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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Ornacieux
Beatrice of Ornacieux
["1 References","2 External links"]
Blessed Beatrice of OrnacieuxPainting from Garegnano Charterhouse in Milan, by Daniele CrespiBorn13th CenturyDied1306 or 1309Venerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified1869 by Pope Pius IXFeast13 February Blessed Beatrix d'Ornacieux (Beatrice of Ornacieux) (c. 1240–1306/09) was a Carthusian nun. Her feast day is 13 February. Beatrice was a Carthusian nun who founded a settlement of the order at Eymieux in the department of Drôme. According to her Vita, written by Marguerite of Oingt, she was especially devoted to the Passion of Christ and is said to have driven a nail through her left hand to help herself to realize the sufferings of the Crucifixion. Her cultus was confirmed by Pius IX in 1869. (See "Anal. jur. pont.", 1869, XI, 264.) There are modern lives by Bellanger and Chapuis and a full account in Lecoulteux, "Ann. Ord. Cath." (V, 5). Her feast is on 13 February. References ^ Sancho Fibla, S., Escribir y meditar. Las obras de Marguerite d'Oingt, cartuja del siglo XIII. Madrid, Siruela, 2018, pp. 244–279 ^ Thurston, Herbert. "Beatrix." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 1 Jan. 2013 External links "Saint of the Day, February 13": Blessed Beatrix d'Ornacieux at SaintPatrickDC.org /Sito sull'universo certosino  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Beatrix". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Portals: Saints Biography Catholicism France
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Eymieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eymieux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_IX"}],"text":"Blessed Beatrix d'Ornacieux (Beatrice of Ornacieux) (c. 1240–1306/09) was a Carthusian nun. Her feast day is 13 February.Beatrice was a Carthusian nun who founded a settlement of the order at Eymieux in the department of Drôme. According to her Vita, written by Marguerite of Oingt, she was especially devoted to the Passion of Christ[1] and is said to have driven a nail through her left hand to help herself to realize the sufferings of the Crucifixion.[2]Her cultus was confirmed by Pius IX in 1869. (See \"Anal. jur. pont.\", 1869, XI, 264.) There are modern lives by Bellanger and Chapuis and a full account in Lecoulteux, \"Ann. Ord. Cath.\" (V, 5). Her feast is on 13 February.","title":"Beatrice of Ornacieux"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Kalnins
Juris Kalniņš
["1 References"]
Soviet and Latvian basketball player Juris KalniņšPersonal informationBorn(1938-03-08)8 March 1938Riga, LatviaDied9 February 2010(2010-02-09) (aged 71)NationalitySoviet / LatvianListed height185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Listed weight85 kg (187 lb)PositionShooting guard / small forward Medals Men's Basketball Representing  Soviet Union Olympic Games 1964 Tokyo Men's basketball Juris Kalniņš (8 March 1938 – 9 February 2010) was a Soviet and Latvian basketball player. He played as a shooting guard and small forward. Kalniņš won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal at the 1963 World Champs and a gold at the 1963 European Champs. References ^ "Juris Kalniņš Biography and Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2012. vteSoviet Union basketball squad – 1964 Summer Olympics – Silver medal 4 Alachachian 5 Bagley 6 Khrynin 7 Kalniņš 8 Korneev 9 Krūmiņš 10 Lipso 11 Moseshvili 12 Muižnieks 13 Petrov 14 Travin 15 Volnov Coach: Gomelsky vteRīgas ASK 1959–60 FIBA European Champions Cup champions Krūmiņš G. Muižnieks Valdmanis V. Muižnieks Kalniņš Bergs Dāvids Gulbis Hehts Jankovskis Leončiks Vērītis Coach: Gomelsky vteRīgas ASK 1958–59 FIBA European Champions Cup champions Krūmiņš G. Muižnieks Valdmanis V. Muižnieks Kalniņš Dāvids Gulbis Hehts Jankovskis Kalherts Leončiks Vērītis Coach: Gomelsky vteRīgas ASK 1958 FIBA European Champions Cup champions Krūmiņš G. Muižnieks Valdmanis V. Muižnieks Kalniņš Dāvids Gulbis Hehts Jankovskis Kalherts Leončiks Vērītis Coach: Gomelsky This biographical article relating to a Latvian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Norway_relations
Mongolia–Norway relations
["1 Humanitarian aid","2 Official Visits","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
Bilateral relationsMongolia-Norway relations Mongolia Norway Mongolia–Norway relations refers to the bilateral relationship of Mongolia and Norway. Diplomatic relations were established on 11 January 1968. Neither country has a resident embassy. Mongolia is represented to Norway via its embassy in Brussels, while Norway is represented in Mongolia by its embassy in Beijing. There is also a Norwegian honorary consulate general in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia plans to establish an embassy in Stockholm and move the representative in Brussels. The move is to facilitate the development of bilateral contacts and have stronger relations between Norway and Mongolia. Humanitarian aid There are currently about 20 Norwegians in Mongolia, and most of them are related to the work of the Norwegian Lutheran Mission (NLM). NLM has performed development activities in Mongolia since 1994. NLM has 16 envoys in Mongolia working on four humanitarian aid projects funded by Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. The organization also provides financial support to churches and other Christian organizations. The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation also funds other programs in Mongolia. Their Save the Children Norway program provides money to the Mongolian Child Rights Centre. The Government of Norway has promoted the commercialization of super-insulating materials in the housing sector in Mongolia in coordination with the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development Program Mongolia, and the Mongolian Ministry of Infrastructure and provided technical and financial support in building energy efficient housing. In 2007, the total Norwegian aid to Mongolia amounted to 5.4 million NOK. Official Visits There has traditionally been only modest diplomatic contact between Mongolia and Norway, though according to Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre bilateral relations have been "good and fruitful" ever since they were established. Haakon, the Crown Prince of Norway, visited Mongolia in November 2008 as the goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme. Mongolia was at a crossroads and had to decide if it will make full of use its economic growth to reach the Millennium Development Goals. At the Kaan Bank Theatre in Mongoliahe said: is quite interesting to note that Mongolia and Norway were both at their height of power about the same time at the beginning of the second millennium. ... In modern times, we share a relatively recent independent statehood. Both our countries are committed to a democratic way of government and to the rule of law. In this regard, I am happy to learn that Norway has given support to the UNDP’s efforts aimed at strengthening democratic institutions in Mongolia, and that there are fruitful relations between the Parliaments in our respective countries. Both our countries are large in size with comparatively small populations. We share the fortune of having a significant wealth of natural resources, upon which our prosperity largely depends. ... As small nations, Norway and Mongolia also share a belief in multilateral co-operation based on international law, with the United Nations at the centre. Nambaryn Enkhbayar, the Mongolian president used the visit as an opportunity to ask the crown prince for humanitarian aid from Norway. The Crown Prince's visit marked the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between Norway and Mongolia, which also saw the foreign ministers of the two nations exchange congratulations. Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl, the President of the Norwegian Parliament, along with Jørgen Kosmo visited Mongolia, in 1999 and again in 2004. In 2001 deputy-speaker J. Byambadorj visited Norway where he met with the speaker of the Norwegian parliament on the cooperation between the two countries including developmental aid. Vice President of the Norwegian Parliament Carl I. Hagen represented Norway during Mongolia's 800-year anniversary in 2006. Jørgen Kosmo, now Auditor General of Norway, visited the country in 2007 to launch an aid-funded collaboration on capacity building. The chairman of the Mongolian parliament (the State Great Hural) visited Norway in 1997 and 2006. There have been Mongolian foreign minister visits to Norway in 2000 and 2007. See also Foreign relations of Mongolia Foreign relations of Norway External links Royal Norwegian Honorary Consulate-General in Ulaanbaatar State Department's country and travel information References ^ a b c d e "Bilaterale forbindelser" (in Norwegian). Ministry of Foreign Affair. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ "Norway opens Honorary Consulate General in Mongolia". Norway. Retrieved 2010-05-25. ^ a b "Mongoler" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Lutheran Mission. Archived from the original on 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2010-05-26. NLM startet arbeid i Mongolia i 1994 ^ "Ex-post evaluation of the Mongolia programme Save the Children Norway 1996-2006". Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-05-27. The Save the Children Norway (SCN) Programme consists of a single partner, the Mongolian Child Rights Centre (MCRC). SCN served as principal donor and has funded this local NGO for ten years from its birth in 1996. ^ UNDP in Mongolia, pg 8 ^ a b c "Norway and Mongolia marks the anniversary of 40 years of diplomatic relations". Norway. Retrieved 2010-05-25. ^ "Crown Prince Haakon to Mongolia with UNDP". Kongehuset. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ "Norwegian crown prince to visit Mongolia 3-6 Nov". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. October 28, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ "Crown Prince Haakon visits Mongolia at a crossroads". Kongehuset. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ "Reception in Kaan Bank Theatre, Mongolia". Kongehuset. Retrieved 2010-05-27. ^ "Mongolian president asks crown prince for Norwegian aid". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. October 28, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-26. ^ "Deputy speaker holds talks in Norway". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. November 28, 2001. Retrieved 2010-05-25. ^ "Parliamentary delegation to visit Norway, Sweden 26–29 November". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. November 27, 2001. Retrieved 2010-05-26. vte Foreign relations of MongoliaAfrica Egypt Americas Canada Mexico United States Asia Afghanistan China India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan North Korea South Korea Malaysia Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Turkey Vietnam Europe Bulgaria Czech Republic France Germany Kosovo Norway Poland United Kingdom Oceania Australia Former Yugoslavia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of / in Mongolia Related topics Third neighbor policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs vte Foreign relations of NorwayAfrica Algeria Angola Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Morocco Sudan Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Mexico Peru United States Asia Afghanistan China India Indonesia Israel Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Taiwan Turkey Europe Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Kosovo Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former countries Czechoslovakia Soviet Union Yugoslavia Multilateral relations European Union NATO Membership of International organizations Related topics Diplomatic missions of Norway Diplomatic missions in Norway
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Mongolia is represented to Norway via its embassy in Brussels, while Norway is represented in Mongolia by its embassy in Beijing. There is also a Norwegian honorary consulate general in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia plans to establish an embassy in Stockholm and move the representative in Brussels. The move is to facilitate the development of bilateral contacts and have stronger relations between Norway and Mongolia.[2]","title":"Mongolia–Norway relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Lutheran Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Lutheran_Mission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlm-3"},{"link_name":"humanitarian aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlm-3"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Save the Children Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children_Norway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"}],"text":"There are currently about 20 Norwegians in Mongolia, and most of them are related to the work of the Norwegian Lutheran Mission (NLM).[1]\nNLM has performed development activities in Mongolia since 1994.[3] NLM has 16 envoys in Mongolia working on four humanitarian aid projects funded by Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. The organization also provides financial support to churches and other Christian organizations.[3]The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation also funds other programs in Mongolia. Their Save the Children Norway program provides money to the Mongolian Child Rights Centre.[4]The Government of Norway has promoted the commercialization of super-insulating materials in the housing sector in Mongolia in coordination with the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development Program Mongolia, and the Mongolian Ministry of Infrastructure and provided technical and financial support in building energy efficient housing.[5]In 2007, the total Norwegian aid to Mongolia amounted to 5.4 million NOK.[1]","title":"Humanitarian aid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonas Gahr Støre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks-6"},{"link_name":"Haakon, the Crown Prince of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon,_Crown_Prince_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"goodwill ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill_ambassador"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hakon-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-8"},{"link_name":"Millennium Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hakon2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nambaryn Enkhbayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambaryn_Enkhbayar"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"humanitarian aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asks-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marks-6"},{"link_name":"Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsti_Kolle_Gr%C3%B8ndahl"},{"link_name":"President of the Norwegian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Storting"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Kosmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Kosmo"},{"link_name":"J. Byambadorj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Byambadorj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"developmental aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_aid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carl I. Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_I._Hagen"},{"link_name":"Auditor General of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"State Great Hural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Great_Hural"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UD-1"}],"text":"There has traditionally been only modest diplomatic contact between Mongolia and Norway, though according to Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre bilateral relations have been \"good and fruitful\" ever since they were established.[6]\nHaakon, the Crown Prince of Norway, visited Mongolia in November 2008 as the goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme.[6][7][8] Mongolia was at a crossroads and had to decide if it will make full of use its economic growth to reach the Millennium Development Goals.[9] At the Kaan Bank Theatre in Mongoliahe said:[It] is quite interesting to note that Mongolia and Norway were both at their height of power about the same time at the beginning of the second millennium. ... In modern times, we share a relatively recent independent statehood. Both our countries are committed to a democratic way of government and to the rule of law. In this regard, I am happy to learn that Norway has given support to the UNDP’s efforts aimed at strengthening democratic institutions in Mongolia, and that there are fruitful relations between the Parliaments in our respective countries. Both our countries are large in size with comparatively small populations. We share the fortune of having a significant wealth of natural resources, upon which our prosperity largely depends. ... As small nations, Norway and Mongolia also share a belief in multilateral co-operation based on international law, with the United Nations at the centre.[10]Nambaryn Enkhbayar, the Mongolian president used the visit as an opportunity to ask the crown prince for humanitarian aid from Norway.[11]The Crown Prince's visit marked the 40th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between Norway and Mongolia, which also saw the foreign ministers of the two nations exchange congratulations.[6]Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl, the President of the Norwegian Parliament, along with Jørgen Kosmo visited Mongolia, in 1999 and again in 2004. In 2001 deputy-speaker J. Byambadorj visited Norway where he met with the speaker of the Norwegian parliament on the cooperation between the two countries including developmental aid.[1][12][13]Vice President of the Norwegian Parliament Carl I. Hagen represented Norway during Mongolia's 800-year anniversary in 2006. Jørgen Kosmo, now Auditor General of Norway, visited the country in 2007 to launch an aid-funded collaboration on capacity building. The chairman of the Mongolian parliament (the State Great Hural) visited Norway in 1997 and 2006. There have been Mongolian foreign minister visits to Norway in 2000 and 2007.[1]","title":"Official Visits"}]
[]
[{"title":"Foreign relations of Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway"}]
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Archived from the original on 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2010-05-26. NLM startet arbeid i Mongolia i 1994","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100508025209/http://www.nlm.no/index.php?artcat=8","url_text":"\"Mongoler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Lutheran_Mission","url_text":"Norwegian Lutheran Mission"},{"url":"http://www.nlm.no/index.php?artcat=8&artid=1010","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-post evaluation of the Mongolia programme Save the Children Norway 1996-2006\". Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-05-27. The Save the Children Norway (SCN) Programme consists of a single partner, the Mongolian Child Rights Centre (MCRC). SCN served as principal donor and has funded this local NGO for ten years from its birth in 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222150347/http://www.norad.no/en/Tools+and+publications/Publications/Publication+Page?key=117457","url_text":"\"Ex-post evaluation of the Mongolia programme Save the Children Norway 1996-2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation","url_text":"Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation"},{"url":"http://www.norad.no/en/Tools+and+publications/Publications/Publication+Page?key=117457","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Norway and Mongolia marks the anniversary of 40 years of diplomatic relations\". Norway. Retrieved 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norway.cn/News_and_events/Press-contact/Press-Release/mongolianorge40/","url_text":"\"Norway and Mongolia marks the anniversary of 40 years of diplomatic relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway","url_text":"Norway"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown Prince Haakon to Mongolia with UNDP\". Kongehuset. Retrieved 2010-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kongehuset.no/c26950/artikkel/vis.html?tid=73741&strukt_tid=26950","url_text":"\"Crown Prince Haakon to Mongolia with UNDP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway","url_text":"Kongehuset"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian crown prince to visit Mongolia 3-6 Nov\". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. October 28, 2008. 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Retrieved 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97A6CEA87EC542&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Deputy speaker holds talks in Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montsame_News_Agency","url_text":"Montsame News Agency"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Monitoring","url_text":"BBC Monitoring"}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary delegation to visit Norway, Sweden 26–29 November\". Montsame News Agency at BBC Monitoring. November 27, 2001. 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[{"Link":"http://www.norway.cn/Embassy/Mongolia/","external_links_name":"Royal Norwegian Honorary Consulate-General in Ulaanbaatar"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112081814/http://www.landsider.no/land/mongolia/fakta/bilateralt/bilaterale.htm","external_links_name":"State Department's country and travel information"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112081814/http://www.landsider.no/land/mongolia/fakta/bilateralt/bilaterale.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bilaterale forbindelser\""},{"Link":"http://www.landsider.no/land/mongolia/fakta/bilateralt/bilaterale.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.norway.cn/News_and_events/Press-contact/Press-Release/Norway-opens-Honorary-Consulate-General-in-Mongolia/","external_links_name":"\"Norway opens Honorary Consulate General in Mongolia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100508025209/http://www.nlm.no/index.php?artcat=8","external_links_name":"\"Mongoler\""},{"Link":"http://www.nlm.no/index.php?artcat=8&artid=1010","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222150347/http://www.norad.no/en/Tools+and+publications/Publications/Publication+Page?key=117457","external_links_name":"\"Ex-post evaluation of the Mongolia programme Save the Children Norway 1996-2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.norad.no/en/Tools+and+publications/Publications/Publication+Page?key=117457","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.undp.mn/publications/UNDP_Presskit.pdf","external_links_name":"UNDP in Mongolia, pg 8"},{"Link":"http://www.norway.cn/News_and_events/Press-contact/Press-Release/mongolianorge40/","external_links_name":"\"Norway and Mongolia marks the anniversary of 40 years of diplomatic relations\""},{"Link":"http://www.kongehuset.no/c26950/artikkel/vis.html?tid=73741&strukt_tid=26950","external_links_name":"\"Crown Prince Haakon to Mongolia with UNDP\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1242117008D62178&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Norwegian crown prince to visit Mongolia 3-6 Nov\""},{"Link":"http://www.norway.cn/News_and_events/Environment-and-development/Environment/Crown_Prince_in_Mongolia/","external_links_name":"\"Crown Prince Haakon visits Mongolia at a crossroads\""},{"Link":"http://www.kongehuset.no/c27817/tale/vis.html?tid=73896&strukt_tid=27817&curr=5","external_links_name":"\"Reception in Kaan Bank Theatre, Mongolia\""},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-188414616/mongolian-president-asks-crown.html","external_links_name":"\"Mongolian president asks crown prince for Norwegian aid\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97A6CEA87EC542&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Deputy speaker holds talks in Norway\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97A6C72137B992&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary delegation to visit Norway, Sweden 26–29 November\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_Plaza
Greenway Plaza
["1 History","2 Composition","2.1 Commercial office buildings","2.2 Retail tenants","2.3 Other buildings","3 Gallery","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°43′58″N 95°25′54″W / 29.7327°N 95.4318°W / 29.7327; -95.4318Business district of Houston in Texas, United StatesGreenway PlazaBusiness district of HoustonSkyline of Greenway Plaza looking northCoordinates: 29°43′58″N 95°25′54″W / 29.7327°N 95.4318°W / 29.7327; -95.4318Country United StatesState TexasCountyHarris CountyCity HoustonArea • Super neighborhood7.7 km2 (2.97 sq mi) • Business campus21 ha (52 acres)Population (2015) • Total21,120 • Density2,746/km2 (7,111/sq mi) For the Greenway / Upper Kirby Area Super Neighborhood as defined by the City of HoustonZIP Code77046Area codes281, 346, 713, 832Websitegreenwayplaza.pky.com A typical street sign in Greenway Plaza Greenway Plaza is a business district located along Interstate 69 (U.S. Highway 59) within the Interstate 610 loop in southwestern Houston, Texas, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Downtown and 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Uptown. The district is located immediately west of Upper Kirby, north of West University Place, and south of River Oaks. First envisioned in the late 1960s by local developer Kenneth L. Schnitzer, Greenway Plaza has evolved into one of Greater Houston's largest employment centers, with over 4.4 million square feet (410,000 m2) of office space on a 52-acre (21-hectare) campus. Noted for its expansive green spaces and consistent modernist architectural style, Greenway Plaza is widely considered a pioneering example of mixed-use development in the United States. The campus's ten office towers are connected by an extensive system of air-conditioned skyways, tunnels, and underground parking garages. Greenway Plaza contains Lakewood Church, a nondenominational Christian church, which hosts one of the largest congregations in the United States. Lakewood's main campus, a venue originally known as "The Summit" and later "Compaq Center," is the former home of the Houston Rockets, a professional basketball team, as well as other sporting teams, concerts, and events. Lakewood Church purchased the property in 2005. The Greenway Plaza development is part of a larger neighborhood, Greenway/Upper Kirby, which covers a 2.97-square-mile (7.7 km2) area roughly enclosed by Westheimer Road to the north, Bissonnet Street to the south, Uptown Houston to the west, and Shepherd Drive to the east. In 2015, Greenway/Upper Kirby had an estimated population of 21,120 and a population density of 7,111/sq mi. History Kenneth L. Schnitzer, the chairperson of the Century Development Corporation, envisioned Greenway Plaza, which became the first mixed-use development in Houston. Century took realtors from outlying towns around Houston and had them buy individual parcels for very inexpensive prices while trying not to attract attention. One homeowner found out about the plan and asked to have the house sold for $350,000. At the time it was a lot of money for a house that was small. The company paid the money so it could secure the tract the house sat on. The grand opening took place in 1973. Schnitzer said that Greenway Plaza would become a "second downtown". Bill Schadewald of the Houston Press said that Greenway Plaza, which housed office towers, retail operations, a basketball arena, a movie theater, and a hotel, "defined the multiuse concept in an original "Edge City"". In 1970, the M. W. Kellogg Company had moved its headquarters from New York to Houston. After Kellogg moved its operations into Greenway Plaza, initially Kellogg occupied half of 3 Greenway Plaza and staffed the half with fewer than 600 employees. When the energy industry expanded worldwide, Kellogg occupied all of 3 Greenway Plaza and space in an adjacent building. Kellogg's lease on July 1, 1991 was up for renewal; if Kellogg had renewed the lease, its rent payment would have increased. Instead Kellogg decided to swap office space with its parent company, Dresser Industries. Dresser took over a part of Kellogg's lease and renamed 3 Greenway Plaza to the Dresser Tower. After the swap Dresser occupied 163,000 sq ft (15,100 m2) of space on eight floors, while Kellogg continued to lease six floors in the building. In exchange Kellogg took space formerly held by Dresser at the M. W. Kellogg Tower in the Cullen Center in Downtown Houston. The swap satisfied Dresser's need for less space. Around 1996 T Mobile leased space in 2 Greenway Plaza. Circa 2003 the Houston Rockets moved out of what was the Compaq Center, and that building became the Lakewood Church Central Campus. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Chronicle wrote that the adjacent Greenway Plaza became "sleepy" as a result of this change, and that in 2017 Greenway Plaza had a lack of activity during nighttime periods despite its heavy activity during the day; therefore, according to Sarnoff, Greenway Plaza "feels like downtown Houston did 10 or 20 years ago". In 2004 Crescent attempted to sell a 50% equity position in both Greenway Plaza and Houston Center. During that year, El Paso Corp., a major tenant with 912,000 sq ft (84,700 m2) in Greenway Plaza, announced that it was vacating the property and moving its personnel to its Downtown Houston headquarters. A Houston Business Journal article stated that El Paso was expected to sublease the space until 2014, when its lease will expire. In 2005 the internet service provider Internet America had offices in Greenway Plaza. During the afternoon of Monday July 29, 2013, Cousins Properties, a company based in Atlanta, announced that it was buying the entire Greenway Plaza complex and a Downtown Fort Worth office tower. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Chronicle stated that Cousins was expected to pay $1.1 billion in cash. By 2017 the owner was Parkway Inc., which planned to renovate Greenway Plaza. In July 2017 T-Mobile announced it was moving to the T-Mobile Tower, formerly the River Oaks Tower. That same month Occidental Petroleum announced it was vacating its space, and it put its space for sale. Composition Commercial office buildings Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston at Suite 2012 of 11 Greenway Plaza Building Opening date Tenants Footnotes One Greenway Plaza 1969 Buckeye Partners (HQ) Two Greenway Plaza 1969 Three Greenway Plaza 1971 Four Greenway Plaza 1975 TransoceanOccidental PetroleumParker Drilling Five Greenway Plaza 1973 Occidental Petroleum Eight Greenway Plaza 1980 Nine Greenway Plaza 1978 Boardwalk Pipeline Partners (HQ)HumanaMitsui Oil Exploration (HQ) Eleven Greenway Plaza 1979 Camden Property TrustFlightAware (HQ)InvescoPBK ArchitectsTaipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston Twelve Greenway Plaza 1981 Avelo AirlinesDirect EnergyHouston Metropolitan Chamber 3800 Buffalo Speedway 1975 Amerigroup Retail tenants 12 Greenway Plaza Suite 102: Amegy Bank The Hub at Greenway Plaza (formerly The Shops at Greenway) which first opened in 1973 Greenway Coffee burger-chan The Rice Box Feges BBQ Nestlé Toll House Cafe Antone's Alonti Cafe Texas Chicken Express Lulu's Cilantro's Michael Saldana Salon Flower Delivery Houston Greenway Newsstand & Convenience Store Energy One Credit Union Prior to January 1, 2008, Landmark Theatres operated the Landmark Greenway, an "arthouse" theater inside 5 Greenway. Landmark's lease expired and the Greenway Plaza did not renew the lease. December 31, 2007 was the final day of operation for the theater. As of 2016 it will be replaced by a fitness area. At one time the building housed Rao's Maremma Ristorante. Other buildings Doubletree Hotel (6 Greenway) – Previously the Stouffer Hotel and the Renaissance Hotel – Opened 1972 The Central Plant (7 Greenway) Tony's Restaurant (13 Greenway) – Established by Tony Vallone, in 2006 it moved from Uptown Houston to Greenway and renewed its lease around 2016, staying for another 10-year period 14 Greenway and 15 Greenway – formerly the Plaza Condominiums – Opened 1980 (14 Greenway) and 1981 (15 Greenway) The condominiums are assigned to schools in the Houston Independent School District: Poe Elementary School, Lanier Middle School, and Lamar High School. It was previously zoned to Will Rogers Elementary School. Lakewood Church Central Campus – formerly the Summit and the Compaq Center – Opened 1975 Gallery The Landmark Theatres Greenway 3, formerly located in 5 Greenway Plaza References ^ a b Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (1999-11-03). "Kenneth L. Schnitzer, 70, Dies; Innovative Houston Developer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ a b c d "Greenway Plaza ahead of its time while being timeless". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-05-15). "A Greenway for the Future". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ a b Hlavaty, Craig (2015-11-12). "Houston building formerly known as The Summit turns 40 this month". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ a b "Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment – Greenway / Upper Kirby" (PDF). City of Houston. August 2014. Retrieved 2017-09-15. ^ a b c Schadewald, Bill. "Looking back ‘Then and Now’ at 40 years of Houston business." Houston Business Journal. Friday December 24, 2010. 1. Retrieved on September 13, 2011. ^ "Crescent Celebrates Greenway Plaza's 40th Anniversary by Honoring Customer Loyalty." Business Wire. June 9, 2007. Retrieved on January 21, 2009. ^ Stuart, Lettice. "REAL ESTATE; A Big Swap Of Offices In Houston." The New York Times. Wednesday May 15, 1991. ^ a b Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-07-10). "Greenway Plaza tenants make moves". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-08-02. ^ a b Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-05-12). "Greenway Plaza sees upgrades essential in competitive market". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-05-15. ^ Dawson, Jennifer. "Crescent trophies on sales block." Houston Business Journal. Friday May 21, 2004. Retrieved on May 10, 2009. ^ Azevedo, Mary Ann. "Internet America's Dallas presence dwindles." Dallas Business Journal. Friday October 28, 2005. Retrieved on September 25, 2009. ^ Sarnoff, Nancy. "Greenway Plaza selling to Atlanta company." Houston Chronicle. Monday July 29, 2013. Retrieved on July 31, 2013. ^ "Contact Us." Buckeye Partners. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. "One Greenway Plaza • Suite 600 • Houston, Texas 77046" ^ "CompuBank Home Page." CompuBank. Retrieved on July 25, 2010. ^ "Parker Drilling". Archived from the original on 2010-09-18. ^ "Oxy | Contact Us". Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-11-19. ^ "Company Information Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine." Mitsui Oil Exploration Co. Retrieved on August 23, 2010. "MOEX USA Corporation 9 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1220, Houston, Texas 77046, USA" and "MOEX Offshore 2007 LLC 9 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1220, Houston, Texas 77046, USA" ^ Real estate transactions ^ "Contact." FlightAware. Retrieved on April 1, 2019. ^ "PBK – Contact Us". Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2013-01-05. ^ Home page. Taipei Economic & Cultural Office in Houston. ^ "Invesco downsizes at Greenway Plaza." Houston Business Journal. November 22, 2010. Retrieved on May 31, 2016. ^ "Houston Chamber Re-Invents Itself after 61 years with a New Image" (Archive). Houston Metropolitan Chamber. January 7, 2011. Retrieved on April 23, 2014. ^ Additional Expansions & Relocations ^ Amerigroup Inks Deal at Greenway Plaza ^ "Retail Directory Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine." Greenway Plaza. Retrieved on April 24, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g Sarnoff, Nancy. "Greenway Plaza ahead of its time while being timeless." Houston Chronicle. Thursday May 26, 2016. Retrieved on May 31, 2016. ^ Leahy, Jennifer and Lisa Gray. "Houston's landmark Greenway Theatre to close." Houston Chronicle. December 25, 2007. Retrieved on April 23, 2010. ^ Staff. "Around Houston" (). Houston Chronicle. Thursday March 26, 1992. Houston 7. Retrieved on February 4, 2012. ^ "Poe Elementary School Attendance Zone." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on December 13, 2016. ^ "Lanier Middle School Attendance Zone." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on December 13, 2016. ^ "Lamar High School Attendance Zone Archived 2015-05-13 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on December 13, 2016. ^ "Will Rogers Elementary Attendance Zone Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on December 16, 2010. ^ "Greenway Theatre". www.landmarktheatres.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2003. Retrieved 11 January 2022. Further reading https://web.archive.org/web/20130921030104/http://cousinsproperties.com/page/press-release-closes-texas-acquisition External links Texas portalArchitecture portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenway Plaza. Greenway Plaza Greenway Condominiums Places adjacent to Greenway Plaza Uptown River Oaks Neartown Gulfton Greenway Plaza Downtown Bellaire Upper Kirby Boulevard Oaks vte City of HoustonNickname: Space CityTopics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History timeline Media newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Anime Matsuri Art Car Parade Astroworld Festival Bayou Place Buffalo Bayou Park Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Theater District Waterwall Park Businessdistricts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also: List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Briargrove Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Five Corners Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education Health institutions Baylor College of Medicine UH College of Medicine UTHealth MD Anderson Cancer Center Texas A&M Health Science Center State universities University of Houston University of Houston–Clear Lake University of Houston–Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Christian University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K-12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy-Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See: List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood/Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt/Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place (Lamar Terrace) Sunset Heights Sunset Terrace/Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood (subdivision) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Cougars Houston Dash Houston Dynamo FC Houston Rockets Houston Roughnecks Houston SaberCats Houston Texans Houston Christian Huskies Rice Owls Texas Southern Tigers Harris County Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Category Texas portal
