to-target and terminal velocity are checked to ensure that there will be enough time to maneuver and that the projectile is aerodynamically stable—that it will not stall while maneuvering.Initially the laser designation was intended to be performed by the MQM-105 Aquila pilotless drone.[5]","title":"Modes of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modernUSA-1"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2017)"},{"link_name":"technicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"}],"text":"Copperhead was used in Operation Desert Storm,[6] with 90 rounds fired against hardened Iraqi fortifications and radar stations. One of these strikes caused an Iraqi unit to surrender.[1]Lebanese Armed Forces fired several hundred Copperhead shells at ISIL targets in east Lebanon during the Qalamoun offensive (July–August 2017). At least five technicals, five occupied buildings, and several troop formations were struck with precision.\nThe US replenished 827 shells after the successful completion of the offensive.[7][vague]","title":"Combat history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M712_operators.png"}],"text":"Operators: Current Former","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"United States\n Egypt\n Jordan\n Lebanon\n Taiwan","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"SMArt 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMArt_155"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Australia – now replaced by SMArt 155.[8]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7603-1825-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1825-5"}],"text":"Yenne, William, Yenne, Bill, Attack of the Drones: A History of Unmanned Aerial Combat, Zenith Imprint, 2004 ISBN 0-7603-1825-5","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"M712 Copperhead approaches an old M47 Patton tank used as a target","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Copperhead_and_tank.JPEG/220px-Copperhead_and_tank.JPEG"},{"image_text":"M712 detonating","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Copperhead_and_tank_%28explosion%29.JPEG/220px-Copperhead_and_tank_%28explosion%29.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Cross section of M712 Copperhead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Copperhead_CLGP_axial_section_with_description.svg/220px-Copperhead_CLGP_axial_section_with_description.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Operators: Current Former","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M712_operators.png/330px-M712_operators.png"}]
|
[{"title":"M982 Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M982_Excalibur"},{"title":"M1156 Precision Guidance Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1156_Precision_Guidance_Kit"},{"title":"Krasnopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnopol_(weapon_system)"},{"title":"XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM395_Precision_Guided_Mortar_Munition"},{"title":"Bofors/Nexter Bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors/Nexter_Bonus"},{"title":"Bofors STRIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_STRIX"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ripley, Tim (1992). The new illustrated guide to the modern US Army. Salamander Books Ltd. pp. 114–115. ISBN 0-86101-671-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-671-8","url_text":"0-86101-671-8"}]},{"reference":"Pretty, Ronald (1978). Jane's pocket book of missiles. London: Macdonald and Jane's. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-354-01069-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-354-01069-6","url_text":"978-0-354-01069-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial Base: Inventory and Requirements for Artillery Projectiles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-95-89/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-95-89.htm","url_text":"\"Industrial Base: Inventory and Requirements for Artillery Projectiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"M712 Copperhead\". www.globalsecurity.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m712.htm","url_text":"\"M712 Copperhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanese Troops Hammered ISIS with Laser Guided Artillery Shells in 2017\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200217204130/http://amp.timeinc.net/thedrive/the-war-zone/18296/lebanese-troops-hammered-isis-with-laser-guided-artillery-shells-in-2017","url_text":"\"Lebanese Troops Hammered ISIS with Laser Guided Artillery Shells in 2017\""},{"url":"http://amp.timeinc.net/thedrive/the-war-zone/18296/lebanese-troops-hammered-isis-with-laser-guided-artillery-shells-in-2017","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DEFENCE PURCHASES NEW ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY ROUND\". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035538/http://defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7131","url_text":"\"DEFENCE PURCHASES NEW ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY ROUND\""},{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/media/departmentaltpl.cfm?CurrentId=7131","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-95-89/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-95-89.htm","external_links_name":"\"Industrial Base: Inventory and Requirements for Artillery Projectiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.ausairpower.net/SP/DT-SPH-0705.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.ausairpower.net/SP/DT-SPH-0705.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m712.htm","external_links_name":"\"M712 Copperhead\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200217204130/http://amp.timeinc.net/thedrive/the-war-zone/18296/lebanese-troops-hammered-isis-with-laser-guided-artillery-shells-in-2017","external_links_name":"\"Lebanese Troops Hammered ISIS with Laser Guided Artillery Shells in 2017\""},{"Link":"http://amp.timeinc.net/thedrive/the-war-zone/18296/lebanese-troops-hammered-isis-with-laser-guided-artillery-shells-in-2017","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035538/http://defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=7131","external_links_name":"\"DEFENCE PURCHASES NEW ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY ROUND\""},{"Link":"http://www.defence.gov.au/media/departmentaltpl.cfm?CurrentId=7131","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin_Square
|
Rabin Square
|
["1 History","2 Renovation plans","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 32°4′51″N 34°46′50″E / 32.08083°N 34.78056°E / 32.08083; 34.78056Public city square in Tel Aviv, Israel
Rabin SquareRabin Square and Tel Aviv City Hall from the southeastern cornerTypeMunicipal (public space)Coordinates32°4′51″N 34°46′50″E / 32.08083°N 34.78056°E / 32.08083; 34.78056Area17 dunams (4.2 acres)Created1964Operated byTel Aviv MunicipalityStatusOpen
Rabin Square (Hebrew: כיכר רבין, romanized: Kikar Rabin), formerly Kings of Israel Square (Hebrew: כיכר מלכי ישראל, romanized: Kikar Malkhey Yisrael), is a main large public city square in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel. Over the years it has been the site of numerous political rallies, parades, and other public events. In 1995, the square was renamed 'Rabin Square' following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin which occurred there on November 4, 1995.
The square is surrounded by the Tel Aviv City Hall to the north (designed by the architect Menachem Cohen), Ibn Gabirol Street to the east, Malkhey Yisrael (Kings of Israel) Street to the south and Hen Boulevard to the west. It was designed alongside the city hall in 1964 by architects Yaski and Alexandroni.
History
Until the early 1990s, the square was used on Israel's Independence Day, as a public exhibition ground for IDF field units (mostly armor and heavy artillery). The square has also been the site of many political rallies and demonstrations.
Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at the conclusion of a peace rally at the site on November 4, 1995. In the days following the event, thousands of Israelis gathered at the square to commemorate Rabin. The young people who came to mourn Rabin were dubbed the "Candles Youth" (Hebrew: נוער הנרות, Noar HaNerot) after the many yahrzeit candles they lit. A segment of the graffiti they drew upon the nearby walls has been preserved.
A memorial stands on the spot where Rabin was assassinated (at the northeast corner of the square, below City Hall). Part of the memorial is a small, open legacy wall for Rabin. Near the south end of the square is a memorial sculpture designed by Israeli artist Igael Tumarkin commemorating the Holocaust.
Renovation plans
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a great deal of criticism had been voiced about the Square's appearance, most directed at the City Hall building. What in the 1960s was one of the city's biggest and most impressive architectural designs came to be considered by critics as one of the city's worst eyesores. Plans have been made (most of which have even been approved) to renovate the whole square and City Hall. These include giving City Hall a more modern look to fit in with the many new skyscrapers in Tel Aviv, and the construction of a large underground parking complex underneath the square to alleviate the lack of parking in the area. Opposition to the renovation plans mostly centers around arguments that the design of the square and City Hall are part of Tel Aviv's history and should be preserved. As a result of this opposition, major reconstruction has been delayed. However, in 2010 a minor renovation project was carried out, in which an ecological water pool was constructed near the Holocaust commemorative monument, and around it a deck with a recreational area.
References
^ "The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, Ami Pedahzur". Archived from the original on 2023-10-05. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ "'Candle generation' members aim to carry Rabin's legacy into Knesset". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
^ "The Ecological water pool in Rabin Square". Israel Traveller. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rabin Square.
vteSquares in Tel Aviv
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vteTourism in Tel AvivLandmarks
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Streets and squares
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Entertainment and performance arts centers
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Cafes and restaurants
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"city square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"political rallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade"},{"link_name":"assassination of Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Menachem Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Cohen_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Ibn Gabirol Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Gabirol_Street"},{"link_name":"Malkhey Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayyim_Nahman_Bialik"}],"text":"Public city square in Tel Aviv, IsraelRabin Square (Hebrew: כיכר רבין, romanized: Kikar Rabin), formerly Kings of Israel Square (Hebrew: כיכר מלכי ישראל, romanized: Kikar Malkhey Yisrael), is a main large public city square in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel. Over the years it has been the site of numerous political rallies, parades, and other public events. In 1995, the square was renamed 'Rabin Square' following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin which occurred there on November 4, 1995.[1]The square is surrounded by the Tel Aviv City Hall to the north (designed by the architect Menachem Cohen), Ibn Gabirol Street to the east, Malkhey Yisrael (Kings of Israel) Street to the south and Hen Boulevard to the west. It was designed alongside the city hall in 1964 by architects Yaski and Alexandroni.","title":"Rabin Square"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Ha%27atzmaut"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"heavy artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_artillery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"yahrzeit candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"Igael Tumarkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igael_Tumarkin"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Until the early 1990s, the square was used on Israel's Independence Day, as a public exhibition ground for IDF field units (mostly armor and heavy artillery).[citation needed] The square has also been the site of many political rallies and demonstrations.[citation needed]Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at the conclusion of a peace rally at the site on November 4, 1995. In the days following the event, thousands of Israelis gathered at the square to commemorate Rabin. The young people who came to mourn Rabin were dubbed the \"Candles Youth\" (Hebrew: נוער הנרות, Noar HaNerot) after the many yahrzeit candles they lit.[2] A segment of the graffiti they drew upon the nearby walls has been preserved.A memorial stands on the spot where Rabin was assassinated (at the northeast corner of the square, below City Hall). Part of the memorial is a small, open legacy wall for Rabin. Near the south end of the square is a memorial sculpture designed by Israeli artist Igael Tumarkin commemorating the Holocaust.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skyscrapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a great deal of criticism had been voiced about the Square's appearance, most directed at the City Hall building. What in the 1960s was one of the city's biggest and most impressive architectural designs came to be considered by critics as one of the city's worst eyesores. Plans have been made (most of which have even been approved) to renovate the whole square and City Hall. These include giving City Hall a more modern look to fit in with the many new skyscrapers in Tel Aviv, and the construction of a large underground parking complex underneath the square to alleviate the lack of parking in the area. Opposition to the renovation plans mostly centers around arguments that the design of the square and City Hall are part of Tel Aviv's history and should be preserved. As a result of this opposition, major reconstruction has been delayed. However, in 2010 a minor renovation project was carried out, in which an ecological water pool was constructed near the Holocaust commemorative monument, and around it a deck with a recreational area.[3]","title":"Renovation plans"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, Ami Pedahzur\". Archived from the original on 2023-10-05. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118","url_text":"\"The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, Ami Pedahzur\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q=kings%20of%20israel%20square%20rabin&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Candle generation' members aim to carry Rabin's legacy into Knesset\". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/candle-generation-members-aim-to-carry-rabin-s-legacy-into-knesset-1.475112","url_text":"\"'Candle generation' members aim to carry Rabin's legacy into Knesset\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813060428/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/candle-generation-members-aim-to-carry-rabin-s-legacy-into-knesset-1.475112","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ecological water pool in Rabin Square\". Israel Traveller. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913035929/http://www.israeltraveler.org/en/site/pond-ecosystem-in-rabin-square","url_text":"\"The Ecological water pool in Rabin Square\""},{"url":"http://www.israeltraveler.org/en/site/pond-ecosystem-in-rabin-square","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rabin_Square¶ms=32_4_51_N_34_46_50_E_region:IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°4′51″N 34°46′50″E / 32.08083°N 34.78056°E / 32.08083; 34.78056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rabin_Square¶ms=32_4_51_N_34_46_50_E_region:IL_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°4′51″N 34°46′50″E / 32.08083°N 34.78056°E / 32.08083; 34.78056"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"\"The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, Ami Pedahzur\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q=kings%20of%20israel%20square%20rabin&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/candle-generation-members-aim-to-carry-rabin-s-legacy-into-knesset-1.475112","external_links_name":"\"'Candle generation' members aim to carry Rabin's legacy into Knesset\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813060428/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/candle-generation-members-aim-to-carry-rabin-s-legacy-into-knesset-1.475112","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140913035929/http://www.israeltraveler.org/en/site/pond-ecosystem-in-rabin-square","external_links_name":"\"The Ecological water pool in Rabin Square\""},{"Link":"http://www.israeltraveler.org/en/site/pond-ecosystem-in-rabin-square","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_237
|
Ohio State Route 237
|
["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 References"]
|
Route map: State highway in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, US
State Route 237Route informationMaintained by ODOTLength13.79 mi (22.19 km)Existed1935–presentMajor junctionsSouth end SR 82 in StrongsvilleMajor intersections
I-71 / I-480 in Cleveland
SR 17 in Cleveland
North end US 6 / US 20 / SR 2 in Lakewood
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountiesCuyahoga
Highway system
Ohio State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
← SR 236→ SR 238
State Route 237 (SR 237) is a nearly 14-mile (23 km) north–south signed route in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Its southern terminus is at SR 82 in Strongsville, and its northern terminus is in Lakewood where U.S. Route 20 (US 20) joins the US 6 / SR 2 concurrency.
Route description
SR 237 northbound in Berea
SR-237 begins at Royalton Road (SR 82) in Strongsville, heading northbound towards Berea as Prospect Road. About four miles in, the route turns eastwards onto Bagley Road in Berea, then north onto Front Street 0.1 miles later.
After continuing on Front Street for about 1 mile, the route makes a slight turn onto North Rocky River Drive, which becomes a freeway as it enters Brook Park after Sheldon Road. This portion of the route, which connects Cleveland Hopkins International Airport to Interstate 480 (I-480) and I-71, is known as the Berea Freeway (or the Airport Freeway).
At the northeast corner of the airport, SR 237 has an interchange with SR 17 (Brookpark Road), I-480, and I-71. In this interchange, SR 237 leaves the Berea Freeway for surface streets, where SR 237 northbound has a short concurrency with SR 17 westbound; the Berea Freeway continues northeast as unsigned County Route 237 and merges into I-71.
North of this interchange, SR 237 proceeds along Rocky River Drive (which is parallel to the Rocky River) until its northern terminus at Clifton Boulevard (US-6).
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2014)
The original route of SR 237 was incorporated into the southern section of Ohio State Route 79. Most of the current routing of SR 237 was originally Ohio State Route 232.
The Berea Freeway was converted from an expressway to freeway between 1983 and 1987.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Cuyahoga County. All exits of the Berea Freeway are unnumbered.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Strongsville0.000.00 SR 82 (Royalton Road) / Prospect RoadSouthern terminus
Berea5.599.00Southern end of Berea Freeway (expressway segment)
Brook Park6.07–6.269.77–10.07IX Center Drive / Aerospace Parkway / Kolthoff DriveInterchange; southbound exit; northbound exit and entrance
6.3610.24Southern end of freeway
6.66–7.3810.72–11.88 Snow Road – AirportTo I-71 and Hopkins Airport
Cleveland7.5312.12 Airport (Cleveland Hopkins International)Southbound exit via ramp from southbound Berea Freeway (I-71 ramp extension segment); via exit 10 on I-480 westbound
7.7212.42 I-71 north / I-480 east – Cleveland, YoungstownNorthern end of northbound Berea Freeway concurrency; exit 239 on southbound I-71; northbound exit and southbound entrance
8.0312.92Northern end of southbound Berea Freeway concurrency; southbound entrance
Brook Park8.0312.92 SR 17 east (Brookpark Road) to I-480 eastSouthern terminus of northbound concurrency with SR 17
Cleveland8.2413.26 SR 17 west (Brookpark Road) to I-71 / I-480 eastNorthern terminus of northbound concurrency with SR 17
10.5316.95 SR 10 (Lorain Avenue)
Lakewood13.3121.42 US 6 Alt. (Detroit Avenue)
13.4521.65 US 20 west / SR 113 west (Sloane Avenue) / Northwood AvenueSouthern terminus of concurrency with US 20 and unsigned SR 113
13.7922.19 US 6 / US 20 east / SR 2 / LECT (Clifton Boulevard) / SR 113Northern terminus of SR 237 and concurrency with US 20; eastern terminus of unsigned SR 113
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access
References
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Ohio State Route 237KML is from Wikidata
^ a b Ohio Department of Transportation (August 30, 2017). "Technical Services DESTAPE - Cuyahoga County" (PDF). Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ Office of Technical Services (May 23, 2018). "Road Inventory System: Listing of Local Roads Inventory Sections" (PDF). Ohio Department of Transportation. p. 35. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ "Hopkins airport highway project finished at last". The Plain Dealer. 1987-12-11. p. 1–A. Archived from the original on 2003-09-28.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"SR 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_82_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Strongsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"SR 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_2_(Ohio)"}],"text":"State highway in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, USState Route 237 (SR 237) is a nearly 14-mile (23 km) north–south signed route in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Its southern terminus is at SR 82 in Strongsville, and its northern terminus is in Lakewood where U.S. Route 20 (US 20) joins the US 6 / SR 2 concurrency.","title":"Ohio State Route 237"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OH_237_in_Berea.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_82"},{"link_name":"Strongsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Berea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berea,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Brook Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Hopkins International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Interstate 480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_480_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"I-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_71_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rocky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"US-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Ohio"}],"text":"SR 237 northbound in BereaSR-237 begins at Royalton Road (SR 82) in Strongsville, heading northbound towards Berea as Prospect Road. About four miles in, the route turns eastwards onto Bagley Road in Berea, then north onto Front Street 0.1 miles later.After continuing on Front Street for about 1 mile, the route makes a slight turn onto North Rocky River Drive, which becomes a freeway as it enters Brook Park after Sheldon Road. This portion of the route, which connects Cleveland Hopkins International Airport to Interstate 480 (I-480) and I-71, is known as the Berea Freeway (or the Airport Freeway).At the northeast corner of the airport, SR 237 has an interchange with SR 17 (Brookpark Road), I-480, and I-71. In this interchange, SR 237 leaves the Berea Freeway for surface streets, where SR 237 northbound has a short concurrency with SR 17 westbound; the Berea Freeway continues northeast as unsigned County Route 237[2] and merges into I-71.North of this interchange, SR 237 proceeds along Rocky River Drive (which is parallel to the Rocky River) until its northern terminus at Clifton Boulevard (US-6).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State Route 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_79"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Route 232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_state_routes_in_Ohio_(223%E2%80%93270)#SR_232_(1923%E2%80%931928)"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The original route of SR 237 was incorporated into the southern section of Ohio State Route 79. Most of the current routing of SR 237 was originally Ohio State Route 232.The Berea Freeway was converted from an expressway to freeway between 1983 and 1987.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"The entire route is in Cuyahoga County. All exits of the Berea Freeway are unnumbered.","title":"Major intersections"}]
|
[{"image_text":"SR 237 northbound in Berea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/OH_237_in_Berea.jpg/220px-OH_237_in_Berea.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ohio Department of Transportation (August 30, 2017). \"Technical Services DESTAPE - Cuyahoga County\" (PDF). Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Ohio Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/TechServ/TIM/Documents/DESTAPECnty/DESCUY.pdf","url_text":"\"Technical Services DESTAPE - Cuyahoga County\""}]},{"reference":"Office of Technical Services (May 23, 2018). \"Road Inventory System: Listing of Local Roads Inventory Sections\" (PDF). Ohio Department of Transportation. p. 35. Retrieved November 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/TechServ/TIM/Documents/RI34A/RI-34A-CUY.pdf","url_text":"\"Road Inventory System: Listing of Local Roads Inventory Sections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hopkins airport highway project finished at last\". The Plain Dealer. 1987-12-11. p. 1–A. Archived from the original on 2003-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030928142007/http://www-catalog.cpl.org/CLENIX/AAJ-4491","url_text":"\"Hopkins airport highway project finished at last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"},{"url":"http://www-catalog.cpl.org/CLENIX/AAJ-4491","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_State_Route_237&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ohio_State_Route_237&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ohio_State_Route_237&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/TechServ/TIM/Documents/DESTAPECnty/DESCUY.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Technical Services DESTAPE - Cuyahoga County\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/TechServ/TIM/Documents/RI34A/RI-34A-CUY.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Road Inventory System: Listing of Local Roads Inventory Sections\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030928142007/http://www-catalog.cpl.org/CLENIX/AAJ-4491","external_links_name":"\"Hopkins airport highway project finished at last\""},{"Link":"http://www-catalog.cpl.org/CLENIX/AAJ-4491","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada
|
List of prime ministers of Canada
|
["1 Model","2 Term","3 Prime ministers","4 Timeline","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
Canada's prime ministers during its first centuryThe prime minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Twenty-three people (twenty-two men and one woman) have served as prime ministers. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.
The 23rd and current prime minister is Justin Trudeau, who assumed office on 4 November 2015. There are currently five living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024.
Model
The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on the sovereign’s behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867, to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.
Term
The prime minister begins their term has been determined by the date sworn into their portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required. However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister. Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation. Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed. The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day". Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917. Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), and John Thompson (1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement.
Prime ministers
Further information: Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada and List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office
Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms. Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been "called upon" by the governor general to form 29 Canadian ministries.
Abbreviation key:
No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References
Colour key:
Liberal Party of Canada Historical Conservative parties (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (Historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative) Conservative Party of Canada
Provinces key:
AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia,ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Electoral mandates (Assembly)
Political party
Riding
Cabinet
Ref.
1(1 of 2)
John A. Macdonald(1815–1891)
1 July1867
5 November1873
Title created (caretaker government)
1867 election (1st Parl.)
1872 election (2nd Parl.)
Liberal–Conservative
MP for Kingston, ON
1st
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal
2
Alexander Mackenzie(1822–1892)
7 November1873
8 October1878
Appointment (2nd Parl.)
1874 election (3rd Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1873)
MP for Lambton, ON
2nd
Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Passage of the Indian Act; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General
—(2 of 2)
John A. Macdonald(1815–1891)
17 October1878
6 June1891
1878 election (4th Parl.)
1882 election (5th Parl.)
1887 election (6th Parl.)
1891 election (7th Parl.)
Liberal–Conservative
MP for Victoria, BC(1878–1882)
MP for Carleton, ON(1882–1887)
MP for Kingston, ON(1887–1891)
3rd
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3
John Abbott(1821–1893)
16 June1891
24 November1892
Appointment (7th Parl.)
Liberal–Conservative
Senator for Quebec
4th
Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.
4
John Sparrow David Thompson(1845–1894)
5 December1892
12 December1894
Appointment (7th Parl.)
Liberal–Conservative
MP for Antigonish, NS
5th
Minister of Justice; first Catholic prime minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5
Mackenzie Bowell(1823–1917)
21 December1894
27 April1896
Appointment (7th Parl.)
Conservative
Senator for Ontario
6th
Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate and last prime minister not to be born in Canada or pre-Canada until Turner.
6
Charles Tupper(1821–1915)
1 May1896
8 July1896
Appointment (None Parl.)
Conservative
MP for Cape Breton, NS
7th
Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM to take office. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as prime minister.
7
Wilfrid Laurier(1841–1919)
11 July1896
6 October1911
1896 election (8th Parl.)
1900 election (9th Parl.)
1904 election (10th Parl.)
1908 election (11th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1887)
MP for Quebec East, QC
8th
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; first French Canadian prime minister; Removed the right of status Indians to vote.
8
Robert Borden(1854–1937)
10 October1911
10 July1920
1911 election (12th Parl.)
1917 election (13th Parl.)
Government (Unionist)(Ldr. 1901)
MP for Halifax, NS(1911–1917)
MP for Kings, NS(1917–1920)
9th(1911–17)10th(1917–20)
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.
9(1 of 2)
Arthur Meighen(1874–1960)
10 July1920
29 December1921
Appointment (13th Parl.)
Conservative(Ldr. 1920)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
11th
Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendent Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.
10(1 of 3)
William Lyon Mackenzie King(1874–1950)
29 December1921
28 June1926
1921 election (14th Parl.)
1925 election (15th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1919)
MP for York North, ON(1921–1925)
MP for Prince Albert, SK(1925–1926)
12th
Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.
—(2 of 2)
Arthur Meighen(1874–1960)
29 June1926
25 September1926
Appointment (15th Parl.)
Conservative
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
13th
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.
—(2 of 3)
William Lyon Mackenzie King(1874–1950)
25 September1926
7 August1930
1926 election (16th Parl.)
Liberal
MP for Prince Albert, SK
14th
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11
R. B. Bennett(1870–1947)
7 August1930
23 October1935
1930 election (17th Parl.)
Conservative(Ldr. 1927)
MP for Calgary West, AB
15th
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Statute of Westminster; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
—(3 of 3)
William Lyon Mackenzie King(1874–1950)
23 October1935
15 November1948
1935 election (18th Parl.)
1940 election (19th Parl.)
1945 election (20th Parl.)
Liberal
MP for Prince Albert, SK(1935–1945)
MP for Glengarry, ON(1945–1948)
16th
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair. First and to date only prime minister to serve three non-consecutive terms.
12
Louis St. Laurent(1882–1973)
15 November1948
21 June1957
Appointment (20th Parl.)
1949 election (21st Parl.)
1953 election (22nd Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1948)
MP for Quebec East, QC
17th
Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13
John Diefenbaker(1895–1979)
21 June1957
22 April1963
1957 election (23rd Parl.)
1958 election (24th Parl.)
1962 election (25th Parl.)
Progressive Conservative(Ldr. 1956)
MP for Prince Albert, SK
18th
Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14
Lester B. Pearson(1897–1972)
22 April1963
20 April1968
1963 election (26th Parl.)
1965 election (27th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1958)
MP for Algoma East, ON
19th
Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.
15(1 of 2)
Pierre Trudeau(1919–2000)
20 April1968
4 June1979
Appointment (27th Parl.)
1968 election (28th Parl.)
1972 election (29th Parl.)
1974 election (30th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1968)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
20th
Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; decriminalizing homosexuality and legalizing abortion; October Crisis and use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metrication of Canada; National Housing Act amendments; inflation and eventual state intervention; Creation of Via Rail.
16
Joe Clark(b. 1939)
4 June1979
3 March1980
1979 election (31st Parl.)
Progressive Conservative(Ldr. 1976)
MP for Yellowhead, AB
21st
Youngest Canadian PM; Freedom of Information Act; Canadian Caper; defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.
—(2 of 2)
Pierre Trudeau(1919–2000)
3 March1980
30 June1984
1980 election (32nd Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1968)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
22nd
1980 Quebec referendum; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Montreal Protocol; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17
John Turner(1929–2020)
30 June1984
17 September1984
Appointment (32nd Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1984)
Did not hold a seat in legislature
23rd
Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as prime minister. First prime minister since Bowell not to have been born in Canada.
18
Brian Mulroney(1939–2024)
17 September1984
25 June1993
1984 election (33rd Parl.)
1988 election (34th Parl.)
Progressive Conservative(Ldr. 1983)
MP for Manicouagan, QC(1984–1988)
MP for Charlevoix, QC(1988–1993)
24th
Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Sanctions against South Africa; Acid Rain treaty; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Emergencies Act; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; Airbus affair.
19
Kim Campbell(b. 1947)
25 June1993
4 November1993
Appointment (34th Parl.)
Progressive Conservative(Ldr. 1993)
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC
25th
Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; first female prime minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20
Jean Chrétien(b. 1934)
4 November1993
12 December2003
1993 election (35th Parl.)
1997 election (36th Parl.)
2000 election (37th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 1990)
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC
26th
Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; 1995 Quebec referendum; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21
Paul Martin(b. 1938)
12 December2003
6 February2006
Appointment (37th Parl.)
2004 election (38th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 2003)
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC
27th
Only son of Paul Martin Sr., a prominent diplomat; served as Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord
22
Stephen Harper(b. 1959)
6 February2006
4 November2015
2006 election (39th Parl.)
2008 election (40th Parl.)
2011 election (41st Parl.)
Conservative(Ldr. 2004)
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB
28th
Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.
23
Justin Trudeau(b. 1971)
4 November2015
incumbent
2015 election (42nd Parl.)
2019 election (43rd Parl.)
2021 election (44th Parl.)
Liberal(Ldr. 2013)
MP for Papineau, QC
29th
Eldest son of Pierre Trudeau, the 15th prime minister; served as Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; Paris Agreement; Canada–Europe Trade Agreement; Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement; legalization of cannabis; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement; SNC-Lavalin affair; Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou; Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig; 2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests; COVID-19 pandemic; WE Charity scandal; Convoy protest and use of the Emergencies Act; weapon shipment for defence of Ukraine; Yaroslav Hunka scandal; confidence and supply agreement with NDP; diplomatic dispute with India, Canada Child Benefit, $10 a day childcare, Canadian Dental Care Plan.
LSParty won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
*The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, prime ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office, although their resignation was received by the governor general on the following day. This provision applies to P. Trudeau in 1979 and 1984, Clark, Turner, Mulroney, Campbell, Chrétien, Martin, and Harper.
Timeline
See also
Canada portalPolitics portal
Fathers of Confederation
Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada
Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
List of Canadian federal parliaments
List of Canadian monarchs
List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office
List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation
List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria
List of prime ministers of Edward VII
List of prime ministers of George V
List of prime ministers of Edward VIII
List of prime ministers of George VI
List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
List of prime ministers of Charles III
List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
Spouse of the prime minister of Canada
References
^ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 24 March 2011
^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b c d e "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery". Parliament of Canada. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACKENZIE, The Hon. Alexander, P.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – THOMPSON, The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David, P.C., K.C.M.G., Q.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BOWELL, The Hon. Sir Mackenzie, P.C., K.C.M.G." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D." Parliament of Canada. 30 October 1915. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b c "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ST-LAURENT, The Right Hon. Louis Stephen, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D., D.C.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – DIEFENBAKER, The Right Hon. John George, C.H., P.C., Q.C., B.A., M.A., LL.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A., D.Litt., D.S.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott, P.C., C.C., C.H., Q.C., M.A., LL.L., LL.D., F.R.S.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
^ a b c "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
Further reading
Main article: List of books about prime ministers of Canada
Brodie, I. (2018). At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5378-1.
Coucill, I. (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55138-185-5.
Dutil, P. (2017). Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3476-6.
Donaldson, G. (1994). The Prime Ministers of Canada. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-25454-0.
English, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-6855-6.
Schlee, Gary (2018). Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-7753780-0-6. OCLC 1108336247.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). Being Prime Minister. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3849-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada.
Prime Minister's Official Site – Government of Canada
The Prime Ministers of Canada – The Historica Dominion Institute
Prime Ministers of Canada – Library of Parliament
Prime Ministers – Canada History
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Twenty-three people (twenty-two men and one woman) have served as prime ministers. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]The 23rd and current prime minister is Justin Trudeau, who assumed office on 4 November 2015. There are currently five living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024.","title":"List of prime ministers of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"executive authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"the sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"first ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1July-2"}],"text":"The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on the sovereign’s behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867, to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]","title":"Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portfolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"oath of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-3"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallery-4"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"John Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson"}],"text":"The prime minister begins their term has been determined by the date sworn into their portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that \"where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day\".[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4] Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), and John Thompson (1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement.","title":"Term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada_by_time_in_office"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament-5"},{"link_name":"29 Canadian ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ministries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament-5"}],"text":"Further information: Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada and List of prime ministers of Canada by time in officeCanadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[5] Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been \"called upon\" by the governor general to form 29 Canadian ministries.[5]","title":"Prime ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7735-5378-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1"},{"link_name":"Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55138-185-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5"},{"link_name":"Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z3AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7748-3476-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3476-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-25454-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-25454-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7748-6855-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-7753780-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108336247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1108336247"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Being Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4597-3849-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2"}],"text":"Brodie, I. (2018). At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5378-1.\nCoucill, I. (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55138-185-5.\nDutil, P. (2017). Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3476-6.\nDonaldson, G. (1994). The Prime Ministers of Canada. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-25454-0.\nEnglish, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-6855-6.\nSchlee, Gary (2018). Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-7753780-0-6. OCLC 1108336247.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nStewart, J.D.M. (2018). Being Prime Minister. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3849-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Canada's prime ministers during its first century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/300px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/75px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alexander_MacKenzie_-_portrait.jpg/75px-Alexander_MacKenzie_-_portrait.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/75px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/SirJohnAbbott1.jpg/75px-SirJohnAbbott1.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Thompson.jpg/75px-John_Thompson.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SirMackenzieBowell.jpg/75px-SirMackenzieBowell.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sir_charles_tupper.jpg/75px-Sir_charles_tupper.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Honourable_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier_Photo_C_%28HS85-10-16873%29_-_medium_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-The_Honourable_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier_Photo_C_%28HS85-10-16873%29_-_medium_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Borden-sm_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Former_PM_Arthur_Meighen.jpg/75px-Former_PM_Arthur_Meighen.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/75px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Former_PM_Arthur_Meighen.jpg/75px-Former_PM_Arthur_Meighen.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/75px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg/75px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg/75px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_1942.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Louis_St._Laurent_portrait.jpg/75px-Louis_St._Laurent_portrait.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_G._Diefenbaker.jpg/75px-John_G._Diefenbaker.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg/75px-Lester_B._Pearson_%281963_ABC_press_photo%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg/75px-Pierre_Trudeau_%281975%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Right_Hon._Charles_Joseph_Clark%2C_P.C.%2C_M.P.jpg/75px-The_Right_Hon._Charles_Joseph_Clark%2C_P.C.%2C_M.P.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/75px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/John_Turner_1987_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_Turner_1987_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brian_Mulroney_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Brian_Mulroney_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/75px-Kim_Campbell.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg/75px-Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien_2010.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paul_Martin_in_2011_crop.jpg/75px-Paul_Martin_in_2011_crop.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/75px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 24 March 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Forsey","url_text":"Forsey, Eugene"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf","url_text":"How Canadians Govern Themselves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-39689-8","url_text":"0-662-39689-8"},{"url":"http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022059/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=1&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=1&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry\". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135020/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/#LIFE","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)","url_text":"Privy Council Office"},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/#LIFE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery\". Parliament of Canada. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504120829/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Compilations/FederalGovernment/PrimeMinisters/Gallery.aspx","url_text":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Compilations/FederalGovernment/PrimeMinisters/Gallery.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada\". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/primeMinisters","url_text":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153052/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=2&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=2&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACKENZIE, The Hon. Alexander, P.C.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=6b844758-6f54-4c68-8373-f26140d22ff6&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACKENZIE, The Hon. Alexander, P.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192806/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=3&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=3&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=59dd9d42-12e0-4d91-af20-4a5de0ea5e12&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170130083005/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=4&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=4&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=959f168d-f7ee-466d-b436-7b270c318fe1&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192809/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=5&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=5&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – THOMPSON, The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David, P.C., K.C.M.G., Q.C.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=1b8a9dea-475a-476c-b45c-1bd8af526c32&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – THOMPSON, The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David, P.C., K.C.M.G., Q.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192811/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=6&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=6&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BOWELL, The Hon. Sir Mackenzie, P.C., K.C.M.G.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=1871c43c-bda4-464a-949f-e8206ed0d673&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BOWELL, The Hon. Sir Mackenzie, P.C., K.C.M.G.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118114447/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=7&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=7&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D.\" Parliament of Canada. 30 October 1915. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=24d7bdd8-53ef-4f57-a585-5c5b9effd3dd&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192813/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=8&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=8&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=e2f3ce71-bd81-4d34-8a08-56a140552231&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192815/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=9&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=9&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=5e8a24b4-f155-4f3d-aacc-e6da13c93756&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192818/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=11&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=11&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=d02a7b53-dad0-4944-82b0-aed9054a7bc2&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192820/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=12&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=12&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b11f5b30-7d32-44e6-b23c-a24561c1eaf5&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192821/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=13&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=13&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192823/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=14&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=14&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192825/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=15&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=15&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b9296f13-96f7-4c62-a577-63a5fc91ac2f&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192826/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=16&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=16&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192828/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=17&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=17&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ST-LAURENT, The Right Hon. Louis Stephen, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D., D.C.L.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=dcd2258a-b8c3-4099-bffb-7b24cce8341e&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ST-LAURENT, The Right Hon. Louis Stephen, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D., D.C.L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192829/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=18&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=18&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – DIEFENBAKER, The Right Hon. John George, C.H., P.C., Q.C., B.A., M.A., LL.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A., D.Litt., D.S.L.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=84909dc1-9a60-44b3-a939-2393ab563089&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – DIEFENBAKER, The Right Hon. John George, C.H., P.C., Q.C., B.A., M.A., LL.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A., D.Litt., D.S.L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192832/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=19&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=19&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=51c861ef-0f17-4a79-8d9b-0854fb3ef33f&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501192834/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=20&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=20&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott, P.C., C.C., C.H., Q.C., M.A., LL.L., LL.D., F.R.S.C.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=3e66b4c9-6dae-4083-8d96-5d3f94979e94&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott, P.C., C.C., C.H., Q.C., M.A., LL.L., LL.D., F.R.S.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a247d1d3-3b05-46ac-b9f3-6622ab25d695&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=2d6cfb9d-1d91-419c-835b-2bc796126fab&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=1335c5d9-2c4e-4ed4-b8d2-c85f1099e8d8&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=10048127-35a6-4f46-8dda-e7afb7584c09&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=2aa8c3e9-f46e-4c78-b9ff-04bec0ed5050&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A.\" Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=0218bf67-ef3a-4a8d-8ab4-0229e4fcaa54&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed\". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 4 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b8c04eca-f237-48a8-8975-374ccd40d1a9&Language=E","url_text":"\"PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305011848/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=21&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=21&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010411/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=23&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=23&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010606/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=22&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=22&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305011550/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=24&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=24&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010614/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=25&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=25&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305011838/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=26&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=26&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606040859/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=32&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=32&mbtpid=1#FTNote1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brodie, I. (2018). At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5378-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1","url_text":"978-0-7735-5378-1"}]},{"reference":"Coucill, I. (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55138-185-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC","url_text":"Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5","url_text":"978-1-55138-185-5"}]},{"reference":"Dutil, P. (2017). Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. 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ISBN 978-0-7748-6855-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6","url_text":"978-0-7748-6855-6"}]},{"reference":"Schlee, Gary (2018). Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-7753780-0-6. OCLC 1108336247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6","url_text":"978-1-7753780-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1108336247","url_text":"1108336247"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). Being Prime Minister. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3849-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Being Prime Minister"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2","url_text":"978-1-4597-3849-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaly
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Bonaly
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["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Bonaly Village","2.3 Destruction of the village","2.4 20th century","3 Bonaly Primary School","4 Bonaly Tower","5 Bonaly Scout Centre","6 Bonaly Country Park","7 Bonaly Reservoir","8 Local services","9 External links","10 Other sources","11 References"]
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Coordinates: 55°53′45″N 3°15′27″W / 55.895956°N 3.257439°W / 55.895956; -3.257439For the professional figure skater, see Surya Bonaly.
Human settlement in ScotlandBonalyScottish Gaelic: Bonn Àth LinneBonalyLocation within the City of Edinburgh council areaShow map of the City of Edinburgh council areaBonalyLocation within ScotlandShow map of ScotlandOS grid referenceNT214683Council areaCity of EdinburghCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townEDINBURGHPostcode districtEH13Dialling code0131PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentEdinburgh South WestScottish ParliamentEdinburgh Pentlands
List of places
UK
Scotland
55°53′45″N 3°15′27″W / 55.895956°N 3.257439°W / 55.895956; -3.257439
Bonaly (/bəˈnæli/) is an area on the south-western outskirts of Edinburgh and the northern slopes of the Pentland Hills, lying within the Parish of Colinton. It is a mix of mainly post-war housing, woodland, pasture-land and heather moorland. Bonaly Burn has its sources in the hills above Bonaly and flows towards Oxgangs, where it becomes the Braid Burn. The Edinburgh City Bypass passes through Bonaly.
Name
Bonaly Tower
The name Bonaly may be derived from the Scottish Gaelic Bonn àth Linne (meaning “the pool at the bottom ford”) or from Bàn àth Linne (meaning “the pool at the white ford”). An alternative suggestion is that the derivation is from the Gaelic Bonn-aill (meaning "the foot of the rocks or cliff").
The placename has appeared in many different forms and spellings. Early variations include Banale in 1438, Bonala in 1538 and Bonally in 1531. Other variations include Bonala, Bonalay, Boneyley, Bonnalay, Bonailie and Bonaley.
In Timothy Pont's detailed 1654 map of Scotland, it appears as a small settlement close to the Pentland Hills, labelled Bonely, and also appears on the Map of the Three Lothians in 1773 as Bonilie.
Harrison Gardens and Harrison Place, in the Edinburgh district of Merchiston, were originally named Bonaly Road and Bonaly Place. They were renamed in 1965 to avoid confusion with similar addresses in Colinton.
History
Early history
Although now considered to be part of the Edinburgh suburb of Colinton, Bonaly was originally a small settlement in its own right. This existed on the banks of the Bonaly Burn, close to the present-day site of Bonaly Tower, until its destruction after 1811. There is no evidence to indicate when Bonaly was first settled, but the area has a long history of human occupation and the remains of an Iron Age hillfort may be seen at Clubbiedean, 2 km to the south-west.
In the 12th century, Norman barons began to arrive in Scotland and establish feudal estates. The lands of Bonaly formed part of the Barony of Redhall which also included Redhall itself, Oxgangs, Comiston, Swanston, Dreghorn, Pilmuir, Woodhall and Colinton. The earliest mention of Bonaly may be from 1280, when it appears in an account of legal proceedings concerning straying livestock.
In 1400, the Barony – and the ownership of Bonaly – was granted to Sir William Cunningham of Kilmaurs, by Robert III. Some time after 1538, ownership passed to James Foulis, who became Baron Colinton.
The Foulis family were supporters of the Royalist cause during the Civil War. Their fortunes suffered badly after Cromwell's victorious campaign in Scotland and they were forced to sell off much of their lands. In the aftermath of Cromwell's campaign, English troops were billeted at Bonaly.
Bonaly Village
The village of Bonaly is likely to have been home to a modest population of tenant farmers, living in cot-houses, raising livestock and practising the open field system of rig and furrow agriculture. They may have supplemented their income with weaving. It is difficult to estimate the size of the settlement at this time but the area under cultivation was extensive. Traces of rig and furrow cultivation strips can be seen in the hills high above Bonaly, on land that has now reverted to rough-grazing.
By the 17th century, Bonaly appears to have been thriving and is mentioned frequently in the Kirk Session records. In addition to the dwellings of the tenant farmers, there was a substantial farmhouse (c. 1650), several waulk mills, a skinnery, a distillery, a magnesia factory and a flax mill. These industries stood on the banks of the Bonaly Burn, which was used as a power-source, a supply of water and for carrying away waste. Prior to the damming of its tributaries, the Lady Burn and the Dean Burn, Bonaly Burn would have provided a more powerful flow of water for milling. The community never had its own kirk, and parishioners travelled to the kirk in Colinton to attend services.
After several changes of ownership in the 17th century, Bonaly was eventually bought in 1700 by Sir John Foulis of Woodhall. Sir John's Account Book (1671–1707) contains frequent mentions of Bonaly, of the business he did there and of the rents he received from his tenants in the village.
The 17th and 18th centuries were a time of radical change in the Scottish agricultural landscape, Bonaly included. The process of enclosure resulted in the disappearance of the small strips of land cultivated by tenant farmers as these were re-arranged into larger and more productive fields, surrounded by newly planted hedgerows. Bonaly Road – linking the village of Bonaly with Woodhall Road and Colinton – is likely to have been formed on its current line during this period and the hedgerows along the road may be the remnants of those planted at this time. Sir John Foulis was keen to improve his lands and, as well as enclosing existing farmland, brought areas of moorland under cultivation. Whilst the new farming methods were more productive, they required less labour and the village of Bonaly is likely to have declined as farmers left to seek other employment.
Destruction of the village
In the 18th century, the northern portion of Bonaly was acquired by James Gillespie, a Colinton merchant, mill-owner and philanthropist. In his will, Gillespie left a legacy to fund the establishment of a charitable school, which was known as Gillespie's Hospital. The Bonaly Farm premises were part of the legacy bequeathed to this school.
A southern portion, including the village of Bonaly, was leased by Lord Cockburn. He developed the 17th century farmhouse into a country house and, in doing so, ordered the destruction of the village. In his own words he:
...began by an annual lease of a few square yards and a scarcely habitable farm-house but, realizing the profanations of Auburn, I have destroyed a village, and erected a tower, and reached the dignity of a twenty-acred laird.
The buildings in the village were demolished and the inhabitants presumably evicted. It is probable that the community had been in decline for some time. Enclosure had lessened the demand for agricultural labour and the small-scale industries on the Bonaly Burn would have been unable to compete with the larger and more efficient mills being established elsewhere, particularly on the Water of Leith.
After the destruction of the village, the population of Bonaly fell to its lowest level for centuries. Although extensive farm buildings, a large farmhouse and a row of farm labourers cottages were built at Bonaly Farm during the 19th century, few people were living in Bonaly at the close of the 19th century.
The house created by Lord Cockburn was named Bonaly Tower and still exists.
20th century
This began to change during the early 20th century, due to the rapid expansion of Colinton as an Edinburgh commuter suburb. Several large villas were individually constructed on Bonaly Road in the 1920s and 1930s.
Expansion accelerated after the Second World War. In 1959, house-builders Mactaggart and Mickel commenced large-scale housing development on the land adjacent to Bonaly Farm – formerly known as the East Field. Over the following 40 years over 500 houses were constructed and, by 2000, virtually all the land between Bonaly Farm and the Edinburgh City Bypass had been developed for housing. The Bonaly Farm buildings fell into disuse during this period. Bonaly Farmhouse was detached from the farm and became a private residence. The farm buildings themselves were gutted by fire in 1981. Most of the buildings on the site were demolished when it was subsequently developed for housing, but some were retained and incorporated into the new homes.
Bonaly Farm Dairy continued to supply dairy products from premises at nearby West Mill Road in Colinton and now operates from premises in Loanhead.
Bonaly Primary School
Bonaly Primary School is the main local provider of primary education, with a catchment taking in most of the Colinton area. It accommodates pupils from primaries one to seven and also has a nursery for children between three and five years of age. It is managed by the City of Edinburgh Council and is a feeder school for Firrhill High School
Pupils wear a distinctive yellow and brown uniform, with a school badge depicting Bonaly Tower against the backdrop of the Pentland Hills. The badge was designed by a pupil, Sheron Watts when the school first opened in 1976.
The school opened on a greenfield site in 1976 and was intended to replace older school premises at Thorburn Road in Colinton, which had been unable to cope with the demand for school places. The new school at Bonaly was, however, never large enough to accommodate all the pupils and the Thorburn Road premises were re-opened as an annex for use by nursery and infant classes. Additional pre-fab classrooms were also used at the main school site.
In 2007, the school buildings were demolished and replaced with a larger building, opened in October 2008. All pupils are now accommodated on this site with the former premises in Thorburn Road later becoming a care home.
Bonaly Tower
Bonaly Tower is located on the site of the 17th century farmhouse that once stood at the centre of the village of Bonaly. On the directions of Lord Cockburn, the farmhouse was extended, and the village cleared to create his country residence. In 1839, the architect William Henry Playfair added an imitation peel tower to the building. It was further extended by David Bruce in 1870, who added a western wing. The original farmhouse was visible until 1886, when the library wing was constructed in 1888, by architects Sydney, Mitchell and Wilson.
Bonaly Tower was the venue for frequent meetings of the 'Friday Club', a group of leading Edinburgh literati, which were hosted by Lord Cockburn.
Bonaly Scout Centre
In 1931 the Scout Association acquired an 11-hectare site, formerly part of the grounds of Bonaly Tower, for use as a permanent campsite.
Bonaly Outdoor Centre has two large camping fields, with capacity for over two hundred campers, and two buildings providing indoor accommodation. One of these – Forth Lodge – has been purpose-built for groups with special needs. The centre is used by parties of Scouts, Guides and other youth groups, both from the local area and further afield. It has hosted many visiting groups from overseas.
The centre has a permanent manager, based on-site, who is supported by the Bonaly Service Team, a group of volunteers who assist in the running and maintenance of the centre. It is officially owned and operated by the South East Scotland Regional Scout Council.
Within the grounds of the Outdoor Centre is a stone-built bathing pool, naturally fed by the waters of the Dean Burn. Known locally as the 'Roman Bath' or 'Lord Cockburn's Bath', it is believed to have been constructed in the 19th century.
Bonaly Country Park
Bonaly Country Park
Bonaly Country Park was designated in 1984, and is a 290-hectare area of woodland, open moorland and reservoirs. It is entirely owned by the City of Edinburgh Council, with the exception of Clubbiedean and Torduff Reservoirs which are owned by Scottish Water. The park is managed as part of the Pentland Hills Regional Park. There are excellent views of Edinburgh, the Lothians, Fife and the Firth of Forth from the park. The main access is via Bonaly Road, at the top of which a small car park is located.
The Country Park is divided into lower and upper sections. The lower park has been in public ownership and managed as a public park since the 1940s. It has not been grazed by livestock since the creation of the Country Park and woodland has started to strongly re-establish itself. The upper park occupies a much larger proportion of the Country Park and is mostly heather moorland or unimproved grassland, leased to a tenant farmer for hill grazing. The two sections are separated by woodland plantations, established in the 1920s.
Bonaly Reservoir
Bonaly Reservoir
During the 19th century, the Edinburgh Water Company created several reservoirs in the Pentland Hills. Bonaly Reservoir was one of the first to be constructed, and had two purposes – to supply fresh drinking water to the city and to ensure a constant flow of water in lower watercourses by acting as a compensation reservoir.
The reservoir is situated in a shelf on the north-west slope of Capelaw Hill. At 340m above sea level, it is one of the highest bodies of water in the Pentlands and has an unusually small natural water catchment area. The natural catchment has been augmented by catch-drains laid out across the hillside to the south-west, which act to divert spring and rain-water into the reservoir.
The present Bonaly Reservoir was created on the site of an existing body of water – known as Bonaly Pools – by the damming of the Dean Burn with a stone-faced earthwork in 1853. It has a capacity of 218 million litres and is 7.5m deep when full. The remains of an earlier earthwork dam are located to the north of the current dam.
This site of the present reservoir has been a source of fresh water for Edinburgh since 1761. A wooden pipeline was constructed from Bonaly Pools to Swanston, from where it was piped into the city. The wooden pipes were replaced by iron pipes towards the end of the 18th century. This pipeline was re-discovered during a RCAHMS survey of adjacent military training areas in 2005.
Unlike most of the Pentland reservoirs, Bonaly is not managed by Scottish Water and no longer forms part of the water supply chain. It is owned and managed by the City of Edinburgh Council. Proposals exist to manage the water levels in the reservoir so that feeding and breeding opportunities for wildlife are maximised.
Local services
Bonaly is served by a corner shop, opened in 1985, and by Lothian Buses number 10.
External links
Bonaly Outdoor Centre
Bonaly Primary School
Pentland Hills Regional Park
Other sources
Lynne Gladstone-Millar, The Colinton Story: celebrating 900 years of a Scottish parish, St Andrew Press, Edinburgh, 1994, ISBN 978-0-86153-195-0
References
^ Dixon, Norman (May 1947). "The Placenames of Midlothian" (PDF). Scottish Place-Name Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
^ Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum: The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, 1264–1640
^ Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum: The Register of the Great seal of Scotland, AD 1306–1668
^ Calendar of the Laing Charters, 854–1837
^ Armstrong, Andrew & Mostyn. "Map of the Three Lothians – North Centre Section". Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ Stubbs, Percy. "Postcard of Bonaly Road". Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "Clubbiedean Hillfort". Cyberscotia.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ The Call of the Pentlands, by Will Grant pp. 190; Grant does not give the primary source for this mention of Bonaly.
^ "Colinton Conservation Area Character Appraisal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "Bonaly Reservoir". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 31". Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "The account book of Sir John Foulis of Ravelston, 1671–1707". Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ "The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 106". Retrieved 12 March 2010.
^ Cassells Old and New Edinburgh vol.6 Ch.38
^ "Former school to become care home despite concerns". The Scotsman. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ "Pool (19th century)". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Hobbs, Tom (September 2006). "Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026" (PDF). Pentland Hills Regional Park. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ The Call of the Pentlands, by Will Grant pp. xxx
^ "Edinburgh Water – History". Scottish Water. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
^ "Collaboration Projects with Defence Estates" (PDF). Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ Hobbs, Tom (September 2006). "Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026 p. 28-29" (PDF). Pentland Hills Regional Park. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
vteResidential areas in the Edinburgh (settlement) urban areaNorth East
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Edinburgh's Old and New TownsSouth East
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See also: Areas of Edinburgh
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It is a mix of mainly post-war housing, woodland, pasture-land and heather moorland. Bonaly Burn has its sources in the hills above Bonaly and flows towards Oxgangs, where it becomes the Braid Burn. The Edinburgh City Bypass passes through Bonaly.","title":"Bonaly"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonaly_Tower.png"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Timothy Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Pont"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Merchiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchiston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bonaly TowerThe name Bonaly may be derived from the Scottish Gaelic Bonn àth Linne (meaning “the pool at the bottom ford”) or from Bàn àth Linne (meaning “the pool at the white ford”).[1] An alternative suggestion is that the derivation is from the Gaelic Bonn-aill (meaning \"the foot of the rocks or cliff\").The placename has appeared in many different forms and spellings. Early variations include Banale in 1438,[2] Bonala in 1538[3] and Bonally in 1531.[4] Other variations include Bonala, Bonalay, Boneyley, Bonnalay, Bonailie and Bonaley.In Timothy Pont's detailed 1654 map of Scotland, it appears as a small settlement close to the Pentland Hills, labelled Bonely, and also appears on the Map of the Three Lothians in 1773 as Bonilie.[5]Harrison Gardens and Harrison Place, in the Edinburgh district of Merchiston, were originally named Bonaly Road and Bonaly Place. They were renamed in 1965 to avoid confusion with similar addresses in Colinton.[6]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonaly Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonaly_Tower"},{"link_name":"destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Destruction_of_the_village"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_people"},{"link_name":"barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"Comiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiston"},{"link_name":"Swanston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanston,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Dreghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreghorn"},{"link_name":"Woodhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhall,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Kilmaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmaurs"},{"link_name":"Robert III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell#Scottish_campaign:_1650%E2%80%9351"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cromwell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"billeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Although now considered to be part of the Edinburgh suburb of Colinton, Bonaly was originally a small settlement in its own right. This existed on the banks of the Bonaly Burn, close to the present-day site of Bonaly Tower, until its destruction after 1811. There is no evidence to indicate when Bonaly was first settled, but the area has a long history of human occupation and the remains of an Iron Age hillfort may be seen at Clubbiedean, 2 km to the south-west.[7]In the 12th century, Norman barons began to arrive in Scotland and establish feudal estates. The lands of Bonaly formed part of the Barony of Redhall which also included Redhall itself, Oxgangs, Comiston, Swanston, Dreghorn, Pilmuir, Woodhall and Colinton. The earliest mention of Bonaly may be from 1280, when it appears in an account of legal proceedings concerning straying livestock.[8]In 1400, the Barony – and the ownership of Bonaly – was granted to Sir William Cunningham of Kilmaurs, by Robert III. Some time after 1538, ownership passed to James Foulis, who became Baron Colinton.[citation needed]The Foulis family were supporters of the Royalist cause during the Civil War. Their fortunes suffered badly after Cromwell's victorious campaign in Scotland and they were forced to sell off much of their lands.[9] In the aftermath of Cromwell's campaign, English troops were billeted at Bonaly.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cot-houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottar"},{"link_name":"open field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_field_system"},{"link_name":"rig and furrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_and_furrow"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kirk Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Session"},{"link_name":"waulk mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling#Fulling_mills"},{"link_name":"distillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery"},{"link_name":"flax mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax_mill"},{"link_name":"damming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonaly_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk"},{"link_name":"kirk in Colinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure"},{"link_name":"hedgerows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerows"}],"sub_title":"Bonaly Village","text":"The village of Bonaly is likely to have been home to a modest population of tenant farmers, living in cot-houses, raising livestock and practising the open field system of rig and furrow agriculture. They may have supplemented their income with weaving. It is difficult to estimate the size of the settlement at this time but the area under cultivation was extensive. Traces of rig and furrow cultivation strips can be seen in the hills high above Bonaly, on land that has now reverted to rough-grazing.[10]By the 17th century, Bonaly appears to have been thriving and is mentioned frequently in the Kirk Session records. In addition to the dwellings of the tenant farmers, there was a substantial farmhouse (c. 1650), several waulk mills, a skinnery, a distillery, a magnesia factory and a flax mill. These industries stood on the banks of the Bonaly Burn, which was used as a power-source, a supply of water and for carrying away waste. Prior to the damming of its tributaries, the Lady Burn and the Dean Burn, Bonaly Burn would have provided a more powerful flow of water for milling.[11] The community never had its own kirk, and parishioners travelled to the kirk in Colinton to attend services.After several changes of ownership in the 17th century, Bonaly was eventually bought in 1700 by Sir John Foulis of Woodhall. Sir John's Account Book (1671–1707) contains frequent mentions of Bonaly, of the business he did there and of the rents he received from his tenants in the village.[12]The 17th and 18th centuries were a time of radical change in the Scottish agricultural landscape, Bonaly included. The process of enclosure resulted in the disappearance of the small strips of land cultivated by tenant farmers as these were re-arranged into larger and more productive fields, surrounded by newly planted hedgerows. Bonaly Road – linking the village of Bonaly with Woodhall Road and Colinton – is likely to have been formed on its current line during this period and the hedgerows along the road may be the remnants of those planted at this time. Sir John Foulis was keen to improve his lands and, as well as enclosing existing farmland, brought areas of moorland under cultivation. Whilst the new farming methods were more productive, they required less labour and the village of Bonaly is likely to have declined as farmers left to seek other employment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillespie_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Colinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton"},{"link_name":"Gillespie's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillespie%27s_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lord Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"country house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonaly_Tower"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Water of Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_Leith"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Destruction of the village","text":"In the 18th century, the northern portion of Bonaly was acquired by James Gillespie, a Colinton merchant, mill-owner and philanthropist. In his will, Gillespie left a legacy to fund the establishment of a charitable school, which was known as Gillespie's Hospital. The Bonaly Farm premises were part of the legacy bequeathed to this school.A southern portion, including the village of Bonaly, was leased by Lord Cockburn. He developed the 17th century farmhouse into a country house and, in doing so, ordered the destruction of the village. In his own words he:...began by an annual lease of a few square yards and a scarcely habitable farm-house but, realizing the profanations of Auburn, I have destroyed a village, and erected a tower, and reached the dignity of a twenty-acred laird.[13]The buildings in the village were demolished and the inhabitants presumably evicted. It is probable that the community had been in decline for some time. Enclosure had lessened the demand for agricultural labour and the small-scale industries on the Bonaly Burn would have been unable to compete with the larger and more efficient mills being established elsewhere, particularly on the Water of Leith.After the destruction of the village, the population of Bonaly fell to its lowest level for centuries. Although extensive farm buildings, a large farmhouse and a row of farm labourers cottages were built at Bonaly Farm during the 19th century, few people were living in Bonaly at the close of the 19th century.The house created by Lord Cockburn was named Bonaly Tower and still exists.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loanhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhead"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"This began to change during the early 20th century, due to the rapid expansion of Colinton as an Edinburgh commuter suburb. Several large villas were individually constructed on Bonaly Road in the 1920s and 1930s.Expansion accelerated after the Second World War. In 1959, house-builders Mactaggart and Mickel commenced large-scale housing development on the land adjacent to Bonaly Farm – formerly known as the East Field. Over the following 40 years over 500 houses were constructed and, by 2000, virtually all the land between Bonaly Farm and the Edinburgh City Bypass had been developed for housing. The Bonaly Farm buildings fell into disuse during this period. Bonaly Farmhouse was detached from the farm and became a private residence. The farm buildings themselves were gutted by fire in 1981. Most of the buildings on the site were demolished when it was subsequently developed for housing, but some were retained and incorporated into the new homes.Bonaly Farm Dairy continued to supply dairy products from premises at nearby West Mill Road in Colinton and now operates from premises in Loanhead.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Edinburgh Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council"},{"link_name":"Firrhill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firrhill_High_School"},{"link_name":"pre-fab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabrication"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-care_home-15"}],"text":"Bonaly Primary School is the main local provider of primary education, with a catchment taking in most of the Colinton area. It accommodates pupils from primaries one to seven and also has a nursery for children between three and five years of age. It is managed by the City of Edinburgh Council and is a feeder school for Firrhill High SchoolPupils wear a distinctive yellow and brown uniform, with a school badge depicting Bonaly Tower against the backdrop of the Pentland Hills. The badge was designed by a pupil, Sheron Watts when the school first opened in 1976.The school opened on a greenfield site in 1976 and was intended to replace older school premises at Thorburn Road in Colinton, which had been unable to cope with the demand for school places. The new school at Bonaly was, however, never large enough to accommodate all the pupils and the Thorburn Road premises were re-opened as an annex for use by nursery and infant classes. Additional pre-fab classrooms were also used at the main school site.In 2007, the school buildings were demolished and replaced with a larger building, opened in October 2008. All pupils are now accommodated on this site with the former premises in Thorburn Road later becoming a care home.[15]","title":"Bonaly Primary School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonaly_Village"},{"link_name":"cleared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Destruction_of_the_village"},{"link_name":"William Henry Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Playfair"},{"link_name":"peel tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_tower"}],"text":"Bonaly Tower is located on the site of the 17th century farmhouse that once stood at the centre of the village of Bonaly. On the directions of Lord Cockburn, the farmhouse was extended, and the village cleared to create his country residence. In 1839, the architect William Henry Playfair added an imitation peel tower to the building. It was further extended by David Bruce in 1870, who added a western wing. The original farmhouse was visible until 1886, when the library wing was constructed in 1888, by architects Sydney, Mitchell and Wilson.Bonaly Tower was the venue for frequent meetings of the 'Friday Club', a group of leading Edinburgh literati, which were hosted by Lord Cockburn.","title":"Bonaly Tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scout Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scout_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1931 the Scout Association acquired an 11-hectare site, formerly part of the grounds of Bonaly Tower, for use as a permanent campsite.Bonaly Outdoor Centre has two large camping fields, with capacity for over two hundred campers, and two buildings providing indoor accommodation. One of these – Forth Lodge – has been purpose-built for groups with special needs. The centre is used by parties of Scouts, Guides and other youth groups, both from the local area and further afield. It has hosted many visiting groups from overseas.The centre has a permanent manager, based on-site, who is supported by the Bonaly Service Team, a group of volunteers who assist in the running and maintenance of the centre. It is officially owned and operated by the South East Scotland Regional Scout Council.Within the grounds of the Outdoor Centre is a stone-built bathing pool, naturally fed by the waters of the Dean Burn. Known locally as the 'Roman Bath' or 'Lord Cockburn's Bath', it is believed to have been constructed in the 19th century.[16]","title":"Bonaly Scout Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonaly_Country_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233181.jpg"},{"link_name":"Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Park"},{"link_name":"Scottish Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Water"},{"link_name":"Pentland Hills Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentland_Hills_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lothians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Firth of Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth"}],"text":"Bonaly Country ParkBonaly Country Park was designated in 1984, and is a 290-hectare area of woodland, open moorland and reservoirs. It is entirely owned by the City of Edinburgh Council, with the exception of Clubbiedean and Torduff Reservoirs which are owned by Scottish Water. The park is managed as part of the Pentland Hills Regional Park.[17] There are excellent views of Edinburgh, the Lothians, Fife and the Firth of Forth from the park. The main access is via Bonaly Road, at the top of which a small car park is located.The Country Park is divided into lower and upper sections. The lower park has been in public ownership and managed as a public park since the 1940s. It has not been grazed by livestock since the creation of the Country Park and woodland has started to strongly re-establish itself. The upper park occupies a much larger proportion of the Country Park and is mostly heather moorland or unimproved grassland, leased to a tenant farmer for hill grazing. The two sections are separated by woodland plantations, established in the 1920s.","title":"Bonaly Country Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonaly_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32302.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Water Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Water_Company"},{"link_name":"compensation reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"RCAHMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAHMS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Bonaly ReservoirDuring the 19th century, the Edinburgh Water Company created several reservoirs in the Pentland Hills. Bonaly Reservoir was one of the first to be constructed, and had two purposes – to supply fresh drinking water to the city and to ensure a constant flow of water in lower watercourses by acting as a compensation reservoir.The reservoir is situated in a shelf on the north-west slope of Capelaw Hill. At 340m above sea level, it is one of the highest bodies of water in the Pentlands and has an unusually small natural water catchment area. The natural catchment has been augmented by catch-drains laid out across the hillside to the south-west, which act to divert spring and rain-water into the reservoir.The present Bonaly Reservoir was created on the site of an existing body of water – known as Bonaly Pools – by the damming of the Dean Burn with a stone-faced earthwork in 1853. It has a capacity of 218 million litres and is 7.5m deep when full.[18] The remains of an earlier earthwork dam are located to the north of the current dam.This site of the present reservoir has been a source of fresh water for Edinburgh since 1761. A wooden pipeline was constructed from Bonaly Pools to Swanston, from where it was piped into the city. The wooden pipes were replaced by iron pipes towards the end of the 18th century.[19] This pipeline was re-discovered during a RCAHMS survey of adjacent military training areas in 2005.[20]Unlike most of the Pentland reservoirs, Bonaly is not managed by Scottish Water and no longer forms part of the water supply chain. It is owned and managed by the City of Edinburgh Council. Proposals exist to manage the water levels in the reservoir so that feeding and breeding opportunities for wildlife are maximised.[21]","title":"Bonaly Reservoir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lothian Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian_Buses"}],"text":"Bonaly is served by a corner shop, opened in 1985, and by Lothian Buses number 10.","title":"Local services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86153-195-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86153-195-0"}],"text":"Lynne Gladstone-Millar, The Colinton Story: celebrating 900 years of a Scottish parish, St Andrew Press, Edinburgh, 1994, ISBN 978-0-86153-195-0","title":"Other sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bonaly Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bonaly_Tower.png/285px-Bonaly_Tower.png"},{"image_text":"Bonaly Country Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bonaly_Country_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233181.jpg/300px-Bonaly_Country_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_233181.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bonaly Reservoir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bonaly_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32302.jpg/300px-Bonaly_Reservoir_-_geograph.org.uk_-_32302.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edinburgh's Old and New Towns","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg/300px-Edinburgh_urban_area_%28settlement_area%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Dixon, Norman (May 1947). \"The Placenames of Midlothian\" (PDF). Scottish Place-Name Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110827184800/http://spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf","url_text":"\"The Placenames of Midlothian\""},{"url":"http://spns.org.uk/PNsMIDLOTHIANv3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Andrew & Mostyn. \"Map of the Three Lothians – North Centre Section\". Retrieved 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nls.uk/maps/joins/view/?rsid=74400361&sid=74400362&mid=689&pdesc=North%20Centre%20section","url_text":"\"Map of the Three Lothians – North Centre Section\""}]},{"reference":"Stubbs, Percy. \"Postcard of Bonaly Road\". Edinphoto.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://edinphoto.org.uk/0_PCV_M/0_post_card_views_stubbs_percy_bonaly_road_north_merchiston.htm","url_text":"\"Postcard of Bonaly Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clubbiedean Hillfort\". Cyberscotia.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819121617/http://www.cyberscotia.com/ancient-lothian/leaves/places/clubbiedean-hillfort.html","url_text":"\"Clubbiedean Hillfort\""},{"url":"http://www.cyberscotia.com/ancient-lothian/leaves/places/clubbiedean-hillfort.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colinton Conservation Area Character Appraisal\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060406140440/http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/caca/cacaColinton.pdf","url_text":"\"Colinton Conservation Area Character Appraisal\""},{"url":"http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/caca/CACAColinton.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bonaly Reservoir\". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 12 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/293224/details/bonaly+reservoir/","url_text":"\"Bonaly Reservoir\""}]},{"reference":"\"The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 31\". Retrieved 12 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/parishofcolinton00shan/parishofcolinton00shan_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 31\""}]},{"reference":"\"The account book of Sir John Foulis of Ravelston, 1671–1707\". Retrieved 12 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/accountbookofsir16foul","url_text":"\"The account book of Sir John Foulis of Ravelston, 1671–1707\""}]},{"reference":"\"The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 106\". Retrieved 12 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/parishofcolinton00shan/parishofcolinton00shan_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"The parish of Colinton : from an early period to the present day p. 106\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former school to become care home despite concerns\". The Scotsman. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/former-school-set-to-become-care-home-despite-concerns-1-2189593","url_text":"\"Former school to become care home despite concerns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"\"Pool (19th century)\". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/268613/details/edinburgh+65+bonaly+road+bonaly+tower+lord+cockburn+s+bath/","url_text":"\"Pool (19th century)\""}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Tom (September 2006). \"Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026\" (PDF). Pentland Hills Regional Park. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/Pentlands/Bonaly_Management_Plan_Consultative_Draft_Final_Version.pdf","url_text":"\"Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Water – History\". Scottish Water. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021030/http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/portal/page/portal/SWE_PGP_INVESTMENT/SWE_PGE_INVESTMENT/SWE_INV_EDWTW/SWE_EDWTW_SCOPE/SWE_INV_EDWTW_HIS/History%20of%20edinburgh.doc","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Water – History\""},{"url":"http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/portal/page/portal/SWE_PGP_INVESTMENT/SWE_PGE_INVESTMENT/SWE_INV_EDWTW/SWE_EDWTW_SCOPE/SWE_INV_EDWTW_HIS/History%20of%20edinburgh.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collaboration Projects with Defence Estates\" (PDF). Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110820051627/http://lmid1a.rcahms.gov.uk/pdfs/AR0506_6_11.pdf","url_text":"\"Collaboration Projects with Defence Estates\""},{"url":"http://lmid1a.rcahms.gov.uk/pdfs/AR0506_6_11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Tom (September 2006). \"Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026 p. 28-29\" (PDF). Pentland Hills Regional Park. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.edinburgh.gov.uk/Pentlands/Bonaly_Management_Plan_Consultative_Draft_Final_Version.pdf","url_text":"\"Bonaly Country Park Management Plan 2006–2026 p. 28-29\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_rehabilitation
|
Political rehabilitation
|
["1 China","2 Soviet Union","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Regaining positive political reputation
Political rehabilitation is the process by which a disgraced member of a political party or a government is restored to public respectability and thus political acceptability. The term is usually applied to leaders or other prominent individuals who regain their prominence after a period in which they have no influence or standing, including deceased people who are vindicated posthumously. Historically, the concept is usually associated with Communist states and parties where, as a result of shifting political lines often as part of a power struggle, leading members of the Communist Party find themselves on the losing side of a political conflict and out of favour, often to the point of being denounced, imprisoned or even executed.
These individuals may be rehabilitated either as a result of capitulating to the dominant political line and renouncing their former beliefs or allegiances to disgraced leaders, or they may be rehabilitated as a result of a change in the political leadership of the party, either a change in personnel or a change in political line, so that the views or associations which caused the individual, or group of individuals, to fall into disgrace are viewed more sympathetically.
Well-known figures who have been rehabilitated include Deng Xiaoping who fell into disgrace during the Cultural Revolution for being a "third roader" but was rehabilitated subsequently and became paramount leader of the People's Republic of China; and Russia's last Tsar, Nicholas II, and his family, who were all shot dead by Bolshevik revolutionaries in July, 1918, but were rehabilitated by the Russian Supreme Court on 1 October 2008.
China
Rehabilitation (Chinese: 平反; pinyin: píngfǎn) was carried out at many stages in the History of the People's Republic of China, but most significantly during the Boluan Fanzheng period, after the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party that marked the Chinese economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Rehabilitation committees (Chinese: 平反委员会; pinyin: Píngfǎn Wěiyuánhuì) considered appeals from both the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as well as from petitions—often in the form of big-character posters—by ordinary citizens. Reformer Hu Yaobang led a series of rehabilitations from 1978 to 1981 of people persecuted by the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), including former Chairman of China Liu Shaoqi.
Soviet Union
Main article: Rehabilitation (Soviet)
In the context of the former Soviet Union, and the Post-Soviet states, rehabilitation (Russian: реабилитация, transliterated in English as reabilitatsiya or academically rendered as reabilitacija) was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal.
Mass amnesty of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin. Initially, in 1953, this did not entail any form of exoneration. This release became coupled with rehabilitations after Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in his 1956 speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences. Several entire nationality groups that had been deported to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia during population transfer were rehabilitated in the late 1950s.
Both the modern Russian Federation and Ukraine have enacted laws "On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions", which provide the basis for the continued post-Stalinist rehabilitation of victims.
See also
Self-criticism
References
^
"Russia's last tsar rehabilitated". BBC News. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
^ Xu, Bin (2015). "Memory and reconciliation". In Kim, Mikyoung (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia. Routledge. pp. 51–53.
^ Law of Ukraine on "Rehabilitiona of victims of political repressions in Ukraine" Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
vteMarxist phraseology and terminologyPhilosophy and politics(Marxist)
Barracks communism
Base and superstructure
Bourgeoisie
Bourgeois democracy
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Capitalist mode of production
Class struggle
Commodification
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Dictatorship of the proletariat
Historical materialism
Imperialism
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Means of labor
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Primitive accumulation of capital
Proletarian internationalism
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Revolutionary wave
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Super-imperialism
Theoretician
Two-stage theory
Wage slavery
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Sociology and economics(Marxian)
Critique of political economy
Accumulation of capital
Capital
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Commodity
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Dominant ideology
Exchange value
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Means of production
Mode of production
Productive forces
Production for use
Relations of production
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Socially necessary labour time
Socialization
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Subject of labor
Surplus value
Use value
Value
Worker cooperative
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Anti-revisionism
Cadre
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Dual power
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Foco
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National liberation
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Antagonistic contradiction
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The East wind prevails over the West wind
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Whole-process people's democracy
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Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
Revisionism
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Revolution is not a dinner party
Social imperialism
Struggle session
Other
People's Multiparty Democracy
|
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The term is usually applied to leaders or other prominent individuals who regain their prominence after a period in which they have no influence or standing, including deceased people who are vindicated posthumously. Historically, the concept is usually associated with Communist states and parties where, as a result of shifting political lines often as part of a power struggle, leading members of the Communist Party find themselves on the losing side of a political conflict and out of favour, often to the point of being denounced, imprisoned or even executed.These individuals may be rehabilitated either as a result of capitulating to the dominant political line and renouncing their former beliefs or allegiances to disgraced leaders, or they may be rehabilitated as a result of a change in the political leadership of the party, either a change in personnel or a change in political line, so that the views or associations which caused the individual, or group of individuals, to fall into disgrace are viewed more sympathetically.[citation needed]Well-known figures who have been rehabilitated include Deng Xiaoping who fell into disgrace during the Cultural Revolution for being a \"third roader\" but was rehabilitated subsequently and became paramount leader of the People's Republic of China; and Russia's last Tsar, Nicholas II, and his family, who were all shot dead by Bolshevik revolutionaries in July, 1918, but were rehabilitated by the Russian Supreme Court on 1 October 2008.[1]","title":"Political rehabilitation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"History of the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Boluan Fanzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng"},{"link_name":"3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Plenary_Session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chinese economic reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"petitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioning_(China)"},{"link_name":"big-character posters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-character_poster"},{"link_name":"Hu Yaobang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang"},{"link_name":"Gang of Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Liu Shaoqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rehabilitation (Chinese: 平反; pinyin: píngfǎn) was carried out at many stages in the History of the People's Republic of China, but most significantly during the Boluan Fanzheng period, after the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party that marked the Chinese economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping. Rehabilitation committees (Chinese: 平反委员会; pinyin: Píngfǎn Wěiyuánhuì) considered appeals from both the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as well as from petitions—often in the form of big-character posters—by ordinary citizens. Reformer Hu Yaobang led a series of rehabilitations from 1978 to 1981 of people persecuted by the Gang of Four during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), including former Chairman of China Liu Shaoqi.[2]","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Post-Soviet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"academically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_transliteration_of_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"acquittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"amnesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Stalinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"On the Personality Cult and its Consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences"},{"link_name":"population transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the context of the former Soviet Union, and the Post-Soviet states, rehabilitation (Russian: реабилитация, transliterated in English as reabilitatsiya or academically rendered as reabilitacija) was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal.Mass amnesty of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin. Initially, in 1953, this did not entail any form of exoneration. This release became coupled with rehabilitations after Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in his 1956 speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences. Several entire nationality groups that had been deported to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia during population transfer were rehabilitated in the late 1950s.Both the modern Russian Federation and Ukraine[3] have enacted laws \"On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions\", which provide the basis for the continued post-Stalinist rehabilitation of victims.","title":"Soviet Union"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Self-criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_(film)
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Wit (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Accolades","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
|
2001 television movie starring Emma Thompson directed by Mike Nichols
For the play, see Wit (play).
WitGenreDramaBased onWitby Margaret EdsonWritten byEmma ThompsonMike NicholsDirected byMike NicholsStarringEmma ThompsonChristopher LloydAudra McDonaldEileen AtkinsMusic byHenryk Mikolaj GoreckiCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersCary BrokawMike NicholsProducerSimon BosanquetCinematographySeamus McGarveyEditorJohn BloomRunning time98 minutesProduction companiesHBO FilmsAvenue PicturesOriginal releaseNetworkHBOReleaseMarch 24, 2001 (2001-03-24)
Wit is a 2001 American television drama film directed by Mike Nichols. The teleplay by Nichols and Emma Thompson is based on the 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same title by Margaret Edson.
The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 9, 2001 before being broadcast by HBO on March 24. It was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and the Warsaw Film Festival later in the year.
Plot
Vivian Bearing is a professor of English literature known for her intense knowledge of metaphysical poetry, especially the Holy Sonnets of John Donne. Her life takes a turn when she is diagnosed with metastatic Stage IV ovarian cancer. Oncologist Harvey Kelekian prescribes various chemotherapy treatments to treat her disease, and as she suffers through the various side-effects (such as fever, chills, vomiting, and abdominal pain), she attempts to put everything in perspective. The story periodically flashes back to previous moments in her life, including her childhood, her graduate school studies, and her career prior to her diagnosis. During the course of the film, she continually breaks the fourth wall by looking into the camera and expressing her feelings.
As she grows increasingly ill, Vivian agrees to undergo more tests and experimental treatments, even though she realizes the doctors treating her, including former student Jason Posner, see her less as someone to save and more as a guinea pig for their treatments. The only person who seems to care for her as a person is Susie Monahan, one of the nurses on the staff.
Late in Vivian's illness, the only visitor she receives in the hospital is her former graduate school professor and mentor, Evelyn Ashford, who reads her excerpts from Margaret Wise Brown's The Runaway Bunny. As she nears the end of her life, Vivian manages to maintain her dignity and wit even as she is finally confronted with her own frailty and need for compassion.
Vivian dies at the end of the film, with her voiceover reciting "death be not proud".
Cast
Emma Thompson as Vivian Bearing, Ph.D.
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Harvey Kelekian
Eileen Atkins as Evelyn Ashford, Ph.D.
Audra McDonald as Susie Monahan, R.N.
Jonathan M. Woodward as Dr. Jason Posner
Harold Pinter as Mr. Bearing
Production
In preparation for the role of Vivian Bearing, Emma Thompson shaved her head, following in the footsteps of actresses such as Kathleen Chalfant and Judith Light, who had performed the role on stage.
The film was shot at the Pinewood Studios in London.
The soundtrack includes a number of classical pieces, including the Serenade Adagio from Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 15, Spiegel im Spiegel by Arvo Pärt, the second movement of Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki's Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs), and The Unanswered Question by Charles Ives.
Reception
Critical response
The film was received with general acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a score of 83% based on reviews from 12 critics.
Eddie Cockrell of Variety called the film "shrewd and triumphant" and "focused, emotionally draining and ultimately inspiring" and added, "The risks in filming such a theatrical experience are enormous, yet the original material has been carefully and smartly reworked for the screen by Thompson and Nichols . . . Subtle yet crucial shifts from theatrical to film conventions abound, reaffirming Thompson's skill as both writer and actress . . . as well as Nichols' proven track record with theatrical properties."
Caryn James of The New York Times observed, "Emma Thompson gives one of her most brilliant performances as Vivian Bearing...Mr. Nichols and Ms. Thompson, who wrote the script together, have made minimal changes to the play, but those amount to a major transformation. They have preserved Ms. Edson's language and intense focus on Vivian's hospital room as she endures eight months of brutal experimental chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. But Mr. Nichols's visual choices turn this into a fluent, gripping television film...The hospital staff around her is played beautifully by actors who escape the hazards of clichés. As Jason, a young doctor proud of the A minus he once got in Vivian's poetry course, Jonathan M. Woodward makes his character's callowness and insensitivity believable. As Susie, the nurse whose total compassion makes her Jason's opposite, Audra McDonald is especially impressive because the character could so easily have been treated with condescension...E. M. Ashford is played with unerring delicacy by Eileen Atkins in a performance that matches Ms. Thompson's brilliance.... et's not pretend that Wit is fun or necessarily soothing; frankly, it is depressing. But if you miss this version, you will also miss a rare experience."
In his July 3, 2008 blog, Roger Ebert recalled naming Wit one of the year's best on his Best Films of 2001 program with Richard Roeper, even though it never opened theatrically. He described it as "both intelligent and heartbreaking" and called Emma Thompson's performance "her best work on film." He said when he tried to watch the DVD in later years, he discovered "I actually could not watch the movie. I remembered it too clearly, perhaps, and dreaded re-living it. When I reviewed it, its situation was theoretical for me, and I responded to the honesty and emotion of the drama. Since then, I have had cancer, and had all too many hours, days and weeks of hospital routine robbing me of my dignity. Although people in my situation are always praised for their courage, actually courage has nothing to do with it. There is no choice."
Critics from The A.V. Club, New York Magazine, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle and The Wall Street Journal, among others, also praised the film and its performances. Nichols' direction was lauded in many reviews as well.
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2001
Berlin International Film Festival
Golden Bear
Mike Nichols
Nominated
Special Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
Won
Humanitas Prize
PBS/Cable Television
Emma Thompson and Mike Nichols
Won
National Board of Review Awards
Best Film Made for Cable TV
Won
Online Film & Television Association Awards
Best Motion Picture Made for Television
Won
Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Emma Thompson
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Christopher Lloyd
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Audra McDonald
Nominated
Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated
Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Won
Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated
Best Editing in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
Nominated
Peabody Awards
Avenue Pictures in association with HBO Films
Won
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Made for Television Movie
Mike Nichols, Cary Brokaw, and Simon Bosanquet
Won
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
Emma Thompson
Nominated
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
Audra McDonald
Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Mike Nichols
Won
Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or a Movie
Emma Thompson and Mike Nichols
Nominated
Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Ellen Lewis, Juliet Taylor, and Leo Davis
Nominated
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
John Bloom
Won
Television Critics Association Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials
Nominated
Valladolid International Film Festival
Golden Spike
Mike Nichols
Nominated
Best Actress
Emma Thompson
Won
2002
Christopher Awards
Television & Cable
Mike Nichols, Emma Thompson, Simon Bosanquet, Julie Lynn, Charles F. Ryan, Michael Haley, and Cary Brokaw
Won
Critics' Choice Awards
Best Actress in a Picture Made for Television
Emma Thompson
Nominated
Golden Globe Awards
Best Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
Nominated
Best Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
Emma Thompson
Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards
David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television
Mike Nichols, Cary Brokaw, and Simon Bosanquet
Nominated
Satellite Awards
Best Motion Picture Made for Television
Nominated
Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television
Emma Thompson
Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Nominated
2019
Online Film & Television Association Awards
Television Hall of Fame: Productions
Inducted
Home media
HBO Home Video released the film in 16:9 format on DVD on September 11, 2001.
References
^ New York Times article, March 18, 2001
^ a b Variety review
^ "Wit". Rotten Tomatoes.
^ Caryn James (March 23, 2001). "Death, Mighty Thou Art; So Too, a". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-07-28. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ "Roger Ebert's Journal". Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^ Keith Phipps (2002-04-19). "Wit". The A.V. Club. The Onion.
^ New York Magazine review
^ San Francisco Chronicle review
^ The Wall Street Journal review
^ "Past Winners & Nominees". Humanitas Prize. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
^ "2001 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "5th Annual Television Awards (2000-01)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "Wit". Peabody Awards. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "Wit". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
^ Goodman, Tim (June 17, 2001). "The critics have their own awards / If nothing else, July's ceremony proves that we don't hate everything". SFGate.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
^ "46th Valladolid International Film Week". Valladolid International Film Festival. November 3, 2001. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2001". Broadcast Film Critics Association. January 11, 2002. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "Wit – Golden Globes". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ McNary, Dave (March 3, 2002). "Producers plug 'Rouge'". Variety. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
^ "International Press Academy website – 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE Awards". Archived from the original on February 1, 2008.
^ "The 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 29, 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
^ "Television Hall of Fame: Productions". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
External links
Television portalFilm portal
Wit at IMDb
Wit at AllMovie
vteMike Nichols
On screen and stage
Awards and nominations
Unrealized projects
Feature films
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
The Graduate (1967)
Catch-22 (1970)
Carnal Knowledge (1971)
The Day of the Dolphin (1973)
The Fortune (1975)
Gilda Live (1980)
Silkwood (1983)
Heartburn (1986)
Biloxi Blues (1988)
Working Girl (1988)
Postcards from the Edge (1990)
Regarding Henry (1991)
Wolf (1994)
The Birdcage (1996)
Primary Colors (1998)
What Planet Are You From? (2000)
Closer (2004)
Charlie Wilson's War (2007)
Television
Wit (2001)
Angels in America (2003)
Related
Nichols and May
Mike Nichols: American Masters (2016 documentary)
Becoming Mike Nichols (2016 documentary)
vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie
The Ages of Man (1966)
Death of a Salesman (1967)
Elizabeth the Queen (1968)
Teacher, Teacher (1969)
A Storm in Summer (1970)
The Andersonville Trial (1971)
Brian's Song (1972)
A War of Children (1973)
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974)
The Law (1975)
Eleanor and Franklin (1976)
Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years / Sybil (1977)
The Gathering (1978)
Friendly Fire (1979)
The Miracle Worker (1980)
Playing for Time (1981)
A Woman Called Golda (1982)
Special Bulletin (1983)
Something About Amelia (1984)
Do You Remember Love (1985)
Love Is Never Silent (1986)
Promise (1987)
Inherit the Wind (1988)
Day One / Roe vs. Wade (1989)
Caroline? / The Incident (1990)
Separate but Equal (1991)
Miss Rose White (1992)
Barbarians at the Gate / Stalin (1993)
And the Band Played On (1994)
Indictment: The McMartin Trial (1995)
Truman (1996)
Miss Evers' Boys (1997)
Don King: Only in America (1998)
A Lesson Before Dying (1999)
Tuesdays with Morrie (2000)
Wit (2001)
The Gathering Storm (2002)
Door to Door (2003)
Something the Lord Made (2004)
Warm Springs (2005)
The Girl in the Café (2006)
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (2007)
Recount (2008)
Grey Gardens (2009)
Temple Grandin (2010)
Downton Abbey: Series 1 (2011)
Game Change (2012)
Behind the Candelabra (2013)
The Normal Heart (2014)
Bessie (2015)
Sherlock: "The Abominable Bride" (2016)
Black Mirror: "San Junipero" (2017)
Black Mirror: "USS Callister" (2018)
Black Mirror: Bandersnatch (2019)
Bad Education (2020)
Dolly Parton's Christmas on the Square (2021)
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022)
Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wit (play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_(play)"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama"},{"link_name":"play of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit_(play)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Edson"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Film_Festival"}],"text":"For the play, see Wit (play).Wit is a 2001 American television drama film directed by Mike Nichols. The teleplay by Nichols and Emma Thompson is based on the 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same title by Margaret Edson.The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 9, 2001 before being broadcast by HBO on March 24. It was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and the Warsaw Film Festival later in the year.","title":"Wit (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"metaphysical poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_poetry"},{"link_name":"Holy Sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sonnets"},{"link_name":"John Donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne"},{"link_name":"metastatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic"},{"link_name":"ovarian cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"},{"link_name":"Oncologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"flashes back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"},{"link_name":"graduate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"guinea pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig#In_scientific_research"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"Margaret Wise Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wise_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Runaway Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runaway_Bunny"},{"link_name":"death be not proud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Death_be_not_proud"}],"text":"Vivian Bearing is a professor of English literature known for her intense knowledge of metaphysical poetry, especially the Holy Sonnets of John Donne. Her life takes a turn when she is diagnosed with metastatic Stage IV ovarian cancer. Oncologist Harvey Kelekian prescribes various chemotherapy treatments to treat her disease, and as she suffers through the various side-effects (such as fever, chills, vomiting, and abdominal pain), she attempts to put everything in perspective. The story periodically flashes back to previous moments in her life, including her childhood, her graduate school studies, and her career prior to her diagnosis. During the course of the film, she continually breaks the fourth wall by looking into the camera and expressing her feelings.As she grows increasingly ill, Vivian agrees to undergo more tests and experimental treatments, even though she realizes the doctors treating her, including former student Jason Posner, see her less as someone to save and more as a guinea pig for their treatments. The only person who seems to care for her as a person is Susie Monahan, one of the nurses on the staff.Late in Vivian's illness, the only visitor she receives in the hospital is her former graduate school professor and mentor, Evelyn Ashford, who reads her excerpts from Margaret Wise Brown's The Runaway Bunny. As she nears the end of her life, Vivian manages to maintain her dignity and wit even as she is finally confronted with her own frailty and need for compassion.Vivian dies at the end of the film, with her voiceover reciting \"death be not proud\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Eileen Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Audra McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audra_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Jonathan M. Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_M._Woodward"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"}],"text":"Emma Thompson as Vivian Bearing, Ph.D.\nChristopher Lloyd as Dr. Harvey Kelekian\nEileen Atkins as Evelyn Ashford, Ph.D.\nAudra McDonald as Susie Monahan, R.N.\nJonathan M. Woodward as Dr. Jason Posner\nHarold Pinter as Mr. Bearing","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Chalfant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Chalfant"},{"link_name":"Judith Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Light"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pinewood Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinewood_Studios"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-2"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"Spiegel im Spiegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_im_Spiegel"},{"link_name":"Arvo Pärt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt"},{"link_name":"Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Mikolaj_Gorecki"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Gorecki)"},{"link_name":"The Unanswered Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unanswered_Question"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"}],"text":"In preparation for the role of Vivian Bearing, Emma Thompson shaved her head, following in the footsteps of actresses such as Kathleen Chalfant and Judith Light, who had performed the role on stage.[1]The film was shot at the Pinewood Studios in London.[2]The soundtrack includes a number of classical pieces, including the Serenade Adagio from Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 15, Spiegel im Spiegel by Arvo Pärt, the second movement of Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki's Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs), and The Unanswered Question by Charles Ives.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-2"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Richard Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roeper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The film was received with general acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a score of 83% based on reviews from 12 critics.[3]Eddie Cockrell of Variety called the film \"shrewd and triumphant\" and \"focused, emotionally draining and ultimately inspiring\" and added, \"The risks in filming such a theatrical experience are enormous, yet the original material has been carefully and smartly reworked for the screen by Thompson and Nichols . . . Subtle yet crucial shifts from theatrical to film conventions abound, reaffirming Thompson's skill as both writer and actress . . . as well as Nichols' proven track record with theatrical properties.\"[2]Caryn James of The New York Times observed, \"Emma Thompson gives one of her most brilliant performances as Vivian Bearing...Mr. Nichols and Ms. Thompson, who wrote the script together, have made minimal changes to the play, but those amount to a major transformation. They have preserved Ms. Edson's language and intense focus on Vivian's hospital room as she endures eight months of brutal experimental chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. But Mr. Nichols's visual choices turn this into a fluent, gripping television film...The hospital staff around her is played beautifully by actors who escape the hazards of clichés. As Jason, a young doctor proud of the A minus he once got in Vivian's poetry course, Jonathan M. Woodward makes his character's callowness and insensitivity believable. As Susie, the nurse whose total compassion makes her Jason's opposite, Audra McDonald is especially impressive because the character could so easily have been treated with condescension...E. M. Ashford is played with unerring delicacy by Eileen Atkins in a performance that matches Ms. Thompson's brilliance.... [L]et's not pretend that Wit is fun or necessarily soothing; frankly, it is depressing. But if you miss this version, you will also miss a rare experience.\"[4]In his July 3, 2008 blog, Roger Ebert recalled naming Wit one of the year's best on his Best Films of 2001 program with Richard Roeper, even though it never opened theatrically. He described it as \"both intelligent and heartbreaking\" and called Emma Thompson's performance \"her best work on film.\" He said when he tried to watch the DVD in later years, he discovered \"I actually could not watch the movie. I remembered it too clearly, perhaps, and dreaded re-living it. When I reviewed it, its situation was theoretical for me, and I responded to the honesty and emotion of the drama. Since then, I have had cancer, and had all too many hours, days and weeks of hospital routine robbing me of my dignity. Although people in my situation are always praised for their courage, actually courage has nothing to do with it. There is no choice.\"[5]Critics from The A.V. Club,[6] New York Magazine,[7] Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle[8] and The Wall Street Journal,[9] among others, also praised the film and its performances. Nichols' direction was lauded in many reviews as well.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9"}],"text":"HBO Home Video released the film in 16:9 format on DVD on September 11, 2001.","title":"Home media"}]
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[]
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Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/wit","url_text":"\"Wit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Tim (June 17, 2001). \"The critics have their own awards / If nothing else, July's ceremony proves that we don't hate everything\". SFGate.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-critics-have-their-own-awards-If-nothing-2909612.php","url_text":"\"The critics have their own awards / If nothing else, July's ceremony proves that we don't hate everything\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"SFGate.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230421154654/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-critics-have-their-own-awards-If-nothing-2909612.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"46th Valladolid International Film Week\". Valladolid International Film Festival. November 3, 2001. 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Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/wit","url_text":"\"Wit – Golden Globes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards","url_text":"Golden Globe Awards"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (March 3, 2002). \"Producers plug 'Rouge'\". Variety. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/producers-plug-rouge-1117861743/","url_text":"\"Producers plug 'Rouge'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923130352/http://variety.com/2002/film/awards/producers-plug-rouge-1117861743/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Press Academy website – 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE Awards\". 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Retrieved June 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oftaawards.com/tv-hall-of-fame/television-hall-of-fame-productions-2/","url_text":"\"Television Hall of Fame: Productions\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E7DD1E3AF93BA25750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"New York Times article, March 18, 2001"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130205145049/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117797321.html?categoryid=32&cs=1&p=0","external_links_name":"Variety review"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wit/","external_links_name":"\"Wit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090728080304/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/23/movies/tv-weekend-death-mighty-thou-art-so-too-a-compassionate-heart.html","external_links_name":"\"Death, Mighty Thou Art; So Too, a\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/23/movies/tv-weekend-death-mighty-thou-art-so-too-a-compassionate-heart.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417093012/http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/07/when_a_movie_hurts_too_much.html","external_links_name":"\"Roger Ebert's Journal\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/07/when_a_movie_hurts_too_much.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/wit,17849/","external_links_name":"\"Wit\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/tv/reviews/4489/","external_links_name":"New York Magazine review"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/03/23/DD223653.DTL&hw=Emma+Thompson+Mike+Nichols&sn=003&sc=488","external_links_name":"San Francisco Chronicle review"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB984952579901887158?mod=googlewsj","external_links_name":"The Wall Street Journal review"},{"Link":"https://www.humanitasprize.org/prize-winners","external_links_name":"\"Past Winners & Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/2001/","external_links_name":"\"2001 Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/5th-annual-tv-awards-2000-01/","external_links_name":"\"5th Annual Television Awards (2000-01)\""},{"Link":"https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/wit/","external_links_name":"\"Wit\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/wit","external_links_name":"\"Wit\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-critics-have-their-own-awards-If-nothing-2909612.php","external_links_name":"\"The critics have their own awards / If nothing else, July's ceremony proves that we don't hate everything\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230421154654/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-critics-have-their-own-awards-If-nothing-2909612.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.seminci.es/en/historico/46-semana-internacional-de-cine-de-valladolid/","external_links_name":"\"46th Valladolid International Film Week\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130107093817/https://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2001.php","external_links_name":"\"The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2001\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2001.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/wit","external_links_name":"\"Wit – Golden Globes\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/producers-plug-rouge-1117861743/","external_links_name":"\"Producers plug 'Rouge'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923130352/http://variety.com/2002/film/awards/producers-plug-rouge-1117861743/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080201175700/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2002.shtml","external_links_name":"\"International Press Academy website – 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2002.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/8th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards","external_links_name":"\"The 8th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.oftaawards.com/tv-hall-of-fame/television-hall-of-fame-productions-2/","external_links_name":"\"Television Hall of Fame: Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0243664/","external_links_name":"Wit"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v238204","external_links_name":"Wit"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.D._Vest_Financial_Services
|
Avantax
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Avantax" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Avantax, Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryFinancial servicesHeadquartersDallas, Texas, United StatesArea servedUnited StatesKey peopleTodd Mackay (President)Revenue$666 MillionAUMUS$ $92+ billion (2020)Number of employeesApprox. 727ParentCetera (2023–present)Websiteavantax.com
Avantax is a tax-focused independent broker-dealer in the United States. On November 28, 2023, Cetera completed the acquisition of Avantax.
History
Avantax (originally Blucora, Inc.) was formed in 1996 as a Delaware corporation. Significant recent events in Avantax’s history include:
Year
Event
2015
Blucora announces acquisition of HD Vest
2019
Avantax closed the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding common stock of 1st Global, a tax-focused wealth management company.
2020
Avantax acquired all of the issued and outstanding common stock of HFKS.
2021
Avantax announced the rebranding of HKFS to Avantax Planning Partners.
2023
Avantax changed its corporate name from Blucora, Inc. to Avantax, Inc.
References
^
^ "Cetera Completes Acquisition of Avantax". CPA Practice Advisor. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
^ "HD Vest Announces Agreement to be Acquired by Blucora, Inc". Cision PR Newswire. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
External links
Official website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Avantax is a tax-focused independent broker-dealer in the United States. On November 28, 2023, Cetera completed the acquisition of Avantax.[2]","title":"Avantax"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Avantax (originally Blucora, Inc.) was formed in 1996 as a Delaware corporation. Significant recent events in Avantax’s history include:","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election
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1997 United Kingdom general election
|
["1 Background","2 Timing","3 Campaign","3.1 Conservative campaign","3.2 Labour campaign","3.3 Liberal Democrat campaign","4 Endorsements","5 Opinion polling","6 Notional 1992 results","7 Results","7.1 Results by constituent country","8 Defeated MPs","8.1 MPs who lost their seats","9 Post-election events","10 Internet coverage","11 See also","12 Footnotes","13 References","14 Further reading","14.1 Manifestos","15 External links"]
|
1997 United Kingdom general election
← 1992
1 May 1997
2001 →
← outgoing memberselected members →All 659 seats to the House of Commons330 seats needed for a majorityOpinion pollsRegistered43,846,152Turnout71.3% (6.4%)
First party
Second party
Third party
Leader
Tony Blair
John Major
Paddy Ashdown
Party
Labour
Conservative
Liberal Democrats
Leader since
21 July 1994
4 July 1995
16 July 1988
Leader's seat
Sedgefield
Huntingdon
Yeovil
Last election
271 seats, 34.4%
336 seats, 41.9%
20 seats, 17.8%
Seats before
273†
343†
18†
Seats won
418
165
46
Seat change
146*
178*
28*
Popular vote
13,518,167
9,591,085
5,242,947
Percentage
43.2%
30.7%
16.8%
Swing
8.8%
11.2%
1.0%
Colours denote the winning party, as shown in the main table of results.* Indicates boundary change, so this is a nominal figure. † Notional 1992 results on new boundaries.Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election
John Major
Conservative
Prime Minister after election
Tony Blair
Labour
1987 election
MPs
1992 election
MPs
1997 election
MPs
2001 election
MPs
2005 election
MPs
Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring).
The 1997 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 1 May 1997. The governing Conservative Party led by Prime Minister John Major was defeated in a landslide by the Labour Party led by Tony Blair, achieving a 179-seat majority and a total of 418 seats, the highest ever won by Labour.
This was the first victory for the Labour party in a general election in nearly 23 years, its previous one registering a majority of 3 seats in October 1974 under the leadership of Harold Wilson. It was also Labour's first comprehensive victory over the Conservatives since the 1966 election, which had produced a 100-seat majority. This election also marked Labour's highest vote share since the 1970 election and its second highest total number of votes in history (the largest being the 1951 election). On the other hand, it was an ignominious end to the 18-year rule of the Conservatives, the longest continuous reign of any party in modern British history. This election marked the second-largest defeat ever suffered by the Conservatives (the largest being the 1906 election) with the party left with just 165 seats—it was left devoid of any MPs outside England, with only 17 MPs north of the Midlands, and with less than 20% of MPs in London. Additionally, the party also registered its lowest share of the vote since 1832 as well as its lowest vote in absolute terms since 1929.
The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled "New Labour", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union.
Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity, and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote. The final result of the election on 2 May 1997 revealed that Labour had won a landslide majority, making a net gain of 146 seats and winning 43.2% of the vote. 150 Members of Parliament, including 133 Conservatives, lost their seats. The Conservatives, meanwhile, suffered defeat with a net loss of 178 seats, winning 30.7% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats, under the leadership of Paddy Ashdown, made a net gain of 28 seats, winning 16.8% of the vote.
Immediately following the election, Major resigned both as prime minister and party leader. Labour's victory, the largest achieved in its history and by any political party in British politics since the Second World War, brought about the party's first of three consecutive terms in power (lasting a total of 13 years), with Blair as the newly appointed prime minister. The Liberal Democrats' success in the election, in part due to anti-Conservative tactical voting, strengthened both Ashdown's leadership and the party's position as a strong third party, having won the highest number of seats by any third party since 1929.
Although the Conservatives lost many ministers such as Michael Portillo, Tony Newton, Malcolm Rifkind, Ian Lang and William Waldegrave and controversial MPs such as Neil Hamilton and Jonathan Aitken, some of the Conservative newcomers in this election were future Prime Minister Theresa May, future Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond, future Leader of the House Andrew Lansley, as well as future Speaker John Bercow. Meanwhile, Labour newcomers included future Cabinet and Shadow Cabinet members Hazel Blears, Ben Bradshaw, Yvette Cooper, Caroline Flint, Barry Gardiner, Alan Johnson, Ruth Kelly, John McDonnell, Stephen Twigg and Rosie Winterton, as well as future Scottish Labour Leader Jim Murphy and future Speaker Lindsay Hoyle. The election of 120 women, including 101 to the Labour benches, came to be seen as a watershed moment in female political representation in the UK.
Background
The British economy had been in recession at the time of the 1992 election, which the Conservatives had won, and although the recession had ended within a year, events such as Black Wednesday had tarnished the Conservative government's reputation for economic management. Labour had elected John Smith as its party leader in 1992, but his death from a heart attack in 1994 paved the way for Tony Blair to become Labour leader.
Blair brought the party closer to the political centre and abolished the party's Clause IV in their constitution, which had committed them to mass nationalisation of industry. Labour also reversed its policy on unilateral nuclear disarmament and the events of Black Wednesday allowed Labour to promise better economic management under the chancellorship of Gordon Brown. Its manifesto, New Labour, New Life for Britain was released in 1996 and outlined five key pledges:
Class sizes to be cut to 30 or under for 5-, 6- and 7-year-olds by using money from the assisted places scheme.
Fast track punishment for persistent young offenders, by halving the time from arrest to sentencing.
Cut NHS waiting lists by treating an extra 100,000 patients as a first step by releasing £100 million saved from NHS red tape.
Get 250,000 under-25-year-olds off benefit and into work by using money from a windfall levy on the privatised utilities.
No rise in income tax rates, cut VAT on heating to 5%, and keeping inflation and interest rates as low as possible.
Disputes within the Conservative government over European Union issues, and a variety of "sleaze" allegations, had severely affected the government's popularity. Despite the economic recovery and fall in unemployment in the four years leading up to the election, the rise in Conservative support was only marginal, with all of the major opinion polls having shown Labour in a comfortable lead since late 1992.
Following the 1992 general election, the Conservatives remained in government with 336 of the 651 House of Commons seats. Through a series of defections and by-election defeats, the government gradually lost its absolute majority in the House of Commons. By 1997, the Conservatives held only 324 House of Commons seats (and had not won a by-election since Richmond in 1989).
Timing
The previous Parliament first sat on 29 April 1992. The Parliament Act 1911 required at the time for each Parliament to be dissolved before the fifth anniversary of its first sitting; therefore, the latest date the dissolution and the summoning of the next parliament could have been held on was 28 April 1997.
The 1985 amendment of the Representation of the People Act 1983 required that the election must take place on the eleventh working day after the deadline for nomination papers, which in turn must be no more than six working days after the next parliament was summoned.
Therefore, the latest date the election could have been held on was 22 May 1997 (which happened to be a Thursday). British elections (and referendums) have been held on Thursdays by convention since the 1930s, but can be held on other working days.
Campaign
Prime Minister John Major called the election on Monday 17 March 1997, ensuring the formal campaign would be unusually long, at six weeks (Parliament was dissolved on 8 April). The election was scheduled for 1 May, to coincide with the local elections on the same day. This set a precedent, as the three subsequent general elections were also held alongside the May local elections.
The Conservatives argued that a long campaign would expose Labour and allow the Conservative message to be heard. However, Major was accused of arranging an early dissolution to protect Neil Hamilton from a pending parliamentary report into his conduct: a report that Major had earlier guaranteed would be published before the election.
In March 1997, soon after the election was called, Asda introduced a range of election-themed beers, these being "Major's Mild", "Tony's Tipple" and "Ashdown's Ale".
The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Tony Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled "New Labour", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union.
Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity, and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote.
Conservative campaign
Major hoped that a long campaign would expose Labour's "hollowness" and the Conservative campaign emphasised stability, as did its manifesto title 'You can only be sure with the Conservatives'. However, the campaign was beset by deep-set problems, such as the rise of James Goldsmith's Referendum Party which advocated a referendum on continued membership of the European Union. The party threatened to take away many right-leaning voters from the Conservatives. Furthermore, about 200 candidates broke with official Conservative policy to oppose British membership of the single European currency. Major fought back, saying: "Whether you agree with me or disagree with me; like me or loathe me, don't bind my hands when I am negotiating on behalf of the British nation." The moment is remembered as one of the defining, and most surreal, moments of the election.
Meanwhile, there was also division amongst the Conservative cabinet, with Chancellor Kenneth Clarke describing the views of Home Secretary Michael Howard on Europe as "paranoid and xenophobic nonsense". The Conservatives also struggled to come up with a definitive theme to attack Labour, with some strategists arguing for an approach which castigated Labour for "stealing Tory clothes" (copying their positions), with others making the case for a more confrontational approach, stating that "New Labour" was just a façade for "old Labour".
The New Labour, New Danger poster, which depicted Tony Blair with demon eyes, was an example of the latter strategy. Major veered between the two approaches, which left Conservative Central Office staff frustrated. As Andrew Cooper explained: "We repeatedly tried and failed to get him to understand that you couldn't say that they were dangerous and copying you at the same time." In any case, the campaign failed to gain much traction, and the Conservatives went down to a landslide defeat at the polls.
Labour campaign
Labour ran a slick campaign that emphasised the splits within the Conservative government and argued that the country needed a more centrist administration. It thus successfully picked up dissatisfied Conservative voters, particularly moderate and suburban ones. Tony Blair, who was personally highly popular, was very much the centrepiece of the campaign and proved a highly effective campaigner.
The Labour campaign was reminiscent of those of Bill Clinton for the US presidency in 1992 and 1996, focusing on centrist themes as well as adopting policies more commonly associated with the right, such as cracking down on crime and fiscal responsibility. The influence of political "spin" came into great effect for Labour at this point, as media centric figures such as Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson provided a clear cut campaign, and establishing a relatively new political brand "New Labour" with enviable success. In this election Labour adopted the theme Things Can Only Get Better in their campaign and advertising.
Liberal Democrat campaign
The Liberal Democrats had suffered a disappointing performance in 1992, but they were very much strengthened in 1997 due in part to potential tactical voting between Labour and Lib Dem supporters in Conservative marginal constituencies, particularly in the south of England – which explains why while given their share of the vote decreased, their number of seats nearly doubled. The Lib Dems promised to increase education funding paid for by a 1p increase in income tax.
Endorsements
In a sign of the change of direction which 'New Labour' represented, they were endorsed by The Sun (with a famous front page "The Sun Backs Blair"), as well as the more left-leaning newspapers the Daily Mirror, The Independent and The Guardian.
The Conservatives were endorsed by the Daily Mail, the Daily Express and The Daily Telegraph.
The Times did not endorse a specific party, but instead encouraged voters to support individual candidates "against the further integration of the European Union".
Opinion polling
Main article: Opinion polling for the 1997 United Kingdom general election
Opinion polling for UK general elections
1987 election
Opinion polls
1992 election
Opinion polls
1997 election
Opinion polls
2001 election
Opinion polls
2005 election
Opinion polls
Labour Conservatives Liberal Democrats
Notional 1992 results
See also: Fourth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
The notional results of the 1992 election, as shown on a map of the 1997 constituencies.
The election was fought under new boundaries, with a net increase of eight seats compared to the 1992 election (651 to 659). Changes listed here are from the notional 1992 result, had it been fought on the boundaries established in 1997. These notional results were calculated by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher and were used by all media organisations at the time.
UK General Election 1992
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Labour
273
17
15
+2
41.6
34.4
11,560,484
Conservative
343
28
21
+7
52.1
41.9
14,093,007
Liberal Democrats
18
0
2
−2
2.7
17.8
5,999,384
Other parties
25
1
0
+1
3.6
5.9
Results
Main articles: Results of the 1997 United Kingdom general election and Results of the 1997 United Kingdom general election by constituency
Equal-area projection of constituencies
Result by countries and English regions
Labour won a landslide victory with its largest parliamentary majority (179) to date. On the BBC's election night programme Professor Anthony King described the result of the exit poll, which accurately predicted a Labour landslide, as being akin to "an asteroid hitting the planet and destroying practically all life on Earth". After years of trying, Labour had convinced the electorate that they would usher in a new age of prosperity—their policies, organisation and tone of optimism slotting perfectly into place.
Labour's victory was largely credited to the charisma of Tony Blair, as well as a Labour public relations machine managed by Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson. Between the 1992 election and the 1997 election there had also been major steps to "modernise" the party, including scrapping Clause IV that had committed the party to extending public ownership of industry. Labour had suddenly seized the middle ground of the political spectrum, attracting voters much further to the right than their traditional working class or left wing support. In the early hours of 2 May 1997 a party was held at the Royal Festival Hall, in which Blair stated that "a new dawn has broken, has it not?"
The election was a crushing defeat for the Conservative Party, with the party having its lowest percentage share of the popular vote since 1832 under the Duke of Wellington's leadership, being wiped out in Scotland and Wales. A number of prominent Conservative MPs lost their seats in the election, including Michael Portillo, Malcolm Rifkind, Edwina Currie, David Mellor, Neil Hamilton and Norman Lamont. Such was the extent of Conservative losses at the election that Cecil Parkinson, speaking on the BBC's election night programme, joked upon the Conservatives winning their second seat that he was pleased that the subsequent election for the leadership would be contested.
The Liberal Democrats stood on a more left-wing manifesto than Labour, and more than doubled their number of seats thanks to the use of tactical voting against the Conservatives. Although their share of the vote fell slightly, their total of 46 MPs was the highest for any UK Liberal party since David Lloyd George led the party to 59 seats in 1929.
The Referendum Party, which sought a referendum on the United Kingdom's relationship with the European Union, came fourth in terms of votes with 800,000 votes and won no seats in parliament.
The six parties with the next highest votes stood only in either Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales; in order, they were the Scottish National Party, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Plaid Cymru, Sinn Féin, and the Democratic Unionist Party.
In the previously safe seat of Tatton, where incumbent Conservative MP Neil Hamilton was facing charges of having taken cash for questions, the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties decided not to field candidates in order that an independent candidate, Martin Bell, would have a better chance of winning the seat, which he did with a comfortable margin.
The result declared for the constituency of Winchester showed a margin of victory of just two votes for the Liberal Democrats. The defeated Conservative candidate mounted a successful legal challenge to the result on the grounds that errors by election officials (failures to stamp certain votes) had changed the result; the court ruled the result invalid and ordered a by-election on 20 November which was won by the Liberal Democrats with a much larger majority, causing much recrimination in the Conservative Party about the decision to challenge the original result in the first place.
This election saw a doubling of the number of women in parliament, from 60 elected in 1992 to 120 elected in 1997. 101 of them (controversially described as Blair Babes) were on the Labour benches, a number driven by the Labour Party's 1993 policy (ruled illegally discriminatory in 1996) of all-women shortlists. This election has therefore been widely seen as a watershed moment for representation of women in the UK.
This election marked the start of Labour government for the next 13 years, lasting until the formation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010.
1997 United Kingdom general election
Candidates
Votes
Party
Leader
Stood
Elected
Gained
Unseated
Net
% of total
%
No.
Net %
Labour
Tony Blair
639
418
146
0
+146
63.4
43.2
13,518,167
+8.8
Conservative
John Major
648
165
0
178
–178
25.0
30.7
9,600,943
–11.2
Liberal Democrats
Paddy Ashdown
639
46
30
2
+28
7.0
16.8
5,242,947
–1.0
Referendum
James Goldsmith
547
0
0
0
0
2.6
811,849
N/A
SNP
Alex Salmond
72
6
3
0
+3
0.9
2.0
621,550
+0.1
UUP
David Trimble
16
10
1
0
+1
1.5
0.8
258,349
0.0
SDLP
John Hume
18
3
0
1
–1
0.5
0.6
190,814
+0.1
Plaid Cymru
Dafydd Wigley
40
4
0
0
0
0.6
0.5
161,030
0.0
Sinn Féin
Gerry Adams
17
2
2
0
+2
0.3
0.4
126,921
0.0
DUP
Ian Paisley
9
2
0
1
–1
0.3
0.3
107,348
0.0
UKIP
Alan Sked
193
0
0
0
0
0.3
105,722
N/A
Independent
N/A
25
1
1
0
+1
0.2
0.2
64,482
0.0
Alliance
John Alderdice
17
0
0
0
0
0.2
62,972
0.0
Green
Peg Alexander and David Taylor
89
0
0
0
0
0.2
61,731
–0.2
Socialist Labour
Arthur Scargill
64
0
0
0
0
0.2
52,109
N/A
Liberal
Michael Meadowcroft
53
0
0
0
0
0.1
45,166
–0.1
BNP
John Tyndall
57
0
0
0
0
0.1
35,832
0.0
Natural Law
Geoffrey Clements
197
0
0
0
0
0.1
30,604
–0.1
Speaker
Betty Boothroyd
1
1
1
0
0
0.1
23,969
ProLife Alliance
Bruno Quintavalle
56
0
0
0
0
0.1
19,332
N/A
UK Unionist
Robert McCartney
1
1
1
0
+1
0.2
0.0
12,817
N/A
PUP
Hugh Smyth
3
0
0
0
0
0.0
10,928
N/A
National Democrats
Ian Anderson
21
0
0
0
0
0.0
10,829
N/A
Socialist Alternative
Peter Taaffe
0
0
0
0
0.0
9,906
N/A
Scottish Socialist
Tommy Sheridan
16
0
0
0
0
0.0
9,740
N/A
Independent
N/A
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
9,233
– 0.1
Ind. Conservative
N/A
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
8,608
–0.1
Monster Raving Loony
Screaming Lord Sutch
24
0
0
0
0
0.0
7,906
–0.1
Make Politicians History
Rainbow George Weiss
29
0
0
0
0
0.0
3,745
N/A
NI Women's Coalition
Monica McWilliams and Pearl Sagar
3
0
0
0
0
0.0
3,024
N/A
Workers' Party
Tom French
8
0
0
0
0
0.0
2,766
–0.1
National Front
John McAuley
6
0
0
0
0
0.0
2,716
N/A
Cannabis Law Reform
Howard Marks
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
2,085
N/A
Socialist People's Party
Jim Hamezian
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,995
N/A
Mebyon Kernow
Loveday Jenkin
4
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,906
N/A
Scottish Green
Robin Harper
5
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,721
Conservative Anti-Euro
Christopher Story
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,434
N/A
Socialist (GB)
None
5
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,359
N/A
Community Representative
Ralph Knight
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,290
N/A
Neighborhood association
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,263
N/A
SDP
John Bates
2
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,246
–0.1
Workers Revolutionary
Sheila Torrance
9
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,178
N/A
Real Labour
N/A
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
1,117
N/A
Independent Democrat
N/A
0
0
0
0
0.0
982
Independent
N/A
0
0
0
0
0.0
890
Communist
Mike Hicks
3
0
0
0
0
0.0
639
Independent
N/A
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
593
Green (NI)
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
539
Socialist Equality
Davy Hyland
3
0
0
0
0
0.0
505
All parties with more than 500 votes shown. Labour total includes New Labour and "Labour Time for Change" candidates; Conservative total includes candidates in Northern Ireland (excluded in some lists) and "Loyal Conservative" candidate.
The Popular Unionist MP elected in 1992 died in 1995, and the party folded shortly afterwards.
There was no incumbent Speaker in the 1992 election.
Government's new majority
179
Total votes cast
31,286,284
Turnout
71.3%
Popular vote
Labour
43.2%
Conservative
30.7%
Liberal Democrat
16.8%
Referendum
2.6%
Scottish National
2.0%
Others
1.9%
Parliamentary seats
Labour
63.4%
Conservative
25.0%
Liberal Democrat
7.0%
Scottish National
0.9%
Ulster Unionist
1.5%
Others
2.1%
The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 1997 election was 16.71 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats.
Results by constituent country
LAB
CON
LD
SNP
PC
NI parties
Others
Total
England
328
165
34
-
-
-
2
529
Wales
34
-
2
-
4
-
-
40
Scotland
56
-
10
6
-
-
-
72
Northern Ireland
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
18
Total
418
165
46
6
4
18
2 (inc Speaker)
659
Defeated MPs
MPs who lost their seats
Main article: List of MPs who lost their seat in the 1997 United Kingdom general election
Post-election events
The poor results for the Conservative Party led to infighting, with the One Nation group, Tory Reform Group, and right-wing Maastricht Rebels blaming each other for the defeat. Party chairman Brian Mawhinney said on the night of the election that defeat was due to disillusionment with 18 years of Conservative rule. John Major resigned as party leader, saying "When the curtain falls, it is time to get off the stage".
Following the defeat, the Conservatives began their longest continuous spell in opposition in the history of the present day (post–Tamworth Manifesto) Conservative Party - and indeed the longest such spell for any incarnation of the Tories/Conservatives since the 1760s and the end of the Whig Supremacy under Kings George I and George II - lasting 13 years, including the whole of the 2000s. Throughout this period, their representation in the Commons remained consistently below 200 MPs.
Meanwhile, Paddy Ashdown's continued leadership of the Liberal Democrats was assured, and they were felt to be in a position to build positively as a strong third party into the new millennium, culminating in their sharing power in the 2010 coalition with the Conservatives.
Internet coverage
With the huge rise in internet use since the previous general election, BBC News created a special website – BBC Politics 97 – covering the election. This site was an experiment for the efficiency of an online news service which was due for launch later in the year.
See also
List of MPs elected in the 1997 United Kingdom general election
1997 United Kingdom general election in England
1997 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
1997 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
1997 United Kingdom general election in Wales
1997 United Kingdom local elections
1990s in political history
Footnotes
^ Conservative party leader John Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on 22 June 1995 to face critics in his party and government, and was reelected as Leader on 4 July 1995. Prior to his resignation, he had held the post of Leader of the Conservative Party since 28 November 1990.
References
^ "1997 - Registered voters".
^ "1995: Major wins Conservative leadership". BBC News. 4 July 1995. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ a b "UK Politics - The Major Scandal Sheet". BBC News.
^ a b Miers, David (2004). Britain in the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 12–36. doi:10.1057/9780230523159_2. ISBN 978-1-4039-0452-2. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ a b "The Polls and the British General Election of 1997". www.ipsos.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ a b "Blair ahead in leadership ratings". BBC News. 3 May 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
^ a b c Greenslade, Roy (18 March 1997). "It's the Sun wot's switched sides to back Blair". The Guardian.
^ a b c Hermann, Michael; Munzert, Simon; Selb, Peter (4 November 2015). "The conventional wisdom about tactical voting is wrong". London School of Economics British Politics and Policy blog. London School of Economics. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ "The Election. The Statistics. How the UK voted on May 1st". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ Harman, Harriet (10 April 2017). "Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women but our gains are at risk". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ "1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule". BBC News. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
^ "House of Lords Debates vol 579 cc653-4: Dissolution of Parliament". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 17 March 1997. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^ Hencke, David (19 March 1997). "Fury as sleaze report buried". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Advertising & Promotion: Ads contract election fever". Campaign. 20 March 1997. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
^ a b Snowdon 2010, p. 4.
^ Travis, Alan (17 April 1997). "Rebels' seven-year march". The Guardian (London).
^ Bevins, Anthony (17 April 1997). "Election '97: John Major takes on the Tories". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ Snowdon 2010, p. 35.
^ Tiltman, David (1 May 2007). "The New Labour brand 10 years on". campaignlive.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. In keeping with the New Labour message, the party's 1997 campaign attacked the economic record of the Tories following 1992's Black Wednesday and promised national renewal, memorably using D:Ream's song Things Can Only Get Better.
^ Gillett, Ed (22 July 2023). "'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. First released in 1993, but only lightly grazing the Top 40 on its initial foray into the charts, a poppier remix of D:Ream's Things Can Only Get Better spent four weeks at No 1 the following January. Two years on from that, it was co-opted for the launch of Labour's five "pre-manifesto" pledges, written largely by Tony Blair himself. Something in the song's message clearly resonated with Labour apparatchiks, or tested well with the party's army of focus groups: by the time the election came around in May 1997, Things Can Only Get Better had displaced The Red Flag as New Labour's election anthem, the feelgood sonic backdrop to rallies, photo opportunities and campaign adverts alike.
^ Stoddard, Katy (4 May 2010). "Newspaper support in UK general elections". The Guardian.
^ "Principle Not Party". The Times. 29 April 1997. p. 23.
^ a b Ben Pimlott (October 1997). "New Labour, New Era?". The Political Quarterly. 68 (4): 325–334. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.00099.
^ Geoffrey Evans; Pippa Norris (1999). "14 - Conclusion: Was 1997 a Critical Election?". Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective. SAGE Publishing. pp. 259–271.
^ a b Morgan, Bryn (February 1999). "General Election Results, 1 May 1997" (PDF). Factsheet No. 68. House of Commons Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ Kelly, Richard (21 August 2018). "Women in the House of Commons: Background Paper". House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ Harriet Harman (10 April 2017). "Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women – but our gains are at risk". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ Flint, Caroline; Spelman, Caroline (4 May 2017). "How the Class of '97 Changed Westminster". Politics Home - The House. Politics Home. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ Kirk, Ashley; Scott, Patrick (17 June 2017). "General election 2017 sees record number of women candidates". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ Blaxill, Luke; Beelen, Kaspar (25 July 2016). "Women in Parliament since 1945: have they changed the debate?". History & Policy - Policy Papers. Retrieved 8 July 2020. We suggest that 1997 was significant because it helped normalise a large female presence at Westminster which absolved women MPs of the obligation to act as 'token women' and thus as spokeswomen for their sex.
^ Childs, Sarah (2000). "The new labour women MPs in the 1997 British parliament: issues of recruitment and representation". Women's History Review. 9 (1). Routledge (Taylor & Francis): 55–73. doi:10.1080/09612020000200228. ISSN 1747-583X. The research suggests that women MPs consider that women's presence has the potential to transform the parliamentary political agenda and style.
^ "Major players: The 1990 generation". TotalPolitics.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ Kettle, Martin (13 May 2010). "Tories rule: but liberal Tories with a New Labour legacy". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "BBC Politics 97". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "BBC Politics 97". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. 1997. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ "Major events influenced BBC's news online | FreshNetworks blog". Freshnetworks.com. 5 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Further reading
Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 1997 (1997), the standard scholarly study
Snowdon, Peter (2010) . Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2.
Manifestos
Labour (New Labour, New Life For Britain)
Conservative (You can only be sure with the Conservatives)
Liberal Democrats (Make the Difference)
National Democrats (A Manifesto for Britain)
British National Party (British Nationalism- An Idea whose time has come)
Liberal Party (Radical ideas – not the dead centre)
UK Independence Party
Third Way
The ProLife Alliance
Sinn Féin (A New Opportunity for Peace)
Democratic Unionist Party
Alliance of Liberty (Agenda for Change)
Progressive Unionist Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Plaid Cymru (The Best for Wales)
Scottish National Party (Yes We Can Win the Best for Scotland)
Scottish Green Party
Socialist Equality Party (A strategy for a workers' government!)
Communist Party of Great Britain
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1997 United Kingdom general election.
BBC Election Website
1997 election manifestos – Link to 1997 election manifestos of various parties.
Catalogue of 1997 general election ephemera at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.
vte1997 United Kingdom general election
MPs elected
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See also
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vteJohn Major
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|
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Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Paddy Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"party leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"tactical voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_voting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSEtactical-9"},{"link_name":"third party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(politics)"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Michael Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Tony Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Rifkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind"},{"link_name":"Ian Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lang"},{"link_name":"William Waldegrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill"},{"link_name":"Neil Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"Philip Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lansley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lansley"},{"link_name":"John Bercow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow"},{"link_name":"Hazel Blears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Blears"},{"link_name":"Ben Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"Yvette Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Caroline Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Flint"},{"link_name":"Barry Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"Alan Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ruth Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Kelly"},{"link_name":"John McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"Stephen Twigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Twigg"},{"link_name":"Rosie Winterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Winterton"},{"link_name":"Scottish Labour Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Scottish_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Jim Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Hoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle"},{"link_name":"election of 120 women, including 101 to the Labour benches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Babe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring).The 1997 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 1 May 1997. The governing Conservative Party led by Prime Minister John Major was defeated in a landslide by the Labour Party led by Tony Blair, achieving a 179-seat majority and a total of 418 seats, the highest ever won by Labour.This was the first victory for the Labour party in a general election in nearly 23 years, its previous one registering a majority of 3 seats in October 1974 under the leadership of Harold Wilson. It was also Labour's first comprehensive victory over the Conservatives since the 1966 election, which had produced a 100-seat majority. This election also marked Labour's highest vote share since the 1970 election and its second highest total number of votes in history (the largest being the 1951 election). On the other hand, it was an ignominious end to the 18-year rule of the Conservatives, the longest continuous reign of any party in modern British history. This election marked the second-largest defeat ever suffered by the Conservatives (the largest being the 1906 election) with the party left with just 165 seats—it was left devoid of any MPs outside England, with only 17 MPs north of the Midlands, and with less than 20% of MPs in London. Additionally, the party also registered its lowest share of the vote since 1832 as well as its lowest vote in absolute terms since 1929.The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled \"New Labour\", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992,[3] through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union.[4]Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity,[5][6] and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote.[7] The final result of the election on 2 May 1997 revealed that Labour had won a landslide majority, making a net gain of 146 seats and winning 43.2% of the vote. 150 Members of Parliament, including 133 Conservatives, lost their seats. The Conservatives, meanwhile, suffered defeat with a net loss of 178 seats, winning 30.7% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats, under the leadership of Paddy Ashdown, made a net gain of 28 seats, winning 16.8% of the vote.Immediately following the election, Major resigned both as prime minister and party leader. Labour's victory, the largest achieved in its history and by any political party in British politics since the Second World War, brought about the party's first of three consecutive terms in power (lasting a total of 13 years), with Blair as the newly appointed prime minister. The Liberal Democrats' success in the election, in part due to anti-Conservative tactical voting,[8] strengthened both Ashdown's leadership and the party's position as a strong third party, having won the highest number of seats by any third party since 1929.Although the Conservatives lost many ministers such as Michael Portillo, Tony Newton, Malcolm Rifkind, Ian Lang and William Waldegrave and controversial MPs such as Neil Hamilton and Jonathan Aitken,[9] some of the Conservative newcomers in this election were future Prime Minister Theresa May, future Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond, future Leader of the House Andrew Lansley, as well as future Speaker John Bercow. Meanwhile, Labour newcomers included future Cabinet and Shadow Cabinet members Hazel Blears, Ben Bradshaw, Yvette Cooper, Caroline Flint, Barry Gardiner, Alan Johnson, Ruth Kelly, John McDonnell, Stephen Twigg and Rosie Winterton, as well as future Scottish Labour Leader Jim Murphy and future Speaker Lindsay Hoyle. The election of 120 women, including 101 to the Labour benches, came to be seen as a watershed moment in female political representation in the UK.[10]","title":"1997 United Kingdom general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Labour_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Labour_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"nuclear disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament"},{"link_name":"chancellorship of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"New Labour, New Life for Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Life_for_Britain"},{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS"},{"link_name":"VAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_tax"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"},{"link_name":"series of defections and by-election defeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_1992_United_Kingdom_general_election#Progression_of_government_majority_and_party_totals"},{"link_name":"Richmond in 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Richmond_(Yorks)_by-election"}],"text":"The British economy had been in recession at the time of the 1992 election, which the Conservatives had won, and although the recession had ended within a year, events such as Black Wednesday had tarnished the Conservative government's reputation for economic management. Labour had elected John Smith as its party leader in 1992, but his death from a heart attack in 1994 paved the way for Tony Blair to become Labour leader.Blair brought the party closer to the political centre and abolished the party's Clause IV in their constitution, which had committed them to mass nationalisation of industry. Labour also reversed its policy on unilateral nuclear disarmament and the events of Black Wednesday allowed Labour to promise better economic management under the chancellorship of Gordon Brown. Its manifesto, New Labour, New Life for Britain was released in 1996 and outlined five key pledges:Class sizes to be cut to 30 or under for 5-, 6- and 7-year-olds by using money from the assisted places scheme.\nFast track punishment for persistent young offenders, by halving the time from arrest to sentencing.\nCut NHS waiting lists by treating an extra 100,000 patients as a first step by releasing £100 million saved from NHS red tape.\nGet 250,000 under-25-year-olds off benefit and into work by using money from a windfall levy on the privatised utilities.\nNo rise in income tax rates, cut VAT on heating to 5%, and keeping inflation and interest rates as low as possible.Disputes within the Conservative government over European Union issues, and a variety of \"sleaze\" allegations, had severely affected the government's popularity. Despite the economic recovery and fall in unemployment in the four years leading up to the election, the rise in Conservative support was only marginal, with all of the major opinion polls having shown Labour in a comfortable lead since late 1992.[11]Following the 1992 general election, the Conservatives remained in government with 336 of the 651 House of Commons seats. Through a series of defections and by-election defeats, the government gradually lost its absolute majority in the House of Commons. By 1997, the Conservatives held only 324 House of Commons seats (and had not won a by-election since Richmond in 1989).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parliament Act 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911"},{"link_name":"1985 amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1985"},{"link_name":"Representation of the People Act 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983"},{"link_name":"working day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_day"},{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"}],"text":"The previous Parliament first sat on 29 April 1992. The Parliament Act 1911 required at the time for each Parliament to be dissolved before the fifth anniversary of its first sitting; therefore, the latest date the dissolution and the summoning of the next parliament could have been held on was 28 April 1997.The 1985 amendment of the Representation of the People Act 1983 required that the election must take place on the eleventh working day after the deadline for nomination papers, which in turn must be no more than six working days after the next parliament was summoned.Therefore, the latest date the election could have been held on was 22 May 1997 (which happened to be a Thursday). British elections (and referendums) have been held on Thursdays by convention since the 1930s, but can be held on other working days.","title":"Timing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"dissolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Neil Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"pending parliamentary report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash-for-questions_affair"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Labour Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"devolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"all-women shortlists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-women_shortlists"},{"link_name":"Black Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"early 1990s recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1990s_recession"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labour_Sun_Endorse-8"}],"text":"Prime Minister John Major called the election on Monday 17 March 1997, ensuring the formal campaign would be unusually long, at six weeks (Parliament was dissolved on 8 April).[12] The election was scheduled for 1 May, to coincide with the local elections on the same day. This set a precedent, as the three subsequent general elections were also held alongside the May local elections.The Conservatives argued that a long campaign would expose Labour and allow the Conservative message to be heard. However, Major was accused of arranging an early dissolution to protect Neil Hamilton from a pending parliamentary report into his conduct: a report that Major had earlier guaranteed would be published before the election.[13]In March 1997, soon after the election was called, Asda introduced a range of election-themed beers, these being \"Major's Mild\", \"Tony's Tipple\" and \"Ashdown's Ale\".[14]The political backdrop of campaigning focused on public opinion towards a change in government. Tony Blair, as Labour Leader, focused on transforming his party through a more centrist policy platform, titled \"New Labour\", with promises of devolution referendums for Scotland and Wales, fiscal responsibility, and a decision to nominate more female politicians for election through the use of all-women shortlists from which to choose candidates. Major sought to rebuild public trust in the Conservatives following a series of scandals, including the events of Black Wednesday in 1992,[3] through campaigning on the strength of the economic recovery following the early 1990s recession, but faced divisions within the party over the UK's membership of the European Union.[4]Opinion polls during campaigning showed strong support for Labour due to Blair's personal popularity,[5][6] and Blair won a personal public endorsement from The Sun newspaper two months before the vote.[7]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdon20104-16"},{"link_name":"James Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Referendum Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_Party"},{"link_name":"single European currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_currency"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Single_currency_1997-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdon20104-16"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Michael Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard"},{"link_name":"New Labour, New Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Danger"},{"link_name":"Conservative Central Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Central_Office"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cooper,_Baron_Cooper_of_Windrush"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowdon201035-19"}],"sub_title":"Conservative campaign","text":"Major hoped that a long campaign would expose Labour's \"hollowness\" and the Conservative campaign emphasised stability, as did its manifesto title 'You can only be sure with the Conservatives'.[15] However, the campaign was beset by deep-set problems, such as the rise of James Goldsmith's Referendum Party which advocated a referendum on continued membership of the European Union. The party threatened to take away many right-leaning voters from the Conservatives. Furthermore, about 200 candidates broke with official Conservative policy to oppose British membership of the single European currency.[16] Major fought back, saying: \"Whether you agree with me or disagree with me; like me or loathe me, don't bind my hands when I am negotiating on behalf of the British nation.\" The moment is remembered as one of the defining, and most surreal, moments of the election.[17][15]Meanwhile, there was also division amongst the Conservative cabinet, with Chancellor Kenneth Clarke describing the views of Home Secretary Michael Howard on Europe as \"paranoid and xenophobic nonsense\". The Conservatives also struggled to come up with a definitive theme to attack Labour, with some strategists arguing for an approach which castigated Labour for \"stealing Tory clothes\" (copying their positions), with others making the case for a more confrontational approach, stating that \"New Labour\" was just a façade for \"old Labour\".The New Labour, New Danger poster, which depicted Tony Blair with demon eyes, was an example of the latter strategy. Major veered between the two approaches, which left Conservative Central Office staff frustrated. As Andrew Cooper explained: \"We repeatedly tried and failed to get him to understand that you couldn't say that they were dangerous and copying you at the same time.\"[18] In any case, the campaign failed to gain much traction, and the Conservatives went down to a landslide defeat at the polls.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Alastair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Peter Mandelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mandelson"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"Things Can Only Get Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Labour campaign","text":"Labour ran a slick campaign that emphasised the splits within the Conservative government and argued that the country needed a more centrist administration. It thus successfully picked up dissatisfied Conservative voters, particularly moderate and suburban ones. Tony Blair, who was personally highly popular, was very much the centrepiece of the campaign and proved a highly effective campaigner.The Labour campaign was reminiscent of those of Bill Clinton for the US presidency in 1992 and 1996, focusing on centrist themes as well as adopting policies more commonly associated with the right, such as cracking down on crime and fiscal responsibility. The influence of political \"spin\" came into great effect for Labour at this point, as media centric figures such as Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson provided a clear cut campaign, and establishing a relatively new political brand \"New Labour\" with enviable success. In this election Labour adopted the theme Things Can Only Get Better in their campaign and advertising.[19][20]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSEtactical-9"}],"sub_title":"Liberal Democrat campaign","text":"The Liberal Democrats had suffered a disappointing performance in 1992, but they were very much strengthened in 1997 due in part to potential tactical voting between Labour and Lib Dem supporters in Conservative marginal constituencies, particularly in the south of England – which explains why while given their share of the vote decreased, their number of seats nearly doubled.[8] The Lib Dems promised to increase education funding paid for by a 1p increase in income tax.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labour_Sun_Endorse-8"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In a sign of the change of direction which 'New Labour' represented, they were endorsed by The Sun (with a famous front page \"The Sun Backs Blair\"),[7] as well as the more left-leaning newspapers the Daily Mirror, The Independent and The Guardian.[21]\nThe Conservatives were endorsed by the Daily Mail, the Daily Express and The Daily Telegraph.\nThe Times did not endorse a specific party, but instead encouraged voters to support individual candidates \"against the further integration of the European Union\".[22]","title":"Endorsements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_United_Kingdom_general_election.png"}],"text":"Labour Conservatives Liberal Democrats","title":"Opinion polling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_UK_Election_Notional_Result.png"},{"link_name":"notional results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notional_election_results"},{"link_name":"Colin Rallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rallings"},{"link_name":"Michael Thrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thrasher"}],"text":"See also: Fourth Periodic Review of Westminster constituenciesThe notional results of the 1992 election, as shown on a map of the 1997 constituencies.The election was fought under new boundaries, with a net increase of eight seats compared to the 1992 election (651 to 659). Changes listed here are from the notional 1992 result, had it been fought on the boundaries established in 1997. These notional results were calculated by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher and were used by all media organisations at the time.","title":"Notional 1992 results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_UK_General_Election_Constituencies.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_UK_general_election,_countries_and_regions.svg"},{"link_name":"landslide victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_victory"},{"link_name":"Professor Anthony King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_King_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-24"},{"link_name":"Alastair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Peter Mandelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mandelson"},{"link_name":"1992 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Clause IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause_IV"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"},{"link_name":"1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"wiped out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipeout_(elections)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"lost their seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Michael Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Rifkind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind"},{"link_name":"Edwina Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwina_Currie"},{"link_name":"David Mellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mellor"},{"link_name":"Neil Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Norman Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Cecil Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSEtactical-9"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997-factsheet-26"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic and Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Tatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neil Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"cash for questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_for_questions"},{"link_name":"Martin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bell"},{"link_name":"comfortable margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton_in_the_1997_general_election"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Winchester_by-election"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Blair Babes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Babe"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"all-women shortlists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-women_shortlist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_UK_parliament.svg"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Popular Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Popular_Unionist_Party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1997_UK_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.png"},{"link_name":"Gallagher Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Index"}],"text":"Equal-area projection of constituenciesResult by countries and English regionsLabour won a landslide victory with its largest parliamentary majority (179) to date. On the BBC's election night programme Professor Anthony King described the result of the exit poll, which accurately predicted a Labour landslide, as being akin to \"an asteroid hitting the planet and destroying practically all life on Earth\". After years of trying, Labour had convinced the electorate that they would usher in a new age of prosperity—their policies, organisation and tone of optimism slotting perfectly into place.Labour's victory was largely credited to the charisma of Tony Blair,[23] as well as a Labour public relations machine managed by Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson. Between the 1992 election and the 1997 election there had also been major steps to \"modernise\" the party, including scrapping Clause IV that had committed the party to extending public ownership of industry. Labour had suddenly seized the middle ground of the political spectrum, attracting voters much further to the right than their traditional working class or left wing support. In the early hours of 2 May 1997 a party was held at the Royal Festival Hall, in which Blair stated that \"a new dawn has broken, has it not?\"The election was a crushing defeat for the Conservative Party, with the party having its lowest percentage share of the popular vote since 1832 under the Duke of Wellington's leadership, being wiped out in Scotland and Wales. A number of prominent Conservative MPs lost their seats in the election, including Michael Portillo, Malcolm Rifkind, Edwina Currie, David Mellor, Neil Hamilton and Norman Lamont. Such was the extent of Conservative losses at the election that Cecil Parkinson, speaking on the BBC's election night programme, joked upon the Conservatives winning their second seat that he was pleased that the subsequent election for the leadership would be contested.The Liberal Democrats stood on a more left-wing manifesto than Labour,[23][24] and more than doubled their number of seats thanks to the use of tactical voting against the Conservatives.[8] Although their share of the vote fell slightly, their total of 46 MPs was the highest for any UK Liberal party since David Lloyd George led the party to 59 seats in 1929.The Referendum Party, which sought a referendum on the United Kingdom's relationship with the European Union, came fourth in terms of votes with 800,000 votes and won no seats in parliament.[25]The six parties with the next highest votes stood only in either Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales; in order, they were the Scottish National Party, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Plaid Cymru, Sinn Féin, and the Democratic Unionist Party.In the previously safe seat of Tatton, where incumbent Conservative MP Neil Hamilton was facing charges of having taken cash for questions, the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties decided not to field candidates in order that an independent candidate, Martin Bell, would have a better chance of winning the seat, which he did with a comfortable margin.The result declared for the constituency of Winchester showed a margin of victory of just two votes for the Liberal Democrats. The defeated Conservative candidate mounted a successful legal challenge to the result on the grounds that errors by election officials (failures to stamp certain votes) had changed the result; the court ruled the result invalid and ordered a by-election on 20 November which was won by the Liberal Democrats with a much larger majority, causing much recrimination in the Conservative Party about the decision to challenge the original result in the first place.This election saw a doubling of the number of women in parliament, from 60 elected in 1992 to 120 elected in 1997.[26] 101 of them (controversially described as Blair Babes) were on the Labour benches,[27] a number driven by the Labour Party's 1993 policy (ruled illegally discriminatory in 1996) of all-women shortlists. This election has therefore been widely seen as a watershed moment for representation of women in the UK.[28][29][30][31]This election marked the start of Labour government for the next 13 years, lasting until the formation of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010.All parties with more than 500 votes shown. Labour total includes New Labour and \"Labour Time for Change\" candidates; Conservative total includes candidates in Northern Ireland (excluded in some lists) and \"Loyal Conservative\" candidate.[citation needed]\nThe Popular Unionist MP elected in 1992 died in 1995, and the party folded shortly afterwards.\n\nThere was no incumbent Speaker in the 1992 election.The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 1997 election was 16.71 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results by constituent country","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Defeated MPs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs who lost their seats","title":"Defeated MPs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-nation_conservatism"},{"link_name":"Tory Reform Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels"},{"link_name":"Brian Mawhinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Tamworth Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Tories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Whig Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)#Whig_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Paddy Ashdown's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2010 coalition with the Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement"}],"text":"The poor results for the Conservative Party led to infighting, with the One Nation group, Tory Reform Group, and right-wing Maastricht Rebels blaming each other for the defeat. Party chairman Brian Mawhinney said on the night of the election that defeat was due to disillusionment with 18 years of Conservative rule. John Major resigned as party leader, saying \"When the curtain falls, it is time to get off the stage\".[32]Following the defeat, the Conservatives began their longest continuous spell in opposition in the history of the present day (post–Tamworth Manifesto) Conservative Party - and indeed the longest such spell for any incarnation of the Tories/Conservatives since the 1760s and the end of the Whig Supremacy under Kings George I and George II - lasting 13 years, including the whole of the 2000s.[33] Throughout this period, their representation in the Commons remained consistently below 200 MPs.Meanwhile, Paddy Ashdown's continued leadership of the Liberal Democrats was assured, and they were felt to be in a position to build positively as a strong third party into the new millennium,[34] culminating in their sharing power in the 2010 coalition with the Conservatives.","title":"Post-election events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcPolitics97-36"},{"link_name":"an online news service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"With the huge rise in internet use since the previous general election, BBC News created a special website – BBC Politics 97 – covering the election.[35] This site was an experiment for the efficiency of an online news service which was due for launch later in the year.[36]","title":"Internet coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MajorLeadershipElection_3-0"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ Conservative party leader John Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party on 22 June 1995 to face critics in his party and government, and was reelected as Leader on 4 July 1995. Prior to his resignation, he had held the post of Leader of the Conservative Party since 28 November 1990.[2]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snowdon, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-730884-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730884-2"}],"text":"Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 1997 (1997), the standard scholarly study\nSnowdon, Peter (2010) [2010]. Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour (New Labour, New Life For Britain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927045458/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab97.htm"},{"link_name":"Conservative (You can only be sure with the Conservatives)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110920112230/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/con97.htm"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats (Make the Difference)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110527145426/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/e97/man/ld97man.htm"},{"link_name":"National Democrats (A Manifesto for Britain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111008115443/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/natdem97.htm"},{"link_name":"British National Party (British Nationalism- An Idea whose time has come)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20000618072231/http://www.bnp.net/policy.html"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party (Radical ideas – not the dead centre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120314155214/http://www.libparty.demon.co.uk/ge97/manifest.htm"},{"link_name":"UK Independence Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425084821/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/ukip97.htm"},{"link_name":"Third Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110915011413/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/3way97.htm"},{"link_name":"The ProLife Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425084836/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/prolif97.htm"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin (A New Opportunity for Peace)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110926100427/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/sinnf97.htm"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110916150021/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/dup97.htm"},{"link_name":"Alliance of Liberty (Agenda for Change)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425084952/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/niall97.htm"},{"link_name":"Progressive Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110916204739/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/pup97.htm"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425085022/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/uu97.htm"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru (The Best for Wales)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425085032/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/pcymru97.htm"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party (Yes We Can Win the Best for Scotland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110913024908/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge97/man/snp97.pdf"},{"link_name":"Scottish Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425085153/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/scgrn97.htm"},{"link_name":"Socialist Equality Party (A strategy for a workers' government!)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120425085201/http://politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/seq97.htm"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110602193652/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/comm97.htm"}],"sub_title":"Manifestos","text":"Labour (New Labour, New Life For Britain)\nConservative (You can only be sure with the Conservatives)\nLiberal Democrats (Make the Difference)\nNational Democrats (A Manifesto for Britain)\nBritish National Party (British Nationalism- An Idea whose time has come)\nLiberal Party (Radical ideas – not the dead centre)\nUK Independence Party\nThird Way\nThe ProLife Alliance\nSinn Féin (A New Opportunity for Peace)\nDemocratic Unionist Party\nAlliance of Liberty (Agenda for Change)\nProgressive Unionist Party\nUlster Unionist Party\nPlaid Cymru (The Best for Wales)\nScottish National Party (Yes We Can Win the Best for Scotland)\nScottish Green Party\nSocialist Equality Party (A strategy for a workers' government!)\nCommunist Party of Great Britain","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Seats won in the election (outer ring) against number of votes (inner ring).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Results_of_the_UK_General_Election%2C_1997.svg/200px-Results_of_the_UK_General_Election%2C_1997.svg.png"},{"image_text":" Labour Conservatives Liberal Democrats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_United_Kingdom_general_election.png/1000px-Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_United_Kingdom_general_election.png"},{"image_text":"The notional results of the 1992 election, as shown on a map of the 1997 constituencies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1997_UK_Election_Notional_Result.png/220px-1997_UK_Election_Notional_Result.png"},{"image_text":"Equal-area projection of constituencies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1997_UK_General_Election_Constituencies.svg/220px-1997_UK_General_Election_Constituencies.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Result by countries and English regions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1997_UK_general_election%2C_countries_and_regions.svg/400px-1997_UK_general_election%2C_countries_and_regions.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1997_UK_parliament.svg/300px-1997_UK_parliament.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 1997 election was 16.71 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1997_UK_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.png/220px-1997_UK_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Major_PM_full_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Major_PM_full_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Tony_Blair_in_2002_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of MPs elected in the 1997 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"title":"1997 United Kingdom general election in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England"},{"title":"1997 United Kingdom general election in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland"},{"title":"1997 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"1997 United Kingdom general election in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"title":"1997 United Kingdom local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_local_elections"},{"title":"1990s in political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_political_history"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"1997 - Registered voters\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/1997_registered_voters","url_text":"\"1997 - Registered voters\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995: Major wins Conservative leadership\". BBC News. 4 July 1995. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_2493000/2493037.stm","url_text":"\"1995: Major wins Conservative leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Politics - The Major Scandal Sheet\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/202525.stm","url_text":"\"UK Politics - The Major Scandal Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Miers, David (2004). Britain in the European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 12–36. doi:10.1057/9780230523159_2. ISBN 978-1-4039-0452-2. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523159_2","url_text":"Britain in the European Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230523159_2","url_text":"10.1057/9780230523159_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0452-2","url_text":"978-1-4039-0452-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Polls and the British General Election of 1997\". www.ipsos.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/polls-and-british-general-election-1997","url_text":"\"The Polls and the British General Election of 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blair ahead in leadership ratings\". BBC News. 3 May 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/vote2001/hi/english/opinion_polls/newsid_1306000/1306664.stm","url_text":"\"Blair ahead in leadership ratings\""}]},{"reference":"Greenslade, Roy (18 March 1997). \"It's the Sun wot's switched sides to back Blair\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/mar/18/past.roygreenslade","url_text":"\"It's the Sun wot's switched sides to back Blair\""}]},{"reference":"Hermann, Michael; Munzert, Simon; Selb, Peter (4 November 2015). \"The conventional wisdom about tactical voting is wrong\". London School of Economics British Politics and Policy blog. London School of Economics. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-conventional-wisdom-about-tactical-voting-is-wrong/","url_text":"\"The conventional wisdom about tactical voting is wrong\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Election. The Statistics. How the UK voted on May 1st\". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/05/0505/stats.shtml","url_text":"\"The Election. The Statistics. How the UK voted on May 1st\""}]},{"reference":"Harman, Harriet (10 April 2017). \"Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women but our gains are at risk\". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harman","url_text":"Harman, Harriet"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/10/labour-1997-victory-women-101-female-mps","url_text":"\"Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women but our gains are at risk\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule\". BBC News. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393323.stm","url_text":"\"1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords Debates vol 579 cc653-4: Dissolution of Parliament\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 17 March 1997. Retrieved 21 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1997/mar/17/dissolution-of-parliament","url_text":"\"House of Lords Debates vol 579 cc653-4: Dissolution of Parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"Hencke, David (19 March 1997). \"Fury as sleaze report buried\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/mar/19/conservatives.uk","url_text":"\"Fury as sleaze report buried\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising & Promotion: Ads contract election fever\". Campaign. 20 March 1997. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/advertising-promotion-ads-contract-election-fever/60527","url_text":"\"Advertising & Promotion: Ads contract election fever\""}]},{"reference":"Bevins, Anthony (17 April 1997). \"Election '97: John Major takes on the Tories\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/election-97--john-major-takes-on-the-tories-1267550.html","url_text":"\"Election '97: John Major takes on the Tories\""},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/election-97--john-major-takes-on-the-tories-1267550.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tiltman, David (1 May 2007). \"The New Labour brand 10 years on\". campaignlive.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. In keeping with the New Labour message, the party's 1997 campaign attacked the economic record of the Tories following 1992's Black Wednesday and promised national renewal, memorably using D:Ream's song Things Can Only Get Better.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/new-labour-brand-10-years/653501","url_text":"\"The New Labour brand 10 years on\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240209111441/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/new-labour-brand-10-years/653501","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillett, Ed (22 July 2023). \"'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. First released in 1993, but only lightly grazing the Top 40 on its initial foray into the charts, a poppier remix of D:Ream's Things Can Only Get Better spent four weeks at No 1 the following January. Two years on from that, it was co-opted for the launch of Labour's five \"pre-manifesto\" pledges, written largely by Tony Blair himself. Something in the song's message clearly resonated with Labour apparatchiks, or tested well with the party's army of focus groups: by the time the election came around in May 1997, Things Can Only Get Better had displaced The Red Flag as New Labour's election anthem, the feelgood sonic backdrop to rallies, photo opportunities and campaign adverts alike.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/21/new-labour-1997-rave-culture-ed-gillett-book-extract","url_text":"\"'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240209115505/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/21/new-labour-1997-rave-culture-ed-gillett-book-extract","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stoddard, Katy (4 May 2010). \"Newspaper support in UK general elections\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/may/04/general-election-newspaper-support","url_text":"\"Newspaper support in UK general elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Principle Not Party\". The Times. 29 April 1997. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Ben Pimlott (October 1997). \"New Labour, New Era?\". The Political Quarterly. 68 (4): 325–334. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.00099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Political_Quarterly","url_text":"The Political Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.00099","url_text":"10.1111/1467-923X.00099"}]},{"reference":"Geoffrey Evans; Pippa Norris (1999). \"14 - Conclusion: Was 1997 a Critical Election?\". Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective. SAGE Publishing. pp. 259–271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Evans_(political_scientist)","url_text":"Geoffrey Evans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Norris","url_text":"Pippa Norris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publishing","url_text":"SAGE Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Bryn (February 1999). \"General Election Results, 1 May 1997\" (PDF). Factsheet No. 68. House of Commons Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m15.pdf","url_text":"\"General Election Results, 1 May 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_Information_Office","url_text":"House of Commons Information Office"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m15.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Richard (21 August 2018). \"Women in the House of Commons: Background Paper\". House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn06651/","url_text":"\"Women in the House of Commons: Background Paper\""}]},{"reference":"Harriet Harman (10 April 2017). \"Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women – but our gains are at risk\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harman","url_text":"Harriet Harman"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/10/labour-1997-victory-women-101-female-mps","url_text":"\"Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women – but our gains are at risk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Caroline; Spelman, Caroline (4 May 2017). \"How the Class of '97 Changed Westminster\". Politics Home - The House. Politics Home. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/how-the-class-of-97-changed-westminster","url_text":"\"How the Class of '97 Changed Westminster\""}]},{"reference":"Kirk, Ashley; Scott, Patrick (17 June 2017). \"General election 2017 sees record number of women candidates\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/general-election-2017-sees-record-level-female-candidates/","url_text":"\"General election 2017 sees record number of women candidates\""}]},{"reference":"Blaxill, Luke; Beelen, Kaspar (25 July 2016). \"Women in Parliament since 1945: have they changed the debate?\". History & Policy - Policy Papers. Retrieved 8 July 2020. We suggest that 1997 was significant because it helped normalise a large female presence at Westminster which absolved women MPs of the obligation to act as 'token women' and thus as spokeswomen for their sex.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/women-in-parliament-since-1945-have-they-changed-the-debate","url_text":"\"Women in Parliament since 1945: have they changed the debate?\""}]},{"reference":"Childs, Sarah (2000). \"The new labour women MPs in the 1997 British parliament: issues of recruitment and representation\". Women's History Review. 9 (1). Routledge (Taylor & Francis): 55–73. doi:10.1080/09612020000200228. ISSN 1747-583X. The research suggests that women MPs consider that women's presence has the potential to transform the parliamentary political agenda and style.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200228","url_text":"\"The new labour women MPs in the 1997 British parliament: issues of recruitment and representation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200228","url_text":"10.1080/09612020000200228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1747-583X","url_text":"1747-583X"}]},{"reference":"\"Major players: The 1990 generation\". TotalPolitics.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.totalpolitics.com/articles/interview/major-players-1990-generation","url_text":"\"Major players: The 1990 generation\""}]},{"reference":"Kettle, Martin (13 May 2010). \"Tories rule: but liberal Tories with a New Labour legacy\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/13/cameron-clegg-liberal-bold-risk","url_text":"\"Tories rule: but liberal Tories with a New Labour legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Politics 97\". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge97lib.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Politics 97\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Politics 97\". BBC Politics 97. BBC News. 1997. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/","url_text":"\"BBC Politics 97\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major events influenced BBC's news online | FreshNetworks blog\". Freshnetworks.com. 5 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228193301/http://www.freshnetworks.com/blog/2008/06/major-events-influenced-bbcs-news-online/","url_text":"\"Major events influenced BBC's news online | FreshNetworks blog\""},{"url":"http://www.freshnetworks.com/blog/2008/06/major-events-influenced-bbcs-news-online","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Snowdon, Peter (2010) [2010]. Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-730884-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Snowdon","url_text":"Snowdon, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730884-2","url_text":"978-0-00-730884-2"}]}]
|
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The Statistics. How the UK voted on May 1st\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/10/labour-1997-victory-women-101-female-mps","external_links_name":"\"Labour's 1997 victory was a watershed for women but our gains are at risk\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/basics/4393323.stm","external_links_name":"\"1997: Labour landslide ends Tory rule\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1997/mar/17/dissolution-of-parliament","external_links_name":"\"House of Lords Debates vol 579 cc653-4: Dissolution of Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1997/mar/19/conservatives.uk","external_links_name":"\"Fury as sleaze report buried\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/advertising-promotion-ads-contract-election-fever/60527","external_links_name":"\"Advertising & Promotion: Ads contract election fever\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/election-97--john-major-takes-on-the-tories-1267550.html","external_links_name":"\"Election '97: John Major takes on the Tories\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/election-97--john-major-takes-on-the-tories-1267550.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/new-labour-brand-10-years/653501","external_links_name":"\"The New Labour brand 10 years on\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240209111441/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/new-labour-brand-10-years/653501","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/21/new-labour-1997-rave-culture-ed-gillett-book-extract","external_links_name":"\"'From the dancefloor to the ballot box': how house music helped Labour win a landslide in 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patritumab
|
Patritumab
|
["1 Clinical trials","2 References"]
|
Monoclonal antibody
PatritumabMonoclonal antibodyTypeWhole antibodySourceHumanTargetHER3Clinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiersCAS Number1262787-83-6ChemSpidernoneUNII86780VJI1QKEGGD12185
Patritumab (INN) is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer. It acts as an immunomodulator.