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The district is located immediately west of Upper Kirby, north of West University Place, and south of River Oaks.First envisioned in the late 1960s by local developer Kenneth L. Schnitzer,[1] Greenway Plaza has evolved into one of Greater Houston's largest employment centers, with over 4.4 million square feet (410,000 m2) of office space on a 52-acre (21-hectare) campus.[2] Noted for its expansive green spaces and consistent modernist architectural style, Greenway Plaza is widely considered a pioneering example of mixed-use development in the United States.[1][2][3] The campus's ten office towers are connected by an extensive system of air-conditioned skyways, tunnels, and underground parking garages.[2]Greenway Plaza contains Lakewood Church, a nondenominational Christian church, which hosts one of the largest congregations in the United States. Lakewood's main campus, a venue originally known as \"The Summit\" and later \"Compaq Center,\" is the former home of the Houston Rockets, a professional basketball team, as well as other sporting teams, concerts, and events.[4] Lakewood Church purchased the property in 2005.[4]The Greenway Plaza development is part of a larger neighborhood, Greenway/Upper Kirby, which covers a 2.97-square-mile (7.7 km2) area roughly enclosed by Westheimer Road to the north, Bissonnet Street to the south, Uptown Houston to the west, and Shepherd Drive to the east.[5] In 2015, Greenway/Upper Kirby had an estimated population of 21,120 and a population density of 7,111/sq mi.[5]","title":"Greenway Plaza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thennow1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tenanthonor-7"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Houston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thennow1-6"},{"link_name":"Houston Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press"},{"link_name":"Edge City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thennow1-6"},{"link_name":"M. W. Kellogg Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._W._Kellogg_Company"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"M. W. Kellogg Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBR_Tower"},{"link_name":"Cullen Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Center"},{"link_name":"Downtown Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Houston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"T Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnofftenants-9"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"Lakewood Church Central Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_Church_Central_Campus"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffupgrades-10"},{"link_name":"Houston Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Center"},{"link_name":"El Paso Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Corp."},{"link_name":"Downtown Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Houston"},{"link_name":"Houston Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Business_Journal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Equity-11"},{"link_name":"Internet America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cousins Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousins_Properties"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Downtown Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffupgrades-10"},{"link_name":"Occidental Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnofftenants-9"}],"text":"Kenneth L. Schnitzer, the chairperson of the Century Development Corporation,[6] envisioned Greenway Plaza, which became the first mixed-use development in Houston.[7]Century took realtors from outlying towns around Houston and had them buy individual parcels for very inexpensive prices while trying not to attract attention. One homeowner found out about the plan and asked to have the house sold for $350,000. At the time it was a lot of money for a house that was small. The company paid the money so it could secure the tract the house sat on. The grand opening took place in 1973. Schnitzer said that Greenway Plaza would become a \"second downtown\".[6] Bill Schadewald of the Houston Press said that Greenway Plaza, which housed office towers, retail operations, a basketball arena, a movie theater, and a hotel, \"defined the multiuse concept in an original \"Edge City\"\".[6]In 1970, the M. W. Kellogg Company had moved its headquarters from New York to Houston. After Kellogg moved its operations into Greenway Plaza, initially Kellogg occupied half of 3 Greenway Plaza and staffed the half with fewer than 600 employees. When the energy industry expanded worldwide, Kellogg occupied all of 3 Greenway Plaza and space in an adjacent building. Kellogg's lease on July 1, 1991 was up for renewal; if Kellogg had renewed the lease, its rent payment would have increased. Instead Kellogg decided to swap office space with its parent company, Dresser Industries. Dresser took over a part of Kellogg's lease and renamed 3 Greenway Plaza to the Dresser Tower. After the swap Dresser occupied 163,000 sq ft (15,100 m2) of space on eight floors, while Kellogg continued to lease six floors in the building. In exchange Kellogg took space formerly held by Dresser at the M. W. Kellogg Tower in the Cullen Center in Downtown Houston. The swap satisfied Dresser's need for less space.[8]Around 1996 T Mobile leased space in 2 Greenway Plaza.[9]Circa 2003 the Houston Rockets moved out of what was the Compaq Center, and that building became the Lakewood Church Central Campus. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Chronicle wrote that the adjacent Greenway Plaza became \"sleepy\" as a result of this change, and that in 2017 Greenway Plaza had a lack of activity during nighttime periods despite its heavy activity during the day; therefore, according to Sarnoff, Greenway Plaza \"feels like downtown Houston did 10 or 20 years ago\".[10]In 2004 Crescent attempted to sell a 50% equity position in both Greenway Plaza and Houston Center. During that year, El Paso Corp., a major tenant with 912,000 sq ft (84,700 m2) in Greenway Plaza, announced that it was vacating the property and moving its personnel to its Downtown Houston headquarters. A Houston Business Journal article stated that El Paso was expected to sublease the space until 2014, when its lease will expire.[11]In 2005 the internet service provider Internet America had offices in Greenway Plaza.[12]During the afternoon of Monday July 29, 2013, Cousins Properties, a company based in Atlanta, announced that it was buying the entire Greenway Plaza complex and a Downtown Fort Worth office tower. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Chronicle stated that Cousins was expected to pay $1.1 billion in cash.[13] By 2017 the owner was Parkway Inc., which planned to renovate Greenway Plaza.[10]In July 2017 T-Mobile announced it was moving to the T-Mobile Tower, formerly the River Oaks Tower. That same month Occidental Petroleum announced it was vacating its space, and it put its space for sale.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RepublicofChinaEconomicCulturalOfficeHouston.JPG"},{"link_name":"Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Houston"}],"sub_title":"Commercial office buildings","text":"Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston at Suite 2012 of 11 Greenway Plaza","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amegy Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amegy_Bank"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greenretail-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"Flower Delivery Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flowerdeliveryhouston.florist"},{"link_name":"Landmark Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Theatres"},{"link_name":"arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Retail tenants","text":"12 Greenway Plaza\nSuite 102: Amegy Bank[27]\nThe Hub at Greenway Plaza (formerly The Shops at Greenway) which first opened in 1973[28]\nGreenway Coffee\nburger-chan\nThe Rice Box\nFeges BBQ\nNestlé Toll House Cafe\nAntone's\nAlonti Cafe\nTexas Chicken Express\nLulu's\nCilantro's\nMichael Saldana Salon\nFlower Delivery Houston\nGreenway Newsstand & Convenience Store\nEnergy One Credit UnionPrior to January 1, 2008, Landmark Theatres operated the Landmark Greenway, an \"arthouse\" theater inside 5 Greenway. Landmark's lease expired and the Greenway Plaza did not renew the lease. December 31, 2007 was the final day of operation for the theater.[29] As of 2016 it will be replaced by a fitness area.[28]At one time the building housed Rao's Maremma Ristorante.[30]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doubletree Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubletree_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Stouffer Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stouffer_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"Uptown Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Houston"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"},{"link_name":"Houston Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Poe Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_Elementary_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lanier Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanier_Middle_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lamar High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_High_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Lakewood Church Central Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_Church_Central_Campus"},{"link_name":"Compaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarnoffahead-28"}],"sub_title":"Other buildings","text":"Doubletree Hotel (6 Greenway) – Previously the Stouffer Hotel and the Renaissance Hotel – Opened 1972[28]\nThe Central Plant (7 Greenway)[28]\nTony's Restaurant (13 Greenway) – Established by Tony Vallone, in 2006 it moved from Uptown Houston to Greenway and renewed its lease around 2016, staying for another 10-year period[28]\n14 Greenway and 15 Greenway – formerly the Plaza Condominiums – Opened 1980 (14 Greenway) and 1981 (15 Greenway)[28]\nThe condominiums are assigned to schools in the Houston Independent School District: Poe Elementary School,[31] Lanier Middle School,[32] and Lamar High School.[33] It was previously zoned to Will Rogers Elementary School.[34]\nLakewood Church Central Campus – formerly the Summit and the Compaq Center – Opened 1975[28]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreenwayPlazaTheaterLandmarkHouston.JPG"},{"link_name":"Landmark Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_Theatres"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Landmark Theatres Greenway 3, formerly located in 5 Greenway Plaza[35]","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921030104/http://cousinsproperties.com/page/press-release-closes-texas-acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130921030104/http://cousinsproperties.com/page/press-release-closes-texas-acquisition"}],"text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921030104/http://cousinsproperties.com/page/press-release-closes-texas-acquisition","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A typical street sign in Greenway Plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/GreenwayStreetSign.JPG/220px-GreenwayStreetSign.JPG"},{"image_text":"Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston at Suite 2012 of 11 Greenway Plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/RepublicofChinaEconomicCulturalOfficeHouston.JPG/220px-RepublicofChinaEconomicCulturalOfficeHouston.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (1999-11-03). \"Kenneth L. Schnitzer, 70, Dies; Innovative Houston Developer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/03/business/kenneth-l-schnitzer-70-dies-innovative-houston-developer.html","url_text":"\"Kenneth L. Schnitzer, 70, Dies; Innovative Houston Developer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenway Plaza ahead of its time while being timeless\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chron.com/local/history/innovators-inventions/article/Greenway-Plaza-ahead-of-its-time-while-being-7946007.php","url_text":"\"Greenway Plaza ahead of its time while being timeless\""}]},{"reference":"Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-05-15). \"A Greenway for the Future\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.olivesoftware.com/olive/ODN/HoustonChronicle/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=HHC/2017/05/15&entity=Ar00102&sk=37208429","url_text":"\"A Greenway for the Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Hlavaty, Craig (2015-11-12). \"Houston building formerly known as The Summit turns 40 this month\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/music/article/Houston-building-formerly-known-as-The-Summit-6624649.php","url_text":"\"Houston building formerly known as The Summit turns 40 this month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment – Greenway / Upper Kirby\" (PDF). City of Houston. August 2014. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstontx.gov/planning/Demographics/docs_pdfs/SN/87_Greenway_UpperKirby.pdf","url_text":"\"Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment – Greenway / Upper Kirby\""}]},{"reference":"Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-07-10). \"Greenway Plaza tenants make moves\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2018-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Greenway-Plaza-tenants-make-moves-13064478.php","url_text":"\"Greenway Plaza tenants make moves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Sarnoff, Nancy (2017-05-12). \"Greenway Plaza sees upgrades essential in competitive market\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/real-estate/article/Greenway-Plaza-sees-upgrades-essential-in-11141684.php?t=c076b59fd6","url_text":"\"Greenway Plaza sees upgrades essential in competitive market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Parker Drilling\". Archived from the original on 2010-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918183942/http://www.parkerdrilling.com/contact.aspx","url_text":"\"Parker Drilling\""},{"url":"http://www.parkerdrilling.com/contact.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxy | Contact Us\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2013-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073448/http://www.oxy.com/Information/Pages/ContactUs.aspx","url_text":"\"Oxy | Contact Us\""},{"url":"http://www.oxy.com/information/pages/contactus.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PBK – Contact Us\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2013-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230040229/http://www.pbk.com/Contact-Us/","url_text":"\"PBK – Contact Us\""},{"url":"http://www.pbk.com/Contact-Us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greenway Theatre\". www.landmarktheatres.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2003. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030621215220/http://www.landmarktheatres.com/market/Houston/GreenwayTheatre.htm","url_text":"\"Greenway Theatre\""},{"url":"http://www.landmarktheatres.com/market/Houston/GreenwayTheatre.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Crawford_High_School
Colonel Crawford High School
["1 Athletics","1.1 State championships","2 Notes and references","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°47′18″N 82°51′40″W / 40.78833°N 82.86111°W / 40.78833; -82.86111Public high school near North Robinson, Ohio, United States Colonel Crawford High SchoolAddress2303 State Route 602North Robinson, Ohio 44856United StatesCoordinates40°47′18″N 82°51′40″W / 40.78833°N 82.86111°W / 40.78833; -82.86111InformationTypePublicSchool districtColonel Crawford Local School DistrictPrincipalJake BrunerTeaching staff18.06 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment281 (2018–19)Student to teacher ratio15.56Color(s)Black and gold   Athletics conferenceNorthern 10 Athletic ConferenceTeam nameEaglesRivalWynford RoyalsAccreditationOhio Department of EducationWebsitewww.cck12.org Colonel Crawford High School.jpg Colonel Crawford High School is a public high school in Whetstone Township, near North Robinson, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the Colonel Crawford Local School District. The school had an enrollment of 281 students as of the 2018–19 school year and the principal is Jake Bruner. The school is named for Colonel William Crawford. The St. Lawrence Continental Divide passes through the northern portion of the campus. Athletics State championships Girls track and field – 1990, 1991, 1992, 2022 Girls softball – 1995 Boys track and field – 2010 Notes and references ^ a b c d OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory". Archived from the original on 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2010-02-17. ^ a b c "Col Crawford High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved October 20, 2020. ^ "Local History". www.cck12.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-31. ^ a b OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site". Retrieved 2009-01-23. ^ Yappi. "Yappi Sports Softball". Archived from the original on 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2009-01-23. External links Official website Authority control databases: Geographic NCES This Crawford County, Ohio school article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_War_Monument_to_the_71st_Infantry_Regiment
Spanish American War Monument to the 71st Infantry Regiment
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°00′38″N 73°51′50″W / 41.01056°N 73.86389°W / 41.01056; -73.86389 War memorial in Westchester, New York United States historic placeSpanish American War Monument to the 71st Infantry RegimentU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocationJackson Avenue & Saw Mill River Road, Greenburgh, New YorkCoordinates41°00′38″N 73°51′50″W / 41.01056°N 73.86389°W / 41.01056; -73.86389Arealess than one acreBuilt1901, 1905Architectural styleNeoclassicalNRHP reference No.10001133Added to NRHPJanuary 14, 2011 Spanish American War Monument to the 71st Infantry Regiment is a historic war memorial located in Mount Hope Cemetery at Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1901 at the 71st Infantry Regiment burial plot, and is an 18 feet square and 18 feet high, Quincy granite structure in the Neoclassical style. It has granite steps, wrought and cast iron double entrance doors, and a square cupola. A second set of steps was built in 1905. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York References ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 1/10/11 through 1/14/11. National Park Service. January 21, 2011. ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)" (Searchable database). New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved August 1, 2016. Note: This includes Peter D. Shaver (November 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Spanish American War Monument to the 71st Infantry Regiment" (PDF). Retrieved August 1, 2016. and Accompanying six photographs External links Mount Hope Cemetery website vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Westchester County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillview_(Edmonton)
Hillview, Edmonton
["1 Demographics","2 Surrounding neighbourhoods","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°28′08″N 113°25′44″W / 53.469°N 113.429°W / 53.469; -113.429Neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaHillviewNeighbourhoodHillviewLocation of Hillview in EdmontonCoordinates: 53°28′08″N 113°25′44″W / 53.469°N 113.429°W / 53.469; -113.429Country CanadaProvince AlbertaCityEdmontonQuadrantNWWardKarhiioSectorSoutheastAreaCommunityMill WoodsWoodvaleGovernment • MayorAmarjeet Sohi • Administrative bodyEdmonton City Council • CouncillorKeren TangArea • Total1.1 km2 (0.4 sq mi)Elevation698 m (2,290 ft)Population (2012) • Total3,447 • Density3,133.6/km2 (8,116/sq mi) • Change (2009–12)−8.5% • Dwellings1,389 Hillview is a residential neighbourhood in the Mill Woods area of south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located in the Woodvale area of Mill Woods. The neighbourhood was largely developed during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was during this time that 87% of the neighbourhood residences were constructed. Just over half (54%) of the residences in the neighbourhood are single-family dwellings. Another quarter (24%) are row houses. Apartments constitute another 16% with duplexes accounting for 5% of all residences. According to the 2005 municipal census, 68% of residences were owner occupied with the remainder being rented. The average household size in Hillview is 2.9 persons. Just under half (47%) of residences have one or two persons. Approximately one in five households (19%) have three persons, and almost one in three households (30%) have four or five persons. There are two schools in the neighbourhood. The Hillview Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Public School System, while the John Paul I Catholic Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System. The Grey Nuns Community Hospital is located to the south in the adjoining neighbourhood of Tawa. On the far side of Tawa is Mill Woods Town Centre. Hillview is bounded on the west by 66 Street, on the east by 50 Street, on the south by 34 Avenue, and on the north by 38 Avenue. The community is represented by the Woodvale Community League, established in 1980. Demographics In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Hillview had a population of 3,447 living in 1,389 dwellings, a -8.5% change from its 2009 population of 3,766. With a land area of 1.1 km2 (0.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 3,133.6 people/km2 in 2012. Surrounding neighbourhoods Places adjacent to Hillview, Edmonton Michaels Park Greenview Minchau Lee Ridge Hillview Minchau Kameyosek Tawa Weinlos See also Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues References ^ a b "City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100" (PDF). City of Edmonton. 2010-05-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "City of Edmonton Plans in Effect" (PDF). City of Edmonton. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ "City Councillors". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ a b "Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file)". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 13, 2013. ^ a b c "Municipal Census Results – Edmonton 2012 Census". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 22, 2013. ^ "2001 Federal Census - Period of Construction - Occupied Private Dwellings" (PDF). City of Edmonton. ^ Duplexes include triplexes and quadruplexes. ^ "2005 Municipal Census - Dwelling Unit by Structure Type and Ownership" (PDF). City of Edmonton. ^ "2001 Federal Census - Households by Size" (PDF). City of Edmonton. ^ "Woodvale Community League". Woodvale Community League. Retrieved 2012-11-27. ^ Kuban, Ron (2005). Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9781459303249. ^ "2009 Municipal Census Results". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 22, 2013. External links Hillview Neighbourhood Profile vteEdmonton neighbourhoodsMature AreaWestJasper Place Britannia Youngstown Canora Elmwood Glenwood High Park Jasper Park Lynnwood Mayfield Meadowlark Park Patricia Heights Rio Terrace Sherwood West Jasper Place West Meadowlark Park Crestwood Glenora Grovenor Laurier Heights McQueen North Glenora Parkview Quesnell HeightsNorthDickinsfield Evansdale Northmount Londonderry Kildare Kilkenny Athlone Balwin Belvedere Calder Delwood Dovercourt Glengarry Inglewood Kensington Killarney Lauderdale Prince Charles Rosslyn Sherbrooke Wellington Woodcroft YorkCentralCentral Core North Boyle Street Central McDougall Downtown McCauley Oliver Queen Mary Park Riverdale Rossdale Blatchford Prince Rupert Spruce Avenue Westmount WestwoodEastBeverly Abbottsfield Beacon Heights Bergman Beverly Heights Rundle Heights Alberta Avenue Avonmore Bellevue Bonnie Doon Capilano Cromdale Delton Eastwood Elmwood Park Forest Heights Fulton Place Gold Bar Highlands Holyrood Idylwylde Kenilworth King Edward Park Montrose Newton Ottewell Parkdale Strathearn Terrace Heights Virginia ParkSouthCentral Core South Cloverdale Garneau Strathcona University of Alberta Allendale Argyll Aspen Gardens Belgravia Duggan Empire Park Grandview Heights Greenfield Hazeldean Lansdowne Lendrum Place Malmo Plains McKernan Parkallen Pleasantview Queen Alexandra Rideau Park Ritchie Royal Gardens Westbrook Estates Windsor ParkWest The Grange Lewis Farms Riverview West Jasper Place Cameron Heights Edgemont Northwest Big Lake Westview Village North Castle Downs Lake District The Palisades Goodridge Corners Griesbach Northeast Casselman-Steele Heights Clareview Hermitage Horse Hill Pilot Sound Southwest Heritage Valley Kaskitayo Riverbend Terwillegar Heights Windermere Blackburne Southeast Decoteau Ellerslie The Meadows Mill Woods Southeast Maple Ridge Business revitalization zones Industrial districts
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mill Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Woods"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Woodvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodvale,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"single-family dwellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_home"},{"link_name":"row houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_house"},{"link_name":"Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment"},{"link_name":"duplexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(building)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"rented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Public School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Tawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Community League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaHillview is a residential neighbourhood in the Mill Woods area of south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is located in the Woodvale area of Mill Woods.The neighbourhood was largely developed during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was during this time that 87% of the neighbourhood residences were constructed.[8]Just over half (54%) of the residences in the neighbourhood are single-family dwellings. Another quarter (24%) are row houses. Apartments constitute another 16% with duplexes[9] accounting for 5% of all residences. According to the 2005 municipal census, 68% of residences were owner occupied with the remainder being rented.[10]The average household size in Hillview is 2.9 persons. Just under half (47%) of residences have one or two persons. Approximately one in five households (19%) have three persons, and almost one in three households (30%) have four or five persons.[11]There are two schools in the neighbourhood. The Hillview Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Public School System, while the John Paul I Catholic Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System.The Grey Nuns Community Hospital is located to the south in the adjoining neighbourhood of Tawa. On the far side of Tawa is Mill Woods Town Centre.Hillview is bounded on the west by 66 Street, on the east by 50 Street, on the south by 34 Avenue, and on the north by 38 Avenue.The community is represented by the Woodvale Community League, established in 1980.[12][13]","title":"Hillview, Edmonton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012population-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009population-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbhds-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012population-7"}],"text":"In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Hillview had a population of 3,447 living in 1,389 dwellings,[7] a -8.5% change from its 2009 population of 3,766.[14] With a land area of 1.1 km2 (0.42 sq mi), it had a population density of 3,133.6 people/km2 in 2012.[6][7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michaels Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaels_Park,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Greenview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenview,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Minchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minchau,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Lee Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ridge,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Minchau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minchau,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Kameyosek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameyosek,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Tawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Weinlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinlos,_Edmonton"}],"text":"Places adjacent to Hillview, Edmonton\nMichaels Park\nGreenview\nMinchau\n\n\n\n\n\nLee Ridge\n\nHillview\n\nMinchau\n\n\n\n\n\nKameyosek\nTawa\nWeinlos","title":"Surrounding neighbourhoods"}]
[]
[{"title":"Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Federation_of_Community_Leagues"}]
[{"reference":"\"City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507134206/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080155/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. 2010-05-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502001321/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf","url_text":"\"The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Edmonton Plans in Effect\" (PDF). City of Edmonton. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194152/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Edmonton Plans in Effect\""},{"url":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Councillors\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/city-councillors.aspx","url_text":"\"City Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file)\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.edmonton.ca/City-Administration/Neighbourhoods-data-plus-kml-file-/65fr-66s6","url_text":"\"Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal Census Results – Edmonton 2012 Census\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/municipal-census-results.aspx","url_text":"\"Municipal Census Results – Edmonton 2012 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Federal Census - Period of Construction - Occupied Private Dwellings\" (PDF). City of Edmonton.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/DD23/FEDERAL%202001/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 Federal Census - Period of Construction - Occupied Private Dwellings\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Municipal Census - Dwelling Unit by Structure Type and Ownership\" (PDF). City of Edmonton.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/C05002/MUNICIPAL%202005/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","url_text":"\"2005 Municipal Census - Dwelling Unit by Structure Type and Ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Federal Census - Households by Size\" (PDF). City of Edmonton.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/DD20/FEDERAL%202001/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","url_text":"\"2001 Federal Census - Households by Size\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woodvale Community League\". Woodvale Community League. Retrieved 2012-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woodvale.org/","url_text":"\"Woodvale Community League\""}]},{"reference":"Kuban, Ron (2005). Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 9781459303249.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/edmontonsurbanvi00kuba","url_text":"Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459303249","url_text":"9781459303249"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Municipal Census Results\". City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/2009-municipal-census-results.aspx","url_text":"\"2009 Municipal Census Results\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hillview,_Edmonton&params=53.469_N_113.429_W_dim:5km_region:CA-AB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°28′08″N 113°25′44″W / 53.469°N 113.429°W / 53.469; -113.429"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hillview,_Edmonton&params=53.469_N_113.429_W_dim:5km_region:CA-AB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°28′08″N 113°25′44″W / 53.469°N 113.429°W / 53.469; -113.429"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150507134206/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","external_links_name":"\"City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods\""},{"Link":"http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/EdmontonWardNeighbourhoods.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080155/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/documents/PDF/Developing_and_Planned_Neighbourhoods_2011_-_Final_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150502001321/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100\""},{"Link":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/MDP_Bylaw_15100.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017194152/http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf","external_links_name":"\"City of Edmonton Plans in Effect\""},{"Link":"http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/Plans_in_Effect_Map.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/city_organization/city-councillors.aspx","external_links_name":"\"City Councillors\""},{"Link":"https://data.edmonton.ca/City-Administration/Neighbourhoods-data-plus-kml-file-/65fr-66s6","external_links_name":"\"Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file)\""},{"Link":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/municipal-census-results.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Municipal Census Results – Edmonton 2012 Census\""},{"Link":"https://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/DD23/FEDERAL%202001/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2001 Federal Census - Period of Construction - Occupied Private Dwellings\""},{"Link":"http://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/C05002/MUNICIPAL%202005/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2005 Municipal Census - Dwelling Unit by Structure Type and Ownership\""},{"Link":"https://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/DD20/FEDERAL%202001/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2001 Federal Census - Households by Size\""},{"Link":"http://www.woodvale.org/","external_links_name":"\"Woodvale Community League\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/edmontonsurbanvi00kuba","external_links_name":"Edmonton's Urban Villages: The Community League Movement"},{"Link":"http://edmonton.ca/city_government/facts_figures/2009-municipal-census-results.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2009 Municipal Census Results\""},{"Link":"http://censusdocs.edmonton.ca/DD34/MultiSource/Neighbourhood/HILLVIEW.pdf","external_links_name":"Hillview Neighbourhood Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:H
List of Japanese writers: H
[]
The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter H This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z Hagiwara Sakutaro (November 1, 1886 – May 11, 1942) Hanada Kiyoteru (March 29, 1909 – September 23, 1974) Haniya Yutaka (December 19, 1909 – February 19, 1997) Hanmura Ryō (October 27, 1933 – March 4, 2002) Hara Takashi (February 9, 1856 – November 4, 1921) Hara Tamiki (November 15, 1905 – March 13, 1951) Hase Seishū (born February 18, 1965) Hasegawa Kaitarō (17 January 1900 – 29 June 1935) Hasegawa Nyozekan (1875–1969) Hasegawa Shigure (October 1, 1879 – August 22, 1941) Hashida Sugako (born 1925) Hashimoto Shinkichi (December 24, 1882 – January 30, 1945) Hayama Yoshiki (March 12, 1894 – October 18, 1945) Hayami Yuji (born 1961) Hayao Miyazaki (born 1941) Hayashi Fumiko (1903 or 1904 – June 28, 1951) Hayashi Fubo (1900–1935) Hayashi Fusao (May 30, 1903 – October 9, 1975) Higashino Keigo (born February 4, 1958) Higuchi Ichiyō (May 2, 1872 – November 23, 1896) Himuro Saeko (January 11, 1957 – June 6, 2008) Hinatsu Konosuke (February 22, 1890 – June 13, 1971) Hino Ashihei (January 25, 1907 – January 24, 1960) Hirabayashi Taiko (1905–1971) Hiraide Shu (April 3, 1878 – March 17, 1914) Hiraiwa Yumie (born 1932) Hirotsu Kazuo (December 5, 1891 – September 21, 1968) Hirotsu Ryurō (July 15, 1861 – October 15, 1928) Hisao Juran (April 6, 1902 – October 6, 1957) Hojo Hideji (1902 – May 19, 1996) Hori Akira (born 1944) Hori Tatsuo (December 28, 1904 – May 28, 1953) Horiguchi Daigaku (January 8, 1892 – March 15, 1981) Hosaka Kazushi (born 1956) Hoshi Shinichi (September 6, 1926 – December 30, 1997) Hoshino Tatsuko (November 15, 1903 – March 3, 1984) Hoshino Tenchi (1862–1950)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_Japanese_writers:_H"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:K"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:O"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:U"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:W"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_authors:Z"},{"link_name":"Hagiwara Sakutaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiwara_Sakutaro"},{"link_name":"Hanada Kiyoteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoteru_Hanada"},{"link_name":"Haniya Yutaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haniya_Yutaka"},{"link_name":"Hanmura Ryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Hanmura"},{"link_name":"Hara Takashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Takashi"},{"link_name":"Hara Tamiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Tamiki"},{"link_name":"Hase Seishū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hase_Seish%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Hasegawa Kaitarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitar%C5%8D_Hasegawa"},{"link_name":"Hasegawa Nyozekan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasegawa_Nyozekan"},{"link_name":"Hasegawa Shigure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasegawa_Shigure"},{"link_name":"Hashida Sugako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashida_Sugako"},{"link_name":"Hashimoto Shinkichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimoto_Shinkichi"},{"link_name":"Hayama Yoshiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayama_Yoshiki"},{"link_name":"Hayami Yuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayami_Yuji"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Fumiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Hayashi_(author)"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Fubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Fubo"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Fusao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Fusao"},{"link_name":"Higashino Keigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keigo_Higashino"},{"link_name":"Higuchi Ichiyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Himuro Saeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeko_Himuro"},{"link_name":"Hinatsu Konosuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinatsu_Konosuke"},{"link_name":"Hino Ashihei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Ashihei"},{"link_name":"Hirabayashi Taiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirabayashi_Taiko"},{"link_name":"Hiraide Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraide_Shu"},{"link_name":"Hiraiwa Yumie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraiwa_Yumie"},{"link_name":"Hirotsu Kazuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotsu_Kazuo"},{"link_name":"Hirotsu Ryurō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotsu_Ryur%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hisao Juran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisao_Juran"},{"link_name":"Hojo Hideji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojo_Hideji"},{"link_name":"Hori Akira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Hori"},{"link_name":"Hori Tatsuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hori_Tatsuo"},{"link_name":"Horiguchi Daigaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horiguchi_Daigaku"},{"link_name":"Hosaka Kazushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosaka_Kazushi"},{"link_name":"Hoshi Shinichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshi_Shinichi"},{"link_name":"Hoshino Tatsuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshino_Tatsuko"},{"link_name":"Hoshino Tenchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshino_Tenchi"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - ZHagiwara Sakutaro (November 1, 1886 – May 11, 1942)\nHanada Kiyoteru (March 29, 1909 – September 23, 1974)\nHaniya Yutaka (December 19, 1909 – February 19, 1997)\nHanmura Ryō (October 27, 1933 – March 4, 2002)\nHara Takashi (February 9, 1856 – November 4, 1921)\nHara Tamiki (November 15, 1905 – March 13, 1951)\nHase Seishū (born February 18, 1965)\nHasegawa Kaitarō (17 January 1900 – 29 June 1935)\nHasegawa Nyozekan (1875–1969)\nHasegawa Shigure (October 1, 1879 – August 22, 1941)\nHashida Sugako (born 1925)\nHashimoto Shinkichi (December 24, 1882 – January 30, 1945)\nHayama Yoshiki (March 12, 1894 – October 18, 1945)\nHayami Yuji (born 1961)\nHayao Miyazaki (born 1941)\nHayashi Fumiko (1903 or 1904 – June 28, 1951)\nHayashi Fubo (1900–1935)\nHayashi Fusao (May 30, 1903 – October 9, 1975)\nHigashino Keigo (born February 4, 1958)\nHiguchi Ichiyō (May 2, 1872 – November 23, 1896)\nHimuro Saeko (January 11, 1957 – June 6, 2008)\nHinatsu Konosuke (February 22, 1890 – June 13, 1971)\nHino Ashihei (January 25, 1907 – January 24, 1960)\nHirabayashi Taiko (1905–1971)\nHiraide Shu (April 3, 1878 – March 17, 1914)\nHiraiwa Yumie (born 1932)\nHirotsu Kazuo (December 5, 1891 – September 21, 1968)\nHirotsu Ryurō (July 15, 1861 – October 15, 1928)\nHisao Juran (April 6, 1902 – October 6, 1957)\nHojo Hideji (1902 – May 19, 1996)\nHori Akira (born 1944)\nHori Tatsuo (December 28, 1904 – May 28, 1953)\nHoriguchi Daigaku (January 8, 1892 – March 15, 1981)\nHosaka Kazushi (born 1956)\nHoshi Shinichi (September 6, 1926 – December 30, 1997)\nHoshino Tatsuko (November 15, 1903 – March 3, 1984)\nHoshino Tenchi (1862–1950)","title":"List of Japanese writers: H"}]
[]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Goldstein
Israel Goldstein
["1 Early life and education","2 Career and Zionist activity","3 Death","4 Published works","5 Honors and commemoration","6 References"]