Clinical trials
It is in a phase 2 clinical trial for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.
It is to be included in a new arm of the I-SPY 2 breast cancer trial.
References
^ World Health Organization (2011). "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 106" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 25 (4).
^ Horinouchi H (December 2016). "The prospect of patritumab for treating non-small cell lung cancer". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 16 (12): 1549–1555. doi:10.1080/14712598.2016.1249846. PMID 27744717. S2CID 4035336.
^ Clinical trial number NCT02633800 for "A Clinical Trial Using Patritumab or Placebo in Combination With Cetuximab and a Platinum Agent for Patients With Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ "Anti-HER3 Monoclonal Antibody Patritumab Selected for I-SPY 2 TRIAL in Breast Cancer". October 2016.
vteMonoclonal antibodies for tumorsTumorHuman
Adecatumumab§
Amivantamab
Ascrinvacumab§
Atezolizumab
Balstilimab†
Botensilimab
Cixutumumab§
Conatumumab§
Daratumumab
Drozitumab§
Duligotumab§
Dusigitumab§
Enfortumab vedotin
Enoticumab§
Figitumumab§
Flanvotumab§
Ganitumab†
Glembatumumab vedotin†
Intetumumab§
Ipilimumab
Iratumumab§
Istiratumab
Icrucumab§
Lexatumumab§
Lucatumumab§
Mapatumumab§
Narnatumab§
Necitumumab
Nesvacumab§
Nivolumab#
Ofatumumab
Olaratumab†
Panitumumab
Patritumab§
Pembrolizumab#
Pritumumab§
Radretumab§
Ramucirumab
Rilotumumab†
Robatumumab§
Seribantumab§
Sugemalimab
Tarextumab§
Tisotumab vedotin
Teprotumumab†
Tovetumab§
Vantictumab§
Votumumab§
Zalutumumab†
Mouse
Abagovomab
Altumomab pentetate
Anatumomab mafenatox
Arcitumomab
Bectumomab
Blinatumomab
Capromab pendetide
Detumomab
Edrecolomab
Ibritumomab tiuxetan
Igovomab
Lilotomab
Minretumomab
Mitumomab
Nacolomab tafenatox
Moxetumomab pasudotox
Naptumomab estafenatox
Oregovomab
Pemtumomab†
Racotumomab
Satumomab pendetide
Solitomab
Taplitumomab paptox
Nofetumomab merpentan
Pintumomab
Tenatumomab
Tositumomab
Chimeric
Amatuximab§
Bavituximab§
Brentuximab vedotin
Carotuximab†
Cetuximab
Derlotuximab biotin§
Dinutuximab
Ecromeximab§
Ensituximab§
Futuximab§
Girentuximab†
Indatuximab ravtansine§
Isatuximab
Loncastuximab tesirine
Margetuximab
Mirvetuximab soravtansine
Rituximab#
Siltuximab
Ublituximab
Zolbetuximab
Humanized
Abituzumab§
Alemtuzumab
Belantamab mafodotin
Bevacizumab
Bivatuzumab mertansine§
Brontictuzumab§
Cantuzumab mertansine§
Cantuzumab ravtansine§
Cirmtuzumab
Citatuzumab bogatox§
Clivatuzumab tetraxetan
Cofetuzumab pelidotin
Dacetuzumab§
Demcizumab§
Dalotuzumab§
Denintuzumab mafodotin§
Elotuzumab
Emactuzumab
Emibetuzumab§
Enoblituzumab§
Epcoritamab
Etaracizumab§
Farletuzumab§
Ficlatuzumab§
Flotetuzumab§
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Glofitamab
Imgatuzumab§
Inotuzumab ozogamicin
Labetuzumab§
Lifastuzumab vedotin§
Lintuzumab§
Lorvotuzumab mertansine§
Lumretuzumab§
Matuzumab§
Milatuzumab§
Naxitamab
Nimotuzumab†
Obinutuzumab
Ocaratuzumab§
Otlertuzumab§
Onartuzumab§
Oportuzumab monatox†
Parsatuzumab§
Pertuzumab
Pinatuzumab vedotin§
Polatuzumab vedotin
Rosmantuzumab
Rovalpituzumab tesirine†
Sacituzumab govitecan
Sibrotuzumab§
Simtuzumab§
Sofituzumab vedotin§
Tacatuzumab tetraxetan§
Tigatuzumab§
Trastuzumab# (+deruxtecan / +emtansine)
Tucotuzumab celmoleukin§
Vandortuzumab vedotin§
Vanucizumab§
Veltuzumab§
Vorsetuzumab mafodotin§
Rat/mouse hybrid
Catumaxomab
Ertumaxomab§
Chimeric + humanized
Depatuxizumab mafodotin†
Duvortuxizumab
Ontuxizumab§
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin
Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 4
Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
Angiopoietin 3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
CE-245677
Rebastinib
Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)
CNTF
Agonists: Axokine
CNTF
Dapiclermin
EGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)
Agonists: Amphiregulin
Betacellulin
EGF (urogastrone)
Epigen
Epiregulin
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Murodermin
Nepidermin
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Agerafenib
Brigatinib
Canertinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Grandinin
Icotinib
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Osimertinib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Cetuximab
Depatuxizumab
Depatuxizumab mafodotin
Futuximab
Imgatuzumab
Matuzumab
Necitumumab
Nimotuzumab
Panitumumab
Zalutumumab
ErbB2/HER2
Agonists: Unknown/none
Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Trastuzumab duocarmazine
Trastuzumab emtansine
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Lapatinib
Mubritinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
ErbB3/HER3
Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))
Antibodies: Duligotumab
Patritumab
Seribantumab
ErbB4/HER4
Agonists: Betacellulin
Epigen
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))
FGFFGFR1
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Trafermin
Velafermin
FGFR2
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
Palifermin
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Aprutumab
Aprutumab ixadotin
Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib
FGFR3
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)
FGFR4
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
Trafermin
Unsorted
Agonists: FGF15/19
HGF (c-Met)
Agonists: Fosgonimeton
Hepatocyte growth factor
Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AM7
AMG-458
Amuvatinib
BMS-777607
Cabozantinib
Capmatinib
Crizotinib
Foretinib
Golvatinib
INCB28060
JNJ-38877605
K252a
MK-2461
PF-04217903
PF-2341066
PHA-665752
SU-11274
Tivantinib
Volitinib
Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
Ficlatuzumab
Flanvotumab
Onartuzumab
Rilotumumab
Telisotuzumab
Telisotuzumab vedotin
IGFIGF-1
Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1 LR3
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Insulin
Mecasermin
Mecasermin rinfabate
Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
Linsitinib
NVP-ADW742
NVP-AEW541
OSl-906
Antibodies: AVE-1642
Cixutumumab
Dalotuzumab
Figitumumab
Ganitumab
Robatumumab
R1507
Teprotumumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
IGF-2
Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Antibodies: Dusigitumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
Others
Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
Trofinetide
LNGF (p75NTR)
Agonists: BDNF
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
NGF
NT-3
NT-4
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
Testosterone
Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)
PDGF
Agonists: Becaplermin
Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Avapritinib
Axitinib
Crenolanib
Imatinib
Lenvatinib
Masitinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Radotinib
Quizartinib
Ripretinib
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Toceranib
Antibodies: Olaratumab
Ramucirumab
Tovetumab
RET (GFL)GFRα1
Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
Liatermin
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα2
Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα3
Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα4
Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
Unsorted
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)
Agonists: Ancestim
Stem cell factor
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Axitinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Masitinib
Nilotinib
Pazopanib
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
TGFβ
See here instead.
TrkTrkA
Agonists: Amitriptyline
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
Gambogic amide
NGF
Tavilermide
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
FX007
Testosterone
Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
Milciclib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
Rebastinib
SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))
Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)
TrkB
Agonists: 3,7-DHF
3,7,8,2'-THF
4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
7,3'-DHF
7,8-DHF
7,8,2'-THF
7,8,3'-THF
Amitriptyline
BDNF
BNN-20
Deoxygedunin
Deprenyl
Diosmetin
DMAQ-B1
HIOC
LM22A-4
N-Acetylserotonin
NT-3
NT-4
Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
R7
R13
TDP6
Antagonists: ANA-12
Cyclotraxin B
Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)
Ligands: DHEA
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
TrkC
Agonists: BNN-20
DHEA
NT-3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
VEGF
Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
Ripretinib
Telbermin
VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))
Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Altiratinib
Axitinib
Cabozantinib
Cediranib
Fruquintinib
Lapatinib
Lenvatinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Pegaptanib
Rebastinib
Regorafenib
Semaxanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
Tivozanib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
Bevacizumab
Icrucumab
Ramucirumab
Ranibizumab
Decoy receptors: Aflibercept
Others
Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
Erythropoietin (see here instead)
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
Glia maturation factor (GMF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
Midkine (NEGF2)
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
Oncomodulin
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
Pleiotrophin
Renalase
Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
Wnt signaling proteins
Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)
This monoclonal antibody–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khaburah
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Al-Khaburah
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 23°57′47″N 57°05′46″E / 23.963°N 57.096°E / 23.963; 57.096Place in Al Batinah North Governorate, OmanAl-KhaburahAl-KhaburahLocation in OmanCoordinates: 23°57′47″N 57°05′46″E / 23.963°N 57.096°E / 23.963; 57.096Country OmanSubdivisionAl Batinah North GovernoratePopulation (2010) • Total42,119
Al-Khaburah (Arabic: الخابورة) is a Wilayah (province) in Al Batinah North Governorate, Oman. As of 2010 it had a population of 42,119.
References
^ Citypopulation.de: Oman
This article about the geography of Oman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago_KK_Times_Square
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Imago KK Times Square
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["1 History","1.1 Vision","1.2 Metamorphosis","1.3 Emergence","2 Management","3 Location","4 Special Zones","4.1 Pret-a-Gouter","4.2 Welcome Point","4.3 Aramaiti","4.4 Heritage Food Street","5 Events and activities","6 Awards and accolades","6.1 2016","6.2 2017","6.3 2018","6.4 2019","7 Corporate social responsibility","7.1 Hope Express","7.2 Sponsorship","8 See also","9 References"]
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Coordinates: 5°58′14″N 116°3′59″E / 5.97056°N 116.06639°E / 5.97056; 116.06639Shopping mall in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Imago KK Times SquareLocationKota Kinabalu, Sabah, MalaysiaCoordinates5°58′14″N 116°3′59″E / 5.97056°N 116.06639°E / 5.97056; 116.06639AddressImago KK Times Square Phase 2, Off Jalan Coastal, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.Opening date28 March 2015; 9 years ago (2015-03-28)DeveloperAsian Pac Holdings BerhadManagementSyarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd.OwnerSyarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd.No. of stores and services300Total retail floor area800,000 sq. ft. (74322 sq. m)No. of floors4Websiteimago.my
Imago KK Times Square Shopping Mall ("Imago") (Chinese: 我格广场; pinyin: wǒgéguǎngchǎng;) is a shopping mall located at the city center of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It was developed and managed by Syarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Asian Pac Holdings Berhad, a company listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE:ASIAPAC ).
Imago is a super-regional mall with a total floor space of approximately 1,400,000 sq. ft. (130,000 sq. m.) and a net retail area of about 800,000 sq. ft. (74,320 sq. m.) of non-stratified lease-only retail space. It spans four levels (basement, ground, first and second floor) and encompasses a trade mix with tenant composition of around 300 tenants that covers the broad retail spectrum such as departmental store, supermarket, fashion and accessories, electronic gadgets, cinema, indoor kids' playground, bookstore, toys, karaoke, gaming arcade, along with a vast range of dining outlets, cafes and bars.
As Kota Kinabalu attracts on average 4.6 million visitors every year (2018–2022) that covers the local community as well as national and international tourists from all around the world, it stands to reason that Imago is one of the most visited shopping malls in Kota Kinabalu and Borneo.
Imago The Mall at KK Times Square is one of Kota Kinabalu's largest shopping centres. It opened on 28 March 2015.
History
Vision
The mall was first named "KK Times Square Mall". It was then named "Imago" to symbolize the arrival of a proper non-stratified lease-only shopping mall that will have proper trade and tenant mix. This phase was later dubbed the "Vision" phase as in 2012 the mall finally underwent full-scale layout planning, market positioning, branding, trade mix planning, tenant planning, etc.
Metamorphosis
The second major pre-opening event for Imago was in 2014 named "Metamorphosis", where a signing ceremony with anchor tenants was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with brands such as Michael Kors, Coach, Parkson, etc. becoming part of Imago's tenant.
Emergence
One week before Imago was opened, the developer of Imago – Asian Pac Holdings Berhad, together with Malaysia's Unit Kerjasama Awam Swasta (UKAS) of the Prime Minister's Office launched the newly completed 6-lane "New Link Bridge", a public-private partnership (PPP) project that connects Jalan New Link with Jalan Tun Fuad Stephens (to the north-east) and Jalan Coastal (to the south-west) to improve the connectivity of the entire KK Times Square development with Kota Kinabalu's city centre and the rest of the city.
Imago was originally slated to open in late 2014 in time for Christmas. Opening was delayed and it eventually opened on Saturday, 28 March 2015, graced by the then Deputy Chief Minister of Sabah, Yang Berhormat Datuk Raymond Tan Shu Kiah. The launching ceremony was conducted at The Oval (central atrium), ground floor of Imago, and the theme of the event was "Emergence" in line with its name to symbolize the "final phase of transformation into a fully-developed and completed" shopping mall.
Management
The management of Imago is directly under the wholly owned subsidiaries of Asian Pac Holdings Berhad:
Mall ownership and management: Syarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd.;
Facility management: Asian Pac Property Management Sdn. Bhd.
Location
Imago is part of the larger Kota Kinabalu Times Square ("KK Times Square") development, comprising
Signature Office;
The Loft Residence;
Imago.
The entire development by Asian Pac Holdings Berhad is located in the south-west section of Kota Kinabalu city.
Special Zones
Imago KK Times Square - Welcome Point (GF) Traditional Dance
There are several zones in Imago that is a smaller part of the entire floor but carries a different emphasis in trade mix or tenant positioning.
Pret-a-Gouter
“Pret-a-Gouter" is located in the basement floor (BF) of Imago and it is composed of mainly food-related kiosks and outlets. There is a variety of offerings including freshly cut fruit stalls, ice cream, bubble tea, freshly squeezed fruit juices and the paper-wrapped nasi lemak (coconut milk rice).
Welcome Point
"Welcome Point" is located at the ground floor (GF) of Imago in front of the Concierge near South Entrance, which is also the main drop-off point. Traditional cultural performances are conducted every day at regular interval from noon to 8:00 pm. A common performance that can be seen here is the "Magunatip" bamboo dance, which is a traditional dance of the Murut tribe in Sabah, also commonly found within this region such as in the Philippines.
Aramaiti
"Aramaiti" is located to the north of the mall at ground floor (GF) of Imago in a semi-outdoor alfresco area also called "Street Walk". The term "aramaiti" is a local Kadazan-dusun language term that means "to celebrate" and is often used locally to toast a drink. It is a part of the mall that is opened till late and includes restaurants and bars. The area also has a landscaped boulevard with water features.
Heritage Food Street
"Heritage Food Street" can be considered as the only food court in Imago and is located on the second floor (2F). It is designed to a very British colonial-style space similar to the British heritage towns found all across Malaysia. It uses the marble-top tables and stools commonly found in old Chinese cafes in Malaysia.
Imago KK Times Square - Concierge/Information Counter (GF)Imago KK Times Square - Baby Nursing Room (2F)Imago also provides several facilities for the use of the public or its tenants' staff.
Events and activities
IMAGO Christmas 2017
Imago can be considered as very active in events and activities, especially during the usual Malaysian festive periods such as Chinese New Year, Kaamatan (Harvest Festival), Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Mid-Autumn Festival, Deepavali and Christmas. Imago also turned Halloween into a major event where they have traditionally built haunted houses at the central atrium and shoppers will go into them and find a way to escape.
Awards and accolades
Imago has received several awards and won mall-related competitions at local and international levels.
2016
Asia Pacific International Property Awards (IPA) in association with The Telegraph: 2016–2017 Best Retail Development (Malaysia);
Asia Pacific International Property Award (IPA) in association with The Telegraph: 2016–2017 Best Retail Architecture (Malaysia).
2017
Sabah Tourism Awards: 2017 Best Shopping Complex;
Shopping Mall Association of Malaysia (PPKM): Best Experiential Marketing 2017 Category B Gold Award (Christmas 2016 – Once Upon A Dream).
2018
Shopping Mall Association of Malaysia: Best Experiential Marketing 2018 Category B Gold Award (Christmas 2017 – The Odyssey).
Malaysia Book of Records: Tallest Rotating Christmas Tree (Christmas 2018 - Bedazzled).
2019
Sabah Tourism Awards: 2019 Best Shopping Experience.
Corporate social responsibility
Imago Hope Express
Hope Express
Imago started a charity initiative in line with its “Once Upon A Dream” Christmas event in December 2016. The charity campaign called “Hope Express” involves an indoor train ride around the mall at second floor (2F). Instead of charging a fare to take a ride, people are encouraged to make a donation of any amount. The collection is then donated in full to a charity organisation, while Imago takes care of the maintenance, upkeep and overhead costs of operating the train. The following organisations have benefited from Hope Express:
Taman Didikan Kanak-Kanak Kurang Upaya (Education Home for Disabled Kids);
Seri Mengasih Center;
Sabah Cheshire Home;
World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF);
Rumah Kanak-Kanak Bondulu Gereja Katolik Toboh Tambunan (Toboh Tambunan Catholic Church Home for Disabled Kids).
Sponsorship
Imago also carried out many sponsorship programs with charitable organisations and government agencies especially on blood donation campaigns, awareness campaigns, cultural promotions, etc. These organisations and agencies include:
United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
Sabah Tourism Board;
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;
Royal Malaysia Police;
Kota Kinabalu City Hall;
Consulate General of The People's Republic of China (Kota Kinabalu).
See also
List of shopping malls in Malaysia
References
^ a b "Exclusive Imago Mall set to open late 2014". Daily Express. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ "Shopping Malls and it's Types (With Statistics)". Your Article Library. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
^ "Lists of Stores in Imago". Imago – The Mall at KK Times Square. SabahBah. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "Statistics". Sabah, North Borneo. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
^ "About Us | Imago Shopping Mall". www.imago.my. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
^ "Making KK's new CBD connected, accessible | Daily Express Newspaper Online". Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "Imago – The Mall at KK Times Square". sabahbah.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Lee, Joanne (16 October 2015). "Be scared this Halloween at The Infirmary, Imago Mall". Sabaheats. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ Lee, Joanne (4 December 2017). "Sabah Tourism Awards 2017 - A Tribute to excellence". Sabaheats. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ www.malaysiarecords.com.my https://www.malaysiarecords.com.my/record-detail?id=16855. Retrieved 24 December 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ William (15 December 2019). "SABAH TOURISM AWARDS 2019". Borneo 360. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "RM55,643 raised from Imago 'Hope Express' donated to Sabah Cheshire Home". Borneo Post Online. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "Imago's Hope Express fourth donation since 2016". Borneo Post Online. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
vteShopping malls in MalaysiaJohor
ÆON Bukit Indah Shopping Centre
Batu Pahat Mall
Johor Bahru City Square
Johor Premium Outlets
Komtar JBCC
KSL City Mall
The Mall, Mid Valley Southkey
Muar Trade Centre
Kedah
Aman Central Mall
Kuala Lumpur
Avenue K
Berjaya Times Square
Bloomsvale Shopping Gallery
Capital Square
Fahrenheit 88
Great Eastern Mall
Kenanga Wholesale City
KL Eco City
Lot 10
Mid Valley Megamall
MyTOWN Shopping Centre
Mitsui Shopping Park LaLaport BBCC
Nexus Bangsar South
Pavilion Kuala Lumpur
Pavilion Bukit Jalil
Pavilion Damansara Heights
Plaza Low Yat
Quill City Mall
The Exchange TRX
The Starhill
Setapak Central
Shoppes at Four Seasons Place
SOGO Kuala Lumpur
Sungei Wang Plaza
Sunway Putra Mall
Sunway Velocity Mall
Suria KLCC
The Gardens
The Sphere
Viva Home
1 Mont Kiara
Malacca
Dataran Pahlawan Melaka Megamall
Mahkota Parade
Negeri Sembilan
Era Square
Pahang
First World Plaza
Penang
1st Avenue Mall
City Junction
Design Village
GAMA
Gurney Paragon
Gurney Plaza
ICT Digital Mall
Island 88
M Mall O2O
Penang Times Square
Prangin Mall
Queensbay Mall
Straits Quay
Sunshine Square
Sunway Carnival Mall
Sabah
1Borneo Hypermall
Aeropod
Centre Point Sabah
Grand Merdeka
Imago KK Times Square
Jesselton Quay
Jesselton Residences
Karamunsing Complex
Plaza Shell
Suria Sabah
Wisma Merdeka
Sarawak
ÆON Mall Kuching Central
Star Mega Mall
ST3
The Spring Bintulu
The Spring Kuching
Wisma Sanyan
Selangor
1 Utama
ÆON Bukit Tinggi
Central i-City
Citta Mall
Empire Subang
IOI City Mall
IOI Mall Puchong
IPC Shopping Centre
Jaya One
Jaya Shopping Centre
Klang Parade
Setia City Mall
Subang Parade
Sunway Pyramid
The Curve
The Mines Shopping Mall
Defunct
Ampang Park
Danga City Mall
vteBuildings in the Kota Kinabalu metropolitanAdministration
Kota Kinabalu City Hall
Kota Kinabalu Court Complex
Sabah International Convention Centre
Sabah State Administrative Centre
Sabah State Legislative Assembly
Sabah Tourism Board
Sabah Trade Centre
Tun Mustapha Tower
Wisma Innoprise
Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens
Education
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Healthcare
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Queen Elizabeth Hospital II
Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu Hospital
KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital
Hotel and residence
Bay 21
Jesselton Hotel
Sutera Harbour
Malls
1Borneo Hypermall
Centre Point Sabah
Imago KK Times Square
Karamunsing Complex
Suria Sabah
Wisma Merdeka
Museum
Sabah Islamic Civilisation Museum
Sabah Museum (headquarters)
Place of worship
Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society
Kota Kinabalu City Mosque
Peak Nam Toong Temple
Pu Tuo Si Temple
Sacred Heart Cathedral
Sabah State Mosque
Transportation
BRT Kota Kinabalu
KK Sentral
Kota Kinabalu International Airport
Mixed infrastructures
1Sulaman
Aeropod
Grand Merdeka
Jesselton Quay
Jesselton Residences
Karambunai Integrated Resort City
Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront
Kota Kinabalu Convention City
One Jesselton Waterfront
PacifiCity
Plaza Shell
Petronas Office Tower
Tanjung Aru Eco Development
Others
Jesselton Freemason Hall
Sabah Hakka Complex
Sabah State Library (headquarters)
Tanjung Aru Library
italics indicated the project is under construction.
vteMain public and private service skyscrapers and structures in SabahAdministration buildings
Kota Kinabalu City Hall
Kota Kinabalu Court Complex
Sabah International Convention Centre
State Administrative Centre
State Legislative Assembly Building
Sabah Tourism Board
Sabah Trade Centre
Sandakan Municipal Council
Tawau Municipal Council
Tun Mustapha Tower
Wisma Innoprise
Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens
EducationSchool
SMS Sabah
Maktab Sabah
Universities
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
UiTM Sabah
Energy and water resources
Babagon Dam
Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal
Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline
Tenom Pangi Dam
Health careHospitalsGovernment
Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Queen Elizabeth Hospital II
Duchess of Kent Hospital
Keningau General Hospital
Tawau Hospital
Bukit Padang Mesra Hospital
Private
Damai Specialist Hospital
Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu Hospital
Jesselton Medical Centre
KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital
Likas Specialist Hospital
Rafflesia Specialist Centre
Public transportationAirports
Kota Kinabalu (BKI)
Kudat (KUD)
Lahad Datu (LDU)
Sandakan (SDK)
Tawau (TWU)
Bus services
BRT Kota Kinabalu
KK Sentral
Ferry terminals
Jesselton Point
Menumbok Ferry Terminal
Tawau Ferry Terminal
Rail networks
Tanjung Aru Station
Papar Station
Beaufort Station
Tenom Station
Museums
Agnes Keith House
Keningau Heritage Museum
Mat Sator Museum
Pogunon Community Museum
Sabah Islamic Civilisation Museum
Sabah Museum (headquarters)
Sandakan Heritage Museum
Teck Guan Cocoa Museum
Tun Sakaran Museum
3D Wonders Museum
Religious buildingsChinese temples and pagodas
Che Sui Khor Moral Uplifting Society
Fo Guang Shan Temple
Peak Nam Toong Temple
Pu Tuo Si Temple
Puu Jih Shih Temple
Sam Sing Kung Temple
Tam Kung Temple
Churches
Sacred Heart Cathedral
St. Michael's and All Angels Church
St. Michael's Church
Gurdwara
Gurdwara Sahib
Hindu temple
Thirumurugan Temple
Mosques
Al-Kauthar Mosque
Kota Kinabalu City Mosque
Sabah State Mosque
Sandakan District Mosque
Sandakan Jamek Mosque
Shopping malls
1Borneo Hypermall
Asia City
Centre Point Sabah
City Mall
Imago KK Times Square
Karamunsing Complex
Suria Sabah
Wawasan Plaza
Wisma Merdeka
Stadiums
Likas Stadium
Mixed infrastructures
1Sulaman
Aeropod
Grand Merdeka
Jesselton Quay
Jesselton Residences
Karambunai Integrated Resort City
Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront
Kota Kinabalu Convention City
One Jesselton Waterfront
PacifiCity
Plaza Shell
Petronas Office Tower
Tanjung Aru Eco Development
Others
Jesselton Freemason Hall
Sabah Hakka Complex
Sabah State Library (headquarters)
Tanjung Aru Library
italics indicated the project is under construction.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"KLSE:ASIAPAC [4057]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bursamalaysia.com/trade/trading_resources/listing_directory/company-profile?stock_code=4057"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MalaysiaImago KK Times Square Shopping Mall (\"Imago\") (Chinese: 我格广场; pinyin: wǒgéguǎngchǎng;) is a shopping mall located at the city center of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It was developed and managed by Syarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd., which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Asian Pac Holdings Berhad, a company listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE:ASIAPAC [4057]).Imago is a super-regional mall[2] with a total floor space of approximately 1,400,000 sq. ft. (130,000 sq. m.) and a net retail area of about 800,000 sq. ft. (74,320 sq. m.) of non-stratified lease-only retail space. It spans four levels (basement, ground, first and second floor) and encompasses a trade mix with tenant composition of around 300 tenants that covers the broad retail spectrum such as departmental store, supermarket, fashion and accessories, electronic gadgets, cinema, indoor kids' playground, bookstore, toys, karaoke, gaming arcade, along with a vast range of dining outlets, cafes and bars.[3]As Kota Kinabalu attracts on average 4.6 million visitors every year (2018–2022)[4] that covers the local community as well as national and international tourists from all around the world, it stands to reason that Imago is one of the most visited shopping malls in Kota Kinabalu and Borneo.Imago The Mall at KK Times Square is one of Kota Kinabalu's largest shopping centres. It opened on 28 March 2015.","title":"Imago KK Times Square"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Vision","text":"The mall was first named \"KK Times Square Mall\". It was then named \"Imago\" to symbolize the arrival of a proper non-stratified lease-only shopping mall that will have proper trade and tenant mix. This phase was later dubbed the \"Vision\" phase as in 2012 the mall finally underwent full-scale layout planning, market positioning, branding, trade mix planning, tenant planning, etc.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Metamorphosis","text":"The second major pre-opening event for Imago was in 2014 named \"Metamorphosis\", where a signing ceremony with anchor tenants was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with brands such as Michael Kors, Coach, Parkson, etc. becoming part of Imago's tenant.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imago_mall-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Emergence","text":"One week before Imago was opened, the developer of Imago – Asian Pac Holdings Berhad, together with Malaysia's Unit Kerjasama Awam Swasta (UKAS) of the Prime Minister's Office launched the newly completed 6-lane \"New Link Bridge\", a public-private partnership (PPP) project that connects Jalan New Link with Jalan Tun Fuad Stephens (to the north-east) and Jalan Coastal (to the south-west) to improve the connectivity of the entire KK Times Square development with Kota Kinabalu's city centre and the rest of the city.[6]Imago was originally slated to open in late 2014 in time for Christmas.[1] Opening was delayed and it eventually opened on Saturday, 28 March 2015, graced by the then Deputy Chief Minister of Sabah, Yang Berhormat Datuk Raymond Tan Shu Kiah.[7] The launching ceremony was conducted at The Oval (central atrium), ground floor of Imago, and the theme of the event was \"Emergence\" in line with its name to symbolize the \"final phase of transformation into a fully-developed and completed\" shopping mall.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The management of Imago is directly under the wholly owned subsidiaries of Asian Pac Holdings Berhad:Mall ownership and management: Syarikat Kapasi Sdn. Bhd.;\nFacility management: Asian Pac Property Management Sdn. Bhd.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Imago is part of the larger Kota Kinabalu Times Square (\"KK Times Square\") development, comprisingSignature Office;\nThe Loft Residence;\nImago.The entire development by Asian Pac Holdings Berhad is located in the south-west section of Kota Kinabalu city.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome_Point.jpg"}],"text":"Imago KK Times Square - Welcome Point (GF) Traditional DanceThere are several zones in Imago that is a smaller part of the entire floor but carries a different emphasis in trade mix or tenant positioning.","title":"Special Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nasi lemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_lemak"}],"sub_title":"Pret-a-Gouter","text":"“Pret-a-Gouter\" is located in the basement floor (BF) of Imago and it is composed of mainly food-related kiosks and outlets. There is a variety of offerings including freshly cut fruit stalls, ice cream, bubble tea, freshly squeezed fruit juices and the paper-wrapped nasi lemak (coconut milk rice).","title":"Special Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murut_people"}],"sub_title":"Welcome Point","text":"\"Welcome Point\" is located at the ground floor (GF) of Imago in front of the Concierge near South Entrance, which is also the main drop-off point. Traditional cultural performances are conducted every day at regular interval from noon to 8:00 pm. A common performance that can be seen here is the \"Magunatip\" bamboo dance, which is a traditional dance of the Murut tribe in Sabah, also commonly found within this region such as in the Philippines.","title":"Special Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kadazan-dusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun"}],"sub_title":"Aramaiti","text":"\"Aramaiti\" is located to the north of the mall at ground floor (GF) of Imago in a semi-outdoor alfresco area also called \"Street Walk\". The term \"aramaiti\" is a local Kadazan-dusun language term that means \"to celebrate\" and is often used locally to toast a drink. It is a part of the mall that is opened till late and includes restaurants and bars. The area also has a landscaped boulevard with water features.","title":"Special Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1._Concierge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nursery_Room.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Heritage Food Street","text":"\"Heritage Food Street\" can be considered as the only food court in Imago and is located on the second floor (2F). It is designed to a very British colonial-style space similar to the British heritage towns found all across Malaysia. It uses the marble-top tables and stools commonly found in old Chinese cafes in Malaysia.Imago KK Times Square - Concierge/Information Counter (GF)Imago KK Times Square - Baby Nursing Room (2F)Imago also provides several facilities for the use of the public or its tenants' staff.","title":"Special Zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMAGO_Christmas_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year"},{"link_name":"Kaamatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamatan"},{"link_name":"Hari Raya Aidilfitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Mid-Autumn Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival"},{"link_name":"Deepavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"IMAGO Christmas 2017Imago can be considered as very active in events and activities, especially during the usual Malaysian festive periods such as Chinese New Year, Kaamatan (Harvest Festival), Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Mid-Autumn Festival, Deepavali and Christmas. Imago also turned Halloween into a major event where they have traditionally built haunted houses at the central atrium and shoppers will go into them and find a way to escape.[8]","title":"Events and activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Imago has received several awards and won mall-related competitions at local and international levels.","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Property Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//propertyawards.net/"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"Asia Pacific International Property Awards (IPA) in association with The Telegraph: 2016–2017 Best Retail Development (Malaysia);\nAsia Pacific International Property Award (IPA) in association with The Telegraph: 2016–2017 Best Retail Architecture (Malaysia).","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Best Experiential Marketing 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ppkm.org.my/winners-ppkm-awards-2017-best-experiential-marketing/"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Sabah Tourism Awards: 2017 Best Shopping Complex;[9]\nShopping Mall Association of Malaysia (PPKM): Best Experiential Marketing 2017 Category B Gold Award (Christmas 2016 – Once Upon A Dream).","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Experiential Marketing 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ppkm.org.my/ppkm-awards-2018-best-experiential-marketing-2/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"Shopping Mall Association of Malaysia: Best Experiential Marketing 2018 Category B Gold Award (Christmas 2017 – The Odyssey).\nMalaysia Book of Records: Tallest Rotating Christmas Tree (Christmas 2018 - Bedazzled).[10]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"Sabah Tourism Awards: 2019 Best Shopping Experience.[11]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMAGO_Hope_Express_Train.jpg"}],"text":"Imago Hope Express","title":"Corporate social responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Hope Express","text":"Imago started a charity initiative in line with its “Once Upon A Dream” Christmas event in December 2016. The charity campaign called “Hope Express” involves an indoor train ride around the mall at second floor (2F). Instead of charging a fare to take a ride, people are encouraged to make a donation of any amount. The collection is then donated in full to a charity organisation, while Imago takes care of the maintenance, upkeep and overhead costs of operating the train.[12][13] The following organisations have benefited from Hope Express:Taman Didikan Kanak-Kanak Kurang Upaya (Education Home for Disabled Kids);\nSeri Mengasih Center;\nSabah Cheshire Home;\nWorld Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF);\nRumah Kanak-Kanak Bondulu Gereja Katolik Toboh Tambunan (Toboh Tambunan Catholic Church Home for Disabled Kids).","title":"Corporate social responsibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Sabah Tourism Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Tourism_Board"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysia Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_City_Hall"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"Imago also carried out many sponsorship programs with charitable organisations and government agencies especially on blood donation campaigns, awareness campaigns, cultural promotions, etc. These organisations and agencies include:United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);\nSabah Tourism Board;\nQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;\nRoyal Malaysia Police;\nKota Kinabalu City Hall;\nConsulate General of The People's Republic of China (Kota Kinabalu).","title":"Corporate social responsibility"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Imago KK Times Square - Welcome Point (GF) Traditional Dance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Welcome_Point.jpg/220px-Welcome_Point.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imago KK Times Square - Concierge/Information Counter (GF)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1._Concierge.jpg/220px-1._Concierge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imago KK Times Square - Baby Nursing Room (2F)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nursery_Room.jpg/220px-Nursery_Room.jpg"},{"image_text":"IMAGO Christmas 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IMAGO_Christmas_2017.jpg/220px-IMAGO_Christmas_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Imago Hope Express","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/IMAGO_Hope_Express_Train.jpg/220px-IMAGO_Hope_Express_Train.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of shopping malls in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Malaysia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Exclusive Imago Mall set to open late 2014\". Daily Express. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=87509","url_text":"\"Exclusive Imago Mall set to open late 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shopping Malls and it's [sic] Types (With Statistics)\". Your Article Library. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/retailing/shopping-malls-and-its-types-with-statistics/48436","url_text":"\"Shopping Malls and it's [sic] Types (With Statistics)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lists of Stores in Imago\". Imago – The Mall at KK Times Square. SabahBah. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sabahbah.com/shopping/imago-kk-times-square/","url_text":"\"Lists of Stores in Imago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics\". Sabah, North Borneo. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabahtourism.com/statistics/","url_text":"\"Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us | Imago Shopping Mall\". www.imago.my. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imago.my/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us | Imago Shopping Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making KK's new CBD connected, accessible | Daily Express Newspaper Online\". Retrieved 4 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=98266","url_text":"\"Making KK's new CBD connected, accessible | Daily Express Newspaper Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imago – The Mall at KK Times Square\". sabahbah.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sabahbah.com/shopping/imago-kk-times-square/","url_text":"\"Imago – The Mall at KK Times Square\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Joanne (16 October 2015). \"Be scared this Halloween at The Infirmary, Imago Mall\". Sabaheats. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabaheats.com/be-scared-this-halloween-at-the-infirmary-imago-mall/","url_text":"\"Be scared this Halloween at The Infirmary, Imago Mall\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Joanne (4 December 2017). \"Sabah Tourism Awards 2017 - A Tribute to excellence\". Sabaheats. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabaheats.com/sabah-tourism-awards-2017-a-tribute-to-excellence/","url_text":"\"Sabah Tourism Awards 2017 - A Tribute to excellence\""}]},{"reference":"www.malaysiarecords.com.my https://www.malaysiarecords.com.my/record-detail?id=16855. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysiarecords.com.my/record-detail?id=16855","url_text":"https://www.malaysiarecords.com.my/record-detail?id=16855"}]},{"reference":"William (15 December 2019). \"SABAH TOURISM AWARDS 2019\". Borneo 360. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.borneo360.com/sabah-tourism-awards-2019/","url_text":"\"SABAH TOURISM AWARDS 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"RM55,643 raised from Imago 'Hope Express' donated to Sabah Cheshire Home\". Borneo Post Online. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/03/rm55643-raised-from-imago-hope-express-donated-to-sabah-cheshire-home/","url_text":"\"RM55,643 raised from Imago 'Hope Express' donated to Sabah Cheshire Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imago's Hope Express fourth donation since 2016\". Borneo Post Online. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/04/01/imagos-hope-express-fourth-donation-since-2016/","url_text":"\"Imago's Hope Express fourth donation since 2016\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Sugar_Bowl
|
1942 Sugar Bowl
|
["1 Statistics","2 References"]
|
College football game1942 Sugar Bowl
Fordham Rams
Missouri Tigers
(7–1)
(8–1)
Independent
Big 6
2
0
Head coach: Jim Crowley
Head coach: Don Faurot
AP
6
AP
7
1234
Total
Fordham
2000
2
Missouri
0000
0
DateJanuary 1, 1942Season1941StadiumTulane StadiumLocationNew Orleans, LouisianaFavoriteMissouriRefereeWilliam HalloranAttendance66,154
Sugar Bowl
< 1941
1943 >
The 1942 edition of the Sugar Bowl featured the Missouri Tigers and the Fordham Rams. It was played at Tulane Stadium on New Orleans, Louisiana, on Thursday, January 1, 1942.
Those who watched the game were concerned by the entry of the United States into World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor, which had occurred less than four weeks earlier. Despite this, the bowl game was played on schedule on New Year's Day 1942.
The game was played in a cold, driving rainstorm. During the first quarter, a blocked Tigers punt, turned back by Fordham tackle Alex Santilli, led to a two-point safety being scored by defensive end Stanley Ritinski. Nearly a touchdown, the referee ruled that the ball was not under control until after Ritinski slid over the end line.
As the rain continued, no further points were scored. The final score was Fordham 2, Missouri 0, the lowest possible combined point total for an untied American football game, which stands as a bowl game record for an untied game as of 2022 (there have been four scoreless ties). Fordham also won the game without a single forward pass completion; their total yardage was 137 yards, all gained on the ground.
The radio broadcast of the game was carried by the NBC Blue Network.
Statistics
Statistics
Fordham
Missouri
First Downs
10
8
Yards Rushing
137
148
Yards Passing
0
21
Total Yards
137
169
Punts-Average
9-34.0
6-36.0
Fumbles Lost
1
2
Interceptions
0
2
Penalties-Yards
3-30
1-10
References
^ a b c ""Eighth Annual Sugar Bowl Classic: January 1, 1942"". Allstate Sugar Bowl. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
^ a b "Ram letdown jinx may help Missouri". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. January 1, 1942. p. 4B.
^ a b "Facts on the bowl games". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. January 1, 1942. p. 4B.
^ a b Wheeler, Romney (January 2, 1942). "Blocked punt gives Fordham 2-0 verdict over Missouri Tigers". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. p. B3.
^ a b Kirksey, George (January 2, 1942). "Safety nets Fordham 2-0 Sugar Bowl win". Pittsburgh Press. United Press. p. 60.
^ Buker, Paul. "The Six lowest-scoring major college bowl games of all time". The Oregonian. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
vte1941–42 NCAA football bowl game season
Cotton (Jan. 1)
Orange (Jan. 1)
Rose (Jan. 1)
Sugar (Jan. 1)
Sun (Jan. 1)
vteSugar BowlHistory & conference tie-ins
History
Tulane Stadium
Georgia Dome
Caesars Superdome
College Football Playoff
Southeastern Conference
Big 12 Conference
Games
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972 (Jan)
1972 (Dec)
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995 (Jan)
1995 (Dec)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022 (Jan)
2022 (Dec)
2024
Notes
The 2006 game took place in Atlanta, Georgia due to Hurricane Katrina.
The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, or Bowl Championship Series in 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2004.
There was a Sugar Bowl in January and December in 1972, 1995 and 2022.
The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015, 2018, 2021, and 2024 editions.
vteFordham Rams footballVenues
Polo Grounds (1921, 1928–1950, 1953–1954)
Downing Stadium (1951–1952)
Coffey Field (1970–present)
Bowls & rivalries
1941 Cotton Bowl Classic
1942 Sugar Bowl
Columbia: Liberty Cup
Holy Cross: Ram–Crusader Cup
Culture & lore
First televised football game
Seven Blocks of Granite
The Ram
"The Ram"
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Seasons
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910–1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943–1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955–1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
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1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
vteMissouri Tigers bowl games
Los Angeles Christmas Festival
1940 Orange Bowl
1942 Sugar Bowl
1946 Cotton Bowl Classic
1949 Gator Bowl
1950 Gator Bowl
1960 Orange Bowl
1961 Orange Bowl
1962 Bluebonnet Bowl
1966 Sugar Bowl
1968 Gator Bowl
1970 Orange Bowl
1972 Fiesta Bowl
1973 Sun Bowl
1978 Liberty Bowl
1979 Hall of Fame Classic
1980 Liberty Bowl
1981 Tangerine Bowl
1983 Holiday Bowl
1997 Holiday Bowl
1998 Insight.com Bowl
2003 Independence Bowl
2005 Independence Bowl
2006 Sun Bowl
2008 Cotton Bowl Classic
2008 Alamo Bowl
2009 Texas Bowl
2010 Insight Bowl
2011 Independence Bowl
2014 Cotton Bowl Classic
2015 Citrus Bowl
2017 Texas Bowl
2018 Liberty Bowl
2021 Armed Forces Bowl
2022 Gasparilla Bowl
2023 Cotton Bowl Classic
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_E._Pickhardt_Jr.
|
Carl E. Pickhardt Jr.
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American painter
Carl Emile Pickhardt, Jr.Born1908Westwood, Massachusetts, U.S.Died2004EducationHarvard UniversitySpouseRosamond Forbes
Carl E. Pickhardt Jr. (1908-2004) was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker.
He was born in Westwood, Massachusetts, in 1908 and grew up in West Newton, Massachusetts. He attended the Boston Latin School and Harvard University, graduating in 1931. He studied art under Harold K. Zimmerman, who also tutored Jack Levine and Hyman Bloom.
In his paintings and prints of the 1930s and 40s, Pickhardt often depicted working-class city dwellers such as newsboys, butchers, and washerwomen. In 1942 he was awarded the Shope Prize by the Society of American Etchers at the National Academy of Design. He exhibited at the Institute of Contemporary Art, the 1952 International Exhibition in Japan, the 1966 American Drawing Biennial in Norfolk, Virginia, the Berkshire Museum, and other venues in Boston and New York.
Pickhardt moved to New York City in 1940 but eventually moved back to Boston where he met his wife, Rosamond Forbes, daughter of Fogg Museum director Edward W. Forbes. He taught at the Worcester Museum School, Fitchburg Art Museum, and Sturbridge Art School.
Carl Pickhardt's first “Free Form” paintings pioneered the use of the shaped canvas and called for a new pictorial structure without horizontal or vertical reference. Referring to his paintings as “sculptural,” or “abstractions in new shapes,” Pickhardt fractured the space of traditional painting and paralleled the research of modern mathematicians. Pickhardt first introduced his Free Form paintings in 1953, seven years before Frank Stella's first experimentation with “deductive” pictorial structure, and nine years before Kenneth Noland's lozenge shaped chevron paintings. Like Hans Arp before him, Pickhardt derived pictorial structure from the physical character of the picture support itself. Each painting may be revolved a turntable, appearing in any position around the axes fixing their centers to the wall. As suggested by art historian Parker Tyler, “each outline quivers, expands and contracts, the way the heard does in a human body, sending out waves of energy.”¹ Unconstrained by the traditional boundaries of a rectangular frame, Pickhardt's spontaneous paintings “combine the cerebral and the intuitive, with a critical independence and a controlled passion and intensity in his forms and shapes.”²
His works are included in the permanent collections of the New York Public Library, the Addison Gallery of American Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Harvard University's Fogg Museum, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Library of Congress, and the Museum of Modern Art. His papers are on file with the Archives of American Art.
See also
Boston Expressionism
References
^ Brown, Robert. "Oral history interview with Carl E. Pickhardt, 1974 Dec. 4-1975 Jan. 16". Archives of American Art.
^ a b c d "Carl E. Pickhardt, Jr". Questroyal Fine Art, LLC. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ "Carl Pickhardt". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ "Carl Emile Pickhardt, Jr". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
^ "Carl E. Pickhardt papers, 1929-1998". Archives of American Art. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Sotheby's San Francisco, Carl Pickhardt: Free Form, an exhibition featuring works by American abstract artist Carl Pickhardt on view at One Sansome Street, Suite 750 from August 1 through September 28, 2018.
External links
Unemployed, 1935
Man with a Drink, 1935
Pencil Vendor, n.d.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
Museum of Modern Art
RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Realist"},{"link_name":"West Newton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Newton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-1"},{"link_name":"Boston Latin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School"},{"link_name":"Jack Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Levine"},{"link_name":"Hyman Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quest-2"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quest-2"},{"link_name":"Fogg Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Museum"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Forbes"},{"link_name":"Worcester Museum School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fitchburg Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quest-2"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Addison Gallery of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Gallery_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Fogg Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogg_Museum"},{"link_name":"Boston Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quest-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moma-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa-4"},{"link_name":"Archives of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa-5"}],"text":"Carl E. Pickhardt Jr. (1908-2004) was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker.He was born in Westwood, Massachusetts, in 1908 and grew up in West Newton, Massachusetts.[1] He attended the Boston Latin School and Harvard University, graduating in 1931. He studied art under Harold K. Zimmerman, who also tutored Jack Levine and Hyman Bloom.[2]In his paintings and prints of the 1930s and 40s, Pickhardt often depicted working-class city dwellers such as newsboys, butchers, and washerwomen. In 1942 he was awarded the Shope Prize by the Society of American Etchers at the National Academy of Design. He exhibited at the Institute of Contemporary Art, the 1952 International Exhibition in Japan, the 1966 American Drawing Biennial in Norfolk, Virginia, the Berkshire Museum, and other venues in Boston and New York.[2]Pickhardt moved to New York City in 1940 but eventually moved back to Boston where he met his wife, Rosamond Forbes, daughter of Fogg Museum director Edward W. Forbes. He taught at the Worcester Museum School, Fitchburg Art Museum, and Sturbridge Art School.[2]Carl Pickhardt's first “Free Form” paintings pioneered the use of the shaped canvas and called for a new pictorial structure without horizontal or vertical reference. Referring to his paintings as “sculptural,” or “abstractions in new shapes,” Pickhardt fractured the space of traditional painting and paralleled the research of modern mathematicians. Pickhardt first introduced his Free Form paintings in 1953, seven years before Frank Stella's first experimentation with “deductive” pictorial structure, and nine years before Kenneth Noland's lozenge shaped chevron paintings. Like Hans Arp before him, Pickhardt derived pictorial structure from the physical character of the picture support itself. Each painting may be revolved a turntable, appearing in any position around the axes fixing their centers to the wall. As suggested by art historian Parker Tyler, “each outline quivers, expands and contracts, the way the heard does in a human body, sending out waves of energy.”¹ Unconstrained by the traditional boundaries of a rectangular frame, Pickhardt's spontaneous paintings “combine the cerebral and the intuitive, with a critical independence and a controlled passion and intensity in his forms and shapes.”²His works are included in the permanent collections of the New York Public Library, the Addison Gallery of American Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Harvard University's Fogg Museum, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Library of Congress, and the Museum of Modern Art.[2][3][4] His papers are on file with the Archives of American Art.[5]","title":"Carl E. Pickhardt Jr."}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Boston Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Expressionism"}]
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[{"reference":"Brown, Robert. \"Oral history interview with Carl E. Pickhardt, 1974 Dec. 4-1975 Jan. 16\". Archives of American Art.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-carl-e-pickhardt-13079","url_text":"\"Oral history interview with Carl E. Pickhardt, 1974 Dec. 4-1975 Jan. 16\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt, Jr\". Questroyal Fine Art, LLC. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questroyalfineart.com/artist/carl-e-pickhardt-jr/","url_text":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Pickhardt\". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/artists/4615","url_text":"\"Carl Pickhardt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Emile Pickhardt, Jr\". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2017-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153920/http://www.mfa.org/collections/search?f%5B0%5D=field_artists%253Afield_artist:11559","url_text":"\"Carl Emile Pickhardt, Jr\""},{"url":"http://www.mfa.org/collections/search?f%5b0%5d=field_artists%253Afield_artist%3A11559","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt papers, 1929-1998\". Archives of American Art. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/carl-e-pickhardt-papers-7033","url_text":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt papers, 1929-1998\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-carl-e-pickhardt-13079","external_links_name":"\"Oral history interview with Carl E. Pickhardt, 1974 Dec. 4-1975 Jan. 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.questroyalfineart.com/artist/carl-e-pickhardt-jr/","external_links_name":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/4615","external_links_name":"\"Carl Pickhardt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153920/http://www.mfa.org/collections/search?f%5B0%5D=field_artists%253Afield_artist:11559","external_links_name":"\"Carl Emile Pickhardt, Jr\""},{"Link":"http://www.mfa.org/collections/search?f%5b0%5d=field_artists%253Afield_artist%3A11559","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/carl-e-pickhardt-papers-7033","external_links_name":"\"Carl E. Pickhardt papers, 1929-1998\""},{"Link":"http://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/3428/unemployed?ctx=e722eda6-f10e-484c-a2c7-ccbe6b10ac0f&idx=1967","external_links_name":"Unemployed, 1935"},{"Link":"https://www.1stdibs.com/art/paintings/figurative-paintings/carl-e-pickhardt-jr-man-drink/id-a_1574413/","external_links_name":"Man with a Drink, 1935"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20171202203220/http://www.artnet.com/artists/carl-e-pickhardt-jr/pencil-vendor-w2jPPt0FcLirMxjIXFmVeQ2","external_links_name":"Pencil Vendor, n.d."},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/80699/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078188753","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000386967070","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95959827","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdyQrRFXcxMBjfwWpMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98061285","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1400097","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/17432846X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81118930","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p128264918","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/4615","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/96510","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500042682","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/185771904","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedysarum_alpinum
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Hedysarum alpinum
|
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Ecology","4 Use by humans","5 References"]
|
Species of legume
Hedysarum alpinum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Genus:
Hedysarum
Species:
H. alpinum
Binomial name
Hedysarum alpinumL.
Hedysarum alpinum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name alpine sweetvetch. It is called masu, masru or mazu in the Iñupiaq language. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring throughout the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America it is widespread in Canada and the northernmost United States, including Alaska.
Description
Hedysarum alpinum flower
This plant is a perennial herb producing several erect stems from its caudex. It grows to 70 centimetres (28 inches) in height. The taproot is thick and woody, and it has rhizomes which can produce new stems. The leaves are each divided into a number of leaflets up to 3.5 centimetres (1.4 inches) long. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of flowers. The flowers are pink or pale purple and up to 1.5 centimetres (0.59 inches) long. The flowers are pollinated by insects such as the bumblebee and honeybee. The fruit is a flat legume pod which is narrowed between the seeds, with as many as 9 segments.
Distribution and habitat
This plant generally grows in the boreal and northern temperate climates. It occurs in tundra and taiga habitat types, in floodplains, grasslands, and dry forests. It is well adapted to calcareous soils. It is usually not a dominant species but it is considered dominant in several river deltas and plains in Alaska. It is a pioneer species on floodplains that have been recently scoured by water and ice. It grows with willows and birches along waterways and in forests dominated by spruces. It grows on grasslands with grass species such as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and American dunegrass (Leymus mollis).
Ecology
Alpine sweetvetch is an important source of food for many types of animals, including black bears, grizzly bears, American bison, moose, Dall's sheep, and caribou. Bears are adept at digging up the nutritious roots. The roots are a primary food for grizzly bears in some areas, such as Banff National Park. In parts of Alaska this plant is a primary food for Dall's sheep and caribou. Many small mammals, such as voles and short-tailed weasels eat it, and a variety of birds nest in alpine sweetvetch habitat.
Use by humans
Native Alaskan peoples used and still use the plant for food, particularly the fleshy roots. The roots are said to taste like young carrots. The Inupiat people call the plant wild potato and obtain dietary fiber from the roots. Alpine sweetvetch is the most important food source for the Dena'ina people after wild fruit species. The Eskimo train dogs to locate stores of roots that have been cached by mice. The roots may be eaten raw or prepared in a number of ways, including boiling, roasting, and frying in grease. They are stored in lard or oil and eaten when other food stores run out. The seeds should not be eaten raw, or in large quantity, as they contain L-canavanine, which may have led or contributed to the death of Christopher McCandless.
Research into the veracity of this theory is ongoing.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Gucker, Corey L. 2007. Hedysarum alpinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 11-22-2011.
^ a b c S.G. Aiken, et al. 1999 onwards. Hedysarum alpinum var. alpinum. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 29 April 2003. Retrieved 11-22-2011.
^ Hedysarum alpinum. Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
^ Jon Krakauer (11 February 2015). "How Chris McCandless Died: An Update". The New Yorker Blog: Page-Turner.
^ "Krakauer's wild theory on McCandless gives short shrift to science". Anchorage Daily News. 18 September 2013.
^ Treadwell, Edward M.; Clausen, Thomas P. (2008). "Is Hedysarum mackenziei (Wild Sweet Pea) Actually Toxic?". Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 6: 319–321. doi:10.17348/era.6.0.319-321.
Taxon identifiersHedysarum alpinum
Wikidata: Q247393
Wikispecies: Hedysarum alpinum
APNI: 235860
CoL: 3K2RF
EoL: 703939
FEIS: hedalp
FNA: 200012154
FoC: 200012154
GBIF: 2949263
GRIN: 18594
iNaturalist: 163580
IPNI: 497455-1
ITIS: 26723
IUCN: 64314193
MichiganFlora: 1305
NatureServe: 2.158767
NCBI: 57576
Observation.org: 118390
Open Tree of Life: 839033
PfaF: Hedysarum alpinum
Plant List: ild-8842
PLANTS: HEAL
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:497455-1
Tropicos: 13019930
VASCAN: 5736
WFO: wfo-0000213780
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legume family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"Iñupiaq language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_language"},{"link_name":"circumpolar distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumpolar_distribution"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"}],"text":"Hedysarum alpinum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name alpine sweetvetch. It is called masu, masru or mazu in the Iñupiaq language. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring throughout the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America it is widespread in Canada and the northernmost United States, including Alaska.[1]","title":"Hedysarum alpinum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hedysarum_alpinum_(7833274266).jpg"},{"link_name":"caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"taproot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caa-2"},{"link_name":"pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus_flavifrons"},{"link_name":"honeybee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeybee"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"}],"text":"Hedysarum alpinum flowerThis plant is a perennial herb producing several erect stems from its caudex. It grows to 70 centimetres (28 inches) in height. The taproot is thick and woody, and it has rhizomes which can produce new stems. The leaves are each divided into a number of leaflets up to 3.5 centimetres (1.4 inches) long. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of flowers.[1] The flowers are pink or pale purple and up to 1.5 centimetres (0.59 inches) long.[2] The flowers are pollinated by insects such as the bumblebee and honeybee. The fruit is a flat legume pod which is narrowed between the seeds, with as many as 9 segments.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"northern temperate climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"floodplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"river deltas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta"},{"link_name":"pioneer species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_species"},{"link_name":"willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix"},{"link_name":"birches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula"},{"link_name":"spruces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea"},{"link_name":"little bluestem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizachyrium_scoparium"},{"link_name":"Canada bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poa_compressa"},{"link_name":"American dunegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymus_mollis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"}],"text":"This plant generally grows in the boreal and northern temperate climates. It occurs in tundra and taiga habitat types, in floodplains, grasslands, and dry forests. It is well adapted to calcareous soils. It is usually not a dominant species but it is considered dominant in several river deltas and plains in Alaska. It is a pioneer species on floodplains that have been recently scoured by water and ice. It grows with willows and birches along waterways and in forests dominated by spruces. It grows on grasslands with grass species such as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and American dunegrass (Leymus mollis).[1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"grizzly bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear"},{"link_name":"American bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"Dall's sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall%27s_sheep"},{"link_name":"caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou"},{"link_name":"Banff National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park"},{"link_name":"voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole"},{"link_name":"short-tailed weasels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"}],"text":"Alpine sweetvetch is an important source of food for many types of animals, including black bears, grizzly bears, American bison, moose, Dall's sheep, and caribou. Bears are adept at digging up the nutritious roots. The roots are a primary food for grizzly bears in some areas, such as Banff National Park. In parts of Alaska this plant is a primary food for Dall's sheep and caribou. Many small mammals, such as voles and short-tailed weasels eat it, and a variety of birds nest in alpine sweetvetch habitat.[1]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"},{"link_name":"carrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caa-2"},{"link_name":"Inupiat people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat_people"},{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"Dena'ina people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena%27ina_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"},{"link_name":"Eskimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo"},{"link_name":"cached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_(animal_behavior)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naeb-3"},{"link_name":"lard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feis-1"},{"link_name":"L-canavanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavanine"},{"link_name":"Christopher McCandless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_McCandless"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Native Alaskan peoples used and still use the plant for food, particularly the fleshy roots.[1] The roots are said to taste like young carrots.[2] The Inupiat people call the plant wild potato and obtain dietary fiber from the roots. Alpine sweetvetch is the most important food source for the Dena'ina people after wild fruit species.[1] The Eskimo train dogs to locate stores of roots that have been cached by mice.[2][3] The roots may be eaten raw or prepared in a number of ways, including boiling, roasting, and frying in grease. They are stored in lard or oil and eaten when other food stores run out.[1] The seeds should not be eaten raw, or in large quantity, as they contain L-canavanine, which may have led or contributed to the death of Christopher McCandless.[4]\nResearch into the veracity of this theory is ongoing.[5][6]","title":"Use by humans"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hedysarum alpinum flower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hedysarum_alpinum_%287833274266%29.jpg/170px-Hedysarum_alpinum_%287833274266%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jon Krakauer (11 February 2015). \"How Chris McCandless Died: An Update\". The New Yorker Blog: Page-Turner.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/chris-mccandless-died-update","url_text":"\"How Chris McCandless Died: An Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krakauer's wild theory on McCandless gives short shrift to science\". Anchorage Daily News. 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn.com/commentary/article/krakauers-wild-theory-mccandless-gives-short-shrift-science/2013/09/18/","url_text":"\"Krakauer's wild theory on McCandless gives short shrift to science\""}]},{"reference":"Treadwell, Edward M.; Clausen, Thomas P. (2008). \"Is Hedysarum mackenziei (Wild Sweet Pea) Actually Toxic?\". Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 6: 319–321. doi:10.17348/era.6.0.319-321.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/viewFile/180/153","url_text":"\"Is Hedysarum mackenziei (Wild Sweet Pea) Actually Toxic?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.6.0.319-321","url_text":"10.17348/era.6.0.319-321"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/hedalp/all.html","external_links_name":"Hedysarum alpinum"},{"Link":"https://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/_ca/www/faheal.htm","external_links_name":"Hedysarum alpinum var. alpinum."},{"Link":"http://naeb.brit.org/uses/16501/","external_links_name":"Hedysarum alpinum."},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/chris-mccandless-died-update","external_links_name":"\"How Chris McCandless Died: An Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.adn.com/commentary/article/krakauers-wild-theory-mccandless-gives-short-shrift-science/2013/09/18/","external_links_name":"\"Krakauer's wild theory on McCandless gives short shrift to science\""},{"Link":"http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/viewFile/180/153","external_links_name":"\"Is Hedysarum mackenziei (Wild Sweet Pea) Actually Toxic?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.6.0.319-321","external_links_name":"10.17348/era.6.0.319-321"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/235860","external_links_name":"235860"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3K2RF","external_links_name":"3K2RF"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/703939","external_links_name":"703939"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/hedalp/all.html","external_links_name":"hedalp"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012154","external_links_name":"200012154"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012154","external_links_name":"200012154"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2949263","external_links_name":"2949263"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=18594","external_links_name":"18594"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/163580","external_links_name":"163580"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/497455-1","external_links_name":"497455-1"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26723","external_links_name":"26723"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/64314193","external_links_name":"64314193"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1305","external_links_name":"1305"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158767/","external_links_name":"2.158767"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=57576","external_links_name":"57576"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/118390/","external_links_name":"118390"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=839033","external_links_name":"839033"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+alpinum","external_links_name":"Hedysarum alpinum"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-8842","external_links_name":"ild-8842"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HEAL","external_links_name":"HEAL"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A497455-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:497455-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13019930","external_links_name":"13019930"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5736","external_links_name":"5736"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000213780","external_links_name":"wfo-0000213780"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98restad_Station
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Ørestad railway station
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["1 Location","1.1 Transit-oriented development","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°37′43″N 12°34′45″E / 55.62861°N 12.57917°E / 55.62861; 12.57917Railway and rapid transit station in Copenhagen, Denmark
55°37′43″N 12°34′45″E / 55.62861°N 12.57917°E / 55.62861; 12.57917
ØrestadCopenhagen Metro rapid transit stationDSB regional rail stationØrestad station in 2014General informationLocationØrestads Boulevard 892300 Copenhagen SPlatforms2 side platforms(Regional service)1 island platform (Metro)Tracks4ConstructionStructure typeTrench (Regional service)Elevated (Metro)Platform levels3AccessibleYesOther informationStation codeØreFare zone3HistoryOpened19 October 2002 (Metro)Services
Preceding station
DSB
Following station
København Htowards Østerport
Copenhagen–MalmöRegional train
Tårnbytowards Malmö C and beyond
Tårnbytowards Copenhagen Airport
Copenhagen–SlagelseRegional train
Høje Taastruptowards Slagelse
Preceding station
Long distance trains
Following station
Malmö Centraltowards Stockholm Central
Snälltågetseasonal
Høje Taastruptowards Berlin Hbf
Preceding station
Copenhagen Metro
Following station
Bella Centertowards Vanløse
M1
VestamagerTerminus
LocationØrestadLocation within Greater CopenhagenShow map of Greater CopenhagenØrestadØrestad (Denmark)Show map of Denmark
Ørestad station is a junction station served by both the Copenhagen Metro and regional trains in Copenhagen, Denmark. The penultimate stop of the M1 Line, it is located in zone 3 in the west-central section of the island of Amager.