American rabbi This article is about the founder of Brandeis, an American-born Israeli rabbi, author and Zionist leader. For New Zealand politician, businessman, barrister and solicitor, see Israel Goldstine. Dr. Israel GoldsteinBornIsrael GoldsteinJune 18, 1896Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDiedApril 11, 1986Jerusalem, IsraelNationalityAmerican & IsraeliOccupation(s)Head of the Zionist Organization of America, American Jewish Congress, Jewish National Fund of America, and New York Board of RabbisKnown forFounder of Brandeis UniversitySignature Dr. Israel Goldstein awards the Stephen Wise Award to President Yitzhak Ben Zvi at the World Jewish Congress held in 1956 at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue, Hebrew University Israel Goldstein (June 18, 1896 – April 11, 1986) was an American-born Israeli rabbi, author and Zionist leader. He was the primary founder of Brandeis University. Early life and education Goldstein, born in Philadelphia, was a noteworthy graduate of South Philadelphia High School (SPHS) in 1911. At that time the school program was manual training, but his record showed to school administrators that there was more promise for academics servicing the immigrant population of South Philadelphia. He graduated the school at age 14. In 1911, while finishing his high school degree, he also completed a Bachelor of Hebrew Letters (B.H.L.) at Philadelphia's Gratz College, which is the oldest independent Jewish College in the United States. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 17. Later he attended the Jewish Theological Seminary where he was ordained in 1918 and received his Doctorate of Hebrew Letters (D.H.L.) in 1927 . Career and Zionist activity From 1918 until his immigration to Israel in 1960, Israel Goldstein served as the rabbi of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York, the second oldest synagogue in the city. He was head of the New York Board of Rabbis (1928–30), the Jewish National Fund of America (1934-1943), the Zionist Organization of America (1943-1946), and American Jewish Congress (1952-1959), and helped found the National Conference of Christians and Jews. Goldstein with David Ben-Gurion in 1958 In 1945, he was a consultant to the U.S. delegation at the Founding Conference of the United Nations in San Francisco. From 1961 to 1971, Goldstein was World Chairman of Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal. He led Keren Hayesod during a period of expansion and growth, particularly after the Six-Day War. Death Israel Goldstein died on April 11, 1986, at Shaare Zedek Hospital in Jerusalem after a long illness. Published works Century of Judaism in New York (1930) Towards a Solution (1940) Shanah b’Yisrael (Next Year in Israel; 1950) American Jewry Comes of Age (1955) Brandeis University - Chapter of its Founding Transition Years, New York-Jerusalem, 1960-1962 (1966) Israel at Home and Abroad (1977) My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein (1984) Honors and commemoration Israel Goldstein Historical Marker at South Philadelphia High School Dr. Goldstein has been inducted into the SPHS Alumni Cultural Hall of Fame. In 1947, more than 1,000 acres of Jewish National Fund land situated between Gaza and Lachish were named "Chevel Goldstein" (lit. "Goldstein's region") in his honor. The Israel Goldstein Youth Village, whose director he was, is named after him. Established in 1949, it is a Zionist youth village in the Katamon neighborhood of Jerusalem. Goldstein speaking at the Israel Goldstein Youth Village in 1950 On his eightieth birthday, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and other government and Zionist movement officials gathered at his home to pay him tribute. The Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue on the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was built in his honor. The Israel Goldstein Prize for Distinguished Leadership is the highest honor bestowed by Keren Hayesod. The prize has been awarded annually since 1980, the 60th anniversary of Keren Hayesod. References ^ "Rabbi Israel Goldstein, A Founder of Brandeis", The New York Times, April 13, 1986, p.40 ^ a b c d e f Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Dr. Israel Goldstein Dead at 89, Jerusalem, April 13, 1986 ^ http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/pennsylvania_historical_marker_program/2539/search_for_historical_markers/300886/ PA Historical Marker Categories: Education, Ethnic & Immigration, Government & Politics 20th Century, Religion ^ Goldstein Prize ^ My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein (first ed.). Cornwall Books/Associated University Presses. 1984. ISBN 0845347802. Retrieved 29 July 2016. ^ "Chaval". ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jewish National Fund Tract in Palestine Named in Honor of Israel Goldstein, Jerusalem, July 24, 1947 ^ a b c "Israeli Officials Honor Longtime Zionist Leader," The New York Times, June 28, 1976, p. 14 ^ The Israel Goldstein Youth Village official website, About us (Hebrew version) ^ "Hebrew University, Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2009-01-26. ^ Israel Goldstein Prize Archived 2008-11-15 at the Wayback Machine The Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem site. Office of Israel Goldstein (S57), Personal papers (A364) and his photograph collection (PHIG) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israel Goldstein. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Goldstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Goldstine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Jewish_Congress_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Ben Zvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi"},{"link_name":"World Jewish Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress"},{"link_name":"King David Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Givat_Ram_Synagogue.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Dr._I._Goldstein_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"}],"text":"This article is about the founder of Brandeis, an American-born Israeli rabbi, author and Zionist leader. For New Zealand politician, businessman, barrister and solicitor, see Israel Goldstine.Dr. Israel Goldstein awards the Stephen Wise Award to President Yitzhak Ben Zvi at the World Jewish Congress held in 1956 at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue, Hebrew UniversityIsrael Goldstein (June 18, 1896 – April 11, 1986) was an American-born Israeli rabbi, author and Zionist leader. He was the primary founder of Brandeis University.[1][2]","title":"Israel Goldstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"South Philadelphia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Philadelphia_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Israel_Goldstein#How_did_%22his_record%22_show_that?_What_does_it_mean,_that_they_studied_his_career_&_changed_the_curriculum?_Then_say_it._As_it_is_now,_it's_too_sibylline."},{"link_name":"Gratz College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratz_College"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/goldstein-israel"}],"text":"Goldstein, born in Philadelphia, was a noteworthy graduate of South Philadelphia High School (SPHS)[3] in 1911. At that time the school program was manual training, but his record showed to school administrators that there was more promise for academics servicing the immigrant population of South Philadelphia.[dubious – discuss] He graduated the school at age 14. In 1911, while finishing his high school degree, he also completed a Bachelor of Hebrew Letters (B.H.L.) at Philadelphia's Gratz College, which is the oldest independent Jewish College in the United States. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 17. Later he attended the Jewish Theological Seminary where he was ordained in 1918 and received his Doctorate of Hebrew Letters (D.H.L.) in 1927 [4].","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"B'nai Jeshurun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_Jeshurun_(Manhattan,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"New York Board of Rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Board_of_Rabbis"},{"link_name":"Jewish National Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund"},{"link_name":"Zionist Organization of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Jewish Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress"},{"link_name":"National Conference of Christians and Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_for_Community_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Ben_Gurion_meeting_with_Rabbi_Israel_Goldstein,_1958_IV.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"Keren Hayesod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keren_Hayesod"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"From 1918 until his immigration to Israel in 1960, Israel Goldstein served as the rabbi of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York, the second oldest synagogue in the city.[2] He was head of the New York Board of Rabbis (1928–30), the Jewish National Fund of America (1934-1943), the Zionist Organization of America (1943-1946), and American Jewish Congress (1952-1959), and helped found the National Conference of Christians and Jews.[2]Goldstein with David Ben-Gurion in 1958In 1945, he was a consultant to the U.S. delegation at the Founding Conference of the United Nations in San Francisco.[2]From 1961 to 1971, Goldstein was World Chairman of Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal. He led Keren Hayesod during a period of expansion and growth, particularly after the Six-Day War.[4]","title":"Career and Zionist activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaare Zedek Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"}],"text":"Israel Goldstein died on April 11, 1986, at Shaare Zedek Hospital in Jerusalem after a long illness.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memoirs-5"}],"text":"Century of Judaism in New York (1930)\nTowards a Solution (1940)\nShanah b’Yisrael (Next Year in Israel; 1950)\nAmerican Jewry Comes of Age (1955)\nBrandeis University - Chapter of its Founding\nTransition Years, New York-Jerusalem, 1960-1962 (1966)\nIsrael at Home and Abroad (1977)\nMy World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein (1984)[5]","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_Goldstein_Historical_Marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Lachish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Israel Goldstein Youth Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Goldstein_Youth_Village"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT76-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"youth village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_village"},{"link_name":"Katamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katamon"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT76-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_Goldstein_Youth_Village_(997008136698205171).jpg"},{"link_name":"Israel Goldstein Youth Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Goldstein_Youth_Village"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT76-8"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Dr._I._Goldstein_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Givat Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Ram"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Israel Goldstein Historical Marker at South Philadelphia High SchoolDr. Goldstein has been inducted into the SPHS Alumni Cultural Hall of Fame.In 1947, more than 1,000 acres of Jewish National Fund land situated between Gaza and Lachish were named \"Chevel Goldstein\" (lit. \"Goldstein's region\"[6]) in his honor.[7]The Israel Goldstein Youth Village, whose director he was, is named after him.[2][8] Established in 1949,[9] it is a Zionist youth village in the Katamon neighborhood of Jerusalem.[8]Goldstein speaking at the Israel Goldstein Youth Village in 1950On his eightieth birthday, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and other government and Zionist movement officials gathered at his home to pay him tribute.[8]The Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue on the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was built in his honor.[10]The Israel Goldstein Prize for Distinguished Leadership is the highest honor bestowed by Keren Hayesod. The prize has been awarded annually since 1980, the 60th anniversary of Keren Hayesod.[11]","title":"Honors and commemoration"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Primus
Pearl Primus
["1 Background","2 Career","3 Legacy","3.1 Pioneer of African dance in the United States","3.2 Choreography approach and style","4 Personal life and death","5 Recognition","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
American dancer, choreographer and anthropologist (1919–1994) Pearl PrimusPrimus performing "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" in 1944Born(1919-11-29)November 29, 1919Port of Spain, Trinidad and TobagoDiedOctober 29, 1994(1994-10-29) (aged 74)New Rochelle, New York, United StatesEducationHunter CollegeNew York UniversityOccupation(s)Choreographer, dancer, anthropologistSpousePercival BordeCareerFormer groupsNew Dance Group Pearl Eileen Primus (November 29, 1919 – October 29, 1994) was an American dancer, choreographer and anthropologist. Primus played an important role in the presentation of African dance to American audiences. Early in her career she saw the need to promote African dance as an art form worthy of study and performance. Primus' work was a reaction to myths of savagery and the lack of knowledge about African people. It was an effort to guide the Western world to view African dance as an important and dignified statement about another way of life. Background Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, Pearl Primus was two years old when she moved with her parents, Edward Primus and Emily Jackson, to New York City in 1921. In 1940, Primus received her bachelor's degree from Hunter College in biology and pre-medical science. As a graduate student in biology, she realized that her dreams of becoming a medical researcher would be unfulfilled, due to racial discrimination at the time that imposed limitations on jobs in the science field for people of color. Because of society's limitations, Primus was unable to find a job as a laboratory technician and she could not fund herself through medical school, so she picked up odd jobs. Eventually Primus sought help from the National Youth Administration and they gave her a job working backstage in the wardrobe department for America Dances. Once a spot became available for a dancer, Primus was hired as an understudy, thus beginning her first theatrical experience. She discovered her innate gift for movement, and she was quickly recognized for her abilities. Within a year, Primus auditioned and won a scholarship for the New Dance Group, a left-wing school and performance company located on the Lower East Side of New York City. Career Primus began her formal study of dance with the New Dance Group in 1941, she was the group's first black student. She trained under the group's founders, Jane Dudley, Sophie Maslow, and William Bates. Through this organization, Primus not only gained a foundation for her contemporary technique, but she learned about artistic activism. The New Dance Group's motto was "dance is a weapon of the class struggle", they instilled the belief that dance is a conscious art and those who view it should be impacted. The organization trained dancers like Primus to be aware of the political and social climate of their time. Primus' exposure to this newfound form of activism encouraged the themes of social protest found in her works. Primus continued to develop her modern dance foundation with several pioneers such Martha Graham, Charles Weidman, Ismay Andrews, and Asadata Dafora. Amongst these influencers, Dafora's influence on Primus has been largely ignored by historians and unmentioned by Primus. However, Marcia Ethel Heard notes that he instilled a sense of African pride in his students and asserts that he taught Primus about African dance and culture. Dafora began a movement of African cultural pride which provided Primus with collaborators and piqued public interest in her work. Primus explored African culture and dance by consulting family, books, articles, pictures, and museums. After six months of thorough research, she completed her first major composition entitled African Ceremonial. This piece served as an introduction to her swelling interest in Black heritage. She based the dance on a legend from the Belgian Congo, about a priest who performed a fertility ritual until he collapsed and vanished. This thoroughly researched composition was presented along with Strange Fruit, Rock Daniel, and Hard Time Blues, at her debut performance on February 14, 1943, at the 92nd Street YMHA. Her performance was so outstanding that John Martin, a major dance critic from The New York Times stated that "she was entitled to a company of her own." John Martin admired her stage presence, energy, and technique. He described her as a remarkable and distinguished artist.Primus choreographed "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" by Langston Hughes (here, photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1936) After gaining much praise, Primus' next performances began in April 1943, as an entertainer at the famous racially integrated night club, Cafe Society Downtown. For 10 months her energy and emotion commanded the stage, along with her stunning five-foot-high jumps. She continued to amaze audiences when she performed at the Negro Freedom Rally, in June 1943, at Madison Square Garden before an audience of 20,000 people. Primus studied under Martha Graham (here, photographed by Yousuf Karsh in 1948) In December 1943, Primus appeared as in Dafora's African Dance Festival at Carnegie Hall before Eleanor Roosevelt and Mary McLeod Bethune. Within the same month, Primus, who was primarily a solo artist, recruited other dances and formed the Primus Company. The company performed in concerts at the Roxy Theatre. African Ceremonial was re-envisioned for the group's performance. At that time, Primus' African choreography could be termed interpretive, based on the research she conducted and her perception of her findings. Primus would choreograph based on imagining the movement of something she observed, such as an African sculpture. Over time Primus developed an interest in the way dance represented the lives of people in a culture. Primus was also intrigued by the relationship between the African-slave diaspora and different types of cultural dances. With an enlarged range of interest, Primus began to conduct some field studies. In the summer of 1944, Primus visited the Deep South to research the culture and dances of Southern blacks. She posed as a migrant worker with the aim "to know own people where they are suffering the most." She observed and participated in the daily lives of black impoverished sharecroppers. Primus fully engulfed herself in the experience by attending over seventy churches and picking cotton with the sharecroppers. After her field research, Primus was able to establish new choreography while continuously developing some of her former innovative works. Primus made her Broadway debut on October 4, 1944, at the Bealson Theatre. Here she performed a work that was choreographed to Langston Hughes' poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers". The poem addressed the inequalities and injustices imposed on the black community, while introducing comparisons between the ancestry of Black people to four major rivers. Primus' dance to this poem boldly acknowledged the strength and wisdom of African Americans through periods of freedom and enslavement. In 1945 she continued to develop Strange Fruit (1945) one of the pieces she debuted in 1943. This dance was based on the poem by Lewis Allan about a lynching. When analyzing the dance, one can see that the performer is portraying a female character's reaction after witnessing a lynching. Many viewers wondered about the race of the anguished woman, but Primus declared that the woman was a member of the lynch mob. "The dance begins as the last person begins to leave the lynching ground and the horror of what she has seen grips her, and she has to do a smooth, fast roll away from that burning flesh." Primus depicts the aftermath of the lynching through the remorse of the woman, after she realized the horrible nature of the act. The intention of this piece introduces the idea that even a lynch mob can show penitence. Primus' work continued to push boundaries as she re-developed another one of her debut pieces, Hard Time Blues (1945). She choreographed this dance to a song by folk singer Josh White. The choreography for this piece, which was made in protest of sharecropping, truly represented Primus' movement style. This piece was embellished with athletic jumps that defied gravity and amazed audiences. But Primus explained that jumping does not always symbolize joy. In this case, her powerful jumping symbolized the defiance, desperation, and anger of the sharecroppers which she experienced first-hand during her field studies. Primus believed that when observing the jumps in the choreography, it was important to pay attention to "the shape the body takes in the air". For Hard Time Blues, the shape of the body was a predictor of the emotional state of the poor sharecroppers. In 1946, Primus continued her journey on Broadway was invited to appear in the revival of the Broadway production Show Boat, choreographed by Helen Tamiris. Then, she was asked to choreograph a Broadway production called Calypso whose title became Caribbean Carnival. She also appeared at the Chicago Theatre in the 1947 revival of the Emperor Jones in the "Witch Doctor" role that Hemsley Winfield made famous. Charles S. Johnson funded research into dance in Africa by Primus In 1947 Primus joined Jacob's Pillow and began her own program in which she reprised some of her works such as Hard Time Blues. In her program she also presented Three Spirituals entitled "Motherless Child", "Goin' to tell God all my Trouble", and "In the Great Gettin'-up Mornin'." These pieces were rooted in Primus' experience with black southern culture. This cannon of Negro spirituals, also referred to as "sorrow songs" branched from slave culture, which at the time was a prominent source of inspiration for many contemporary dance artists. Following this show and many subsequent recitals, Primus toured the nation with The Primus Company. While on the university and college circuit, Primus performed at Fisk University in 1948, where Dr. Charles S. Johnson, a member of Rosenwald Foundation board, was president. He was so impressed with the power of her interpretive African dances that he asked her when she had last visited Africa. She replied that she had never done so. She then became the last recipient of the major Rosenwald fellowships and received the most money ($4000) ever given. After receiving this funding, Primus originally proposed to develop a dance project based on James Weldon Johnsons work "God's Trombones. But instead she decided to conduct an 18-month research and study tour of the Gold Coast, Angola, Cameroons, Liberia, Senegal and the Belgian Congo. On December 5, 1948, Primus closed a successful return engagement at the Café Society nightclub in New York City before heading off to Africa. Primus was so well accepted in the communities in her study tour that she was told that the ancestral spirit of an African dancer had manifested in her. The Oni and people of Ife, Nigeria, felt that she was so much a part of their community that they initiated her into their commonwealth and affectionately conferred on her the title "Omowale" — the child who has returned home. During her travels in the villages of Africa, Primus was declared a man so that she could learn the dances only assigned to males. She mastered dances like the war dance Bushasche, and Fanga which were common to African cultural life. When Primus returned to America, she took the knowledge she gained in Africa and staged pieces for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre. In 1974, Primus staged Fanga created in 1949 which was a Liberian dance of welcome that quickly made its way into Primus's iconic repertoire. She also staged The Wedding created in 1961. These pieces were based on the African rituals Primus experienced during her travels. Primus took these traditionally long rituals, dramatized them, made them shorter, and preserved the foundation of the movement . Primus learned a plethora in Africa, but she was still eager to further her academic knowledge, Primus received her PhD in anthropology from New York University (NYU) in 1978. In 1979, she and her husband Percival Borde, whom she met during her research in Trinidad, founded the Pearl Primus "Dance Language Institute" in New Rochelle, New York, where they offered classes that blended African-American, Caribbean, and African dance forms with modern dance and ballet techniques. They also established a performance group was called "Earth Theatre". As an artist/ educator, Primus taught at a number of universities during her career including NYU, Hunter College, the State University of New York at Purchase, the College of New Rochelle, Iona College, the State University of New York at Buffalo, Howard University, the Five Colleges consortium in Massachusetts. She also taught at New Rochelle High School, assisting with cultural presentations. As an anthropologist, she conducted cultural projects in Europe, Africa and America for such organizations as the Ford Foundation, US Office of Education, New York University, Universalist Unitarian Service Committee, Julius Rosenwald Foundation, New York State Office of Education, and the Council for the Arts in Westchester. Legacy Pioneer of African dance in the United States Primus' sojourn to West Africa has proven invaluable to students of African dance. She learned more about African dance, its function and meaning than had any other American before her. Primus was known as a griot, the voice of cultures in which dance is embedded. She was able to codify the technical details of many of the African dances through the notation system she evolved and was also able to view and to salvage some "still existent gems of dances before they faded into general decadence." She has been unselfish in sharing the knowledge she has gained with others. The significance of Primus' African research and choreography lies in her presentation of a dance history which embraces ethnic unity, the establishment of an articulate foundation for influencing future practitioners of African dance, the presentation of African dance forms into a disciplined expression, and the enrichment of American theater through the performance of African dance. Additionally, Primus and the late Percival Borde, her husband and partner, conducted research with the Liberian Konama Kende Performing Arts Center to establish a performing arts center, and with a Rebekah Harkness Foundation grant to organize and direct dance performances in several counties during the period of 1959 to 1962. Primus and Borde taught African dance artists how to make their indigenous dances theatrically entertaining and acceptable to the western world, and also arranged projects between African countries such as Senegal, Gambia, Guinea and the United States Government to bring touring companies to this country. Choreography approach and style Primus' approach to developing a movement language and to creating dance works parallels that of Graham, Holm, Weidman, Agnes de Mille and others who are considered to be pioneers of American modern dance. These artists searched literature, used music of contemporary composers, glorified regional idiosyncrasies and looked to varied ethnic groups for potential sources of creative material. Primus, however, found her creative impetus in the cultural heritage of the African American. She gained a lot of information from her family who enlightened her about their West Indian roots and African lineage. The stories and memories told to young Pearl, established a cultural and historical heritage for her and laid the foundation for her creative works. Primus' extensive field studies in the South and in Africa was also a key resource for her. She made sure to preserve the traditional forms of expression that she observed. In this way she differed from other dance groups who altered the African dances that they incorporated into their movements. Her view of "dance as a form of life" supported her decision to keep her choreography real and authentic. Primus fused spirituals, jazz and blues, then coupled these music forms with the literary works of black writers, and her choreographic voice — though strong — resonated primarily for and to the black community. Her many works 'Strange Fruit', Negro Speaks of Rivers, Hard Time Blues, and more spoke on very socially important topics. Her creative endeavors in political and social change makes Primus arguably one of the most political choreographers of her time because of her awareness of the issues of African Americans, particularly during the period between World War I and II. Primus was a powerhouse dancer, whose emotions, exuberance, and five-foot-high athletic jumps wowed every audience she performed for. Her performance of Hard Time Blues was described by Margaret Lloyd: "Pearl takes a running jump, lands in an upper corner and sits there, unconcernedly paddling the air with her legs. She does it repeatedly, from one side of the stage, then the other, apparently unaware of the involuntary gasps from the audience...." Primus' athleticism made her choreography awe-striking. She preserved traditional movements but added her own style which includes modified pelvic rotations and rhythmic variations. As she moved Primus carried intensity and displayed passion while simultaneously bringing awareness to social issues. Primus' strong belief that rich choreographic material lay in abundance in the root experiences of a people has been picked up and echoed in the rhythm and themes of Alvin Ailey, Donald McKayle, Talley Beatty, Dianne McIntyre, Elo Pomare and others. Her work has also been reimagined and recycled into different versions by contemporary artists. Many choreographers, such as Jawolle Willa Jo Zollar, created projects inspired by Primus' work. Primus choreography which included bent knees, the isolation and articulation of body parts, and rhythmically percussive movement, can be observed in the movement of Zollar and many others. These similarities show that Primus' style, themes, and body type promoted the display of Black culture within the dance community. Personal life and death Pearl married Yael Woll in 1950, Manhattan, New York. They were divorced by 1957. Primus married the dancer, drummer, and choreographer Percival Borde in 1961, and began a collaboration that ended only with his death in 1979. In 1959, the year Primus received an M.A. in education from New York University, she traveled to Liberia, where she worked with the National Dance Company there to create Fanga, an interpretation of a traditional Liberian invocation to the earth and sky. Primus believed in sound research. Her meticulous search of libraries and museums and her use of living source materials established her as a dance scholar. Primus focused on matters such as oppression, racial prejudice, and violence. Her efforts were also subsidized by the United States government who encouraged African-American artistic endeavors. Primus died from diabetes at her home in New Rochelle, New York, on October 29, 1994. Recognition In 1991, President George H. W. Bush honored Primus with the National Medal of Arts. She was the recipient of numerous other honors including: The cherished Liberian Government Decoration, "Star of Africa"; The Scroll of Honor from the National Council of Negro Women; The Pioneer of Dance Award from the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre; Membership in Phi Beta Kappa; an honorary doctorate from Spelman College; the first Balasaraswati/ Joy Ann Dewey Beinecke Chair for Distinguished Teaching at the American Dance Festival; The National Culture Award from the New York State Federation of Foreign Language Teachers; Commendation from the White House Conference on Children and Youth. References ^ a b c d Myers, Gerald E. (1993). African American Genius in Modern Dance. Durham, N.C.: American Dance Festival. ^ Gloria Grant Roberson, "Primus, Pearl Eileen", The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Encyclopedia.com. ^ "Pearl Primus", Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ "Alumni". Flickr. Retrieved 2018-07-31. ^ Mennenga, Lacinda (2008-06-30). "Pearl Primus (1919-1994) • BlackPast". BlackPast. Retrieved 2019-12-08. ^ Green, Richard C. (2002). "(Up)Staging the Primitive: Pearl Primus and 'the Negro Problem' in American Dance". In DeFrantz, Thomas F. (ed.). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299173143. ^ "The New Dance Group: Transforming Individuals and Community". dancetimepublications.com. Retrieved 2019-12-08. ^ Heard 1999, p. 181. ^ a b Heard 1999, p. 181–184. ^ a b Heard 1999, p. 184–187. ^ Martin, John (1943-02-21). "THE DANCE: FIVE ARTISTS; Second Annual Joint Recital Project of the Y.M.H.A. -- Week's Programs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-08. ^ Heard 1999, p. 183–187. ^ a b c d "Pearl Primus". Jacob's Pillow Dance Interactive. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ a b "Dance History: Pearl Primus". Dance Teacher. 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ ericagreil (2011-03-09). "Langston Hughes, "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"". Blog@BBF. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ "Pearl Primus in "Strange Fruit"". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ Lloyd, Margaret (1949). The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Znc. ISBN 0-87127-275-X. ^ "The Dance: Chitchat". The New York Times. December 5, 1948. p. X10. ^ a b Creque Harris, Leah (1991). The Representation of African Dance on the Stage: From the early black musical to Pearl Primus. Atlanta, GA: Emory University. ^ Primus, Pearl (1950). Earth Theatre. Theater Arts. ^ "Dance As A Language", Dance: A Tribute to Pearl E. Primus. ^ Primus, from the Schomburg Library: Primus File, 1949 ^ Hering, Doris (1950). "Little Fast Feet: The Story of the Pilgrimage of Pearl Primus to Africa". Dance Magazine. ^ Martin, John (July 31, 1966). The New York Times. ^ "Dr. Pearl Primus, choreographer, dancer and anthropologist". amsterdamnews.com. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ "Dances of Sorrow, Dances of Hope : The work of Pearl Primus finds a natural place in a special program of historic modern dances for women. Primus' 1943 work 'Strange Fruit' leaped over the boundaries of what was then considered 'black dance'". Los Angeles Times. 1994-04-24. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ "The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance - PDF Free Download". epdf.pub. Retrieved 2019-12-09. ^ "New York, New York City Marriage Licenses Index, 1950-1995". database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLSR-V3TM : 19 June 2017), Yael Woll and Pearl Primus, 1950, Manhattan, New York City, New York. ^ "New York, New York City Marriage Licenses Index, 1950-1995," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLS5-YS1P : 19 June 2017), Percival Borde and Pearl Woll, 1961 ^ McPherson, Elizabeth. "Pearl Primus". Dance Teacher Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2012-05-08. ^ Dunning, Jennifer (October 31, 1994). "Obituary - Pearl Primus". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2012. ^ Dunning, Jennifer (31 October 1994). "Pearl Primus Is Dead at 74; A Pioneer of Modern Dance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-31. Sources Heard, Marcia Ethel (1999). Asadata Dafora: African Concert Dance Traditions in American Concert Dance (Ph.D.). New York University, School of Education. Retrieved 9 October 2017. Schwartz, Peggy and Murray (2012). The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. "Black America- Dance of the Spirit". Focus on Dance. November 6, 1972. Sorrell, Walter (1966). "Out of Africa" in The Dance Has Many Faces. New York: Columbia Press. DeFrantz, Thomas (2002). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. Fauley Emery, Lynne (1989). Black Dance: From 1619 to Today. Princeton Book Company. Lloyd, Margaret (1987). The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance. Princeton Book Company. Foulkes, Julia L. (2002). Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807853672. External links Picture of Pearl Primus in Folk Dance (1945) Archive footage of Primus performing Spirituals in 1950 at Jacob's Pillow Anna Kisselgoff, "Pearl Primus rejoices in the Black tradition", The New York Times, June 19, 1988. mamboso.com vteNational Medal of Arts recipients (1990s)1990 George Abbott Hume Cronyn Jessica Tandy Merce Cunningham Jasper Johns Jacob Lawrence Riley "B.B." King David Lloyd Kreeger Harris & Carroll Sterling Masterson Ian McHarg Beverly Sills Southeastern Bell Corporation 1991 Maurice Abravanel Roy Acuff Pietro Belluschi John Carter Brown III Charles "Honi" Coles John Crosby Richard Diebenkorn R. Philip Hanes Kitty Carlisle Hart Pearl Primus Isaac Stern Texaco 1992 Marilyn Horne James Earl Jones Allan Houser Minnie Pearl Robert Saudek Earl Scruggs Robert Shaw Billy Taylor Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown Robert Wise AT&T Lila Wallace 1993 Walter and Leonore Annenberg Cabell "Cab" Calloway Ray Charles Bess Lomax Hawes Stanley Kunitz Robert Merrill Arthur Miller Robert Rauschenberg Lloyd Richards William Styron Paul Taylor Billy Wilder 1994 Harry Belafonte Dave Brubeck Celia Cruz Dorothy DeLay Julie Harris Erick Hawkins Gene Kelly Pete Seeger Catherine Filene Shouse Wayne Thiebaud Richard Wilbur Young Audiences 1995 Licia Albanese Gwendolyn Brooks B. Gerald and Iris Cantor Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee David Diamond James Ingo Freed Bob Hope Roy Lichtenstein Arthur Mitchell Bill Monroe Urban Gateways 1996 Edward Albee Sarah Caldwell Harry Callahan Zelda Fichandler Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero Lionel Hampton Bella Lewitzky Vera List Robert Redford Maurice Sendak Stephen Sondheim Boys Choir of Harlem 1997 Louise Bourgeois Betty Carter Agnes Gund Daniel Urban Kiley Angela Lansbury James Levine Tito Puente Jason Robards Edward Villella Doc Watson MacDowell Colony 1998 Jacques d'Amboise Antoine "Fats" Domino Ramblin' Jack Elliott Frank Gehry Barbara Handman Agnes Martin Gregory Peck Roberta Peters Philip Roth Sara Lee Corporation Steppenwolf Theatre Company Gwen Verdon 1999 Irene Diamond Aretha Franklin Michael Graves Odetta Juilliard School Norman Lear Rosetta LeNoire Harvey Lichtenstein Lydia Mendoza George Segal Maria Tallchief Complete list 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s vteDance Index Outline List of dances List of dancers Participation Solo Partner close embrace closed position open position slow dance circle contra line round square Social Ceremonial Competitive Concert Ecstatic Erotic Go go dance Grinding Hoochie coochie Lap dance Neo-Burlesque Pole dance Striptease Table dance Twerking Folk Novelty and fad Sacred Street War Styles Acro Ballet Ballroom formation waltz Belly Boogaloo Breaking Contemporary Country–western Flamenco Hip-hop Historical Jazz Latin Lyrical Modern Polka Postmodern Swing Tap Two-step Technique Ballet Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Moves glossary Musicality Pointe Pole Sequence Spotting Turnout Turns Regional(nationaldances) Africa Albania Arab Armenia Assyrian Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Cameroon Canada China Croatia Cuba Denmark Europe Faroe Islands Georgia Greece Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kiribati Korea Kurdish Malaysia Mexico Middle East Nepal Netherlands Nicaragua Peru Philippines Poland Pontic Greek Romani Russia Serbia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States African-American Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Zimbabwe Related Dance and disability Dance and health Dance awards Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance occupations Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dance troupe Dancing mania History of dance Women in dance Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer"},{"link_name":"choreographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographer"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genius-1"}],"text":"Pearl Eileen Primus (November 29, 1919 – October 29, 1994) was an American dancer, choreographer and anthropologist. Primus played an important role in the presentation of African dance to American audiences. Early in her career she saw the need to promote African dance as an art form worthy of study and performance. Primus' work was a reaction to myths of savagery and the lack of knowledge about African people. It was an effort to guide the Western world to view African dance as an important and dignified statement about another way of life.[1]","title":"Pearl Primus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Youth Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Administration"},{"link_name":"New Dance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dance_Group"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green-6"}],"text":"Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, Pearl Primus was two years old when she moved with her parents, Edward Primus and Emily Jackson, to New York City in 1921.[2][3] In 1940, Primus received her bachelor's degree from Hunter College[4] in biology and pre-medical science. As a graduate student in biology, she realized that her dreams of becoming a medical researcher would be unfulfilled, due to racial discrimination at the time that imposed limitations on jobs in the science field for people of color. Because of society's limitations, Primus was unable to find a job as a laboratory technician and she could not fund herself through medical school, so she picked up odd jobs.[5] Eventually Primus sought help from the National Youth Administration and they gave her a job working backstage in the wardrobe department for America Dances. Once a spot became available for a dancer, Primus was hired as an understudy, thus beginning her first theatrical experience. She discovered her innate gift for movement, and she was quickly recognized for her abilities. Within a year, Primus auditioned and won a scholarship for the New Dance Group, a left-wing school and performance company located on the Lower East Side of New York City.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Sophie Maslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Maslow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Martha Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham"},{"link_name":"Charles Weidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Weidman"},{"link_name":"Ismay Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismay_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Asadata Dafora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadata_Dafora"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999181-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999181%E2%80%93184-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999181%E2%80%93184-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999184%E2%80%93187-10"},{"link_name":"YMHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMHA"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(dance_critic)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_by_Carl_Van_Vechten_1936.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Negro Speaks of Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Speaks_of_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Langston Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Carl Van Vechten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten"},{"link_name":"Cafe Society Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/nyregion/16book.html?mtrref=www.bing.com&gwh=65D61A810C484EE3466A6F229F87CB60&gwt=pay&assetType=REGIWALL"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martha_Graham_1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martha Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Graham"},{"link_name":"Yousuf Karsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousuf_Karsh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999184%E2%80%93187-10"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Mary McLeod Bethune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard1999183%E2%80%93187-12"},{"link_name":"Roxy Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl_Primus-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance_History:_Pearl_Primus-14"},{"link_name":"Langston Hughes'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"},{"link_name":"The Negro Speaks of Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negro_Speaks_of_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Josh White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_White"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Show Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat"},{"link_name":"Helen Tamiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Tamiris"},{"link_name":"Chicago Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jones"},{"link_name":"Hemsley Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemsley_Winfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_S._Johnson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Pillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance"},{"link_name":"sorrow songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrow_songs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl_Primus-13"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Rosenwald Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenwald_Foundation"},{"link_name":"James Weldon Johnsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Cameroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroons"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Café Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Society"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_(ruler)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-represent-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance_History:_Pearl_Primus-14"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"New Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Purchase"},{"link_name":"College of New Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_New_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Iona College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_College"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Five Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Colleges_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"}],"text":"Primus began her formal study of dance with the New Dance Group in 1941, she was the group's first black student. She trained under the group's founders, Jane Dudley, Sophie Maslow, and William Bates. Through this organization, Primus not only gained a foundation for her contemporary technique, but she learned about artistic activism. The New Dance Group's motto was \"dance is a weapon of the class struggle\", they instilled the belief that dance is a conscious art and those who view it should be impacted.[7] The organization trained dancers like Primus to be aware of the political and social climate of their time. Primus' exposure to this newfound form of activism encouraged the themes of social protest found in her works.Primus continued to develop her modern dance foundation with several pioneers such Martha Graham, Charles Weidman, Ismay Andrews, and Asadata Dafora.[8] Amongst these influencers, Dafora's influence on Primus has been largely ignored by historians and unmentioned by Primus.[9] However, Marcia Ethel Heard notes that he instilled a sense of African pride in his students and asserts that he taught Primus about African dance and culture.[9] Dafora began a movement of African cultural pride which provided Primus with collaborators and piqued public interest in her work.[10]Primus explored African culture and dance by consulting family, books, articles, pictures, and museums. After six months of thorough research, she completed her first major composition entitled African Ceremonial. This piece served as an introduction to her swelling interest in Black heritage. She based the dance on a legend from the Belgian Congo, about a priest who performed a fertility ritual until he collapsed and vanished. This thoroughly researched composition was presented along with Strange Fruit, Rock Daniel, and Hard Time Blues, at her debut performance on February 14, 1943, at the 92nd Street YMHA. Her performance was so outstanding that John Martin, a major dance critic from The New York Times stated that \"she was entitled to a company of her own.\"[11] John Martin admired her stage presence, energy, and technique. He described her as a remarkable and distinguished artist.Primus choreographed \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" by Langston Hughes (here, photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1936)After gaining much praise, Primus' next performances began in April 1943, as an entertainer at the famous racially integrated night club, Cafe Society Downtown. For 10 months her energy and emotion commanded the stage, along with her stunning five-foot-high jumps. She continued to amaze audiences when she performed at the Negro Freedom Rally, in June 1943, at Madison Square Garden before an audience of 20,000 people.Primus studied under Martha Graham (here, photographed by Yousuf Karsh in 1948)[10] In December 1943, Primus appeared as in Dafora's African Dance Festival at Carnegie Hall before Eleanor Roosevelt and Mary McLeod Bethune.[12] Within the same month, Primus, who was primarily a solo artist, recruited other dances and formed the Primus Company. The company performed in concerts at the Roxy Theatre. African Ceremonial was re-envisioned for the group's performance. At that time, Primus' African choreography could be termed interpretive, based on the research she conducted and her perception of her findings. Primus would choreograph based on imagining the movement of something she observed, such as an African sculpture.Over time Primus developed an interest in the way dance represented the lives of people in a culture. Primus was also intrigued by the relationship between the African-slave diaspora and different types of cultural dances.[13] With an enlarged range of interest, Primus began to conduct some field studies. In the summer of 1944, Primus visited the Deep South to research the culture and dances of Southern blacks. She posed as a migrant worker with the aim \"to know [her] own people where they are suffering the most.\"[14] She observed and participated in the daily lives of black impoverished sharecroppers. Primus fully engulfed herself in the experience by attending over seventy churches and picking cotton with the sharecroppers. After her field research, Primus was able to establish new choreography while continuously developing some of her former innovative works.Primus made her Broadway debut on October 4, 1944, at the Bealson Theatre. Here she performed a work that was choreographed to Langston Hughes' poem \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\". The poem addressed the inequalities and injustices imposed on the black community, while introducing comparisons between the ancestry of Black people to four major rivers.[15] Primus' dance to this poem boldly acknowledged the strength and wisdom of African Americans through periods of freedom and enslavement.In 1945 she continued to develop Strange Fruit (1945) one of the pieces she debuted in 1943. This dance was based on the poem by Lewis Allan about a lynching. When analyzing the dance, one can see that the performer is portraying a female character's reaction after witnessing a lynching. Many viewers wondered about the race of the anguished woman, but Primus declared that the woman was a member of the lynch mob. \"The dance begins as the last person begins to leave the lynching ground and the horror of what she has seen grips her, and she has to do a smooth, fast roll away from that burning flesh.\"[16] Primus depicts the aftermath of the lynching through the remorse of the woman, after she realized the horrible nature of the act. The intention of this piece introduces the idea that even a lynch mob can show penitence.Primus' work continued to push boundaries as she re-developed another one of her debut pieces, Hard Time Blues (1945). She choreographed this dance to a song by folk singer Josh White. The choreography for this piece, which was made in protest of sharecropping, truly represented Primus' movement style. This piece was embellished with athletic jumps that defied gravity and amazed audiences. But Primus explained that jumping does not always symbolize joy. In this case, her powerful jumping symbolized the defiance, desperation, and anger of the sharecroppers which she experienced first-hand during her field studies. Primus believed that when observing the jumps in the choreography, it was important to pay attention to \"the shape the body takes in the air\".[17] For Hard Time Blues, the shape of the body was a predictor of the emotional state of the poor sharecroppers.In 1946, Primus continued her journey on Broadway was invited to appear in the revival of the Broadway production Show Boat, choreographed by Helen Tamiris. Then, she was asked to choreograph a Broadway production called Calypso whose title became Caribbean Carnival. She also appeared at the Chicago Theatre in the 1947 revival of the Emperor Jones in the \"Witch Doctor\" role that Hemsley Winfield made famous.Charles S. Johnson funded research into dance in Africa by PrimusIn 1947 Primus joined Jacob's Pillow and began her own program in which she reprised some of her works such as Hard Time Blues. In her program she also presented Three Spirituals entitled \"Motherless Child\", \"Goin' to tell God all my Trouble\", and \"In the Great Gettin'-up Mornin'.\" These pieces were rooted in Primus' experience with black southern culture. This cannon of Negro spirituals, also referred to as \"sorrow songs\" branched from slave culture, which at the time was a prominent source of inspiration for many contemporary dance artists.[13]Following this show and many subsequent recitals, Primus toured the nation with The Primus Company. While on the university and college circuit, Primus performed at Fisk University in 1948, where Dr. Charles S. Johnson, a member of Rosenwald Foundation board, was president. He was so impressed with the power of her interpretive African dances that he asked her when she had last visited Africa. She replied that she had never done so. She then became the last recipient of the major Rosenwald fellowships and received the most money ($4000) ever given. After receiving this funding, Primus originally proposed to develop a dance project based on James Weldon Johnsons work \"God's Trombones. But instead she decided to conduct an 18-month research and study tour of the Gold Coast, Angola, Cameroons, Liberia, Senegal and the Belgian Congo.[citation needed] On December 5, 1948, Primus closed a successful return engagement at the Café Society nightclub in New York City before heading off to Africa.[18]Primus was so well accepted in the communities in her study tour that she was told that the ancestral spirit of an African dancer had manifested in her. The Oni and people of Ife, Nigeria, felt that she was so much a part of their community that they initiated her into their commonwealth and affectionately conferred on her the title \"Omowale\" — the child who has returned home.[19] During her travels in the villages of Africa, Primus was declared a man so that she could learn the dances only assigned to males. She mastered dances like the war dance Bushasche, and Fanga which were common to African cultural life.When Primus returned to America, she took the knowledge she gained in Africa and staged pieces for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre. In 1974, Primus staged Fanga created in 1949 which was a Liberian dance of welcome that quickly made its way into Primus's iconic repertoire. She also staged The Wedding created in 1961.[14] These pieces were based on the African rituals Primus experienced during her travels. Primus took these traditionally long rituals, dramatized them, made them shorter, and preserved the foundation of the movement .Primus learned a plethora in Africa, but she was still eager to further her academic knowledge, Primus received her PhD in anthropology from New York University (NYU) in 1978. In 1979, she and her husband Percival Borde, whom she met during her research in Trinidad, founded the Pearl Primus \"Dance Language Institute\" in New Rochelle, New York, where they offered classes that blended African-American, Caribbean, and African dance forms with modern dance and ballet techniques. They also established a performance group was called \"Earth Theatre\".[20]As an artist/ educator, Primus taught at a number of universities during her career including NYU, Hunter College, the State University of New York at Purchase, the College of New Rochelle, Iona College, the State University of New York at Buffalo, Howard University, the Five Colleges consortium in Massachusetts. She also taught at New Rochelle High School, assisting with cultural presentations.[21] As an anthropologist, she conducted cultural projects in Europe, Africa and America for such organizations as the Ford Foundation, US Office of Education, New York University, Universalist Unitarian Service Committee, Julius Rosenwald Foundation, New York State Office of Education, and the Council for the Arts in Westchester.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"griot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genius-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-represent-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rebekah Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebekah_Harkness"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmartin-24"}],"sub_title":"Pioneer of African dance in the United States","text":"Primus' sojourn to West Africa has proven invaluable to students of African dance. She learned more about African dance, its function and meaning than had any other American before her. Primus was known as a griot, the voice of cultures in which dance is embedded. She was able to codify the technical details of many of the African dances through the notation system she evolved and was also able to view and to salvage some \"still existent gems of dances before they faded into general decadence.\"[22] She has been unselfish in sharing the knowledge she has gained with others.[1]The significance of Primus' African research and choreography lies in her presentation of a dance history which embraces ethnic unity, the establishment of an articulate foundation for influencing future practitioners of African dance, the presentation of African dance forms into a disciplined expression, and the enrichment of American theater through the performance of African dance.[19][23]Additionally, Primus and the late Percival Borde, her husband and partner, conducted research with the Liberian Konama Kende Performing Arts Center to establish a performing arts center, and with a Rebekah Harkness Foundation grant to organize and direct dance performances in several counties during the period of 1959 to 1962. Primus and Borde taught African dance artists how to make their indigenous dances theatrically entertaining and acceptable to the western world, and also arranged projects between African countries such as Senegal, Gambia, Guinea and the United States Government to bring touring companies to this country.[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnes de Mille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl_Primus-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Alvin Ailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Ailey"},{"link_name":"Donald McKayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_McKayle"},{"link_name":"Talley Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talley_Beatty"},{"link_name":"Dianne McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Jawolle Willa Jo Zollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawole_Willa_Jo_Zollar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl_Primus-13"}],"sub_title":"Choreography approach and style","text":"Primus' approach to developing a movement language and to creating dance works parallels that of Graham, Holm, Weidman, Agnes de Mille and others who are considered to be pioneers of American modern dance. These artists searched literature, used music of contemporary composers, glorified regional idiosyncrasies and looked to varied ethnic groups for potential sources of creative material.Primus, however, found her creative impetus in the cultural heritage of the African American. She gained a lot of information from her family who enlightened her about their West Indian roots and African lineage. The stories and memories told to young Pearl, established a cultural and historical heritage for her and laid the foundation for her creative works.[13] Primus' extensive field studies in the South and in Africa was also a key resource for her. She made sure to preserve the traditional forms of expression that she observed. In this way she differed from other dance groups who altered the African dances that they incorporated into their movements. Her view of \"dance as a form of life\" supported her decision to keep her choreography real and authentic.[25]Primus fused spirituals, jazz and blues, then coupled these music forms with the literary works of black writers, and her choreographic voice — though strong — resonated primarily for and to the black community. Her many works 'Strange Fruit', Negro Speaks of Rivers, Hard Time Blues, and more spoke on very socially important topics. Her creative endeavors in political and social change makes Primus arguably one of the most political choreographers of her time because of her awareness of the issues of African Americans, particularly during the period between World War I and II.[26]Primus was a powerhouse dancer, whose emotions, exuberance, and five-foot-high athletic jumps wowed every audience she performed for. Her performance of Hard Time Blues was described by Margaret Lloyd: \"Pearl takes a running jump, lands in an upper corner and sits there, unconcernedly paddling the air with her legs. She does it repeatedly, from one side of the stage, then the other, apparently unaware of the involuntary gasps from the audience....\"[27] Primus' athleticism made her choreography awe-striking. She preserved traditional movements but added her own style which includes modified pelvic rotations and rhythmic variations. As she moved Primus carried intensity and displayed passion while simultaneously bringing awareness to social issues.Primus' strong belief that rich choreographic material lay in abundance in the root experiences of a people has been picked up and echoed in the rhythm and themes of Alvin Ailey, Donald McKayle, Talley Beatty, Dianne McIntyre, Elo Pomare and others. Her work has also been reimagined and recycled into different versions by contemporary artists. Many choreographers, such as Jawolle Willa Jo Zollar, created projects inspired by Primus' work. Primus choreography which included bent knees, the isolation and articulation of body parts, and rhythmically percussive movement, can be observed in the movement of Zollar and many others.[13] These similarities show that Primus' style, themes, and body type promoted the display of Black culture within the dance community.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genius-1"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Pearl married Yael Woll in 1950, Manhattan, New York.[28] They were divorced by 1957.Primus married the dancer, drummer, and choreographer Percival Borde in 1961,[29] and began a collaboration that ended only with his death in 1979. In 1959, the year Primus received an M.A. in education from New York University, she traveled to Liberia, where she worked with the National Dance Company there to create Fanga, an interpretation of a traditional Liberian invocation to the earth and sky.[30]Primus believed in sound research. Her meticulous search of libraries and museums and her use of living source materials established her as a dance scholar.[1]Primus focused on matters such as oppression, racial prejudice, and violence. Her efforts were also subsidized by the United States government who encouraged African-American artistic endeavors.Primus died from diabetes at her home in New Rochelle, New York, on October 29, 1994.[31]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Spelman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_College"},{"link_name":"American Dance Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dance_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genius-1"}],"text":"In 1991, President George H. W. Bush honored Primus with the National Medal of Arts.[32] She was the recipient of numerous other honors including: The cherished Liberian Government Decoration, \"Star of Africa\"; The Scroll of Honor from the National Council of Negro Women; The Pioneer of Dance Award from the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre; Membership in Phi Beta Kappa; an honorary doctorate from Spelman College; the first Balasaraswati/ Joy Ann Dewey Beinecke Chair for Distinguished Teaching at the American Dance Festival; The National Culture Award from the New York State Federation of Foreign Language Teachers; Commendation from the White House Conference on Children and Youth.[1]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asadata Dafora: African Concert Dance Traditions in American Concert Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/304514502/"},{"link_name":"The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/danceclaimedmebi0000schw"},{"link_name":"Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dancingmanydrums00thom"},{"link_name":"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernbodiesdanc00foul"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780807853672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807853672"}],"text":"Heard, Marcia Ethel (1999). Asadata Dafora: African Concert Dance Traditions in American Concert Dance (Ph.D.). New York University, School of Education. Retrieved 9 October 2017.\nSchwartz, Peggy and Murray (2012). The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.\n\"Black America- Dance of the Spirit\". Focus on Dance. November 6, 1972.\nSorrell, Walter (1966). \"Out of Africa\" in The Dance Has Many Faces. New York: Columbia Press.\nDeFrantz, Thomas (2002). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press.\nFauley Emery, Lynne (1989). Black Dance: From 1619 to Today. Princeton Book Company.\nLloyd, Margaret (1987). The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance. Princeton Book Company.\nFoulkes, Julia L. (2002). Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807853672.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Primus choreographed \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\" by Langston Hughes (here, photographed by Carl Van Vechten in 1936)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Langston_Hughes_by_Carl_Van_Vechten_1936.jpg/220px-Langston_Hughes_by_Carl_Van_Vechten_1936.jpg"},{"image_text":"Primus studied under Martha Graham (here, photographed by Yousuf Karsh in 1948)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Martha_Graham_1948.jpg/220px-Martha_Graham_1948.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles S. Johnson funded research into dance in Africa by Primus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Charles_S._Johnson.jpg/220px-Charles_S._Johnson.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Myers, Gerald E. (1993). African American Genius in Modern Dance. Durham, N.C.: American Dance Festival.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alumni\". Flickr. Retrieved 2018-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/hunter_college_archives/12640909983/in/album-72157641228480703/","url_text":"\"Alumni\""}]},{"reference":"Mennenga, Lacinda (2008-06-30). \"Pearl Primus (1919-1994) • BlackPast\". BlackPast. Retrieved 2019-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/primus-pearl-1919-1994/","url_text":"\"Pearl Primus (1919-1994) • BlackPast\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Richard C. (2002). \"(Up)Staging the Primitive: Pearl Primus and 'the Negro Problem' in American Dance\". In DeFrantz, Thomas F. (ed.). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299173143.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dancingmanydrums00defr","url_text":"\"(Up)Staging the Primitive: Pearl Primus and 'the Negro Problem' in American Dance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299173143","url_text":"0299173143"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Dance Group: Transforming Individuals and Community\". dancetimepublications.com. Retrieved 2019-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://dancetimepublications.com/dance-culture-editorial/the-new-dance-group-transforming-individuals-and-community/","url_text":"\"The New Dance Group: Transforming Individuals and Community\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, John (1943-02-21). \"THE DANCE: FIVE ARTISTS; Second Annual Joint Recital Project of the Y.M.H.A. -- Week's Programs\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1943/02/21/archives/the-dance-five-artists-second-annual-joint-recital-project-of-the.html","url_text":"\"THE DANCE: FIVE ARTISTS; Second Annual Joint Recital Project of the Y.M.H.A. -- Week's Programs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Pearl Primus\". Jacob's Pillow Dance Interactive. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://danceinteractive.jacobspillow.org/themes-essays/african-diaspora/pearl-primus/","url_text":"\"Pearl Primus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance History: Pearl Primus\". Dance Teacher. 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dance-teacher.com/pearl-primus-2392285794.html","url_text":"\"Dance History: Pearl Primus\""}]},{"reference":"ericagreil (2011-03-09). \"Langston Hughes, \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\"\". Blog@BBF. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://betterboys.wordpress.com/2011/03/09/langston-hughes-the-negro-speaks-of-rivers/","url_text":"\"Langston Hughes, \"The Negro Speaks of Rivers\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pearl Primus in \"Strange Fruit\"\". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/08/29/pearl-primus-strange-fruit","url_text":"\"Pearl Primus in \"Strange Fruit\"\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Margaret (1949). The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Znc. ISBN 0-87127-275-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87127-275-X","url_text":"0-87127-275-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dance: Chitchat\". The New York Times. December 5, 1948. p. X10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Creque Harris, Leah (1991). The Representation of African Dance on the Stage: From the early black musical to Pearl Primus. Atlanta, GA: Emory University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Primus, Pearl (1950). Earth Theatre. Theater Arts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hering, Doris (1950). \"Little Fast Feet: The Story of the Pilgrimage of Pearl Primus to Africa\". Dance Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, John (July 31, 1966). The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Pearl Primus, choreographer, dancer and anthropologist\". amsterdamnews.com. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/dec/27/dr-pearl-primus-choreographer-dancer-and-anthropol/","url_text":"\"Dr. Pearl Primus, choreographer, dancer and anthropologist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dances of Sorrow, Dances of Hope : The work of Pearl Primus finds a natural place in a special program of historic modern dances for women. Primus' 1943 work 'Strange Fruit' leaped over the boundaries of what was then considered 'black dance'\". Los Angeles Times. 1994-04-24. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-04-24-ca-49822-story.html","url_text":"\"Dances of Sorrow, Dances of Hope : The work of Pearl Primus finds a natural place in a special program of historic modern dances for women. Primus' 1943 work 'Strange Fruit' leaped over the boundaries of what was then considered 'black dance'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance - PDF Free Download\". epdf.pub. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://epdf.pub/the-borzoi-book-of-modern-dance.html","url_text":"\"The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance - PDF Free Download\""}]},{"reference":"McPherson, Elizabeth. \"Pearl Primus\". Dance Teacher Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2012-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120623014602/http://www.dance-teacher.com/content/pearl-primus","url_text":"\"Pearl Primus\""},{"url":"http://www.dance-teacher.com/content/pearl-primus","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunning, Jennifer (October 31, 1994). \"Obituary - Pearl Primus\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/31/obituaries/pearl-primus-is-dead-at-74-a-pioneer-of-modern-dance.html","url_text":"\"Obituary - Pearl Primus\""}]},{"reference":"Dunning, Jennifer (31 October 1994). \"Pearl Primus Is Dead at 74; A Pioneer of Modern Dance\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/31/obituaries/pearl-primus-is-dead-at-74-a-pioneer-of-modern-dance.html","url_text":"\"Pearl Primus Is Dead at 74; A Pioneer of Modern Dance\""}]},{"reference":"Heard, Marcia Ethel (1999). Asadata Dafora: African Concert Dance Traditions in American Concert Dance (Ph.D.). New York University, School of Education. Retrieved 9 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304514502/","url_text":"Asadata Dafora: African Concert Dance Traditions in American Concert Dance"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Peggy and Murray (2012). The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/danceclaimedmebi0000schw","url_text":"The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus"}]},{"reference":"\"Black America- Dance of the Spirit\". Focus on Dance. November 6, 1972.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sorrell, Walter (1966). \"Out of Africa\" in The Dance Has Many Faces. New York: Columbia Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DeFrantz, Thomas (2002). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dancingmanydrums00thom","url_text":"Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance"}]},{"reference":"Fauley Emery, Lynne (1989). Black Dance: From 1619 to Today. Princeton Book Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Margaret (1987). The Borzoi Book of Modern Dance. Princeton Book Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Foulkes, Julia L. (2002). Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807853672.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernbodiesdanc00foul","url_text":"Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807853672","url_text":"9780807853672"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamono
Metamono
["1 Biography","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links","5 See also"]
Music group A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Biography Metamono is a musical trio formed in 2010 by Jono Podmore, Mark Hill and Paul Conboy to create analogue electronic music without using digital sound generation and processing, overdubs or microphones. Their improvised compositions are created using pre-used, borrowed and handbuilt vintage analogue synths and ring modulators, enhanced by the sounds of a theremin, a siren and a valve radio. Much of Metamono's equipment has been built or adapted by Paul Conboy (Bomb the Bass). In 2013 Metamono released the album With the Compliments of Nuclear Physics on vinyl. Metamono also released a six-song cassette-only EP entitled Band Theory Discography C15H14O6: Limited Edition cassette 2010 The Enemy Above: Limited Edition cassette 2010 Band Theory EP: Limited Edition cassette 2010 Bambino Lives: Limited Edition cassette 2010 Tape EP: HoHum Records HOMUM017 2011 Parcel Post EP: Instrumentarium Records 10" vinyl IMT001 2012 Warszawa/Shafty: Instrumentarium Records 7" IMT003 2013 With The Compliments of Nuclear Physics: Instrumentarium Records LP IMT004 2013 The Acrobatic Fly: download only via Bandcamp 2015 Bad Bird: download only via Bandcamp 2016 Creative Listening Instrumentarium Records LP IMT005 2016 Europe Endless: download only via Bandcamp 2016 References ^ "Langham Research Centre (No 1,605)". The Guardian. 26 September 2013. ^ Scott, Ben P. "Metamono – ‘With The Compliments Of Nuclear Physics’ (Instrumentarium Records)". God is in the TV. ^ "Metamono – With the Compliments of Nuclear Physics". Freq ^ "Vintage Voltage". Blue Fat Interview 2011 Tape EP Review Paris Transatlantic Decoder Article New band of the day: Metamono (1,591) The Quietus | Features | In Extremis | Creating A Richer Present: An Interview With Metamono The Quietus | News | LIVE REPORT: Metamono Metamono SUMMER 2012 External links Official website Metamono Facebook page Metamono YouTube Channel BBC Artist Page Press release Tape EP www.conboymusic.com www.psychomat.com The Recycled House See also Kumo (musician) Kumo/Jono Podmore
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[]
[{"title":"Kumo (musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo_(musician)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_finishing
Faux painting
["1 History","2 20th century revival","3 Faux finishes","4 References"]
Terms to describe paint finishes that replicate the appearance of other materials This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Faux painting" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Examples of faux paintings. Example of the faux painting of a wood design Faux painting or faux finishing are terms used to describe decorative paint finishes that replicate the appearance of materials such as marble, wood or stone. The term comes from the French word faux, meaning false, as these techniques started as a form of replicating materials such as marble and wood with paint, but has subsequently come to encompass many other decorative finishes for walls and furniture including simulating recognisable textures and surfaces. History Faux finishing has been used for millennia, from cave painting to the tombs of ancient Egypt, but what we generally think of as faux finishing in the decorative arts began with plaster and stucco finishes in Mesopotamia over 5,000 years ago. Faux painting became popular in classical times in the forms of faux marble, faux wood, and trompe-l'œil murals. Artists would apprentice for 10 years or more with a master faux painter before working on their own. Great recognition was awarded to artists who could actually trick viewers into believing their work was the real thing. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, in discussing the work of house and decorative painters, describes a number of faux-finishes including marbleizing and graining. Faux painting has continued to be popular throughout the ages, but experienced major resurgences in the neoclassical revival of the nineteenth century and the Art Deco styles of the 1920s. During the recent history of decorative painting, faux finishing has been mainly used in commercial and public spaces. 20th century revival In the late 1980s and early 1990s, faux finishing saw another revival, as wallpaper began to fall out of fashion. At this point, faux painting became popular in home environments, with high-end homes leading the trend. While it can be quite expensive to hire a professional faux finisher ($80.00/hr.), many faux painting methods are thought to be simple enough for a beginning home owner to create with a little instruction. Some professionally applied finishes in the high-end, Bay-Area homes of northern California, for example, were as simple as oil glaze, oil-based paint or penetrol or as complicated as applications with peacock feathers and 4 different colors applied using 4 different techniques. In modern-day faux finishing, there are two major processes used. Glaze work involves using a translucent mixture of paint and glaze applied with a brush, roller, rag, or sponge, and often mimics textures, but it is always smooth to the touch. Plaster work can be done with tinted plasters, or washed over with earth pigments, and is generally applied with a trowel or spatula. The finished result can be either flat to the touch or textured. Faux finishes Marbleizing or faux marbling is used to make walls and furniture look like real marble. This can be done using either plaster or glaze techniques. Fresco is a simple technique, uses mixtures of tint and joint compound to add mottled color and subtle texture to plain walls, Graining, wood graining, or faux bois (French for "fake wood") is often used to imitate exotic or hard-to-find wood varieties. Trompe-l'œil, "fool the eye" in French, is a realistic painting technique often used in murals, and to create architectural details as well as depth and 3 dimensionality. Venetian plaster is a smooth and often shiny plaster design that appears textured but is smooth to the touch. Venetian plaster is one of the most traditional plaster decorations. Authentic Venetian Plaster is made from marble dust and ground up limestone. Color wash is a free-form finish that creates subtle variations of color using multiple hues of glaze blended together with a paint brush. Strié, from the French for "stripe" or "streak", is a glazing technique that creates soft thin streaks of color using a paint brush. It is a technique often used to simulate fabrics such as linen and denim. Rag painting or ragging is a glazing technique using twisted or bunched up rags to create a textural pattern. Sponging is a free-form finish achieved by applying glaze to the wall by dabbing a sea sponge, in various shapes to achieve either simple design (resembling the wall papers) and more sophisticated ones. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faux painting. ^ Shekhar, R.K.C. (2005) Academic Dictionary of Architecture. Delhi: Isha Books, p. 110. ISBN 9788182051850 ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Painter-work" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 457–459.