Location
Ørestad station is one of the southernmost stations of the Copenhagen Metro system. Specifically, it lies on a viaduct paralleling the eastern edge of Ørestads Boulevard at its intersection with Arne Jacobsens Allé.
Ørestad Metro Station
Transit-oriented development
One of six Metro stations within the Ørestad redevelopment area, significant mixed-use development and construction is underway in the area immediately surrounding the station. As the transfer point between the Metro and regional trains, Ørestad station and its environs, termed the Ørestad City district, will see the most intense levels of development, with a focus a new Ørestad Downtown.
The two most significant buildings in the area are the Ferring Building and Field's, one of Scandinavia's largest department stores at 178,000 square metres (1,920,000 sq ft). Surrounding Field's is the Ørestad Downtown, which include 205,000 square metres (2,210,000 sq ft) of commercial space. Much of the Downtown was designed by Daniel Liebeskind. Ørestad station's residential transit-oriented development is scattered in the form of smaller apartment complexes, including City Husene, Parkhusene, and Sejlhuset.
History
The railway station opened in 2000. The Metro station opened in 2002.
See also
Trains portalArchitecture portalDenmark portal
List of railway stations in Denmark
References
^ Ørestad overview BY&HAVN Retrieved 2012-06-27
^ a b 2010 construction update BY&HAVN Retrieved 2012-06-27
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ørestad Station.
Ørestad Metro station on www.m.dk (in Danish)
Ørestad Metro station on www.m.dk (in English)
Ørestad Railway station on www.dsb.dk (in Danish)
vteCopenhagen MetroLines
Vanløse
Flintholm
Lindevang
Fasanvej
Frederiksberg
Forum
Nørreport
Kongens Nytorv
Christianshavn
Islands Brygge
DR Byen
Sundby
Bella Center
Ørestad
Vestamager
Vanløse
Flintholm
Lindevang
Fasanvej
Frederiksberg
Forum
Nørreport
Kongens Nytorv
Christianshavn
Amagerbro
Lergravsparken
Øresund
Amager Strand
Femøren
Kastrup
Lufthavnen
← København H
Rådhuspladsen
Gammel Strand
Kongens Nytorv
Marmorkirken
Østerport
Trianglen
Poul Henningsens Plads
Vibenshus Runddel
Skjolds Plads
Nørrebro
Nørrebros Runddel
Nuuks Plads
Aksel Møllers Have
Frederiksberg
Frederiksberg Allé
Enghave Plads →
København Syd
Mozarts Plads
Sluseholmen
Enghave Brygge
Havneholmen
København H
Rådhuspladsen
Gammel Strand
Kongens Nytorv
Marmorkirken
Østerport
Nordhavn
Orientkaj
Train
Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro
Italics denote future stations on the M4, expected to open in 2024.
This article about a Danish railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Copenhagen Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Lemberg
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Rosa Lemberg
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Life in the United States","2 Legacy","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
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Namibian-born American-Finnish socialist
Not to be confused with Rose Lemberg.
Rosa LembergRosa Clay in 1899BornRosa Emilia Clay(1875-08-31)31 August 1875Omaruru, NamibiaDied1959Covington, Michigan, United StatesOccupation(s)Teacher, singer, actress, choral conductor, theater directorSpouseLauri Lemberg Children2
Rosa Emilia Lemberg (née Clay; 31 August 1875 – 1959) was a Namibian-born Finnish American teacher, singer and choral conductor. She was the first African-born person in Finland to officially receive Finnish citizenship. She was also a significant influence in the Finnish-American labor movement of the first half of the 20th century.
Biography
Early life
Lemberg, who was born in the village of Omaruru, located in the territory of present-day Namibia, was the daughter of British merchant Charles William Clay and Feroza Sabina Hazara from the Bantu tribe, from whom Lemberg was taken away soon after birth. When she was four years old, she was adopted by Karl August Weikkolin and Ida Sofia Ingman, who worked as missionaries of the Finnish Missionary Society in Southwest Africa.
Lemberg in 1889
The Weikkolins returned to Finland for a short time in June 1888, when the family also included son Kalle Johannes, and for a couple of years, the family toured different parts of Finland. They visited spiritual events, where Lemberg, considered exotic, was presented to the public. At that time, Lemberg also performed at Jyväskylä's song festival, where she sold photos of herself to the audience. In the 1890s, she began attending folk school and continued two years of middle school in Helsinki. At the age of 19 she graduated from her seminary in Sortavala, where she was especially successful in art subjects, led the school choir, and often sang solo parts in concerts. She achieved great popularity during a concert tour to Joensuu's song festival in 1897. She graduated as a teacher in 1898 and received Finnish citizenship a year later.
The female choir of the Sortavala Seminary in 1897 on a concert tour in Joensuu. Rosa Lemberg in the middle of the back row.
Lemberg's first job was in the school of Mustinlahti, a village near the city of Kuopio, but life in a small village soon became impossible due to her background; Lemberg rarely left the school due to the prejudices of the villagers. She left her job in 1900 and planned to return to Africa as a missionary. However, she ultimately decided to stay in Finland and worked as a private teacher in Urjala for a year and in Tampere between 1901 and 1903. Life in a bigger city was easier, and Lemberg was also liked by the students. In the summer of 1903, she vacationed in Loviisa, where she met a wealthy Russian doctor. The couple quickly got engaged, but the doctor, who was apparently confused by the drugs he tried, committed suicide just a couple of weeks before the wedding date. Shocked by the incident, Lemberg decided to leave Finland and immigrated to the United States in June 1904.
Life in the United States
After arriving in the United States, she joined the company of Finnish immigrants in New York City and soon also joined the local branch of the Finnish Socialist Federation. After a couple of years, she married the Finnish American playwright Lauri Lemberg , and the couple later had two children, Irja and Orvo. The family first moved to Ironwood, Michigan, and in the early 1910s to Astoria, Oregon on the west coast. However, the marriage ended in divorce when Lauri Lemberg moved to California and Rosa remained the sole parent of her children. In Astoria, she became the choir and stage director of the Finnish Socialist Federation.
On the west coast, Lemberg joined the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World trade union, in which she was later particularly active as a theater director. In 1916, Lemberg worked as an instructor among Finnish workers in Butte, Montana, and organized, among other things, a program to raise funds for the families of IWW workers killed in the Everett Massacre. In 1919, Lemberg moved to Chicago, where she continued her activities in the IWW union and the local Finnish-American gathering place, Finn Hall. Lemberg performed for free and made a living by working as a seamstress and as a music and language teacher. Although Lemberg's income was very small, she was able to pay for her children's music and dance lessons with it.
Lemberg worked as a choir and theater director and appeared in leading roles in numerous operettas and musical plays in addition to regular drama. She was especially known as an impressive singer whose vocal range was contralto; because of this, she was called by the nicknames "Nightingale" and "Finnish Sarah Bernhardt". However, Lemberg reportedly did not make any recordings. In addition to singing, she was known as a skilled pianist. In addition to her long-time hometown of Chicago, Lemberg had a great influence in the community and cultural life of Finnish-American socialists in Astoria, Oregon. Due to her influence, the repertoire of the local theater included works by, among others, Henrik Ibsen and Molière, in addition to well-known Finnish plays.
Lemberg was an active cultural influencer in the Finnish-American labor movement even after age 70. She died in the Finnish nursing home in Covington, Michigan at the age of 84 in 1959.
Legacy
At least two biographies have been published about Rosa Lemberg. A Finnish-language work Rosalia by Arvo Lindewall was published during her lifetime, in 1942, but its truthfulness has been questioned, as its content has been heavily colored. The book, for example, claimed that Lemberg's father was the British vice-governor of Cape Town and her mother was of half-Arab background. In 1993, another biography called The Rosa Lemberg story, written by Eva Helen Erickson, was published by Työmies Society. In 2010, Lemberg's life was discussed in the television documentary series Afro-Suomen historia ("The Afro-Finnish History"), presented by Yle Teema.
In 2020, the fiction novel Rosa Clay, written by literary researcher Vappu Kannas, was published. Kannas combined the historian's sources with her own imagination in the work.
Further reading
Lindewall, Arvo (1942). Rosalia (in Finnish). Yonkers, New York: Kansallinen Kustannuskomitea.
Erickson, Eva Helen (1993). The Rosa Lemberg story. Työmies Society. ISBN 9780963378033.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leitzinger, Antero (22 June 2011). "Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)". Finnish Literature Society (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Rastas, Anna (19 November 2019). "Lessons to Learn from the Story of Rosa". Intertwined histories. University of Turku. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b c d e f Nieminen, Tommi (24 January 2010). "Clay oli ensimmäinen tummaihoinen suomalainen". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kolsi, Eeva-Kaarina (7 June 2020). "Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen Suomen kansalaisuuden saanut afrikkalainen – rakkaus venäläiseen lääkäriin päättyi traagisesti". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b Aittomaa, Sofia (2 July 2021). "Black Lives Matter movement, monuments and Finland" (PDF). 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. 18. Åbo Akademi University: 150–152. doi:10.7557/4.5911. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ a b Mkwesha, Faith; Huber, Sasha (2021). "Rethinking Design : A Dialogue on Anti-Racism and Art Activism from a Decolonial Perspective" (PDF). Helda. Gender and Politics. University of Helsinki: 223–245. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53464-6_11. ISBN 978-3-030-53463-9. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
^ a b c d Rosemont, Franklin (2003). Joe Hill: The IWW & The Making of a Revolutionary Working Class Counterculture. Chicago, Illinois: Charles H Kerr. ISBN 978-088-28626-4-4.
^ "Rosa Emilia Clay: From Omaruru via Sortavala to Chicago". Intertwined Histories. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Jonkka, Miia (24 January 2010). "Anna anteeksi, pikku Rosa". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Törnroos, Heidi (12 May 2011). "Rosa Emilia muistetaan Mustinlahden kylällä" (audio). Yle Areena (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b Virkkula, Simopekka (4 June 2020). "Opettaja Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen afrikkalaistaustainen tamperelainen – Hänestä kerrotaan dramaattisia tarinoita, mutta mihin mysteerinainen katosi?". Aamulehti (in Finnish). Sanoma Media Kustannus Oy. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ a b Stratton, Edward (24 February 2016). "Early African-Americans charted course in Clatsop". The Daily Astorian. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Peltonen, Timo (22 January 2010). "Neger, morjani, suomalainen". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
External links
Media related to Rosa Lemberg at Wikimedia Commons
Mylläri, Jari (16 December 2020). "Hopanrinne? Entä tiedätkö keitä olivat Rosa Clay ja Adolf Aarno? Nyt he saavat Tampereelle omat nimikkoalueet". Aamulehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rose Lemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Lemberg"},{"link_name":"Namibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Finnish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Americans"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"choral conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral_conductor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"African-born person in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland#History"},{"link_name":"Finnish citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_citizenship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abo-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helda-6"},{"link_name":"labor movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosemont-7"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Rose Lemberg.Rosa Emilia Lemberg (née Clay; 31 August 1875 – 1959) was a Namibian-born Finnish American teacher, singer and choral conductor.[1] She was the first African-born person in Finland to officially receive Finnish citizenship.[1][2][3][4][5][6] She was also a significant influence in the Finnish-American labor movement of the first half of the 20th century.[7]","title":"Rosa Lemberg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omaruru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaruru,_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Bantu tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"adopted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption"},{"link_name":"Karl August Weikkolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_August_Weikkolin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_Weikkolin"},{"link_name":"Finnish Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Lemberg_(Clay)_1889.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"folk school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksschule"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"Sortavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortavala"},{"link_name":"school choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Joensuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abo-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helda-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sortavalan_seminaari_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joensuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joensuu"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"Urjala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjala"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aamulehti-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"Loviisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loviisa"},{"link_name":"drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Lemberg, who was born in the village of Omaruru, located in the territory of present-day Namibia, was the daughter of British merchant Charles William Clay and Feroza Sabina Hazara from the Bantu tribe, from whom Lemberg was taken away soon after birth.[1][8][4] When she was four years old, she was adopted by Karl August Weikkolin [fi] and Ida Sofia Ingman, who worked as missionaries of the Finnish Missionary Society in Southwest Africa.[4]Lemberg in 1889The Weikkolins returned to Finland for a short time in June 1888, when the family also included son Kalle Johannes,[4] and for a couple of years, the family toured different parts of Finland. They visited spiritual events, where Lemberg, considered exotic, was presented to the public.[1][4][9] At that time, Lemberg also performed at Jyväskylä's song festival, where she sold photos of herself to the audience.[3] In the 1890s, she began attending folk school and continued two years of middle school in Helsinki.[1] At the age of 19 she graduated from her seminary in Sortavala, where she was especially successful in art subjects, led the school choir, and often sang solo parts in concerts.[1] She achieved great popularity during a concert tour to Joensuu's song festival in 1897.[4] She graduated as a teacher in 1898 and received Finnish citizenship a year later.[3][4][5][6]The female choir of the Sortavala Seminary in 1897 on a concert tour in Joensuu. Rosa Lemberg in the middle of the back row.Lemberg's first job was in the school of Mustinlahti, a village near the city of Kuopio,[10] but life in a small village soon became impossible due to her background; Lemberg rarely left the school due to the prejudices of the villagers.[1] She left her job in 1900 and planned to return to Africa as a missionary.[3] However, she ultimately decided to stay in Finland and worked as a private teacher in Urjala for a year and in Tampere between 1901 and 1903.[11] Life in a bigger city was easier, and Lemberg was also liked by the students.[4] In the summer of 1903, she vacationed in Loviisa, where she met a wealthy Russian doctor. The couple quickly got engaged, but the doctor, who was apparently confused by the drugs he tried, committed suicide just a couple of weeks before the wedding date.[4] Shocked by the incident, Lemberg decided to leave Finland and immigrated to the United States in June 1904.[1][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Finnish Socialist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"Lauri Lemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauri_Lemberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Lemberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"Ironwood, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwood,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da240216-12"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"Butte, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Everett Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosemont-7"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosemont-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"operettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta"},{"link_name":"musical plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_play"},{"link_name":"contralto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contralto"},{"link_name":"Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosemont-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-da240216-12"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"nursing home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home"},{"link_name":"Covington, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"}],"sub_title":"Life in the United States","text":"After arriving in the United States, she joined the company of Finnish immigrants in New York City and soon also joined the local branch of the Finnish Socialist Federation.[1] After a couple of years, she married the Finnish American playwright Lauri Lemberg [fi], and the couple later had two children, Irja and Orvo.[4] The family first moved to Ironwood, Michigan, and in the early 1910s to Astoria, Oregon on the west coast. However, the marriage ended in divorce when Lauri Lemberg moved to California and Rosa remained the sole parent of her children.[4] In Astoria, she became the choir and stage director of the Finnish Socialist Federation.[12]On the west coast, Lemberg joined the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World trade union, in which she was later particularly active as a theater director.[4] In 1916, Lemberg worked as an instructor among Finnish workers in Butte, Montana, and organized, among other things, a program to raise funds for the families of IWW workers killed in the Everett Massacre.[7] In 1919, Lemberg moved to Chicago, where she continued her activities in the IWW union and the local Finnish-American gathering place, Finn Hall. Lemberg performed for free and made a living by working as a seamstress and as a music and language teacher.[7] Although Lemberg's income was very small, she was able to pay for her children's music and dance lessons with it.[1]Lemberg worked as a choir and theater director and appeared in leading roles in numerous operettas and musical plays in addition to regular drama. She was especially known as an impressive singer whose vocal range was contralto; because of this, she was called by the nicknames \"Nightingale\" and \"Finnish Sarah Bernhardt\".[4] However, Lemberg reportedly did not make any recordings. In addition to singing, she was known as a skilled pianist.[7] In addition to her long-time hometown of Chicago, Lemberg had a great influence in the community and cultural life of Finnish-American socialists in Astoria, Oregon.[12] Due to her influence, the repertoire of the local theater included works by, among others, Henrik Ibsen and Molière, in addition to well-known Finnish plays.[3]Lemberg was an active cultural influencer in the Finnish-American labor movement even after age 70.[4] She died in the Finnish nursing home in Covington, Michigan at the age of 84 in 1959.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hs240110-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kansallisbiografia-1"},{"link_name":"television documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_documentary"},{"link_name":"Yle Teema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle_Teema"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-is-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aamulehti-11"}],"text":"At least two biographies have been published about Rosa Lemberg. A Finnish-language work Rosalia by Arvo Lindewall was published during her lifetime, in 1942, but its truthfulness has been questioned,[4] as its content has been heavily colored.[1] The book, for example, claimed that Lemberg's father was the British vice-governor of Cape Town and her mother was of half-Arab background.[3] In 1993, another biography called The Rosa Lemberg story, written by Eva Helen Erickson, was published by Työmies Society.[1] In 2010, Lemberg's life was discussed in the television documentary series Afro-Suomen historia (\"The Afro-Finnish History\"), presented by Yle Teema.[13]In 2020, the fiction novel Rosa Clay, written by literary researcher Vappu Kannas, was published.[4] Kannas combined the historian's sources with her own imagination in the work.[11]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780963378033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963378033"}],"text":"Lindewall, Arvo (1942). Rosalia (in Finnish). Yonkers, New York: Kansallinen Kustannuskomitea.\nErickson, Eva Helen (1993). The Rosa Lemberg story. Työmies Society. ISBN 9780963378033.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lemberg in 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rosa_Lemberg_%28Clay%29_1889.jpg/170px-Rosa_Lemberg_%28Clay%29_1889.jpg"},{"image_text":"The female choir of the Sortavala Seminary in 1897 on a concert tour in Joensuu. Rosa Lemberg in the middle of the back row.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sortavalan_seminaari_1897.jpg/220px-Sortavalan_seminaari_1897.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Lindewall, Arvo (1942). Rosalia (in Finnish). Yonkers, New York: Kansallinen Kustannuskomitea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Erickson, Eva Helen (1993). The Rosa Lemberg story. Työmies Society. ISBN 9780963378033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963378033","url_text":"9780963378033"}]},{"reference":"Leitzinger, Antero (22 June 2011). \"Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)\". Finnish Literature Society (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/9823/","url_text":"\"Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Literature_Society","url_text":"Finnish Literature Society"}]},{"reference":"Rastas, Anna (19 November 2019). \"Lessons to Learn from the Story of Rosa\". Intertwined histories. University of Turku. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.utu.fi/intertwined-histories/lessons-to-learn-from-the-story-of-rosa/","url_text":"\"Lessons to Learn from the Story of Rosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turku","url_text":"University of Turku"}]},{"reference":"Nieminen, Tommi (24 January 2010). \"Clay oli ensimmäinen tummaihoinen suomalainen\". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000004707005.html","url_text":"\"Clay oli ensimmäinen tummaihoinen suomalainen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat","url_text":"Helsingin Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Kolsi, Eeva-Kaarina (7 June 2020). \"Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen Suomen kansalaisuuden saanut afrikkalainen – rakkaus venäläiseen lääkäriin päättyi traagisesti\". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000006528531.html","url_text":"\"Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen Suomen kansalaisuuden saanut afrikkalainen – rakkaus venäläiseen lääkäriin päättyi traagisesti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat","url_text":"Ilta-Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Aittomaa, Sofia (2 July 2021). \"Black Lives Matter movement, monuments and Finland\" (PDF). 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. 18. Åbo Akademi University: 150–152. doi:10.7557/4.5911. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.abo.fi/ws/files/33608446/Aittomaa.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Lives Matter movement, monuments and Finland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University","url_text":"Åbo Akademi University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7557%2F4.5911","url_text":"10.7557/4.5911"}]},{"reference":"Mkwesha, Faith; Huber, Sasha (2021). \"Rethinking Design : A Dialogue on Anti-Racism and Art Activism from a Decolonial Perspective\" (PDF). Helda. Gender and Politics. University of Helsinki: 223–245. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53464-6_11. ISBN 978-3-030-53463-9. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/914887dc-8d13-4305-89a0-7a6e03f52b03/content","url_text":"\"Rethinking Design : A Dialogue on Anti-Racism and Art Activism from a Decolonial Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki","url_text":"University of Helsinki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-53464-6_11","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-53464-6_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-53463-9","url_text":"978-3-030-53463-9"}]},{"reference":"Rosemont, Franklin (2003). Joe Hill: The IWW & The Making of a Revolutionary Working Class Counterculture. Chicago, Illinois: Charles H Kerr. ISBN 978-088-28626-4-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-088-28626-4-4","url_text":"978-088-28626-4-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosa Emilia Clay: From Omaruru via Sortavala to Chicago\". Intertwined Histories. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.utu.fi/intertwined-histories/rosa-emilia-clay-from-omaruru-via-sortavala-to-chicago/","url_text":"\"Rosa Emilia Clay: From Omaruru via Sortavala to Chicago\""}]},{"reference":"Jonkka, Miia (24 January 2010). \"Anna anteeksi, pikku Rosa\". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000004707112.html","url_text":"\"Anna anteeksi, pikku Rosa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat","url_text":"Helsingin Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Törnroos, Heidi (12 May 2011). \"Rosa Emilia muistetaan Mustinlahden kylällä\" (audio). Yle Areena (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://areena.yle.fi/1-1282408","url_text":"\"Rosa Emilia muistetaan Mustinlahden kylällä\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yle","url_text":"Yle Areena"}]},{"reference":"Virkkula, Simopekka (4 June 2020). \"Opettaja Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen afrikkalaistaustainen tamperelainen – Hänestä kerrotaan dramaattisia tarinoita, mutta mihin mysteerinainen katosi?\". Aamulehti (in Finnish). Sanoma Media Kustannus Oy. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aamulehti.fi/a/f5d34c34-7a01-4014-ae25-f9dcc8a564a3","url_text":"\"Opettaja Rosa Clay oli ensimmäinen afrikkalaistaustainen tamperelainen – Hänestä kerrotaan dramaattisia tarinoita, mutta mihin mysteerinainen katosi?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamulehti","url_text":"Aamulehti"}]},{"reference":"Stratton, Edward (24 February 2016). \"Early African-Americans charted course in Clatsop\". The Daily Astorian. Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyastorian.com/20160224/early-african-americans-charted-course-in-clatsop","url_text":"\"Early African-Americans charted course in Clatsop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Astorian","url_text":"The Daily Astorian"}]},{"reference":"Peltonen, Timo (22 January 2010). \"Neger, morjani, suomalainen\". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hs.fi/radiotelevisio/art-2000004706621.html","url_text":"\"Neger, morjani, suomalainen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat","url_text":"Helsingin Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Mylläri, Jari (16 December 2020). \"Hopanrinne? Entä tiedätkö keitä olivat Rosa Clay ja Adolf Aarno? Nyt he saavat Tampereelle omat nimikkoalueet\". Aamulehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aamulehti.fi/moro/art-2000007671360.html","url_text":"\"Hopanrinne? Entä tiedätkö keitä olivat Rosa Clay ja Adolf Aarno? Nyt he saavat Tampereelle omat nimikkoalueet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamulehti","url_text":"Aamulehti"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Comgall
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Comgall
|
["1 Life","2 Role","3 References"]
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Mediaeval Irish abbot and saint
For the 6th-century king in Dál Riata, see Comgall mac Domangairt.
Saint ComgallSaint Comgall and monks from Bangor Abbey, Bangor harbour mosaicBornc. 510–520Dál nAraidi in Ulster,Magheramorne in County AntrimDied597 or 602Venerated inRoman Catholic Church,Anglican ChurchOrthodox ChurchFeast10 May
Saint Comgall (c. 510–520 – 597/602), an early Irish saint, was the founder and abbot of the great Irish monastery at Bangor in Ireland.
Life
Comgall was born sometime between 510 and 520 in Dál nAraidi, Ulster according to the Irish annals near the place now known as Magheramorne in present-day County Antrim. Comgall's father was Setna, a Pictish warrior; his mother's name was Briga.
After serving as a soldier in his early life, he was educated under Fintan of Clonenagh and also studied under Finnian of Movilla, Mobhí Clárainech at Glasnevin, and Ciarán of Clonmacnoise.
He was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Lugidius, either at Clonmacnoise or Connor. He lived for a while in Ulster on an island on Lough Erne, accompanied by a few friends who followed a severe form of monastic life. The regime was so austere that seven companions died of cold and hunger.
Initially intending to go to Britain, Comgall was dissuaded by Lugidius, the bishop who ordained him, at whose advice he remained in Ireland to spread the monastic life throughout the country. He founded a monastery at Bangor, County Down on the southern shore of Belfast Lough, directly opposite Carrickfergus.
According to the Irish annals, Bangor was founded no later than 552, though James Ussher and most of the later writers on the subject assign the foundation to the year 555. Webb places it at 559.
He is said to have governed in Bangor and other houses over four thousand monks; all which religious men were employed in tillage or other manual labour.
Life in the monasteries was severe. Food was scant and plain. Herbs, water, and bread was customary. Even milk was considered an indulgence. At Bangor only one meal was allowed, and that not until evening. Confession was in public before the community. Severe acts of penance were frequent. Silence was observed at meals and at other times also, conversation being restricted to the minimum. Fasting was frequent and prolonged.
According to Adamnan's Life of Columba, there was a close connection between Comgall and Columba, though there does not appear to be sufficient authority for stating that Comgall was the disciple of Columba in any strict sense. Comgall was a friend to future saints Cormac, Brendan, and Canice.
It is believed that among the monks trained by Comgall at Bangor, were Columbanus of Luxeuil-les-Bains (21 or 23 November) and Saint Moluag (25 June).
After a period of intense suffering, Comgall received the Eucharist from Saint Fiacre and died in the monastery at Bangor. The year of his death was either 602, according to Annals of Tigernach and Chronicon Scotorum, or 597, according to Annals of Inisfallen. His relics, which were kept at Bangor, were scattered during Viking raids in 822.
Role
Comgall belonged to what is known as the Second Order of Irish Saints. These flourished in the Irish Church during the sixth century. They were for the most part educated in Britain, or received their training from those who had grown up under the influence of the British Schools. They were the founders of the great Irish monastic schools, and contributed much to the spread of monasticism in the Irish Church. The Antiphonary of Bangor of the seventh century claimed that Comgall was 'strict, holy and constant'; and there has come down to us a Rule of Saint Comgall in Irish, but the evidence would not warrant us in saying that as it stands at present it could be attributed to him. The fact, however, that Columbanus, a disciple of Comgall and himself a monk of Bangor, drew up for his Continental monasteries a Regula Monachorum would lead us to believe that there had been a similar organisation in Bangor in his time. This, however, is not conclusive, since Columbanus might have derived inspiration from the Benedictine Rule then widely spread over the Iberian Peninsula.
St. Comgall is mentioned in the "Life of Columbanus" by Jonas, as the superior of Bangor, under whom St. Columbanus had studied. He is also mentioned under 10 May, his feast-day in the "Felire" of Óengus of Tallaght published by Whitley Stokes for the Henry Bradshaw Society (2nd ed.), and his name is commemorated in the Stowe Missal (MacCarthy), and in the Martyrology of Tallaght.
References
^ a b c d e
MacCaffrey,James (1908). "St. Comgall". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Lapa, Dmitry. "Venerable Comgall, Abbot of Bangor in Ireland", Pravoslavie.ru, May 23, 2014
^ a b "History of Bangor Abbey", Parish of Bangor Abbey Archived 6 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ Wallace, Martin (1995). A Little Book of Celtic Saints. Belfast: Appletree Press, pg. 35; ISBN 0-86281-456-1
^ Webb, Alfred
"Saint Comgall", A compendium of Irish Biography, 1878.
^
Butler, Rev. Alban
"St. Comgall, Abbot in Ireland", Lives of the Saints, volume V, 1866.
^ "Venerable Comgall of Bangor", Orthodox Church in America website.
^ a b Farmer, David Hugh (1997). The Oxford dictionary of saints (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 0-19-280058-2.
^ An Old-Irish metrical rule (1904). An anonymous poem concerning the rule of the Lord, or Comgall's rule, written c. 800, transcribed by John Strachan. In Ériu, Volume I (1904). pp. 191–208.
Portal: Saints
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comgall mac Domangairt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comgall_mac_Domangairt"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccaffrey-1"}],"text":"For the 6th-century king in Dál Riata, see Comgall mac Domangairt.Saint Comgall (c. 510–520 – 597/602), an early Irish saint, was the founder and abbot of the great Irish monastery at Bangor in Ireland.[1]","title":"Comgall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dál nAraidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals"},{"link_name":"Magheramorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magheramorne"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccaffrey-1"},{"link_name":"Pictish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapa-2"},{"link_name":"Fintan of Clonenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintan_of_Clonenagh"},{"link_name":"Finnian of Movilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnian_of_Movilla"},{"link_name":"Mobhí Clárainech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobh%C3%AD_Cl%C3%A1rainech"},{"link_name":"Ciarán of Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parish-3"},{"link_name":"Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"Lough Erne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Erne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Lugidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lugidius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"monastery at Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Belfast Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Lough"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccaffrey-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parish-3"},{"link_name":"Columba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"},{"link_name":"Brendan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Canice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainnech_of_Aghaboe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccaffrey-1"},{"link_name":"Columbanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbanus"},{"link_name":"Luxeuil-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxeuil-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Saint Moluag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Moluag"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oca-7"},{"link_name":"Saint Fiacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Fiacre"},{"link_name":"Annals of Tigernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Tigernach"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Scotorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Scotorum"},{"link_name":"Annals of Inisfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maccaffrey-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary-8"}],"text":"Comgall was born sometime between 510 and 520 in Dál nAraidi, Ulster according to the Irish annals near the place now known as Magheramorne in present-day County Antrim.[1] Comgall's father was Setna, a Pictish warrior; his mother's name was Briga.[2]After serving as a soldier in his early life, he was educated under Fintan of Clonenagh and also studied under Finnian of Movilla, Mobhí Clárainech at Glasnevin, and Ciarán of Clonmacnoise.[3]He was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Lugidius, either at Clonmacnoise or Connor. He lived for a while in Ulster on an island on Lough Erne, accompanied by a few friends who followed a severe form of monastic life. The regime was so austere that seven companions died of cold and hunger.[4]Initially intending to go to Britain, Comgall was dissuaded by Lugidius, the bishop who ordained him, at whose advice he remained in Ireland to spread the monastic life throughout the country. He founded a monastery at Bangor, County Down on the southern shore of Belfast Lough, directly opposite Carrickfergus. \nAccording to the Irish annals, Bangor was founded no later than 552, though James Ussher and most of the later writers on the subject assign the foundation to the year 555.[1] Webb places it at 559.[5]He is said to have governed in Bangor and other houses over four thousand monks; all which religious men were employed in tillage or other manual labour.[6]Life in the monasteries was severe. Food was scant and plain. Herbs, water, and bread was customary. Even milk was considered an indulgence. At Bangor only one meal was allowed, and that not until evening. Confession was in public before the community. Severe acts of penance were frequent. Silence was observed at meals and at other times also, conversation being restricted to the minimum. Fasting was frequent and prolonged.[3]According to Adamnan's Life of Columba, there was a close connection between Comgall and Columba, though there does not appear to be sufficient authority for stating that Comgall was the disciple of Columba in any strict sense. Comgall was a friend to future saints Cormac, Brendan, and Canice.[1] \nIt is believed that among the monks trained by Comgall at Bangor, were Columbanus of Luxeuil-les-Bains (21 or 23 November) and Saint Moluag (25 June).[7]After a period of intense suffering, Comgall received the Eucharist from Saint Fiacre and died in the monastery at Bangor. The year of his death was either 602, according to Annals of Tigernach and Chronicon Scotorum, or 597, according to Annals of Inisfallen.[1] His relics, which were kept at Bangor, were scattered during Viking raids in 822.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Antiphonary of Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphonary_of_Bangor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionary-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Óengus of Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght"},{"link_name":"Whitley Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Henry Bradshaw Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bradshaw_Society"},{"link_name":"Stowe Missal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_Missal"},{"link_name":"Martyrology of Tallaght","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrology_of_Tallaght"}],"text":"Comgall belonged to what is known as the Second Order of Irish Saints. These flourished in the Irish Church during the sixth century. They were for the most part educated in Britain, or received their training from those who had grown up under the influence of the British Schools. They were the founders of the great Irish monastic schools, and contributed much to the spread of monasticism in the Irish Church. The Antiphonary of Bangor of the seventh century claimed that Comgall was 'strict, holy and constant';[8] and there has come down to us a Rule of Saint Comgall in Irish,[9] but the evidence would not warrant us in saying that as it stands at present it could be attributed to him. The fact, however, that Columbanus, a disciple of Comgall and himself a monk of Bangor, drew up for his Continental monasteries a Regula Monachorum would lead us to believe that there had been a similar organisation in Bangor in his time. This, however, is not conclusive, since Columbanus might have derived inspiration from the Benedictine Rule then widely spread over the Iberian Peninsula.St. Comgall is mentioned in the \"Life of Columbanus\" by Jonas, as the superior of Bangor, under whom St. Columbanus had studied. He is also mentioned under 10 May, his feast-day in the \"Felire\" of Óengus of Tallaght published by Whitley Stokes for the Henry Bradshaw Society (2nd ed.), and his name is commemorated in the Stowe Missal (MacCarthy), and in the Martyrology of Tallaght.","title":"Role"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment
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Nuclear Power and the Environment
|
["1 The Flowers Report","2 Chapter One: Introduction","3 Chapter Two: Radioactivity and Radiobiology","4 Chapter Three: Nuclear Power","5 Chapter Four: Major Issues Raised by Nuclear Power","6 Chapter Five: International and National Control Arrangements","7 Chapter Six: Reactor Safety and Siting","8 Chapter Seven: Security and the Safeguarding of Plutonium","9 Chapter Eight: Radioactive Waste Management","10 Chapter Nine: Energy Strategy and the Environment","11 Chapter Ten: Nuclear Power and Public Policy","12 Chapter Eleven","13 See also","14 References"]
|
First edition
Nuclear Power and the Environment, sometimes simply called the Flowers Report, was released in September 1976 and is the sixth report of the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, chaired by Sir Brian Flowers. The report was dedicated to "the Queen's most excellent Majesty." "He was appointed "to advise on matters, both national and international, concerning the pollution of the environment; on the adequacy of research in this field; and the future possibilities of danger to the environment." One of the recommendations of the report was that:
"There should be no commitment to a large programme of nuclear fission power until it has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that a method exists to ensure the safe containment of longlived, highly radioactive waste for the indefinite future."
The "Flowers Report" was prompted by a proposal in 1975 to set up an international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Windscale. Windscale is a large nuclear facility on the coast of Cumbria in Northwest England that was built after World War II to produce plutonium for England's nuclear weapons program. The facility suffered a leak in 1973, which put it out of commission until the plans for the international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant were proposed. This proposal was met with strong resistance after it became known to the public and as a result, the plans to build the nuclear reprocessing plant were never acted upon.
Radioactive waste management and disposal strategies have been enacted since the publishing of "The Flowers Report". This put the responsibility of disposing radioactive waste into the hands of those who are producing it. It was not until 1982 that the Department of the Environment, after their previous method proved to be not as effective as they had hoped, decided to enact stronger guidelines and rules regarding radioactive waste. The responsibility of disposal was then passed over to the government. This led to the Department of the Environment gaining a few new responsibilities: securing the disposal process at an establishment, making sure the method of disposal is safe and well researched, and lastly, keeping the waste secured and away from the public after it has been disposed of.
In the United States, as of 2008, uranium ore reserves are primarily kept in Wyoming and New Mexico, totaling an estimated one billion, 227 million pounds. This uranium ore will be turned into fuel that will be used in the operation of nuclear power plants, creating low-levels of radioactive waste. "Spent" uranium fuel becomes radioactive waste as a result of the fission process. This "spent" fuel must be removed and replaced from nuclear power plants every 18 to 24 months; it is then shipped to specifically designed and licensed disposal sites. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Department of Transportation carefully control and regulate the management, packing, transport, and disposal of waste.
The Flowers Report
The Flowers report is composed of eleven chapters in a compilation of over 200 pages. The chapters cover a wide range of subjects and topics related to radioactive activity.
Chapter One: Introduction
The Flower's Report introduction chapter consists of six pages. The report introduces the topics of nuclear technology, future projections on commercial reactors, concerns for left over radioactive waste, other uses of nuclear technology (that will not be the focus of the report), and concerns with development of nuclear reactors.
This chapter also gives an arrangement of the entire report's information that acts as an outline for the information presented, including later chapters' topics and main points.
Chapter Two: Radioactivity and Radiobiology
The focus of the first half of the chapter is designed to provide basic information about atoms and radiation to aid in later chapters. The first half covers the basics on atoms such as: an atom consists of Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons; the atomic number of an atom determines the amount of protons in one atom; and that protons are roughly 2000 times heavier than electrons (see atom). The concept of radiation is introduced through ionization which is the process of adding one or more electrons to, or removing one or more electrons from, atoms or molecules, thereby creating ions. From there certain particles can cause ionization. The ionizing particles are alpha particles (a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms that are large subatomic fragments consisting of two protons and two neutrons), beta particles (subatomic particles ejected from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms that are equivalent to electrons), gamma particles (electromagnetic energy photon) and energetic neutron radiation (energy released from an atom in the form of neutral particles called neutrons). The second half focuses on knowledge of radiation introduced into the environment and humans. Flower's and his team concluded in 1976 that low levels over a long exposure time can prevent a cell from dividing or further damaging genetic information.
Other topics covered are the effects of plutonium in the body. For instance, animals being susceptible to radiation causes birth defects among the litter. Chapter two concludes with a concern of radiation affecting an entire species of animals as opposed to a group.
Chapter Three: Nuclear Power
Chapter Three focuses on nuclear power. This chapter main concentration is on nuclear reactors and the basic physical principals of which reactor operation is based. An understanding of the different types of reactors that are in use or plan to be used is given. It also accounts for the nuclear fuel cycle and the operations that are involved in the fabrication and treatment of nuclear fuel. It begins with the extraction of uranium from the mine to the fuel fabrication plant and then to reactors. Furthermore, it incorporates the removal of spent fuel and its treatment to extract material suitable for incorporation of fresh fuel along with the treatment and disposal of wastes.
Chapter Four: Major Issues Raised by Nuclear Power
Chapter Four emphasizes on major issues raised by nuclear power. The reason why chapter two and chapter three are so detailed in the effects of radioactivity and the principles of nuclear power along with the nuclear fuel cycle is so that there could be a better understanding on the problems that could cause environmental effects. Concerns about nuclear development, which is considered in detail in other chapters, centers on a few major issues. This chapter focuses on issues as a whole to ensure that they can be seen in the perspective that allows people to understand the underlying social and ethical questions that they raise. It begins with the world energy demand, the problem scale of nuclear development, and nuclear hazards that stem from other technological developments. The advantages must be weighed against the fears and risks attached to nuclear power, which can lead to many people disregarding nuclear power as an acceptable means of energy, also referred to as "the Faustian bargain." Certainly these fears must be taken seriously and can not be disregarded. This chapter concludes with the concerns of the future and the fact that the world is on the threshold of a huge commitment to fission power, which if fully entered into, it may be effectively impossible to reverse for a century or more.
Chapter Five: International and National Control Arrangements
Chapter Five focuses on the internal and national control arrangements. It begins by accepting that the hazards of ionizing radiation are well appreciated by anyone who works in the field and that there is, and has been, an elaborate system at the national and international level to minimize these risks. Although there are many questions to be answered, much has been learned and there has been a stricter management with respect to ionizing radiation and protecting the health of both radiation workers and the general public. It suggests that greater resources should be allocated to a critical group that is most exposed to a particular pollutant in order to determine a safe discharge criteria. This chapter also focuses on the organizational arrangements of responsibility, which may still be unclear. If a rapid expansion in the near future occurs, new problems are likely to rise; thus, creating new changes in the allocation of responsibilities. It focuses on the present arrangements, their efficacy, and recommendations that arise in order to sustain efficacy and effectiveness. It does not discuss discharges of radioactivity to the environment, but rather presents arrangements that are made in order to ensure protection to the general public and the environment.
Chapter Six: Reactor Safety and Siting
Chapter Six stresses on reactor safety and compares the risks of reactor accidents with those arising from other activities or events. It clearly states that absolute safety cannot be ensured and that the advancing scale and complexity of technology tends to increase the possible consequences of serious accidents as well as the problems by which these accidents may be caused. Accordingly, all that can be expected is that the techniques and disciplines used to ensure safety are enough to reduce accidents to acceptable rates. The biggest concern in this chapter is the environmental effects of possible reactor accidents. The focus is on looking into the principles that are applied in seeking reactor safety.
Chapter Seven: Security and the Safeguarding of Plutonium
Chapter Seven focuses on security and the safeguarding of plutonium. Much of the concern that is presented with nuclear power is not strictly on the effects of normal operations, but to those that might be created by illicit activities directed towards nuclear installations or materials. The issues that arise within this chapter are the safeguarding of society, security arrangements, and the viewpoint of the ordinary citizen about the restrictions on their freedom that might result from security measures. One of the risks discussed is the sabotage of nuclear installation which could release harmful substances into the environment along with radioactivity. Another risk is the diversion of plutonium which could be made into a bomb or dispersed deliberately and will only increase along with the reliance of plutonium in fast conductors. Lastly, in regards to whether or not the measures necessary to protect society against these risks are going to interfere with civil liberties.
Chapter Eight: Radioactive Waste Management
Chapter Eight focuses on radioactive waste management which is generated at various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle. This chapter focuses more strictly on radioactive waste, specifically on the waste that presents particularly difficult problems regarding its disposal and management. It also covers the harms that are present in the storage of nuclear waste along with the steps that are being taken to ensure that no harm is caused to the environment. Furthermore, this chapter considers the possibilities that exist for a safe disposal of these wastes and the organization needed to pursue the search and judge its results.
Chapter Nine: Energy Strategy and the Environment
Chapter Nine focuses on energy storage and the environment along with the implications of a large nuclear power program. This chapters seeks and attempts to provide some understanding of those issues that bear on the question of whether great future dependence on nuclear fission power must be regarded as inevitable. It also helps understand if these implications should be accepted and what other alternate strategies might be available along with their economic, social, and environmental consequences. Some examples mentioned as acceptable means of energy are wave power and CHP systems.
Chapter Ten: Nuclear Power and Public Policy
Chapter Ten reflects on nuclear power and public safety. This chapter draws the line on which policy should be adopted towards the development of nuclear power. Due to the popular belief that the spread of technology is responsible for the environment progressively deteriorating, nuclear power is highly opposed in some countries. This chapter mainly focuses on the United States and how the debate between the nuclear industry and the environmental movement has become increasingly controversial. One side of the spectrum sees technology as "blind to the dangers of the world", whereas the other side believes they "are making an essential contribution to the well-being of humanity." Also, this issue brings about the concerns of large scale nuclear power leading to a nuclear war on account of the connection of civil and military uses of nuclear power with the expansion of nuclear development.
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Eleven is a summary of principal conclusions and recommendations.
See also
List of books about nuclear issues
Nuclear or Not?
Environmental impact of nuclear power
Acute Radiation Syndrome
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Flowers, Sir Brian (September 1976). Nuclear Power and the Environment (PDF) (6th ed.). London: Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. pp. iii. ISBN 0-10-166180-0. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Patterson, Walter (June 1978). "The Windscale Report: A Nuclear Apologia" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 34 (June 1978): 44–46. Bibcode:1978BuAtS..34f..44P. doi:10.1080/00963402.1978.11458522. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
^ Wynne, Brian (2011). Rationality and Reason: Participation and Exclusion in Nuclear Decision Making. New York: Taylor and Francis. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-1-849-71162-3. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Berkhout, Frans (2003). Radioactive Waste: Politics and Technology. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 154. ISBN 0-203-41175-7. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA) (October 2013). "Nuclear Energy". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ "Glossary-Ionization". The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NCR. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ "Radiation: Alpha Particles". US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ "Radiation: Beta Particles". US Environmental Protection Agency. UEA. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Barrens, Richard E. "Beta Particles and Ionization". Newton. DOE Office of Science. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Environmental_Pollution"},{"link_name":"Brian Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Flowers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"},{"link_name":"radioactive waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_waste"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"First editionNuclear Power and the Environment, sometimes simply called the Flowers Report, was released in September 1976 and is the sixth report of the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, chaired by Sir Brian Flowers.[1] The report was dedicated to \"the Queen's most excellent Majesty.\"[1] \"He was appointed \"to advise on matters, both national and international, concerning the pollution of the environment; on the adequacy of research in this field; and the future possibilities of danger to the environment.\"[1] One of the recommendations of the report was that:\"There should be no commitment to a large programme of nuclear fission power until it has been demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that a method exists to ensure the safe containment of longlived, highly radioactive waste for the indefinite future.\"[1]The \"Flowers Report\" was prompted by a proposal in 1975 to set up an international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Windscale. Windscale is a large nuclear facility on the coast of Cumbria in Northwest England that was built after World War II to produce plutonium for England's nuclear weapons program. The facility suffered a leak in 1973, which put it out of commission until the plans for the international nuclear fuel reprocessing plant were proposed. This proposal was met with strong resistance after it became known to the public and as a result, the plans to build the nuclear reprocessing plant were never acted upon.[2][3] \nRadioactive waste management and disposal strategies have been enacted since the publishing of \"The Flowers Report\". This put the responsibility of disposing radioactive waste into the hands of those who are producing it. It was not until 1982 that the Department of the Environment, after their previous method proved to be not as effective as they had hoped, decided to enact stronger guidelines and rules regarding radioactive waste. The responsibility of disposal was then passed over to the government. This led to the Department of the Environment gaining a few new responsibilities: securing the disposal process at an establishment, making sure the method of disposal is safe and well researched, and lastly, keeping the waste secured and away from the public after it has been disposed of.[4]\nIn the United States, as of 2008, uranium ore reserves are primarily kept in Wyoming and New Mexico, totaling an estimated one billion, 227 million pounds. This uranium ore will be turned into fuel that will be used in the operation of nuclear power plants, creating low-levels of radioactive waste. \"Spent\" uranium fuel becomes radioactive waste as a result of the fission process. This \"spent\" fuel must be removed and replaced from nuclear power plants every 18 to 24 months; it is then shipped to specifically designed and licensed disposal sites. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Department of Transportation carefully control and regulate the management, packing, transport, and disposal of waste.[5]","title":"Nuclear Power and the Environment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Flowers report is composed of eleven chapters in a compilation of over 200 pages. The chapters cover a wide range of subjects and topics related to radioactive activity.","title":"The Flowers Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"The Flower's Report introduction chapter consists of six pages. The report introduces the topics of nuclear technology, future projections on commercial reactors, concerns for left over radioactive waste, other uses of nuclear technology (that will not be the focus of the report), and concerns with development of nuclear reactors.\nThis chapter also gives an arrangement of the entire report's information that acts as an outline for the information presented, including later chapters' topics and main points.[1]","title":"Chapter One: Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"},{"link_name":"Neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrons"},{"link_name":"Protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons"},{"link_name":"Electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons"},{"link_name":"atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"ionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"alpha particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"beta particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gamma particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_particle"},{"link_name":"neutron radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_radiation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"plutonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"The focus of the first half of the chapter is designed to provide basic information about atoms and radiation to aid in later chapters.[1] The first half covers the basics on atoms such as: an atom consists of Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons; the atomic number of an atom determines the amount of protons in one atom; and that protons are roughly 2000 times heavier than electrons (see atom). The concept of radiation is introduced through ionization which is the process of adding one or more electrons to, or removing one or more electrons from, atoms or molecules, thereby creating ions.[6] From there certain particles can cause ionization. The ionizing particles are alpha particles (a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms that are large subatomic fragments consisting of two protons and two neutrons),[7] beta particles (subatomic particles ejected from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms that are equivalent to electrons),[8] gamma particles (electromagnetic energy photon) and energetic neutron radiation (energy released from an atom in the form of neutral particles called neutrons).[9] The second half focuses on knowledge of radiation introduced into the environment and humans. Flower's and his team concluded in 1976 that low levels over a long exposure time can prevent a cell from dividing or further damaging genetic information.\nOther topics covered are the effects of plutonium in the body. For instance, animals being susceptible to radiation causes birth defects among the litter. Chapter two concludes with a concern of radiation affecting an entire species of animals as opposed to a group.[1]","title":"Chapter Two: Radioactivity and Radiobiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Three focuses on nuclear power. This chapter main concentration is on nuclear reactors and the basic physical principals of which reactor operation is based. An understanding of the different types of reactors that are in use or plan to be used is given. It also accounts for the nuclear fuel cycle and the operations that are involved in the fabrication and treatment of nuclear fuel. It begins with the extraction of uranium from the mine to the fuel fabrication plant and then to reactors. Furthermore, it incorporates the removal of spent fuel and its treatment to extract material suitable for incorporation of fresh fuel along with the treatment and disposal of wastes.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Three: Nuclear Power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Four emphasizes on major issues raised by nuclear power. The reason why chapter two and chapter three are so detailed in the effects of radioactivity and the principles of nuclear power along with the nuclear fuel cycle is so that there could be a better understanding on the problems that could cause environmental effects. Concerns about nuclear development, which is considered in detail in other chapters, centers on a few major issues. This chapter focuses on issues as a whole to ensure that they can be seen in the perspective that allows people to understand the underlying social and ethical questions that they raise. It begins with the world energy demand, the problem scale of nuclear development, and nuclear hazards that stem from other technological developments. The advantages must be weighed against the fears and risks attached to nuclear power, which can lead to many people disregarding nuclear power as an acceptable means of energy, also referred to as \"the Faustian bargain.\" Certainly these fears must be taken seriously and can not be disregarded. This chapter concludes with the concerns of the future and the fact that the world is on the threshold of a huge commitment to fission power, which if fully entered into, it may be effectively impossible to reverse for a century or more.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Four: Major Issues Raised by Nuclear Power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Five focuses on the internal and national control arrangements. It begins by accepting that the hazards of ionizing radiation are well appreciated by anyone who works in the field and that there is, and has been, an elaborate system at the national and international level to minimize these risks. Although there are many questions to be answered, much has been learned and there has been a stricter management with respect to ionizing radiation and protecting the health of both radiation workers and the general public. It suggests that greater resources should be allocated to a critical group that is most exposed to a particular pollutant in order to determine a safe discharge criteria. This chapter also focuses on the organizational arrangements of responsibility, which may still be unclear. If a rapid expansion in the near future occurs, new problems are likely to rise; thus, creating new changes in the allocation of responsibilities. It focuses on the present arrangements, their efficacy, and recommendations that arise in order to sustain efficacy and effectiveness. It does not discuss discharges of radioactivity to the environment, but rather presents arrangements that are made in order to ensure protection to the general public and the environment.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Five: International and National Control Arrangements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Six stresses on reactor safety and compares the risks of reactor accidents with those arising from other activities or events. It clearly states that absolute safety cannot be ensured and that the advancing scale and complexity of technology tends to increase the possible consequences of serious accidents as well as the problems by which these accidents may be caused. Accordingly, all that can be expected is that the techniques and disciplines used to ensure safety are enough to reduce accidents to acceptable rates. The biggest concern in this chapter is the environmental effects of possible reactor accidents. The focus is on looking into the principles that are applied in seeking reactor safety.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Six: Reactor Safety and Siting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Seven focuses on security and the safeguarding of plutonium. Much of the concern that is presented with nuclear power is not strictly on the effects of normal operations, but to those that might be created by illicit activities directed towards nuclear installations or materials. The issues that arise within this chapter are the safeguarding of society, security arrangements, and the viewpoint of the ordinary citizen about the restrictions on their freedom that might result from security measures. One of the risks discussed is the sabotage of nuclear installation which could release harmful substances into the environment along with radioactivity. Another risk is the diversion of plutonium which could be made into a bomb or dispersed deliberately and will only increase along with the reliance of plutonium in fast conductors. Lastly, in regards to whether or not the measures necessary to protect society against these risks are going to interfere with civil liberties.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Seven: Security and the Safeguarding of Plutonium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Eight focuses on radioactive waste management which is generated at various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle. This chapter focuses more strictly on radioactive waste, specifically on the waste that presents particularly difficult problems regarding its disposal and management. It also covers the harms that are present in the storage of nuclear waste along with the steps that are being taken to ensure that no harm is caused to the environment. Furthermore, this chapter considers the possibilities that exist for a safe disposal of these wastes and the organization needed to pursue the search and judge its results.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Eight: Radioactive Waste Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Nine focuses on energy storage and the environment along with the implications of a large nuclear power program. This chapters seeks and attempts to provide some understanding of those issues that bear on the question of whether great future dependence on nuclear fission power must be regarded as inevitable. It also helps understand if these implications should be accepted and what other alternate strategies might be available along with their economic, social, and environmental consequences. Some examples mentioned as acceptable means of energy are wave power and CHP systems.\n[1]","title":"Chapter Nine: Energy Strategy and the Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Ten reflects on nuclear power and public safety. This chapter draws the line on which policy should be adopted towards the development of nuclear power. Due to the popular belief that the spread of technology is responsible for the environment progressively deteriorating, nuclear power is highly opposed in some countries. This chapter mainly focuses on the United States and how the debate between the nuclear industry and the environmental movement has become increasingly controversial. One side of the spectrum sees technology as \"blind to the dangers of the world\", whereas the other side believes they \"are making an essential contribution to the well-being of humanity.\" Also, this issue brings about the concerns of large scale nuclear power leading to a nuclear war on account of the connection of civil and military uses of nuclear power with the expansion of nuclear development.[1]","title":"Chapter Ten: Nuclear Power and Public Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flowers-1"}],"text":"Chapter Eleven is a summary of principal conclusions and recommendations.[1]","title":"Chapter Eleven"}]
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[{"image_text":"First edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment.jpg/220px-Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of books about nuclear issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues"},{"title":"Nuclear or Not?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_or_Not%3F"},{"title":"Environmental impact of nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power"},{"title":"Acute Radiation Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_Radiation_Syndrome"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvaneh_Forouhar
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Parvaneh Forouhar
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["1 Life","2 Assassination","2.1 Context","3 Family","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Iranian activist
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Parvaneh Forouhar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Parvaneh ForouharBornParvaneh Majd Eskandari20 March 1939Tehran, IranDied22 November 1998(1998-11-22) (aged 59)Tehran, IranResting placeBehesht-e ZahraNationalityIranianOccupationTeacherPolitical partyParty of the Iranian NationSpouse
Dariush Forouhar (m. 1961)ChildrenParastouArash
Parvaneh Forouhar (Persian: پروانه فروهر, née Eskandari (اسکندری); 20 March 1939 – 22 November 1998) was an Iranian dissident and activist who was murdered during the chain murders of Iran in November 1998.
Life
Dariush Forouhar's wife, she became a member of the Party of the Iranian Nation when she was a university student, launching an anti-Shah campaign alongside Dariush Forouhar. After a while, they got married. Their witness in absentia was Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh and the clergyman marrying the couple was Ayatollah Zanjani.
Both of the Forouhars were proponents of a democratic and independent Iran and supported the separation of state and religion, they felt that the Islamic Republic led to a concentration of power and made political reform difficult.
Threatened by governments figures, she had told human rights watchdogs based in New York: "We are living with the fear of being killed. Every night when we go to bed we thank God the Almighty for His blessing of living for another day."
Assassination
On November 22, 1998, while 59 years old and ill, Parvaneh Majd Eskandari was stabbed 25 times and killed on the second floor of her home.
Concerning her mother, Parastou believes: "At the time of her death my mother was wearing an overall over her sleeping gown which indicates that she was not waiting for anyone and because she was killed in front of the wardrobe where family documents were usually kept, she had most probably gone upstairs to fetch the deeds of the house to use it for release of my father on bail."
Context
The death of Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar and Dariush Forouhar was followed by the assassinations of Mohammad Mokhtari and Mohammad-Ja'far Pouyandeh, two well known Iranian writers a few days later. The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence later denied responsibility for these assassinations and claimed the Ministry employees had acted on his own accord. As of 2014, the government still refuses to allow the families of the victims to hold any vigils or ceremonies for their loved ones.
Family
The couple is survived by a daughter, Parastou Forouhar and a son, Arash Forouhar.
See also
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
Chain murders of Iran
List of Iranian women
References
^ a b "Iranian security forces stop ceremony for slain dissidents". Payvand Iran News. Radio Zamaneh. November 24, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
^ "One Person's Story". Human Rights & Democracy for Iran. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
^ "Parastoo Forouhar Banned From Leaving Iran". Payvand Iran News. Radio Zamaneh. December 8, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parvaneh Forouhar.
Parvaneh Forouhar memorial by the Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation
Interview with son, Arash Forouhar from Iranian.com
An open letter from the Human Right Watch to Iranian president 25 November 1998
(English) page dedicated to Forouhars
(in German) Parastou Forouhar's website
(in Persian) Website dedicated to the Forouhars
Authority control databases International
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ISNI
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WorldCat
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Mashallah Shamsolvaezin
Heshmat Tabarzadi
Roya Toloui
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
Ruhollah Zam
Ahmad Zeidabadi
Lawyers
Mohammad Ali Dadkhah
Saleh Kamrani
Nasrin Sotoudeh
Shadi Sadr
Mohammad Seifzadeh
Abdolfattah Soltani
Military
Amir Farshad Ebrahimi
Saeed Emami
Akbar Ganji
Hamid Pourmand
Musicians
Dariush Eghbali
Shervin Hajipour
Mehdi Rajabian
Toomaj Salehi
Mehdi Yarrahi
Programmer
Amir Emad Mirmirani
Poets
Baktash Abtin
MohammadReza Alee Payam
Mona Borzouei
Piruz Dilanchi
Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
Keramat Daneshian
Arzhang Davoodi
Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
Khosrow Golsorkhi
Morteza Keyvan
Ahmad Shamlou
Sedigheh Vasmaghi
Politicians
Mohsen Aminzadeh
Morteza Alviri
Shahrbanoo Amani
Abbas Amir-Entezam
Mohsen Armin
Mohammad Atrianfar
Seyyed Ebrahim Amini
Emadeddin Baghi
Jila Baniyaghoob
Mehdi Bazargan
Nasrollah Entezam
Iraj Eskandari
Hossein Fatemi
Dariush Forouhar
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
Mehdi Hajati
Bahareh Hedayat
Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani
Amir Hossein Heshmat Saran
Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
Anvar Khamei
Mohammad-Reza Khatami
Khalil Maleki
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Ali-Akbar Mousavi Khoeini
Farajollah Mizani
Ahmad Moftizadeh
Behzad Nabavi
Abdollah Nouri
Reza Radmanesh
Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
Gholam Hossein Sadighi
Abolghasem Sarhaddizadeh
Ali Shakouri-Rad
Ali Shariati
Mahdi Tajik
Mostafa Tajzadeh
Mansour Osanlou
Ebrahim Yazdi
Scientists
Taqi Arani
Ramin Jahanbegloo
Omid Kokabee
Seyed Hossein Mousavian
Ehsan Tabari
Kian Tajbakhsh
Writers
Ali Mohammad Afghani
Bozorg Alavi
Najaf Daryabandari
Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
Ahmad Mahmoud
Abbas Milani
Shahrokh Meskoob
Fariborz Raisdana
Ahmad Samii Gilani
Brayim Younisi
Kourosh Zaim
Nasser Zarafshan
Sadegh Zibakalam
Category:Political prisoners in Iran
This Iranian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"chain murders of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Parvaneh Forouhar (Persian: پروانه فروهر, née Eskandari (اسکندری); 20 March 1939 – 22 November 1998) was an Iranian dissident and activist who was murdered during the chain murders of Iran in November 1998.[1]","title":"Parvaneh Forouhar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dariush Forouhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar"},{"link_name":"Party of the Iranian Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation"},{"link_name":"Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh"},{"link_name":"clergyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyman"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah Zanjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas-Ali_Amid_Zanjani"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"watchdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/watchdog"}],"text":"Dariush Forouhar's wife, she became a member of the Party of the Iranian Nation when she was a university student, launching an anti-Shah campaign alongside Dariush Forouhar. After a while, they got married. Their witness in absentia was Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh and the clergyman marrying the couple was Ayatollah Zanjani.Both of the Forouhars were proponents of a democratic and independent Iran and supported the separation of state and religion, they felt that the Islamic Republic led to a concentration of power and made political reform difficult.[2]Threatened by governments figures, she had told human rights watchdogs based in New York: \"We are living with the fear of being killed. Every night when we go to bed we thank God the Almighty for His blessing of living for another day.\"","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On November 22, 1998, while 59 years old and ill, Parvaneh Majd Eskandari was stabbed 25 times and killed on the second floor of her home.Concerning her mother, Parastou believes: \"At the time of her death my mother was wearing an overall over her sleeping gown which indicates that she was not waiting for anyone and because she was killed in front of the wardrobe where family documents were usually kept, she had most probably gone upstairs to fetch the deeds of the house to use it for release of my father on bail.\"","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Mokhtari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Mohammad-Ja'far Pouyandeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Ja%27far_Pouyandeh"},{"link_name":"Iranian Ministry of Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Context","text":"The death of Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar and Dariush Forouhar was followed by the assassinations of Mohammad Mokhtari and Mohammad-Ja'far Pouyandeh, two well known Iranian writers a few days later. The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence later denied responsibility for these assassinations[3] and claimed the Ministry employees had acted on his own accord. As of 2014, the government still refuses to allow the families of the victims to hold any vigils or ceremonies for their loved ones.[1]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parastou Forouhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastou_Forouhar"},{"link_name":"Arash Forouhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arash_Forouhar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The couple is survived by a daughter, Parastou Forouhar and a son, Arash Forouhar.","title":"Family"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners"},{"title":"Chain murders of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_murders_of_Iran"},{"title":"List of Iranian women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_women"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Iranian security forces stop ceremony for slain dissidents\". Payvand Iran News. Radio Zamaneh. November 24, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.payvand.com/news/14/nov/1151.html","url_text":"\"Iranian security forces stop ceremony for slain dissidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Person's Story\". Human Rights & Democracy for Iran. Retrieved December 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranrights.org/memorial/story/28400/parvaneh-eskandari-foruhar","url_text":"\"One Person's Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parastoo Forouhar Banned From Leaving Iran\". Payvand Iran News. Radio Zamaneh. December 8, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.payvand.com/news/09/dec/1079.html","url_text":"\"Parastoo Forouhar Banned From Leaving Iran\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_captain
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Head girl and head boy
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Term used in the British education system
Head boy and head girl are student leadership roles in schools, representing the school's entire student body. They are normally the most senior prefects in the school. The terms are commonly used in the British education system as well as in schools throughout the Commonwealth. Some schools use alternative, gender-neutral titles such as school captain or head pupil/student.
Head boys and head girls are usually responsible for representing the school at events, and will make public speeches. They also serve as a role model for students, and may share pupils' ideas with the school's leadership. They may also be expected to lead fellow prefects in their duties. Deputy head boys and girls may also be appointed. They for example may have to do charity events like bake sales, speak in assemblies, help out in parents evenings, year 6 transition and open days at school.
See also
Schools portal
Hall monitor
Class president
References
^ "Being human - School Captain of Visakha Vidyalaya, Colombo".
^ "Is it time to get rid of head girls and boys?". the Guardian. 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
^ "Head boy definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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[]
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[{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"Hall monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_monitor"},{"title":"Class president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_president"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Being human - School Captain of Visakha Vidyalaya, Colombo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.lk/2021/11/09/tc/264050/being-human","url_text":"\"Being human - School Captain of Visakha Vidyalaya, Colombo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Is it time to get rid of head girls and boys?\". the Guardian. 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2021-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/shortcuts/2018/apr/18/is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-head-girls-and-boys","url_text":"\"Is it time to get rid of head girls and boys?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Head boy definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary\". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/head-boy","url_text":"\"Head boy definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.dailynews.lk/2021/11/09/tc/264050/being-human","external_links_name":"\"Being human - School Captain of Visakha Vidyalaya, Colombo\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/shortcuts/2018/apr/18/is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-head-girls-and-boys","external_links_name":"\"Is it time to get rid of head girls and boys?\""},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/head-boy","external_links_name":"\"Head boy definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7730602-8","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_and_Joy_(2003_film)
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Comfort and Joy (2003 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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2003 American made-for-television film
Comfort and JoyGenreRomanceComedyDramaWritten byJudd ParkinDirected byMaggie GreenwaldStarringNancy McKeonSteven EckholdtPaul DooleyAndrew ChalmersDixie CarterJordy BenattarMaria HerreraMusic byDavid MansfieldCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerCathy Mickel GibsonCinematographyChecco VareseEditorKeith ReamerRunning time89 min.Production companiesLifetime TelevisionParamount TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkLifetimeReleaseDecember 1, 2003 (2003-12-01)
Comfort and Joy is a 2003 American made-for-television romantic drama film directed by Maggie Greenwald and starring Nancy McKeon as Jane Berry. The film originally aired on the Lifetime cable network on December 1, 2003.
Plot
Jane Berry is a successful, single entrepreneur who is vice president of ad agency, has a luxury apartment, and drives a Jaguar.
On Christmas, when she is driving to a company party, she gets lost and hits a pole. Sam (Steven Eckholdt) comes to her rescue to get her out of her car (which is now a station wagon) and tells her that he has been her husband for the past 10 years and she has two children with him. Jane realizes that she is in an alternate reality. Ten years ago, she dumped her boyfriend and left her job for Sam. Jane is confused by her new world, where she is a new Jane who is completely different from the old one.
Slowly, Jane acclimates her new life. After an argument with her parents at Christmas dinner, she is completely impressed by Sam and her family. She kisses Sam but finds herself back the Jaguar after the accident. Sam comes to her rescue, but he doesn't know who she is. She tells Sam that she knows him and is in love with him, which Sam is shocked to hear. They move together to Sam's house to lead a happy life in the future.
Cast
Nancy McKeon as Jane Berry
Steven Eckholdt as Sam
Paul Dooley as George
Andrew Chalmers as Troy Keller
Jordy Benattar as Heather Keller
Maria Herrera as Alison Phillips
Dixie Carter as Frederica
See also
List of Christmas films
References
^ Roberts, Jerry (2009-06-05). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6378-1.
^ Mylifetime.com Archived 2009-11-24 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Comfort and Joy at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Maggie Greenwald
The Kill-Off (1989)
The Ballad of Little Jo (1993)
Songcatcher (2000)
What Makes a Family (2001)
Get a Clue (2002)
Comfort and Joy (2003)
The Last Keepers (2013)
Sophie and the Rising Sun (2016)
This article related to a made-for-TV Christmas film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kW8j6sHvrewC&dq=Comfort+and+Joy+2003&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors"},{"Link":"http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/comfort-and-joy","external_links_name":"Mylifetime.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091124112900/http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/comfort-and-joy","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383278/","external_links_name":"Comfort and Joy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comfort_and_Joy_(2003_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9e_Fanonne_Jeffers
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Honorée Fanonne Jeffers
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["1 Biography","2 The Age of Phillis","2.1 Background","2.2 \"Critical fabulation\"","2.3 Awards","3 The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois","4 Bibliography","4.1 Poetry","4.2 Novels","5 Honors","6 References","7 External links"]
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American poet and novelist (born 1967)
Honorée Fanonne JeffersJeffers in 2014Born1967 (age 56–57)Kokomo, Indiana, United StatesNationalityAmericanEducationTalladega CollegeUniversity of AlabamaOccupations
Poet
novelist
academic
EmployerUniversity of OklahomaNotable workThe Age of Phillis (2020); The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois (2021)AwardsNAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry (2021)Websitehonoreejeffers.com
Honorée Fanonne Jeffers (born 1967) is an American poet and novelist, and a professor of English at the University of Oklahoma. She has published five collections of poetry and a novel. Her 2020 collection The Age of Phillis reexamines the life of American poet Phillis Wheatley, based on years of archival research; it was longlisted for the 2020 National Book Award for Poetry, and won the 2021 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry. Her debut novel, The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois, was published by HarperCollins in 2021.
Biography
Jeffers was born in Kokomo, Indiana, and raised Catholic in Durham, North Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia. Her mother's family is from Eatonton, Georgia; her father's family, she recounted, was "black bourgeois and fair skinned" (her father, Lance Jeffers, was also a poet), and they were not happy when he married a working-class, darker-skinned woman. Jeffers wrote about her family background in Red Clay Suite (2007), and said in an interview: "The only families I have known are my mother's folk, and my mother's parents were sharecroppers. So I write about her family's land and what this land means to me".
Jeffers graduated from Talladega College in 1996, and then got an MFA from the University of Alabama. In a 2004 interview with Callaloo journal, she recalled being the only Black poet in her creative writing program, and both standing on the shoulders of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) and moving away from it, for instance in the BAM's lack of acceptance of homosexuality. Comparing the more radical poetry she wrote while at Alabama with her later work, Jeffers said that she had "discovered a need to represent subtlety and emotional interrogation". She is a full professor at the University of Oklahoma, where she teaches creative writing.
She has published in literary journals including Ploughshares, Georgetown Review, Callaloo, Iowa Review, Oxford American, Prairie Schooner, and Poetry, and her work has been anthologized by poet/editors such as Cornelius Eady, Toi Derricotte, and Jesmyn Ward.
The Age of Phillis
Background
The life of Phillis Wheatley, the 18th-century American poet, is known mostly through the biographical sketch written by Margaretta Matilda Odell, a white woman, some fifty years after Wheatley's death in 1784. Odell claimed to have been related to the Wheatley family that had enslaved Phillis Wheatley (who soon after manumission and marriage to a John Peters changed her name to Phillis Peters). Scholars have noted how Odell's account "reads like a sentimental novel", erases the trauma of kidnapping and the Middle Passage, and all but wipes away the fact that the Wheatley family enslaved Phillis and others. Instead, it portrays Susanna Wheatley as a benevolent Christian who saves Phillis, and John Peters as a sexually threatening Black man who seduces Phillis and then leaves her financially ruined.
Jeffers was granted the 2009 Robert and Charlotte Baron Fellowship from the American Antiquarian Society to support the research and writing of The Age of Phillis, which was published by Wesleyan University Press in 2020. Jeffers spent 15 years working on the book, and said: "I feel like Ms. Phillis chose me."
"Critical fabulation"
Odell's is the accepted narrative that Jeffers corrects in her book; she "fills in the gaps". For instance, Jeffers discovered that Peters may not have abandoned his wife, and that the relationship may have been misrepresented by Odell, and that there is no evidence that Odell was actually related to the Wheatley family. The main text of Jeffers' book is a collection of poetry that rereads and rewrites Wheatley's life, combining creative fiction with historical research (or "critical fabulation", in the words of Saidiya Hartman). For instance, Wheatley was known to have written a second volume of poems, which was never published; Jeffers came across a letter that showed that Peters tried to get that volume printed, indicating that rather than seduction and abandonment, Wheatley and Peters may have simply been in love: "I think it's logical to assume that many, many black folks fell in love with many, many other black folks....This assumption is a rational consequence of acknowledging our black humanity."
Jeffers' poems fill in the gaps left by Odell's biography; she includes love letters between Phillis and Peters, reimagines her life before she was kidnapped and enslaved, offers a more complex picture of her relationship with the Wheatleys, and provides commentary on other issues. For instance, Jeffers offers a first draft of a letter accompanying Wheatley's famous "To His Excellency, George Washington", which "gives vent to her exasperation with flattering white egos" but then strikes through some phrases:
Sir, I have taken the freedom which if
my master hadn't given me would have
been my own anyway to address your
Excellency who I heard behaves like
either a gentlemen or a tyrant
depending on his moods or his money
Awards
The Age of Phillis was longlisted for the 2020 National Book Award for Poetry. The book was also nominated for the 2021 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry, and won.
The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois
Main article: The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois
Jeffers' first novel, The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois, was published to critical acclaim in August 2021. Oprah Winfrey announced on CBS This Morning that it was her new selection for Oprah's Book Club. The book was a finalist for the 2021 Kirkus Prize in fiction. Reviewing the novel in The Guardian, Kadish Morris wrote: "This book is mammoth in size and scope and, though at times it overspills with a surplus of details, is exceptional in the way it engages so deeply and emphatically with history."
Bibliography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2023)
Poetry
The Gospel of Barbecue (Kent State University Press, 2000)
Outlandish Blues (Wesleyan University Press, 2003)
Red Clay Suite (Southern Illinois University Press, 2007)
The Glory Gets (Wesleyan University Press, 2015)
The Age of Phillis (Wesleyan University Press, 2020)
Novels
The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois (Harper, 2021)
———————
Notes
^ Behnke, Emily (January 6, 2021). "Talk Next Season's Best New Titles at Virtual Buzz Books Editors Panel". American Booksellers Association. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ Briefly reviewed in The New Yorker, September 13, 2021.
Honors
Jeffers received the Harper Lee Award for Literary Distinction in 2018, and was inducted into the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame in 2020. Her work on Phillis Wheatley was recognized by the American Antiquarian Society, which inducted her into their organization. Jeffers became a United States Artists fellow, with a $50,000 stipend.
References
^ a b c d e Winkler, Elizabeth (July 30, 2020). "How Phillis Wheatley Was Recovered Through History: For decades, a white woman's memoir shaped our understanding of America's first Black poet. Does a new book change the story?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ a b c McDonnell, Brandy (March 28, 2021). "'I feel like Miss Phillis chose me,' Oklahoma poet says about award-winning book". The Oklahoman. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
^ "Honorée Fanonne Jeffers". Dodge Poetry. Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ Fanonne Jeffers, Honorée. "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ a b Rowell, Charles Henry (Autumn 2004). "'Speaking from a Creolized Environment': An Interview with Honorée Fanonne Jeffers". Callaloo. 27 (4): 976–88. doi:10.1353/cal.2004.0175. JSTOR 3300992. S2CID 161779329.
^ a b c d Haskins, Shelly (March 11, 2018). "Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award". The Huntsville Times. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ Macdonald, Moira; Ishisaka, Naomi (June 25, 2020). "Check out more than 20 books to learn about black history, racism and social justice". The Detroit News. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ a b Santos, Luis; Hylton, Morgan (November 23, 2020). "A Reading and Q&A with Honorée Fanonne Jeffers and The Age of Phillis". The Scarlet. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ Strand, Karla (April 22, 2020). "Poetry for the Rest of Us: 2020 Roundup". Ms. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ "2020 Winners: Poetry". National Book Foundation. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ "Nominations Announced For 52nd NAACP Image Awards". NAACP. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ "Oprah on her book club selection: 'The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers". The Chestnut Post. August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
^ "Oprah's New Book Club Pick: The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers". Oprah.com. August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ "Winfrey picks 'Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' for book club". The Independent. August 24, 2021 – via AP news wire.
^ Schaub, Michael (September 13, 2021). "Finalists for 2021 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
^ Morris, Kadish (January 19, 2022). "Review: The Love Songs of WEB Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers review – an exceptional debut". The Guardian.
^ McLean, Madison (March 6, 2020). "7 authors to be inducted into the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame". Alabama Public Radio. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
^ "Honorée Fanonne Jeffers". United States Artists. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
External links
Official website
Tembe Denton-Hurst (February 16, 2022), "The Books Honorée Fanonne Jeffers Read While Writing The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois", New York, "The Strategist".
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Phillis Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-1"},{"link_name":"National Book Award for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdonnel-2"},{"link_name":"debut novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Songs_of_W.E.B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"}],"text":"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers (born 1967) is an American poet and novelist, and a professor of English at the University of Oklahoma. She has published five collections of poetry and a novel. Her 2020 collection The Age of Phillis reexamines the life of American poet Phillis Wheatley, based on years of archival research;[1] it was longlisted for the 2020 National Book Award for Poetry, and won the 2021 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry.[2] Her debut novel, The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois, was published by HarperCollins in 2021.","title":"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kokomo, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eatonton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rowell-5"},{"link_name":"Talladega College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talladega_College"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskins-6"},{"link_name":"Callaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo_(literary_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Black Arts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rowell-5"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskins-6"},{"link_name":"Ploughshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughshares"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Review"},{"link_name":"Callaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloo_(literary_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Iowa Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iowa_Review"},{"link_name":"Oxford American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_American"},{"link_name":"Prairie Schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Schooner"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Eady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Eady"},{"link_name":"Toi Derricotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toi_Derricotte"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskins-6"},{"link_name":"Jesmyn Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jeffers was born in Kokomo, Indiana, and raised Catholic in Durham, North Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia.[3][4] Her mother's family is from Eatonton, Georgia; her father's family, she recounted, was \"black bourgeois and fair skinned\" (her father, Lance Jeffers, was also a poet), and they were not happy when he married a working-class, darker-skinned woman. Jeffers wrote about her family background in Red Clay Suite (2007), and said in an interview: \"The only families I have known are my mother's folk, and my mother's parents were sharecroppers. So I write about her family's land and what this land means to me\".[5]Jeffers graduated from Talladega College in 1996, and then got an MFA from the University of Alabama.[6] In a 2004 interview with Callaloo journal, she recalled being the only Black poet in her creative writing program, and both standing on the shoulders of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) and moving away from it, for instance in the BAM's lack of acceptance of homosexuality. Comparing the more radical poetry she wrote while at Alabama with her later work, Jeffers said that she had \"discovered a need to represent subtlety and emotional interrogation\".[5] She is a full professor at the University of Oklahoma, where she teaches creative writing.[6]She has published in literary journals including Ploughshares, Georgetown Review, Callaloo, Iowa Review, Oxford American, Prairie Schooner, and Poetry, and her work has been anthologized by poet/editors such as Cornelius Eady, Toi Derricotte,[6] and Jesmyn Ward.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Age of Phillis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillis Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley"},{"link_name":"Middle Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-1"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scarlet-8"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdonnel-2"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The life of Phillis Wheatley, the 18th-century American poet, is known mostly through the biographical sketch written by Margaretta Matilda Odell, a white woman, some fifty years after Wheatley's death in 1784. Odell claimed to have been related to the Wheatley family that had enslaved Phillis Wheatley (who soon after manumission and marriage to a John Peters changed her name to Phillis Peters). Scholars have noted how Odell's account \"reads like a sentimental novel\", erases the trauma of kidnapping and the Middle Passage, and all but wipes away the fact that the Wheatley family enslaved Phillis and others. Instead, it portrays Susanna Wheatley as a benevolent Christian who saves Phillis, and John Peters as a sexually threatening Black man who seduces Phillis and then leaves her financially ruined.[1]Jeffers was granted the 2009 Robert and Charlotte Baron Fellowship from the American Antiquarian Society to support the research and writing of The Age of Phillis,[8] which was published by Wesleyan University Press in 2020.[9] Jeffers spent 15 years working on the book, and said: \"I feel like Ms. Phillis chose me.\"[2]","title":"The Age of Phillis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-1"},{"link_name":"Saidiya Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidiya_Hartman#Theoretical_concepts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-1"}],"sub_title":"\"Critical fabulation\"","text":"Odell's is the accepted narrative that Jeffers corrects in her book; she \"fills in the gaps\".[1] For instance, Jeffers discovered that Peters may not have abandoned his wife, and that the relationship may have been misrepresented by Odell, and that there is no evidence that Odell was actually related to the Wheatley family. The main text of Jeffers' book is a collection of poetry that rereads and rewrites Wheatley's life, combining creative fiction with historical research (or \"critical fabulation\", in the words of Saidiya Hartman). For instance, Wheatley was known to have written a second volume of poems, which was never published; Jeffers came across a letter that showed that Peters tried to get that volume printed, indicating that rather than seduction and abandonment, Wheatley and Peters may have simply been in love: \"I think it's logical to assume that many, many black folks fell in love with many, many other black folks....This assumption is a rational consequence of acknowledging our black humanity.\"[1]Jeffers' poems fill in the gaps left by Odell's biography; she includes love letters between Phillis and Peters, reimagines her life before she was kidnapped and enslaved, offers a more complex picture of her relationship with the Wheatleys, and provides commentary on other issues. For instance, Jeffers offers a first draft of a letter accompanying Wheatley's famous \"To His Excellency, George Washington\", which \"gives vent to her exasperation with flattering white egos\" but then strikes through some phrases:Sir, I have taken the freedom which if\nmy master hadn't given me would have\nbeen my own anyway to address your\nExcellency who I heard behaves like\neither a gentlemen or a tyrant\ndepending on his moods or his money[1]","title":"The Age of Phillis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Award for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Literary_Work_%E2%80%93_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdonnel-2"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The Age of Phillis was longlisted for the 2020 National Book Award for Poetry.[10] The book was also nominated for the 2021 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry,[11] and won.[2]","title":"The Age of Phillis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Songs_of_W.E.B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey"},{"link_name":"CBS This Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_This_Morning"},{"link_name":"Oprah's Book Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club_2.0"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Prize"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Jeffers' first novel, The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois, was published to critical acclaim in August 2021. Oprah Winfrey announced on CBS This Morning that it was her new selection for Oprah's Book Club.[12][13][14] The book was a finalist for the 2021 Kirkus Prize in fiction.[15] Reviewing the novel in The Guardian, Kadish Morris wrote: \"This book is mammoth in size and scope and, though at times it overspills with a surplus of details, is exceptional in the way it engages so deeply and emphatically with history.\"[16]","title":"The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent State University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Southern Illinois University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"The Gospel of Barbecue (Kent State University Press, 2000)\nOutlandish Blues (Wesleyan University Press, 2003)\nRed Clay Suite (Southern Illinois University Press, 2007)\nThe Glory Gets (Wesleyan University Press, 2015)\nThe Age of Phillis (Wesleyan University Press, 2020)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Songs_of_W.E.B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Talk Next Season's Best New Titles at Virtual Buzz Books Editors Panel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bookweb.org/news/talk-next-seasons-best-new-titles-virtual-buzz-books-editors-panel-1624758"},{"link_name":"American Booksellers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Booksellers_Association"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Briefly reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/13/the-love-songs-of-w-e-b-du-bois-radiant-fugitives-bolla-and-somebody-else-sold-the-world"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois (Harper, 2021)[a][b]———————Notes^ Behnke, Emily (January 6, 2021). \"Talk Next Season's Best New Titles at Virtual Buzz Books Editors Panel\". American Booksellers Association. Retrieved February 11, 2021.\n\n^ Briefly reviewed in The New Yorker, September 13, 2021.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harper Lee Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Lee_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haskins-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scarlet-8"},{"link_name":"United States Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Artists"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Jeffers received the Harper Lee Award for Literary Distinction in 2018,[6] and was inducted into the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame in 2020.[17] Her work on Phillis Wheatley was recognized by the American Antiquarian Society, which inducted her into their organization.[8] Jeffers became a United States Artists fellow, with a $50,000 stipend.[18]","title":"Honors"}]
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Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/how-phillis-wheatley-was-recovered-through-history","url_text":"\"How Phillis Wheatley Was Recovered Through History: For decades, a white woman's memoir shaped our understanding of America's first Black poet. Does a new book change the story?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"McDonnell, Brandy (March 28, 2021). \"'I feel like Miss Phillis chose me,' Oklahoma poet says about award-winning book\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved April 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/entertainment/2021/03/28/oklahoma-poet-honoree-fanonne-jeffers-wins-naacp-image-award/6981669002/","url_text":"\"'I feel like Miss Phillis chose me,' Oklahoma poet says about award-winning book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oklahoman","url_text":"The Oklahoman"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\". Dodge Poetry. Geraldine R. 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Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html","url_text":"\"Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huntsville_Times","url_text":"The Huntsville Times"}]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Moira; Ishisaka, Naomi (June 25, 2020). \"Check out more than 20 books to learn about black history, racism and social justice\". The Detroit News. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/books/2020/06/24/black-history-racism-social-justice-books-george-floyd/112006644/","url_text":"\"Check out more than 20 books to learn about black history, racism and social justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News","url_text":"The Detroit News"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Luis; Hylton, Morgan (November 23, 2020). \"A Reading and Q&A with Honorée Fanonne Jeffers and The Age of Phillis\". The Scarlet. 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Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2020/?cat=poetry","url_text":"\"2020 Winners: Poetry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Foundation","url_text":"National Book Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations Announced For 52nd NAACP Image Awards\". NAACP. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mynewsla.com/hollywood/2021/02/02/nominations-announced-for-52nd-naacp-image-awards/","url_text":"\"Nominations Announced For 52nd NAACP Image Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP","url_text":"NAACP"}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah on her book club selection: 'The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\". The Chestnut Post. August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thechestnutpost.com/news/oprah-on-her-book-club-selection-the-love-songs-of-w-e-b-du-bois-by-honoree-fanonne-jeffers/","url_text":"\"Oprah on her book club selection: 'The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oprah's New Book Club Pick: The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\". Oprah.com. August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/oprahs-new-book-club-pick-the-love-songs-of-web-du-bois","url_text":"\"Oprah's New Book Club Pick: The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winfrey picks 'Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' for book club\". The Independent. August 24, 2021 – via AP news wire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/oprah-winfrey-maya-angelou-new-york-black-national-book-award-b1907841.html","url_text":"\"Winfrey picks 'Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois' for book club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Schaub, Michael (September 13, 2021). \"Finalists for 2021 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed\". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved September 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/finalists-for-2021-kirkus-prize-are-revealed/","url_text":"\"Finalists for 2021 Kirkus Prize Are Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Kadish (January 19, 2022). \"Review: The Love Songs of WEB Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers review – an exceptional debut\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jan/19/the-love-songs-of-web-du-bois-by-honoree-fanonne-jeffers-review-an-exceptional-debut","url_text":"\"Review: The Love Songs of WEB Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers review – an exceptional debut\""}]},{"reference":"McLean, Madison (March 6, 2020). \"7 authors to be inducted into the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame\". Alabama Public Radio. Retrieved June 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apr.org/post/7-authors-be-inducted-alabama-writers-hall-fame","url_text":"\"7 authors to be inducted into the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Public_Radio","url_text":"Alabama Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\". United States Artists. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unitedstatesartists.org/fellow/honoree-fanonne-jeffers/","url_text":"\"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Artists","url_text":"United States Artists"}]}]
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Does a new book change the story?\""},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/entertainment/2021/03/28/oklahoma-poet-honoree-fanonne-jeffers-wins-naacp-image-award/6981669002/","external_links_name":"\"'I feel like Miss Phillis chose me,' Oklahoma poet says about award-winning book\""},{"Link":"https://www.dodgepoetry.org/poet-pages-2016/honoree-fanonne-jeffers/","external_links_name":"\"Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/blklibrarygirl/status/1528904266072612864","external_links_name":"\"Tweet\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3300992","external_links_name":"\"'Speaking from a Creolized Environment': An Interview with Honorée Fanonne Jeffers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2004.0175","external_links_name":"10.1353/cal.2004.0175"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3300992","external_links_name":"3300992"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161779329","external_links_name":"161779329"},{"Link":"https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html","external_links_name":"\"Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award\""},{"Link":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/books/2020/06/24/black-history-racism-social-justice-books-george-floyd/112006644/","external_links_name":"\"Check out more than 20 books to learn about black history, racism and social justice\""},{"Link":"https://thescarlet.org/17309/category_news/a-reading-and-qa-with-honoree-fanonne-jeffers-and-the-age-of-phillis/","external_links_name":"\"A Reading and Q&A with Honorée Fanonne Jeffers and The Age of Phillis\""},{"Link":"https://msmagazine.com/2020/04/22/poetry-for-the-rest-of-us-2020-roundup/","external_links_name":"\"Poetry for the Rest of Us: 2020 Roundup\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2020/?cat=poetry","external_links_name":"\"2020 Winners: Poetry\""},{"Link":"https://mynewsla.com/hollywood/2021/02/02/nominations-announced-for-52nd-naacp-image-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Nominations Announced For 52nd NAACP Image Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.thechestnutpost.com/news/oprah-on-her-book-club-selection-the-love-songs-of-w-e-b-du-bois-by-honoree-fanonne-jeffers/","external_links_name":"\"Oprah on her book club selection: 'The Love Songs of W.E.B. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics
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Luxembourg at the 1994 Winter Olympics
|
["1 Background","2 Competitors","3 Alpine skiing","4 References"]
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Sporting event delegationLuxembourg at the1994 Winter OlympicsThe flag of LuxembourgIOC codeLUXNOCLuxembourg Olympic and Sporting CommitteeWebsitewww.teamletzebuerg.lu (in French)in LillehammerCompetitors1 (man) in 1 sportFlag bearer Georges DiderichMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Winter Olympics appearances (overview)1928193219361948–19841988199219941998200220062010201420182022
Luxembourg sent a delegation to compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway from 12–27 February 1994. The nation was making its fifth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The Luxembourgian delegation to Lillehammer consisted of a single athlete, alpine skier Marc Girardelli. His best performance in any event was fourth in the Super-G; he also finished fifth in the downhill and ninth in the combined. As well, he failed to finish the giant slalom, and was disqualified from the slalom.
Background
Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not send a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. Lillehammer marked their fifth appearance at a Winter Olympics, and their only Winter Olympic medals as of 2018 are two silver medals from the immediately preceding 1992 Winter Olympics. The 1994 Winter Olympics were held from 12–27 February 1994, a total of 1,713 athletes competed, representing 67 National Olympic Committees. Georges Diderich served as the chef de mission of the Luxembourgian delegation to Lillehammer, and the competitive delegation consisted of a single athlete, alpine skier Marc Girardelli. Diderich served as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport
Men
Women
Total
Alpine skiing
1
0
1
Total
1
0
1
Alpine skiing
Girardelli skied his last Olympic races in Lillehammer.
Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Marc Girardelli was returning to Olympic competition after representing Luxembourg at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada and in 1992 in Albertville, France. In Albertville, he had won two silver medals by finishing second in the Super-G and the giant slalom. He was 30 years old at the time of the Lillehammer Olympics. On 13 February he took part in the downhill, finishing the race in a time of 1 minute and 46.01 seconds, which put him in fifth position and a mere twenty two-tenths of a second out of bronze medal position. The gold medal was won by Tommy Moe of the United States in 1 minute and 45.75 seconds, the silver by Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway, and the bronze by Ed Podivinsky of Canada. The Combined was held on 14–15 February, with a downhill run on the 14th, and two slalom runs on the 15th. He finished the downhill run of the event in 1 minute and 37.61 seconds, and was ranked seventh. The next day, he finished the slalom runs in times of 53.35 seconds and 49.51 seconds, making his total time for the event 3 minutes and 20.47 seconds, which put him in 9th place out of 33 classified finishers. In this event, the gold medal was won by Lasse Kjus, the silver by Aamodt, and the bronze was taken by Harald Strand Nilsen in a Norwegian sweep of the podium.
The single run Super-G event was held on 17 February, and Girardelli finished the race in a time of 1 minute and 33.07 seconds, and only fourteen-tenths of a second out of bronze medal position; the gold medal was won by Markus Wasmeier of Germany in 1 minute and 32.53 seconds, the silver was taken by Moe, and the bronze was won by Aamodt. The giant slalom was held on 23 February, and Girardelli failed to finish the first run of the two run race, eliminating himself from the competition. The giant slalom medals were won by Wasmeier in gold medal position, Urs Kälin of Switzerland in silver, and bronze was taken by Christian Mayer of Austria. Girardelli's fifth and final race was the slalom on 27 February, but he was disqualified during the first run for missing gate 12 of 74. The medals for the slalom were won by Thomas Stangassinger of Austria in gold medal position, Alberto Tomba of Italy in silver, and Jure Košir of Slovenia in bronze. Lillehammer would turn out to be Girardelli's final Olympic appearance.
Athlete
Event
Race 1
Race 2
Total
Time
Time
Time
Rank
Marc Girardelli
Downhill
1:46.09
5
Super-G
1:33.07
4
Giant Slalom
DNF
–
DNF
–
Slalom
DSQ
–
DSQ
–
Athlete
Event
Downhill
Slalom
Total
Time
Time 1
Time 2
Total time
Rank
Marc Girardelli
Combined
1:37.61
53.35
49.51
3:20.47
9
References
^ "Flagbearers for Luxembourg". olympedia.org. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
^ a b c d "Luxembourg". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics – results & video highlights". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ "Honorary members – Georges Diderich". European Fair Play Movement. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Luxembourg at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ Luxembourg at the 1994 Winter Olympics
^ a b c "Marc Girardelli Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Girardelli Marc – Biographie". International Ski Federation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Downhill". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ a b c "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Combined". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Combined Downhill". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Combined Slalom". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Super G". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Giant Slalom Run 1". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Giant Slalom". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ "1994 Winter Olympics Official Report; Volume IV" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. p. 95. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Slalom Run 1". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games: Men's Slalom". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ "Marc GIRARDELLI – Olympic Alpine Skiing – Luxembourg". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, NorwayAfrica
Senegal
South Africa
America
Argentina
Bermuda
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Jamaica
Mexico
Puerto Rico
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Virgin Islands
Asia
China
Chinese Taipei
Japan
Kazakhstan
South Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Mongolia
Uzbekistan
Europe
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
vteLuxembourg at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games19001904–190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games1928193219361948–19841988199219941998200220062010201420182022
|
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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Kjetil André Aamodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetil_Andr%C3%A9_Aamodt"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ed Podivinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Podivinsky"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_combined"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MComb-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MComb-10"},{"link_name":"Lasse Kjus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Kjus"},{"link_name":"Harald Strand Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Strand_Nilsen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MComb-10"},{"link_name":"Super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_super-G"},{"link_name":"Markus Wasmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Wasmeier"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Urs Kälin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_K%C3%A4lin"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Christian Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Mayer_(skier)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_slalom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stangassinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stangassinger"},{"link_name":"Alberto Tomba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Tomba"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jure Košir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_Ko%C5%A1ir"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Girardelli skied his last Olympic races in Lillehammer.Marc Girardelli was returning to Olympic competition after representing Luxembourg at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada and in 1992 in Albertville, France.[7] In Albertville, he had won two silver medals by finishing second in the Super-G and the giant slalom.[8][7] He was 30 years old at the time of the Lillehammer Olympics.[7] On 13 February he took part in the downhill, finishing the race in a time of 1 minute and 46.01 seconds, which put him in fifth position and a mere twenty two-tenths of a second out of bronze medal position. The gold medal was won by Tommy Moe of the United States in 1 minute and 45.75 seconds, the silver by Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway, and the bronze by Ed Podivinsky of Canada.[9] The Combined was held on 14–15 February, with a downhill run on the 14th, and two slalom runs on the 15th.[10] He finished the downhill run of the event in 1 minute and 37.61 seconds, and was ranked seventh.[11] The next day, he finished the slalom runs in times of 53.35 seconds and 49.51 seconds,[12] making his total time for the event 3 minutes and 20.47 seconds, which put him in 9th place out of 33 classified finishers.[10] In this event, the gold medal was won by Lasse Kjus, the silver by Aamodt, and the bronze was taken by Harald Strand Nilsen in a Norwegian sweep of the podium.[10]The single run Super-G event was held on 17 February, and Girardelli finished the race in a time of 1 minute and 33.07 seconds, and only fourteen-tenths of a second out of bronze medal position; the gold medal was won by Markus Wasmeier of Germany in 1 minute and 32.53 seconds, the silver was taken by Moe, and the bronze was won by Aamodt.[13] The giant slalom was held on 23 February, and Girardelli failed to finish the first run of the two run race, eliminating himself from the competition.[14] The giant slalom medals were won by Wasmeier in gold medal position, Urs Kälin of Switzerland in silver, and bronze was taken by Christian Mayer of Austria.[15] Girardelli's fifth and final race was the slalom on 27 February, but he was disqualified during the first run for missing gate 12 of 74.[16][17] The medals for the slalom were won by Thomas Stangassinger of Austria in gold medal position, Alberto Tomba of Italy in silver, and Jure Košir of Slovenia in bronze.[18] Lillehammer would turn out to be Girardelli's final Olympic appearance.[19]","title":"Alpine skiing"}]
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[{"image_text":"Girardelli skied his last Olympic races in Lillehammer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Marc_Girardelli.JPG/220px-Marc_Girardelli.JPG"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia_Wilhelmina_van_Merken
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Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken
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["1 Biography","2 Literary works","3 References","3.1 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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Lucretia van MerkenBorn(1721-08-21)21 August 1721Amsterdam, Holland, Dutch RepublicDied19 October 1789(1789-10-19) (aged 68)Leiden, Holland, Dutch RepublicOccupationWriterPeriod1745–1789GenrePoetry, tragedyNotable worksArtemines (1745) Het nut der tegenspoeden (1762) David (1768) Beleg der stad Leyden (1774) Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk (1774) Toneelpoezij (1774–1786) Germanicus (1779) De ware geluksbedeeling (1792)Websitedbnl.org
Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken (21 August 1721 – 19 October 1789) was a Dutch poet and playwright. Born in Amsterdam, she began writing occasional poetry and in her early twenties had published her first tragedy. Influenced by the Enlightenment, her tragedies were classicist in style and proved to be popular, being performed all over the country. She wrote an ode in French for George Washington, and sent it to him, and for the revised Dutch version of the Book of Psalms she provided seventeen of the psalms.
Biography
Lucretia van Merken was born to fur trader Jacob van Merken (1691–1754) and Susanna Wilhelmina Brandt (1687–1759), a granddaughter of historian and poet Gerard Brandt (1626–1685). She grew up in Amsterdam on the corner of Keizersgracht and Herenstraat, in a family of Remonstrants. From a young age she was interested in poetry, supported by her mother and by poet Frans de Haes, an older cousin. Her literary examples were Sybrand Feitema and especially Joost van den Vondel.
In the 1750s van Merken lost her entire family: her father (1754), her mother (1759), and her younger sister Wilhelmina (1760). Her own health was also frail, and in the 1760s she was preparing for death.
Van Merken married on 26 September 1768 in Amsterdam, to Nicolaas Simon van Winter (1718–1795), a poet and paint merchant. Van Winter was a widower; his first wife, Johanna Mühl (1718–1768), had been a friend of van Merken's. The couple never had children. Van Winter proposed marriage in verse, and van Merken responded in kind. Shortly after the marriage, van Winter handed over his paint trade to his only son Pieter, and the couple moved to Leiden, maintaining their friendships in Amsterdam via intense correspondence. They spent summers on their estate near Bijdorp, near Zoeterwoude, where they entertained their friends.
In 1774, van Merken and her husband were named honorary citizens of Leiden, likely influenced by her tragedy Het beleg der stad Leyden (1774), which commemorates the Siege of Leiden. By that time her reputation as a poet was already established; Betje Wolff called her "the greatest poetess of our country". She died in Leiden, but was buried in the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam, where her husband was later buried as well. A plaque for the couple was placed in the Oude Kerk in 1828 by a Leiden society, to the right of the organ. A monument designed by another Leiden group was designed but never built.
Van Merken represented the 18th-century Enlightenment ideal of an educated, civilized citizen, and for a long time was a model for budding poets. Romanticism ended the popularity of her work, and later attempts by Hendrik Tollens (1852) and Willem Kloos (1909) to reappraise her were unsuccessful.
Literary works
In her younger years, van Merken mostly wrote occasional poetry, for instance for David van Mollem, owner of the Zijdebalen estate, and for Gerard Aarnout Hasselaar, mayor of Amsterdam. She wrote her first major work in her early twenties; her tragedy Artemines was published in 1745 by Izaak Duim in Amsterdam. In a period of grief she wrote about the comfort she derived from her faith in her didactic poem Het nut der tegenspoeden ("The use of adversities", 1762), a poem that was popular for a long time.
When a group of poets joined around 1760 to form a society, "Laus Deo, Salus Populo" ('Honor to God, blessings for the people'), in order to update the archaic rhymed translation of the Psalms by Petrus Datheen, van Merken's future husband was one of them. She joined the group, and when in 1773 the official new version of the Psalms were published, 17 of those were hers, including Psalm 42.
After moving to Leiden, van Winter and van Merken jointly published their plays in two volumes, Tooneelpoëzij (1774, 1786).
Frontispiece for De Camisards. Published in Tooneelpoëzij. Her classicist tragedies were regularly performed in all the major Dutch cities; on 14 September 1774 the new Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam was opened with the premiere of her tragedy Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk.
Because van Merken rarely commented on contemporary events outside of her occasional poems, her ode in French to George Washington, which she sent to him personally in October 1783, is all the more remarkable. The ode, which hails Washington as the defender of his people's freedom (apparently Van Merken despised the British), contained twenty four-line stanzas. Van Merken waited in vain for an answer, and half a year later, in April 1784, she sent it again, this time accompanied by a letter in French written by her husband. Washington knew little or no French, so he would have had to read both the letter and poem in translated form; two years later a letter from Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette arrived, with two accompanying letters in English from Washington thanking the couple for the gift.
Van Merken's predilection for serious subject matter and lofty genre writing is evidenced by her tragedies, but also by two expansive epics: David (in twelve books, 1767) and Germanicus (in sixteen books, 1779). Her final work, De ware geluksbedeeling, published in 1792 along with some letters in rhyme and a few occasional poems, is similar to Het nut der tegenspoeden, a contemplation on life, on the inevitability of sorrow, and the comfort offered by religion.
References
^ a b c d e f g van Logchem.
^ a b c van der Aa, p.637. Meijer Drees, p. 572.
^ a b te Winkel, p.395.
^ a b van der Aa, p.638
^ a b te Winkel, p.399
^ te Winkel, p.404
^ Meijer Drees, p. 572 (quote from a letter of Wolff's to Van Merken, 2 Januari 1777)
^ van Logchem, Elly (13 January 2014). "Merken, Lucretia Wilhelmina van (1721–1789)". Digital Women's Lexicon of the Netherlands.
^ te Winkel. p.392.
^ Smit, p.602
^ a b c d van der Aa, p.639
^ Smit, p.603
^ te Winkel, p.405.
^ te Winkel, p.401
^ Höweler, p.70-77
^ Smit, p.599-620.
Bibliography
Howeler, H. A. (1933). "Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken en George Washington". Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde (in Dutch). 52: 70–77.
Smit, Wisse Alfred Pierre (1975–1983). Kalliope in de Nederlanden. Het Renaissancistisch-klassicistische epos van 1550 tot 1850 (in Dutch). Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp. pp. 599–620.
te Winkel, Jan (1924). De ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche letterkunde V, Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche letterkunde van de Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden (3) (in Dutch) (2 ed.). Haarlem: Héritiers F. Bohn. pp. 391–408.
van der Aa, Abraham Jacob (1869). Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Haarlem: J. J. van Brederode. pp. 637–641.
van Lochem, Elly (13 January 2014). "Merken, Lucretia Wilhelmina van" (in Dutch). Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
Meijer Drees, M. (1997). "Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken". In Schenkeveld-van der Dussen, Riet (ed.). Met en zonder lauwerkrans. Schrijvende vrouwen uit de vroegmoderne tijd 1550–1850: van Anna Bijns tot Elisa van Calcar (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9053562680.
External links
(in Dutch) Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken / Amsterdam 1721 – Leiden 1789
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occasional poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasional_poetry"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Book of Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Psalms"}],"text":"Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken (21 August 1721 – 19 October 1789) was a Dutch poet and playwright. Born in Amsterdam, she began writing occasional poetry and in her early twenties had published her first tragedy. Influenced by the Enlightenment, her tragedies were classicist in style and proved to be popular, being performed all over the country. She wrote an ode in French for George Washington, and sent it to him, and for the revised Dutch version of the Book of Psalms she provided seventeen of the psalms.","title":"Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"},{"link_name":"Gerard Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Brandt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda637-2"},{"link_name":"Remonstrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remonstrants"},{"link_name":"Sybrand Feitema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sybrand_Feitema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda637-2"},{"link_name":"Joost van den Vondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw395-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda638-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw399B-5"},{"link_name":"Zoeterwoude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeterwoude"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw404-6"},{"link_name":"Betje Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betje_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oude Kerk, Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Tollens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Tollens"},{"link_name":"Willem Kloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Kloos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"}],"text":"Lucretia van Merken was born to fur trader Jacob van Merken (1691–1754) and Susanna Wilhelmina Brandt (1687–1759),[1] a granddaughter of historian and poet Gerard Brandt (1626–1685).[2] She grew up in Amsterdam on the corner of Keizersgracht and Herenstraat, in a family of Remonstrants. From a young age she was interested in poetry, supported by her mother and by poet Frans de Haes, an older cousin. Her literary examples were Sybrand Feitema[2] and especially Joost van den Vondel.[1]In the 1750s van Merken lost her entire family: her father (1754), her mother (1759), and her younger sister Wilhelmina (1760).[3] Her own health was also frail, and in the 1760s she was preparing for death.[1]Van Merken married on 26 September 1768 in Amsterdam, to Nicolaas Simon van Winter (1718–1795), a poet and paint merchant. Van Winter was a widower; his first wife, Johanna Mühl (1718–1768),[4] had been a friend of van Merken's. The couple never had children.[5] Van Winter proposed marriage in verse, and van Merken responded in kind. Shortly after the marriage, van Winter handed over his paint trade to his only son Pieter, and the couple moved to Leiden, maintaining their friendships in Amsterdam via intense correspondence. They spent summers on their estate near Bijdorp, near Zoeterwoude, where they entertained their friends.[1]In 1774, van Merken and her husband were named honorary citizens of Leiden, likely influenced by her tragedy Het beleg der stad Leyden (1774), which commemorates the Siege of Leiden.[6] By that time her reputation as a poet was already established; Betje Wolff called her \"the greatest poetess of our country\".[7] She died in Leiden, but was buried in the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam, where her husband was later buried as well. A plaque for the couple was placed in the Oude Kerk in 1828 by a Leiden society, to the right of the organ. A monument designed by another Leiden group was designed but never built.[1]Van Merken represented the 18th-century Enlightenment ideal of an educated, civilized citizen, and for a long time was a model for budding poets. Romanticism ended the popularity of her work, and later attempts by Hendrik Tollens (1852) and Willem Kloos (1909) to reappraise her were unsuccessful.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occasional poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasional_poetry"},{"link_name":"Zijdebalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zijdebalen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerard Aarnout Hasselaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Aarnout_Hasselaar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda637-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw392-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw395-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda638-4"},{"link_name":"Petrus Datheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Dathenus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waps602-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda639-11"},{"link_name":"Psalm 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_42"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waps603-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda639-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_Camisards_1774_1786.gif"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw405-13"},{"link_name":"Stadsschouwburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsschouwburg"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw401-14"},{"link_name":"ode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hah7077-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda639-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waps599620-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vda639-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtw399B-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logchem-1"}],"text":"In her younger years, van Merken mostly wrote occasional poetry, for instance for David van Mollem, owner of the Zijdebalen estate, and for Gerard Aarnout Hasselaar, mayor of Amsterdam.[8] She wrote her first major work in her early twenties; her tragedy Artemines was published in 1745 by Izaak Duim in Amsterdam.[2][9] In a period of grief she wrote about the comfort she derived from her faith in her didactic poem Het nut der tegenspoeden (\"The use of adversities\", 1762), a poem that was popular for a long time.[3][4]When a group of poets joined around 1760 to form a society, \"Laus Deo, Salus Populo\" ('Honor to God, blessings for the people'), in order to update the archaic rhymed translation of the Psalms by Petrus Datheen, van Merken's future husband was one of them. She joined the group, and when in 1773 the official new version of the Psalms were published, 17 of those were hers,[10][11] including Psalm 42.[12]After moving to Leiden, van Winter and van Merken jointly published their plays in two volumes, Tooneelpoëzij (1774, 1786).[11]Frontispiece for De Camisards.[13] Published in Tooneelpoëzij.Her classicist tragedies were regularly performed in all the major Dutch cities; on 14 September 1774 the new Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam was opened with the premiere of her tragedy Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk.[14]Because van Merken rarely commented on contemporary events outside of her occasional poems, her ode in French to George Washington, which she sent to him personally in October 1783, is all the more remarkable. The ode, which hails Washington as the defender of his people's freedom (apparently Van Merken despised the British), contained twenty four-line stanzas. Van Merken waited in vain for an answer, and half a year later, in April 1784, she sent it again, this time accompanied by a letter in French written by her husband. Washington knew little or no French, so he would have had to read both the letter and poem in translated form; two years later a letter from Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette arrived, with two accompanying letters in English from Washington thanking the couple for the gift.[15]Van Merken's predilection for serious subject matter and lofty genre writing is evidenced by her tragedies, but also by two expansive epics: David (in twelve books, 1767)[11][16] and Germanicus (in sixteen books, 1779).[11][5] Her final work, De ware geluksbedeeling, published in 1792 along with some letters in rhyme and a few occasional poems, is similar to Het nut der tegenspoeden, a contemplation on life, on the inevitability of sorrow, and the comfort offered by religion.[1]","title":"Literary works"}]
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[{"image_text":"Frontispiece for De Camisards.[13] Published in Tooneelpoëzij.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/De_Camisards_1774_1786.gif"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga)
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Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)
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["1 Background and release","2 Recording and composition","3 Critical reception","4 Chart performance","5 Music video","5.1 Background","5.2 Synopsis","5.3 Reception","6 Live performances","7 Track listing","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","9.3 Decade-end charts","10 Certifications and sales","11 Release history","12 2011 EAS test","13 See also","14 References"]
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2009 single by Lady Gaga
"Paparazzi"Single by Lady Gagafrom the album The Fame Written2007ReleasedJuly 6, 2009 (2009-07-06)Studio150 (Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey)Genre
Techno-pop
dance-pop
Length3:29Label
Streamline
KonLive
Cherrytree
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Stefani Germanotta
Rob Fusari
Producer(s)
Rob Fusari
Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga singles chronology
"Chillin" (2009)
"Paparazzi" (2009)
"Bad Romance" (2009)
Music video"Paparazzi" on YouTube
"Paparazzi" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It was released as the album's fifth and final single by Interscope Records. Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari. The song portrays Gaga's struggles in her quest for fame, as well as balancing success and love. Musically, it is an uptempo techno-pop and dance-pop ballad whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame.
The music video was released on May 29, 2009, and on July 6, 2009 "Paparazzi" was released digitally in Ireland and the United Kingdom, and physically in Australia on July 10. "LoveGame" initially had been planned as the third single release in the UK, but when its lyrics and music video were deemed potentially controversial, it was decided that "Paparazzi" would be released instead. "Paparazzi" was critically acclaimed for its "fun-filled" and club-friendly nature. It was also commercially successful, reaching top-ten positions in the music charts of Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States and topping the charts in the Czech Republic, Germany and Scotland.
The accompanying music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet, hounded by photographers, who is almost killed by her boyfriend (played by Alexander Skarsgård). It shows her survival, comeback, revenge on her boyfriend, and experiences on the way to fame. The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 2009 for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. Gaga performed the song at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance art piece symbolizing the negative effect of fame leading to death. Additional live performances of the song took place during many of her concert tours and residency shows.
Background and release
Before she rose to fame, Lady Gaga met music producer Rob Fusari in March 2006 and began dating him in May. Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with Fusari. While working together, he compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen. He also created the "Lady Gaga" moniker after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon started writing more songs for Gaga. Towards the end of 2007, Gaga's management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.
What am I really trying to say here? What will the act of me writing this song really do? Me making a conscious decision to write about the paparazzi – I thought about performance art and shock art and how Paris Hilton and her sister and Lindsay Lohan and Nicole Richie are shock artists in their own way. They're not necessarily doing fine arts – something they put in the museums – but it's an art form. That's what this song is trying to say.
—Gaga talking about the different aspects of the song.
By 2008, Gaga relocated to Los Angeles to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album, The Fame, and set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga. "Paparazzi" was one of the songs written by Gaga and Fusari who also produced the track. In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, Gaga recalled her relationship with a heavy metal drummer called Luke, who became an inspiration for most of the songs on The Fame, including "Paparazzi". The song became a symbol for Gaga to escape her own narcissism and desire for fame. She was infatuated with Luke, calling him "the love of her life", and ready to be his fan, to turn the camera around and photograph him.
To the Australian Daily Telegraph, Gaga explained that "Paparazzi" was about struggling to balance success and love. Further explanations said that the song was about trying to win the paparazzi and the media in one's favor. "It's a love song for the cameras, but it's also a love song about fame or love – can you have both, or can you only have one", she concluded. "Paparazzi" was the album's third single in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the fourth in Canada and the United States and the fifth in Australia, France and New Zealand. Although released on July 6, 2009, in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia, "LoveGame" initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial, it was decided that "Paparazzi" would be released instead.
Recording and composition
"Paparazzi"
A 19-second sample from "Paparazzi" where the chorus plays with Gaga singing the lines "I'm your biggest fan".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Paparazzi" was recorded at 150 Studios in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. Along with the production and songwriting of the track, Gaga also did the background vocals and played piano and synthesizer. Calvin "Sci-Fidelty" Gaines did the programming and Fusari did the audio engineering and recording. Other personnel involved in creating the final version of the song included Robert Orton who did the audio mixing, and Gene Grimaldi who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios, Burbank, California.
"Paparazzi" is a dance-pop and techno-pop song with an uptempo, sultry beat similar to Gaga's previous singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". Sheet music for "Paparazzi" shows the key of C minor with a tempo of 115 beats per minute, with the chorus in A♭ major. It is set in common time, and the vocal range spans from G3 to E♭5. The verses follow in the chord progression of Cm–A♭–Cm and the chorus uses an A♭–E♭–Fm–D♭ progression. The lyrics of "Paparazzi" deal with stalking and the trappings of fame. Gaga sings about her desire to get attention from the cameras: "I'm your biggest fan/I'll follow you until you love me/Papa, paparazzi."
Critical reception
Gaga performing "Paparazzi" on The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
The song received acclaim from music critics, and has been considered one of the best songs in Gaga's discography years after its release. In 2011, Rolling Stone called it the second greatest Gaga song of all time, praising the song's theme and beat. Jill Menze of Billboard, while reviewing The Fame Ball Tour, complimented Gaga's vocals on the song by saying, "The fame-obsessed ballad 'Paparazzi' showed how adept she can be with her range." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that, "You may quickly tire of hearing the album's theme constantly reiterated, but the tune of 'Paparazzi' takes up residence in your brain and refuses to budge." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the song clever and said that it "functions simultaneously as glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it."
Priya Elan of The Times thought that "even the trio of songs that provides the core of the album's celebrity theme ('Paparazzi', 'Beautiful Dirty Rich', and the title track) don't ruminate on the addictive inanity of fame, choosing instead to observe passively." David Balls from Digital Spy praised Gaga's decision of releasing a mid-tempo track after two uptempos ("Just Dance" and "Poker Face") saying that "thanks to a typically catchy chorus and some smart, celebrity-themed lyrics, very nearly as thrilling in the finish. Backed with a hilariously self-indulgent video, it seems GaGa still has us firmly in her clutch and, ahem, squealing for more."
Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that both "Paparazzi" and the earlier single "Poker Face" are comparable with the musical styles of first single "Just Dance" but added that "never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself; instead, her faults only come from covering territory that she's obviously not prepared for." Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post said that even though Gaga turns somewhat serious while disapprovingly singing "Paparazzi", the song comes across as flat and faceless as well as vapid. Erika Howard of the New Times Broward-Palm Beach called it the most telling track from the album.
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that "'Paparazzi' is a love letter from camera to subject but stops short of admitting that the affection runs both ways. Any notion that Lady Gaga is sketching an elaborate stunt is stopped cold at the lyric sheet, a perverse flaunting of simplicity that betrays no cynicism whatsoever." Pitchfork Media ranked "Paparazzi" number 83 on their list of 2009's 100 best tracks. NME ranked it at number 9 in their list of the best songs of 2009.
Chart performance
In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 on the issue dated September 12, 2009, and reached a peak of number six, becoming her fourth consecutive top-ten single on the chart. With the song, Gaga joined Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, and Fergie as the only women this decade to collect four Hot 100 top-tens from a debut album. It also reached the top of Billboard's Pop Songs chart, thus making Gaga the first artist in the 17-year history of Pop Songs chart to have her first four singles from a debut album reach the top of the chart. The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. As of February 2018, it has sold 3.6 million digital downloads in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan. It became Gaga's fourth song to top the three-million mark, and was certified five-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Paparazzi" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92 and moved up to number 57 the following week becoming the week's greatest digital gainer. The song ultimately peaked at number three on the chart, in its 13th week.
"Paparazzi" debuted on the official Australian Singles Chart at number 73 on the issue dated June 1, 2009, and leaped to 27 the next week. The song ultimately peaked at number two, giving Gaga her fourth top five single in Australia. The song was certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 420,000 copies. In New Zealand, "Paparazzi" debuted at number 23 on the week ending June 22, 2009, and reached a peak of number five. The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) after 14 weeks on the chart, for shipping over 7,500 copies.
In the UK, "Paparazzi" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 99 in February 2009 due to digital downloads after the release of The Fame. It reached number 13 for the issue dated June 21, 2009, after jumping from 43 to this position from the last week. The next week the song further climbed to number eight and ultimately peaked at number four. As of July 2022, the song has sold 942,000 copies in the UK with 39 million streams and is certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). "Paparazzi" debuted at number 38 on the Irish Singles Chart and peaked at number four. "Paparazzi" reached number one in Germany, making it her second chart-topper there. The song also debuted on the Dutch Top 40 at number 27 on the issue dated July 18, 2009. It peaked at number four on its sixth week on the chart. In Italy, the song debuted at number 19 and then climbed to number three, becoming Gaga's second top three there.
Music video
Background
The music video was directed by Swedish director, Jonas Åkerlund, who had previously directed music videos for artists like the Smashing Pumpkins, Madonna, Moby, Rammstein, and U2. His wife Bea Åkerlund was hired as Gaga's stylist for the video. It was filmed on April 13–14, 2009 at Villa de León in Malibu, California, and at Chateau d'Or in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Gaga told MTV News that she was satisfied with the finished version of the "Paparazzi" video, likening it to a short film. In an interview with The Canadian Press on May 26, 2009, Gaga cited her video as "the most amazing creative work that put together so far." She went on to describe the message of the video:
It has a real, genuine, powerful message about fame-whoring and death and the demise of the celebrity, and what that does to young people. The video explores ideas about sort of hyperbolic situations that people will go to in order to be famous. Most specifically, pornography and murder. These are some of the major themes in the video.
Later, in her V magazine cover story, Gaga believed that Diana, Princess of Wales was referenced in the video, claiming she died because of being a martyr symbolic of fame. The video was supposed to premiere on June 4, 2009, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, on Channel 4. However, while touring in Australia, Gaga posted a message on her Twitter account on May 29, 2009, saying "Stop leaking my motherf**king videos", which referred to the video being released without the singer's consent.
Synopsis
Gaga wearing a metallic leotard—a reference to the film Metropolis (1927)—with matching helmet while attempting to walk with the help of crutches in the music video for "Paparazzi"
The music video is seven minutes long. Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård plays Gaga's boyfriend. The video features a murderous plot line involving a doomed starlet who is constantly followed by photographers. The video opens with a shot of a seaside mansion, where Gaga and her boyfriend are shown lying on a bed talking in Swedish. They move to the balcony and start making out; however, when hidden photographers start taking pictures of them, Gaga realizes that her boyfriend has set the paparazzi to photograph her and tries to stop him. Her struggles nevertheless remain futile even when she punches him, and in a final frantic attempt at defense, she smashes a nearby bottle of liquor into his face. The enraged boyfriend throws her over the balcony. Gaga lies on the ground in her own blood as the photographers continue to take pictures of her bloody body and tabloid headlines proclaim that her career is over. According to Rolling Stone, this scene pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo (1958).
Later, Gaga is shown getting out of a limousine, being carried by male dancers to a wheelchair. It is during this scene that the song starts. As the dancers gyrate around her, she starts walking down the carpet with the help of a pair of crutches while wearing a metallic bustier and a matching helmet. The metallic outfit is a reference to the film Metropolis (1927). These scenes are interspersed with scenes of dead models lying around the mansion. Next Gaga is shown on a golden couch where she makes out with a trio of hair metal rockers during the line "Loving you is cherry pie". The trio, which consist of the triplets Calle "Kelii" Landeberg, Nisse "Izzy" Landeberg, and Pelle "Rock" Landeberg are known as Snake of Eden and they are from the reality television dating program Daisy of Love. According to MTV, this scene is a reference to the song "Cherry Pie" by American glam band Warrant. The video continues through the intermediate bridge with Gaga wearing a dress made up of film strips and a towering feathered Mohawk headdress.
In the next scene, Gaga and her eye-patch wearing boyfriend are reading magazines on a sofa in a tea room. Gaga wears a yellow jumpsuit with circular glasses and shoulder pads. The Guardian compared this look with that of Minnie Mouse. She finally takes her revenge on her boyfriend by discreetly poisoning his drink with white powder concealed in her ring. As he falls dead, Gaga calls 9-1-1 and declares that she just killed her boyfriend. The police arrive at the mansion and arrest Gaga who, wearing a tall ice cream cone corkscrew wig, walks to the police car as the paparazzi surround her once again. Images flash by, with newspapers proclaiming her innocence and that Gaga is back in the spotlight and has regained her fame. The video ends with Gaga posing for mug shots like a fashion model while wearing a tulip shaped metallic dress similar to the single cover.
Reception
Rolling Stone writer Daniel Kreps compared the video with the 1992 music video for "November Rain" by Guns N' Roses. He described the scenes of the dead models as stomach-turning while complimenting the video for "brimming with cinematic style that it's hard to take your eyes off it, though it will likely be labeled as a little self-indulgent." He also commented on the leaking of the video, saying that it "warranted more than just a simple leak; it deserved a red carpet." Anna Pickard from The Guardian complimented the video saying that "quite a lot of work has gone into it". However, she opined that the video was too long. Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video, saying "it gives us even more of the next-level cuckoo we've come to expect from the girl born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta." The paparazzi theme of the video was compared to Britney Spears' 2004 music video, "Everytime". MTV News called the video a "1940s romantic-epic-style video" that "proves once and for all that Gaga is a true original with a unique vision." The video was nominated for five VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Special Effects, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction. Along with four other nominations for "Poker Face", she and Beyoncé were tied for most nominations that year. The video won the award for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. The music video for Gaga's single "Telephone" is a continuation of the "Paparazzi" music video, and is a short film as well. The video picks up right where "Paparazzi" left off; starting with Gaga in prison.
Live performances
Gaga performing "Paparazzi" on the 2010 leg of The Monster Ball Tour while getting attacked by the Angler fish (left) and wearing a tentacled costume for the song at the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour (right) in 2014
Gaga performed "Paparazzi" live on the UK program, The Album Chart Show on February 14, 2009, as promotion for The Fame. The song was performed at Capital Radio 95.8 FM in an acoustic piano version on May 1, 2009. On June 26, 2009, Gaga performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival emerging from a silver case on stage. The song was a major part of Gaga's performance in her first headlining Fame Ball tour as the opening number of the setlist. The show started with a video intro called "The Heart" where Gaga played an alternate persona called Candy Warhol. She wore a silver and black short skirt like a tutu and shaped like peplum on both sides. She was surrounded by her dancers holding plates which were encrusted with crystals and completely hid them. The stage was surrounded by mechanical fog and heavy lighting was being emitted from the background.
"Paparazzi" was performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, which began with Gaga lying on the floor, on a set that was described as an ornate mansion. She stumbled across the stage and did choreographed dance moves, finally ending up playing a piano. The final chorus involved theatrical blood dripping from Gaga's ribcage as Gaga collapsed on the stage wailing in agony and one of the dancers gently lifted her. Gaga then hung lifeless with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face with a golden halo being projected on the screen behind her. Gaga dedicated the performance to her fans. Ashley Laderer from Billboard opined that "this was the performance that really made Lady Gaga. It proved she was more than just a superficial pop star—she was an artist, and quite unlike one we'd ever seen before, a true force to be reckoned with." Morgan Evans of Harper's Bazaar thought that Gaga's VMA performance "introduced the world to the darker, edgier side she would soon become known for."
The song was performed by Gaga in a similar choreography at the thirty-fifth season of NBC's late night comedy show Saturday Night Live. It was also present on the set list of Gaga's Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011). On the original version of the show, she wore multiple donned braided extensions and was perched atop a railing. From each of her braids, a dancer was attached on the stage. A backdrop of stars were shown during the performance. During the revised Monster Ball shows, Gaga changed the concept and the performance of the song. She wore an emerald green dress by Thierry Mugler, and was attacked by a giant, mechanical Angler fish. Gaga then removed the dress to reveal a leotard of the same color and during the bridge she is lowered beneath the stage to acquire her pyro-technic bra. In the final chorus of the song Gaga returns and kills the monster with the sparks from the bra. The song was part of the setlist of Gaga's 2012–2013 tour, the Born This Way Ball. Gaga was notably absent from stage for the first two minutes of the song, and "Mother G.O.A.T.", a floating mechanical head performed it instead of her. Gaga then emerged on stage, and concluded the song while shooting the head, making it to cry blood.
Gaga performing "Paparazzi" on the piano at her Jazz & Piano residency in Las Vegas (2022)
During the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour (2014), Gaga performed "Paparazzi" dressed up in a polka-dotted rubber outfit with tentacles growing out around her waist and her head. Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone described her look as "an inflatable rubber order of fried calamari growing out of her spine", while Adam Carlson from Billboard said that the outfit made Gaga look like a "dancing Ursula from The Little Mermaid ". The song was added to the setlist of the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018), where she was wearing a red leather bodysuit and tassel leather boots, and the performance ended with a choreographed attack on Gaga by her dancers.
"Paparazzi" was performed on Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano (2018–2022), the singer's Las Vegas residency, which consist of two different shows. On the Enigma shows, she performs "Paparazzi" in a floating orb-like cage that is elevated above the audience, while on the Jazz and Piano show, she performs it on the piano, with "the full orchestra kicking in with some apropos suspense-movie chase music". Talking about the latter, John Katsilometes of the Las Vegas Review-Journal argued that "a live version of that song in Vegas would be a hit single", saying that the "raging" performance "always jolts the crowd to a standing ovation".
Track listing
UK / AUS CD single
"Paparazzi" (Album Version) – 3:28
"Paparazzi" (Filthy Dukes Remix) – 5:21
CAN / AUS / US / FRA remix EP
"Paparazzi" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19
"Paparazzi" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05
"Paparazzi" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21
"Paparazzi" (James Carameta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27
UK / IRE remix EP
"Paparazzi" – 3:27
"Paparazzi" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21
"Paparazzi" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05
"Paparazzi" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19
"Paparazzi" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47
US iTunes Remix EP #2
"Paparazzi" (Chew Fu Ghettohouse Radio Edit) – 3:39
"Paparazzi" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47
"Paparazzi" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27
US 'The Remixes' CD single
"Paparazzi" (Demolition Crew Remix) – 3:55
"Paparazzi" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05
"Paparazzi" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19
"Paparazzi" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21
"Paparazzi" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27
"Paparazzi" (Album Version) – 3:29
"Paparazzi" (Instrumental Version) – 3:29
FRA / GER remix EP / GER CD single
"Paparazzi" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05
"Paparazzi" (Moto Blanco Bostic Dub) – 6:42
"Paparazzi" (Demolition Crew Remix) – 3:55
"Paparazzi" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19
"Paparazzi" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21
"Paparazzi" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47
"Paparazzi" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27
"Paparazzi" (Radio Edit) – 3:28
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame.
Lady Gaga – vocals, songwriting, co-production, piano, synthesizer
Rob Fusari – songwriting, production
Calvin "Sci-Fidelty" Gaines – programming
Robert Orton – audio mixing
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering, Burbank, California
Recorded at 150 Studios, Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey
Charts
Weekly charts
2009–2010 weekly chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2009–2010)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
6
Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay (Billboard)
18
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
3
Canada AC (Billboard)
37
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
2
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)
2
Croatia (HRT)
2
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
12
European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
9
France (SNEP)
6
Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Hungary (Dance Top 40)
25
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
10
Ireland (IRMA)
4
Israel (Media Forest)
3
Italy (FIMI)
3
Luxembourg Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
6
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
17
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
5
Portugal Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
7
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
5
Scotland (OCC)
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
5
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
46
South Korea International Singles (Gaon)
80
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
22
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
4
UK Singles (OCC)
4
US Billboard Hot 100
6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
15
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
14
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
7
2017 weekly chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2017)
Peakposition
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
17
2024 weekly chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2024)
Peakposition
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
56
Year-end charts
2009 year-end chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2009)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
21
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
74
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
59
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
18
European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
34
France (SNEP)
92
Germany (Media Control Charts)
23
Hungary (Dance Top 40)
129
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
49
Italy (FIMI)
24
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
95
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
41
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
63
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
29
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
18
US Billboard Hot 100
53
2010 year-end chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2010)
Position
European Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)
45
France (SNEP)
61
US Billboard Hot 100
64
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
38
2011 year-end chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2011)
Position
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
173
Decade-end charts
Decade-end chart performance for "Paparazzi"
Chart (2000–09)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
78
Certifications and sales
Certifications and sales for "Paparazzi"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
6× Platinum
420,000‡
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
3× Platinum
180,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
15,000^
France
—
120,000
Germany (BVMI)
3× Gold
450,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Platinum
20,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
7,500*
Sweden (GLF)
Gold
10,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
942,000
United States (RIAA)
5× Platinum
3,600,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "Paparazzi"
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref.
British Isles
July 6, 2009
Digital download
Original
Interscope
United Kingdom
CD single
OriginalFilthy Dukes remix
Polydor
Australia
July 10, 2009
Interscope
Italy
Radio airplay
Original
Universal
United States
September 1, 2009
Rhythmic radio
Interscope
September 8, 2009
Contemporary hit radio
Various
Digital download
The Remixes
Germany
September 11, 2009
CD single
Original
Various
September 29, 2009
Digital download
The Remixes Part Deux
France
December 7, 2009
CD single
Original
Polydor
2011 EAS test
On November 9, 2011, there was an emergency alert test that activated at 2 p.m. EST. However, DirecTV users didn't hear the 3-tone beep first, and the song was played instead.
See also
List of best-selling singles of the 2000s (Australia)
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2009
List of number-one songs of the 2000s (Czech Republic)
List of number-one hits of 2009 (Germany)
List of number-one dance singles of 2009 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2009
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vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects
"Rockit" (1984)
"Don't Come Around Here No More" (1985)
"Take On Me" (1986)
"Sledgehammer" (1987)
"Hourglass" (1988)
"Leave Me Alone" (1989)
"Sowing the Seeds of Love" (1990)
"Falling to Pieces" (1991)
"Even Better Than the Real Thing" (1992)
"Steam" (1993)
"Kiss That Frog" (1994)
"Love Is Strong" (1995)
"Tonight, Tonight" (1996)
"Virtual Insanity" (1997)
"Frozen" (1998)
"Special" (1999)
"All Is Full of Love" (2000)
"Rock DJ" (2001)
"Fell in Love with a Girl" (2002)
"Go with the Flow" (2003)
"Hey Ya!" (2004)
"Feel Good Inc." (2005)
"We Run This" (2006)
"Good Life" (2008)
"Paparazzi" (2009)
"Uprising" (2010)
"E.T." (2011)
"First of the Year (Equinox)" (2012)
"Safe and Sound" (2013)
"The Writing's on the Wall" (2014)
"Where Are Ü Now" (2015)
"Up&Up" (2016)
"HUMBLE." (2017)
"All the Stars" (2018)
"ME!" (2019)
"Physical" (2020)
"Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" (2021)
"Industry Baby" (2022)
"Anti-Hero" (2023)
vteLady Gaga songs
Discography
Songs
The Fame
"Just Dance"
"LoveGame"
"Paparazzi"
"Poker Face"
"Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)"
"Beautiful, Dirty, Rich"
The Fame Monster
"Bad Romance"
"Alejandro"
"Monster"
"Speechless"
"Dance in the Dark"
"Telephone"
"So Happy I Could Die"
"Teeth"
Born This Way
"Marry the Night"
"Born This Way"
"Government Hooker"
"Judas"
"Americano"
"Hair"
"Scheiße"
"Bloody Mary"
"Electric Chapel"
"You and I"
"The Edge of Glory"
Artpop
"Aura"
"Venus"
"G.U.Y."
"Sexxx Dreams"
"Do What U Want"
"Artpop"
"Swine"
"Dope"
"Gypsy"
"Applause"
Cheek to Cheek
"Anything Goes"
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love"
"Nature Boy"
"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)"
Joanne
"A-Yo"
"Joanne"
"John Wayne"
"Perfect Illusion"
"Million Reasons"
"Angel Down"
A Star Is Born
"Shallow"
"Always Remember Us This Way"
"Is That Alright?"
"Why Did You Do That?"