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Artists would apprentice for 10 years or more with a master faux painter before working on their own. Great recognition was awarded to artists who could actually trick viewers into believing their work was the real thing.The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, in discussing the work of house and decorative painters, describes a number of faux-finishes including marbleizing and graining.[2] Faux painting has continued to be popular throughout the ages, but experienced major resurgences in the neoclassical revival of the nineteenth century and the Art Deco styles of the 1920s. During the recent history of decorative painting, faux finishing has been mainly used in commercial and public spaces.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wallpaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper"},{"link_name":"Glaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)"}],"text":"In the late 1980s and early 1990s, faux finishing saw another revival, as wallpaper began to fall out of fashion. At this point, faux painting became popular in home environments, with high-end homes leading the trend. While it can be quite expensive to hire a professional faux finisher ($80.00/hr.), many faux painting methods are thought to be simple enough for a beginning home owner to create with a little instruction. Some professionally applied finishes in the high-end, Bay-Area homes of northern California, for example, were as simple as oil glaze, oil-based paint or penetrol or as complicated as applications with peacock feathers and 4 different colors applied using 4 different techniques.In modern-day faux finishing, there are two major processes used. Glaze work involves using a translucent mixture of paint and glaze applied with a brush, roller, rag, or sponge, and often mimics textures, but it is always smooth to the touch. Plaster work can be done with tinted plasters, or washed over with earth pigments, and is generally applied with a trowel or spatula. The finished result can be either flat to the touch or textured.","title":"20th century revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marbleizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbleizing"},{"link_name":"Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Graining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graining"},{"link_name":"Trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"Venetian plaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_plaster"},{"link_name":"Color wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_wash"},{"link_name":"Strié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stri%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Rag painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag_painting"}],"text":"Marbleizing or faux marbling is used to make walls and furniture look like real marble. This can be done using either plaster or glaze techniques.\nFresco is a simple technique, uses mixtures of tint and joint compound to add mottled color and subtle texture to plain walls,\nGraining, wood graining, or faux bois (French for \"fake wood\") is often used to imitate exotic or hard-to-find wood varieties.\nTrompe-l'œil, \"fool the eye\" in French, is a realistic painting technique often used in murals, and to create architectural details as well as depth and 3 dimensionality.\nVenetian plaster is a smooth and often shiny plaster design that appears textured but is smooth to the touch. Venetian plaster is one of the most traditional plaster decorations. Authentic Venetian Plaster is made from marble dust and ground up limestone.\nColor wash is a free-form finish that creates subtle variations of color using multiple hues of glaze blended together with a paint brush.\nStrié, from the French for \"stripe\" or \"streak\", is a glazing technique that creates soft thin streaks of color using a paint brush. It is a technique often used to simulate fabrics such as linen and denim.\nRag painting or ragging is a glazing technique using twisted or bunched up rags to create a textural pattern.\nSponging is a free-form finish achieved by applying glaze to the wall by dabbing a sea sponge, in various shapes to achieve either simple design (resembling the wall papers) and more sophisticated ones.","title":"Faux finishes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bartlett_(disambiguation)
Edward Bartlett (disambiguation)
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Edward Bartlett (1836–1908) was an English ornithologist. Edward Bartlett may also refer to: Barto Bartlett (Edward Lawson Bartlett, 1906–1976), West Indian cricketer Bob Bartlett (Edward Lewis Bartlett, 1904–1968), U.S. senator from Alaska Statue of Bob Bartlett Edward T. Bartlett (1841–1910), New York lawyer Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0
2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0
["1 Teams and drivers","2 Race calendar and results","3 Championship standings","3.1 Drivers' Championship","3.2 Teams' Championship","4 References","5 External links"]
2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 Drivers' Champion: Nyck de Vries Teams' Champion: Koiranen GP Previous 2013 Next 2015 The 2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season was a multi-event motor racing championship for open wheel, formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in 2 litre Formula Renault single seat race cars that conformed to the technical regulations for the championship. The 2014 season was the 24th Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season organised by Renault Sport. The season began at Motorland Aragón on 26 April and finished on 19 October at Jerez. The series formed part of the World Series by Renault meetings at seven double header events. The championship titles were secured by driver Nyck de Vries, who spent his third season in the series and his team Koiranen GP. Series débutant Dennis Olsen finished as runner-up with wins at Spa-Francorchamps and the Nürburgring. Alexander Albon, who raced for KTR, completed the top three in the drivers' standings; all three drivers received a prize test in a Formula Renault 3.5 Series car. Manor Motorsport MP Motorsport driver Andrea Pizzitola was victorious at Motorland Aragón and the Hungaroring and finished fourth. Olsen's teammate Bruno Bonifacio won the other race at Spa, finishing in fifth position in the standings. Kevin Jörg, who finished behind Bonifacio, achieved a win at Moscow Raceway. The other wins were taken by Fortec Motorsports driver Jack Aitken at the Hungaroring, ART Junior Team driver Aurélien Panis at Moscow Raceway, while guest driver George Russell took a victory at Jerez. Teams and drivers Team No. Driver name Class Rounds Tech 1 Racing 1 Anthoine Hubert J All 2 Vasily Romanov J 1–5 George Russell 7 3 Egor Orudzhev All 44 Luke Chudleigh 1–2, 5 Hugo de Sadeleer 6 47 Akash Nandy 2 48 Philo Paz Patric Armand 2, 6 ART Junior Team 4 Aurélien Panis All 5 Levin Amweg 1–4, 6–7 Simon Gachet 5 6 Callan O'Keeffe J 1–5 Simon Gachet 6–7 Fortec Motorsports 7 Matt Parry All 8 Jack Aitken All 9 Martin Rump All 51 Charles Leclerc 2, 4–5 Ben Barnicoat 7 52 Thiago Vivacqua 2 Manor MP Motorsport 10 Andrea Pizzitola All 11 Steijn Schothorst All 49 Julio Moreno 2, 4 Josef Kaufmann Racing 14 Gustav Malja All 15 Kevin Jörg All 16 Ryan Tveter 1–6 50 Louis Delétraz J 4 Koiranen GP 17 Nick Cassidy 1–5 Hongli Ye 6–7 18 Ignazio D'Agosto 1–6 Stefan Riener 7 19 Nyck de Vries All 58 George Russell J 3 62 Pietro Fittipaldi 7 Prema Powerteam 20 Bruno Bonifacio All 21 Hans Villemi All 22 Dennis Olsen J All 53 Alex Bosak 2 KTR 23 Alexander Albon J All 24 Gregor Ramsay J All 25 Jules Gounon 1 Callan O'Keeffe J 6–7 ARTA Engineering 26 James Allen J 1–2, 4–7 27 Darius Oskoui J 1 28 Simon Gachet 1–4 China BRT by JCS 35 Victor Franzoni 4 36 Josef Záruba 4 AVF 38 Roy Geerts 1 Josef Záruba 2 Jules Gounon 6 39 Iñigo Bikuña J 1 Louis Delétraz 2, 6 40 Matthew Graham J 1–2 JD Motorsport 45 Matevos Isaakyan J 1–3 46 Denis Korneev 1–3 Thiago Vivacqua 7 BVM Racing 54 Dario Capitanio 2 Danylo Pronenko 3, 7 55 Semen Evstigneev 2–3 Mark Burdett Motorsport 56 Jake Hughes 2 57 Raoul Owens 2, 4 Fragus BR Motorsport 59 Robin Hansson J 4 Strakka Racing 60 Jake Hughes 5, 7 61 Matthew Graham J 5 Icon Class J Junior Class Race calendar and results The calendar for the 2014 season was announced on 20 October 2013, in the final day of the 2013 season. All seven rounds formed meetings of the 2014 World Series by Renault season. The championship visited the Circuito de Jerez for the first time and returned to the Nürburgring. The Red Bull Ring and Barcelona were removed from the schedule. Round Circuit Country Date Pole Position Fastest Lap Winning Driver Winning Team 1 R1 Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, Alcañiz  Spain 26 April Nyck de Vries Egor Orudzhev Nyck de Vries Koiranen GP R2 27 April Andrea Pizzitola Egor Orudzhev Andrea Pizzitola Manor MP Motorsport 2 R1 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps  Belgium 31 May Nyck de Vries Dennis Olsen Dennis Olsen Prema Powerteam R2 1 June Nyck de Vries Dennis Olsen Bruno Bonifacio Prema Powerteam 3 R1 Moscow Raceway  Russia 28 June Aurélien Panis Egor Orudzhev Aurélien Panis ART Junior Team R2 29 June Nyck de Vries Callan O'Keeffe Kevin Jörg Josef Kaufmann Racing 4 R1 Nürburgring  Germany 12 July Alexander Albon Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Koiranen GP R2 13 July Dennis Olsen Dennis Olsen Dennis Olsen Prema Powerteam 5 R1 Hungaroring, Mogyoród  Hungary 13 September Andrea Pizzitola Nyck de Vries Andrea Pizzitola Manor MP Motorsport R2 14 September Jack Aitken Jake Hughes Jack Aitken Fortec Motorsports 6 R1 Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet  France 27 September Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Koiranen GP R2 28 September Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Koiranen GP 7 R1 Circuito de Jerez  Spain 18 October Dennis Olsen Nyck de Vries Nyck de Vries Koiranen GP R2 19 October George Russell George Russell George Russell Tech 1 Racing Championship standings Points for both championships were awarded as follows: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 Drivers' Championship Pos Driver ALC SPA MSC NÜR HUN LEC JER Points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Nyck de Vries 1 4 2 3 Ret 2 1 4 3 7 1 1 1 2 254 2 Dennis Olsen 13 8 1 2 9 5 4 1 9 8 6 Ret DSQ 7 124 3 Alexander Albon 4 9 4 37 11 3 2 13 7 6 3 13 4 5 117 4 Andrea Pizzitola Ret 1 15 10 2 6 7 10 1 9 5 8 13 22 108 5 Bruno Bonifacio 3 3 3 1 16 DNS 20 Ret 8 Ret 8 Ret 7 13 88 6 Kevin Jörg 15 2 7 14 7 1 10 Ret 13 11 7 6 Ret 4 87 7 Jack Aitken 19 27 17 20 Ret 12 3 6 18 1 21 12 2 3 86 8 Egor Orudzhev 2 25 6 9 6 9 Ret 9 11 Ret 2 3 11 Ret 83 9 Aurélien Panis 5 Ret 8 28 1 8 11 11 DSQ 14 4 2 9 17 82 10 Ignazio D'Agosto 8 16 10 12 13 14 6 3 6 3 14 4 73 11 Matt Parry 7 Ret Ret 11 3 4 29 14 12 5 Ret 10 Ret 6 57 12 Gustav Malja 6 10 32 21 14 17 14 12 5 4 9 7 Ret 10 49 13 Levin Amweg 12 5 5 5 4 23 23 Ret 19 11 12 19 42 14 Hans Villemi Ret 14 11 8 17 15 15 16 4 18 10 Ret 3 12 38 15 Anthoine Hubert 18 7 9 6 10 13 19 15 14 16 12 9 6 16 30 16 Callan O'Keeffe Ret Ret 13 4 5 10 28 Ret DSQ 20 22 15 10 11 28 17 Steijn Schothorst 11 13 Ret 13 21 16 13 17 19 10 13 5 8 9 24 18 Nick Cassidy 14 11 12 17 25 25 8 5 10 Ret 20 19 Simon Gachet 9 6 18 15 18 Ret 21 18 DSQ 19 23 16 16 20 10 20 Martin Rump Ret 17 14 26 22 19 12 8 16 Ret 11 Ret 15 Ret 8 21 Victor Franzoni 9 19 4 22 Matthew Graham 10 18 21 18 17 Ret 1 23 Ryan Tveter 23 12 23 Ret 12 11 22 Ret 23 13 15 Ret 1 24 Gregor Ramsay 17 21 22 32 24 21 16 20 15 17 Ret 14 14 18 0 25 Vasily Romanov 21 23 34 34 20 24 Ret 21 21 15 0 26 Roy Geerts 16 19 0 27 James Allen 24 22 31 Ret 27 25 22 22 20 17 17 24 0 28 Josef Záruba 33 33 18 24 0 29 Iñigo Bikuña 26 24 0 30 Jules Gounon 25 26 Ret Ret 0 Darius Oskoui WD WD 0 Guest drivers ineligible for points George Russell 15 22 5 1 Charles Leclerc 26 30 5 2 2 2 Matevos Isaakyan 27 15 16 7 8 7 Louis Delétraz Ret 16 24 7 16 18 Jake Hughes Ret 22 24 12 Ret 8 Pietro Fittipaldi Ret 14 Thiago Vivacqua 30 Ret 18 15 Raoul Owens 27 24 17 26 Philo Paz Patric Armand 29 27 17 Ret Denis Korneev 22 Ret Ret 29 19 18 Hugo de Sadeleer 18 19 Luke Chudleigh 20 20 19 19 20 21 Danylo Pronenko 26 26 19 25 Semen Evstigneev Ret 36 23 20 Hongli Ye 24 20 Ret 23 Dario Capitanio 20 23 Stefan Riener Ret 21 Robin Hansson 26 22 Julio Moreno 28 31 25 23 Alex Bosak 24 35 Akash Nandy 25 25 Ben Barnicoat Ret DNS Pos Driver ALC SPA MSC NÜR HUN LEC JER Points Colour Result Gold Winner Silver Second place Bronze Third place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Retired (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Withdrew (WD) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not practice (DNP) Did not arrive (DNA) Excluded (EX) Bold – Pole Italics – Fastest Lap Teams' Championship Pos Driver CarNo. ALC SPA MSC NÜR HUN LEC JER Points 1 Koiranen GP 17 14 11 12 17 25 25 8 5 10 Ret 24 20 Ret 23 347 18 8 16 10 12 13 14 6 3 6 3 14 4 Ret 21 19 1 4 2 3 Ret 2 1 4 3 7 1 1 1 2 58 15 22 62 Ret 14 2 Prema Powerteam 20 3 3 3 1 16 DNS 20 Ret 8 Ret 8 Ret 7 13 250 21 Ret 14 11 8 17 15 15 16 4 18 10 Ret 3 12 22 13 8 1 2 9 5 4 1 9 8 6 Ret DSQ 7 53 24 35 3 Fortec Motorsports 7 7 Ret Ret 11 3 4 29 14 12 5 Ret 10 Ret 6 151 8 19 27 17 20 Ret 12 3 6 18 1 21 12 2 3 9 Ret 17 14 26 22 19 12 8 16 Ret 11 Ret 15 Ret 51 26 30 5 2 2 2 Ret DNS 52 30 Ret 4 ART Junior Team 4 5 Ret 8 28 1 8 11 11 DSQ 14 4 2 9 17 148 5 12 5 5 5 4 23 23 Ret DSQ 19 19 11 12 19 6 Ret Ret 13 4 5 10 28 Ret DSQ 20 23 16 16 20 5 Josef Kaufmann Racing 14 6 10 32 21 14 17 14 12 5 4 9 7 Ret 4 137 15 15 2 7 14 7 1 10 Ret 13 11 7 6 Ret 10 16 23 12 23 Ret 12 11 22 Ret 23 13 15 Ret 50 24 7 6 Manor MP Motorsport 10 Ret 1 15 10 2 6 7 10 1 9 5 8 13 22 132 11 11 13 Ret 13 21 16 13 17 19 10 13 5 8 9 49 28 31 25 23 7 KTR 23 4 9 4 37 11 3 2 13 7 6 3 13 4 5 121 24 17 21 22 32 24 21 16 20 15 17 Ret 14 14 18 25 25 26 22 15 10 11 8 Tech 1 Racing 1 18 7 9 6 10 13 19 15 14 16 12 9 6 16 113 2 21 23 34 34 20 24 Ret 21 21 15 6 1 3 2 25 6 9 6 9 Ret 9 11 Ret 2 3 11 Ret 44 20 20 19 19 20 21 18 19 47 25 25 48 29 27 17 Ret 9 ARTA Engineering 26 24 22 31 Ret 27 25 22 22 21 17 17 24 10 27 WD WD 28 9 6 18 15 18 Ret 21 18 10 China BRT by JCS 35 9 19 4 36 18 24 11 AVF 38 16 19 33 33 Ret Ret 1 39 26 24 Ret 16 16 18 40 10 18 21 18 12 Strakka Racing 60 24 12 Ret 8 0 61 17 Ret Guest teams ineligible for points JD Motorsport 45 27 15 16 7 8 7 46 22 Ret Ret 29 19 18 18 15 Mark Burdett Motorsport 56 Ret 22 57 27 24 17 26 BVM Racing 54 20 23 26 26 19 25 55 Ret 36 23 20 Fragus BR Motorsport 59 26 22 Pos Driver CarNo. ALC SPA MSC NÜR HUN LEC JER Points Colour Result Gold Winner Silver Second place Bronze Third place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Retired (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Withdrew (WD) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not practice (DNP) Did not arrive (DNA) Excluded (EX) Bold – Pole Italics – Fastest Lap References ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (28 September 2014). "De Vries wins again, clinches 2014 Eurocup title". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 19 October 2014. ^ "Nyck de Vries clinches the title for Koiranen GP". Renault Sport. World Series by Renault. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h "12 teams chosen for 2014". RenaultSport.com. Renault Sport. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ a b c Khorounzhiy, Valentin (8 January 2014). "Hubert, Romanov join Orudzhev in Tech 1's Eurocup lineup". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 9 January 2014. ^ a b c d e "Cars and drivers admitted" (PDF). Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. Renault Sport. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ McDonald, Norris (16 April 2014). "Luke Chudleigh: A racer to the core". Wheels.ca. Star Media Group. Retrieved 24 April 2014. Now 19 he's starting his second season in the Formula Renault 2.0 ALPS series with the French Tech1 Racing team. And he's also going to be racing full-time in the Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup Series. ^ a b c d e f "Cars and drivers admitted" (PDF). Renault Sport. Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "ENTRY LIST / 43 ENTRANTS". World Series by Renault. Renault Sport. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014. ^ "World Series by Renault, season 10!". World Series by Renault. Renault Sport. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Among the contenders who already have Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 experience, Andrea Pizzitola (Manor MP Motorsport), Steijn Schothorst (Manor MP Motorsport), Ignazio D'Agosto (Koiranen GP), Aurélien Panis (ART Junior Team), Levin Amweg (ART Junior Team), Gustav Malja (Josef Kaufmann Racing) and Alexander Albon (KTR) all want to live up to the confidence that has been put in them. ^ Allen, Peter (5 February 2014). "Levin Amweg joins ART Junior Team for 2014 Eurocup". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 5 February 2014. ^ a b c Khorounzhiy, Valentin (2 April 2014). "Lotus-backed Eurocup FR2.0 trio have 2014 teams confirmed". PaddockScout.com. PaddockScout. Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (20 February 2014). "NEC champion Parry confirms Eurocup move with Fortec". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ Viñals Vendrell, Arnau (20 December 2013). "Rump i Aitiken amb Fortec al Eurocup". FormulaRapida.net. Formula Ràpida. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014. ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (22 December 2013). "Fortec sign Martin Rump for Eurocup Formula Renault". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ a b "Manor MP Motorsport signs Pizzitola & Schothorst for Eurocup title bid". Manor MP Motorsport. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014. ^ Allen, Peter (12 February 2014). "Malja sticks with Josef Kaufmann for dual FR2.0 campaign". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 12 February 2014. ^ Allen, Peter (12 February 2014). "Jorg completes Josef Kaufmann Racing line-up for 2014". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 12 February 2014. ^ David, Gruz (30 January 2014). "Tveter enters Eurocup Formula Renault with Josef Kaufmann Racing". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f Allen, Peter (11 July 2014). "Gustav Malja pips rivals to top Friday Eurocup running at Nurburgring". PaddockScout.com. PaddockScout. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ "Cassidy con Koiranen per la stagione" . ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. ^ David, Gruz (18 January 2014). "D'Agosto secures Eurocup FR2.0 seat with Koiranen". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 18 January 2014. ^ David, Gruz (11 March 2014). "Koiranen retain Nyck de Vries for 2014 Eurocup FR2.0 season". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 11 March 2014. ^ a b Khorounzhi, Valentin (27 June 2014). "Kevin Jorg tops Eurocup practice at Moscow Raceway". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ a b c "PREMA announces it's drivers for 2014". Prema Powerteam. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. ^ "Entry list / 32 entrants". World Series by Renault Media. Renault Sport. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. ^ "News". JamesAllenRaceDriver.com. James Allen. Retrieved 24 April 2014. After testing for the winter in Spain, James has signed to do both ALPS and Eurocup with ARTA Engineering under the guidende of Arnaud Tanguy. ^ a b Khorounzhiy, Valentin (20 February 2014). "ARTA Engineering confirm Eurocup, Alps lineups". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ "AVF entra nella serie europea" . ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014. ^ a b c "AVF al via ad Alcaniz con tre piloti" . Inpagina (in Italian). ItaliaRacing.net. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. ^ a b c "Isaakyan debutta con JD ad Alcaniz" . ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (27 August 2014). "Hughes to race for ART and Strakka in remainder of 2014". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 27 August 2014. ^ Hensby, Paul (8 September 2014). "Graham Completes Strakka Racing's Hungaroring Eurocup Line-up". The Checkered Flag. Black Eagle Media Network. Retrieved 10 September 2014. ^ "2014 World Series by Renault calendar unveiled". Renault Sport. World Series by Renault. 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. External links Renault-Sport official website vteFormula Renault Renault Sport Series Formula Renault V6 Eurocup List of 2.0L champions Formula Renault Eurocup 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Formula Renault NEC 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Formula Renault 2.0 Alps 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Formula Renault 2.0 West European Cup 1971 1972 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 British Formula Renault ChampionshipFormula Renault 2.0 UK 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Protyre Formula Renault 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Formula Renault 2.0 Italia 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Formula Renault 2.0 Germany 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Formula Renault 2.0 Netherlands 2003 2004 2005 French F4 Championship 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Formula V6 Asia 2006 2007 2008 2009 Formula Renault AsiaCup 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Formula Renault Argentina 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–2021 2021 2022 2023 2024 Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Other Formula Renault seasons 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 vteEuropean championships in 2014Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatic sports Archery Athletics outdoor cross ciountry mountain running Badminton individual team Baseball (men) Basketball 3x3 Beach volleyball Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX mountain bike road track Fencing Football (men) Golf Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women wheelchair Indoor hockey men women Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting 10m events shotgun Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Draughts men women Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula 3 Formula Renault 2.0 Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car vteRenault Sport SeriesWorld Series by RenaultRenault Sport Series 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0Formula Renault Eurocup 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Renault Sport Trophy 2015 2016 Formula Renault 3.5 Series 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Eurocup Mégane Trophy 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 F4 Eurocup 1.6 2010 Eurocup Clio 2011 2012 2013 2014
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0"},{"link_name":"Nyck de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries"},{"link_name":"Koiranen GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiranen_GP"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0"},{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport#Motor_racing"},{"link_name":"open wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-wheel_car"},{"link_name":"formula racing cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_racing"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"2 litre Formula Renault single seat race cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Renault"},{"link_name":"Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0"},{"link_name":"Renault Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport"},{"link_name":"Motorland Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_del_Motor_de_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Jerez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_de_Jerez"},{"link_name":"World Series by Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault"},{"link_name":"Nyck de Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyck_de_Vries"},{"link_name":"Koiranen GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiranen_GP"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dennis Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Olsen_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Spa-Francorchamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"Alexander Albon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Albon"},{"link_name":"KTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Mollekens"},{"link_name":"Manor Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"MP Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Andrea Pizzitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pizzitola"},{"link_name":"Motorland Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorland_Arag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Hungaroring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroring"},{"link_name":"Bruno Bonifacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bonifacio"},{"link_name":"Kevin Jörg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J%C3%B6rg"},{"link_name":"Moscow Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Fortec Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortec_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Jack Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Aitken"},{"link_name":"ART Junior Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-ace_GP"},{"link_name":"Aurélien Panis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Panis"},{"link_name":"George Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Russell_(racing_driver)"}],"text":"2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0\nDrivers' Champion: Nyck de Vries Teams' Champion: Koiranen GP\n\nPrevious\n2013\nNext\n2015The 2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season was a multi-event motor racing championship for open wheel, formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in 2 litre Formula Renault single seat race cars that conformed to the technical regulations for the championship. The 2014 season was the 24th Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season organised by Renault Sport. The season began at Motorland Aragón on 26 April and finished on 19 October at Jerez. The series formed part of the World Series by Renault meetings at seven double header events.The championship titles were secured by driver Nyck de Vries, who spent his third season in the series and his team Koiranen GP.[1][2] Series débutant Dennis Olsen finished as runner-up with wins at Spa-Francorchamps and the Nürburgring. Alexander Albon, who raced for KTR, completed the top three in the drivers' standings; all three drivers received a prize test in a Formula Renault 3.5 Series car. Manor Motorsport MP Motorsport driver Andrea Pizzitola was victorious at Motorland Aragón and the Hungaroring and finished fourth. Olsen's teammate Bruno Bonifacio won the other race at Spa, finishing in fifth position in the standings. Kevin Jörg, who finished behind Bonifacio, achieved a win at Moscow Raceway. The other wins were taken by Fortec Motorsports driver Jack Aitken at the Hungaroring, ART Junior Team driver Aurélien Panis at Moscow Raceway, while guest driver George Russell took a victory at Jerez.","title":"2014 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"2014 World Series by Renault season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Series_by_Renault_season"},{"link_name":"Circuito de Jerez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_de_Jerez"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Ring"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Barcelona-Catalunya"}],"text":"The calendar for the 2014 season was announced on 20 October 2013, in the final day of the 2013 season.[33] All seven rounds formed meetings of the 2014 World Series by Renault season. The championship visited the Circuito de Jerez for the first time and returned to the Nürburgring. The Red Bull Ring and Barcelona were removed from the schedule.","title":"Race calendar and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Points for both championships were awarded as follows:","title":"Championship standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Drivers' Championship","title":"Championship standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams' Championship","title":"Championship standings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (28 September 2014). \"De Vries wins again, clinches 2014 Eurocup title\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 19 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/de-vries-wins-again-clinches-2014-eurocup-title/","url_text":"\"De Vries wins again, clinches 2014 Eurocup title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nyck de Vries clinches the title for Koiranen GP\". Renault Sport. World Series by Renault. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renaultsport.com/Nyck-de-Vries-clinches-the-title-for-Koiranen-GP.html","url_text":"\"Nyck de Vries clinches the title for Koiranen GP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault","url_text":"World Series by Renault"}]},{"reference":"\"12 teams chosen for 2014\". RenaultSport.com. Renault Sport. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312214008/http://worldseriesbyrenault.com/12-teams-chosen-for-the-2014.html","url_text":"\"12 teams chosen for 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"http://worldseriesbyrenault.com/12-teams-chosen-for-the-2014.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (8 January 2014). \"Hubert, Romanov join Orudzhev in Tech 1's Eurocup lineup\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 9 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/hubert-romanov-join-orudzhev-in-tech-1s-eurocup-lineup/","url_text":"\"Hubert, Romanov join Orudzhev in Tech 1's Eurocup lineup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cars and drivers admitted\" (PDF). Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. Renault Sport. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wsr.alkamelsystems.com/Results_NoticeBoard/07_2014/08_JEREZ/02_FR%202.0/01_Cars%20and%20Drivers%20admitted.pdf","url_text":"\"Cars and drivers admitted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0","url_text":"Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Norris (16 April 2014). \"Luke Chudleigh: A racer to the core\". Wheels.ca. Star Media Group. Retrieved 24 April 2014. Now 19 [...] he's starting his second season in the Formula Renault 2.0 ALPS series with the French Tech1 Racing team. And he's also going to be racing full-time in the Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup Series.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wheels.ca/news/motorsport-luke-chudleigh-a-racer-to-the-core/","url_text":"\"Luke Chudleigh: A racer to the core\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Media_Group","url_text":"Star Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Cars and drivers admitted\" (PDF). Renault Sport. Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wsr.alkamelsystems.com/Results_NoticeBoard/07_2014/07_PAUL%20RICARD/02_FR%202.0/01_Cars%20and%20Drivers%20admitted.pdf","url_text":"\"Cars and drivers admitted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0","url_text":"Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0"}]},{"reference":"\"ENTRY LIST / 43 ENTRANTS\". World Series by Renault. Renault Sport. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021043331/http://mediaguide.wsbyrenault.com/entrylist.php?champ=68","url_text":"\"ENTRY LIST / 43 ENTRANTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault","url_text":"World Series by Renault"},{"url":"http://mediaguide.wsbyrenault.com/entrylist.php?champ=68","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Series by Renault, season 10!\". World Series by Renault. Renault Sport. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Among the contenders who already have Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 experience, Andrea Pizzitola (Manor MP Motorsport), Steijn Schothorst (Manor MP Motorsport), Ignazio D'Agosto (Koiranen GP), Aurélien Panis (ART Junior Team), Levin Amweg (ART Junior Team), Gustav Malja (Josef Kaufmann Racing) and Alexander Albon (KTR) all want to live up to the confidence that has been put in them.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140419165348/http://www.worldseriesbyrenault.com/World-Series-by-Renault-season-10.html","url_text":"\"World Series by Renault, season 10!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault","url_text":"World Series by Renault"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"http://www.worldseriesbyrenault.com/World-Series-by-Renault-season-10.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pizzitola","url_text":"Andrea Pizzitola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lien_Panis","url_text":"Aurélien Panis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-ace_GP","url_text":"ART Junior Team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-ace_GP","url_text":"ART Junior Team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Malja","url_text":"Gustav Malja"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Peter (5 February 2014). \"Levin Amweg joins ART Junior Team for 2014 Eurocup\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/amweg-joins-art-junior-team-for-2014-eurocup/","url_text":"\"Levin Amweg joins ART Junior Team for 2014 Eurocup\""}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (2 April 2014). \"Lotus-backed Eurocup FR2.0 trio have 2014 teams confirmed\". PaddockScout.com. PaddockScout. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/lotus-backed-eurocup-fr2-0-trio-have-2014-teams-confirmed/","url_text":"\"Lotus-backed Eurocup FR2.0 trio have 2014 teams confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (20 February 2014). \"NEC champion Parry confirms Eurocup move with Fortec\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/nec-champion-parry-confirms-eurocup-move-with-fortec/","url_text":"\"NEC champion Parry confirms Eurocup move with Fortec\""}]},{"reference":"Viñals Vendrell, Arnau (20 December 2013). \"Rump i Aitiken amb Fortec al Eurocup\". FormulaRapida.net. Formula Ràpida. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140219151618/http://www.formularapida.net/news/rump-i-aitiken-amb-fortec-al-eurocup/","url_text":"\"Rump i Aitiken amb Fortec al Eurocup\""},{"url":"http://www.formularapida.net/news/rump-i-aitiken-amb-fortec-al-eurocup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (22 December 2013). \"Fortec sign Martin Rump for Eurocup Formula Renault\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/fortec-sign-martin-rump-for-eurocup-formula-renault/","url_text":"\"Fortec sign Martin Rump for Eurocup Formula Renault\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manor MP Motorsport signs Pizzitola & Schothorst for Eurocup title bid\". Manor MP Motorsport. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212313/http://manormpmotorsport.net/en/news/118/manor-mp-motorsport-signs-pizzitola-en-schothorst-for-eurocup-title-bid-","url_text":"\"Manor MP Motorsport signs Pizzitola & Schothorst for Eurocup title bid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_Motorsport","url_text":"Manor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_Motorsport","url_text":"MP Motorsport"},{"url":"http://manormpmotorsport.net/en/news/118/manor-mp-motorsport-signs-pizzitola-en-schothorst-for-eurocup-title-bid-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Peter (12 February 2014). \"Malja sticks with Josef Kaufmann for dual FR2.0 campaign\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 12 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/malja-sticks-with-josef-kaufmann-for-dual-fr2-0-campaign/","url_text":"\"Malja sticks with Josef Kaufmann for dual FR2.0 campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Peter (12 February 2014). \"Jorg completes Josef Kaufmann Racing line-up for 2014\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 12 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/jorg-completes-josef-kaufmann-racing-line-up-for-2014/","url_text":"\"Jorg completes Josef Kaufmann Racing line-up for 2014\""}]},{"reference":"David, Gruz (30 January 2014). \"Tveter enters Eurocup Formula Renault with Josef Kaufmann Racing\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/tveter-enters-eurocup-formula-renault-with-josef-kaufmann-racing/","url_text":"\"Tveter enters Eurocup Formula Renault with Josef Kaufmann Racing\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Peter (11 July 2014). \"Gustav Malja pips rivals to top Friday Eurocup running at Nurburgring\". PaddockScout.com. PaddockScout. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/gustav-malja-pips-rivals-to-top-friday-eurocup-running-at-nurburgring/","url_text":"\"Gustav Malja pips rivals to top Friday Eurocup running at Nurburgring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cassidy con Koiranen per la stagione\" [Cassidy with Koiranen for the season]. ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424193012/http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44400&cat=22","url_text":"\"Cassidy con Koiranen per la stagione\""},{"url":"http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44400&cat=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David, Gruz (18 January 2014). \"D'Agosto secures Eurocup FR2.0 seat with Koiranen\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 18 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/dagosto-secures-eurocup-fr2-0-seat-with-koiranen/","url_text":"\"D'Agosto secures Eurocup FR2.0 seat with Koiranen\""}]},{"reference":"David, Gruz (11 March 2014). \"Koiranen retain Nyck de Vries for 2014 Eurocup FR2.0 season\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 11 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/koiranen-retain-nyck-de-vries-for-2014-eurocup-fr2-0-season/","url_text":"\"Koiranen retain Nyck de Vries for 2014 Eurocup FR2.0 season\""}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhi, Valentin (27 June 2014). \"Kevin Jorg tops Eurocup practice at Moscow Raceway\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/kevin-jorg-tops-eurocup-collective-testing-at-moscow-raceway/","url_text":"\"Kevin Jorg tops Eurocup practice at Moscow Raceway\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREMA announces it's drivers for 2014\". Prema Powerteam. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premapowerteam.com/en/news.php?categ=-1&id_news=17366","url_text":"\"PREMA announces it's drivers for 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prema_Powerteam","url_text":"Prema Powerteam"}]},{"reference":"\"Entry list / 32 entrants\". World Series by Renault Media. Renault Sport. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141021043331/http://mediaguide.wsbyrenault.com/entrylist.php?champ=68","url_text":"\"Entry list / 32 entrants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault","url_text":"World Series by Renault"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"http://mediaguide.wsbyrenault.com/entrylist.php?champ=68","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News\". JamesAllenRaceDriver.com. James Allen. Retrieved 24 April 2014. After testing for the winter in Spain, James has signed to do both ALPS and Eurocup with ARTA Engineering under the guidende of Arnaud Tanguy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamesallenracedriver.com/#!cars/c1x9v","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (20 February 2014). \"ARTA Engineering confirm Eurocup, Alps lineups\". PaddockScout.com. Paddock Scout. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/arta-engineering-confirm-eurocup-alps-lineups/","url_text":"\"ARTA Engineering confirm Eurocup, Alps lineups\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVF entra nella serie europea\" [AVF enters the European series]. ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 18 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132735/http://italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=43490&cat=22","url_text":"\"AVF entra nella serie europea\""},{"url":"http://italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=43490&cat=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AVF al via ad Alcaniz con tre piloti\" [AVF at the start with three riders in Alcaniz]. Inpagina (in Italian). ItaliaRacing.net. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224327/http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44402&cat=22","url_text":"\"AVF al via ad Alcaniz con tre piloti\""},{"url":"http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44402&cat=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Isaakyan debutta con JD ad Alcaniz\" [Isaakyan debuts with JD at Alcaniz]. ItaliaRacing.net (in Italian). Inpagina. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192858/http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44401&cat=22","url_text":"\"Isaakyan debutta con JD ad Alcaniz\""},{"url":"http://www.italiaracing.net/notizia.asp?id=44401&cat=22","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khorounzhiy, Valentin (27 August 2014). \"Hughes to race for ART and Strakka in remainder of 2014\". Paddock Scout. Retrieved 27 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paddockscout.com/hughes-to-race-for-art-and-strakka-in-remainder-of-2014/","url_text":"\"Hughes to race for ART and Strakka in remainder of 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Hensby, Paul (8 September 2014). \"Graham Completes Strakka Racing's Hungaroring Eurocup Line-up\". The Checkered Flag. Black Eagle Media Network. Retrieved 10 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2014/09/graham-completes-strakka-racings-hungaroring-eurocup-line/","url_text":"\"Graham Completes Strakka Racing's Hungaroring Eurocup Line-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 World Series by Renault calendar unveiled\". Renault Sport. World Series by Renault. 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023071740/http://www.renaultsport.com/2014-World-Series-by-Renault,3040.html","url_text":"\"2014 World Series by Renault calendar unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sport","url_text":"Renault Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_by_Renault","url_text":"World Series by Renault"},{"url":"http://www.renaultsport.com/2014-World-Series-by-Renault,3040.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alanson_Bryan