"I'll Never Love Again"
Chromatica
"Alice"
"Stupid Love"
"Rain on Me"
"Free Woman"
"911"
"Sour Candy"
"Sine from Above"
Love for Sale
"Love for Sale"
"I Get a Kick Out of You"
Top Gun: Maverick
"Hold My Hand"
As featured artist
"Chillin"
"Video Phone" (remix)
"3-Way (The Golden Rule)"
"Sweet Sounds of Heaven"
Other songs recorded
"Christmas Tree"
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
"Til It Happens to You"
"The Cure"
"Your Song"
Other songs written/produced
"Make Her Say"
"Fever"
"Invading My Mind"
"Hypnotico"
"Maybe It's Time"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"The Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Rob Fusari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Fusari"},{"link_name":"techno-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-pop"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"LoveGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveGame"},{"link_name":"Jonas Åkerlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_%C3%85kerlund"},{"link_name":"Alexander Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction"},{"link_name":"Best Special Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"her concert tours and residency shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lady_Gaga_live_performances"}],"text":"2009 single by Lady Gaga\"Paparazzi\" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). It was released as the album's fifth and final single by Interscope Records. Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari. The song portrays Gaga's struggles in her quest for fame, as well as balancing success and love. Musically, it is an uptempo techno-pop and dance-pop ballad whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame.The music video was released on May 29, 2009, and on July 6, 2009 \"Paparazzi\" was released digitally in Ireland and the United Kingdom, and physically in Australia on July 10. \"LoveGame\" initially had been planned as the third single release in the UK, but when its lyrics and music video were deemed potentially controversial, it was decided that \"Paparazzi\" would be released instead. \"Paparazzi\" was critically acclaimed for its \"fun-filled\" and club-friendly nature. It was also commercially successful, reaching top-ten positions in the music charts of Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States and topping the charts in the Czech Republic, Germany and Scotland.The accompanying music video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet, hounded by photographers, who is almost killed by her boyfriend (played by Alexander Skarsgård). It shows her survival, comeback, revenge on her boyfriend, and experiences on the way to fame. The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 2009 for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects. Gaga performed the song at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance art piece symbolizing the negative effect of fame leading to death. Additional live performances of the song took place during many of her concert tours and residency shows.","title":"Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Fusari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Fusari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusari1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fusari2-2"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirrorstone-3"},{"link_name":"Radio Ga Ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ga_Ga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RedOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedOne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters.com-5"},{"link_name":"paparazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"her sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hilton_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"Nicole Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Richie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehqueenofpop-6"},{"link_name":"The Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehqueenofpop-6"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radiogaga-8"},{"link_name":"LoveGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveGame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ehqueenofpop-6"}],"text":"Before she rose to fame, Lady Gaga met music producer Rob Fusari in March 2006 and began dating him in May.[1][2] Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with Fusari. While working together, he compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[3] He also created the \"Lady Gaga\" moniker after the Queen song \"Radio Ga Ga\". Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon started writing more songs for Gaga.[4] Towards the end of 2007, Gaga's management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[5]What am I really trying to say here? What will the act of me writing this song really do? Me making a conscious decision to write about the paparazzi – I thought about performance art and shock art and how Paris Hilton and her sister and Lindsay Lohan and Nicole Richie are shock artists in their own way. They're not necessarily doing fine arts – something they put in the museums – but it's an art form. That's what this song is trying to say.\n\n\n—Gaga talking about the different aspects of the song.[6]By 2008, Gaga relocated to Los Angeles to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album, The Fame, and set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga. \"Paparazzi\" was one of the songs written by Gaga and Fusari who also produced the track.[6] In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, Gaga recalled her relationship with a heavy metal drummer called Luke, who became an inspiration for most of the songs on The Fame, including \"Paparazzi\". The song became a symbol for Gaga to escape her own narcissism and desire for fame. She was infatuated with Luke, calling him \"the love of her life\", and ready to be his fan, to turn the camera around and photograph him.[7]To the Australian Daily Telegraph, Gaga explained that \"Paparazzi\" was about struggling to balance success and love.[8] Further explanations said that the song was about trying to win the paparazzi and the media in one's favor. \"It's a love song for the cameras, but it's also a love song about fame or love – can you have both, or can you only have one\", she concluded. \"Paparazzi\" was the album's third single in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the fourth in Canada and the United States and the fifth in Australia, France and New Zealand. Although released on July 6, 2009, in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia, \"LoveGame\" initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial, it was decided that \"Paparazzi\" would be released instead.[6]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Paparazzi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PaparazziLadyGaga.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_programming"},{"link_name":"audio engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"audio mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-9"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-10"},{"link_name":"techno-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-pop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Just Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawaconcert-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"A♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-flat_major"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"A♭–E♭–Fm–D♭ progression.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E2%80%93V%E2%80%93vi%E2%80%93IV_progression"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheetMusic-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omh-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broward-16"}],"text":"\"Paparazzi\"\n\nA 19-second sample from \"Paparazzi\" where the chorus plays with Gaga singing the lines \"I'm your biggest fan\".\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Paparazzi\" was recorded at 150 Studios in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. Along with the production and songwriting of the track, Gaga also did the background vocals and played piano and synthesizer. Calvin \"Sci-Fidelty\" Gaines did the programming and Fusari did the audio engineering and recording. Other personnel involved in creating the final version of the song included Robert Orton who did the audio mixing, and Gene Grimaldi who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios, Burbank, California.[9]\"Paparazzi\" is a dance-pop[10] and techno-pop[11] song with an uptempo, sultry beat similar to Gaga's previous singles \"Just Dance\" and \"Poker Face\".[12][13] Sheet music for \"Paparazzi\" shows the key of C minor with a tempo of 115 beats per minute, with the chorus in A♭ major. It is set in common time, and the vocal range spans from G3 to E♭5. The verses follow in the chord progression of Cm–A♭–Cm and the chorus uses an A♭–E♭–Fm–D♭ progression.[14] The lyrics of \"Paparazzi\" deal with stalking and the trappings of fame.[15] Gaga sings about her desire to get attention from the cameras: \"I'm your biggest fan/I'll follow you until you love me/Papa, paparazzi.\"[16]","title":"Recording and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_Live_@_The_Commodore_Ballroom_in_Vancouver_(2)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Fame Ball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame_Ball_Tour"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Fame Ball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame_Ball_Tour"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alexis Petridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-19"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-20"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-21"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(song)"},{"link_name":"Just Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_(song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-10"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washington-23"},{"link_name":"New Times Broward-Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Times_Broward-Palm_Beach"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broward-16"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyc-24"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchforkmedia-25"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Gaga performing \"Paparazzi\" on The Fame Ball Tour (2009)The song received acclaim from music critics, and has been considered one of the best songs in Gaga's discography years after its release. In 2011, Rolling Stone called it the second greatest Gaga song of all time, praising the song's theme and beat.[17] Jill Menze of Billboard, while reviewing The Fame Ball Tour, complimented Gaga's vocals on the song by saying, \"The fame-obsessed ballad 'Paparazzi' showed how adept she can be with her range.\"[18] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that, \"You may quickly tire of hearing the album's theme constantly reiterated, but the tune of 'Paparazzi' takes up residence in your brain and refuses to budge.\"[19] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the song clever and said that it \"functions simultaneously as glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it.\"[20]Priya Elan of The Times thought that \"even the trio of songs that provides the core of the album's celebrity theme ('Paparazzi', 'Beautiful Dirty Rich', and the title track) don't ruminate on the addictive inanity of fame, choosing instead to observe passively.\"[21] David Balls from Digital Spy praised Gaga's decision of releasing a mid-tempo track after two uptempos (\"Just Dance\" and \"Poker Face\") saying that \"thanks to a typically catchy chorus and some smart, celebrity-themed lyrics, very nearly as thrilling in the finish. Backed with a hilariously self-indulgent video, it seems GaGa still has us firmly in her clutch and, ahem, squealing for more.\"[22]Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that both \"Paparazzi\" and the earlier single \"Poker Face\" are comparable with the musical styles of first single \"Just Dance\" but added that \"never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself; instead, her faults only come from covering territory that she's obviously not prepared for.\"[10] Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post said that even though Gaga turns somewhat serious while disapprovingly singing \"Paparazzi\", the song comes across as flat and faceless as well as vapid.[23] Erika Howard of the New Times Broward-Palm Beach called it the most telling track from the album.[16]Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that \"'Paparazzi' is a love letter from camera to subject but stops short of admitting that the affection runs both ways. Any notion that Lady Gaga is sketching an elaborate stunt is stopped cold at the lyric sheet, a perverse flaunting of simplicity that betrays no cynicism whatsoever.\"[24] Pitchfork Media ranked \"Paparazzi\" number 83 on their list of 2009's 100 best tracks.[25] NME ranked it at number 9 in their list of the best songs of 2009.[26]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100-27"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Fergie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergie_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popsongshistory-29"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dance-30"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Soundscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Soundscan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscareersales18-31"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaa-33"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_Hot_100_%E2%80%93_Debut-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canada-35"},{"link_name":"Australian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-36"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariacert-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nz-38"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzcert-39"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGtop40-43"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-44"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-47"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dutch40-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ita-49"}],"text":"In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 on the issue dated September 12, 2009, and reached a peak of number six, becoming her fourth consecutive top-ten single on the chart.[27] With the song, Gaga joined Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, and Fergie as the only women this decade to collect four Hot 100 top-tens from a debut album.[28] It also reached the top of Billboard's Pop Songs chart, thus making Gaga the first artist in the 17-year history of Pop Songs chart to have her first four singles from a debut album reach the top of the chart.[29] The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[30] As of February 2018, it has sold 3.6 million digital downloads in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan.[31] It became Gaga's fourth song to top the three-million mark, and was certified five-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[32][33] \"Paparazzi\" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92 and moved up to number 57 the following week becoming the week's greatest digital gainer.[34] The song ultimately peaked at number three on the chart, in its 13th week.[35]\"Paparazzi\" debuted on the official Australian Singles Chart at number 73 on the issue dated June 1, 2009, and leaped to 27 the next week. The song ultimately peaked at number two, giving Gaga her fourth top five single in Australia.[36] The song was certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 420,000 copies.[37] In New Zealand, \"Paparazzi\" debuted at number 23 on the week ending June 22, 2009, and reached a peak of number five.[38] The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) after 14 weeks on the chart, for shipping over 7,500 copies.[39]In the UK, \"Paparazzi\" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 99 in February 2009 due to digital downloads after the release of The Fame. It reached number 13 for the issue dated June 21, 2009, after jumping from 43 to this position from the last week.[40] The next week the song further climbed to number eight and ultimately peaked at number four.[41][42] As of July 2022, the song has sold 942,000 copies in the UK with 39 million streams[43] and is certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[44] \"Paparazzi\" debuted at number 38 on the Irish Singles Chart and peaked at number four.[45][46] \"Paparazzi\" reached number one in Germany, making it her second chart-topper there.[47] The song also debuted on the Dutch Top 40 at number 27 on the issue dated July 18, 2009. It peaked at number four on its sixth week on the chart.[48] In Italy, the song debuted at number 19 and then climbed to number three, becoming Gaga's second top three there.[49]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonas Åkerlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_%C3%85kerlund"},{"link_name":"the Smashing Pumpkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Moby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby"},{"link_name":"Rammstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"Bel Air, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Canadian Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Press"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp24-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp24-54"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The music video was directed by Swedish director, Jonas Åkerlund, who had previously directed music videos for artists like the Smashing Pumpkins, Madonna, Moby, Rammstein, and U2. His wife Bea Åkerlund was hired as Gaga's stylist for the video.[50] It was filmed on April 13–14, 2009 at Villa de León in Malibu, California, and at Chateau d'Or in Bel Air, Los Angeles.[51][52] Gaga told MTV News that she was satisfied with the finished version of the \"Paparazzi\" video, likening it to a short film.[53] In an interview with The Canadian Press on May 26, 2009, Gaga cited her video as \"the most amazing creative work that [she's] put together so far.\"[54] She went on to describe the message of the video:It has a real, genuine, powerful message about fame-whoring and death and the demise of the celebrity, and what that does to young people. The video explores ideas about sort of hyperbolic situations that people will go to in order to be famous. Most specifically, pornography and murder. These are some of the major themes in the video.[54]Later, in her V magazine cover story, Gaga believed that Diana, Princess of Wales was referenced in the video, claiming she died because of being a martyr symbolic of fame.[55] The video was supposed to premiere on June 4, 2009, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, on Channel 4. However, while touring in Australia, Gaga posted a message on her Twitter account on May 29, 2009, saying \"Stop leaking my motherf**king videos\", which referred to the video being released without the singer's consent.[56]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paparazzi_-_Music_video_-_Crutches_scene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingrec-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewvideo-58"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"},{"link_name":"hair metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_metal"},{"link_name":"Daisy of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_of_Love"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewvideo-58"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Cherry Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Pie_(Warrant_song)"},{"link_name":"glam band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_band"},{"link_name":"Warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_nation"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Minnie Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianvideo-59"},{"link_name":"9-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"Gaga wearing a metallic leotard—a reference to the film Metropolis (1927)—with matching helmet while attempting to walk with the help of crutches in the music video for \"Paparazzi\"The music video is seven minutes long. Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård plays Gaga's boyfriend. The video features a murderous plot line involving a doomed starlet who is constantly followed by photographers. The video opens with a shot of a seaside mansion, where Gaga and her boyfriend are shown lying on a bed talking in Swedish. They move to the balcony and start making out; however, when hidden photographers start taking pictures of them, Gaga realizes that her boyfriend has set the paparazzi to photograph her and tries to stop him. Her struggles nevertheless remain futile even when she punches him, and in a final frantic attempt at defense, she smashes a nearby bottle of liquor into his face. The enraged boyfriend throws her over the balcony. Gaga lies on the ground in her own blood as the photographers continue to take pictures of her bloody body and tabloid headlines proclaim that her career is over.[56] According to Rolling Stone, this scene pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo (1958).[57]Later, Gaga is shown getting out of a limousine, being carried by male dancers to a wheelchair. It is during this scene that the song starts.[58] As the dancers gyrate around her, she starts walking down the carpet with the help of a pair of crutches while wearing a metallic bustier and a matching helmet. The metallic outfit is a reference to the film Metropolis (1927). These scenes are interspersed with scenes of dead models lying around the mansion.[56] Next Gaga is shown on a golden couch where she makes out with a trio of hair metal rockers during the line \"Loving you is cherry pie\". The trio, which consist of the triplets Calle \"Kelii\" Landeberg, Nisse \"Izzy\" Landeberg, and Pelle \"Rock\" Landeberg are known as Snake of Eden and they are from the reality television dating program Daisy of Love.[58] According to MTV, this scene is a reference to the song \"Cherry Pie\" by American glam band Warrant. The video continues through the intermediate bridge with Gaga wearing a dress made up of film strips and a towering feathered Mohawk headdress.[56]In the next scene, Gaga and her eye-patch wearing boyfriend are reading magazines on a sofa in a tea room. Gaga wears a yellow jumpsuit with circular glasses and shoulder pads. The Guardian compared this look with that of Minnie Mouse.[59] She finally takes her revenge on her boyfriend by discreetly poisoning his drink with white powder concealed in her ring. As he falls dead, Gaga calls 9-1-1 and declares that she just killed her boyfriend. The police arrive at the mansion and arrest Gaga who, wearing a tall ice cream cone corkscrew wig, walks to the police car as the paparazzi surround her once again.[56] Images flash by, with newspapers proclaiming her innocence and that Gaga is back in the spotlight and has regained her fame. The video ends with Gaga posing for mug shots like a fashion model while wearing a tulip shaped metallic dress similar to the single cover.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Rain"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingrec-57"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianvideo-59"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Everytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everytime"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewvideo-58"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvleak-56"},{"link_name":"VMAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Direction"},{"link_name":"Best Editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Editing"},{"link_name":"Best Special Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prnewswire-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_VMA_award_winners-61"},{"link_name":"Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_(song)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Rolling Stone writer Daniel Kreps compared the video with the 1992 music video for \"November Rain\" by Guns N' Roses. He described the scenes of the dead models as stomach-turning while complimenting the video for \"brimming with cinematic style [so] that it's hard to take your eyes off it, though it will likely be labeled as a little self-indulgent.\" He also commented on the leaking of the video, saying that it \"warranted more than just a simple leak; it deserved a red carpet.\"[57] Anna Pickard from The Guardian complimented the video saying that \"quite a lot of work has gone into it\". However, she opined that the video was too long.[59] Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video, saying \"it gives us even more of the next-level cuckoo we've come to expect from the girl born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.\" The paparazzi theme of the video was compared to Britney Spears' 2004 music video, \"Everytime\".[58] MTV News called the video a \"1940s romantic-epic-style video\" that \"proves once and for all that Gaga is a true original with a unique vision.\"[56] The video was nominated for five VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Special Effects, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction. Along with four other nominations for \"Poker Face\", she and Beyoncé were tied for most nominations that year.[60] The video won the award for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[61] The music video for Gaga's single \"Telephone\" is a continuation of the \"Paparazzi\" music video, and is a short film as well. The video picks up right where \"Paparazzi\" left off; starting with Gaga in prison.[62]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_with_The_Fame_Monster.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_Paparazzi_Artrave.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Monster Ball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_Ball_Tour"},{"link_name":"Angler fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish"},{"link_name":"ArtRave: The Artpop Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball"},{"link_name":"The Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Capital Radio 95.8 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95.8_Capital_FM"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glastonbury_Festival-65"},{"link_name":"Fame Ball tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame_Ball_Tour"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunconcert-66"},{"link_name":"tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_tutu"},{"link_name":"peplum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplos"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merconcert-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewconcert-69"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawaconcert-12"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reutersconcert-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merconcert-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewconcert-69"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_VMA_performance-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_VMA_performance-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_VMA_comment-72"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"thirty-fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_35)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Monster Ball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_Ball_Tour"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Angler fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angler_fish"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Born This Way Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_Ball"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga,_Jazz_%26_Piano_3_(April_23,_2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jazz & Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Enigma_%2B_Jazz_%26_Piano"},{"link_name":"ArtRave: The Artpop Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtRave:_The_Artpop_Ball"},{"link_name":"Rob Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Joanne World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga_Enigma_%2B_Jazz_%26_Piano"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Review-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWRJ-87"}],"text":"Gaga performing \"Paparazzi\" on the 2010 leg of The Monster Ball Tour while getting attacked by the Angler fish (left) and wearing a tentacled costume for the song at the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour (right) in 2014Gaga performed \"Paparazzi\" live on the UK program, The Album Chart Show on February 14, 2009, as promotion for The Fame.[63] The song was performed at Capital Radio 95.8 FM in an acoustic piano version on May 1, 2009.[64] On June 26, 2009, Gaga performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival emerging from a silver case on stage.[65] The song was a major part of Gaga's performance in her first headlining Fame Ball tour as the opening number of the setlist. The show started with a video intro called \"The Heart\" where Gaga played an alternate persona called Candy Warhol.[66] She wore a silver and black short skirt like a tutu and shaped like peplum on both sides.[67][68][69] She was surrounded by her dancers holding plates which were encrusted with crystals and completely hid them.[12][70] The stage was surrounded by mechanical fog and heavy lighting was being emitted from the background.[67][69]\"Paparazzi\" was performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, which began with Gaga lying on the floor, on a set that was described as an ornate mansion.[71] She stumbled across the stage and did choreographed dance moves, finally ending up playing a piano. The final chorus involved theatrical blood dripping from Gaga's ribcage as Gaga collapsed on the stage wailing in agony and one of the dancers gently lifted her. Gaga then hung lifeless with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face with a golden halo being projected on the screen behind her.[71] Gaga dedicated the performance to her fans.[72] Ashley Laderer from Billboard opined that \"this was the performance that really made Lady Gaga. It proved she was more than just a superficial pop star—she was an artist, and quite unlike one we'd ever seen before, a true force to be reckoned with.\"[73] Morgan Evans of Harper's Bazaar thought that Gaga's VMA performance \"introduced the world to the darker, edgier side she would soon become known for.\"[74]The song was performed by Gaga in a similar choreography at the thirty-fifth season of NBC's late night comedy show Saturday Night Live.[75] It was also present on the set list of Gaga's Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011). On the original version of the show, she wore multiple donned braided extensions and was perched atop a railing. From each of her braids, a dancer was attached on the stage. A backdrop of stars were shown during the performance.[76] During the revised Monster Ball shows, Gaga changed the concept and the performance of the song. She wore an emerald green dress by Thierry Mugler, and was attacked by a giant, mechanical Angler fish. Gaga then removed the dress to reveal a leotard of the same color and during the bridge she is lowered beneath the stage to acquire her pyro-technic bra. In the final chorus of the song Gaga returns and kills the monster with the sparks from the bra.[77] The song was part of the setlist of Gaga's 2012–2013 tour, the Born This Way Ball.[78] Gaga was notably absent from stage for the first two minutes of the song, and \"Mother G.O.A.T.\", a floating mechanical head performed it instead of her. Gaga then emerged on stage, and concluded the song while shooting the head, making it to cry blood.[79]Gaga performing \"Paparazzi\" on the piano at her Jazz & Piano residency in Las Vegas (2022)During the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour (2014), Gaga performed \"Paparazzi\" dressed up in a polka-dotted rubber outfit with tentacles growing out around her waist and her head. Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone described her look as \"an inflatable rubber order of fried calamari growing out of her spine\",[80] while Adam Carlson from Billboard said that the outfit made Gaga look like a \"dancing Ursula from The Little Mermaid \".[81] The song was added to the setlist of the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018), where she was wearing a red leather bodysuit and tassel leather boots, and the performance ended with a choreographed attack on Gaga by her dancers.[82][83]\"Paparazzi\" was performed on Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano (2018–2022), the singer's Las Vegas residency, which consist of two different shows. On the Enigma shows, she performs \"Paparazzi\" in a floating orb-like cage that is elevated above the audience,[84][85] while on the Jazz and Piano show, she performs it on the piano, with \"the full orchestra kicking in with some apropos suspense-movie chase music\".[86] Talking about the latter, John Katsilometes of the Las Vegas Review-Journal argued that \"a live version of that song in Vegas would be a hit single\", saying that the \"raging\" performance \"always jolts the crowd to a standing ovation\".[87]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_CD-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australian_CD_Single-89"},{"link_name":"Filthy Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filthy_Dukes"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canadian_iTunes_Remix_EP-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australian_iTunes_Remix_EP-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_iTunes_Remix_EP-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRA_iTunes_Remix_EP-93"},{"link_name":"Stuart Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Price"},{"link_name":"Moto Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto_Blanco"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_iTunes_Remix_EP-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ireland_iTunes_Remix_EP-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-French_iTunes_Remix_EP-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_iTunes_Remix_EP-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EU_The_Remixes_CD_single-100"}],"text":"UK / AUS CD single[88][89]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" (Album Version) – 3:28\n\"Paparazzi\" (Filthy Dukes Remix) – 5:21\nCAN / AUS / US / FRA remix EP[90][91][92][93]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19\n\"Paparazzi\" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05\n\"Paparazzi\" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21\n\"Paparazzi\" (James Carameta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27\nUK / IRE remix EP[94][95]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" – 3:27\n\"Paparazzi\" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21\n\"Paparazzi\" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05\n\"Paparazzi\" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19\n\"Paparazzi\" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47\nUS iTunes Remix EP #2[96]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" (Chew Fu Ghettohouse Radio Edit) – 3:39\n\"Paparazzi\" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47\n\"Paparazzi\" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27\n\n\nUS 'The Remixes' CD single[97]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" (Demolition Crew Remix) – 3:55\n\"Paparazzi\" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05\n\"Paparazzi\" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19\n\"Paparazzi\" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21\n\"Paparazzi\" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27\n\"Paparazzi\" (Album Version) – 3:29\n\"Paparazzi\" (Instrumental Version) – 3:29\nFRA / GER remix EP / GER CD single[98][99][100]\n\n\"Paparazzi\" (Moto Blanco Edit) – 4:05\n\"Paparazzi\" (Moto Blanco Bostic Dub) – 6:42\n\"Paparazzi\" (Demolition Crew Remix) – 3:55\n\"Paparazzi\" (Stuart Price Remix) – 3:19\n\"Paparazzi\" (Filthy Dukes Club Mix) – 5:21\n\"Paparazzi\" (Yuksek Remix) – 4:47\n\"Paparazzi\" (James Camareta Tabloid Club Edit) – 4:27\n\"Paparazzi\" (Radio Edit) – 3:28","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-9"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"co-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Rob Fusari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Fusari"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"audio mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"audio mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsippany-Troy_Hills,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame.[9]Lady Gaga – vocals, songwriting, co-production, piano, synthesizer\nRob Fusari – songwriting, production\nCalvin \"Sci-Fidelty\" Gaines – programming\nRobert Orton – audio mixing\nGene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering, Burbank, California\nRecorded at 150 Studios, Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-36"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aut-101"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 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100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-czech-110"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-den-111"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euro100-112"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin-113"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-114"},{"link_name":"Official German 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Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Lady_Gaga-133"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_music_charts"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUSendofyear-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill2010-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paparazzi_(Lady_Gaga_song)&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUSendofdecade-158"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n2009–2010 weekly chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2009–2010)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[36]\n\n2\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[101]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[102]\n\n7\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[103]\n\n6\n\n\nBrazilian Hot 100 Airplay (Billboard)[104]\n\n18\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[105]\n\n3\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[106]\n\n37\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[107]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[108]\n\n2\n\n\nCroatia (HRT)[109]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[110]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[111]\n\n12\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[112]\n\n3\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[113]\n\n9\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[114]\n\n6\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[47]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[115]\n\n25\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[116]\n\n10\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[46]\n\n4\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[117]\n\n3\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[49]\n\n3\n\n\nLuxembourg Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[118]\n\n6\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[48]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[119]\n\n17\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38]\n\n5\n\n\nPortugal Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[120]\n\n7\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[121]\n\n5\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[122]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[123]\n\n5\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[124]\n\n46\n\n\nSouth Korea International Singles (Gaon)[125]\n\n80\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[126]\n\n22\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[127]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[42]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[128]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[129]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[130]\n\n14\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[131]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[132]\n\n7\n\n\n2017 weekly chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[133]\n\n17\n\n\n2024 weekly chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2024)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[134]\n\n56\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2009 year-end chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[135]\n\n12\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[136]\n\n21\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[137]\n\n74\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[138]\n\n59\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[139]\n\n18\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[140]\n\n34\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[141]\n\n92\n\n\nGermany (Media Control Charts)[142]\n\n23\n\n\nHungary (Dance Top 40)[143]\n\n129\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[144]\n\n49\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[145]\n\n24\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[146]\n\n31\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[147]\n\n95\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[148]\n\n41\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[149]\n\n63\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[150]\n\n29\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[151]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[152]\n\n53\n\n\n\n2010 year-end chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2010)\n\nPosition\n\n\nEuropean Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[153]\n\n45\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[154]\n\n61\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[155]\n\n64\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[156]\n\n38\n\n\n2011 year-end chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[157]\n\n173\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\nDecade-end chart performance for \"Paparazzi\"\n\n\nChart (2000–09)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[158]\n\n78","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emergency alert test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"On November 9, 2011, there was an emergency alert test that activated at 2 p.m. EST. However, DirecTV users didn't hear the 3-tone beep first, and the song was played instead.[174]","title":"2011 EAS test"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Gaga performing \"Paparazzi\" on The Fame Ball Tour (2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lady_Gaga_Live_%40_The_Commodore_Ballroom_in_Vancouver_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lady_Gaga_Live_%40_The_Commodore_Ballroom_in_Vancouver_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaga wearing a metallic leotard—a reference to the film Metropolis (1927)—with matching helmet while attempting to walk with the help of crutches in the music video for \"Paparazzi\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Paparazzi_-_Music_video_-_Crutches_scene.jpg/220px-Paparazzi_-_Music_video_-_Crutches_scene.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaga performing \"Paparazzi\" on the piano at her Jazz & Piano residency in Las Vegas (2022)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lady_Gaga%2C_Jazz_%26_Piano_3_%28April_23%2C_2022%29.jpg/220px-Lady_Gaga%2C_Jazz_%26_Piano_3_%28April_23%2C_2022%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of best-selling singles of the 2000s (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_of_the_2000s_(Australia)"},{"title":"List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Mainstream_Top_40_number-one_songs_of_2009"},{"title":"List of number-one songs of the 2000s (Czech Republic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_songs_of_the_2000s_(Czech_Republic)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2009 (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2009_(Germany)"},{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2009 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_2009_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2009"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (March 19, 2010). \"Lady Gaga/ Rob Fusari Lawsuit: A Closer Look – Music, Celebrity, Artist News\". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634292/lady-gaga-rob-fusari-lawsuit-closer-look.jhtml","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga/ Rob Fusari Lawsuit: A Closer Look – Music, Celebrity, Artist News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111806/http://musique.fnac.com/a2781646/Lady-Gaga-Paparazzi-CD-single?SID=900221b4-c8be-adcb-7347-e704dd268309&Fr=0&UID=0D3F80870-19DE-6F5A-C5E7-99304B1557DC&To=0&Nu=2&from=1&Origin=FnacAff&OrderInSession=0&Mn=-1&Ra=-28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Gaga Sued By Producer Rob Fusari\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958922/lady-gaga-sued-by-producer-rob-fusari","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga Sued By Producer Rob Fusari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130915020236/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958922/lady-gaga-sued-by-producer-rob-fusari","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Jason (May 28, 2009). \"Lady GaGa gets naked for Rolling Stone cover shoot\". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/05/28/lady-gaga-gets-naked-for-rolling-stone-cover-shoot-see-her-sexy-pictures-here-115875-21396568/","url_text":"\"Lady GaGa gets naked for Rolling Stone cover shoot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111806/http://musique.fnac.com/a2781646/Lady-Gaga-Paparazzi-CD-single?SID=900221b4-c8be-adcb-7347-e704dd268309&Fr=0&UID=0D3F80870-19DE-6F5A-C5E7-99304B1557DC&To=0&Nu=2&from=1&Origin=FnacAff&OrderInSession=0&Mn=-1&Ra=-28","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Resende, Sasha (December 9, 2009). \"Lady Gaga unleashes an electro-pop 'Monster'\". The Michigan Daily. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Clemenson
|
Christian Clemenson
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American film and television actor (born 1958)
Christian ClemensonBornChristian Dayton Clemenson (1958-03-17) March 17, 1958 (age 66)Humboldt, Iowa, U.S.EducationHarvard University (BA)Yale University (MFA)OccupationActorYears active1985–present
Christian Dayton Clemenson (born March 17, 1958) is an American film and television actor. He is well known for his portrayal of Jerry "Hands" Espenson in the television series Boston Legal, for which he was nominated for three Emmy Awards and won the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. He has appeared in a number of highly acclaimed films, including Hannah and Her Sisters, Broadcast News, Apollo 13 and The Big Lebowski, and portrayed Tom Burnett in Paul Greengrass' United 93. He starred in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story as prosecutor William Hodgman.
Early life
Clemenson was born and raised in Humboldt, Iowa, the son of drug store owners Ruth Alzora (Dayton) and Ernest Arnold Clemenson. In his early teens, he delivered the Des Moines Register, which had a long tradition of awarding scholarships to top east-coast preparatory schools to a select few "paper boys." Clemenson, a straight-A junior high school student, won a Register scholarship to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.
He participated in many theatrical productions at Phillips Academy.
In 1973, while Clemenson was enrolled at Phillips, his father died at age 58.
Upon graduation from Phillips in 1976, he entered Harvard College. From his freshman year onward he received important roles in campus stage productions. When Clemenson starred in a Harvard Lampoon sketch comedy show, a Harvard Crimson theater critic described Clemenson as "hugely talented actor who can trigger hysteria with any of a dozen subtle expressions or inflections." Other Crimson critics described his performances in Shakespeare plays as "a tour de force of sheer talent and intelligence" (in The Winter's Tale) and "a very fine and subtle performance" (in Measure for Measure). He displayed early on his remarkable range when he undertook with inimitable flair and hilarious effect the hugely solemn role of Erde "the green-faced torso", goddess of the Earth, in Peter Sellars's Loeb Drama Center puppet production of Wagner's Ring cycle (1979).
During many summers he would return to Humboldt to star in, and later direct, local community theater plays at Humboldt's Castle Theatre.
After graduating from Harvard College in 1980 and the Yale School of Drama in 1984, he moved to Los Angeles.
Career
Clemenson began his career in a number of character roles in film and television. He was a law student in the television version of The Paper Chase, Alex Keaton's English teacher in the television show Family Ties, a security salesman on The Golden Girls, a suspect in season 10, episode 14 of NYPD Blue, a bailiff in the Ivan Reitman movie Legal Eagles, a flight surgeon in the movie Apollo 13, a cop in The Big Lebowski, a killer in The Fisher King, and Dr. Dale Lawrence in the movie And the Band Played On. He had a regular role as Socrates Poole, a lawyer in the Old West, in the Fox series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
In 1999, Clemenson appeared in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Bad Girls" as a grotesquely obese demon named Balthazar. He wore a large padded suit and extensive make-up for the role, and the character's repulsive, villainous nature contradicted many of his earlier roles.
Clemenson became well-known for his role as Jerry "Hands" Espenson on the television series Boston Legal. For playing Espenson, he won an Emmy Award for Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2006 and was nominated for the same award in 2007. He remained with the series through to its finale in 2008.
Clemenson starred in the film United 93 as Tom Burnett, one of the victims of the 9/11 hijacking of the flight that crashed in rural Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt. He also had a recurring role on Veronica Mars as Abel Koontz. In total, Clemenson appeared in three episodes of the show: "Like a Virgin", "Mars vs. Mars", and "Rat Saw God". Clemenson also has appeared in a season 6 episode of NCIS, "Dead Reckoning". He also appeared in two season 2 episodes of The Mentalist. He also played Jimmy Masterson on the 3rd episode of Memphis Beat, "Love Me Tender".
In 2009, Clemenson joined CSI: Miami as the new medical examiner, Dr. Tom Loman. He appeared throughout the show's eighth, ninth, and tenth seasons as a recurring character. In 2013, he appeared as a guest star in Harry's Law.
In 2016, he played Deputy District Attorney William Hodgman in American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
1986
Hannah and Her Sisters
Larry
Legal Eagles
Clerk
Heartburn
Sidney
1987
Black Widow
Artie
Making Mr. Right
Bruce
Surrender
Dream Lawyer
Broadcast News
Bobby
1988
Daddy's Boys
Otis
1990
Bad Influence
Pismo Boll
1991
The Fisher King
Edwin
1992
Hero
Conklin
1993
Josh and S.A.M.
Policeman
1995
Apollo 13
Charles Berry
1998
The Big Lebowski
Younger Cop
Almost Heroes
Father Girard
Armageddon
Droning Guy
Mighty Joe Young
Jack
1999
Lost & Found
Ray
2006
United 93
Thomas E. Burnett, Jr.
2010
Ashley's Ashes
Father Tim
2011
J. Edgar
Inspector Schell
2014
Not Safe for Work
Alan Z. Emmerich
2016
Live by Night
Ritz Investor
2021
No Man of God
James Dobson
Malignant
Dr. Victor Fields
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985
Fame
Alan Stewart
Episode: "Selling Out"
The Golden Girls
The Salesman
Episode: "Break In"
Mary
Tim Flowers
Episode: "From Pillar to Post"
1986
The Paper Chase
Episode: "Graduation"
L.A. Law
Pomerantz
Episode: "The Princess and the Wiener King"
1987
Head of the Class
Dave Nash
Episode: "Past Imperfect"
Scarecrow and Mrs. King
Jack Colman
Episode: "Rumors of My Death"
Cagney & Lacey
Dr. Weinberg
Episode: "Happiness Is a Warm Gun"
The Slap Maxwell Story
Marty's Friend
Episode #1.1
Beauty and the Beast
Jonathan Gould
Episode: "Nor Iron Bars a Cage"
It's Garry Shandling's Show
The Amazing Al
2 episodes
1988
Family Ties
Mr. Flaherty
2 episodes
21 Jump Street
Charles Greening
Episode: "Raising Marijuana"
Disaster at Silo 7
Col. Brandon
Television film
1989
Hard Time on Planet Earth
Herb Leavitt
Episode: "Losing Control"
The Robert Guillaume Show
David
Episode: "You Win Some, You Lose Some"
1989–1991
Matlock
Cyril Henning / Dr. Tim Crider
2 episodes
1990
Capital News
Todd Lunden
13 episodes
1991
Designing Women
Jack Henry
Episode: "Last Tango in Atlanta"
1992
Civil Wars
Leo Hood
Episode: "Dirty Pool"
1993
Hearts Afire
Martin Smithers
Episode: "While the Thomasons Slept in the Lincoln Bedroom"
And the Band Played On
Dr. Dale Lawrence
Television film
1993–1994
The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
Socrates Poole
27 episodes
1995
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
Rollie Vale
2 episodes
Cybill
Ed Philo
Episode: "The Odd Couples"
1996
Murder One
Donald Losey
Episode: "Chapter Thirteen"
1997
Mad About You
Jared
2 episodes; uncredited
1998
The Practice
Barry Wall
Episode: "Duty Bound"
Vengeance Unlimited
Agent Stuart Brownsteen
Episode: "Victim of Circumstance"
1999
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Balthazar
Episode: "Bad Girls"
2001
Bette
Mr. McNally
Episode: "The Invisible Mom"
Ladies Man
Dog Consultant
Episode: "A Quiet Evening at Home"
The District
Cliff / Bob
Episode: "Night Shift"
The West Wing
Evan Woodkirk, Smithsonian Curator
Episode: "The Women of Qumar"
2002
Ally McBeal
Mr. Hookland
Episode: "Homecoming"
2003
NYPD Blue
Timothy Bosham
Episode: "Laughlin All the Way to the Clink"
The Division
Capt. Leo Spivey
2 episodes
2004
Method & Red
Donald
3 episodes
2004–2005
Veronica Mars
Abel Koontz
4 episodes
2005
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Charles Pellew
Episode: "Committed"
Numbers
Henry Korfelt
Episode: "Assassin"
2005–2008
Boston Legal
Jerry Espenson
44 episodes
2006
Crossing Jordan
Fr. Edward Klausner
Episode: "Mysterious Ways"
2009
ER
Dr. Kurtag
Episode: "Old Times"
NCIS
Perry Sterling
Episode: "Dead Reckoning"
The Mentalist
Dr. Roy Carmen
2 episodes
Raising the Bar
Tom
Episode: "Maybe, Baby"
2009–2012
CSI: Miami
Dr. Tom Loman
52 episodes
2010
Memphis Beat
Jimmy Masterson
Episode: "Love Her Tender"
Grey's Anatomy
Ivan Fink
Episode: "Can't Fight Biology"
2011
The Glades
Ed Vickers
Episode: "Iron Pipeline"
2012
Harry's Law
Sam Berman
5 episodes
2013
Shameless
Christopher Collier
2 episodes
Mike & Molly
Mr. O'Donnell
Episode: "Poker in the Front, Looker in the Back"
2014
Dallas
Howard Rieder
Episode: "Trust Me"
Californication
Couples Counsellor
Episode: "Faith, Hope, Love"
Manhattan
Niels Bohr
Episode: "Last Reasoning of Kings"
Legends
Mr. Porter
3 episodes
2014–2017
Turn: Washington's Spies
Martin De Young
7 episodes
2015
Masters of Sex
Leslie Riordan
Episode: "Undue Influence"
2016
The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story
Bill Hodgman
5 episodes
2017
Colony
Dan Bennett
10 episodes
Lifeline
Dugan Morris
Episode: "There's a Chip in Her Arm"
2019
9-1-1
Franklin Prentiss
Episode: "Ocean's 9-1-1"
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Forreston Graham
Episode: "The Burden of Our Choices"
2021
The Good Doctor
Dr. Silas Chambers
Episode: "Teeny Blue Eyes"
2022–2023
Julia
James Beard
2 episodes
2024
A Man in Full
Stroock
5 episodes
References
^ a b "The Descendants of Olav Tomassen Sandness (1703–1752)". 1997.
^ a b c "Christian Clemenson Biography". ABC Medianet. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
^ "Christian Clemenson: Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ Truitt, Brian (April 14, 2010). "TV's CSI secrets uncovered". USA Weekend. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Clemenson, 52
^ a b "59th Primetime Emmy Awards". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 16, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
^ "Letters to the Editor". Time. August 7, 1933. Archived from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
^ "Prep School Scholarship Winners". Des Moines Register, May 14, 1972, at 11-F.
^ Obituary of Ernest Clemenson, Des Moines Register, September 25, 1973, at 3-S.
^ Paul A. Attanasio, "Dissertation on Roast Pig", The Harvard Crimson, October 15, 1979.
^ Esme Murphy, "The Sad Tale's Best", The Harvard Crimson, December 10, 1979.
^ Thomas Hines, "A Good Measure", The Harvard Crimson, July 7, 1981.
^ Rosenberg, Scott A. (September 29, 1979). "Wringing Pleasure From Wagner". The Harvard Crimson.
External links
Christian Clemenson at IMDb
vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series1975–1986
Patrick McGoohan (1975)
Ed Asner / Gordon Jackson (1976)
Ed Asner / Louis Gossett Jr. (1977)
Barnard Hughes / Ricardo Montalbán (1978)
John Lithgow (1986)
1989–2019
Joe Spano (1989)
Patrick McGoohan (1990)
David Opatoshu (1991)
No Award (1992)
Laurence Fishburne (1993)
Richard Kiley (1994)
Paul Winfield (1995)
Peter Boyle (1996)
Pruitt Taylor Vince (1997)
John Larroquette (1998)
Edward Herrmann (1999)
James Whitmore (2000)
Michael Emerson (2001)
Charles S. Dutton (2002)
Charles S. Dutton (2003)
William Shatner (2004)
Ray Liotta (2005)
Christian Clemenson (2006)
John Goodman (2007)
Glynn Turman (2008)
Michael J. Fox (2009)
John Lithgow (2010)
Paul McCrane (2011)
Jeremy Davies (2012)
Dan Bucatinsky (2013)
Joe Morton (2014)
Reg E. Cathey (2015)
Hank Azaria (2016)
Gerald McRaney (2017)
Ron Cephas Jones (2018)
Bradley Whitford (2019)
2020–present
Ron Cephas Jones (2020)
Courtney B. Vance (2021)
Colman Domingo (2022)
Nick Offerman (2023)
Authority control databases International
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-guide-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usaweekend-4"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Jerry \"Hands\" Espenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boston_Legal_characters#Jerry_Espenson"},{"link_name":"Boston Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Legal"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emmy-5"},{"link_name":"Hannah and Her Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_and_Her_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Broadcast News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_News_(film)"},{"link_name":"Apollo 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Lebowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Lebowski"},{"link_name":"Tom Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Paul Greengrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengrass"},{"link_name":"United 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_93_(film)"},{"link_name":"The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_v._O._J._Simpson:_American_Crime_Story"},{"link_name":"William Hodgman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hodgman_(prosecutor)"}],"text":"Christian Dayton Clemenson[1] (born March 17, 1958)[2][3][4] is an American film and television actor. He is well known for his portrayal of Jerry \"Hands\" Espenson in the television series Boston Legal, for which he was nominated for three Emmy Awards and won the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.[5] He has appeared in a number of highly acclaimed films, including Hannah and Her Sisters, Broadcast News, Apollo 13 and The Big Lebowski, and portrayed Tom Burnett in Paul Greengrass' United 93. He starred in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story as prosecutor William Hodgman.","title":"Christian Clemenson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humboldt, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"Des Moines Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Register"},{"link_name":"paper boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_boy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Phillips Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard Lampoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon"},{"link_name":"Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Winter's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Measure for Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellars"},{"link_name":"Loeb Drama Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeb_Drama_Center"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl-bio-2"}],"text":"Clemenson was born and raised in Humboldt, Iowa, the son of drug store owners Ruth Alzora (Dayton) and Ernest Arnold Clemenson.[1] In his early teens, he delivered the Des Moines Register, which had a long tradition of awarding scholarships to top east-coast preparatory schools to a select few \"paper boys.\"[6] Clemenson, a straight-A junior high school student, won a Register scholarship to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.[7] \nHe participated in many theatrical productions at Phillips Academy.\nIn 1973, while Clemenson was enrolled at Phillips, his father died at age 58.[8]Upon graduation from Phillips in 1976, he entered Harvard College. From his freshman year onward he received important roles in campus stage productions. When Clemenson starred in a Harvard Lampoon sketch comedy show, a Harvard Crimson theater critic described Clemenson as \"hugely talented actor who can trigger hysteria with any of a dozen subtle expressions or inflections.\"[9] Other Crimson critics described his performances in Shakespeare plays as \"a tour de force of sheer talent and intelligence\" (in The Winter's Tale)[10] and \"a very fine and subtle performance\" (in Measure for Measure).[11] He displayed early on his remarkable range when he undertook with inimitable flair and hilarious effect the hugely solemn role of Erde \"the green-faced torso\", goddess of the Earth, in Peter Sellars's Loeb Drama Center puppet production of Wagner's Ring cycle (1979).[citation needed][12]During many summers he would return to Humboldt to star in, and later direct, local community theater plays at Humboldt's Castle Theatre.[2]After graduating from Harvard College in 1980 and the Yale School of Drama in 1984, he moved to Los Angeles.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Paper Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alex Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Family Ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Ties"},{"link_name":"The Golden Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Girls"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"Ivan Reitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Reitman"},{"link_name":"Legal Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Apollo 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Lebowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Lebowski"},{"link_name":"The Fisher King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fisher_King_(film)"},{"link_name":"And the Band Played On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Brisco_County,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Jerry \"Hands\" Espenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boston_Legal_characters#Jerry_Espenson"},{"link_name":"Boston Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Legal"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emmy-5"},{"link_name":"United 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_93_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burnett"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"the flight that crashed in rural Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93"},{"link_name":"Veronica Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Mars"},{"link_name":"Like a Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(Veronica_Mars)"},{"link_name":"Mars vs. Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_vs._Mars"},{"link_name":"Rat Saw God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Saw_God_(Veronica_Mars)"},{"link_name":"NCIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mentalist"},{"link_name":"Memphis Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Beat"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"Harry's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crime_Story:_The_People_v._O._J._Simpson"}],"text":"Clemenson began his career in a number of character roles in film and television. He was a law student in the television version of The Paper Chase, Alex Keaton's English teacher in the television show Family Ties, a security salesman on The Golden Girls, a suspect in season 10, episode 14 of NYPD Blue, a bailiff in the Ivan Reitman movie Legal Eagles, a flight surgeon in the movie Apollo 13, a cop in The Big Lebowski, a killer in The Fisher King, and Dr. Dale Lawrence in the movie And the Band Played On. He had a regular role as Socrates Poole, a lawyer in the Old West, in the Fox series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.In 1999, Clemenson appeared in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode \"Bad Girls\" as a grotesquely obese demon named Balthazar. He wore a large padded suit and extensive make-up for the role, and the character's repulsive, villainous nature contradicted many of his earlier roles.Clemenson became well-known for his role as Jerry \"Hands\" Espenson on the television series Boston Legal. For playing Espenson, he won an Emmy Award for Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2006 and was nominated for the same award in 2007.[5] He remained with the series through to its finale in 2008.Clemenson starred in the film United 93 as Tom Burnett, one of the victims of the 9/11 hijacking of the flight that crashed in rural Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt. He also had a recurring role on Veronica Mars as Abel Koontz. In total, Clemenson appeared in three episodes of the show: \"Like a Virgin\", \"Mars vs. Mars\", and \"Rat Saw God\". Clemenson also has appeared in a season 6 episode of NCIS, \"Dead Reckoning\". He also appeared in two season 2 episodes of The Mentalist. He also played Jimmy Masterson on the 3rd episode of Memphis Beat, \"Love Me Tender\".In 2009, Clemenson joined CSI: Miami as the new medical examiner, Dr. Tom Loman. He appeared throughout the show's eighth, ninth, and tenth seasons as a recurring character. In 2013, he appeared as a guest star in Harry's Law.In 2016, he played Deputy District Attorney William Hodgman in American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Farina
|
Guido Farina
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Other projects"]
|
Italian painter
Mattino d'estate sull'Adige o Lungo Adige a Verona, 1925 (Fondazione Cariplo)
Guido Farina (1896–1957) was an Italian painter.
Biography
Farina was born in Verona, Italy. He enrolled at the Cignaroli Academy in Verona in 1910 and made his debut in 1918 at an exhibition held by the city's Pro Assistenza Civica organisation. He was associated with the artists of the Burano School in the 1920s and his urban views and landscapes were presented in the show of dissident artists at Ca' Pesaro. His participation in the Venice Biennale began by invitation in 1924 with the 14th Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia. He was closely associated with the Novecento Italiano movement in this period and took part in the group's first and second exhibitions (Milan, 1926 and 1929). His first solo show was held in 1931 at the Galleria del Milione, Milan, and he took part in the Prima Quadriennale Nazionale d'Arte in Rome, where the Galleria Mussolini bought one of his works. He made frequent trips to Paris as well as Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. He also worked in the fields of decoration and fresco (Verona, Museo di Castelvecchio, 1925–1929, and Palazzo del Podestà, 1929–1930).
Farina died in Padua in 1957.
References
Antonella Crippa, Guido Farina, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).
Other projects
Media related to Guido Farina at Wikimedia Commons
vteNovecento ItalianoArtists
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Antonio Donghi
Ercole Drei
Leonardo Dudreville
Guido Farina
Achille Funi
Virgilio Guidi
Achille Lega
Betto Lotti
Gian Emilio Malerba
Arrigo Renato Marzola
Arturo Martini
Guido Marussig
Pietro Marussig
Francesco Messina
Giuseppe Migneco
Giuseppe Montanari
Giorgio Morandi
Giovanni Muzio
Roberto Narducci
Ubaldo Oppi
René Paresce
Ugo Piatti
Gio Ponti
Gino Severini
Mario Sironi
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Mario Tozzi
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Italian People
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Farina_Guido,_Mattino_d%27estate_sull%27Adige_o_Lungo_Adige_a_Verona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fondazione Cariplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_Cariplo"}],"text":"Mattino d'estate sull'Adige o Lungo Adige a Verona, 1925 (Fondazione Cariplo)Guido Farina (1896–1957) was an Italian painter.","title":"Guido Farina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Novecento Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"}],"text":"Farina was born in Verona, Italy. He enrolled at the Cignaroli Academy in Verona in 1910 and made his debut in 1918 at an exhibition held by the city's Pro Assistenza Civica organisation. He was associated with the artists of the Burano School in the 1920s and his urban views and landscapes were presented in the show of dissident artists at Ca' Pesaro. His participation in the Venice Biennale began by invitation in 1924 with the 14th Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia. He was closely associated with the Novecento Italiano movement in this period and took part in the group's first and second exhibitions (Milan, 1926 and 1929). His first solo show was held in 1931 at the Galleria del Milione, Milan, and he took part in the Prima Quadriennale Nazionale d'Arte in Rome, where the Galleria Mussolini bought one of his works. He made frequent trips to Paris as well as Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. He also worked in the fields of decoration and fresco (Verona, Museo di Castelvecchio, 1925–1929, and Palazzo del Podestà, 1929–1930).Farina died in Padua in 1957.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Guido Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guido_Farina"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Novecento Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novecento_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Balla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Balla"},{"link_name":"Anselmo Bucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Bucci"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Borra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Borra"},{"link_name":"Aldo Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Carpi"},{"link_name":"Carlo Carrà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Felice Casorati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Casorati"},{"link_name":"Giorgio de Chirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico"},{"link_name":"Raffaele De Grada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_De_Grada"},{"link_name":"Fortunato Depero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunato_Depero"},{"link_name":"Antonio Donghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Donghi"},{"link_name":"Ercole Drei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Drei"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Dudreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Dudreville"},{"link_name":"Guido Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Achille Funi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Funi"},{"link_name":"Virgilio Guidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio_Guidi"},{"link_name":"Achille Lega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Lega"},{"link_name":"Betto Lotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betto_Lotti"},{"link_name":"Gian Emilio Malerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Emilio_Malerba"},{"link_name":"Arrigo Renato Marzola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigo_Renato_Marzola"},{"link_name":"Arturo Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Martini"},{"link_name":"Guido Marussig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Marussig"},{"link_name":"Pietro Marussig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Marussig"},{"link_name":"Francesco Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Messina"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Migneco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Migneco"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Montanari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Montanari"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Morandi"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Muzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Muzio"},{"link_name":"Roberto Narducci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Narducci"},{"link_name":"Ubaldo Oppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaldo_Oppi"},{"link_name":"René Paresce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Paresce"},{"link_name":"Ugo Piatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Piatti"},{"link_name":"Gio Ponti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Ponti"},{"link_name":"Gino Severini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Severini"},{"link_name":"Mario Sironi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Sironi"},{"link_name":"Arturo Tosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Tosi"},{"link_name":"Mario Tozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tozzi"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Wildt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Wildt"},{"link_name":"\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22900%22,_Cahiers_d%27Italie_et_d%27Europe"},{"link_name":"Return to order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_order"},{"link_name":"Margherita Sarfatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3779276#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/4539162181250808290007"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV077755"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guido-farina_(Dizionario-Biografico)"}],"text":"Media related to Guido Farina at Wikimedia CommonsvteNovecento ItalianoArtists\nGiacomo Balla\nAnselmo Bucci\nPompeo Borra\nAldo Carpi\nCarlo Carrà\nFelice Casorati\nGiorgio de Chirico\nRaffaele De Grada\nFortunato Depero\nAntonio Donghi\nErcole Drei\nLeonardo Dudreville\nGuido Farina\nAchille Funi\nVirgilio Guidi\nAchille Lega\nBetto Lotti\nGian Emilio Malerba\nArrigo Renato Marzola\nArturo Martini\nGuido Marussig\nPietro Marussig\nFrancesco Messina\nGiuseppe Migneco\nGiuseppe Montanari\nGiorgio Morandi\nGiovanni Muzio\nRoberto Narducci\nUbaldo Oppi\nRené Paresce\nUgo Piatti\nGio Ponti\nGino Severini\nMario Sironi\nArturo Tosi\nMario Tozzi\nAdolfo Wildt\nRelated\n\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe\nReturn to order\nMargherita SarfattiAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nItaly\nPeople\nItalian People","title":"Other projects"}]
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| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/collezione-online/page45d.do?link=oln82d.redirect&kcond31d.att3=130","external_links_name":"Guido Farina"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402223047/http://www.artgate-cariplo.it/Portal-museo/page38.do?sp=page38&link=ln502&stu24.LanguageISOCtxParam=en","external_links_name":"Artgate"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4539162181250808290007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV077755","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/guido-farina_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladderball
|
Bladderball
|
["1 History","2 Revivals","2.1 2009","2.2 2011","2.3 2014","3 References"]
|
Variant of pushball played at Yale University
Bladderball was a game traditionally played by students of Yale University, between 1954 and 1982, until being banned by the administration. The game is a variant of pushball, and has its roots in mob football. It was originally a competition between The Yale Banner, the Yale Daily News, campus humor magazine The Yale Record and campus radio station WYBC. Revival games were played in 2009 and 2011 and, very briefly, in 2014.
History
Bladderball was conceived by Yale student Philip Zeidman, owner of a six-foot leather exercise ball, as a preliminary event before the Yale-Dartmouth game in 1954, according to Yale bladderball historian Sarah Hammond. Hammond traces the name "bladderball" back to a rugby-like game played by Yale students on the New Haven Green in the first half of the 19th century, featuring an inflated animal bladder.
Once each year, at 11 a.m. the Saturday before the Yale-Dartmouth game, the inflatable six-foot ball was rolled through Yale's Phelps Gate onto Old Campus, where a throng of Yale students waited. At the sound of a whistle, teams from each residential college and various extracurricular organizations would fight for possession of the ball. Teams were allowed to use any means at their disposal to seize control. In 1975, the Jonathan Edwards College team attempted to capture the ball using a fishing gaff which predictably popped the ball, inciting enraged chants of "J.E. sucks!" from the other participants. The phrase "J.E. Sux" remains the unofficial motto of Jonathan Edwards College to this day.
In the absence of any scoring system, victory consisted of fervent declarations of victory by each team. Listeners to the Yale radio station, WYBC, would invariably learn that the station team had won a mighty victory, while readers of the Yale print media were invariably informed that each particular publication had bested all other teams handily, by scores often ranging into the thousands of points. In 1977, the Pierson College team literally took this to new heights, by chartering a helicopter (carrying not only the student team captain but also the Master of the College) to fly over the campus and drop leaflets saying "Surrender, Pierson has won!"; leaving nothing to chance, the Pierson team backed this claim up by chaining shut the doors of Branford College and Saybrook College, trapping the opposing teams inside. The crew in the helicopter filmed the entire event, created a news package "verifying" Pierson's victory, and brought the film to New Haven's WTNH-TV, which that evening broadcast the aerial footage, read the script as written by the stringers, and confirmed Pierson's "win" in the mainstream media.
In the 1960s, a new dimension was added to the game, as teams began to move the ball out of Old Campus and roll it through the New Haven streets to the Yale president's house on Hillhouse Avenue, while simultaneously protecting it from city police. As might be expected, the path taken by the ball under the influence of the myriad squads trying to seize possession was not direct; in 1971, the ball rolled a six-mile swath through downtown streets leaving massive traffic tangles in its wake, only to be trapped and deflated by police at Beinecke Plaza, a few blocks from its starting point.
Preparing for bladderball competition involved alcoholic beverage consumption; unfortunately, this resulted in an escalating series of bladderball-related antisocial activities. In 1976, a car and its driver were badly trampled by the mob of students chasing the ball over the top of the vehicle. The Branford College dining hall was vandalized by overzealous students from Saybrook College, who poured foul-smelling butyric acid mixed with food from the catwalk above the dining hall. Finally, in 1982, several participants were injured, and Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti declared bladderball's toll of minor injuries, property damage, and increasingly strange pranks too much to bear, and put an end to the tradition. The bladderball was rumored to be in the possession of the Yale Symphony Orchestra for some reason; it reappeared briefly in 1999 in the symphony's Halloween Show film Jane Bond, during a short Raiders of the Lost Ark sequence, playing the large boulder. It was subsequently under the control of the Yale Precision Marching Band which used it in the 2006 Princeton halftime show.
"The bladderball clearly incarnates the archetypal female form: the egg," wrote Yale student Jonathan Tucker in the 1977 Yale Banner. "Magically released from the fallopian tube-like tunnel of Phelps Gateway, it bounces rhythmically above the swarming hands of the crowd like a huge ripe ovum being battered by thousands of frantic spermatozoa. The accumulated libidinal energy aroused by the pre-game skirmishes (but largely repressed, because of homophobic anxiety) is immediately transferred onto the permitted female form of the bladderball."
"In symbolic transaction occurring during each game is this: each team strives to 'fertilize' the egg and thus become the sole possessor of its life-giving power. In this respect the game fits well with the competitive nature of Yale society. But this also markedly departs from the competitive mode in that everyone is permitted to claim victory in the end. (Some more vociferously than others, of course.) Thus the potentially destructive aspect of the game (the necessity of a loser) is resolved in a non-threatening manner, producing an increase in group solidarity by removing those elements of competition that would tend to alienate students from one another. In addition, the game produces a revitalization of the community through the symbolic release of libidinal energy, which can be redirected (sublimated) into academic achievement and, more specifically in this case, victory on the football field."
Revivals
The 2009 Bladderball game approaches Berkeley College.
2009
Bladderball returned to Yale University on October 10, 2009 (the day of the Dartmouth game), despite the remaining ban. The ball appeared at Phelps Gate at approximately 4 p.m. and ended with the ball being popped on Cross Campus, at which point students descended on the ball to bring pieces back to their residential colleges. Police arrived during the game when it blocked traffic on Elm Street, though their involvement was limited to keeping the street clear.
2011
Bladderball returned again to Yale University on October 8, 2011, despite the remaining ban. The ball appeared at Dwight Hall at approximately 4:30 p.m. The ball was popped on High Street, but the game continued with students fighting over the deflated ball. Police arrived on the scene as the ball was travelling on Elm Street, and the game ended 11 minutes after it had begun, when police interfered because of traffic that it had caused on Elm Street. The ball was confiscated by the police, who threatened to arrest students who continued to hold on to it. At least one piece of the ball was retained by a student.
2014
Yale students attempted a return of Bladderball in 2014. The police learned of the planned proceedings, and patrolled the area in the minutes before the planned start. The Bladderball entered from a Farnam Hall entryway and rolled in front of Durfee Hall. Within a minute, Yale Police had deflated the Bladderball, ending the game.
References
^ Greenberg, Sam and Esther Zuckerman (October 12, 2009). "A Yale tradition reborn, redefined". The Yale Daily News. New Haven: Yale Daily News.
^ "Bladderball an old university Sport".
^ "Bladderball: 30 years of zany antics, dangerous fun," Eli Muller, Yale Daily News, February 28, 2001
^ "Bladderball is Back Archived October 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine", Marcus Schwarz and Esther Zuckerman, Yale Daily News, October 10, 2009
^ "YPD BREAKS UP BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News". Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
^ "THE NEWS WINS BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News". Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
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Untitled , 2008
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"pushball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushball"},{"link_name":"mob football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_football"},{"link_name":"Yale Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"The Yale Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yale_Record"},{"link_name":"WYBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYBC-FM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bladderball was a game traditionally played by students of Yale University, between 1954 and 1982, until being banned by the administration. The game is a variant of pushball, and has its roots in mob football. It was originally a competition between The Yale Banner, the Yale Daily News, campus humor magazine The Yale Record and campus radio station WYBC.[1] Revival games were played in 2009 and 2011 and, very briefly, in 2014.","title":"Bladderball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exercise ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_ball"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"New Haven Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Green"},{"link_name":"bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Old Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Campus"},{"link_name":"residential college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University#Residential_colleges"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Edwards College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_College"},{"link_name":"WYBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYBC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Pierson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson_College"},{"link_name":"Branford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_College"},{"link_name":"Saybrook College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saybrook_College"},{"link_name":"WTNH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTNH"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hillhouse Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillhouse_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Beinecke Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt_Quadrangle"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"antisocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Branford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_College"},{"link_name":"Saybrook College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saybrook_College"},{"link_name":"butyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid"},{"link_name":"A. Bartlett Giamatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Bartlett_Giamatti"},{"link_name":"Yale Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Raiders of the Lost Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark"},{"link_name":"Yale Precision Marching Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Precision_Marching_Band"},{"link_name":"archetypal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fallopian tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tube"},{"link_name":"ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovum"},{"link_name":"spermatozoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon"},{"link_name":"libidinal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"fertilize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation"}],"text":"Bladderball was conceived by Yale student Philip Zeidman, owner of a six-foot leather exercise ball, as a preliminary event before the Yale-Dartmouth game in 1954, according to Yale bladderball historian Sarah Hammond. Hammond traces the name \"bladderball\" back to a rugby-like game played by Yale students on the New Haven Green in the first half of the 19th century, featuring an inflated animal bladder.[2]Once each year, at 11 a.m. the Saturday before the Yale-Dartmouth game, the inflatable six-foot ball was rolled through Yale's Phelps Gate onto Old Campus, where a throng of Yale students waited. At the sound of a whistle, teams from each residential college and various extracurricular organizations would fight for possession of the ball. Teams were allowed to use any means at their disposal to seize control. In 1975, the Jonathan Edwards College team attempted to capture the ball using a fishing gaff which predictably popped the ball, inciting enraged chants of \"J.E. sucks!\" from the other participants. The phrase \"J.E. Sux\" remains the unofficial motto of Jonathan Edwards College to this day.In the absence of any scoring system, victory consisted of fervent declarations of victory by each team. Listeners to the Yale radio station, WYBC, would invariably learn that the station team had won a mighty victory, while readers of the Yale print media were invariably informed that each particular publication had bested all other teams handily, by scores often ranging into the thousands of points. In 1977, the Pierson College team literally took this to new heights, by chartering a helicopter (carrying not only the student team captain but also the Master of the College) to fly over the campus and drop leaflets saying \"Surrender, Pierson has won!\"; leaving nothing to chance, the Pierson team backed this claim up by chaining shut the doors of Branford College and Saybrook College, trapping the opposing teams inside. The crew in the helicopter filmed the entire event, created a news package \"verifying\" Pierson's victory, and brought the film to New Haven's WTNH-TV, which that evening broadcast the aerial footage, read the script as written by the stringers, and confirmed Pierson's \"win\" in the mainstream media.In the 1960s, a new dimension was added to the game, as teams began to move the ball out of Old Campus and roll it through the New Haven streets to the Yale president's house on Hillhouse Avenue, while simultaneously protecting it from city police. As might be expected, the path taken by the ball under the influence of the myriad squads trying to seize possession was not direct; in 1971, the ball rolled a six-mile swath through downtown streets leaving massive traffic tangles in its wake, only to be trapped and deflated by police at Beinecke Plaza, a few blocks from its starting point.Preparing for bladderball competition involved alcoholic beverage consumption; unfortunately, this resulted in an escalating series of bladderball-related antisocial activities. In 1976, a car and its driver were badly trampled by the mob of students chasing the ball over the top of the vehicle. The Branford College dining hall was vandalized by overzealous students from Saybrook College, who poured foul-smelling butyric acid mixed with food from the catwalk above the dining hall. Finally, in 1982, several participants were injured, and Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti declared bladderball's toll of minor injuries, property damage, and increasingly strange pranks too much to bear, and put an end to the tradition. The bladderball was rumored to be in the possession of the Yale Symphony Orchestra for some reason; it reappeared briefly in 1999 in the symphony's Halloween Show film Jane Bond, during a short Raiders of the Lost Ark sequence, playing the large boulder. It was subsequently under the control of the Yale Precision Marching Band which used it in the 2006 Princeton halftime show.\"The bladderball clearly incarnates the archetypal female form: the egg,\" wrote Yale student Jonathan Tucker in the 1977 Yale Banner.[3] \"Magically released from the fallopian tube-like tunnel of Phelps Gateway, it bounces rhythmically above the swarming hands of the crowd like a huge ripe ovum being battered by thousands of frantic spermatozoa. The accumulated libidinal energy aroused by the pre-game skirmishes (but largely repressed, because of homophobic anxiety) is immediately transferred onto the permitted female form of the bladderball.\"\"In symbolic transaction occurring during each game is this: each team strives to 'fertilize' the egg and thus become the sole possessor of its life-giving power. In this respect the game fits well with the competitive nature of Yale society. But this also markedly departs from the competitive mode in that everyone is permitted to claim victory in the end. (Some more vociferously than others, of course.) Thus the potentially destructive aspect of the game (the necessity of a loser) is resolved in a non-threatening manner, producing an increase in group solidarity by removing those elements of competition that would tend to alienate students from one another. In addition, the game produces a revitalization of the community through the symbolic release of libidinal energy, which can be redirected (sublimated) into academic achievement and, more specifically in this case, victory on the football field.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bladderball2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berkeley College.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_College_(Yale)"}],"text":"The 2009 Bladderball game approaches Berkeley College.","title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"Bladderball returned to Yale University on October 10, 2009 (the day of the Dartmouth game), despite the remaining ban. The ball appeared at Phelps Gate at approximately 4 p.m. and ended with the ball being popped on Cross Campus, at which point students descended on the ball to bring pieces back to their residential colleges. Police arrived during the game when it blocked traffic on Elm Street, though their involvement was limited to keeping the street clear.[4]","title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"Bladderball returned again to Yale University on October 8, 2011, despite the remaining ban. The ball appeared at Dwight Hall at approximately 4:30 p.m. The ball was popped on High Street, but the game continued with students fighting over the deflated ball. Police arrived on the scene as the ball was travelling on Elm Street, and the game ended 11 minutes after it had begun, when police interfered because of traffic that it had caused on Elm Street. The ball was confiscated by the police, who threatened to arrest students who continued to hold on to it.[5] At least one piece of the ball was retained by a student.[6]","title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","text":"Yale students attempted a return of Bladderball in 2014. The police learned of the planned proceedings, and patrolled the area in the minutes before the planned start. The Bladderball entered from a Farnam Hall entryway and rolled in front of Durfee Hall. Within a minute, Yale Police had deflated the Bladderball, ending the game.","title":"Revivals"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The 2009 Bladderball game approaches Berkeley College.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bladderball2009.jpg/275px-Bladderball2009.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bladderball an old university Sport\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topendsports.com/sport/extinct/bladderball.htm","url_text":"\"Bladderball an old university Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"YPD BREAKS UP BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2011-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027232509/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/08/bladderball-underway/","url_text":"\"YPD BREAKS UP BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\""},{"url":"http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/08/bladderball-underway/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE NEWS WINS BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\". Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108100851/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/10/bladderball-reemerges-brief-game/","url_text":"\"THE NEWS WINS BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\""},{"url":"http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/10/bladderball-reemerges-brief-game/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.topendsports.com/sport/extinct/bladderball.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bladderball an old university Sport\""},{"Link":"https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2001/02/28/bladderball-30-years-of-zany-antics-dangerous-fun/","external_links_name":"Bladderball: 30 years of zany antics, dangerous fun"},{"Link":"http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2009/10/10/bladderball-back/","external_links_name":"Bladderball is Back"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091012074655/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/university-news/2009/10/10/bladderball-back/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027232509/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/08/bladderball-underway/","external_links_name":"\"YPD BREAKS UP BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\""},{"Link":"http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/08/bladderball-underway/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108100851/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/10/bladderball-reemerges-brief-game/","external_links_name":"\"THE NEWS WINS BLADDERBALL | Yale Daily News\""},{"Link":"http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2011/oct/10/bladderball-reemerges-brief-game/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_and_Frankfort_Railroad
|
Louisville and Frankfort Railroad
|
["1 Directors","2 References"]
|
The Louisville and Frankfort Railroad (L&F) was a 19th-century railroad in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
Following the 1840 failure of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad, which had only ever managed to connect Louisville with nearby Portland, area businessmen met for years before organizing a new railroad in March 1847. The Louisville and Frankfort was chartered to connect the Ohio port to the state capital, as well as Lexington with any points east. The stretch between the capital and Lexington itself was left for the Lexington and Frankfort, chartered the next year.
After purchasing the L&O's rights-of-way west from Frankfort from the Commonwealth, the Louisville and Frankfort issued stock and raised $800,000 from the City of Louisville. Surveys directed by Col. Stephen H. Long of the U.S. Topographical Engineers selected a new route, employing some but not all of the stretches previously graded by the Lexington and Ohio. The rails for the road were purchased in London, England, and shipped upriver from New Orleans. Construction began in March 1849, heading east from Louisville. The one-story brick passenger station, train shed, freight shed, and roundhouse were all located at Brook and Jefferson Streets. Near Cherokee Gardens in Louisville, the line ran adjacent to present-day Frankfort Avenue. On February 6, 1850, the company held a special round trip to LaGrange for the board of directors and their guests. All the initial track was laid by the spring of 1851 and the completion of a bridge over the Kentucky River near Frankfort permitted the first service along the entire mainline in August.
In 1852, the L&F was connected to the completed Lexington and Frankfort mainline and initiated twice-daily service to Lexington. Connection there to the Covington and Lexington Railroad then permitted travel to Cincinnati's Kentucky suburbs. The L&F and Lexington and Frankfort merged their management and operations on January 1, 1857, and then fully merged as the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad in 1867.
The LC&L later made up part of the L&N. Its rights of way now make up part of the CSX Transportation network.
Directors
The L&F's first president was Thomas Smith of New Castle (d. 1850). He was succeeded by James Guthrie of Louisville.
The L&F's first board of directors included Smith, John J. Jacob, William F. Field, John Hulme, Virgil McKnight, and Jacob Swigert.
References
^ a b c d e f The Encyclopedia of Louisville, p. 549. "Louisville & Frankfort Railroad". University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 2001. Accessed 10 October 2013.
^ The Encyclopedia of Louisville, p. 176. "Cherokee Gardens". University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 2001. Accessed 10 October 2013.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Louisville"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Lexington and Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexington_and_Frankfort_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"City of Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Stephen H. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Long"},{"link_name":"U.S. Topographical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Topographical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"upriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Gardens,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loucher-2"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"},{"link_name":"Lexington and Frankfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexington_and_Frankfort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Covington and Lexington Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covington_and_Lexington_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Cincinnati_and_Lexington_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"},{"link_name":"L&N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"}],"text":"Following the 1840 failure of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad, which had only ever managed to connect Louisville with nearby Portland, area businessmen met for years before organizing a new railroad in March 1847. The Louisville and Frankfort was chartered to connect the Ohio port to the state capital, as well as Lexington with any points east. The stretch between the capital and Lexington itself was left for the Lexington and Frankfort, chartered the next year.[1]After purchasing the L&O's rights-of-way west from Frankfort from the Commonwealth, the Louisville and Frankfort issued stock and raised $800,000 from the City of Louisville. Surveys directed by Col. Stephen H. Long of the U.S. Topographical Engineers selected a new route, employing some but not all of the stretches previously graded by the Lexington and Ohio. The rails for the road were purchased in London, England, and shipped upriver from New Orleans. Construction began in March 1849, heading east from Louisville. The one-story brick passenger station, train shed, freight shed, and roundhouse were all located at Brook and Jefferson Streets.[1] Near Cherokee Gardens in Louisville, the line ran adjacent to present-day Frankfort Avenue.[2] On February 6, 1850, the company held a special round trip to LaGrange for the board of directors and their guests. All the initial track was laid by the spring of 1851 and the completion of a bridge over the Kentucky River near Frankfort permitted the first service along the entire mainline in August.[1]In 1852, the L&F was connected to the completed Lexington and Frankfort mainline and initiated twice-daily service to Lexington. Connection there to the Covington and Lexington Railroad then permitted travel to Cincinnati's Kentucky suburbs. The L&F and Lexington and Frankfort merged their management and operations on January 1, 1857, and then fully merged as the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad in 1867.[1]The LC&L later made up part of the L&N. Its rights of way now make up part of the CSX Transportation network.","title":"Louisville and Frankfort Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Smith_(Kentucky)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"James Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"},{"link_name":"John J. Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Jacob_(Kentucky_businessman)"},{"link_name":"William F. Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_F._Field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Hulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hulme_(Kentucky)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virgil McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgil_McKnight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacob Swigert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Swigert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louloufra-1"}],"text":"The L&F's first president was Thomas Smith of New Castle (d. 1850). He was succeeded by James Guthrie of Louisville.[1]The L&F's first board of directors included Smith, John J. Jacob, William F. Field, John Hulme, Virgil McKnight, and Jacob Swigert.[1]","title":"Directors"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&pg=PA549","external_links_name":"p. 549"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&pg=PA176","external_links_name":"p. 176"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-100
|
SM UB-100
|
["1 Construction","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Citations","3 Bibliography"]
|
For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-100.
UB-148 at sea, a U-boat similar to UB-100.
History
German Empire
NameUB-100
Ordered27 June 1917
BuilderAG Vulcan, Hamburg
Cost3,654,000 German Papiermark
Yard number116
Launched13 August 1918
Commissioned17 September 1918
FateSurrendered 22 November 1918, broken up
General characteristics
Class and typeType UB III submarine
Displacement
510 t (500 long tons) surfaced
640 t (630 long tons) submerged
Length55.52 m (182 ft 2 in) (o/a)
Beam5.76 m (18 ft 11 in)
Draught3.73 m (12 ft 3 in)
Propulsion
2 × propeller shaft
2 × AEG four-stroke 6-cylinder diesel engines, 1,085 bhp (809 kW)
2 × Siemens-Schuckert electric motors, 780 shp (580 kW)
Speed
13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) surfaced
7.4 knots (13.7 km/h; 8.5 mph) submerged
Range
7,120 nmi (13,190 km; 8,190 mi) at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph) surfaced
55 nmi (102 km; 63 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged
Test depth50 m (160 ft)
Complement3 officers, 31 men
Armament
5 × 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes (4 bow, 1 stern)
10 torpedoes
1 × 10.5 cm (4.13 in) deck gun
Service record
Commanders:
Oblt.z.S. Fritz Lamprecht
17 September – 11 November 1918
Operations:
No patrolsVictories:
None
SM UB-100 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 September 1918 as SM UB-100.
UB-100 was surrendered on 22 November 1918 and broken up in Dortrecht in 1922.
Construction
Main article: Type UB III submarine
She was built by AG Vulcan of Hamburg and following just under a year of construction, launched at Hamburg on 13 August 1918. UB-100 was commissioned later the same year . Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-100 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a 10.5 cm (4.13 in) deck gun. UB-100 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of 7,120 nautical miles (13,190 km; 8,190 mi). UB-100 had a displacement of 510 t (500 long tons) while surfaced and 640 t (630 long tons) when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) when surfaced and 7.4 knots (13.7 km/h; 8.5 mph) when submerged.
References
Notes
^ "SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" (English: His Majesty's) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine.
Citations
^ a b c d e f Gröner 1991, pp. 25–30.
^ Rössler 1979, p. 61.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Fritz Lamprecht". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Bibliography
Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.
Bendert, Harald (2000). Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal. Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH.
Rössler, Eberhard (1979). Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden (in German). Vol. I. Munich: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5213-7.
vteType UB III submarines
SM UB-48
SM UB-49
SM UB-50
SM UB-51
SM UB-52
SM UB-53
SM UB-54
SM UB-55
SM UB-56
SM UB-57
SM UB-58
SM UB-59
SM UB-60
SM UB-61
SM UB-62
SM UB-63
SM UB-64
SM UB-65
SM UB-66
SM UB-67
SM UB-68
SM UB-69
SM UB-70
SM UB-71
SM UB-72
SM UB-73
SM UB-74
SM UB-75
SM UB-76
SM UB-77
SM UB-78
SM UB-79
SM UB-80
SM UB-81
SM UB-82
SM UB-83
SM UB-84
SM UB-85
SM UB-86
SM UB-87
SM UB-88
SM UB-89
SM UB-90
SM UB-91
SM UB-92
SM UB-93
SM UB-94
SM UB-95
SM UB-96
SM UB-97
SM UB-98
SM UB-99
SM UB-100
SM UB-101
SM UB-102
SM UB-103
SM UB-104
SM UB-105
SM UB-106
SM UB-107
SM UB-108
SM UB-109
SM UB-110
SM UB-111
SM UB-112
SM UB-113
SM UB-114
SM UB-115
SM UB-116
SM UB-117
SM UB-118
SM UB-119
SM UB-120
SM UB-121
SM UB-122
SM UB-123
SM UB-124
SM UB-125
SM UB-126
SM UB-127
SM UB-128
SM UB-129
SM UB-130
SM UB-131
SM UB-132
SM UB-133
SM UB-136
SM UB-142
SM UB-143
SM UB-144
SM UB-145
SM UB-148
SM UB-149
SM UB-150
SM UB-154
SM UB-155
Preceded by: Type UB II
Followed by: Type VII (World War II)
List of U-boats of Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German submarine U-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-100"},{"link_name":"Type UB III submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_UB_III_submarine"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"German Imperial Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Imperial_Navy"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"Dortrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortrecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner199125%E2%80%9330-1"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-100.SM UB-100 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 17 September 1918 as SM UB-100.[Note 1]UB-100 was surrendered on 22 November 1918 and broken up in Dortrecht in 1922.[1]","title":"SM UB-100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AG Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedoes"},{"link_name":"10.5 cm (4.13 in) deck gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_SK_L/45_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"}],"text":"She was built by AG Vulcan of Hamburg and following just under a year of construction, launched at Hamburg on 13 August 1918. UB-100 was commissioned later the same year . Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-100 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a 10.5 cm (4.13 in) deck gun. UB-100 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of 7,120 nautical miles (13,190 km; 8,190 mi). UB-100 had a displacement of 510 t (500 long tons) while surfaced and 640 t (630 long tons) when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) when surfaced and 7.4 knots (13.7 km/h; 8.5 mph) when submerged.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-593-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_E.S._Mittler_%26_Sohn_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Die_deutschen_U_Boote_und_ihre_Werften/QIvfAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Bernard & Graefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_%26_Graefe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7637-5213-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-5213-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:German_Type_UB_III_submarines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:German_Type_UB_III_submarines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_Type_UB_III_submarines"},{"link_name":"Type UB III submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_UB_III_submarine"},{"link_name":"SM UB-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-48"},{"link_name":"SM UB-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-49"},{"link_name":"SM UB-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-50"},{"link_name":"SM UB-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-51"},{"link_name":"SM UB-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-52"},{"link_name":"SM UB-53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-53"},{"link_name":"SM UB-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-54"},{"link_name":"SM UB-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-55"},{"link_name":"SM UB-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-56"},{"link_name":"SM UB-57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-57"},{"link_name":"SM UB-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-58"},{"link_name":"SM UB-59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-59"},{"link_name":"SM UB-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-60"},{"link_name":"SM UB-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-61"},{"link_name":"SM UB-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-62"},{"link_name":"SM UB-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-63"},{"link_name":"SM UB-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-64"},{"link_name":"SM UB-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-65"},{"link_name":"SM UB-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-66"},{"link_name":"SM UB-67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-67"},{"link_name":"SM UB-68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-68"},{"link_name":"SM UB-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-69"},{"link_name":"SM UB-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-70"},{"link_name":"SM UB-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-71"},{"link_name":"SM UB-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-72"},{"link_name":"SM UB-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-73"},{"link_name":"SM UB-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-74"},{"link_name":"SM UB-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-75"},{"link_name":"SM UB-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-76"},{"link_name":"SM UB-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-77"},{"link_name":"SM UB-78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-78"},{"link_name":"SM UB-79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-79"},{"link_name":"SM UB-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-80"},{"link_name":"SM UB-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-81"},{"link_name":"SM UB-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-82"},{"link_name":"SM UB-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-83"},{"link_name":"SM UB-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-84"},{"link_name":"SM UB-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-85"},{"link_name":"SM UB-86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-86"},{"link_name":"SM UB-87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-87"},{"link_name":"SM UB-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-88"},{"link_name":"SM UB-89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-89"},{"link_name":"SM UB-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-90"},{"link_name":"SM UB-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-91"},{"link_name":"SM UB-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-92"},{"link_name":"SM UB-93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-93"},{"link_name":"SM UB-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-94"},{"link_name":"SM UB-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-95"},{"link_name":"SM UB-96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-96"},{"link_name":"SM UB-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-97"},{"link_name":"SM UB-98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-98"},{"link_name":"SM UB-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-99"},{"link_name":"SM UB-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"SM UB-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-101"},{"link_name":"SM UB-102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-102"},{"link_name":"SM UB-103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-103"},{"link_name":"SM UB-104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-104"},{"link_name":"SM UB-105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-105"},{"link_name":"SM UB-106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-106"},{"link_name":"SM UB-107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-107"},{"link_name":"SM UB-108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-108"},{"link_name":"SM UB-109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-109"},{"link_name":"SM UB-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-110"},{"link_name":"SM UB-111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-111"},{"link_name":"SM UB-112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-112"},{"link_name":"SM UB-113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-113"},{"link_name":"SM UB-114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-114"},{"link_name":"SM UB-115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-115"},{"link_name":"SM UB-116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-116"},{"link_name":"SM UB-117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-117"},{"link_name":"SM UB-118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-118"},{"link_name":"SM UB-119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-119"},{"link_name":"SM UB-120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-120"},{"link_name":"SM UB-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-121"},{"link_name":"SM UB-122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-122"},{"link_name":"SM UB-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-123"},{"link_name":"SM UB-124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-124"},{"link_name":"SM UB-125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-125"},{"link_name":"SM UB-126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-126"},{"link_name":"SM UB-127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-127"},{"link_name":"SM UB-128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-128"},{"link_name":"SM UB-129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-129"},{"link_name":"SM UB-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-130"},{"link_name":"SM UB-131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-131"},{"link_name":"SM UB-132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-132"},{"link_name":"SM UB-133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-133"},{"link_name":"SM UB-136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-136"},{"link_name":"SM UB-142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-142"},{"link_name":"SM UB-143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-143"},{"link_name":"SM UB-144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-144"},{"link_name":"SM UB-145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-145"},{"link_name":"SM UB-148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-148"},{"link_name":"SM UB-149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-149"},{"link_name":"SM UB-150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-150"},{"link_name":"SM UB-154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-154"},{"link_name":"SM UB-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UB-155"},{"link_name":"Type UB II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_UB_II_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine"},{"link_name":"List of U-boats of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U-boats_of_Germany"}],"text":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.\nBendert, Harald (2000). Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal. Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH.\nRössler, Eberhard (1979). Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden (in German). Vol. I. Munich: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5213-7.vteType UB III submarines\nSM UB-48\nSM UB-49\nSM UB-50\nSM UB-51\nSM UB-52\nSM UB-53\nSM UB-54\nSM UB-55\nSM UB-56\nSM UB-57\nSM UB-58\nSM UB-59\nSM UB-60\nSM UB-61\nSM UB-62\nSM UB-63\nSM UB-64\nSM UB-65\nSM UB-66\nSM UB-67\nSM UB-68\nSM UB-69\nSM UB-70\nSM UB-71\nSM UB-72\nSM UB-73\nSM UB-74\nSM UB-75\nSM UB-76\nSM UB-77\nSM UB-78\nSM UB-79\nSM UB-80\nSM UB-81\nSM UB-82\nSM UB-83\nSM UB-84\nSM UB-85\nSM UB-86\nSM UB-87\nSM UB-88\nSM UB-89\nSM UB-90\nSM UB-91\nSM UB-92\nSM UB-93\nSM UB-94\nSM UB-95\nSM UB-96\nSM UB-97\nSM UB-98\nSM UB-99\nSM UB-100\nSM UB-101\nSM UB-102\nSM UB-103\nSM UB-104\nSM UB-105\nSM UB-106\nSM UB-107\nSM UB-108\nSM UB-109\nSM UB-110\nSM UB-111\nSM UB-112\nSM UB-113\nSM UB-114\nSM UB-115\nSM UB-116\nSM UB-117\nSM UB-118\nSM UB-119\nSM UB-120\nSM UB-121\nSM UB-122\nSM UB-123\nSM UB-124\nSM UB-125\nSM UB-126\nSM UB-127\nSM UB-128\nSM UB-129\nSM UB-130\nSM UB-131\nSM UB-132\nSM UB-133\nSM UB-136\nSM UB-142\nSM UB-143\nSM UB-144\nSM UB-145\nSM UB-148\nSM UB-149\nSM UB-150\nSM UB-154\nSM UB-155\n\nPreceded by: Type UB II\nFollowed by: Type VII (World War II)\n\nList of U-boats of Germany","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"WWI U-boat commanders: Fritz Lamprecht\". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/170.html","url_text":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Fritz Lamprecht\""}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4","url_text":"0-85177-593-4"}]},{"reference":"Bendert, Harald (2000). Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal. Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg","url_text":"Hamburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_E.S._Mittler_%26_Sohn_GmbH","url_text":"Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH"}]},{"reference":"Rössler, Eberhard (1979). Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden (in German). Vol. I. Munich: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5213-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_deutschen_U_Boote_und_ihre_Werften/QIvfAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich","url_text":"Munich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_%26_Graefe","url_text":"Bernard & Graefe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-5213-7","url_text":"3-7637-5213-7"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/170.html","external_links_name":"\"WWI U-boat commanders: Fritz Lamprecht\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_deutschen_U_Boote_und_ihre_Werften/QIvfAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften: eine Bilddokumentation über den deutschen U-Bootbau; in zwei Bänden"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship_(International_Wrestling_Enterprise)
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IWA World Heavyweight Championship (International Wrestling Enterprise)
|
["1 Title history","2 Combined reigns","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
For other uses, see IWA World Heavyweight Championship.