William Alanson Bryan
["1 Life and work","2 References"]
William Alanson Bryan, Hawaii, 1915 William Alanson Bryan (23 December 1875 - 18 June 1942) was an American zoologist, ornithologist, naturalist and museum director. Life and work Bryan was born on a farm in New Sharon, Iowa. After his education, and his zoology studies, he graduated in 1896 from Iowa State College. In 1900 he came to Hawaii and took the position of curator of ornithology at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. In June of the same year he married Ruth May Goss, who died in 1904. In 1907 he left the museum and founded the Pacific Scientific Institution, which aimed to promote biological and anthropological research in the Pacific. He then became a professor of zoology at the Faculty of the College of Hawaii. In 1909 he married Elizabeth Letson Bryan (1874-1919), who worked as mussels and snails collector. Bryan unsuccessfully ran for governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1913 and 1917. After his wife's death he finished his work at the College of Hawai'i and went to South America. In January 1920, he undertook an expedition to Easter Island. From 1921 until his retirement in 1940 he was director of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art. References ^ Bryan, Edwin H. Jr. (April 1968). "Some Pacific Scientists I Have Known" (PDF). Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. XXIV: x. ^ Library, Special Collections, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Hamilton. "Rapanui: Edmunds and Bryan Photograph Collection -- William A. Bryan". libweb.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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[{"image_text":"William Alanson Bryan, Hawaii, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/William_Alanson_Bryan.png/220px-William_Alanson_Bryan.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Douglas
Howard Douglas
["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Early writings and promotion to Major-General","4 Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick","5 Later career in Europe","6 Personal life","7 Honors","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
For the superintendent for Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada, see Howard Douglas (park superintendent). Sir Howard DouglasGCB GCMG FRS BtSir Howard Douglas3rd Lieutenant-Governor of New BrunswickIn office1824–1831MonarchsGeorge IVWilliam IVPreceded byGeorge Stracey SmythSucceeded bySir Archibald Campbell, 1st BaronetMember of Parliamentfor LiverpoolIn office1842–1847Preceded byCresswell Cresswell and Dudley RyderSucceeded byThomas Bernard Birch and Dudley Ryder Personal detailsBorn(1776-01-23)23 January 1776Gosport, EnglandDied9 November 1861(1861-11-09) (aged 85)Tunbridge Wells, EnglandPolitical partyConservativeSpouse Anne Dundas ​(m. 1799)​RelationsRear-Admiral Sir Charles Douglas (father), Vice-Admiral Sir William Henry Douglas (brother)AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the BathKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Fellow of the Royal SocietyMilitary serviceAllegianceGreat BritainBranch/serviceArmyYears of service1794-1861RankGeneralBattles/warsNapoleonic Wars General Sir Howard Douglas, 3rd Baronet, GCB, GCMG, FRS (23 January 1776 – 9 November 1861) was a British Army officer born in Gosport, England, the younger son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, and a descendant of the Earls of Morton. He was an English army general, author, colonial administrator and Member of Parliament for Liverpool. Early life Following the death of his mother, Sarah Wood Douglas, in 1779, Howard was raised by his aunt, Helena Baillie, near Edinburgh. As a boy, he wanted to join the Royal Navy and follow in the footsteps of his father and older brother. His father agreed to take him to sea when he was 13, but Sir Charles died of apoplexy while in Edinburgh just after he arrived to collect Howard in 1789. Howard's guardians thought it better that he serve in the Army instead, and he entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1790. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794, becoming Lieutenant a few months later. Early career In 1795 he was shipwrecked while in charge of a draft for Canada, and lived with his men for a whole winter on the Labrador coast. Soon after his return to England in 1799 he was made a Captain-Lieutenant. In his regimental service during the next few years, he was attached to all branches of the artillery in succession, becoming Captain in 1804, after which he was placed on half-pay to serve at the Royal Military College (RMC), then located at High Wycombe. He taught military strategy and was an authority on military and naval engineering. He served intermittently as commandant of the senior department and as inspector general of instructions at the RMC. In 1804, Douglas was appointed to a majority in the York Rangers, a corps immediately afterwards reduced. He remained on the roll of its officers until promoted Major-General. The senior department of the RMC at High Wycombe, of which he was in charge, was the forerunner of the Staff College. Douglas was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1806. He served in 1808–09 in the Peninsular War and was present at the Battle of Corunna, after which he took part in the Walcheren Campaign. On the death of his half-brother, Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas in 1809, he succeeded to the baronetcy. In 1812 he was employed in special missions in the north of Spain, and took part in numerous minor operations in that region, but he was soon recalled, the Home Government deeming his services indispensable to the Royal Military College. He became brevet Colonel in 1814 and CB in 1815. He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 25 January 1816. Early writings and promotion to Major-General In 1816 appeared his Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges, in 1819, Observations on the Motives, Errors and Tendency of M. Carnots System of Defence, and in the following year his A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (of which numerous editions and translations appeared up to the general introduction of rifled ordnance). In 1821 he was promoted Major-General. Douglas's criticisms of Carnot led to an important experiment being carried out at Woolwich in 1822, and his Naval Gunnery became a standard text-book, and indeed first drew attention to the subject of which it treated. Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick Sir Howard Douglas became Governor of New Brunswick (1823–31). He had to deal with the Maine boundary dispute with the United States of 1828. He also founded Fredericton College (King's College), now known as the University of New Brunswick, of which he was the first Chancellor. He was governor during the Miramichi fire of 1825, and his actions during that crisis increased his popularity with the people of the province. He secured a charter for King's College at Fredericton (later the University of New Brunswick). Some subsequent light is shed on local society in his period of office in the novel Lady Rosamond's Secret. A Romance of Fredericton (1878) by the Rebecca Agatha Armour. Later career in Europe Obelisk commemorating his Ionian service on the island of Corfu On his return to Europe he was employed in various missions, and he published about this time Naval Evolutions, a controversial work dealing with the question of breaking the line. From 1835 to 1840 Douglas, then a GCMG, was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, where, amongst other reforms, he introduced a new code of laws. In 1837 he became a Lieutenant-General, in 1840 a KCB, in 1841 a civil GCB, and in 1851 a full general. He was given the colonelcy of the 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1851 when he transferred as colonel to the 15th (the Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot, a position he held until his death in 1861. From 1842 to 1847 Douglas sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool, where he took a prominent part in debates on military and naval matters and on the corn laws. He was frequently consulted on important military questions. His later works included Observations on the Modern System of Fortification. and On Naval Warfare With Steam Personal life In 1797, while in Quebec City, Douglas fathered a daughter, Margaret (or Marguerite), but did not marry the mother, Catherine Normandeau. In 1799, he returned to England, and in July of that year he married Anne Dundas, daughter of James Dundas. They had ten children, Major Charles Douglas, James Dundas Douglas, Howard Douglas, General Sir Robert Percy Douglas, 4th Baronet of Carr, Reverend William Frederick Douglas, Ann Douglas, Christina Douglas, Lucy Douglas, Sarah Mary Harcourt Douglas, and Mary Douglas. Sir Howard Douglas died in Tunbridge Wells. Honors Douglas was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford. Shortly before his death he declined the offer of a military GCB. His service as Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands is recognized by an obelisk on the island of Corfu. Notes ^ Douglas had previously been proposed as a parliamentary candidate for Liverpool in 1832 by Nicholas Robinson but came fourth. He came third when he again attempted to enter parliament in the 1835 election. References ^ Young, D. Murray (1976). "DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 29 September 2013. ^ "Douglas, Howard". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 15. Smith, Elder, & Company. 1888. p. 298. ^ a b c d e f g h i  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Douglas, Sir Howard". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 446. ^ Howard, Douglas (1816). Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations. London: T. Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Howard, Douglas (1859) . Observations on the Motives, Errors and Tendency of M. Carnots System of Defence (reprint ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Howard, Douglas (1855). A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (fourth ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Howard, Douglas (1855). A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (fourth ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Armour, Rebecca Agatha (2012) . Lady Rosamond's Secret. A Romance of Fredericton (Tredition Classics ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Tredition. ISBN 978-3-8472-1070-2. ^ Blain, Virginia; Clements, Patricia; Grundy, Isobel, eds. (1990). "Armour, Agatha". The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. London: B. T. Batsford Limited. p. 30. ^ London, 1832. ^ "99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Historical list of MPs: L". Leigh Rayment's peerage pages. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Liverpool Election". Gore's Liverpool General Advertiser. 13 December 1832. p. 3. ^ "Public Notices". Liverpool Mercury. 9 January 1835. p. 5. ^ "Sir Howard Douglas". HANSARD 1803–2005 → People (D). Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Howard, Douglas (1859). Observations on the Modern System of Fortification. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. ^ Howard, Douglas (1860). On Naval Warfare With Steam. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Further reading Fullom, S.W. (1863). The Life and Correspondence of General Sir Howard Douglas. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Lambert, Richard Stanton (1956). Redcoat Sailor: The Adventures of Sir Howard Douglas. Volume 11 of Great Stories of Canada. MacMillan. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Howard Douglas Young, D. Murray (1976). "DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Biography at the Centre for Newfoundland Studies Archives, Memorial University Library Website Sir Howard Douglas "Archival material relating to Howard Douglas". UK National Archives. Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byCresswell CresswellViscount Sandon Member of Parliament for Liverpool 1842–1847 With: Viscount Sandon Succeeded byThomas Bernard BirchViscount Sandon Military offices Preceded bySir Henry Watson Colonel of the 15th (the Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot 1851–1861 Succeeded byWilliam Booth Preceded bySir Hugh Gough Colonel of the 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot 1841–1851 Succeeded bySir John Hanbury Baronetage of Great Britain Preceded byWilliam Henry Douglas Baronet(of Carr) 1809–1861 Succeeded byRobert Percy Douglas vteLieutenant governors of New Brunswick Post-Confederation (1867–present) Doyle Harding L. Wilmot Tilley Chandler R. Wilmot Tilley Boyd Fraser McClelan Snowball Tweedie Wood Ganong Pugsley Todd McLean M. MacLaren Clark D. MacLaren O'Brien McNair Bird Robichaud Stanley Finn McCain Trenholme Counsell Chiasson Nicholas Roy-Vienneau Murphy Governors before Confederation (1786–1866) Carleton Smyth Douglas Campbell Harvey Colebrooke Head Manners-Sutton Hamilton-Gordon Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Greece Poland Portugal Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Douglas (park superintendent)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Douglas_(park_superintendent)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Admiral Sir Charles Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Douglas_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"Earls of Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the superintendent for Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada, see Howard Douglas (park superintendent).General Sir Howard Douglas, 3rd Baronet, GCB, GCMG, FRS (23 January 1776 – 9 November 1861) was a British Army officer born in Gosport, England, the younger son of Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, and a descendant of the Earls of Morton. He was an English army general, author, colonial administrator and Member of Parliament for Liverpool.[1][2]","title":"Howard Douglas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"apoplexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplexy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Second Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"}],"text":"Following the death of his mother, Sarah Wood Douglas, in 1779, Howard was raised by his aunt, Helena Baillie, near Edinburgh. As a boy, he wanted to join the Royal Navy and follow in the footsteps of his father and older brother. His father agreed to take him to sea when he was 13, but Sir Charles died of apoplexy while in Edinburgh just after he arrived to collect Howard in 1789.[citation needed] Howard's guardians thought it better that he serve in the Army instead, and he entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1790. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1794, becoming Lieutenant a few months later.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College (RMC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Corunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna"},{"link_name":"Walcheren Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_baronets#Douglas_of_Carr_(1777)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_The_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"}],"text":"In 1795 he was shipwrecked while in charge of a draft for Canada, and lived with his men for a whole winter on the Labrador coast. Soon after his return to England in 1799 he was made a Captain-Lieutenant. In his regimental service during the next few years, he was attached to all branches of the artillery in succession, becoming Captain in 1804, after which he was placed on half-pay to serve at the Royal Military College (RMC), then located at High Wycombe.[3] He taught military strategy and was an authority on military and naval engineering. He served intermittently as commandant of the senior department and as inspector general of instructions at the RMC.[citation needed] In 1804, Douglas was appointed to a majority in the York Rangers, a corps immediately afterwards reduced. He remained on the roll of its officers until promoted Major-General. The senior department of the RMC at High Wycombe, of which he was in charge, was the forerunner of the Staff College. Douglas was promoted brevet Lieutenant-Colonel in 1806. He served in 1808–09 in the Peninsular War and was present at the Battle of Corunna, after which he took part in the Walcheren Campaign.[3]On the death of his half-brother, Vice-Admiral Sir William Douglas in 1809, he succeeded to the baronetcy. In 1812 he was employed in special missions in the north of Spain, and took part in numerous minor operations in that region, but he was soon recalled, the Home Government deeming his services indispensable to the Royal Military College. He became brevet Colonel in 1814 and CB in 1815.[3] He became a fellow of the Royal Society on 25 January 1816.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"}],"text":"In 1816 appeared his Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges,[4] in 1819, Observations on the Motives, Errors and Tendency of M. Carnots System of Defence,[5] and in the following year his A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (of which numerous editions and translations appeared up to the general introduction of rifled ordnance).[6][7] In 1821 he was promoted Major-General. Douglas's criticisms of Carnot led to an important experiment being carried out at Woolwich in 1822, and his Naval Gunnery became a standard text-book, and indeed first drew attention to the subject of which it treated.[3]","title":"Early writings and promotion to Major-General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Miramichi fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramichi_Fire"},{"link_name":"University of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Agatha Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Agatha_Armour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Sir Howard Douglas became Governor of New Brunswick (1823–31). He had to deal with the Maine boundary dispute with the United States of 1828. He also founded Fredericton College (King's College), now known as the University of New Brunswick, of which he was the first Chancellor.[3] He was governor during the Miramichi fire of 1825, and his actions during that crisis increased his popularity with the people of the province. He secured a charter for King's College at Fredericton (later the University of New Brunswick). Some subsequent light is shed on local society in his period of office in the novel Lady Rosamond's Secret. A Romance of Fredericton (1878) by the Rebecca Agatha Armour.[8][9]","title":"Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Column_in_Corfu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99th_(Lanarkshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"15th (the Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_Liverpool_by-election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rayment-hc-12"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"corn laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_laws"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Obelisk commemorating his Ionian service on the island of CorfuOn his return to Europe he was employed in various missions, and he published about this time Naval Evolutions, a controversial work dealing with the question of breaking the line.[10] From 1835 to 1840 Douglas, then a GCMG, was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, where, amongst other reforms, he introduced a new code of laws. In 1837 he became a Lieutenant-General, in 1840 a KCB, in 1841 a civil GCB, and in 1851 a full general.[3] He was given the colonelcy of the 99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot from 1841 to 1851[11] when he transferred as colonel to the 15th (the Yorkshire East Riding) Regiment of Foot, a position he held until his death in 1861.From 1842 to 1847 Douglas sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool,[12][a] where he took a prominent part in debates on military and naval matters and on the corn laws.[15] He was frequently consulted on important military questions.[3]His later works included Observations on the Modern System of Fortification.[16] and On Naval Warfare With Steam[17]","title":"Later career in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells"}],"text":"In 1797, while in Quebec City, Douglas fathered a daughter, Margaret (or Marguerite), but did not marry the mother, Catherine Normandeau. In 1799, he returned to England, and in July of that year he married Anne Dundas, daughter of James Dundas. They had ten children, Major Charles Douglas, James Dundas Douglas, Howard Douglas, General Sir Robert Percy Douglas, 4th Baronet of Carr, Reverend William Frederick Douglas, Ann Douglas, Christina Douglas, Lucy Douglas, Sarah Mary Harcourt Douglas, and Mary Douglas.Sir Howard Douglas died in Tunbridge Wells.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"}],"text":"Douglas was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford. Shortly before his death he declined the offer of a military GCB.[3]His service as Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands is recognized by an obelisk on the island of Corfu.","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Robinson_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"^ Douglas had previously been proposed as a parliamentary candidate for Liverpool in 1832 by Nicholas Robinson but came fourth.[13] He came third when he again attempted to enter parliament in the 1835 election.[14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Life and Correspondence of General Sir Howard Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7blcAAAAcAAJ"}],"text":"Fullom, S.W. (1863). The Life and Correspondence of General Sir Howard Douglas. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street.\nLambert, Richard Stanton (1956). Redcoat Sailor: The Adventures of Sir Howard Douglas. Volume 11 of Great Stories of Canada. MacMillan.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Obelisk commemorating his Ionian service on the island of Corfu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Douglas_Column_in_Corfu.jpg/220px-Douglas_Column_in_Corfu.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Young, D. Murray (1976). \"DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_howard_9E.html","url_text":"\"DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas, Howard\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 15. Smith, Elder, & Company. 1888. p. 298.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Douglas, Sir Howard\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Douglas,_Sir_Howard","url_text":"Douglas, Sir Howard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1816). Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations. London: T. Egerton, Military Library, Whitehall. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6bM5AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1859) [1819]. Observations on the Motives, Errors and Tendency of M. Carnots System of Defence (reprint ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=730DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Observations on the Motives, Errors and Tendency of M. Carnots System of Defence"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1855). A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (fourth ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ahWAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"A Treatise on Naval Gunnery"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1855). A Treatise on Naval Gunnery (fourth ed.). London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonnava01douggoog","url_text":"A Treatise on Naval Gunnery"}]},{"reference":"Armour, Rebecca Agatha (2012) [1878]. Lady Rosamond's Secret. A Romance of Fredericton (Tredition Classics ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Tredition. ISBN 978-3-8472-1070-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g82McG1H2lMC","url_text":"Lady Rosamond's Secret. A Romance of Fredericton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8472-1070-2","url_text":"978-3-8472-1070-2"}]},{"reference":"Blain, Virginia; Clements, Patricia; Grundy, Isobel, eds. (1990). \"Armour, Agatha\". The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present. London: B. T. Batsford Limited. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A4MjAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Armour, Agatha\""}]},{"reference":"\"99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060718030352/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/099-824.htm","url_text":"\"99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical list of MPs: L\". Leigh Rayment's peerage pages. Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081029034529/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Lcommons3.htm","url_text":"\"Historical list of MPs: L\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool Election\". Gore's Liverpool General Advertiser. 13 December 1832. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Public Notices\". Liverpool Mercury. 9 January 1835. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sir Howard Douglas\". HANSARD 1803–2005 → People (D). Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-howard-douglas/index.html","url_text":"\"Sir Howard Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1859). Observations on the Modern System of Fortification. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6VgBAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Observations on the Modern System of Fortification"}]},{"reference":"Howard, Douglas (1860). On Naval Warfare With Steam. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iZIalNrQjHsC","url_text":"On Naval Warfare With Steam"}]},{"reference":"Fullom, S.W. (1863). The Life and Correspondence of General Sir Howard Douglas. London: John Murray, Ablemarle Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7blcAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"The Life and Correspondence of General Sir Howard Douglas"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Richard Stanton (1956). Redcoat Sailor: The Adventures of Sir Howard Douglas. Volume 11 of Great Stories of Canada. MacMillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Young, D. Murray (1976). \"DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/douglas_howard_9E.html","url_text":"\"DOUGLAS, Sir HOWARD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Howard Douglas\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F44279","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Howard Douglas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie:_Grunty%27s_Revenge
Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
2003 platform game for Game Boy Advance 2003 video gameBanjo-Kazooie: Grunty's RevengeDeveloper(s)RarePublisher(s)THQ (GBA)In-Fusio (mobile)Composer(s)Jamie HughesSeriesBanjo-KazooiePlatform(s)Game Boy Advance, mobileReleaseGBANA: 12 September 2003EU: 24 October 2003MobileWW: June 2005Genre(s)Platform, action-adventureMode(s)Single-player Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge is a 2003 platform game developed by Rare for Nintendo's Game Boy Advance (GBA). It is the third instalment in the Banjo-Kazooie series and takes place between the events of the Nintendo 64 (N64) games Banjo-Kazooie (1998) and Banjo-Tooie (2000). In Grunty's Revenge, the evil witch Gruntilda travels back in time to prevent the events of Banjo-Kazooie from happening, and the bear Banjo and his bird friend Kazooie set out to stop her. Grunty's Revenge retains the focus on collecting items and most of the other game mechanics from its predecessors, but is presented in 2D rather than 3D. Aside from the main game, players can also access minigames such as fishing and target shooting. Rare began to plan Grunty's Revenge in August 1999. At this time, it was titled Grunty's Curse and was planned for release on the Game Boy Color, and featured a different plot. Rare was working on the game's sprites when production halted in late 1999, but it was revived after Nintendo released the GBA. Nintendo rival Microsoft's purchase of Rare in 2002 did not affect their plans to develop the game; Microsoft negotiated a deal with THQ to publish Grunty's Revenge alongside Rare's other GBA projects. The game was released for the GBA in September 2003 and a port for mobile phones was released in June 2005. Grunty's Revenge received average reviews; although its visual style and gameplay were praised and favourably compared to those of the N64 games, its low difficulty, short length, and story were criticised. Gameplay Banjo, the player character, explores one of Grunty's Revenge's levels. Like its Nintendo 64 (N64) predecessors Banjo-Kazooie (1998) and Banjo-Tooie (2000), Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge is an adventure platformer with a strong emphasis on collecting items. The player must control the player characters, the bear Banjo and his bird friend Kazooie, through several levels. At the start of the game, the player controls just Banjo, who can walk, jump, crouch, and attack enemies with his backpack. Collecting golden musical notes scattered around levels will enable Banjo to purchase three additional abilities from a mole named Bozzeye. Eventually, Banjo rescues Kazooie, who rides in his backpack for the remainder of the game. With Kazooie, the player can purchase seven new abilities, such as temporary flight. While Grunty's Revenge's game mechanics are largely the same as those from the N64 games, it is presented in 2D from an overhead perspective with pre-rendered graphics, rather than the 3D presentation of its predecessors. There are five levels (called worlds), which are accessed from the overworld Spiral Mountain. In each world, players must collect items scattered around the environments. These include the musical notes; puzzle pieces called Jiggies, which unlock levels and progress players through the game; empty honeycombs, which extend Banjo's energy bar; and lost creatures called Jinjos, which will give the player a Jiggy when each one in a level is found. Progress is tracked on a statistics screen showing maps of each location and collected items. Other collectibles include totems and coins; overall, there are more than 750 collectibles. If Banjo gives totems to Mumbo Jumbo, he will gain the ability to transform into other creatures, including a mouse, octopus, candle, or tank, each with its own unique abilities. Some areas in levels are inaccessible unless Banjo buys new abilities or transformations. Every level features an "arena style" boss fight with Gruntilda or her minion, Klungo. Aside from the platforming, some levels feature minigames, such as fishing, racing, and target shooting. The closing credits features a minigame where the player can earn tokens, which can be used to purchase and replay unlocked ones in an arcade cabinet hidden in one of the levels. Plot Set two months after the events of Banjo-Kazooie, Grunty's henchman, Klungo, who has been unable to free Gruntilda from underground, creates a robot called the "Mecha-Grunty" for Gruntilda's spirit to enter. Mecha-Grunty decides to kidnap Kazooie and travel back in time to when Banjo and Kazooie met in order to prevent it from having ever happened. Mumbo Jumbo, who overheard this plot, rushes to Banjo and Kazooie's house to warn them about Gruntilda's return, only for the witch to arrive and abduct Kazooie. Mumbo casts a spell that causes Banjo to teleport to the same time in order to prevent Mecha-Grunty from succeeding with her evil plan. Banjo travels through five worlds, freeing them from Mecha-Grunty's control and soon reuniting with Kazooie, who aids in stopping Mecha-Grunty's plan. Eventually, Banjo and Kazooie reach Gruntilda's lair, where she once again hosts a quiz game show. After they beat the game, Banjo and Kazooie confront Mecha-Grunty on the top of the lair, where they manage to destroy Gruntilda's robot suit and defeat her spirit, which returns to her body underground. Afterwards, Mumbo sends Banjo and Kazooie back home via a spell; if the player failed to collect all of the game's Jiggies, Mumbo gets the spell wrong and causes several Banjo clones to appear, but if all of the Jiggies are collected, Banjo, Kazooie, and all their friends celebrate their victory. Development Grunty's Revenge was developed by Rare for the Game Boy Advance (GBA), a handheld game console by Nintendo. Production lasted four years and began in August 1999, a year before the release of Banjo-Tooie and when Rare was still a second-party developer for Nintendo. Although it was developed and released on the GBA, Grunty's Revenge was initially planned for the system's predecessor, the Game Boy Color. It was originally titled Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Curse and was conceptualised by a small team. Grunty's Curse's story was different: it was set in a parallel universe, did not involve time travel, and would have taken place several years after the events of Banjo-Kazooie. In the story of Grunty's Curse, Gruntilda curses Bottles the mole and Mumbo Jumbo, and kidnaps Kazooie and turns her into a monster; to save them, Banjo must find several magic ingredients. As he has not adventured in a long time, Banjo sets out to be retrained by Bottles' grandfather Grampa Mole (who became Bozzeye in the final version). The original plot is referenced as an in-joke in the final game; when Banjo finds Kazooie, he says he is surprised Gruntilda did not turn her into a monster. Originally conceived as a side-scrolling platformer, Grunty's Curse was to feature more levels and power-ups than Grunty's Revenge. Rare was working on the game's sprites when production halted in late 1999. Production restarted after Nintendo released the GBA. Rare retitled the game Grunty's Revenge and changed the plot so it would fit better in the series' universe. It was announced and showcased along with Rare's other GBA games they were working on at the time at E3 2001. Development continued even after Rare was acquired by Nintendo's rival Microsoft, who currently does not make handheld game consoles, in 2002. Grunty's Revenge was nearly complete at the time, but Rare chose to continue to fine-tune it during their transition to a first-party developer. It also gave them time to implement 3D computer graphics. A multiplayer mode using the GBA's Game Link Cable was planned but cut. In 2003, Microsoft was collaborating with THQ to publish Rare's GBA projects, including Grunty's Revenge, a remake of Sabre Wulf (2004), Banjo spinoff Banjo-Pilot (2005), and It's Mr. Pants (2005). The game was released in North America on 12 September 2003 and in Europe on 24 October. It was Rare's first game after the Microsoft buyout and their first game in over 10 years that they or Nintendo did not publish. In June 2005, French company In-Fusio released a port of the game for mobile phones, alongside another mobile game comprising the minigames, Grunty's Revenge Missions. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic72/100 (GBA)Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer6/10 (GBA)GameSpot6.8/10 (GBA)GameSpy (GBA)GameZone8.2/10 (GBA)IGN8/10 (GBA)Jeuxvideo.com16/20 (GBA)Nintendo Life (GBA)Nintendo Power18/25Official Nintendo Magazine78% (GBA)Pocket Gamer7/10 (mobile)Cube9/10PlayB+ According to Metacritic, a video game review aggregator, Grunty's Revenge received "mixed or average reviews". Some reviewers, such as those from IGN, GameZone, GameSpy, ONM, and retrospectively Nintendo Life, applauded it as a splendid effort to bring Banjo-Kazooie to a handheld device. Nintendo Life and Official Nintendo Magazine (ONM) highlighted its high amount of similarities to the originals, although a lack of new concepts was a disappointment for ONM, which noted the collect-a-thon gameplay as typical of a Rare platformer and thus expected. However, some critics also believed its shortcomings ruined the experience and only recommended it to fans of the series or Rare's games. Some reviewed Grunty's Revenge in the context of the GBA library. Play celebrated it as a "rare treat" given the low amount of "fully featured platformer/adventures" available on the handheld device, Cube labeling it the best of them so far. GameSpot and Eurogamer, on the other hand, argued it did not stand out from other GBA games; Eurogamer also thought it was inferior to other GBA platform releases, such as a 2003 re-release of Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988). Reviewers generally agreed the story was subpar. IGN called it "half-baked", weak, and poorly written; they felt it did not use the time travel aspect well and should have had more in-jokes and references to the two previous Banjo-Kazooie games. Others described it as too confusing, lame, "ludicrous", and failing to add anything innovative to an experience already fill with recycled elements in its gameplay. However, Jeuxvideo.com praised its offbeat, humorous tone. Reviewers were more generous towards its gameplay, with Nintendo Power calling it "fast-paced and enjoyable" and many favourably comparing it to that of the original games. GameZone and GameSpy thought the series' gameplay transitioned well from the N64 to the GBA, with GameSpy writing Grunty's Revenge did not merely mimic the N64 games and, unlike other platformers, was never repetitive. Jeuxvideo.com found the environments vast. The transfer of the gameplay depth of the N64 to a handheld console with less hardware was praised, Play emphasizing this while the original games' issues of camera and backtracking were address: "Every level offers new challenges and new abilities, so the quest continues evolving and new areas are continuously unlocked. The minigames were also praised as an addictive and fun diversion that added depth to the main game. On the negative side, reviewers were disappointed the promised multiplayer mode was absent; IGN and GameZone agreed the racing minigame would have worked well in a multiplayer mode. Other complaints were levied against the overhead view—which was said to make it difficult to judge heights—and GameSpot believed the best aspects of the game were "overshadowed by its Sisyphean focus on item collecting". The visuals were acclaimed for their successful recreation of the 3D games into 2D, in addition to the animation, use of vibrant colours, and faithfulness to the N64 games. Nintendo Life favourably compared the pre-rendered graphics to Donkey Kong Country. Eurogamer said that while it was not the GBA's prettiest game, most of Grunty's Revenge's visuals were well-done, although they thought the backgrounds were lacklustre. Jeuxvideo.com and Pocket Gamer were more critical; Jeuxvideo.com felt the colours were odd and the text was hard to read, and Pocket Gamer argued the art style was too cute. Cube, Nintendo Power, and ONM cited issues related to the isometric perspective, such as the inability to judge heights of surfaces and seemingly invisible collision, which caused several missed jumps. Reviewers were surprised by how similar the audio was to the N64 games. IGN called the music catchy and the sound as a whole impressive, and GameZone appreciated that Rare brought "Banjo's hilarious and indescribable jibber-jabber" back. The low difficulty and short length were primary aspects of criticism. Reviewers estimated that the game could be completed within a matter of hours, and also felt it lacked replay value. ONM suggested the low number of levels was a result of limited memory and the huge amount of graphical detail. GameSpot, for example, believed there were not many areas where players could slow down and interact with the environment, and Eurogamer called the game boring. Boss fights were singled out as one of the game's biggest failings, which Cube noted were commonplace in Rare games; they were criticised for their uninspired nature and lack of challenge, although IGN and Nintendo Life considered the final boss a highlight. Pocket Gamer also wrote it was easy to get lost in the game world. Notes ^ The mobile port and Missions were developed by In-Fusio. ^ This is absent in the mobile version. ^ References ^ @Jimthehumanoid (29 June 2018). "@ErikSchroder89 Thanks! It was obviously heavily inspired by @grantkirkhope's original B-K music but I think i managed to put my own spin on it. I'm glad you enjoyed it #banjo20" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Letcavage, Dave (10 March 2013). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review (GBA)". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Provo, Frank (22 September 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Taylor, Martin (31 October 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Harris, Craig (12 September 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". IGN. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f James, Chris (10 August 2005). "Banjo Kazooie Grunty's Revenge: Mobile review". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA / Game Boy Advance) News, Reviews, Trailer & Screenshots". Nintendo Life. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i McFerran, Damien (5 October 2013). "Lost Game Boy Color Banjo-Kazooie Game Unearthed In Design Documents". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b McLaughlin, Rus (28 July 2008). "IGN Presents: The History of Rare". IGN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b "Rare: The Tepid Seat, July 2004: Game Boy Advance Team". Rare. July 2004. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2018. ^ Craddock, Ryan (28 October 2019). "Video: We Almost Had A 2D Banjo-Kazooie Platformer On Game Boy Color". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ a b Harris, Craig (18 September 2003). "Rare Interview". IGN. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ "Rare Line-up Revealed". IGN. 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2011. ^ IGN Wireless (25 May 2005). "Wireless: Banjo-Kazooie Grunty's Revenge". IGN. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ Gouskos, Carrie (21 June 2005). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Missions Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Steinberg, Steven (6 October 2003). "GBA: Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Zacarias, Eduardo (12 October 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge – GBA – Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c d e f L'avis, de Romendil (13 November 2003). "Test : Banjo-Kazooie : La Revanche De Grunty". Jeuxvideo.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ^ a b c "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". Nintendo Power. No. 174. December 2003. p. 148. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mike (November 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". Official Nintendo Magazine. No. 134. pp. 86–87. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b c d e f "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". Cube. No. 25. December 2003. p. 113. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ a b c Hoffman, Chris (November 2003). "Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge". Play. No. 23. p. 100. Retrieved 21 December 2022. External links Official website at the Internet Archive Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge at MobyGames vteBanjo-Kazooie seriesGames Banjo-Kazooie Banjo-Tooie Grunty's Revenge Banjo-Pilot Nuts & Bolts Other Appearances Diddy Kong Racing Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing Rare Replay Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Characters Banjo & Kazooie Related Project Dream Donkey Kong 64 Conker's Bad Fur Day Yooka-Laylee Category vteRareList of gamesSeries Jetpac Sabreman Wizards & Warriors R.C. Pro-Am Snake Rattle 'n' Roll Battletoads Donkey Kong Killer Instinct Banjo-Kazooie Conker Perfect Dark Viva Piñata Kinect Sports Other games1980s Slalom Anticipation WWF WrestleMania John Elway's Quarterback Taboo: The Sixth Sense Cobra Triangle Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1990s WWF WrestleMania Challenge Pin Bot Captain Skyhawk The Amazing Spider-Man Time Lord A Nightmare on Elm Street Super Glove Ball Double Dare Battletoads/Double Dragon Digger T. Rock Diddy Kong Racing Beetlejuice High Speed Monster Max Ken Griffey Jr.'s Winning Run Blast Corps GoldenEye 007 Jet Force Gemini Mickey's Racing Adventure 2000s Mickey's Speedway USA Star Fox Adventures Grabbed by the Ghoulies It's Mr. Pants Kameo 2010s Rare Replay Sea of Thieves Upcoming Everwild Unreleased Project Dream People Robin Beanland Duncan Botwood Steve Burke David Doak Eveline Fischer Martin Hollis Grant Kirkhope Leigh Loveday Gregg Mayles Graeme Norgate Stamper brothers David Wise Category Portals: Video games United Kingdom
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It is the third instalment in the Banjo-Kazooie series and takes place between the events of the Nintendo 64 (N64) games Banjo-Kazooie (1998) and Banjo-Tooie (2000). In Grunty's Revenge, the evil witch Gruntilda travels back in time to prevent the events of Banjo-Kazooie from happening, and the bear Banjo and his bird friend Kazooie set out to stop her. Grunty's Revenge retains the focus on collecting items and most of the other game mechanics from its predecessors, but is presented in 2D rather than 3D. Aside from the main game, players can also access minigames such as fishing and target shooting.Rare began to plan Grunty's Revenge in August 1999. At this time, it was titled Grunty's Curse and was planned for release on the Game Boy Color, and featured a different plot. Rare was working on the game's sprites when production halted in late 1999, but it was revived after Nintendo released the GBA. Nintendo rival Microsoft's purchase of Rare in 2002 did not affect their plans to develop the game; Microsoft negotiated a deal with THQ to publish Grunty's Revenge alongside Rare's other GBA projects. The game was released for the GBA in September 2003 and a port for mobile phones was released in June 2005. Grunty's Revenge received average reviews; although its visual style and gameplay were praised and favourably compared to those of the N64 games, its low difficulty, short length, and story were criticised.","title":"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GruntysRevengeGameplay.png"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Tooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Tooie"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"platformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platformer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"musical notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_note"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"game mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanics"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"overhead perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_graphics#2.5D,_3/4_perspective,_and_pseudo-3D"},{"link_name":"pre-rendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-rendered"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"overworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworld"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"puzzle pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_piece"},{"link_name":"energy bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena"},{"link_name":"boss fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_fight"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"minigames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"target shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_shooting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"closing credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_credits"},{"link_name":"arcade cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_cabinet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"}],"text":"Banjo, the player character, explores one of Grunty's Revenge's levels.Like its Nintendo 64 (N64) predecessors Banjo-Kazooie (1998) and Banjo-Tooie (2000), Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge is an adventure platformer[2] with a strong emphasis on collecting items.[3] The player must control the player characters, the bear Banjo and his bird friend Kazooie, through several levels.[4] At the start of the game, the player controls just Banjo, who can walk, jump, crouch, and attack enemies with his backpack. Collecting golden musical notes scattered around levels will enable Banjo to purchase three additional abilities from a mole named Bozzeye. Eventually, Banjo rescues Kazooie, who rides in his backpack for the remainder of the game. With Kazooie, the player can purchase seven new abilities, such as temporary flight.[3] While Grunty's Revenge's game mechanics are largely the same as those from the N64 games, it is presented in 2D from an overhead perspective with pre-rendered graphics, rather than the 3D presentation of its predecessors.[2][5]There are five levels (called worlds), which are accessed from the overworld Spiral Mountain.[2] In each world, players must collect items scattered around the environments. These include the musical notes; puzzle pieces called Jiggies, which unlock levels and progress players through the game; empty honeycombs, which extend Banjo's energy bar; and lost creatures called Jinjos, which will give the player a Jiggy when each one in a level is found.[4][5] Progress is tracked on a statistics screen showing maps of each location and collected items.[5][b] Other collectibles include totems and coins; overall, there are more than 750 collectibles.[3] If Banjo gives totems to Mumbo Jumbo, he will gain the ability to transform into other creatures, including a mouse, octopus, candle, or tank, each with its own unique abilities.[3] Some areas in levels are inaccessible unless Banjo buys new abilities[5] or transformations.[3] Every level features an \"arena style\" boss fight with Gruntilda or her minion, Klungo.[2] Aside from the platforming, some levels feature minigames,[5] such as fishing,[2] racing,[5] and target shooting.[3] The closing credits features a minigame where the player can earn tokens, which can be used to purchase and replay unlocked ones in an arcade cabinet hidden in one of the levels.[5]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"}],"text":"Set two months after the events of Banjo-Kazooie, Grunty's henchman, Klungo, who has been unable to free Gruntilda from underground, creates a robot called the \"Mecha-Grunty\" for Gruntilda's spirit to enter. Mecha-Grunty decides to kidnap Kazooie and travel back in time to when Banjo and Kazooie met in order to prevent it from having ever happened. Mumbo Jumbo, who overheard this plot, rushes to Banjo and Kazooie's house to warn them about Gruntilda's return, only for the witch to arrive and abduct Kazooie. Mumbo casts a spell that causes Banjo to teleport to the same time in order to prevent Mecha-Grunty from succeeding with her evil plan.Banjo travels through five worlds, freeing them from Mecha-Grunty's control and soon reuniting with Kazooie, who aids in stopping Mecha-Grunty's plan. Eventually, Banjo and Kazooie reach Gruntilda's lair, where she once again hosts a quiz game show. After they beat the game, Banjo and Kazooie confront Mecha-Grunty on the top of the lair, where they manage to destroy Gruntilda's robot suit and defeat her spirit, which returns to her body underground. Afterwards, Mumbo sends Banjo and Kazooie back home via a spell; if the player failed to collect all of the game's Jiggies, Mumbo gets the spell wrong and causes several Banjo clones to appear, but if all of the Jiggies are collected, Banjo, Kazooie, and all their friends celebrate their victory.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"handheld game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"second-party developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-party_developer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPresents-11"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"parallel universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RareInter-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"in-joke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RareInter-12"},{"link_name":"E3 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2001"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNInter-14"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeGBC-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPresents-11"},{"link_name":"first-party developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-party_developer"},{"link_name":"3D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNInter-14"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"Game Link Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Link_Cable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"THQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THQ"},{"link_name":"remake of Sabre Wulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_Wulf_(2004_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Pilot"},{"link_name":"It's Mr. Pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Mr._Pants"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_THQ-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MobileRelease-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Grunty's Revenge was developed by Rare for the Game Boy Advance (GBA), a handheld game console by Nintendo.[7] Production lasted four years and began in August 1999, a year before the release of Banjo-Tooie[8] and when Rare was still a second-party developer for Nintendo.[9] Although it was developed and released on the GBA, Grunty's Revenge was initially planned for the system's predecessor, the Game Boy Color.[8] It was originally titled Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Curse and was conceptualised by a small team.[8] Grunty's Curse's story was different: it was set in a parallel universe, did not involve time travel, and would have taken place several years after the events of Banjo-Kazooie.[8][10] In the story of Grunty's Curse, Gruntilda curses Bottles the mole and Mumbo Jumbo, and kidnaps Kazooie and turns her into a monster; to save them, Banjo must find several magic ingredients. As he has not adventured in a long time, Banjo sets out to be retrained by Bottles' grandfather Grampa Mole (who became Bozzeye in the final version).[8] The original plot is referenced as an in-joke in the final game; when Banjo finds Kazooie, he says he is surprised Gruntilda did not turn her into a monster.[8] Originally conceived as a side-scrolling platformer,[11] Grunty's Curse was to feature more levels and power-ups than Grunty's Revenge. Rare was working on the game's sprites when production halted in late 1999.[8]Production restarted after Nintendo released the GBA. Rare retitled the game Grunty's Revenge[8] and changed the plot so it would fit better in the series' universe.[10] It was announced and showcased along with Rare's other GBA games they were working on at the time at E3 2001.[12] Development continued even after Rare was acquired by Nintendo's rival Microsoft, who currently does not make handheld game consoles, in 2002.[8][9] Grunty's Revenge was nearly complete at the time, but Rare chose to continue to fine-tune it during their transition to a first-party developer. It also gave them time to implement 3D computer graphics.[12] A multiplayer mode using the GBA's Game Link Cable was planned but cut.[5] In 2003, Microsoft was collaborating with THQ to publish Rare's GBA projects, including Grunty's Revenge, a remake of Sabre Wulf (2004), Banjo spinoff Banjo-Pilot (2005), and It's Mr. Pants (2005).[13] The game was released in North America on 12 September 2003 and in Europe on 24 October.[7] It was Rare's first game after the Microsoft buyout[5] and their first game in over 10 years that they or Nintendo did not publish.[3] In June 2005, French company In-Fusio released a port of the game for mobile phones, alongside another mobile game comprising the minigames, Grunty's Revenge Missions.[14][15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-18"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 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value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_value"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONMrev-23"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuberev-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic72/100 (GBA)[16]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer6/10 (GBA)[4]GameSpot6.8/10 (GBA)[3]GameSpy (GBA)[17]GameZone8.2/10 (GBA)[18]IGN8/10 (GBA)[5]Jeuxvideo.com16/20 (GBA)[19]Nintendo Life (GBA)[2]Nintendo Power18/25[20]Official Nintendo Magazine78% (GBA)[21]Pocket Gamer7/10 (mobile)[6]Cube9/10[22]PlayB+[23]According to Metacritic, a video game review aggregator, Grunty's Revenge received \"mixed or average reviews\".[16] Some reviewers, such as those from IGN,[5] GameZone,[18] GameSpy,[17] ONM,[21] and retrospectively Nintendo Life, applauded it as a splendid effort to bring Banjo-Kazooie to a handheld device.[2] Nintendo Life and Official Nintendo Magazine (ONM) highlighted its high amount of similarities to the originals, although a lack of new concepts was a disappointment for ONM, which noted the collect-a-thon gameplay as typical of a Rare platformer and thus expected.[2][21] However, some critics also believed its shortcomings ruined the experience and only recommended it to fans of the series or Rare's games.[3][4][21]Some reviewed Grunty's Revenge in the context of the GBA library. Play celebrated it as a \"rare treat\" given the low amount of \"fully featured platformer/adventures\" available on the handheld device, Cube labeling it the best of them so far.[22] GameSpot and Eurogamer, on the other hand, argued it did not stand out from other GBA games;[3][4][23] Eurogamer also thought it was inferior to other GBA platform releases, such as a 2003 re-release of Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988).[4]Reviewers generally agreed the story was subpar.[17][5][18] IGN called it \"half-baked\", weak, and poorly written; they felt it did not use the time travel aspect well and should have had more in-jokes and references to the two previous Banjo-Kazooie games.[5] Others described it as too confusing,[18] lame,[17] \"ludicrous\",[6] and failing to add anything innovative to an experience already fill with recycled elements in its gameplay.[21] However, Jeuxvideo.com praised its offbeat, humorous tone.[19]Reviewers were more generous towards its gameplay, with Nintendo Power calling it \"fast-paced and enjoyable\" and many favourably comparing it to that of the original games.[5][18][19][20] GameZone and GameSpy thought the series' gameplay transitioned well from the N64 to the GBA,[17][18] with GameSpy writing Grunty's Revenge did not merely mimic the N64 games and, unlike other platformers, was never repetitive.[17] Jeuxvideo.com found the environments vast.[19] The transfer of the gameplay depth of the N64 to a handheld console with less hardware was praised, Play emphasizing this while the original games' issues of camera and backtracking were address: \"Every level offers new challenges and new abilities, so the quest continues evolving and new areas are continuously unlocked.[2][5][22][23] The minigames were also praised as an addictive and fun diversion that added depth to the main game.[4][17][18] On the negative side, reviewers were disappointed the promised multiplayer mode was absent;[3][17][5] IGN and GameZone agreed the racing minigame would have worked well in a multiplayer mode.[5][18] Other complaints were levied against the overhead view—which was said to make it difficult to judge heights[4][17][5]—and GameSpot believed the best aspects of the game were \"overshadowed by its Sisyphean focus on item collecting\".[3]The visuals were acclaimed for their successful recreation of the 3D games into 2D, in addition to the animation, use of vibrant colours, and faithfulness to the N64 games.[17][5][18][21] Nintendo Life favourably compared the pre-rendered graphics to Donkey Kong Country.[2] Eurogamer said that while it was not the GBA's prettiest game, most of Grunty's Revenge's visuals were well-done, although they thought the backgrounds were lacklustre.[4] Jeuxvideo.com and Pocket Gamer were more critical;[6][19] Jeuxvideo.com felt the colours were odd and the text was hard to read,[19] and Pocket Gamer argued the art style was too cute.[6] Cube, Nintendo Power, and ONM cited issues related to the isometric perspective, such as the inability to judge heights of surfaces and seemingly invisible collision, which caused several missed jumps.[20][21][22] Reviewers were surprised by how similar the audio was to the N64 games.[21] IGN called the music catchy and the sound as a whole impressive,[5] and GameZone appreciated that Rare brought \"Banjo's hilarious and indescribable jibber-jabber\" back.[18]The low difficulty and short length were primary aspects of criticism. Reviewers estimated that the game could be completed within a matter of hours, and also felt it lacked replay value.[c] ONM suggested the low number of levels was a result of limited memory and the huge amount of graphical detail.[21] GameSpot, for example, believed there were not many areas where players could slow down and interact with the environment,[3] and Eurogamer called the game boring.[4] Boss fights were singled out as one of the game's biggest failings, which Cube noted were commonplace in Rare games; they were criticised for their uninspired nature and lack of challenge,[5][18][22] although IGN and Nintendo Life considered the final boss a highlight.[2][5] Pocket Gamer also wrote it was easy to get lost in the game world.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotGBARev-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNrev-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONMrev-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cuberev-24"}],"text":"^ The mobile port and Missions were developed by In-Fusio.\n\n^ This is absent in the mobile version.[6]\n\n^ [2][3][4][5][21][22]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Banjo, the player character, explores one of Grunty's Revenge's levels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/GruntysRevengeGameplay.png/220px-GruntysRevengeGameplay.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"@Jimthehumanoid (29 June 2018). \"@ErikSchroder89 Thanks! It was obviously heavily inspired by @grantkirkhope's original B-K music but I think i managed to put my own spin on it. I'm glad you enjoyed it #banjo20\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Jimthehumanoid/status/1012811748565544960","url_text":"\"@ErikSchroder89 Thanks! It was obviously heavily inspired by @grantkirkhope's original B-K music but I think i managed to put my own spin on it. I'm glad you enjoyed it #banjo20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Letcavage, Dave (10 March 2013). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review (GBA)\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review (GBA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905143045/http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Provo, Frank (22 September 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-review/1900-6074835/","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125011/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-review/1900-6074835/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Martin (31 October 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_banjokazooie_gba","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180819032535/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_banjokazooie_gba","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Craig (12 September 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". IGN. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/12/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009025333/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/12/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"James, Chris (10 August 2005). \"Banjo Kazooie Grunty's Revenge: Mobile review\". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/Mobile/Banjo+Kazooie+Grunty's+Revenge%3A+Mobile/review.asp?c=229","url_text":"\"Banjo Kazooie Grunty's Revenge: Mobile review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Gamer","url_text":"Pocket Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412083636/http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/Mobile/Banjo+Kazooie+Grunty%27s+Revenge%3A+Mobile/review.asp?c=229","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA / Game Boy Advance) News, Reviews, Trailer & Screenshots\". Nintendo Life. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/games/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA / Game Boy Advance) News, Reviews, Trailer & Screenshots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219103859/http://www.nintendolife.com/games/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McFerran, Damien (5 October 2013). \"Lost Game Boy Color Banjo-Kazooie Game Unearthed In Design Documents\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/10/lost_game_boy_color_banjo-kazooie_game_unearthed_in_design_documents","url_text":"\"Lost Game Boy Color Banjo-Kazooie Game Unearthed In Design Documents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110036/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/10/lost_game_boy_color_banjo-kazooie_game_unearthed_in_design_documents","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Rus (28 July 2008). \"IGN Presents: The History of Rare\". IGN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/28/ign-presents-the-history-of-rare?page=1","url_text":"\"IGN Presents: The History of Rare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131208184638/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/28/ign-presents-the-history-of-rare?page=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rare: The Tepid Seat, July 2004: Game Boy Advance Team\". Rare. July 2004. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204160406/http://www.rareware.com/extra/tepidseat/gbateam/index.html","url_text":"\"Rare: The Tepid Seat, July 2004: Game Boy Advance Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)","url_text":"Rare"},{"url":"http://www.rareware.com/extra/tepidseat/gbateam/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craddock, Ryan (28 October 2019). \"Video: We Almost Had A 2D Banjo-Kazooie Platformer On Game Boy Color\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/10/video_we_almost_had_a_2d_banjo-kazooie_platformer_on_game_boy_color","url_text":"\"Video: We Almost Had A 2D Banjo-Kazooie Platformer On Game Boy Color\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210191001/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/10/video_we_almost_had_a_2d_banjo-kazooie_platformer_on_game_boy_color","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Craig (18 September 2003). \"Rare Interview\". IGN. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/18/rare-interview","url_text":"\"Rare Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140710110351/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/18/rare-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Line-up Revealed\". IGN. 11 August 2003. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322070054/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/08/11/rare-line-up-revealed","url_text":"\"Rare Line-up Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://uk.gameboy.ign.com/articles/433/433166p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IGN Wireless (25 May 2005). \"Wireless: Banjo-Kazooie Grunty's Revenge\". IGN. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050526200702/http://wireless.ign.com/articles/619/619213p1.html","url_text":"\"Wireless: Banjo-Kazooie Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://wireless.ign.com/articles/619/619213p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gouskos, Carrie (21 June 2005). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Missions Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-missions-review/1900-6127925/","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Missions Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708075400/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-missions-review/1900-6127925/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge for Game Boy Advance Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge for Game Boy Advance Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904071536/http://www.metacritic.com/game/game-boy-advance/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Steven (6 October 2003). \"GBA: Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA)\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143823/http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge/6230p1.html","url_text":"\"GBA: Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge (GBA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge/6230p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zacarias, Eduardo (12 October 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge – GBA – Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/banjo_kazooie_grunty_s_revenge_gba_review/","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge – GBA – Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180925204156/https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/banjo_kazooie_grunty_s_revenge_gba_review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"L'avis, de Romendil (13 November 2003). \"Test : Banjo-Kazooie : La Revanche De Grunty\". Jeuxvideo.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00003612_test.htm","url_text":"\"Test : Banjo-Kazooie : La Revanche De Grunty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com","url_text":"Jeuxvideo.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122102/http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00003612_test.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". Nintendo Power. No. 174. December 2003. p. 148. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nintendo-power-issue-174-december-2003/page/148/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"}]},{"reference":"Mike (November 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". Official Nintendo Magazine. No. 134. pp. 86–87. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nom134/page/n85/mode/2up?q=","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Nintendo_Magazine","url_text":"Official Nintendo Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". Cube. No. 25. December 2003. p. 113. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cube-25/page/n111/mode/2up?q=","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_(magazine)","url_text":"Cube"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Chris (November 2003). \"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\". Play. No. 23. p. 100. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Play_023_Nov_2003/page/n103/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(U.S._magazine)","url_text":"Play"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://x.com/Jimthehumanoid/status/1012811748565544960","external_links_name":"\"@ErikSchroder89 Thanks! It was obviously heavily inspired by @grantkirkhope's original B-K music but I think i managed to put my own spin on it. I'm glad you enjoyed it #banjo20\""},{"Link":"http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","external_links_name":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review (GBA)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905143045/http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/gba/banjo_kazooie_gruntys_revenge","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-review/1900-6074835/","external_links_name":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180801125011/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/banjo-kazooie-gruntys-revenge-review/1900-6074835/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_banjokazooie_gba","external_links_name":"\"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Ameen
A. R. Ameen
["1 Discography","2 Music videos","3 Awards","4 References"]
Indian playback singer A. R. AmeenBorn (2003-01-06) 6 January 2003 (age 21)Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaGenresFilm score, classicalOccupation(s)SingerYears active2009–presentAlma materLady AndalParentA. R. Rahman (father)RelativesKhatija Rahman (sister) Musical artist Allah Rakha Ameen (born 6 January 2003) is an Indian playback singer. He started his singing career in the film O Kadhal Kanmani which was composed by his father A. R. Rahman and has since sung in several Indian languages. He also performs in live concerts across the globe with his father. Discography Year Songs Film Music Director Co-singer(s) Language 2009 "NaNa" Couples Retreat A. R. Rahman A. R. Rahman, Blaaze, Vivian Chaix, Clinton Cerejo & Dominique Cerejo English 2015 "Maula Wa Sallim" O Kadhal Kanmani Solo Tamil "Maula Wa Sallim" (Telugu Dub) Telugu 2016 "Kotha Kotha Bhasha" Nirmala Convent Roshan 2017 "Maula Wa Sallim" Ok Jaanu A. R. Rahman Hindi "Mard Maratha" Sachin: A Billion Dreams Anjali Gaikwad "Mard Marathi" (Marathi Dub) Marathi "Veer Marata" (Telugu Dub) Telugu "Cricket Kara" (Tamil Dub) Anjali Gaikwad, Vishwa Prasad Tamil 2018 "Pullinangal" 2.0 Bamba Bakya, Suzanne D'Mello "Nanhi Si Jaan" Kailash Kher, Suzanne D'Mello Hindi "Bulliguvaa" (Telugu Dub) M. M. Keeravani, Suzanne D'Mello Telugu 2020 "Never Say Goodbye" Dil Bechara A. R. Rahman English/Hindi 2021 "Tala Al Badru Alyana" Single Yuvan Shankar Raja Tamil/Arabic "Sooravalli Ponnu" (Tamil Dub) Atrangi Re A. R. Rahman Nakul Abhyankar, Varun Uday, Darshan Kt, Sharanya Srinivas Tamil 2023 "Ninaivirukka" Pathu Thala Shakthisree Gopalan "Kya Yaad Tumhein" (Hindi Dub) Chinmayi Hindi "Veerane" Maamannan Solo Tamil Music videos Year Title Notes 2012 "Infinite Love" Special appearance 2016 "Ginga" Special appearance 2019 "Jai Hind India" Special appearance Awards Year Award Category Film 2015 Mirchi Music Awards South Upcoming Male Vocalist O Kadhal Kanmani for "Maula Wa Sallim" Vikatan Awards 2015 Best Playback Singer (Male) Behindwoods Gold Medals Best Singer Male References ^ "My dad has been very supportive of me: AR Ameen". The Times of India. 2 July 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "Ameen Rahman wins Young Playback Singer award from Radio Mirchi - tamilnadu central". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. ^ Correspondent, Vikatan (7 January 2016). "ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2015". vikatan.com/. This article about an Indian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"playback singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer"},{"link_name":"O Kadhal Kanmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Kadhal_Kanmani"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistAllah Rakha Ameen (born 6 January 2003) is an Indian playback singer. He started his singing career in the film O Kadhal Kanmani which was composed by his father A. R. Rahman and has since sung in several Indian languages.[1] He also performs in live concerts across the globe with his father.","title":"A. R. Ameen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_Right_Life
Bold Right Life
["1 Critical reception","2 Accolades","3 Chart performance","4 Track listing","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 References"]
2008 studio album by Kierra SheardBold Right LifeStudio album by Kierra SheardReleased27 October 2008Genre Gospel R&B Length41:50LabelEMI GospelProducer Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell Gerald Haddon PAJAM J. Drew Sheard Asaph Ward Kierra Sheard chronology This Is Me(2006) Bold Right Life(2008) Free(2011) Singles from Bold Right Life "Praise Him Now"Released: August 2008 "Won't Hold Back"Released: August 2008 "Jesus"Released: December 2008 "Love Like Crazy"Released: March 2009 "Invisible"Released: May 2009 Bold Right Life is the third studio album by the American singer Kierra Sheard. It was released by EMI Gospel on 27 October 2008. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingCross Rhythms The AllMusic editor Pemberton Roach found that the album "reveals that the younger Clark is more than up to carrying on the family legacy. Produced by Kierra's Brother J. Drew, the album is a thoroughly modern slice of hip-hop-ish R&B, replete with skittering dance beats, funky bass lines, and vocals altered with all sorts of up-to-date computer effects. Sailing above it all are Sheard’s powerful and assured vocals, at once secularly soulful and full of the Spirit." Kenya M. Yarbrough of EURweb reviewed the album favorably. Accolades The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Urban Album of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards. Chart performance Bold Right Life debuted and peaked at number 114 on the US Billboard 200. It also reached number three on the Top Gospel Albums and number none on the Top Christian Albums. The lead single, "Praise Him Now", peaked at number nine on the Hot Gospel Songs and "Love Like Crazy" reached number 57 on the Japan Hot 100. Track listing No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Won't Hold Back"J. Drew Sheard3:452."Wave Your Banner" (featuring Mary Mary)Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell3:023."My Boyfriend"J. Sheard3:444."Invisible"Gerald Haddon3:415."Love Like Crazy"Campbell3:476."Like David"Asaph Ward3:257."Praise Him Now"PAJAM3:498."Oh Lord"Ward5:199."If It Had Not Been"Campbell3:0610."One"Campbell3:2811."Jesus"J. Sheard4:44 Charts Weekly charts Chart (2008) Peakposition US Billboard 200 114 US Christian Albums (Billboard) 9 US Top Gospel Albums (Billboard) 3 Year-end charts Chart (2009) Position US Top Gospel Albums (Billboard) 31 References ^ a b c Roach, Pemberton. "Bold Right Life". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "Kierra Sheard Makes 'Bold' Debut". Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009. ^ Cross Rhythms review ^ Kenya M. Yarbrough (14 November 2008). "KIERRA SHEARD'S 'BOLD RIGHT LIFE': As her music grows, she drops nickname and 86 pounds". EURweb. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. ^ "Nominations Announced for 40th GMA Dove Awards". CBN. ^ Kierra Sheard (Album Chart History) ^ "Kierra Sheard – Praise Him Now (Hot Gospel Songs". Billboard.- "Kierra Sheard – Love Like Crazy (Japan Hot 100 Singles)". Billboard. ^ "Kierra Sheard Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "Kierra Sheard Chart History (Christian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "Kierra Sheard Chart History (Top Gospel Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "Top Gospel Albums – Year End (2009)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 29 October 2021. vteKierra "Kiki" Sheard Discography Studio albums I Owe You This Is Me Bold Right Life Free Graceland Kierra Remix albums Just Until... Singles "You Don't Know" "Why Me?" Related topics Karen Clark Sheard (mother) Mattie Moss Clark (grandmother) The Clark Sisters