IWA World Heavyweight ChampionshipDetailsPromotionInternational Wrestling EnterpriseDate established1968Date retiredSeptember 30, 1981StatisticsFirst champion(s)Bill RobinsonFinal champion(s)Rusher KimuraMost reignsRusher Kimura (5 reigns)Longest reignRusher Kimura (1,085 days)Shortest reignVerne Gagne (3 days)Oldest championVerne Gagne (53 years, 260 days)Youngest championMighty Inoue (25 years, 178 days)Heaviest championBill Miller (290 lb (130 kg))Lightest championVerne Gagne (215 lb (98 kg))
The International Wrestling Alliance (IWA) World Heavyweight Championship (IWA世界ヘビー級王座, IWA Sekai Hebī-kyū Ōza) was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship of the Japanese professional wrestling promotion known as International Wrestling Enterprise (国際プロレス興行, Kokusai Puroresu Kogyō). It was the first Japanese heavyweight title to be billed as a World title, and in the 1970s and early 1980s it was one of the most important titles in Japan. The title died with the promotion in 1981 but was later revived by Goro Tsurumi for his independent Kokusai Promotion.
There have been eighteen reigns between twelve wrestlers, and three vacancies.
Title history
Key
No.
Overall reign number
Reign
Reign number for the specific champion
Days
Number of days held
Defenses
Number of successful defenses
N/A
Unknown information
No.
Champion
Championship change
Reign statistics
Notes
Ref.
Date
Event
Location
Reign
Days
Defenses
1
Bill Robinson
December 19, 1968
World Series
Okayama, Japan
1
151
28
Defeated Toyonobori in the final of 11-man round-robin tournament.
2
Thunder Sugiyama
May 19, 1969
N/A
Sendai, Japan
1
654
9
3
Bill Miller
March 4, 1971
AWA Big Fight Series
Kitakyushu, Japan
1
107
0
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
4
Strong Kobayashi
June 19, 1971
N/A
Duluth, MN
1
874
25
On the day of the title change, Miller and Kobayashi were wrestling different opponents; this title change is possibly fictitious.
5
Wahoo McDaniel
November 9, 1973
Big Winter Series
Nachikatsuura, Japan
1
21
1
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
6
Strong Kobayashi
November 30, 1973
Big Winter Series
Tokyo, Japan
2
75
2
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
—
Vacated
February 13, 1974
—
—
—
—
—
The title was vacated when Kobayashi jumped to New Japan Pro-Wrestling to challenge Antonio Inoki.
7
Bill Robinson
June 3, 1974
Dynamite Series
Tokyo, Japan
2
74
0
It is unclear whether Robinson defeated Great Kusatsu in a tournament final or Rusher Kimura in a 2-out-of-3 falls match to win the vacant title.
8
Billy Graham
August 16, 1974
N/A
Denver, CO
1
52
2
On that day, Robinson was facing Buddy Wolff in Peoria, Illinois; this title change is considered fictitious.
9
Mighty Inoue
October 7, 1974
Super Wide Series
Koshigaya, Japan
1
185
3
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
10
Mad Dog Vachon
April 10, 1975
Dynamite Series
Tokyo, Japan
1
9
0
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
11
Rusher Kimura
April 19, 1975
Dynamite Series
Sapporo, Japan
1
360
11
This was a steel cage match.
—
Vacated
April 13, 1976
—
—
—
—
—
Kimura vacated the title because he was dissatisfied with the result of his title defense against The Undertaker (Hans Schroeder). A rematch was then scheduled.
12
Rusher Kimura
April 22, 1976
Dynamite Series
Sendai, Japan
2
50
0
Defeated The Undertaker (Hans Schroeder) in a steel cage match to win the vacant title.
13
Umanosuke Ueda
June 11, 1976
Big Challenge Series
Koga, Japan
1
47
0
—
Vacated
July 28, 1976
—
—
—
—
—
Vacated after Ueda's first defense against Rusher Kimura ended in a no contest.
14
Rusher Kimura
July 31, 1976
Big Summer Series
Koshigaya, Japan
3
1,085
26
Defeated Super Assassin (Roger Smith) in a steel cage match to win the vacant title.
15
Alexis Smirnoff
July 21, 1979
Big Summer Series
Murakami, Japan
1
4
0
This was a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
16
Rusher Kimura
July 25, 1979
Big Summer Series
Mishima, Japan
4
111
3
17
Verne Gagne
November 13, 1979
Devilish Fight Series
Sanjō, Japan
1
3
0
18
Rusher Kimura
November 16, 1979
Devilish Fight Series
Wakayama, Japan
5
687
17
—
Deactivated
September 30, 1981
—
—
—
—
—
Deactivated when the promotion folded.
Combined reigns
Rank
Wrestler
No. ofreigns
Combineddefenses
Combined days
1
Rusher Kimura
5
57
2,290
2
Strong Kobayashi
2
27
949
3
Thunder Sugiyama
1
9
654
4
Bill Robinson
2
28
225
5
Mighty Inoue
1
3
185
6
Bill Miller
1
0
107
7
Billy Graham
1
2
52
8
Umanosuke Ueda
1
0
47
9
Wahoo McDaniel
1
1
21
10
Mad Dog Vachon
1
0
9
11
Alexis Smirnoff
1
0
4
12
Verne Gagne
1
0
3
See also
NWA World Heavyweight Championship
PWF Heavyweight Championship
NWA International Heavyweight Championship
NWF Heavyweight Championship
References
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE World Series - Tag 29". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE AWA Big Fight Series - Tag 5". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Saalbach, Axel. "AWA @ Minneapolis". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ 日本プロレス事件史 vol.1 "黄金時代"の光と影 . Baseball Magazine Sha. 2014. p. 69. ISBN 4583621817.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 10". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 20". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 13". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWA World Heavyweight Championship". Cagematch.net (in German). Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Saalbach, Axel. "AWA @ Peoria". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "AWA". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Nagare, Tomomi (2019). 東京12チャンネル時代の国際プロレス (in Japanese). Tatsumi Publishing. pp. 47–48. ISBN 4777822893.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Super Wide Series - Tag 18". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 22". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 28". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 11". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Challenge Series - Tag 13". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Summer Series - Tag 20". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWA World Heavyweight Championship". Cagematch.net (in German). Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Summer Series - Tag 23". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Summer Series 1979 - Tag 22". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Big Summer Series 1979 - Tag 25". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Devilish Fight Series - Tag 12". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ Kreikenbohm, Philip. "IWE Devilish Fight Series - Tag 15". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
External links
IWA World Heavyweight Title History (in Japanese)
vteInternational Wrestling Alliance World Heavyweight Champions (International Wrestling Enterprise)1960s
Billy Robinson
Thunder Sugiyama
1970s
Dr. Bill Miller
Strong Kobayashi
Wahoo McDaniel
"Superstar" Billy Graham
Mighty Inoue
Mad Dog Vachon
Rusher Kimura
Umanosuke Ueda
Alexis Smirnoff
Verne Gagne
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IWA World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"world heavyweight championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(professional_wrestling)#World_championships"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"International Wrestling Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Wrestling_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"vacancies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant_(professional_wrestling)"}],"text":"For other uses, see IWA World Heavyweight Championship.The International Wrestling Alliance (IWA) World Heavyweight Championship (IWA世界ヘビー級王座, IWA Sekai Hebī-kyū Ōza) was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship of the Japanese professional wrestling promotion known as International Wrestling Enterprise (国際プロレス興行, Kokusai Puroresu Kogyō). It was the first Japanese heavyweight title to be billed as a World title, and in the 1970s and early 1980s it was one of the most important titles in Japan. The title died with the promotion in 1981 but was later revived by Goro Tsurumi for his independent Kokusai Promotion.There have been eighteen reigns between twelve wrestlers, and three vacancies.","title":"IWA World Heavyweight Championship (International Wrestling Enterprise)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Title history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Combined reigns"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"NWA World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"title":"PWF Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWF_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"title":"NWA International Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_International_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"title":"NWF Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWF_Heavyweight_Championship"}]
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ISBN 4583621817.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4583621817","url_text":"4583621817"}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 10\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=257606","url_text":"\"IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 10\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 20\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=257616","url_text":"\"IWE Big Winter Series - Tag 20\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 13\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=258173","url_text":"\"IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 13\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWA World Heavyweight Championship\". Cagematch.net (in German). 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Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=159602","url_text":"\"IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 28\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 11\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=159608","url_text":"\"IWE Dynamite Series - Tag 11\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Big Challenge Series - Tag 13\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=159610","url_text":"\"IWE Big Challenge Series - Tag 13\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWE Big Summer Series - Tag 20\". Cagematch.net. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=259243","url_text":"\"IWE Big Summer Series - Tag 20\""}]},{"reference":"Kreikenbohm, Philip. \"IWA World Heavyweight Championship\". Cagematch.net (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_la_Poudre_Wild_and_Scenic_River
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Cache la Poudre River
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["1 Name","2 Geography","3 History","4 National Heritage Area","5 National Wild and Scenic Rivers designation","6 Trout fishing","7 Glade Reservoir","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°25′17″N 104°36′3″W / 40.42139°N 104.60083°W / 40.42139; -104.60083River in Colorado, United States
Cache la Poudre RiverCache La Poudre River as it flows through Fort Collins, Colorado.LocationCountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCitiesFort Collins, GreeleyPhysical characteristicsSourceRocky Mountains • locationRocky Mountain National Park • coordinates40°25′29″N 105°48′24″W / 40.42472°N 105.80667°W / 40.42472; -105.80667 • elevation10,755 ft (3,278 m)
MouthSouth Platte River • locationNear Greeley • coordinates40°25′17″N 104°36′3″W / 40.42139°N 104.60083°W / 40.42139; -104.60083 • elevation4,600 ft (1,400 m)Length126 mi (203 km)Discharge • locationFort Collins • average162 cu ft/s (4.6 m3/s) • minimum0 cu ft/s (0 m3/s) • maximum6,080 cu ft/s (172 m3/s)
Basin featuresTributaries • leftNorth Fork Cache la Poudre River • rightSouth Fork Cache la Poudre River
National Wild and Scenic RiverTypeWild, RecreationalDesignatedOctober 30, 1986
Rafters on the Poudre River near the Grey Rock trailhead
View of the Poudre River from the Big South trail
The Cache la Poudre River (/ˌkæʃ lə ˈpuːdər/ ⓘ KASH lə POO-dər), also known as the Poudre River, is a river in the state of Colorado in the United States.
Name
The name, Cache la Poudre (French for 'Hide the Powder'), is a corruption of the original Cache à la Poudre, or "cache of powder". It refers to an incident in the 1820s when French trappers, caught by a snowstorm, were forced to bury part of their gunpowder along the banks of the river.
Geography
Its headwaters are in the Front Range in Larimer County, in the northern part of Rocky Mountain National Park. The main source is Poudre Lake. The river descends eastward in the mountains through the Roosevelt National Forest in Poudre Canyon. It emerges from the foothills north of the city of Fort Collins.
It flows eastward across the plains, passing north of the city of Greeley, and flows into the South Platte River approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Greeley.
History
The river is a popular summer destination for fly fishing, whitewater rafting, tubing, and kayaking in the Poudre Canyon. The river has been substantially populated since the 1930s by year-round residences. While a popular summer destination, the area has residential communities and churches that provide a year-round presence in the rural area. The fish in the Cache La Poudre River include: rainbow, brown and brook trout.
The river is subject to sudden and devastating floods which often impact nearby communities. A flood in 1864 destroyed the military post, Camp Collins, located near the river at La Porte. The military relocated the camp and renamed it Fort Collins. Although no fort was ever built, the current city of Fort Collins was established and continues to experience periodic flooding from the Cache La Poudre.
National Heritage Area
The Cache La Poudre River Corridor National Heritage Area includes the 100-year flood plain of the river from its emergence from the mountains to its confluence with the South Platte River.
National Wild and Scenic Rivers designation
On October 30, 1986, 76 miles (122 km) of the Cache la Poudre River were designated as a Wild and Scenic River under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The designation spans from the headwaters of the river at Cache la Poudre Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, downstream along the south fork of the river. 30 miles are classified as wild, and 46 miles are classified as recreational.
Trout fishing
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From its headwaters downstream, through the city of Fort Collins, the Cache la Poudre River contains abundant populations of self-sustaining wild trout. The majority of trout that live within the river system are brown trout.
Special regulations apply for certain stretches of the Poudre by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. These regulations include the use of flies and lures only and strict catch and release designations. Special regulation waters include The Indian Meadows Section, The Hatchery Section and a small tailwater stretch of the North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, which flows from Seamen Reservoir to the main fork of the Poudre. As the Cache la Poudre leaves the canyon for the valley to flow through Fort Collins the water quality decreases significantly. Although trout still live in the lower Cache la Poudre, the population is increasingly diminished due to marginal water flows and water quality, both of which greatly hinder self-sustained trout reproduction in the lower Poudre.
Glade Reservoir
A project proposed by the Northern Colorado Water Conservation District called the Northern Integrated Supply Project includes several water supply projects, but focuses on the Glade Reservoir, which would be located north of Fort Collins, Colorado, and the Galeton Reservoir, which would be located north of Eaton, Colorado, and would supply 40,000 acre-feet (49,000,000 m3) of water annually to 15 communities in Northern Colorado. Both reservoirs would be filled by a diversion from the Cache la Poudre River and would store that water for use by these communities. The project has been studied by the United States Army Corps of Engineers since 2005, resulting in a draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) released in September, 2008. Due to the number and complexity of significant comments received during the public comment period, the COE determined that additional analysis would be required before a decision on whether to approve or deny the permit can be made. They plan to release a supplemental DEIS in late 2013..
To supply 40,000 acre-feet (49,000,000 m3) of water from the reservoirs, significant quantities of water would be diverted from the Poudre River above the city of Fort Collins, Colorado. Most diversions would occur during the peak snowmelt runoff in May and June. Essentially all the water that is diverted (and pumped) into the off-stream Glade Reservoir would be released back to the river at a later time. But these releases into the Poudre from Glade would be entirely offset by water that would normally be released from Horsetooth Reservoir into the Poudre, also upstream of Fort Collins. This Horsetooth water, originating from Colorado's west slope, would be piped to most of the NISP subscriber communities outside the Poudre basin instead of going to agricultural users downstream on the Poudre River and South Platte River. According to the first DEIS, the net diversion from the Poudre would represent anywhere from 26 to 71% of the flow as measured in downtown Fort Collins. These flow reductions are in addition to existing diversions that have removed approximately 50-60% of the river's water since European settlement began in the valley.
The formation of the Glade Reservoir has been the highlight of backlash from local communities. A group called "Save the Poudre" was created from the formation of the project in 2005, and has fought the project since, citing negative environmental and economic impacts that will come in the fulfillment of this project. On the other hand, supporters of NISP and the Glade Reservoir cite a negative alternatives like buy and dry (which is when a farmer sells their water rights, and to ensure that the farmer doesn't divert any more water, the land is completely dried up), as a reason to support NISP. The potential necessity for this reservoir comes from the increasing population of the Northern Colorado region, causing an increase in the demand for water while the supply of water has been slightly decreasing due to decreased snow packing in the mountains, which is a major way of storing water for the Northern Colorado area. The City of Fort Collins, which diverts water from the Poudre River and has more senior water rights than NISP, has addressed concerns with the Glade Reservoir in terms of its negative environmental impacts, which NISP has been trying to mitigate through various projects.
As of June 2018, NISP is working on releasing an environmental impact report, which is analyzed by the Army Corps of Engineers, and people can submit their comments on this report to the Army Corps of Engineers. The Army Corps of Engineers' final call on their approval of NISP is slated to happen sometime in 2019. With Save the Poudre stating they will take the Army Corps of Engineers to court if they approve the project, this process could possibly be dragged out to the point that NISP doesn't get any water rights until 2025 instead of the predicted year of 2020.
See also
Rivers portalColorado portal
List of Colorado rivers
List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
References
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cache la Poudre River, USGS GNIS.
^ a b Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates.
^ Cache la Poudre River Archived 2008-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000.
^ a b Water Data Report, Colorado 2003, from Water Resources Data Colorado Water Year 2003, USGS.
^ Dawson, John Frank (1954). Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 12.
^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Colorado" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VI (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 162.
^ Poudre River Trail Corridor, Inc. "Habitat & Wildlife on the Poudre River". Poudre River trail Corridor. Poudre River Trail Corridor, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
^ "Cache la Poudre River Flooding at Epic Proportions". September 12, 2013.
^ "Cache La Poudre River Corridor, Colorado". National Park Service. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
^ "Cache La Poudre River, Colorado". National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
^ Kunth, Sarah (November 14, 2018). "Here's where two major northern Colorado water supply projects stand". The Greely Tribune.
^ a b Corps of Engineers original DEIS
^ http://fcgov.com/nispreview/pdf/core-news.pdf Corps of Engineers news release regarding supplemental DEIS
^ a b Marmaduke, Jacey (June 24, 2018). "Huge Poudre River water project back in the spotlight, with key dates approaching". Coloradoan.
^ Cullor, Ravyn. "Shorter, warmer winters set Colorado for drought, fire". The Rocky Mountain Collegian.
^ "Northern Integrated Supply Project".
External links
Cache la Poudre River at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity
Poudre River Wiki
National Park Service: Cache La Poudre River
Ronald Reagan 1985 address to Congress requesting wilderness designation of the river.
Poudre River Trail Corridor
Greyrock Trail
Real-Time Flow Data
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cache_rafters.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poudre_rapids.JPG"},{"link_name":"/ˌkæʃ lə ˈpuːdər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Cache_la_poudre.ogg/Cache_la_poudre.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cache_la_poudre.ogg"},{"link_name":"KASH lə POO-dər","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"}],"text":"River in Colorado, United StatesRafters on the Poudre River near the Grey Rock trailheadView of the Poudre River from the Big South trailThe Cache la Poudre River (/ˌkæʃ lə ˈpuːdər/ ⓘ KASH lə POO-dər), also known as the Poudre River, is a river in the state of Colorado in the United States.","title":"Cache la Poudre River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cache"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trapper"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"}],"text":"The name, Cache la Poudre (French for 'Hide the Powder'),[5] is a corruption of the original Cache à la Poudre,[6] or \"cache of powder\". It refers to an incident in the 1820s when French trappers, caught by a snowstorm, were forced to bury part of their gunpowder along the banks of the river.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Front Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range"},{"link_name":"Larimer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larimer_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Poudre Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poudre_Lake"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Poudre Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poudre_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"South Platte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Platte_River"},{"link_name":"Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado"}],"text":"Its headwaters are in the Front Range in Larimer County, in the northern part of Rocky Mountain National Park. The main source is Poudre Lake. The river descends eastward in the mountains through the Roosevelt National Forest in Poudre Canyon. It emerges from the foothills north of the city of Fort Collins.It flows eastward across the plains, passing north of the city of Greeley, and flows into the South Platte River approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Greeley.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"whitewater rafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_rafting"},{"link_name":"tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The river is a popular summer destination for fly fishing, whitewater rafting, tubing, and kayaking in the Poudre Canyon. The river has been substantially populated since the 1930s by year-round residences. While a popular summer destination, the area has residential communities and churches that provide a year-round presence in the rural area. The fish in the Cache La Poudre River include: rainbow, brown and brook trout.[7]The river is subject to sudden and devastating floods which often impact nearby communities. A flood in 1864 destroyed the military post, Camp Collins, located near the river at La Porte. The military relocated the camp and renamed it Fort Collins. Although no fort was ever built, the current city of Fort Collins was established and continues to experience periodic flooding from the Cache La Poudre.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cache La Poudre River Corridor National Heritage Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_La_Poudre_River_Corridor_National_Heritage_Area"},{"link_name":"South Platte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Platte_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps1-9"}],"text":"The Cache La Poudre River Corridor National Heritage Area includes the 100-year flood plain of the river from its emergence from the mountains to its confluence with the South Platte River.[9]","title":"National Heritage Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Wild and Scenic Rivers System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On October 30, 1986, 76 miles (122 km) of the Cache la Poudre River were designated as a Wild and Scenic River under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The designation spans from the headwaters of the river at Cache la Poudre Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, downstream along the south fork of the river. 30 miles are classified as wild, and 46 miles are classified as recreational.[10]","title":"National Wild and Scenic Rivers designation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"}],"text":"From its headwaters downstream, through the city of Fort Collins, the Cache la Poudre River contains abundant populations of self-sustaining wild trout. The majority of trout that live within the river system are brown trout.Special regulations apply for certain stretches of the Poudre by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. These regulations include the use of flies and lures only and strict catch and release designations. Special regulation waters include The Indian Meadows Section, The Hatchery Section and a small tailwater stretch of the North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, which flows from Seamen Reservoir to the main fork of the Poudre. As the Cache la Poudre leaves the canyon for the valley to flow through Fort Collins the water quality decreases significantly. Although trout still live in the lower Cache la Poudre, the population is increasingly diminished due to marginal water flows and water quality, both of which greatly hinder self-sustained trout reproduction in the lower Poudre.","title":"Trout fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Collins, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Eaton, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft_deis-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Horsetooth Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetooth_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"South Platte River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Platte_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-draft_deis-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Northern Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Northern Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"A project proposed by the Northern Colorado Water Conservation District called the Northern Integrated Supply Project includes several water supply projects, but focuses on the Glade Reservoir, which would be located north of Fort Collins, Colorado, and the Galeton Reservoir, which would be located north of Eaton, Colorado, and would supply 40,000 acre-feet (49,000,000 m3) of water annually to 15 communities in Northern Colorado.[11] Both reservoirs would be filled by a diversion from the Cache la Poudre River and would store that water for use by these communities. The project has been studied by the United States Army Corps of Engineers since 2005, resulting in a draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) released in September, 2008.[12] Due to the number and complexity of significant comments received during the public comment period,[13] the COE determined that additional analysis would be required before a decision on whether to approve or deny the permit can be made. They plan to release a supplemental DEIS in late 2013..To supply 40,000 acre-feet (49,000,000 m3) of water from the reservoirs, significant quantities of water would be diverted from the Poudre River above the city of Fort Collins, Colorado. Most diversions would occur during the peak snowmelt runoff in May and June. Essentially all the water that is diverted (and pumped) into the off-stream Glade Reservoir would be released back to the river at a later time. But these releases into the Poudre from Glade would be entirely offset by water that would normally be released from Horsetooth Reservoir into the Poudre, also upstream of Fort Collins. This Horsetooth water, originating from Colorado's west slope, would be piped to most of the NISP subscriber communities outside the Poudre basin instead of going to agricultural users downstream on the Poudre River and South Platte River. According to the first DEIS, the net diversion from the Poudre would represent anywhere from 26 to 71% of the flow as measured in downtown Fort Collins.[12] These flow reductions are in addition to existing diversions that have removed approximately 50-60% of the river's water since European settlement began in the valley.The formation of the Glade Reservoir has been the highlight of backlash from local communities. A group called \"Save the Poudre\" was created from the formation of the project in 2005, and has fought the project since, citing negative environmental and economic impacts that will come in the fulfillment of this project. On the other hand, supporters of NISP and the Glade Reservoir cite a negative alternatives like buy and dry (which is when a farmer sells their water rights, and to ensure that the farmer doesn't divert any more water, the land is completely dried up), as a reason to support NISP.[14] The potential necessity for this reservoir comes from the increasing population of the Northern Colorado region, causing an increase in the demand for water while the supply of water has been slightly decreasing due to decreased snow packing in the mountains, which is a major way of storing water for the Northern Colorado area.[15] The City of Fort Collins, which diverts water from the Poudre River and has more senior water rights than NISP, has addressed concerns with the Glade Reservoir in terms of its negative environmental impacts, which NISP has been trying to mitigate through various projects.[14]As of June 2018, NISP is working on releasing an environmental impact report, which is analyzed by the Army Corps of Engineers, and people can submit their comments on this report to the Army Corps of Engineers. The Army Corps of Engineers' final call on their approval of NISP is slated to happen sometime in 2019. With Save the Poudre stating they will take the Army Corps of Engineers to court if they approve the project, this process could possibly be dragged out to the point that NISP doesn't get any water rights until 2025 instead of the predicted year of 2020.[16]","title":"Glade Reservoir"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rafters on the Poudre River near the Grey Rock trailhead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cache_rafters.JPG/220px-Cache_rafters.JPG"},{"image_text":"View of the Poudre River from the Big South trail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Poudre_rapids.JPG/220px-Poudre_rapids.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Rivers portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rivers"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"List of Colorado rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Colorado_rivers"},{"title":"List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers"}]
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[{"reference":"Dawson, John Frank (1954). Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin. Denver, CO: The J. Frank Dawson Publishing Co. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=18","url_text":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"}]},{"reference":"Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). \"Colorado\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VI (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Colorado","url_text":"\"Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Poudre River Trail Corridor, Inc. \"Habitat & Wildlife on the Poudre River\". Poudre River trail Corridor. Poudre River Trail Corridor, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://poudretrail.org/habitat-wildlife#fish","url_text":"\"Habitat & Wildlife on the Poudre River\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cache la Poudre River Flooding at Epic Proportions\". September 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://k99.com/cache-la-poudre-river-flooding-at-epic-proportions/","url_text":"\"Cache la Poudre River Flooding at Epic Proportions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cache La Poudre River Corridor, Colorado\". National Park Service. Retrieved March 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/cala/index.htm","url_text":"\"Cache La Poudre River Corridor, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cache La Poudre River, Colorado\". National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Retrieved October 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rivers.gov/rivers/cache-la-poudre.php","url_text":"\"Cache La Poudre River, Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"Kunth, Sarah (November 14, 2018). \"Here's where two major northern Colorado water supply projects stand\". The Greely Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greeleytribune.com/news/heres-where-two-major-northern-colorado-water-supply-projects-stand-now/","url_text":"\"Here's where two major northern Colorado water supply projects stand\""}]},{"reference":"Marmaduke, Jacey (June 24, 2018). \"Huge Poudre River water project back in the spotlight, with key dates approaching\". Coloradoan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/06/24/nisp-glade-reservoir-decrease-poudre-flows-fort-collins-water-project/718360002/","url_text":"\"Huge Poudre River water project back in the spotlight, with key dates approaching\""}]},{"reference":"Cullor, Ravyn. \"Shorter, warmer winters set Colorado for drought, fire\". The Rocky Mountain Collegian.","urls":[{"url":"https://collegian.com/2019/02/shorter-warmer-winters-set-colorado-for-drought-and-fire/","url_text":"\"Shorter, warmer winters set Colorado for drought, fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Integrated Supply Project\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northernwater.org/sf/nisp/home","url_text":"\"Northern Integrated Supply Project\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cache_la_Poudre_River¶ms=40_25_17_N_104_36_3_W_type:river","external_links_name":"40°25′17″N 104°36′3″W / 40.42139°N 104.60083°W / 40.42139; -104.60083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cache_la_Poudre_River¶ms=40_25_29_N_105_48_24_W_","external_links_name":"40°25′29″N 105°48′24″W / 40.42472°N 105.80667°W / 40.42472; -105.80667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cache_la_Poudre_River¶ms=40_25_17_N_104_36_3_W_type:river","external_links_name":"40°25′17″N 104°36′3″W / 40.42139°N 104.60083°W / 40.42139; -104.60083"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22","external_links_name":"\"Cache la Poudre River\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cache+la+Poudre+River%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/205018","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cache la Poudre River"},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/69/15/C00215.html","external_links_name":"Cache la Poudre River"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080830064047/http://www.bartleby.com/69/15/C00215.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-co-03-1/vol1/pdf/WDR_CO-03-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Water Data Report, Colorado 2003"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-co-03-1/","external_links_name":"Water Resources Data Colorado Water Year 2003"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051116740;view=1up;seq=18","external_links_name":"Place names in Colorado: why 700 communities were so named, 150 of Spanish or Indian origin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Colorado","external_links_name":"\"Colorado\""},{"Link":"http://poudretrail.org/habitat-wildlife#fish","external_links_name":"\"Habitat & Wildlife on the Poudre River\""},{"Link":"http://k99.com/cache-la-poudre-river-flooding-at-epic-proportions/","external_links_name":"\"Cache la Poudre River Flooding at Epic Proportions\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/cala/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cache La Poudre River Corridor, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://www.rivers.gov/rivers/cache-la-poudre.php","external_links_name":"\"Cache La Poudre River, Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://www.greeleytribune.com/news/heres-where-two-major-northern-colorado-water-supply-projects-stand-now/","external_links_name":"\"Here's where two major northern Colorado water supply projects stand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213326/http://www.nwo.usace.army.mil/html/od-tl/eis/nisp.deis.apr08.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://fcgov.com/nispreview/pdf/core-news.pdf","external_links_name":"http://fcgov.com/nispreview/pdf/core-news.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/06/24/nisp-glade-reservoir-decrease-poudre-flows-fort-collins-water-project/718360002/","external_links_name":"\"Huge Poudre River water project back in the spotlight, with key dates approaching\""},{"Link":"https://collegian.com/2019/02/shorter-warmer-winters-set-colorado-for-drought-and-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Shorter, warmer winters set Colorado for drought, fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.northernwater.org/sf/nisp/home","external_links_name":"\"Northern Integrated Supply Project\""},{"Link":"https://poudre.library.colostate.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page","external_links_name":"Poudre River Wiki"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/cala","external_links_name":"National Park Service: Cache La Poudre River"},{"Link":"https://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1985/42685b.htm","external_links_name":"Ronald Reagan 1985 address to Congress"},{"Link":"http://www.poudretrail.org/","external_links_name":"Poudre River Trail Corridor"},{"Link":"https://www.resourceanalysis.com/trails/trail47/tr47.html","external_links_name":"Greyrock Trail"},{"Link":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?site_no=06752260","external_links_name":"Real-Time Flow Data"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308197476","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050280318","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534679205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90004489","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetergamine
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Acetergamine
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["1 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Acetergamine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024)
Acetergamine
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
N-{methyl}acetamide
Other names
8β-acetylaminomethyl-6-methylergoline(+)-N-Acetyl-9,10-dihydrolysergamine
Identifiers
CAS Number
3031-48-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
64269
ECHA InfoCard
100.019.281
PubChem CID
71118
UNII
O60O0JB93O Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID201043382
InChI
InChI=1S/C18H23N3O/c1-11(22)19-8-12-6-15-14-4-3-5-16-18(14)13(9-20-16)7-17(15)21(2)10-12/h3-5,9,12,15,17,20H,6-8,10H2,1-2H3,(H,19,22)/t12-,15+,17+/m0/s1Key: SGZVEWGAZGOWGP-XGWLTEMNSA-N
SMILES
O=C(NC2C3c4cccc1c4c(c1)C3N(C2)C)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C18H23N3O
Molar mass
297.402 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Acetergamine is an organic chemical compound; specifically it is a derivative of ergoline, making it a member of the ergotamine family of compounds. Acetergamine currently has no mainstream uses, however its potential as an alpha-1 blocker and vasodilator has led to it being covered in several patents concerning therapies for erectile dysfunction. It has also been investigated as a treatment for cerebellar ataxia.
References
^ Ogawa, M (2004). "Pharmacological treatments of cerebellar ataxia". Cerebellum. 3 (2). London): 107–11. doi:10.1080/147342204100032331. PMID 15233578. S2CID 21026074.
vteAdrenergic receptor modulatorsα1Agonists
6-FNE
Amidephrine
Buspirone
Cirazoline
Corbadrine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Desglymidodrine
Dexisometheptene
Dipivefrine
Dopamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Epinephrine
Etilefrine
Etilevodopa
Ethylnorepinephrine
Ibopamine
Indanidine
Isometheptene
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Melevodopa
Metaraminol
Methoxamine
Methyldopa
Midodrine
Naphazoline
Norepinephrine
Octopamine
Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Synephrine
Tetryzoline
Tiamenidine
XP21279
Xylometazoline
Antagonists
Abanoquil
Ajmalicine
Alfuzosin
Anisodamine
Anisodine
Atiprosin
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
Benoxathian
Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol)
Buflomedil
Bunazosin
Corynanthine
Dapiprazole
Domesticine
Doxazosin
Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride)
Etoperidone
Fenspiride
Hydroxyzine
Indoramin
Ketanserin
L-765,314
mCPP
Mepiprazole
Metazosin
Monatepil
Moxisylyte
Naftopidil
Nantenine
Neldazosin
Niaprazine
Niguldipine
Pardoprunox
Pelanserin
Perlapine
Phendioxan
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
Piperoxan
Prazosin
Quinazosin
Quinidine
Silodosin
Spegatrine
Spiperone
Talipexole
Tamsulosin
Terazosin
Tiodazosin
Tolazoline
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
Trimazosin
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Urapidil
WB-4101
Zolertine
α2Agonists
(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4-NEMD
6-FNE
Amitraz
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Clonidine
Corbadrine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Dihydroergotamine
Dipivefrine
Dopamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Etilevodopa
Ergotamine
Epinephrine
Etilefrine
Ethylnorepinephrine
Guanabenz
Guanfacine
Guanoxabenz
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Ibopamine
Lofexidine
Medetomidine
Melevodopa
Methyldopa
Mivazerol
Moxonidine
Naphazoline
Norepinephrine
Oxymetazoline
Phenylpropanolamine
Piperoxan
PS75
Rezatomidine
Rilmenidine
Romifidine
Talipexole
Tasipimidine
Tetryzoline
Tiamenidine
Tizanidine
Tolonidine
Urapidil
Vatinoxan
XP21279
Xylazine
Xylometazoline
Antagonists
1-PP
Adimolol
Amesergide
Aptazapine
Atipamezole
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone)
BRL-44408
Buflomedil
Cirazoline
Efaroxan
Esmirtazapine
Fenmetozole
Fluparoxan
Idazoxan
Ketanserin
Lisuride
mCPP
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
NAN-190
Pardoprunox
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine
Piperoxan
Piribedil
Rauwolscine
Rotigotine
Setiptiline
Spegatrine
Spiroxatrine
Sunepitron
Terguride
Tolazoline
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Yohimbine
βAgonists
Abediterol
Alifedrine
Amibegron
Arbutamine
Arformoterol
Arotinolol
BAAM
Bambuterol
Befunolol
Bitolterol
Broxaterol
Buphenine
Carbuterol
Carmoterol
Cimaterol
Clenbuterol
Colterol
Corbadrine
Denopamine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Dipivefrine
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Dopexamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Epinephrine
Etafedrine
Etilefrine
Etilevodopa
Ethylnorepinephrine
Eugenodilol
Fenoterol
Formoterol
Hexoprenaline
Higenamine
Ibopamine
Indacaterol
Isoetarine
Isoprenaline
Isoxsuprine
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Levosalbutamol
Lubabegron
Mabuterol
Melevodopa
Methoxyphenamine
Methyldopa
Mirabegron
Norepinephrine
Orciprenaline
Oxyfedrine
PF-610355
Phenylpropanolamine
Pirbuterol
Prenalterol
Ractopamine
Procaterol
Reproterol
Rimiterol
Ritodrine
Salbutamol
Salmeterol
Solabegron
Terbutaline
Tretoquinol
Tulobuterol
Vibegron
Vilanterol
Xamoterol
XP21279
Zilpaterol
Zinterol
Antagonists
Acebutolol
Adaprolol
Adimolol
Afurolol
Alprenolol
Alprenoxime
Amosulalol
Ancarolol
Arnolol
Arotinolol
Atenolol
Befunolol
Betaxolol
Bevantolol
Bisoprolol
Bopindolol
Bornaprolol
Brefonalol
Bucindolol
Bucumolol
Bufetolol
Bufuralol
Bunitrolol
Bunolol
Bupranolol
Butaxamine
Butidrine
Butofilolol
Capsinolol
Carazolol
Carpindolol
Carteolol
Carvedilol
Celiprolol
Cetamolol
Cicloprolol
Cinamolol
Cloranolol
Cyanopindolol
Dalbraminol
Dexpropranolol
Diacetolol
Dichloroisoprenaline
Dihydroalprenolol
Dilevalol
Diprafenone
Draquinolol
Ecastolol
Epanolol
Ericolol
Ersentilide
Esatenolol
Esprolol
Eugenodilol
Exaprolol
Falintolol
Flestolol
Flusoxolol
Hydroxycarteolol
Hydroxytertatolol
ICI-118,551
Idropranolol
Indenolol
Indopanolol
Iodocyanopindolol
Iprocrolol
Isoxaprolol
Isamoltane
Labetalol
Landiolol
Levobetaxolol
Levobunolol
Levomoprolol
Medroxalol
Mepindolol
Metipranolol
Metoprolol
Moprolol
Nadolol
Nadoxolol
Nebivolol
Nifenalol
Nipradilol
Oxprenolol
Pacrinolol
Pafenolol
Pamatolol
Pargolol
Penbutolol
Pindolol
Practolol
Primidolol
Procinolol
Pronethalol
Propafenone
Propranolol
Ridazolol
Ronactolol
Soquinolol
Sotalol
Spirendolol
SR 59230A
Sulfinalol
Talinolol
Tazolol
Tertatolol
Tienoxolol
Tilisolol
Timolol
Tiprenolol
Tolamolol
Toliprolol
Xibenolol
Xipranolol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Dopaminergics
Serotonergics
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine releasing agents
Monoamine metabolism modulators
Monoamine neurotoxins
vteErgolinesLysergic acid derivatives
2-Bromo-LSD (BOL-148)
Amesergide
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Dihydroergocornine
Dihydroergocristine
Dihydroergocryptine
Dihydroergometrine (Dihydroergonovine, Dihydroergobasine)
Dihydroergosine
Dihydroergotamine
Epicriptine
Ergine (LSA; LA-111; Lysergamide)
Ergocornine
Ergocristine
Ergocryptine
Ergoloid (Dihydroergotoxine)
Ergometrine (Ergonovine, Ergobasine)
Ergometrinine
Ergostine
Ergotamine
Ergotoxine
Ergovaline
Lisuride
LY-215,840
LSH
Lysergic acid
Lysergic acid methyl ester
Lysergol
Mesulergine
Metergoline
MIPLA
Methysergide
Sergolexole
Psychedelic lysergamides
1B-LSD
1cP-LSD
1P-ETH-LAD
1P-LSD
AL-LAD
ALD-52
BU-LAD
CYP-LAD
Diallyllysergamide (DAL)
Dimethyllysergamide (DAM-57)
ECPLA
Ergonovine
ETFELA
ETH-LAD
IP-LAD
LAMPA
LAE-32
LSD
LPD-824
LSM-775
LSH
LSD-Pip
Lysergic Acid 2-Butylamide
Lysergic Acid 2,4-Dimethylazetidide
Lysergic Acid 3-Pentylamide
Lysergic acid cyclobutylamide
Lysergic acid cyclopentylamide
Methylergometrine (Methylergonovine, Methylergobasine)
MIPLA
MLD-41
PARGY-LAD
PRO-LAD
Clavines
9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C
Agroclavine
Chanoclavine
Chanoclavine II
Costaclavin
Cycloclavine
Elymoclavine
Epoxyagroclavine
Festuclavine
Fumigaclavine A
Fumigaclavine B
Fumigaclavine C
Paliclavine
Penniclavine
Setoclavine
Other ergolines
Acetergamine
CY-208,243
Ergoline
Lergotrile
Nicergoline
Pergolide
Natural sources
Achnatherum robustum (Sleepy Grass)
Claviceps spp. (Ergot)
Morning glory: Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose), Ipomoea spp.(Morning Glory, Tlitliltzin, Badoh Negro), Rivea corymbosa (Coaxihuitl, Ololiúqui)
This article about an alkaloid is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemical"},{"link_name":"ergoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline"},{"link_name":"ergotamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine"},{"link_name":"alpha-1 blocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker"},{"link_name":"vasodilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilator"},{"link_name":"cerebellar ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundAcetergamine is an organic chemical compound; specifically it is a derivative of ergoline, making it a member of the ergotamine family of compounds. Acetergamine currently has no mainstream uses, however its potential as an alpha-1 blocker and vasodilator has led to it being covered in several patents concerning therapies for erectile dysfunction. It has also been investigated as a treatment for cerebellar ataxia.[1]","title":"Acetergamine"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ogawa, M (2004). \"Pharmacological treatments of cerebellar ataxia\". Cerebellum. 3 (2). London): 107–11. doi:10.1080/147342204100032331. PMID 15233578. S2CID 21026074.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F147342204100032331","url_text":"10.1080/147342204100032331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15233578","url_text":"15233578"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21026074","url_text":"21026074"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetergamine&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acetergamine%22","external_links_name":"\"Acetergamine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acetergamine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acetergamine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acetergamine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acetergamine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acetergamine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3031-48-9","external_links_name":"3031-48-9"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28NC%5BC%40%40H%5D2C%5BC%40%40H%5D3c4cccc1c4c%28c%5BnH%5D1%29C%5BC%40H%5D3N%28C2%29C%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.64269.html","external_links_name":"64269"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.019.281","external_links_name":"100.019.281"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71118","external_links_name":"71118"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/O60O0JB93O","external_links_name":"O60O0JB93O"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID201043382","external_links_name":"DTXSID201043382"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F147342204100032331","external_links_name":"10.1080/147342204100032331"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15233578","external_links_name":"15233578"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21026074","external_links_name":"21026074"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetergamine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidopleuriformes
|
Pholidopleuridae
|
["1 Classification","2 Timeline of genera","3 Bibliography","4 References"]
|
Extinct order of fishes
PholidopleuridaeTemporal range: Triassic
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Subclass:
Neopterygii (?)
Order:
†PholidopleuriformesBerg, 1937
Family:
†PholidopleuridaeWade, 1932
Genera
See text
Pholidopleuriformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish containing a single family, Pholidopleuridae.
Classification
Family †Pholidopleuridae Abel, 1919 / Wade, 1932
Genus †Arctosomus Berg 1941
†Arctosomus sibiricus Berg, 1941
Genus †Australosomus Berg, 1941
†Australosomus altisquamosus Beltan, 1980
†Australosomus kochi Stensiö, 1932
†Australosomus longirostris Beltan, 1968
†Australosomus pholidopleuroides Nielsen, 1949
†Australosomus simplex Nielsen, 1949
†Australosomus stockleyi Haughton, 1936
Genus †Gracilignathichthys Bürgin, 1992
†Gracilignathichthys microlepis Bürgin, 1992
Genus †Macroaethes Wade, 1932
†M. alta Wade, 1935
†M. brookvalei Wade, 1932
Genus †Pholidopleurus Bronn, 1858
†P. ticinensis Bürgin, 1992
†P. xiaowaensis Liu & Yin, 2006
†P. typus Bronn, 1858
Timeline of genera
Bibliography
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Tree of Actinopterygii
References
^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
vteNeopterygii
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Actinopterygii
Clade: Actinopteri
Actinopterygii
see Actinopterygii
Neopterygii
see below↓
NeopterygiiNeopterygii
†Besania
†Boreichthys
†Caelatichthys
†Cephaloxenus
†Chrotichthys
†Dollopterus
†Frodoichthys
†Gimlichthys
†Habroichthys
†Hulettia
†Pristisomus
†Tungusichthys
†Venusichthys
†Zeuchthiscus
†Bobasatraniiformes?
†Guildayichthyidae?
†Pholidopleuriformes?
Arctosomus
Australosomus
Gracilignathichthys
Macroaethes
Pholidopleurus
†Redfieldiiformes?
Atopocephala
Brookvalia
Calaichthys
Cionichthys
Daedalichthys
Denwoodichthys
Dictyopyge
Endemichthys
Geitonichthys
Helichthys
Hiascoactinus
Ischnolepis
Lasalichthys
Leighiscus
Mauritanichthys
Molybdichthys
Pacorichthys
Phlyctaenichthys
Redfieldius
Sakamenichthys
Schizurichthys
Sinkiangichthys?
†Platysiagidae
Caelatichthys?
Helmolepis
Platysiagum
†Polzbergiiformes
Hydropessum?
Cleithrolepididae
Cleithrolepidina
Cleithrolepis
Polzbergiidae
Felberia
Luopingichthys?
Polzbergia
Serrolepis
Stoppania
†Colobodontidae
Chaohuperleidus?
Colobodus
Crenilepis
Dactylolepis?
Engycolobodus?
Feroxichthys
Gabanellia?
Nephrotus?
†Perleididae
Aetheodontus?
Alvinia?
Chaohuperleidus?
Ctenognathichthys?
Daninia
Diandongperleidus?
Dipteronotus?
Endennia?
Eoperleidus
Fuyuanperleidus?
Luopingperleidus?
Manlietta
Megaperleidus?
Meidiichthys
Meridensia?
Moradebrichthys?
Paraperleidus
Peltoperleidus?
Perleidus
Plesiofuro?
Plesioperleidus
Procheirichthys?
Teffichthys?
Tripelta
†Louwoichthyiformes
Peltoperleidus?
Louwoichthyidae
Ctenognathichthys?
Louwoichthys
Luopingichthys?
Pseudobeaconiidae
Anatoia
Caminchaia
Dipteronotus?
Echentaia
Mendocinichthys
Pasambaya
Pseudobeaconia
†Luganoiiformes
Altisolepis?
Fuyuanperleidus?
Luganoia
†Peltopleuriformes
Habroichthys?
Peltopleuridae
Altisolepis?
Nannolepis
Peltopleurus
Placopleurus
Thoracopteridae
Gigantopterus
Italopterus
Peripeltopleurus
Potanichthys
Thoracopterus
Wushaichthys
†Dapediidae
Aetheolepis
Dandya
Dapedium
Hemicalypterus
Heterostrophus
Paradapedium
Sargodon
Scopulipiscis
Tetragonolepis
†Pycnodontiformes
see Pycnodontiformes
HolosteiGinglymodi
see Ginglymodi
includes gars
Halecomorphi
see Halecomorphi
includes bowfin
Teleostei
see Teleostei
includes the majority of modern fish
Taxon identifiersPholidopleuridae
Wikidata: Q2088621
EoL: 4654991
GBIF: 4838272
IRMNG: 100122
Open Tree of Life: 4139706
Paleobiology Database: 208832
Pholidopleuriformes
Wikidata: Q7187078
IRMNG: 12446
Paleobiology Database: 35085
This article about a prehistoric ray-finned fish is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pholidopleuriformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish containing a single family, Pholidopleuridae.[1]","title":"Pholidopleuridae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othenio_Abel"},{"link_name":"Arctosomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctosomus"},{"link_name":"Neavichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neavichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Percy_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Arctosomus sibiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctosomus_sibiricus"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Berg"},{"link_name":"Australosomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australosomus"},{"link_name":"Australosomus altisquamosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_altisquamosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australosomus kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_kochi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stensiö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Stensi%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Australosomus longirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_longirostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australosomus pholidopleuroides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_pholidopleuroides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigil_Nielsen_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"Australosomus simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_simplex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australosomus stockleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australosomus_stockleyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_H._Haughton"},{"link_name":"Gracilignathichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilignathichthys"},{"link_name":"Gracilignathichthys microlepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilignathichthys_microlepis"},{"link_name":"Macroaethes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macroaethes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macroaethes_alta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. brookvalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macroaethes_brookvalei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pholidopleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidopleurus"},{"link_name":"Bronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Bronn"},{"link_name":"P. ticinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pholidopleurus_ticinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. xiaowaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pholidopleurus_xiaowaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. typus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pholidopleurus_typus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Family †Pholidopleuridae Abel, 1919 / Wade, 1932\nGenus †Arctosomus Berg 1941 [Neavichthys Whitley, 1951]\n†Arctosomus sibiricus Berg, 1941\nGenus †Australosomus Berg, 1941\n†Australosomus altisquamosus Beltan, 1980\n†Australosomus kochi Stensiö, 1932\n†Australosomus longirostris Beltan, 1968\n†Australosomus pholidopleuroides Nielsen, 1949\n†Australosomus simplex Nielsen, 1949\n†Australosomus stockleyi Haughton, 1936\nGenus †Gracilignathichthys Bürgin, 1992\n†Gracilignathichthys microlepis Bürgin, 1992\nGenus †Macroaethes Wade, 1932\n†M. alta Wade, 1935\n†M. brookvalei Wade, 1932\nGenus †Pholidopleurus Bronn, 1858\n†P. ticinensis Bürgin, 1992\n†P. xiaowaensis Liu & Yin, 2006\n†P. typus Bronn, 1858","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class"},{"link_name":"Tree of Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/actinopterygii_index.html"}],"text":"Sepkoski, Jack (2002). \"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.\nTree of Actinopterygii","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Sepkoski, Jack (2002). \"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class","url_text":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\""}]},{"reference":"\"PBDB\". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=208832","url_text":"\"PBDB\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class","external_links_name":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\""},{"Link":"http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/actinopterygii_index.html","external_links_name":"Tree of Actinopterygii"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=208832","external_links_name":"\"PBDB\""},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4654991","external_links_name":"4654991"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4838272","external_links_name":"4838272"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=100122","external_links_name":"100122"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4139706","external_links_name":"4139706"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=208832","external_links_name":"208832"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=12446","external_links_name":"12446"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35085","external_links_name":"35085"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pholidopleuridae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada
|
List of the busiest airports in Canada
|
["1 In graph","2 2023","2.1 Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","2.2 Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)","3 2022","3.1 Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","3.2 Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)","4 2021","4.1 Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","4.2 Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements","5 2020","5.1 Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","5.2 Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements","6 2019","6.1 Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","6.2 Canada's 20 busiest airports by aircraft movements","6.3 Canada's 20 busiest airports by domestic, transborder and international passenger traffic","7 Notes","8 References"]
|
The following is a list of the busiest airports in Canada. The airports are ranked by passenger traffic and aircraft movements. For each airport, the lists cite the city served by the airport as designated by Transport Canada, not necessarily the municipality where the airport is physically located.
Since 2010, Toronto–Pearson and Vancouver International Airport have been the two busiest airports by both passengers served and aircraft movements. Toronto-Pearson's location within the most populous metropolitan region of Canada solidifies its top spot amongst all of Canada's airports. Given its advantageous position on the west coast of Canada, Vancouver International has long served as Canada's hub for flights bound for Asia and Oceania. As one of the closest major North American cities to Europe, Montréal-Trudeau has also seen substantial passenger growth in recent years, now serving over 20 million passengers annually, with nearly 15 million on international flights, making it one of North America's busiest international hubs, second only to Toronto-Pearson in Canada.
In graph
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at YUL YYZ YVR YYC YEG YOW YWG YHZ airports.
See Wikidata query.
2023
Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic
Rank
Rankchange
Airport
Serves
Totalpassengers
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
44,800,000
25.8%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
24,938,184
30.9%
3
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
21,173,941
32.5%
4
Calgary International Airport
Calgary Metropolitan Region
18,490,283
27.9%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
7,499,163
28.2%
6
2
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
National Capital Region
4,095,914
36.9%
7
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg Capital Region
4,094,793
35.1%
8
2
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
3,579,293
15.2%
9
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
10
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna/Okanagan Valley
2,032,624
18.3%
11
Victoria International Airport
Greater Victoria
1,740,107
16.8%
12
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City Metropolitan Region
1,688,736
43.8%
13
2
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon Metropolitan Area
1,277,863
34.2%
14
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
1,275,484
28.5%
15
2
St. John's International Airport
St. John's Metropolitan Area
1,260,000
17.4%
16
Regina International Airport
Regina
981,845
28.5%
17
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
820,011
27.0%
18
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
714,070
18.7%
19
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Greater Moncton
600,121
28.0%
20
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Waterloo Region
445,312
18.4%
21
Prince George Airport
Prince George
417,848
14.6%
22
Charlottetown Airport
Charlottetown
402,686
17.9%
23
Comox Valley Airport
Comox
371,989
15.0%
24
1
Fort McMurray International Airport
Wood Buffalo
367,627
14.8%
25
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
333,813
25%
26
2
London International Airport
London
332,447
31%
Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)
Rank
Airport
Serves
Aircraftmovements
Rankchange
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
380,583
12.4%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
281,911
7.9%
3
Boundary Bay Airport
Greater Vancouver
215,263
6.9%
4
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
202,497
6.5%
5
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
201,141
12.0%
6
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford
182,214
4.3%
7
Pitt Meadows Airport
Pitt Meadows
149,997
3
17.8%
8
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Regional Municipality of Waterloo
140,984
1
4.1%
9
St. Andrews Airport
Winnipeg
132,107
2
7.5%
10
Calgary/Springbank Airport
Calgary
130,422
1
1.0%
11
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
117,680
3
12.4%
12
Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport
Greater Montreal
116,721
0.7%
13
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
108,542
4
10.2%
14
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
108,028
1
6.4%
15
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
107,692
1
5.4%
16
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
107,594
2
21.5%
17
London International Airport
London
102,122
3
17.2%
18
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
99,773
5
10.5%
19
Oshawa Executive Airport
Oshawa
95,514
3
19.8%
20
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Moncton
95,138
1
8.6%
21
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
93,374
5
7.1%
22
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
87,829
2
11.3%
23
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna
84,617
2
1.4%
24
Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome
Saint-Honoré
73,412
1
7.4%
25
Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport
Edmonton
61,656
1
2.3%
26
Langley Regional Airport
Langley Township
60,486
1
10.0%
27
Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sault Ste. Marie
57,938
1
10.0%
28
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre
Metro Vancouver
57,806
2
18.3%
29
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
54,455
4
17.6%
30
Yellowknife Airport
Yellowknife
53,519
8.9%
31
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
52,318
2
0.5%
32
Regina International Airport
Regina
51,753
1
15.5%
33
Saint-Jean Airport
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
48,180
6
36.4%
34
Windsor International Airport
Windsor
47,041
2
3.1%
35
Prince George Airport
Prince George
45,834
1
8.5%
36
Fort McMurray International Airport
Fort McMurray
43,465
1
2.8%
37
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport
Greater Montreal
40,480
3
5.0%
38
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport
Whitehorse
37,836
4.1%
39
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
36,419
2
4.6%
40
Red Deer Regional Airport
Red Deer
32,983
5.1%
41
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
31,701
5.3%
42
Gander International Airport
Gander
29,573
11.0%
2022
Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic
Rank
Rankchange
Airport
Serves
Totalpassengers
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
35,600,000
180.8%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
19,013,416
168.3%
3
1
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
15,973,242
207.1%
4
1
Calgary International Airport
Calgary Metropolitan Region
14,452,059
128.4%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
5,849,674
109.4%
6
2
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
3,107,425
188.7%
7
1
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg Capital Region
3,031,113
147.8%
8
1
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
National Capital Region
2,992,334
155.6%
9
8
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
1,732,000
514%
10
1
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna/Okanagan Valley
1,718,059
107.0%
11
1
Victoria International Airport
Greater Victoria
1,490,039
121.2%
12
3
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
1,174,321
232.5%
13
1
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
1,099,392
130%
14
3
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
992,712
97.0%
15
2
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
952,051
116.2%
16
2
Regina International Airport
Regina
764,128
115.0%
17
1
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
645,789
158.3%
18
2
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
581,095
83.9%
19
2
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Greater Moncton
468,821
164.8%
20
2
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Waterloo Region
375,397
118.5%
21
1
Prince George Airport
Prince George
364,663
81%
22
1
Charlottetown Airport
Charlottetown
341,649
207.3%
23
4
Fort McMurray International Airport
Fort McMurray
320,319
40.1%
24
1
London International Airport
London
229,241
126.2%
Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)
Rank
Airport
Serves
Aircraftmovements
Rankchange
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
338,577
1
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
261,331
2
3
Boundary Bay Airport
Greater Vancouver
201,413
2
4
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
190,091
5
5
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
179,601
8
6
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford
174,748
3
7
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Regional Municipality of Waterloo
135,454
1
8
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
134,400
1
9
Calgary/Springbank Airport
Calgary
129,172
4
10
Pitt Meadows Airport
Pitt Meadows
127,284
2
11
St. Andrews Airport
Winnipeg
122,878
12
Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport
Greater Montreal
117,586
2
13
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
111,538
8
14
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
102,212
2
15
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
101,507
1
16
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
100,555
12
17
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
98,458
5
18
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
88,524
5
19
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Moncton
87,570
5
20
London International Airport
London
87,106
4
21
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna
83,377
1
22
Oshawa Executive Airport
Oshawa
79,695
7
23
Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome
Saint-Honoré
79,254
11
24
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
78,913
7
25
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
66,119
4
26
Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport
Edmonton
60,260
2
27
Langley Regional Airport
Langley Township
54,968
4
28
Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sault Ste. Marie
52,671
3
29
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
52,063
2
30
Yellowknife Airport
Yellowknife
49,152
31
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre
Metro Vancouver
48,847
32
Windsor International Airport
Windsor
45,621
33
Regina International Airport
Regina
44,791
34
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport
Greater Montreal
42,604
35
Fort McMurray International Airport
Fort McMurray
42,282
36
Prince George Airport
Prince George
42,226
37
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
38,185
38
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport
Whitehorse
36,356
39
Saint-Jean Airport
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
35,313
40
Red Deer Regional Airport
Red Deer
34,769
41
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
33,468
42
Gander International Airport
Gander
33,215
2021
Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic
Rank
Rankchange
Airport
Serves
Totalpassengers
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
12,700,000
4.5%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
7,086,602
3.0%
3
Calgary International Airport
Calgary Region
6,326,406
11.5%
4
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
5,201,751
4.3%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
2,793,581
6.3%
6
1
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg Capital Region
1,223,054
5.9%
7
1
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
National Capital Region
1,170,789
14.1%
8
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
1,076,458
8.1%
9
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna/Okanagan Valley
829,804
12.5%
10
Victoria International Airport
Greater Victoria
673,478
17.2%
11
7
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
503,955
59.7%
12
3
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
478,124
31%
13
1
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
439,927
4.8%
14
Regina International Airport
Regina
355,490
4.0%
15
4
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
353,203
34%
16
2
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
316,025
7.9%
17
4
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
282,000
27.5%
18
2
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
250,019
24.0%
19
Fort McMurray International Airport
Fort McMurray
228,627
0.3%
20
1
Prince George Airport
Prince George
201,506
13.8%
21
1
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Greater Moncton
177,040
2.1%
22
8
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Waterloo Region
171,828
245%
23
1
Charlottetown Airport
Charlottetown
111,160
55.5%
24
4
London International Airport
London
101,363
Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements
Rank
Airport
Serves
Aircraftmovements
Rankchange
Annualchange
1
Boundary Bay Airport
Greater Vancouver
211,335
2
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
174,588
3
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford
169,017
1
4
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
166,935
1
5
Calgary/Springbank Airport
Calgary
138,969
6
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Regional Municipality of Waterloo
133,293
2
7
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
129,649
8
Pitt Meadows Airport
Pitt Meadows
125,761
1
9
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
124,108
3
10
Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport
Greater Montreal
116,628
11
St. Andrews Airport
Winnipeg
115,350
12
Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome
Saint-Honoré
107,339
1
13
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
98,857
1
14
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
98,721
3
15
Oshawa Executive Airport
Oshawa
96,678
1
16
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
85,015
2
17
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
82,808
5
18
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
81,637
3
19
London International Airport
London
77,099
7
20
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna
75,581
3
21
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
73,469
1
22
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
71,316
3
23
Langley Regional Airport
Langley Township
71,225
1
24
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Moncton
69,855
9
25
Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sault Ste. Marie
67,725
5
26
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport
Greater Montreal
66,572
1
27
Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport
Edmonton
65,450
2
28
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
64,797
29
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
57,697
15
30
Regina International Airport
Regina
44,433
1
31
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
32,315
32
Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre
Metro Vancouver
32,204
2020
Air traffic decreased greatly in this year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic
Rank
Rankchange
Airport
Serves
Totalpassengers
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
13,307,077
73.6%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
7,300,287
72.3%
3
1
Calgary International Airport
Calgary Region
5,675,483
68.4%
4
1
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
5,436,998
73.2%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
2,628,891
67.7%
6
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
National Capital Region
1,363,512
73.3%
7
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg Capital Region
1,299,225
71.0%
8
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
995,426
76.2%
9
1
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna/Okanagan Valley
737,447
63.7%
10
1
Victoria International Airport
Greater Victoria
574,874
70.1%
11
1
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
535,111
70.1%
12
1
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
461,900
69.0%
13
4
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
389,000
86.0%
14
1
Regina International Airport
Regina
370,364
68.6%
15
1
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
364,980
75.4%
16
1
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
329,193
66.0%
17
1
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
315,578
68.7%
18
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
292,865
64.8%
19
2
Fort McMurray International Airport
Fort McMurray
229,314
61.5%
20
1
London International Airport
London
202,556
21
1
Prince George Airport
Prince George
176,994
64.4%
22
2
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Greater Moncton
173,404
74.3%
23
2
Charlottetown Airport
Charlottetown
71,480
81.3%
Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements
Rank
Airport
Serves
Aircraftmovements
Rankchange
Annualchange
1
Boundary Bay Airport
Greater Vancouver
185,431
4
2
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
175,060
1
3
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
156,640
1
4
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford
137,265
2
5
Calgary/Springbank Airport
Calgary
128,764
2
6
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
119,546
3
7
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
117,390
2
8
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Regional Municipality of Waterloo
107,251
4
9
Pitt Meadows Airport
Pitt Meadows
101,443
2
10
Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport
Greater Montreal
100,797
2
11
St. Andrews Airport
Winnipeg
99,976
4
12
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
97,385
8
13
Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome
Saint-Honoré
89,503
7
14
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
86,800
3
15
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Moncton
85,581
1
16
Oshawa Executive Airport
Oshawa
80,483
17
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
80,121
2
18
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
77,754
19
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
70,183
4
20
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
69,180
7
21
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
68,775
22
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
65,257
23
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna
64,093
24
Langley Regional Airport
Langley Township
61,354
25
Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport
Edmonton
60,267
26
London International Airport
London
59,170
27
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport
Greater Montreal
56,877
28
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
54,053
18
29
Regina International Airport
Regina
39,495
30
Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sault Ste. Marie
35,309
31
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
35,207
2019
Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic
Rank
Rankchange
Airport
Serves
Totalpassengers
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
50,499,431
2.0%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
26,379,870
1.7%
3
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
20,305,106
4.5%
4
Calgary International Airport
Calgary Metropolitan Region
17,957,780
3.5%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
8,151,532
1.2%
6
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
National Capital Region
5,106,487
0.1%
7
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg Capital Region
4,484,249
0.0%
8
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
4,188,443
3.0%
9
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
2,774,000
1.2%
10
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna/Okanagan Valley
2,032,144
1.3%
11
Victoria International Airport
Greater Victoria
1,924,385
6.1%
12
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
1,789,005
0.8%
13
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
1,490,000
1.9%
14
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
1,483,660
3.9%
15
Regina International Airport
Regina
1,179,485
4.75%
16
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
1,008,116
19.7%
17
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
955,373
32%
18
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
832,570
4.2%
19
2
London International Airport
London
683,155
27%
20
1
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Greater Moncton
674,406
1.0%
Canada's 20 busiest airports by aircraft movements
Rank
Airport
Serves
Aircraftmovements
Rankchange
Annualchange
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
455,099
4.35%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
332,214
2.13%
3
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
238,843
2.13%
4
Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
237,801
1.51%
5
Boundary Bay Airport
Greater Vancouver
216,557
10.84%
6
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford
164,285
13.77%
7
Calgary/Springbank Airport
Calgary
153,668
3
12.20%
8
Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport
Greater Montreal
145,482
4
12.68%
9
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
144,931
5.62%
10
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
144,755
2
3.05%
11
Pitt Meadows Airport
Pitt Meadows
142,523
6
20.8%
12
Region of Waterloo International Airport
Regional Municipality of Waterloo
140,703
2
18.7%
13
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
135,175
2
0.13%
14
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
133,769
7
6.18%
15
St. Andrews Airport
Winnipeg
132,423
1
12.22%
16
Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport
Moncton
122,308
2
5.64%
17
Fredericton International Airport
Fredericton
121,437
2
16.4%
18
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
115,892
3
2.08%
19
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
113,129
6
8.13%
20
Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome
Saint-Honoré
94,577
8.84%
Canada's 20 busiest airports by domestic, transborder and international passenger traffic
Rank
Airport
Serves
Domestic
% of total
Trans border
% of total
International
% of total
1
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Greater Toronto Area
17,677,504
35.9%
13,624,310
27.7%
17,880,877
36.4%
2
Vancouver International Airport
Metro Vancouver
12,288,884
47.8%
6,296,488
24.5%
7,122,123
27.7%
3
Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Greater Montreal
6,884,671
35.2%
4,441,908
22.7%
8,237,082
42.1%
4
Calgary International Airport
Calgary
11,853,828
68.9%
3,470,496
20.2%
1,872,320
10.9%
5
Edmonton International Airport
Edmonton Capital Region
6,503,827
82.5%
963,762
12.2%
414,132
5.3%
6
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Ottawa
3,868,035
77.8%
680,688
17.6%
421,167
8.5%
7
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
Winnipeg
3,608,739
84.4%
479,359
11.2%
185,795
4.4%
8
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Halifax
3,471,941
84.1%
355,796
8.6%
300,506
7.3%
9
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Toronto
n/aD
n/aD
0
0.0%
10
Kelowna International Airport
Kelowna
1,818,926
92.4%
99,846
5.1%
50,241
2.6%
11
Victoria International Airport
Victoria
1,594,847
86.4%
n/aD
n/aD
12
Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Quebec City
1,164,377
67.6%
217,983
12.7%
339,163
29.1%
13
Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
Saskatoon
1,299,529
88.1%
n/aD
n/aD
14
St. John's International Airport
St. John's
1,385,675
96.6%
n/aD
n/aD
15
Regina International Airport
Regina
1,061,654
91.2%
n/aD
n/aD
16
Thunder Bay International Airport
Thunder Bay
707,042
95.5%
n/aD
n/aD
17
Abbotsford International Airport
Abbotsford/Fraser Valley
n/aD
n/aD
n/aD
18
John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport
Hamilton
n/aD
n/aD
n/aD
19
London International Airport
London
627,960
93.6%
n/aD
n/aD
20
Greater Moncton International Airport
Moncton
608,982
92.6%
n/aD
n/aD
Notes
A.^ Statistics Canada figures.
B.^ Airport operating authority figures.
C.^ Estimated from graph.
D.^ Numbers are "suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act".
E.^ Estimated figure.
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vteAirports in CanadaBy name
A–B
C–D
E–G
H–K
L–M
N–Q
R–S
T–Z
By location indicator
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
CG
CH
CI
CJ
CK
CL
CM
CN
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CP
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CS
CT
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Related
List of airports by ICAO code: C
List of the busiest airports in Canada
List of defunct airports in Canada
List of heliports in Canada
List of international airports in Canada
List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Canada
Operation Yellow Ribbon
Transportation in Canada
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vteList of the busiest airports in North America Sovereign states
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Anguilla
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vteLists of the busiest airports by continent
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vteAviation statisticsAirports worldwide
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international
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Busiest airports by continent and countryAfrica
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Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto–Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%93Pearson"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"most populous metropolitan region of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"west coast of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Coast"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"Montréal-Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Trudeau"}],"text":"Since 2010, Toronto–Pearson and Vancouver International Airport have been the two busiest airports by both passengers served and aircraft movements. Toronto-Pearson's location within the most populous metropolitan region of Canada solidifies its top spot amongst all of Canada's airports. Given its advantageous position on the west coast of Canada, Vancouver International has long served as Canada's hub for flights bound for Asia and Oceania. As one of the closest major North American cities to Europe, Montréal-Trudeau has also seen substantial passenger growth in recent years, now serving over 20 million passengers annually, with nearly 15 million on international flights, making it one of North America's busiest international hubs, second only to Toronto-Pearson in Canada.","title":"List of the busiest airports in Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22YUL%22%20%22YYZ%22%20%22YVR%22%20%22YYC%22%20%22YEG%22%20%22YOW%22%20%22YWG%22%20%22YHZ%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E2000%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at YUL YYZ YVR YYC YEG YOW YWG YHZ airports.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"In graph"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements(List only includes airports with Nav Canada control towers)","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2021"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","title":"2021"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements","title":"2021"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Air traffic decreased greatly in this year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"2020"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","title":"2020"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by aircraft movements","title":"2020"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's busiest airports by passenger traffic","title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's 20 busiest airports by aircraft movements","title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Canada's 20 busiest airports by domestic, transborder and international passenger traffic","title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_B"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_C"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_D"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_E"}],"text":"A.^ Statistics Canada figures.\nB.^ Airport operating authority figures.\nC.^ Estimated from graph.\nD.^ Numbers are \"suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act\".[104]\nE.^ Estimated figure.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"GTAA reports 2023 annual results\". newswire.ca. 2024-03-28. Retrieved 2024-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/gtaa-reports-2023-annual-results-878884597.html","url_text":"\"GTAA reports 2023 annual results\""}]},{"reference":"\"YVR Traffic Update December 2023\" (PDF). yvr.ca. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yvr.ca/-/media/yvr/documents/facts-sheets/2023/12---december/december-traffic-update.pdf","url_text":"\"YVR Traffic Update December 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"YUL passenger statistics 2023\" (PDF). admtl.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admtl.com/sites/default/files/2024/Stats_Fev24_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"YUL passenger statistics 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passenger Statistics\". www.yyc.com. 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heights...\""},{"Link":"https://huddle.today/n-b-airports-beat-passenger-records-in-2018/","external_links_name":"\"N.B. Airports Beat Passenger Records in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190215160129/https://huddle.today/n-b-airports-beat-passenger-records-in-2018/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=4010023&tabMode=dataTable&p1=-1&p2=9&srchLan=-1","external_links_name":"\"Aircraft movements, by class of operation, airports with NAV CANADA towers 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703151402/http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=4010023&tabMode=dataTable&srchLan=-1&p1=-1&p2=9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=2310025301","external_links_name":"Air passenger traffic at Canadian airports, annual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126110501/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=2310025301","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-203-x/2013000/userinfo-usagerinfo-eng.htm#insidef1","external_links_name":"\"Air Carrier Traffic at Canadian Airports: User information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014510/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-203-x/2013000/userinfo-usagerinfo-eng.htm#insidef1","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Madariaga
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Joaquín Madariaga
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["1 The Revolution of Madariaga","2 Campaigns against Rosas","3 Potrero de Vences","4 Sources"]
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Argentine politician (1799–1848)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Joaquín Madariaga (1799 in Corrientes – 1848) was a soldier and Argentine politician. Madariaga was Governor of the Corrientes Province and leader of the provinces resistance against the national government of Juan Manuel de Rosas.
The Revolution of Madariaga
Madariaga was a soldier from a young age in the city of Buenos Aires, and participated in the acts known as the 'Anarchy of 1820'. He returned in 1824 to Corrientes, where he worked as a lawyer without having qualified as one and became a judge in the provincial capital.
Years later he relocated to Curuzú Cuatiá, where he dedicated himself to rural work. He was deputy in the Provinivial Legislature during the governorship of Genaro Berón de Astrada and after the governor's death he supported the revolution that overthrew the federal governor Romero. Pedro Ferré named Joaquín's brother, Juan Madariaga, as commander of Mercedes and Curuzú Cuatiá. He helped Juan Lavalle form the army with which he conducted the campaign of Entre Rios in 1840.
Upon the arrival of José Maria Paz in Corrientes, he participated in the campaign against the first invasion of the Governor of Entre Ríos, Pascual Echagüe. Alongside his brother, Juan fought in the Battle of Caaguazú, Paz's most brilliant victory. In 1842 they were defeated in the Battle of Arroyo Grande. They retreated toward Corrientes but they were denied by the Ferré government, forcing them to retreat to their ranches to save their family and property. From there they fled to Brazil, residing for some time in Alegrete.
On April 1, 1843, the Madariaga brothers and some more officials crossed the Uruguay River near Uruguaiana, on what would later be known as the 'Paso de los Libres'. With the support of some leaders like Nicanor Cáceres and Benjamín Virasoro, within thirteen days they occupied the entire province, forcing Governor Pedro Cabral to flee toward the Entre Ríos. The last federal resistance was defeated at the beginning of May in the battle of Laguna Brava.
Campaigns against Rosas
Monument to Madariaga in Paso de los Libres
The Madariaga brothers convened a supportive legislature that named Joaquín Madariaga as governor. He assumed that position August 1, 1843. His first measure was to annul any measures enacted by Cabral, and sanction Ferré for having abandoned the province.
He formed a unitarian party distinct from that which had supported Ferré among which were Juan Pujol, Valdez and Acosta; later, this would be the base of the liberal party, and their opponents, such as the supporters of Ferré and Virasoro, would become the autonomist party.
In December 1843, both brothers invaded Entre Ríos, taking advantage that Urquiza was in Uruguay pursuing Rivera. The Entrerrianan reserve of Eugenio Garzón was defeated, but upon arriving at Concepción del Uruguay they learned that Urquiza had defeated Rivera and was returning. The retreat that followed transformed into a flight and they lost all they had gained.
Just after returning to Corrientes, it confiscated a Paraguayan shipment that sailed through the Parana River. The government of Carlos Antonio López was about to declare war but Santiago Derqui was able to negotiate a peace treaty, a navigation and commerce treaty and a little later an alliance against the Rosas.
In November 1844 General Paz arrived at Corrientes, and immediately, Madariaga put him in control of the provincial forces. The General dedicated many months to training the inexperienced troops. In June 1845 he sent an expedition to Santa Fe under former Governor Juan Pablo López's command, though without success.
At the beginning of the following year, a force of 3,000 Paraguayans was established under the control of the son of the current president and future president Francisco Solano López. A little later, Urquiza invaded Corrientes and both defeated and took Juan Madariaga prisoner at Laguna Limpia. He did not try to attack the defensive positions of Paz but rather turned back. He promptly set free the brother of the governor and signed a peace treaty.
General Paz decided to overthrow the Madariaga brothers. To his surprise, the troops remained loyal and he had to flee to Paraguay. President Lopez retired his army and cancelled the alliance.
Potrero de Vences
Free from the arrogance of Paz, the negotiations advanced rapidly, and in August 1846 the Treaty of Alcaraz was signed. Through this Corrientes was reincorporated in the Confederation and the control of foreign relations was given back to Rosas; however, Corrientes was released from the obligation to support the Great War in Uruguay. Rosas demanded modifications to the treaty but they were rejected by Madariaga.
In March of the following year, Rosas ordered Urquiza to attack Madariaga in Corrientes. Colonel Virasora joined the forces with Urquiza in the invasion that began by the end of that year. On November 27, 1847, Urquiza shredded the Corrientian army controlled by the Madriaga brothers in the Battle of Vences or the Potrero de Vences. The Corrientians suffered 700 deaths and 2,200 prisoners, many of which were executed after the battle.
The following day, Colonel Miguel Virasoro occupied the government that he would leave to general Benjamín Madariaga one month later. Almost alone, the ex governor Madariaga fled to Paraguay and directed himself to Asunción, where he planned to drag President López into the war against Rosas. He failed and went to Porto Alegre, Brazil, where he died in February 1848.
Sources
Castello, Antonio Emilio, Hombres y mujeres de Corrientes, Ed. Moglia, Corrientes, 2004.
Beverina, Juan, Las campañas de los ejércitos libertadores 1838-1852, Bs. As., 1923.
Bosch, Beatriz, Urquiza y su tiempo.
Castello, Antonio Emilio, Historia de Corrientes, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991.
Bosch, Beatriz, Historia de Entre Ríos, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991.
Zinny, Antonio, Historia de los gobernadores de las Provincias Argentinas, Ed, Hyspamérica, 1987.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"}],"text":"Joaquín Madariaga (1799 in Corrientes – 1848) was a soldier and Argentine politician. Madariaga was Governor of the Corrientes Province and leader of the provinces resistance against the national government of Juan Manuel de Rosas.","title":"Joaquín Madariaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Anarchy of 1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchy_of_1820&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curuzú Cuatiá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curuz%C3%BA_Cuati%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Genaro Berón de Astrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genaro_Ber%C3%B3n_de_Astrada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Juan Madariaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Madariaga"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes,_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Juan Lavalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Lavalle"},{"link_name":"Entre Rios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province"},{"link_name":"José Maria Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Paz"},{"link_name":"Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Entre Ríos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province"},{"link_name":"Pascual Echagüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Echag%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caaguazú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caaguaz%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Alegrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegrete"},{"link_name":"Uruguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_River"},{"link_name":"Uruguaiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguaiana"},{"link_name":"Nicanor Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor_C%C3%A1ceres"},{"link_name":"Benjamín Virasoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjam%C3%ADn_Virasoro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedro Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Cabral_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Madariaga was a soldier from a young age in the city of Buenos Aires, and participated in the acts known as the 'Anarchy of 1820'. He returned in 1824 to Corrientes, where he worked as a lawyer without having qualified as one and became a judge in the provincial capital.Years later he relocated to Curuzú Cuatiá, where he dedicated himself to rural work. He was deputy in the Provinivial Legislature during the governorship of Genaro Berón de Astrada and after the governor's death he supported the revolution that overthrew the federal governor Romero. Pedro Ferré named Joaquín's brother, Juan Madariaga, as commander of Mercedes and Curuzú Cuatiá. He helped Juan Lavalle form the army with which he conducted the campaign of Entre Rios in 1840.Upon the arrival of José Maria Paz in Corrientes, he participated in the campaign against the first invasion of the Governor of Entre Ríos, Pascual Echagüe. Alongside his brother, Juan fought in the Battle of Caaguazú, Paz's most brilliant victory. In 1842 they were defeated in the Battle of Arroyo Grande. They retreated toward Corrientes but they were denied by the Ferré government, forcing them to retreat to their ranches to save their family and property. From there they fled to Brazil, residing for some time in Alegrete.On April 1, 1843, the Madariaga brothers and some more officials crossed the Uruguay River near Uruguaiana, on what would later be known as the 'Paso de los Libres'. With the support of some leaders like Nicanor Cáceres and Benjamín Virasoro, within thirteen days they occupied the entire province, forcing Governor Pedro Cabral to flee toward the Entre Ríos. The last federal resistance was defeated at the beginning of May in the battle of Laguna Brava.","title":"The Revolution of Madariaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monumento_al_General_Madariaga,_Paso_de_los_Libres.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paso de los Libres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_de_los_Libres"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Garzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Garz%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Concepción del Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_del_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Carlos Antonio López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Santiago Derqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Derqui"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Pablo_L%C3%B3pez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Solano López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez_(politician)"}],"text":"Monument to Madariaga in Paso de los LibresThe Madariaga brothers convened a supportive legislature that named Joaquín Madariaga as governor. He assumed that position August 1, 1843. His first measure was to annul any measures enacted by Cabral, and sanction Ferré for having abandoned the province.He formed a unitarian party distinct from that which had supported Ferré among which were Juan Pujol, Valdez and Acosta; later, this would be the base of the liberal party, and their opponents, such as the supporters of Ferré and Virasoro, would become the autonomist party.In December 1843, both brothers invaded Entre Ríos, taking advantage that Urquiza was in Uruguay pursuing Rivera. The Entrerrianan reserve of Eugenio Garzón was defeated, but upon arriving at Concepción del Uruguay they learned that Urquiza had defeated Rivera and was returning. The retreat that followed transformed into a flight and they lost all they had gained.Just after returning to Corrientes, it confiscated a Paraguayan shipment that sailed through the Parana River. The government of Carlos Antonio López was about to declare war but Santiago Derqui was able to negotiate a peace treaty, a navigation and commerce treaty and a little later an alliance against the Rosas.In November 1844 General Paz arrived at Corrientes, and immediately, Madariaga put him in control of the provincial forces. The General dedicated many months to training the inexperienced troops. In June 1845 he sent an expedition to Santa Fe under former Governor Juan Pablo López's command, though without success.At the beginning of the following year, a force of 3,000 Paraguayans was established under the control of the son of the current president and future president Francisco Solano López. A little later, Urquiza invaded Corrientes and both defeated and took Juan Madariaga prisoner at Laguna Limpia. He did not try to attack the defensive positions of Paz but rather turned back. He promptly set free the brother of the governor and signed a peace treaty.General Paz decided to overthrow the Madariaga brothers. To his surprise, the troops remained loyal and he had to flee to Paraguay. President Lopez retired his army and cancelled the alliance.","title":"Campaigns against Rosas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Alcaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Alcaraz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vences&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asunción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre, Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre,_Brazil"}],"text":"Free from the arrogance of Paz, the negotiations advanced rapidly, and in August 1846 the Treaty of Alcaraz was signed. Through this Corrientes was reincorporated in the Confederation and the control of foreign relations was given back to Rosas; however, Corrientes was released from the obligation to support the Great War in Uruguay. Rosas demanded modifications to the treaty but they were rejected by Madariaga.In March of the following year, Rosas ordered Urquiza to attack Madariaga in Corrientes. Colonel Virasora joined the forces with Urquiza in the invasion that began by the end of that year. On November 27, 1847, Urquiza shredded the Corrientian army controlled by the Madriaga brothers in the Battle of Vences or the Potrero de Vences. The Corrientians suffered 700 deaths and 2,200 prisoners, many of which were executed after the battle.The following day, Colonel Miguel Virasoro occupied the government that he would leave to general Benjamín Madariaga one month later. Almost alone, the ex governor Madariaga fled to Paraguay and directed himself to Asunción, where he planned to drag President López into the war against Rosas. He failed and went to Porto Alegre, Brazil, where he died in February 1848.","title":"Potrero de Vences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zinny, Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Zinny"}],"text":"Castello, Antonio Emilio, Hombres y mujeres de Corrientes, Ed. Moglia, Corrientes, 2004.\nBeverina, Juan, Las campañas de los ejércitos libertadores 1838-1852, Bs. As., 1923.\nBosch, Beatriz, Urquiza y su tiempo.\nCastello, Antonio Emilio, Historia de Corrientes, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991.\nBosch, Beatriz, Historia de Entre Ríos, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991.\nZinny, Antonio, Historia de los gobernadores de las Provincias Argentinas, Ed, Hyspamérica, 1987.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Monument to Madariaga in Paso de los Libres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Monumento_al_General_Madariaga%2C_Paso_de_los_Libres.jpg/260px-Monumento_al_General_Madariaga%2C_Paso_de_los_Libres.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mthund
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Jämthund
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["1 History","1.1 Lineage","2 Description","2.1 Appearance","2.2 Temperament","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Dog breed
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jämthund" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dog breedJämthundOther namesSwedish ElkhoundJämptlanninpystykorvaOriginSwedenTraitsHeight
Males
57–65 cm (22–26 in)
Females
52–60 cm (20–24 in)Coat
Long, hard and close lying double coatColour
Grey with light grey or cream muzzle, underside and legsKennel club standardsSvenska Kennelklubben
standardFédération Cynologique Internationale
standardDog (domestic dog)
The Jämthund, also called the Swedish Elkhound, is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that is found in Northern Europe. The Jämthund is eponymous with Jämtland, a province in the middle of Sweden.
History
The Swedish Elkhound is one of a number of breeds of spitz-type hunting dogs that have been known throughout Scandinavia for centuries. Historically these dogs have been used to hunt a wide variety of game including bear, elk, wolf and lynx.
The Swedish Elkhound received official recognition as a breed in 1946, due to intensive work by Aksel Lindström and others. Before that, both it and the Norwegian Elkhound were seen as the same breed. They are both used for hunting large game, such as moose and bear.
Lineage
The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a male dog-female wolf hybridization that occurred post-domestication. Subclade d1 that is thought to have originated "no more than 480–3,000 years ago" and it includes all Sámi-related breeds: Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Swedish Elkhound, Norwegian Elkhound, Black Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai dog (not a direct ancestor).
Description
Appearance
The dog should have a loosely curled tail that hangs on the back and is not too thin or too tightly curled; when relaxed the tail should hang straight down. This breed has erect ears with a wide space in between them, a medium to long muzzle, and a double coat of various shades of agouti. The eyes are brown. The size of the male is usually 57–65 centimetres (22–26 in), weighing 30–35 kilograms (66–77 lb). Females are usually between 52–60 centimetres (20–24 in), weighing 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb).
The Swedish Elkhound should be distinguished from the Norwegian Elkhound. The Norwegian Elkhound is much shorter and stockier than the Swedish Elkhound, and its tail shape is very different. It also has a black mask on the muzzle, whereas the Swedish Elkhound has a white muzzle, white cheeks and typical wolf markings.
Temperament
Although calm and affectionate with its family, the Swedish Elkhound can be dominant with other dogs and has a strong prey drive. A truly all-around canine, it can go from a hunting trip and back to the family hearth with great aplomb. It takes things in stride and does not get ruffled easily, making it a steady partner in the field or at home.
The Swedish Elkhound is a happy learner who loves to please its owner.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
References
^ a b Fogle, Bruce (2009). The encyclopedia of the dog. New York: DK Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.
^ Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (1995). Atlas of dog breeds of the world. Neptune City, N.J.: TFH Publications. pp. 355–357.
^ Morris, Desmond (2001). Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 1-57076-219-8.
^ Pang, J.-F.; Kluetsch, C.; Zou, X.-J.; Zhang, A.-b.; Luo, L.-Y.; Angleby, H.; Ardalan, A.; Ekstrom, C.; Skollermo, A.; Lundeberg, J.; Matsumura, S.; Leitner, T.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Savolainen, P. (2009). "MtDNA Data Indicate a Single Origin for Dogs South of Yangtze River, Less Than 16,300 Years Ago, from Numerous Wolves". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2849–64. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp195. PMC 2775109. PMID 19723671.
^ Duleba, Anna; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Bogdanowicz, Wiesław; Malyarchuk, Boris; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Complete mitochondrial genome database and standardized classification system for Canis lupus familiaris". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.014. PMID 26218982.
^ Klütsch, C.F.C.; Savolainen, Peter (2011). "Regional occurrence, high frequency, but low diversity of mitochondrial dna haplogroup d1 suggests a recent dog-wolf hybridization in scandinavia". Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 6 (1): 100–103. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2010.08.035. PMC 3040290. PMID 20497152.
^ Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; Lopez-Giraldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H.-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.- P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Paabo, S.; Green, R. E. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. hdl:10261/88173. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
External links
Media related to Jämthund at Wikimedia Commons
vteSpitz-type dogsSled dogs
Alaskan husky
Alaskan Malamute
Canadian Eskimo Dog
Chinook
Chukotka sled dog
Eurohound
Greenland Dog
Kamchatka Sled Dog
Mackenzie River husky
Samoyed
Siberian Husky
Yakutian Laika
Sakhalin Husky
Hunting dogs
Black Norwegian Elkhound
East Siberian Laika
Finnish Spitz
Hällefors Elkhound
Hokkaido
Jindo
Kai Ken
Karelian Bear Dog
Karelo-Finnish Laika
Kishu Ken
Norrbottenspets
Norwegian Elkhound
Norwegian Lundehund
Pungsan dog
Russo-European Laika
Shiba Inu
Shikoku
Jämthund
Taiwan Dog
West Siberian Laika
Zerdava
Herding dogs
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Finnish Lapphund
Icelandic Sheepdog
Lapponian Herder
Nenets Herding Laika
Norwegian Buhund
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Asian breeds
Akita
Bắc Hà dog
Chow Chow
Dikkulak
Donggyeongi
Hmong bobtail dog
Indian Spitz
Japanese Spitz
Jeju dog
Kintamani dog
Nureongi
Ryukyu dog
Shar Pei
Thai Bangkaew Dog
Companion dogs
Alaskan Klee Kai
American Eskimo Dog
Danish Spitz
Eurasier
German Spitz
Keeshond (Wolfspitz)
Pomeranian (Zwergspitz)
Northern Inuit Dog
Schipperke
Tonya Finosu
Volpino Italiano
Extinct breeds
Argentine polar dog
Guejae Gae
Hare Indian Dog
Hütespitz
Salish Wool Dog
Tahltan Bear Dog
Types: Husky, Laika, Tugou
vteDogs originating in SwedenExtant
Danish–Swedish Farmdog
Drever
Hällefors Elkhound
Hamiltonstövare
Norrbottenspets
Schillerstövare
Smalandstövare
Swedish Elkhound
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Extinct
Dalbo dog
|
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The Jämthund is eponymous with Jämtland, a province in the middle of Sweden.","title":"Jämthund"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogle-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox-2"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_brown_bear"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_wolf"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogle-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris-3"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Elkhound"}],"text":"The Swedish Elkhound is one of a number of breeds of spitz-type hunting dogs that have been known throughout Scandinavia for centuries.[1][2] Historically these dogs have been used to hunt a wide variety of game including bear, elk, wolf and lynx.[1][3]The Swedish Elkhound received official recognition as a breed in 1946, due to intensive work by Aksel Lindström and others. Before that, both it and the Norwegian Elkhound were seen as the same breed. They are both used for hunting large game, such as moose and bear.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sámi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people"},{"link_name":"Finnish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lapphund"},{"link_name":"Swedish Lapphund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Lapphund"},{"link_name":"Lapponian Herder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapponian_Herder"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Elkhound"},{"link_name":"Black Norwegian Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Norwegian_Elkhound"},{"link_name":"Hällefors Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4llefors_Elkhound"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree"},{"link_name":"Altai dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_dog#Altai_dog_%E2%80%93_33,000_BP"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Lineage","text":"The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a male dog-female wolf hybridization that occurred post-domestication.[4][5] Subclade d1 that is thought to have originated \"no more than 480–3,000 years ago\" and it includes all Sámi-related breeds: Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Swedish Elkhound, Norwegian Elkhound, Black Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia[6] and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai dog (not a direct ancestor).[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti_(gene)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Elkhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Elkhound"}],"sub_title":"Appearance","text":"The dog should have a loosely curled tail that hangs on the back and is not too thin or too tightly curled; when relaxed the tail should hang straight down. This breed has erect ears with a wide space in between them, a medium to long muzzle, and a double coat of various shades of agouti. The eyes are brown. The size of the male is usually 57–65 centimetres (22–26 in), weighing 30–35 kilograms (66–77 lb). Females are usually between 52–60 centimetres (20–24 in), weighing 25–30 kilograms (55–66 lb).The Swedish Elkhound should be distinguished from the Norwegian Elkhound. The Norwegian Elkhound is much shorter and stockier than the Swedish Elkhound, and its tail shape is very different. It also has a black mask on the muzzle, whereas the Swedish Elkhound has a white muzzle, white cheeks and typical wolf markings.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Temperament","text":"Although calm and affectionate with its family, the Swedish Elkhound can be dominant with other dogs and has a strong prey drive. A truly all-around canine, it can go from a hunting trip and back to the family hearth with great aplomb. It takes things in stride and does not get ruffled easily, making it a steady partner in the field or at home.The Swedish Elkhound is a happy learner who loves to please its owner.","title":"Description"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"List of dog breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8yabreen
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Bøyabreen
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 61°29′44″N 06°45′52″E / 61.49556°N 6.76444°E / 61.49556; 6.76444BøyabreenView of BøyabreenLocation of the glacierShow map of VestlandBøyabreen (Norway)Show map of NorwayLocationVestland, NorwayCoordinates61°29′44″N 06°45′52″E / 61.49556°N 6.76444°E / 61.49556; 6.76444Highest elevation1,700 metres (5,600 ft)Lowest elevation300 metres (980 ft)
Bøyabreen is a glacier in the Fjærland area of Sogndal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.
It is located inside Jostedalsbreen National Park, and it is a side branch of the large Jostedalsbreen glacier.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
^ Lauritzen, Per Roger, ed. (2009). "Bøyabreen". Norsk Fjelleksikon (in Norwegian). Arendal: Friluftsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-91-49547-7.
^ Store norske leksikon. "Bøyabreen" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-02-10.
This Vestland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"Fjærland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A6rland"},{"link_name":"Sogndal Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Jostedalsbreen National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostedalsbreen_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Jostedalsbreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostedalsbreen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"}],"text":"Bøyabreen is a glacier in the Fjærland area of Sogndal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. \nIt is located inside Jostedalsbreen National Park, and it is a side branch of the large Jostedalsbreen glacier.[1][2]","title":"Bøyabreen"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of glaciers in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Norway"}]
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[{"reference":"Lauritzen, Per Roger, ed. (2009). \"Bøyabreen\". Norsk Fjelleksikon (in Norwegian). Arendal: Friluftsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-91-49547-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Roger_Lauritzen","url_text":"Lauritzen, Per Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-91-49547-7","url_text":"978-82-91-49547-7"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Bøyabreen\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://snl.no/B%C3%B8yabreen","url_text":"\"Bøyabreen\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%B8yabreen¶ms=61_29_44_N_06_45_52_E_region:NO_type:glacier","external_links_name":"61°29′44″N 06°45′52″E / 61.49556°N 6.76444°E / 61.49556; 6.76444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%B8yabreen¶ms=61_29_44_N_06_45_52_E_region:NO_type:glacier","external_links_name":"61°29′44″N 06°45′52″E / 61.49556°N 6.76444°E / 61.49556; 6.76444"},{"Link":"http://snl.no/B%C3%B8yabreen","external_links_name":"\"Bøyabreen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B8yabreen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Elliott
|
Roger Elliott
|
["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Gibraltar","4 Return to England","5 Family","6 References"]
|
British Governor of Gibraltar
For other people named Roger Elliott, see Roger Elliott (disambiguation).
Roger ElliottBornc. 1665English Tangier, North Africa, orCity of London, EnglandDied16 May 1714(1714-05-16) (aged 49)Byfeld House, Barnes, Surrey, EnglandBuriedSt Mary the Virgin, BarnesAllegiance Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great BritainService/branchArmyRankMajor-GeneralBattles/wars1692: Battle of Steenkerque1702: defence of Tongeren1704: Battle of SchellenbergSpouse(s)
Charlotte Elliot
(m. 1712–1714)
Roger Elliottc. 1665-1714with permission fromThe Eliot Archives
Major General Roger Elliott (c. 1665 – 16 May 1714
)
was one of the earliest British Governors of Gibraltar. A member of the Eliot family, his son Granville Elliott became the first Count Elliott and his nephew George Augustus Eliott also became a noted Governor and defender of Gibraltar.
Early life
Roger Elliott was born, possibly in London but more probably in the English Colony of Tangier in Morocco, to George Elliott (c. 1636 - 1668, the Chirurgeon to the Tangier Garrison) and his wife Catherine (née Maxwell, c. 1638 – 1709). George Elliott was the illegitimate son of Richard Eliot, the wayward second son of Sir John Eliot (1592–1632).
Roger Elliott's father, George Elliott, died at Tangier in 1668, and his widowed mother remarried there on 22 February 1670 to Robert Spotswood (17 September 1637 – 1680), the assistant and replacement Chirurgeon at the Garrison, and thirdly the Rev. Dr George Mercer, the Garrison schoolmaster. Roger Elliott was therefore an older half-brother of Alexander Spotswood (c. 1676 – 6 June 1740), who became a noted Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia.
Military career
By 1680, Roger was an Ensign in the Tangier Regiment of Foot, and was wounded on 27 October fighting the local Moors. In 1681, he was suspended by Colonel Percy Kirke for duelling with Ensign Bartholomew Pitts, later being cashiered for this offence. He was sent back to England in 1682 with a letter begging for his readmission into His Majesty's Service, and he was reinstated as an Ensign in his old Company on 8 March 1683. In 1684 he returned to England. In 1685, the Tangier Regiment was renamed the Queen Dowager's Regiment of Foot, and he probably fought against the Monmouth Rebellion.
In 1687, he became a first lieutenant in the Earl of Bath's Regiment - created by Sir John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701). He was promoted to captain on 1 May 1690. He fought and was wounded at the Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August 1692. On 21 December of that year, he was promoted to major in the same Regiment, and, on 1 January 1696, promoted to lieutenant-colonel of Sir Bevil Granville's Regiment of Foot. In 1702, on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he was shot through the body at the defence of Tongeren in Belgium. He reputedly took on the entire French Army with only two regiments, before surrendering.
On 5 March 1704, he raised his own regiment – Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot. Officers were commissioned on 10 April that year at St James'. On 2 July 1704, again on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he fought and was wounded at the Battle of Schellenberg. It is possible that he fought at the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704. However, he certainly did not lead the cavalry at this battle, as has been maintained by other biographies – this was led by General Sir John 'Salamander' Cutts.
Gibraltar
In March 1705, Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot embarked for Spain and served at Gibraltar, which was declared a free port in 1706. On 1 January 1707, he was promoted to Brigadier-General, and later that year to Lieutenant-Governor of Gibraltar. On 24 December, he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar. His time in office is remembered in the Gibraltar records as one of mercenary opportunity; whereas, in the London records, it appears that he proceeded with expensive but vital defensive fortification with only minimal prior financial approval. The arguments over the accounts for these defences subsequently caused problems for the probate of his personal estate. On 1 January 1710, he was promoted to Major-General, and on 24 January 1711, he handed over the Governorship to Brigadier-General Thomas Stanwix. He finally departed Gibraltar on 18 June 1711.
Return to England
Elliott returned to England and leased Byfeld House in Church Road, Barnes, Surrey. He married, and had a small family. However, he never fully recovered from his wounds and died relatively early.
Family
On 4 March 1712 at St Peter upon Cornhill, London, Roger married Charlotte Elliot (c.1692 - c.1753), the daughter of William 'the Laceman' Elliot (c.1690 - 1728) of Brugh and Wells, a rich London merchant, and his wife Eleanor Tankard (1664–1745). They had two children:
Granville Elliott (7 October 1713 – 10 October 1759), 1st Count Elliott, who married firstly Jeanne Thérèse du Han (1707–48) and secondly Elizabeth Duckett (1724–1804).
Catherine (Kitty) Elliott (18 September 1714 – 15 January 1757), who married firstly c. 7 or 9 August 1736 Westminster to Charles Boyle (of Araglin Bridge, co Cork, related to the Earls of Cork and Orrery), and secondly, in 1742, to the Very Rev Robert Bligh (c. 1704 - 1778), the Dean of Elphin and a younger brother of John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley (1687 - 1728)
Mary Elliott, who married Garrett Fitzmaurice in Ireland, claimed to be a natural daughter of Roger Elliott.
Roger Elliott never fully recovered from his various wounds and died at Byfeld House on 16 May 1714. He was buried 21 May in the cemetery of St Mary the Virgin, Barnes.
His will was probated on 16 November 1714 but his estate took longer to resolve because of the difficulties previously mentioned. The eventual resolution was mostly due to the involvement of his father-in-law, William 'the Laceman' Elliot, who sought to expedite his daughter's remarriage to Captain Thomas Burroughs.
His widow remarried on 15 July 1715 at St James, Westminster to Captain Thomas Burroughs (died before 1728). She died before 1753.
References
^ The Post Boy, 18–20 May 1714
"On Saturday night last dyed Major-General Elliott, late Governor to Gibraltar".
^ Percy Kirke was Roger Elliott's first cousin once removed, with common ancestor Robert Killigrew (1580–1633)
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Admiralty Memorial | PRO PC 1/2/51 Admiralty memorial concerning the rival claims to a prize ship of the Lieutenant Governor of Gibraltar (memorial dated 5 February 1707: the captured prize ship, Nostra Seigniora del Rosario, master: Francis Pujal, was disputed by Roger Elliott and the Captain and crew of HMS Carcass. The decision was to split the prize, with 1/8 going to Roger Elliott and 7/8 going to the crew)
^ Burke's Landed Gentry of Ireland, 1958 edition
^ Burke's Irish Family Records, 1978 edition
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Roger Elliott | Prerogative Court of Canterbury - PROB 11/543/112, PROB 10/1515 CC 2646
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Burroughs | Chancery: Master Tinney's Exhibits (Bills paid by William Elliot on behalf of Charlotte Elliot) - C104/251, C11/1169/24
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliot vs Bucknell (1714) | Chancery: C11/848/117
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Lawrence (1714) | Chancery: C11/848/105, C11/1384/32
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Morris (1714) | Chancery: C11/1729/14, C11/2344/27
^ The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Cleland (1714) | Chancery: C11/715/27, C11/715/33
Jessica and Laura Eliot's Archive
Military offices
Preceded byUnknown
1st Lieutenant, Captain, Major of Earl of Bath's Regiment 1687-1696
Succeeded byUnknown
Preceded byUnknown
Lt-Col of Sir Bevil Granville's Regiment of Foot 1696-1704
Succeeded byUnknown
New regiment
Colonel of Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot 1704-1707
Regiment subsumed
Preceded byUnknown
Brigadier-General 1707-1710
Succeeded byUnknown
Preceded byJohn Shrimpton
Governor of Gibraltar 1707–1711
Succeeded byThomas Stanwix
Preceded byUnknown
Major-General 1710-1711
Succeeded byUnknown
vteGovernors of Gibraltar
Spanish period (1462–1704)
De Salinas
Habsburg occupation (1704)
Hesse-Darmstadt
Nugent
Shrimpton
Elliott
Stanwix
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Portmore
Kane
Clayton
Sabine
Hargrave
Bland
Fowke
Tyrawley
Home
Cornwallis
Irwin
Boyd
Eliott
Boyd
Rainsford
O'Hara
Kent and Strathearn
Fox
Dalrymple
Cradock
Campbell
Don
Chatham
Don
Crown colony (1830)
Houston
Woodford
Wilson
Gardiner
Fergusson
Codrington
Airey
Williams
Napier of Magdala
Adye
Hardinge
Smyth
Nicholson
Biddulph
White
Forestier-Walker
Hunter
Miles
Smith-Dorrien
Monro
Godley
Harington
Ironside
Liddell
Gort
Mason-Macfarlane
Eastwood
Anderson
MacMillan
Redman
Keightley
Ward
Lathbury
Begg
Grandy
Jackson
British dependent territory (1981)
Williams
Terry
Reffell
Chapple
White
Luce
Durie
British Overseas Territory (2002)
Richards
Fulton
Johns
Dutton
Davis
Steel
^ Ben Bathurst
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Elliott (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Elliott_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Elliott3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Governors of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Eliot family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_family_(South_England)"},{"link_name":"Granville Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Count Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Elliott"},{"link_name":"George Augustus Eliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield"},{"link_name":"defender of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar"}],"text":"For other people named Roger Elliott, see Roger Elliott (disambiguation).Roger Elliottc. 1665-1714with permission fromThe Eliot ArchivesMajor General Roger Elliott (c. 1665 – 16 May 1714\n[1])\nwas one of the earliest British Governors of Gibraltar. A member of the Eliot family, his son Granville Elliott became the first Count Elliott and his nephew George Augustus Eliott also became a noted Governor and defender of Gibraltar.","title":"Roger Elliott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"English Colony of Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Tangier"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"George Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elliott_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Chirurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Tangier Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Richard Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eliot_(born_c._1614)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eliot_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Spotswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia"}],"text":"Roger Elliott was born, possibly in London but more probably in the English Colony of Tangier in Morocco, to George Elliott (c. 1636 - 1668, the Chirurgeon to the Tangier Garrison) and his wife Catherine (née Maxwell, c. 1638 – 1709). George Elliott was the illegitimate son of Richard Eliot, the wayward second son of Sir John Eliot (1592–1632).Roger Elliott's father, George Elliott, died at Tangier in 1668, and his widowed mother remarried there on 22 February 1670 to Robert Spotswood (17 September 1637 – 1680), the assistant and replacement Chirurgeon at the Garrison, and thirdly the Rev. Dr George Mercer, the Garrison schoolmaster. Roger Elliott was therefore an older half-brother of Alexander Spotswood (c. 1676 – 6 June 1740), who became a noted Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tangier Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)"},{"link_name":"Percy Kirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Kirke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Queen Dowager's Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Earl of Bath's Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_(North_Lincoln)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Granville,_1st_Earl_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"Battle of Steenkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque"},{"link_name":"Bevil Granville's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevil_Granville"},{"link_name":"Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"Tongeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongeren"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_(South_Gloucestershire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Battle of Schellenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Schellenberg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"John 'Salamander' Cutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cutts,_1st_Baron_Cutts"}],"text":"By 1680, Roger was an Ensign in the Tangier Regiment of Foot, and was wounded on 27 October fighting the local Moors. In 1681, he was suspended by Colonel Percy Kirke[2] for duelling with Ensign Bartholomew Pitts, later being cashiered for this offence. He was sent back to England in 1682 with a letter begging for his readmission into His Majesty's Service, and he was reinstated as an Ensign in his old Company on 8 March 1683. In 1684 he returned to England. In 1685, the Tangier Regiment was renamed the Queen Dowager's Regiment of Foot, and he probably fought against the Monmouth Rebellion.In 1687, he became a first lieutenant in the Earl of Bath's Regiment - created by Sir John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701). He was promoted to captain on 1 May 1690. He fought and was wounded at the Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August 1692. On 21 December of that year, he was promoted to major in the same Regiment, and, on 1 January 1696, promoted to lieutenant-colonel of Sir Bevil Granville's Regiment of Foot. In 1702, on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he was shot through the body at the defence of Tongeren in Belgium. He reputedly took on the entire French Army with only two regiments, before surrendering.On 5 March 1704, he raised his own regiment – Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot. Officers were commissioned on 10 April that year at St James'. On 2 July 1704, again on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he fought and was wounded at the Battle of Schellenberg. It is possible that he fought at the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704. However, he certainly did not lead the cavalry at this battle, as has been maintained by other biographies – this was led by General Sir John 'Salamander' Cutts.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Brigadier-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-General"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Major-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stanwix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stanwix"}],"text":"In March 1705, Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot embarked for Spain and served at Gibraltar, which was declared a free port in 1706. On 1 January 1707, he was promoted to Brigadier-General, and later that year to Lieutenant-Governor of Gibraltar.[3] On 24 December, he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar. His time in office is remembered in the Gibraltar records as one of mercenary opportunity; whereas, in the London records, it appears that he proceeded with expensive but vital defensive fortification with only minimal prior financial approval. The arguments over the accounts for these defences subsequently caused problems for the probate of his personal estate. On 1 January 1710, he was promoted to Major-General, and on 24 January 1711, he handed over the Governorship to Brigadier-General Thomas Stanwix. He finally departed Gibraltar on 18 June 1711.","title":"Gibraltar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"}],"text":"Elliott returned to England and leased Byfeld House in Church Road, Barnes, Surrey. He married, and had a small family. However, he never fully recovered from his wounds and died relatively early.","title":"Return to England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Peter upon Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter_upon_Cornhill"},{"link_name":"Granville Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Count Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Thérèse du Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_du_Han"},{"link_name":"Earls of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"Orrery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrery"},{"link_name":"Robert Bligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bligh"},{"link_name":"Dean of Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Elphin"},{"link_name":"John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bligh,_1st_Earl_of_Darnley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St Mary the Virgin, Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Barnes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"On 4 March 1712 at St Peter upon Cornhill, London, Roger married Charlotte Elliot (c.1692 - c.1753), the daughter of William 'the Laceman' Elliot (c.1690 - 1728) of Brugh and Wells, a rich London merchant, and his wife Eleanor Tankard (1664–1745). They had two children:Granville Elliott (7 October 1713 – 10 October 1759), 1st Count Elliott, who married firstly Jeanne Thérèse du Han (1707–48) and secondly Elizabeth Duckett (1724–1804).\nCatherine (Kitty) Elliott (18 September 1714 – 15 January 1757), who married firstly c. 7 or 9 August 1736 Westminster to Charles Boyle (of Araglin Bridge, co Cork, related to the Earls of Cork and Orrery), and secondly, in 1742, to the Very Rev Robert Bligh (c. 1704 - 1778), the Dean of Elphin and a younger brother of John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley (1687 - 1728)Mary Elliott, who married Garrett Fitzmaurice in Ireland, claimed to be a natural daughter of Roger Elliott.[4][5]Roger Elliott never fully recovered from his various wounds and died at Byfeld House on 16 May 1714. He was buried 21 May in the cemetery of St Mary the Virgin, Barnes.His will was probated on 16 November 1714[6] but his estate took longer to resolve because of the difficulties previously mentioned. The eventual resolution was mostly due to the involvement of his father-in-law, William 'the Laceman' Elliot, who sought to expedite his daughter's remarriage to Captain Thomas Burroughs.[7][8][9][10][11]His widow remarried on 15 July 1715 at St James, Westminster to Captain Thomas Burroughs (died before 1728). She died before 1753.","title":"Family"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Roger Elliottc. 1665-1714with permission fromThe Eliot Archives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Roger_Elliott3.jpg/220px-Roger_Elliott3.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Post Boy, 18–20 May 1714","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C5897760","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Admiralty Memorial | PRO PC 1/2/51 Admiralty memorial concerning the rival claims to a prize ship of the Lieutenant Governor of Gibraltar (memorial dated 5 February 1707: the captured prize ship, Nostra Seigniora del Rosario, master: Francis Pujal, was disputed by Roger Elliott and the Captain and crew of HMS Carcass. The decision was to split the prize, with 1/8 going to Roger Elliott and 7/8 going to the crew)"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D701730","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Roger Elliott | Prerogative Court of Canterbury - PROB 11/543/112, PROB 10/1515 CC 2646"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7580136","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Burroughs | Chancery: Master Tinney's Exhibits (Bills paid by William Elliot on behalf of Charlotte Elliot) - C104/251, C11/1169/24"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10436817","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliot vs Bucknell (1714) | Chancery: C11/848/117"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10436805","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Lawrence (1714) | Chancery: C11/848/105, C11/1384/32"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10507596","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Morris (1714) | Chancery: C11/1729/14, C11/2344/27"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10457015","external_links_name":"The National Archives | National Register of Archives | Elliott vs Cleland (1714) | Chancery: C11/715/27, C11/715/33"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_TX1
|
Canon PowerShot TX1
|
["1 Reviews","2 Headline features","3 New features","4 Notes","5 External links"]
|
Camera model
Canon PowerShot TX1OverviewTypePoint-and-shootLensLensZoom lensSensor/mediumSensorCCDMaximum resolution3,072 × 2,304 (7.1 megapixels)Film speedISO 80–1600ShutterShutter speed range1/2,500 to 15 sec.GeneralWeight220 grams (7.8 oz)
The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007 The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280×720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10× stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor. It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4. It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen. Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen.
Reviews
On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10–12×) camera on the market. It is relatively small (8.9 cm (3.5 in) × 6 cm (2.4 in) × 2.9 cm (1.1 in)) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release. Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid. The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination. Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model.
Headline features
The following are the most important features:
Vertical design
1/2.5-inch 7.1 million pixel CCD
Vari-angle LCD monitor (1.8-inch)
10× optical (39–390 mm equiv.) zoom lens — 12 elements (one UD and one aspheric element)
Optical image stabilization
ISO 80–1600
DIGIC III and face detection
720p (1280×720) movies at 30 frame/s with stereo sound
1080i component video output
Flexible movie/still shooting. Shoot a full-resolution still image during movie recording, or start movie recording by pressing the record button
New features
The following are considered new features:
Vertical design
Vari-angle LCD monitor
Lens totally hidden when power off
Wide-range, compact zoom
Image stabilization
7.1 million pixel CCD sensor
Auto ISO shift
Selectable aspect ratio
Auto red eye correction
Digic III processor
Windows Vista OS compatibility
Expanded SD card compatibility
Wide-screen setting
Flexible movie, still shooting
Continuous recording up to 4 GB
Continuous audio-only recording
"Component" output to HDTVs
Face detection system
Shutter speed/aperture read-out
Read-out of ISO
Digital tele-converter
Safety zoom
Time lapse movie feature
AC adapter kit ACK-DC10
High-power flash HF-DC1
Notes
^ "Digital Cameras Timeline: 2007". Digital Photography Review. 2007-09-06. Archived from the original on 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ a b "Canon PowerShot TX1". Digital Photography Review. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ a b c Keller, Jeff (2007-09-19). "DCRP Review: Canon PowerShot TX1". Digital Camera Resource Page LLC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ Becker, David (2007-09-19). "Canon PowerShot TX1: Point-and-shoot camera striving to be innovative". Mac Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
^ "PowerShot TX1". Canon USA, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
^ a b Johnson, Simon (June 2007). "Canon PowerShot TX1 Concise Review". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ Ryan, Philip (2007-04-11). "Canon PowerShot TX1". CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ "Canon Powershot TX1 forum". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canon PowerShot TX1.
Canon PowerShot TX1: Digital Photography Review
Unofficial TX1 forums:
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PowerShot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc."},{"link_name":"digital camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"still imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph"},{"link_name":"video recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_recording"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV"},{"link_name":"pixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel"},{"link_name":"frame/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"stabilized zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization"},{"link_name":"megapixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPRCPT-2"},{"link_name":"Sony Cyber-shot M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_Cyber-shot_M1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sony Cyber-shot M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_Cyber-shot_M2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pentax MX4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentax_MX4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCRP-3"},{"link_name":"camcorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder"},{"link_name":"LCD viewing screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_screen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canon ELPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_ELPH_(camera)"},{"link_name":"optical image stabilizer technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization"},{"link_name":"DIGIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIGIC"},{"link_name":"image processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processor"},{"link_name":"face detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detection"},{"link_name":"red-eye effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect"},{"link_name":"anti-reflective LCD screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_screen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Canon PowerShot TX1 is a Canon digital camera. It was released on February 22, 2007[1] The TX1 is a hybrid device designed for both still imagery and video recording. It offers both HDTV (1280×720 pixel, 30 frame/s) movie capture, as well as 10× stabilized zoom and 7.1 megapixel sensor.[2] It is designed to improve upon hybrid offerings by competitors such as the Sony Cyber-shot M1, Sony Cyber-shot M2, and Pentax MX4.[3] It is oriented vertically and uses the camcorder-like swivel LCD viewing screen.[4] Canon compares the hybrid camera's size to that of the Canon ELPH series of cameras. The company distinguishes the camera for its optical image stabilizer technology, DIGIC III image processor, face detection technology and red-eye effect correction with a mention of its built-in lens cover and scratch-resistant, anti-reflective LCD screen.[5]","title":"Canon PowerShot TX1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCRP-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPTCR-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCRP-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On its release it was termed the most expensive ultra zoom (10–12×) camera on the market.[3] It is relatively small (8.9 cm (3.5 in) × 6 cm (2.4 in) × 2.9 cm (1.1 in)) and as a hybrid camera it includes a combination of features that was a fairly revolutionary for digital photography at the time of release.[6] Although most digital cameras now offer both still image and video capabilities, few offer advanced levels of both such as ultra zoom and HDTV. This was Canon's first attempt at such a hybrid.[3] The combination has not been highly regarded by reviewers and editors, but users were highly satisfied with the combination.[7] Due to its weak sales, there was no successor model.[8]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPTCR-6"}],"text":"The following are the most important features:[6]Vertical design\n1/2.5-inch 7.1 million pixel CCD\nVari-angle LCD monitor (1.8-inch)\n10× optical (39–390 mm equiv.) zoom lens — 12 elements (one UD and one aspheric element)\nOptical image stabilization\nISO 80–1600\nDIGIC III and face detection\n720p (1280×720) movies at 30 frame/s with stereo sound\n1080i component video output\nFlexible movie/still shooting. Shoot a full-resolution still image during movie recording, or start movie recording by pressing the record button","title":"Headline features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPRCPT-2"}],"text":"The following are considered new features:[2]Vertical design\nVari-angle LCD monitor\nLens totally hidden when power off\nWide-range, compact zoom\nImage stabilization\n7.1 million pixel CCD sensor\nAuto ISO shift\nSelectable aspect ratio\nAuto red eye correction\nDigic III processor\nWindows Vista OS compatibility\nExpanded SD card compatibility\nWide-screen setting\nFlexible movie, still shooting\nContinuous recording up to 4 GB\nContinuous audio-only recording\n\"Component\" output to HDTVs\nFace detection system\nShutter speed/aperture read-out\nRead-out of ISO\nDigital tele-converter\nSafety zoom\nTime lapse movie feature\nAC adapter kit ACK-DC10\nHigh-power flash HF-DC1","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Digital Cameras Timeline: 2007\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071106111103/http://www.dpreview.com/reviews/timeline.asp?start=2007#"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpreview.com/reviews/timeline.asp?start=2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DPRCPT_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DPRCPT_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Canon PowerShot TX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpreview.com/news/0702/07022203canontx1.asp"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DCRP_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DCRP_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DCRP_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"DCRP Review: Canon PowerShot TX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071011031242/http://www.dcresource.com/reviews/canon/powershot_tx1-review/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dcresource.com/reviews/canon/powershot_tx1-review/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Canon PowerShot TX1: Point-and-shoot camera striving to be innovative\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.macworld.com/2007/09/reviews/powershottx1/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"PowerShot TX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usa.canon.com/consumer/controller?act=ModelInfoAct&fcategoryid=144&modelid=14903"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CPTCR_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CPTCR_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Canon PowerShot TX1 Concise Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dpreview.com/reviews/canontx1/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Canon PowerShot TX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reviews.cnet.com/digital-cameras/canon-powershot-tx1/4505-6501_7-32314643.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Canon Powershot TX1 forum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131017232005/http://forums.powershot-tx1.com/index.php?topic=128.0#"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//forums.powershot-tx1.com/index.php?topic=128.0"}],"text":"^ \"Digital Cameras Timeline: 2007\". Digital Photography Review. 2007-09-06. Archived from the original on 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2007-11-06.\n\n^ a b \"Canon PowerShot TX1\". Digital Photography Review. 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-11-06.\n\n^ a b c Keller, Jeff (2007-09-19). \"DCRP Review: Canon PowerShot TX1\". Digital Camera Resource Page LLC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-11-06.\n\n^ Becker, David (2007-09-19). \"Canon PowerShot TX1: Point-and-shoot camera striving to be innovative\". Mac Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 2007-11-06.\n\n^ \"PowerShot TX1\". Canon USA, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.\n\n^ a b Johnson, Simon (June 2007). \"Canon PowerShot TX1 Concise Review\". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved 2007-11-08.\n\n^ Ryan, Philip (2007-04-11). \"Canon PowerShot TX1\". CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved 2007-11-08.\n\n^ \"Canon Powershot TX1 forum\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-17.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Konrad
|
Patrick Konrad
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Major results","3.1 General classification results timeline","3.2 Classics results timeline","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Austrian cyclist
Not to be confused with Patrick Conrad.
Patrick KonradKonrad in 2015Personal informationFull namePatrick KonradBorn (1991-10-13) 13 October 1991 (age 32)Mödling, AustriaHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight65 kg (143 lb; 10 st 3 lb)Team informationCurrent teamLidl–TrekDisciplineRoadRoleRiderRider typeClimberProfessional teams2010–2011Tyrol–Team Radland Tirol2012Team Vorarlberg2013Etixx–IHNed2014Gourmetfein–Simplon Wels2014NetApp–Endura (stagiaire)2015–2023Bora–Argon 182024–Lidl–Trek
Major winsGrand Tours
Tour de France
1 individual stage (2021)
One-day races and Classics
National Road Race Championships (2019, 2021)
Patrick Konrad (born 13 October 1991) is an Austrian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Lidl–Trek.
Career
Born in Mödling, Konrad finished 4th in the 2014 Tour of Austria for Gourmetfein–Simplon Wels, winning the young rider classification. He joined Bora–Argon 18 for the 2015 season, and he was named in the start list for the 2016 Tour de France and the start list for the 2017 Giro d'Italia. In 2018 he won the mountains classification at the Tour de Pologne, and finished seventh overall at the Giro d'Italia. In 2019 he won the Austrian National Road Race Championships and placed 3rd in the Tour de Suisse. In the 2020 Giro d'Italia, held in October instead of May due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, he finished in eighth place overall.
Konrad at the 2023 Giro d'Italia
In 2021, Konrad won his first stage at a Grand Tour, winning a hilly stage 16 of the Tour de France; he also won the stage's combativity award. As a result, he became the third Austrian rider to win a stage at the Tour de France, after Max Bulla in 1931 and Georg Totschnig in 2005.
Personal life
He is the son of the organiser of the Vienna City Marathon and former middle-distance runner Wolfgang Konrad.
Major results
2009
3rd Overall Oberösterreich Juniorenradrundfahrt
1st Stage 2
4th Time trial, National Junior Road Championships
2011
4th Road race, National Road Championships
4th Tobago Cycling Classic
2012
5th Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop U23
7th Overall Toscana-Terra di Ciclismo
9th Overall Tour de l'Avenir
2013
3rd Overall Tour de l'Avenir
5th Grand Prix Südkärnten
7th Overall Course de la Paix U23
10th Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
10th Puchar Uzdrowisk Karpackich
2014
1st Overall Oberösterreich Rundfahrt
1st Austrian rider classification
2nd Raiffeisen Grand Prix
4th Overall Tour of Austria
1st Young rider classification
4th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
1st Stage 2b
4th Grand Prix Südkärnten
6th Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour
1st Combativity classification
10th Croatia–Slovenia
2015
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro del Trentino
5th Overall Danmark Rundt
9th Overall Tour de l'Ain
10th Overall Tour of Oman
10th Overall Abu Dhabi Tour
2016
5th Overall Giro del Trentino
6th Rudi Altig Race
2017
3rd Vuelta a Murcia
7th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
10th Overall Abu Dhabi Tour
1st Sprints classification
2018
1st Mountains classification, Tour de Pologne
5th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec
6th Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana
7th Overall Giro d'Italia
7th Overall Paris–Nice
9th Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal
10th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
10th La Flèche Wallonne
2019 (1 pro win)
National Road Championships
1st Road race
3rd Time trial
3rd Overall Tour de Suisse
4th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
6th Clásica de San Sebastián
7th La Flèche Wallonne
7th Trofeo Campos, Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines
9th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
2020
2nd Overall Sibiu Cycling Tour
7th La Flèche Wallonne
8th Overall Giro d'Italia
2021 (2)
1st Road race, National Road Championships
Tour de France
1st Stage 16
Combativity award Stage 16
5th Overall Tour de la Provence
7th Grand Prix de Wallonie
2022
4th Road race, National Road Championships
5th Hamburg Cyclassics
8th Overall Tour de Hongrie
2023
2nd Eschborn–Frankfurt
4th Road race, National Road Championships
7th Trofeo Andratx–Mirador D'es Colomer
8th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
10th Trofeo Ses Salines–Alcúdia
General classification results timeline
Grand Tour general classification results
Grand Tour
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Giro d'Italia
—
—
16
7
—
8
—
—
20
Tour de France
—
65
—
—
35
—
27
16
82
Vuelta a España
—
—
96
—
—
—
—
—
Major stage race general classification results
Race
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Paris–Nice
—
—
26
7
36
34
—
—
—
Tirreno–Adriatico
72
43
—
—
—
33
27
—
—
Volta a Catalunya
—
—
—
—
—
—
NH
—
72
Tour of the Basque Country
—
—
7
10
9
36
—
—
Tour de Romandie
—
—
—
—
—
—
73
—
Critérium du Dauphiné
—
59
—
—
—
—
12
12
—
Tour de Suisse
—
—
13
74
3
NH
—
—
—
Classics results timeline
Monument
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Milan–San Remo
—
90
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Tour of Flanders
Has not contested during his career
Paris–Roubaix
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
54
15
20
27
13
—
20
—
8
Giro di Lombardia
48
—
DNF
18
74
31
55
67
Classic
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Strade Bianche
—
—
—
—
—
—
32
DNF
24
La Flèche Wallonne
—
—
16
10
7
7
15
DNF
—
Eschborn–Frankfurt
NH
—
—
—
75
NH
57
—
2
Clásica de San Sebastián
—
—
—
—
6
DNF
DNF
Hamburg Cyclassics
—
94
—
—
—
5
Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec
—
DNF
—
5
104
Not held
40
Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal
—
DNF
—
9
62
34
Legend
—
Did not compete
DNF
Did not finish
NH
Not held
References
^ a b "BORA - hansgrohe". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "With Christoph Pfingsten, BORA – hansgrohe completes its roster for 2019". Bora–Hansgrohe. Denk Pro Cycling GmbH & Co. KG. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^ Ryan, Barry (28 December 2019). "2020 Team Preview: Bora-Hansgrohe". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "Bora - Hansgrohe". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ "Trek–Segafredo". UCI. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
^ Wynn, Nigel (14 November 2014). "NetApp-Endura renamed as Bora–Argon 18 for 2015". Cycling Weekly. TI Media. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "2016 > 103rd Tour de France > Startlist". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ "2017: 100th Giro d'Italia: Start List". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
^ "Michal Kwiatkowski is the winner of the 2018 Tour de Pologne". Tour de Pologne. Lang Team. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021. Austrian Patrick Konrad (Bora-hansgrohe) today conquered the Tauron magenta jersey as best climber.
^ "Austrian champion Konrad forced to put Giro d'Italia goal on backburner". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021. Konrad was set to be one of the Bora-Hansgrohe leaders for the race, having taken seventh place overall at the 2018 edition.
^ Ryan, Barry (23 June 2019). "Tour de Suisse: Bernal secures overall victory". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ Puddicombe, Stephen (26 October 2020). "Giro d'Italia 2020 ratings: how did each team perform?". Cycling Weekly. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ Fletcher, Patrick (13 July 2021). "Tour de France: Konrad solos to victory on stage 16". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ Pretot, Julien (13 July 2021). "Cycling-Konrad soloes to Tour stage win as top guns keep powder dry". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ Reiter, Barbara (7 March 2019). "Bora-Kapitän Konrad: "Es war ein Problem, dass ich nur Rad fahre"" . Kurier (in German). Retrieved 14 July 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patrick Konrad.
Profile at netapp-endura.com
Patrick Konrad at UCI
Patrick Konrad at Cycling Archives
Patrick Konrad at ProCyclingStats
Patrick Konrad at Cycling Quotient
Patrick Konrad at CycleBase
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Manager: Luca Guercilena
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Conrad"},{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_cyclist"},{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"Lidl–Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Patrick Conrad.Patrick Konrad (born 13 October 1991) is an Austrian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Lidl–Trek.[5]","title":"Patrick Konrad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mödling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"2014 Tour of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Gourmetfein–Simplon Wels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Felt%E2%80%93Felbermayr"},{"link_name":"Bora–Argon 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2016 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TDF-7"},{"link_name":"2017 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giro-8"},{"link_name":"Tour de Pologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tour_de_Pologne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Austrian National Road Race Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2020 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giro_2023_GIR10036_bora_(52941295364).jpg"},{"link_name":"2023 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"combativity award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combativity_award_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Max Bulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bulla"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Georg Totschnig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Totschnig"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Born in Mödling, Konrad finished 4th in the 2014 Tour of Austria for Gourmetfein–Simplon Wels, winning the young rider classification. He joined Bora–Argon 18 for the 2015 season,[6] and he was named in the start list for the 2016 Tour de France[7] and the start list for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.[8] In 2018 he won the mountains classification at the Tour de Pologne,[9] and finished seventh overall at the Giro d'Italia.[10] In 2019 he won the Austrian National Road Race Championships and placed 3rd in the Tour de Suisse.[11] In the 2020 Giro d'Italia, held in October instead of May due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, he finished in eighth place overall.[12]Konrad at the 2023 Giro d'ItaliaIn 2021, Konrad won his first stage at a Grand Tour, winning a hilly stage 16 of the Tour de France; he also won the stage's combativity award.[13] As a result, he became the third Austrian rider to win a stage at the Tour de France, after Max Bulla in 1931 and Georg Totschnig in 2005.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"middle-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Konrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Konrad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"He is the son of the organiser of the Vienna City Marathon and former middle-distance runner Wolfgang Konrad.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tobago Cycling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago_Cycling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop U23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschborn%E2%80%93Frankfurt_Under%E2%80%9323"},{"link_name":"Toscana-Terra di Ciclismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toscana-Terra_di_Ciclismo"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Avenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Avenir"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Südkärnten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_S%C3%BCdk%C3%A4rnten"},{"link_name":"Course de la Paix U23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_Priessnitz_spa"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_road_race"},{"link_name":"UCI Under-23 Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Puchar Uzdrowisk Karpackich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_des_Carpathes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Oberösterreich Rundfahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober%C3%B6sterreich_Rundfahrt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_black.svg"},{"link_name":"Raiffeisen Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiffeisen_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Tour of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Austria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Triptyque_des_Monts_et_Ch%C3%A2teaux"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Südkärnten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_S%C3%BCdk%C3%A4rnten"},{"link_name":"Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_Is%C3%A8re_Tour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_red.svg"},{"link_name":"Croatia–Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Slovenia"},{"link_name":"TTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Giro_del_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Danmark Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Danmark_Rundt"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Ain"},{"link_name":"Tour of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tour_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Abu_Dhabi_Tour"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Giro_del_Trentino"},{"link_name":"Rudi Altig Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_am_Ring"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Vuelta_a_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Tour_of_the_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Abu_Dhabi_Tour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_black.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_violet.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour de Pologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tour_de_Pologne"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Grand_Prix_Cycliste_de_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Paris–Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Paris%E2%80%93Nice"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Grand_Prix_Cycliste_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tour_of_the_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotAustria.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Vuelta_a_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Clásica de San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Cl%C3%A1sica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Campos, Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tour_of_the_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"Sibiu Cycling Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sibiu_Cycling_Tour"},{"link_name":"La Flèche Wallonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_La_Fl%C3%A8che_Wallonne"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotAustria.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tour_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_red_number.svg"},{"link_name":"Combativity award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combativity_award_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tour de la Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tour_de_la_Provence"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de Wallonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Grand_Prix_de_Wallonie"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Cyclassics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Hamburg_Cyclassics"},{"link_name":"Tour de Hongrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tour_de_Hongrie"},{"link_name":"Eschborn–Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Eschborn%E2%80%93Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Andratx–Mirador D'es Colomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Ses Salines–Alcúdia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca"}],"text":"2009\n3rd Overall Oberösterreich Juniorenradrundfahrt\n1st Stage 2\n4th Time trial, National Junior Road Championships\n2011\n4th Road race, National Road Championships\n4th Tobago Cycling Classic\n2012\n5th Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop U23\n7th Overall Toscana-Terra di Ciclismo\n9th Overall Tour de l'Avenir\n2013\n3rd Overall Tour de l'Avenir\n5th Grand Prix Südkärnten\n7th Overall Course de la Paix U23\n10th Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships\n10th Puchar Uzdrowisk Karpackich\n2014\n1st Overall Oberösterreich Rundfahrt\n1st Austrian rider classification\n2nd Raiffeisen Grand Prix\n4th Overall Tour of Austria\n1st Young rider classification\n4th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux\n1st Stage 2b\n4th Grand Prix Südkärnten\n6th Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour\n1st Combativity classification\n10th Croatia–Slovenia\n2015\n1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro del Trentino\n5th Overall Danmark Rundt\n9th Overall Tour de l'Ain\n10th Overall Tour of Oman\n10th Overall Abu Dhabi Tour\n2016\n5th Overall Giro del Trentino\n6th Rudi Altig Race\n2017\n3rd Vuelta a Murcia\n7th Overall Tour of the Basque Country\n10th Overall Abu Dhabi Tour\n1st Sprints classification\n2018\n1st Mountains classification, Tour de Pologne\n5th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec\n6th Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana\n7th Overall Giro d'Italia\n7th Overall Paris–Nice\n9th Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal\n10th Overall Tour of the Basque Country\n10th La Flèche Wallonne\n2019 (1 pro win)\nNational Road Championships\n1st Road race\n3rd Time trial\n3rd Overall Tour de Suisse\n4th Overall Vuelta a Murcia\n6th Clásica de San Sebastián\n7th La Flèche Wallonne\n7th Trofeo Campos, Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines\n9th Overall Tour of the Basque Country\n2020\n2nd Overall Sibiu Cycling Tour\n7th La Flèche Wallonne\n8th Overall Giro d'Italia\n2021 (2)\n1st Road race, National Road Championships\nTour de France\n1st Stage 16\n Combativity award Stage 16\n5th Overall Tour de la Provence\n7th Grand Prix de Wallonie\n2022\n4th Road race, National Road Championships\n5th Hamburg Cyclassics\n8th Overall Tour de Hongrie\n2023\n2nd Eschborn–Frankfurt\n4th Road race, National Road Championships\n7th Trofeo Andratx–Mirador D'es Colomer\n8th Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n10th Trofeo Ses Salines–Alcúdia","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General classification results timeline","title":"Major results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Classics results timeline","title":"Major results"}]
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[{"image_text":"Konrad at the 2023 Giro d'Italia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Giro_2023_GIR10036_bora_%2852941295364%29.jpg/220px-Giro_2023_GIR10036_bora_%2852941295364%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"BORA - hansgrohe\". Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bora-hansgrohe.com/en/rider/patrick-konrad/797386","url_text":"\"BORA - hansgrohe\""}]},{"reference":"\"With Christoph Pfingsten, BORA – hansgrohe completes its roster for 2019\". Bora–Hansgrohe. Denk Pro Cycling GmbH & Co. KG. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bora-hansgrohe.com/en/press/argonnews201810kader-04/argonnews201810kader-04/59094710","url_text":"\"With Christoph Pfingsten, BORA – hansgrohe completes its roster for 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe","url_text":"Bora–Hansgrohe"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Barry (28 December 2019). \"2020 Team Preview: Bora-Hansgrohe\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/team-preview-bora-hansgrohe/","url_text":"\"2020 Team Preview: Bora-Hansgrohe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Bora - Hansgrohe\". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20210101053525/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15235/1001554/279","url_text":"\"Bora - Hansgrohe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"Union Cycliste Internationale"},{"url":"https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15235/1001554/279","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trek–Segafredo\". UCI. Retrieved January 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uci.org/team-details/17728","url_text":"\"Trek–Segafredo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale","url_text":"UCI"}]},{"reference":"Wynn, Nigel (14 November 2014). \"NetApp-Endura renamed as Bora–Argon 18 for 2015\". Cycling Weekly. TI Media. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/netapp-endura-renamed-bora-argon-18-144884","url_text":"\"NetApp-Endura renamed as Bora–Argon 18 for 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Media","url_text":"TI Media"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 > 103rd Tour de France > Startlist\". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 30 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race.php?id=163736&c=3","url_text":"\"2016 > 103rd Tour de France > Startlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017: 100th Giro d'Italia: Start List\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/Giro_dItalia_2017_Startlist","url_text":"\"2017: 100th Giro d'Italia: Start List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michal Kwiatkowski is the winner of the 2018 Tour de Pologne\". Tour de Pologne. Lang Team. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2021. Austrian Patrick Konrad (Bora-hansgrohe) today conquered the Tauron magenta jersey as best climber.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tourdepologne.pl/en/2018/08/michal-kwiatkowski-is-the-winner-of-the-2018-tour-de-pologne/","url_text":"\"Michal Kwiatkowski is the winner of the 2018 Tour de Pologne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Pologne","url_text":"Tour de Pologne"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian champion Konrad forced to put Giro d'Italia goal on backburner\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021. Konrad was set to be one of the Bora-Hansgrohe leaders for the race, having taken seventh place overall at the 2018 edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/austrian-champion-konrad-forced-to-put-giro-ditalia-goal-on-backburner/","url_text":"\"Austrian champion Konrad forced to put Giro d'Italia goal on backburner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Barry (23 June 2019). \"Tour de Suisse: Bernal secures overall victory\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-suisse-2019/stage-9/results/","url_text":"\"Tour de Suisse: Bernal secures overall victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Puddicombe, Stephen (26 October 2020). \"Giro d'Italia 2020 ratings: how did each team perform?\". Cycling Weekly. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/racing/giro-ditalia/giro-ditalia-2020-ratings-how-did-each-team-perform-473774","url_text":"\"Giro d'Italia 2020 ratings: how did each team perform?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Patrick (13 July 2021). \"Tour de France: Konrad solos to victory on stage 16\". Cyclingnews.com. Future plc. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-france-2021/stage-16/results/","url_text":"\"Tour de France: Konrad solos to victory on stage 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"Cyclingnews.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"Pretot, Julien (13 July 2021). \"Cycling-Konrad soloes to Tour stage win as top guns keep powder dry\". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-cycling-france-idUKKBN2EJ1TC","url_text":"\"Cycling-Konrad soloes to Tour stage win as top guns keep powder dry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters","url_text":"Thomson Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Reiter, Barbara (7 March 2019). \"Bora-Kapitän Konrad: \"Es war ein Problem, dass ich nur Rad fahre\"\" [Bora captain Konrad: \"It was a problem that I only ride a bike\"]. Kurier (in German). Retrieved 14 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kurier.at/freizeit/bora-kapitaen-konrad-es-war-ein-problem-dass-ich-nur-rad-fahre/400541678","url_text":"\"Bora-Kapitän Konrad: \"Es war ein Problem, dass ich nur Rad fahre\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurier","url_text":"Kurier"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bora-hansgrohe.com/en/rider/patrick-konrad/797386","external_links_name":"\"BORA - hansgrohe\""},{"Link":"https://www.bora-hansgrohe.com/en/press/argonnews201810kader-04/argonnews201810kader-04/59094710","external_links_name":"\"With Christoph Pfingsten, BORA – hansgrohe completes its roster for 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/team-preview-bora-hansgrohe/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Team Preview: Bora-Hansgrohe\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210101053525/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15235/1001554/279","external_links_name":"\"Bora - Hansgrohe\""},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15235/1001554/279","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/team-details/17728","external_links_name":"\"Trek–Segafredo\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/netapp-endura-renamed-bora-argon-18-144884","external_links_name":"\"NetApp-Endura renamed as Bora–Argon 18 for 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race.php?id=163736&c=3","external_links_name":"\"2016 > 103rd Tour de France > Startlist\""},{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/race/Giro_dItalia_2017_Startlist","external_links_name":"\"2017: 100th Giro d'Italia: Start List\""},{"Link":"https://www.tourdepologne.pl/en/2018/08/michal-kwiatkowski-is-the-winner-of-the-2018-tour-de-pologne/","external_links_name":"\"Michal Kwiatkowski is the winner of the 2018 Tour de Pologne\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/austrian-champion-konrad-forced-to-put-giro-ditalia-goal-on-backburner/","external_links_name":"\"Austrian champion Konrad forced to put Giro d'Italia goal on backburner\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-suisse-2019/stage-9/results/","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Suisse: Bernal secures overall victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/racing/giro-ditalia/giro-ditalia-2020-ratings-how-did-each-team-perform-473774","external_links_name":"\"Giro d'Italia 2020 ratings: how did each team perform?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-france-2021/stage-16/results/","external_links_name":"\"Tour de France: Konrad solos to victory on stage 16\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-cycling-france-idUKKBN2EJ1TC","external_links_name":"\"Cycling-Konrad soloes to Tour stage win as top guns keep powder dry\""},{"Link":"https://kurier.at/freizeit/bora-kapitaen-konrad-es-war-ein-problem-dass-ich-nur-rad-fahre/400541678","external_links_name":"\"Bora-Kapitän Konrad: \"Es war ein Problem, dass ich nur Rad fahre\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.netapp-endura.com/en/team/riders/profile/?tx_netappriders_pi1%5BriderUid%5D=175&tx_netappriders_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_netappriders_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Rider&cHash=3937dfebacdada45b9dbd572022848c7","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/71677","external_links_name":"Patrick Konrad"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369566#P11020"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=55337","external_links_name":"Patrick Konrad"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369566#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/135188","external_links_name":"Patrick Konrad"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369566#P1663"},{"Link":"https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=16058","external_links_name":"Patrick Konrad"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369566#P1541"},{"Link":"https://www.cyclebase.nl/cb-content/index.php?lang=en&page=renner&id=45428","external_links_name":"Patrick Konrad"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369566#P4508"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort_and_Utrecht_witch_trials
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Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
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["1 References"]
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The Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials took place in Amersfoort in The Netherlands in 1591–1595, with appeals and sentences in Utrecht. The witch trials resulted in the prosecution of seventeen people and the execution of at least six people by strangulation and burning. It was arguably the biggest witch trials conducted by the Dutch Republic, which conducted less witch trials than most states in Europe.
References
^ Het verbond van heks en duivel, Lène Dresen-Coenders, Ambo 1983 ISBN 90 263 0585 0
H.A. Hauer: in Breevoort can ick vergeten niet Uitgever: De Graafschap, 1956
vteWitch trialsIn the British Isles
Witchcraft in early modern Britain
Channel Islands Witch Trials
Witch trials in England
Witchcraft in Orkney
Witch trials in early modern Scotland
Witchcraft in early modern Wales
Windsor Witches (1579)
St Osyth Witches (1582)
Witches of Warboys (1589–1593)
North Berwick witch trials (1590)
Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
Pendle witches (1612)
Northamptonshire witch trials (1612)
Samlesbury witches (1612)
Witches of Belvoir (1619)
Bury St Edmunds witch trials (1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
Alloa witch trials (1658)
Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
Bute witches (1662)
Bideford witch trial (1682)
Paisley witches (1696)
Pittenweem witches (1704)
Islandmagee witch trial (1711)
In Eastern Europe
Witch trials in Hungary
Witch trials in Poland
Kasina Wielka witch trial (1634)
Northern Moravia witch trials (1678)
Szeged witch trials (1728–29)
Doruchowo witch trial (1783)
In France
Witch trials in France
Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
Aix-en-Provence possessions (1611)
Loudun possessions (1633–34)
Louviers possessions (1647)
Normandy witch trials (1669–70)
Affair of the Poisons (1679–1682)
Trial of the Wizards of Lyon (1742–1745)
In Germany
Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
Rottweil Witch Trials
Derenburg witch trials (1555)
Wiesensteig witch trial (1562–1563)
Rottenburg witch trials (1578–1613)
Trier witch trials (1581–1593)
Pappenheimer family witch trial (1600)
Fulda witch trials (1603–1606)
Ellwangen witch trial (1611–1618)
Eichstätt witch trials (1617–1630)
Würzburg witch trials (1626–1631)
Bamberg witch trials (1626–1631)
Baden-Baden witch trials (1627–1631)
Mergentheim witch trials (1628–1631)
Esslingen witch trials (1662–1666)
Witch trial of Fuersteneck (1703)
In Northern Europe
Witch trials in Denmark
Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
Witch trials in Finland
Witch trials in Iceland
Witch trials in Norway
Witch trials in Sweden
Põlula witch trials (1542)
Copenhagen witch trials (1590)
Gyldenstierne-sagen (1596)
Køge Huskors (1608–1615)
Finspång witch trial (1617)
Vardø witch trials (1621)
Akershus witch trials (1624)
Ramsele witch trial (1634)
Rosborg witch trials (1639–1642)
Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
Kirkjuból witch trial (1656)
Vardø witch trials (1662–63)
Kastelholm witch trials (1665–1668)
Mora witch trial (1669)
Torsåker witch trials (1675)
Katarina witch trials (1676)
Rugård witch trials (1685–86)
Thisted witch trial (1696–1698)
In Southern Europe
Witch trials in Italy
Witch trials in Catalonia
Witch trials in Portugal
Witch trials in Sicily
Witch trials in Spain
Val Camonica witch trials (1505, 1518)
Mirandola witch trials (1522–1525)
Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
Lisbon witch trial (1559–60)
Benandanti (1575–1650)
Witches of Laspaúles (1593)
Basque witch trials (1609)
Terrassa witch trials (1615–1619)
Witch trial of Nogaredo (1646–47)
Elsewhere in Europe
Witch trials in the Netherlands
Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
Stedelen witch trial (1397–1407)
Valais witch trials (1428–1447)
Geneva witch trials (1571)
Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials (1591–1595)
Bredevoort witch trials (1610)
Roermond witch trial (1613)
Spa witch trial (1616)
Lukh witch trials (1656–1660)
Salzburg witch trials (1675–1681)
Liechtenstein witch trials (1679–1682)
Outside of Europe
Witch trials in Virginia (1626–1730)
Connecticut Witch Trials (1647–1663)
Maryland Witch Trials (1654–1712)
Witch trials in New York (1642–1790)
Salem witch trials (1692–1693)
Texts
Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament (8th–2nd centuries BC)
Directorium Inquisitorum (1376)
De maleficis mulieribus (1440)
Formicarius (1475)
Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484)
Malleus Maleficarum (1487)
De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus (1489)
Laienspiegel (1509)
De praestigiis daemonum (1563)
The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584)
Newes from Scotland (1591)
A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts (1593)
Daemonolatreiae libri tres (1595)
Daemonologie (1597)
Magical Investigations (1599)
Compendium Maleficarum (1608)
A Guide to Grand-Jury Men (1627)
The Discovery of Witches (1647)
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants (1751)
Related
Witch-hunt
accusations against children
Drudenhaus
Werewolf witch trials
Witchcraft Acts
Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amersfoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials took place in Amersfoort in The Netherlands in 1591–1595, with appeals and sentences in Utrecht.[1] The witch trials resulted in the prosecution of seventeen people and the execution of at least six people by strangulation and burning. It was arguably the biggest witch trials conducted by the Dutch Republic, which conducted less witch trials than most states in Europe.","title":"Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials"}]
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[]
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