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kierra Sheard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kierra_Sheard"},{"link_name":"EMI Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Gospel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2008 studio album by Kierra SheardBold Right Life is the third studio album by the American singer Kierra Sheard. It was released by EMI Gospel on 27 October 2008.[2]","title":"Bold Right Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The AllMusic editor Pemberton Roach found that the album \"reveals that the younger Clark is more than up to carrying on the family legacy. Produced by Kierra's Brother J. Drew, the album is a thoroughly modern slice of hip-hop-ish R&B, replete with skittering dance beats, funky bass lines, and vocals altered with all sorts of up-to-date computer effects. Sailing above it all are Sheard’s powerful and assured vocals, at once secularly soulful and full of the Spirit.\"[1] Kenya M. Yarbrough of EURweb reviewed the album favorably.[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Award"},{"link_name":"40th GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The album was nominated for a Dove Award for Urban Album of the Year at the 40th GMA Dove Awards.[5]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top Gospel Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gospel_Albums"},{"link_name":"Top Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hot Gospel Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Gospel_Songs"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bold Right Life debuted and peaked at number 114 on the US Billboard 200. It also reached number three on the Top Gospel Albums and number none on the Top Christian Albums.[6] The lead single, \"Praise Him Now\", peaked at number nine on the Hot Gospel Songs and \"Love Like Crazy\" reached number 57 on the Japan Hot 100.[7]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mary"},{"link_name":"Warryn \"Baby Dubb\" Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warryn_%22Baby_Dubb%22_Campbell"},{"link_name":"PAJAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAJAM"}],"text":"No.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Won't Hold Back\"J. Drew Sheard3:452.\"Wave Your Banner\" (featuring Mary Mary)Warryn \"Baby Dubb\" Campbell3:023.\"My Boyfriend\"J. Sheard3:444.\"Invisible\"Gerald Haddon3:415.\"Love Like Crazy\"Campbell3:476.\"Like David\"Asaph Ward3:257.\"Praise Him Now\"PAJAM3:498.\"Oh Lord\"Ward5:199.\"If It Had Not Been\"Campbell3:0610.\"One\"Campbell3:2811.\"Jesus\"J. Sheard4:44","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bold_Right_Life&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-8"},{"link_name":"Christian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardChristian_Kierra_Sheard-9"},{"link_name":"Top Gospel Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gospel_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardGospel_Kierra_Sheard-10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bold_Right_Life&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gospel_Year-End-11"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[8]\n\n114\n\n\nUS Christian Albums (Billboard)[9]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Top Gospel Albums (Billboard)[10]\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Gospel Albums (Billboard)[11]\n\n31","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122nd_Infantry_Division_(Germany)
122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
["1 Organisation","2 Commanding officers","3 External links"]
122nd Infantry Division122. Infanterie-DivisionDivision insigniaActive5 October 1940 – 8 May 1945Country Nazi GermanyBranchArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionNickname(s)Griffin DivisionEngagementsWorld War II Eastern Front (1941-1943) Operation Barbarossa Siege of Leningrad Demyansk Pocket Continuation War Battle of Tali-Ihantala Battle of Vyborg Bay (1944) Eastern Front (1944-1945) Battle of Narva (1944) Courland Pocket CommandersNotablecommandersSiegfried MacholzMilitary unit The 122nd Infantry Division (German: 122. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division in World War II. It was formed on 5 October 1940 as part of the 11th wave (Aufstellungswelle). It was formed from elements of the 32nd Infantry Division, 258th Infantry Division and non-motorized elements of the 14th Motorized Infantry Division. Organisation 1941 July 1944 Infantry Regiment 409 Infantry Regiment 410 Infantry Regiment 411 Grenadier Regiment 409 Grenadier Regiment 410 Grenadier Regiment 411 Reconnaissance Battalion 122 Fusilier Battalion 122 Artillery Regiment 122 Engineer Battalion 122 Field Replacement Battalion 122 Anti Tank Battalion 122 Anti Tank Battalion 122 (mot.) Divisional Signal Battalion 122 Divisional Signal Battalion 122 (part motorised) Divisional Services 122 Divisional Supply Troops 122 Administrative troops 122 Transport Park Troops 122 Fieldpost 122 Veterinary Troops 122 Medical troops 122 Commanding officers Generalleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (5 October 1940 – 8 December 1941) Generalleutnant Friedrich Bayer (8 December 1941 – 17 February 1942) Generalleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (17 February 1942 – 1 August 1942) Generalleutnant Kurt Chill (1 August 1942 – 10 October 1942) Generalleutnant Gustav Hundt (10 October 1942 – ? November 1942) Generalleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (? November 1942 – 1 December 1942) Generalmajor Adolf Westhoff (1 December 1942 – 8 January 1943) Generalmajor Adolf Trowitz (8 January 1943 – 15 May 1943) Generalleutnant Alfred Thielmann (15 May 1943 – 27 June 1943) Generalleutnant Kurt Chill (27 June 1943 – 1 February 1944) Generalmajor Johann-Albrecht von Blücher (1 February 1944 – 4 February 1944) Generalmajor Hero Breusing (4 February 1944 – 25 August 1944) General der Infanterie Friedrich Fangohr (25 August 1944 – 20 January 1945) Generalmajor Bruno Schatz (20 January 1945 – 8 May 1945) External links "122. Infanterie-Division". Lexikon der Wehrmacht. Retrieved 21 January 2011. vteNumbered infantry divisions of the German Army (1935–1945)1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40th – 49th 41 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 52 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 100th – 199th100th – 119th 102 106 110 111 112 113 121st – 129th 121 122 123 125 126 129 130th – 149th 131 132 134 137 148 150th – 159th 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 162nd (Turk.) 163 164 166 167 168 169 170th – 189th 170 174 176 180 181 182 183 189 190th – 199th 190 196 197 198 199 200th – 299th200th – 209th 201 203 205 206 207 208 209 210th – 219th 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 221 223 225 226 227 228 230th – 239th 230 231 232 237 239 240th – 249th 240 242 243 244 245 246 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 260th – 269th 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 286 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 301 302 303 304 305 306 309 310th – 329th 311 319 320 321 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 339th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340th – 349th 340 342 343 344 346 347 348 349 350th – 359th 351 352 353 355 356 357 358 359 360th – 369th 361 362 363 364 365 367 369 370th – 379th 370 371 372 373 376 377 379 380th – 389th 383 384 385 387 389 390th – 399th 392 393 395 399 400th – 719th400th – 499th 416 430 462 500th – 599th 521 526 554 555 556 557 600th – 699th 600 606 650 700th – 709th 702 703 704 707 708 709 710th – 719th 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 See also: List of German divisions in World War II, Aufstellungswelle This article about a specific German military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Aufstellungswelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstellungswelle"},{"link_name":"32nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"258th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/258th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"14th Motorized Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Motorized_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"}],"text":"Military unitThe 122nd Infantry Division (German: 122. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division in World War II. It was formed on 5 October 1940 as part of the 11th wave (Aufstellungswelle).It was formed from elements of the 32nd Infantry Division, 258th Infantry Division and non-motorized elements of the 14th Motorized Infantry Division.","title":"122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"Sigfrid Macholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Macholz"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bayer_(general)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Chill"},{"link_name":"Gustav Hundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Hundt"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmajor"},{"link_name":"Adolf Trowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Trowitz"},{"link_name":"General der Infanterie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_der_Infanterie"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Fangohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Fangohr"},{"link_name":"Bruno Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Schatz"}],"text":"Generalleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (5 October 1940 – 8 December 1941)\nGeneralleutnant Friedrich Bayer (8 December 1941 – 17 February 1942)\nGeneralleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (17 February 1942 – 1 August 1942)\nGeneralleutnant Kurt Chill (1 August 1942 – 10 October 1942)\nGeneralleutnant Gustav Hundt (10 October 1942 – ? November 1942)\nGeneralleutnant Sigfrid Macholz (? November 1942 – 1 December 1942)\nGeneralmajor Adolf Westhoff (1 December 1942 – 8 January 1943)\nGeneralmajor Adolf Trowitz (8 January 1943 – 15 May 1943)\nGeneralleutnant Alfred Thielmann (15 May 1943 – 27 June 1943)\nGeneralleutnant Kurt Chill (27 June 1943 – 1 February 1944)\nGeneralmajor Johann-Albrecht von Blücher (1 February 1944 – 4 February 1944)\nGeneralmajor Hero Breusing (4 February 1944 – 25 August 1944)\nGeneral der Infanterie Friedrich Fangohr (25 August 1944 – 20 January 1945)\nGeneralmajor Bruno Schatz (20 January 1945 – 8 May 1945)","title":"Commanding officers"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)
Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (Rubens)
["1 Bibliography"]
1625 painting by Rubens Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625) by Rubens The Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia is a painting by Rubens of Isabella Clara Eugenia. It is dated to 1625 and shows her in the habit of the Poor Clares, which she assumed on 22 October 1621 after the death of her husband Archduke Albert of Austria. She visited the painter's studio while on her way back from Breda in 1625 to see the painting begun, as a master copy from which several others could be drawn. The master copy is now in the Galleria Palatina in Florence, having been traded in the past for a portrait of the same subject by Anthony van Dyck (now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna). Two other copies are known in private collections, while a third (with a modified background) is in the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena (115.6 cm x 88.6 cm). Norton Simon Museum Prado Kunsthistorisches Museum Bibliography (in Italian) Marco Chiarini, Galleria palatina e Appartamenti Reali, Sillabe, Livorno 1998. ISBN 978-88-86392-48-8 vtePeter Paul RubensPaintingsand drawings The Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602) Leda and the Swan (1601, 1602) The Deposition (1602) Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605) Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603) Portrait of a Young Woman (1603) Hercules and Omphale (1603) Heraclitus and Democritus (1603) Virgin and Child (c. 1604) The Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605) The Baptism of Christ (1604–1605) The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605) Transfiguration (1604–1605) The Circumcision (1605) Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606) Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606) Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606) Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606) Madonna della Vallicella (1606–1608) Susanna and the Elders (1607) The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609) Adoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29) Samson and Delilah (1609–1610) Honeysuckle Bower (1609–1610) Coronation of the Virgin (1609–1611) Juno and Argus (1610) Raising of the Cross (1610–1611) Conversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612) Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611) Venus Frigida (1611) Prometheus Bound (1611–1612) The Four Philosophers (1611–1612) Antwerp Resurrection (1611–1612) Visitation (c. 1611–1615) Roman Charity (1612) Ecce Homo (1612) Descent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614) Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614) Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614) The Tribute Money (1612–1614) The Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614) The Four Continents (1610s) Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614) Portrait of a Commander (1613) The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614) The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615) The Death of Adonis (1614) Venus and Adonis (1614) St Sebastian (c. 1614) The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614) Madonna della Cesta (1615) Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615) Daniel in the Lions' Den (1615) Bacchanalia (c. 1615) A Statue of Ceres (c. 1615) The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616) The Tiger Hunt (1615–1616) Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616) The Wild Boar Hunt (1615-1617) Florence Resurrection (1616) The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616) Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616) The Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616) The Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616) Romulus and Remus (1615–1616) Saint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617) Two Women with a Candle (1616–1617) Descent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617) The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617) Christ and the Penitent Sinners (1617) Mars and Rhea Silvia (1617) The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617) The Great Last Judgement (1617) A Bearded Man (c. 1617–18) Adoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618) The Five Senses (1617–1618) Two Satyrs (1618) Medusa (1618) The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618) Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618) The Prodigal Son (1618) The Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618) Tigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618) Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620) Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620) The Wild Boar Hunt (1618-1620) St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620) The Small Last Judgement (1619) Conversion of Saint Paul (1620s) The Fall of the Damned (c. 1620) Landscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620) Portrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620) Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1620) Perseus Freeing Andromeda (1620) Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620) The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620) Christ on the Cross (1620) The Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623) Isabella Brant (c. 1621) The Lion Hunt (1621) Marie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630) Portrait of Susanna Lunden (1622) Perseus and Andromeda (c. 1622) The History of Constantine (1622–1625) Self-Portrait (1623) The Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624) Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624) Adoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624) The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624) Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626) Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625) Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625) Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–1626) Angelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628) Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627) The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627) The Annunciation (1627–1628) The Fall of Man (1628–1629) The Rape of Europa (1628–1629) Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630) Cimon and Pero (1630) Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630) The Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631) The Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631) Last Supper (1630–1631) Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635) The Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634) The Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635) The Garden of Love (c. 1633) Adoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634) Bathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635) The Dance of the Villagers (1635) Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635) Venus and Adonis (New York; 1635) The Triumph of the Church (1635) The Feast of Venus (1635–1636) The Feast of Herod (1635–1638) The Village Fête (1635–1638) Mercury and Argus (1635–1638) Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636) Helena Fourment with Children (1636) A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636) Saturn (1636) The Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636) Pallas and Arachne (1636–1637) Het Pelsken (1636–1638) The Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637) Consequences of War (c. 1638) Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638) The Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638) The Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638) Diana and Callisto (1637–1638) Helena Fourment with a Carriage (1638) Self-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639) Bacchus (1638–1640) The Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640) The Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640) The Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640) Judgment of Paris (various) Tapestries The History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona) Books Palazzi di Genova (1622) Museums Rubenshuis People Rubens family Isabella Brant (first wife) Helena Fourment (second wife) Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son) Albert Rubens (son) Jan Rubens (father) Maria Pypelinckx (mother) Philip Rubens (brother) Tobias Verhaecht (teacher) Adam van Noort (teacher) Otto van Veen (teacher) Nicolaas Rockox (friend) Related Poussinists and Rubenists Rubens (1977 film) Rubenesque Rubens' Europe (exhibition) This article about a seventeenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubens,_Ritratto_dell%27infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_di_Spagna_in_abito_di_clarissa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"},{"link_name":"Archduke Albert of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Albert,_sovereign_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda"},{"link_name":"Galleria Palatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Palatina"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Norton Simon Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Simon_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_as_a_nun.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_infanta_Isabel_Clara_Eugenia_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Isabella_Clara_Eugenia%22_-_Anthonis_van_Dyck_086.jpg"}],"text":"Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625) by RubensThe Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia is a painting by Rubens of Isabella Clara Eugenia. It is dated to 1625 and shows her in the habit of the Poor Clares, which she assumed on 22 October 1621 after the death of her husband Archduke Albert of Austria. She visited the painter's studio while on her way back from Breda in 1625 to see the painting begun, as a master copy from which several others could be drawn. The master copy is now in the Galleria Palatina in Florence, having been traded in the past for a portrait of the same subject by Anthony van Dyck (now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna). Two other copies are known in private collections, while a third (with a modified background) is in the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena (115.6 cm x 88.6 cm).Norton Simon Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrado\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKunsthistorisches Museum","title":"Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (Rubens)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-86392-48-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86392-48-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"The Descent from the 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Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bearded_Man"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Lyon)"},{"link_name":"The Five Senses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Senses_(series)"},{"link_name":"Two Satyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Satyrs"},{"link_name":"Medusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus"},{"link_name":"Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Triumphant_over_Sin_and_Death_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Prodigal Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Union of Earth and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_of_Earth_and_Water"},{"link_name":"Tigress with Her 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Baucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_with_Philemon_and_Baucis"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man in Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_in_Armor"},{"link_name":"Saint George and the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Perseus Freeing Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Freeing_Andromeda_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Dominic_and_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Orithyia_by_Boreas"},{"link_name":"Christ on the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_on_the_Cross_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Three Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Florence)"},{"link_name":"Isabella 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Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconciliation_of_Esau_and_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Appointing_Saint_Roch_as_Patron_Saint_of_Plague_Victims"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Angelica and the Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_and_the_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Henry IV at the Battle of 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Ildefonso Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildefonso_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians"},{"link_name":"The Finding of Erichthonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finding_of_Erichthonius"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1632-1635)"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Love_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Bathsheba at the Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathsheba_at_the_Fountain"},{"link_name":"The Dance of the Villagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Villagers"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Her_Son_Frans"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1635)"},{"link_name":"The Triumph of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Church_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Feast of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_of_Venus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Feast of Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Village Fête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_F%C3%AAte_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Mercury and Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_and_Argus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules%27s_Dog_Discovers_Purple_Dye"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Children"},{"link_name":"A View of Het Steen in the Early 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Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Ganymede_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Diana and Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with a Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_a_Carriage"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_Vienna)"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Sabine Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Peasants Returning From The Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasants_Returning_From_The_Fields"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1640)"},{"link_name":"Judgment of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The History of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Pietro da Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Palazzi di Genova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova"},{"link_name":"Rubenshuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubenshuis"},{"link_name":"Rubens family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_family"},{"link_name":"Isabella Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Brant"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment"},{"link_name":"Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Rubens,_Lord_of_Rameyen"},{"link_name":"Albert Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Jan Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Maria Pypelinckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pypelinckx"},{"link_name":"Philip Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Tobias Verhaecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht"},{"link_name":"Adam van Noort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_van_Noort"},{"link_name":"Otto van Veen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_van_Veen"},{"link_name":"Nicolaas Rockox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox"},{"link_name":"Poussinists and Rubenists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rubenesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubenesque"},{"link_name":"Rubens' Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens%27_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1665_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17C-painting-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:17C-painting-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:17C-painting-stub"}],"text":"(in Italian) Marco Chiarini, Galleria palatina e Appartamenti Reali, Sillabe, Livorno 1998. ISBN 978-88-86392-48-8vtePeter Paul RubensPaintingsand drawings\nThe Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602)\nLeda and the Swan (1601, 1602)\nThe Deposition (1602)\nSelf-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605)\nEquestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603)\nPortrait of a Young Woman (1603)\nHercules and Omphale (1603)\nHeraclitus and Democritus (1603)\nVirgin and Child (c. 1604)\nThe Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605)\nThe Baptism of Christ (1604–1605)\nThe Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605)\nTransfiguration (1604–1605)\nThe Circumcision (1605)\nPortrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606)\nPortrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606)\nPortrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606)\nPortrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606)\nMadonna della Vallicella (1606–1608)\nSusanna and the Elders (1607)\nThe Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609)\nAdoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)\nSamson and Delilah (1609–1610)\nHoneysuckle Bower (1609–1610)\nCoronation of the Virgin (1609–1611)\nJuno and Argus (1610)\nRaising of the Cross (1610–1611)\nConversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612)\nMassacre of the Innocents (c. 1611)\nVenus Frigida (1611)\nPrometheus Bound (1611–1612)\nThe Four Philosophers (1611–1612)\nAntwerp Resurrection (1611–1612)\nVisitation (c. 1611–1615)\nRoman Charity (1612)\nEcce Homo (1612)\nDescent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614)\nSaint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)\nSaint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614)\nThe Tribute Money (1612–1614)\nThe Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614)\nThe Four Continents (1610s)\nChrist Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614)\nPortrait of a Commander (1613)\nThe Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614)\nThe Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615)\nThe Death of Adonis (1614)\nVenus and Adonis (1614)\nSt Sebastian (c. 1614)\nThe Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614)\nMadonna della Cesta (1615)\nIxion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615)\nDaniel in the Lions' Den (1615)\nBacchanalia (c. 1615)\nA Statue of Ceres (c. 1615)\nThe Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616)\nThe Tiger Hunt (1615–1616)\nTheodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616)\nThe Wild Boar Hunt (1615-1617)\nFlorence Resurrection (1616)\nThe Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616)\nErichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616)\nThe Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616)\nThe Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616)\nRomulus and Remus (1615–1616)\nSaint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617)\nTwo Women with a Candle (1616–1617)\nDescent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617)\nThe Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617)\nChrist and the Penitent Sinners (1617)\nMars and Rhea Silvia (1617)\nThe Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)\nThe Great Last Judgement (1617)\nA Bearded Man (c. 1617–18)\nAdoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618)\nThe Five Senses (1617–1618)\nTwo Satyrs (1618)\nMedusa (1618)\nThe Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618)\nChrist Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618)\nThe Prodigal Son (1618)\nThe Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618)\nTigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618)\nMucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)\nFeast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620)\nThe Wild Boar Hunt (1618-1620)\nSt Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620)\nThe Small Last Judgement (1619)\nConversion of Saint Paul (1620s)\nThe Fall of the Damned (c. 1620)\nLandscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620)\nPortrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620)\nSaint George and the Dragon (c. 1620)\nPerseus Freeing Andromeda (1620)\nSaints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620)\nThe Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620)\nChrist on the Cross (1620)\nThe Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623)\nIsabella Brant (c. 1621)\nThe Lion Hunt (1621)\nMarie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630)\nPortrait of Susanna Lunden (1622)\nPerseus and Andromeda (c. 1622)\nThe History of Constantine (1622–1625)\nSelf-Portrait (1623)\nThe Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624)\nDiana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624)\nAdoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624)\nThe Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624)\nChrist Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626)\nPortrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625)\nPortrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625)\nAssumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–1626)\nAngelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628)\nHenry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627)\nThe Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627)\nThe Annunciation (1627–1628)\nThe Fall of Man (1628–1629)\nThe Rape of Europa (1628–1629)\nMinerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630)\nCimon and Pero (1630)\nSaint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630)\nThe Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631)\nThe Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631)\nLast Supper (1630–1631)\nOdysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635)\nThe Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)\nThe Garden of Love (c. 1633)\nAdoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634)\nBathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635)\nThe Dance of the Villagers (1635)\nHelena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635)\nVenus and Adonis (New York; 1635)\nThe Triumph of the Church (1635)\nThe Feast of Venus (1635–1636)\nThe Feast of Herod (1635–1638)\nThe Village Fête (1635–1638)\nMercury and Argus (1635–1638)\nHercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636)\nHelena Fourment with Children (1636)\nA View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636)\nSaturn (1636)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636)\nPallas and Arachne (1636–1637)\nHet Pelsken (1636–1638)\nThe Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637)\nConsequences of War (c. 1638)\nHercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638)\nThe Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638)\nThe Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638)\nDiana and Callisto (1637–1638)\nHelena Fourment with a Carriage (1638)\nSelf-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639)\nBacchus (1638–1640)\nThe Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640)\nThe Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640)\nJudgment of Paris (various)\nTapestries\nThe History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona)\nBooks\nPalazzi di Genova (1622)\nMuseums\nRubenshuis\nPeople\nRubens family\nIsabella Brant (first wife)\nHelena Fourment (second wife)\nNicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son)\nAlbert Rubens (son)\nJan Rubens (father)\nMaria Pypelinckx (mother)\nPhilip Rubens (brother)\nTobias Verhaecht (teacher)\nAdam van Noort (teacher)\nOtto van Veen (teacher)\nNicolaas Rockox (friend)\nRelated\nPoussinists and Rubenists\nRubens (1977 film)\nRubenesque\nRubens' Europe (exhibition)This article about a seventeenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625) by Rubens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rubens%2C_Ritratto_dell%27infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_di_Spagna_in_abito_di_clarissa.jpg/250px-Rubens%2C_Ritratto_dell%27infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_di_Spagna_in_abito_di_clarissa.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Shah
Bashir Shah
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Danish cricketer Bashir ShahPersonal informationBorn (1983-04-06) 6 April 1983 (age 41)Quetta, Baluchistan, PakistanBattingRight-handedBowlingLeft-arm off breakInternational information National sideDenmark (2019-present)T20I debut (cap 4)16 June 2019 v JerseyLast T20I21 October 2021 v JerseyT20I shirt no.52 Career statistics Competition List A Twenty20 Matches 12 7 Runs scored 21 20 Batting average 7.00 10.00 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 Top score 10* 10* Balls bowled 527 132 Wickets 12 3 Bowling average 39.25 56.33 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 2/40 2/36 Catches/stumpings 3/– 0/–Source: Cricinfo, 21 October 2021 Syed Bashir Ahmed Shah (born 6 April 1983) is a Pakistani-born Danish cricketer. Shah is a right-handed batsman who bowls orthodox slow left-arm. He was born at Quetta, Baluchistan. Career Shah made his debut for Denmark against Ireland A in July 2007. Later in 2007, Shah was selected as part of Denmark's squad for the World Cricket League Division Two in Namibia. It was during this tournament that Shah made his debut in List A cricket against Namibia. He made five further List A appearances during the tournament, taking 6 wickets at an average of 35.00. Two years later, he was selected in the Danish squad for the World Cup Qualifier in South Africa, where he made six List A appearances, including his final appearance to date in that format, against Oman. He took 6 wickets during the tournament, at an average of 43.50. In 2011, Shah was selected as part of Denmark's squad for the 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament in Hong Kong, making three appearances. In March 2012, Denmark took part in the World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates, with Shah selected in their fourteen-man squad. Shah made his Twenty20 debut during the tournament against Bermuda at the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium. He made six further appearances during the competition, the last of which came against Oman, scoring 20 runs and taking 2 wickets in the tournament. In August 2012, Shah was selected in Denmark's fourteen- man squad for the World Cricket League Division Four in Malaysia. In March 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Four tournament, also in Malaysia. He was named as the player to watch in the squad ahead of the tournament. In November 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament in Oman. In May 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament in Guernsey. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut, against Jersey, on 16 June 2019. In October 2021, he was named in Denmark's T20I squad for the Regional Final of the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament. References ^ "Bashir Shah". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 7 May 2020. ^ a b "Miscellaneous Matches played by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Denmark squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ a b "List A Matches played by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ a b "List A Bowling in Each Season by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Denmark squad – ICC World Cup Qualifiers, 2009". ESPNcricinfo. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012. ^ "ICC announces squads for WCL Division 3". ESPNcricinfo. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 2011/12 – Denmark squad". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 March 2012. ^ "Twenty20 Matches played by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Twenty20 Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Twenty20 Bowling For Each Team by Bashir Shah". CricketArchive. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ "Squads and fixtures for World Cricket League Division 4". cricketeurope4.net. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012. ^ "Truppen Til World Cricket League Div.4 Er Udtaget". Dansk Cricket (in Danish). 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "Groundwork for 2023 World Cup begins at WCL Division Four". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 April 2018. ^ "Squads and match schedule announced for ICC World Cricket League Division 3". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 31 October 2018. ^ "Squads announced for ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Final 2019". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 31 May 2019. ^ "6th Match, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Region Final at St Peter Port, Jun 16 2019". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Ready to depart for the T20 World Cup". Dansk Cricket. Retrieved 11 October 2021. External links Bashir Shah at ESPNcricinfo
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He was born at Quetta, Baluchistan.[1]","title":"Bashir Shah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIS-2"},{"link_name":"World Cricket League Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"List A cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM-4"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LABS-5"},{"link_name":"World Cup Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LABS-5"},{"link_name":"2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIS-2"},{"link_name":"World Twenty20 Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World Cricket League Division Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Four"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Four"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DenSquad-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watch-14"},{"link_name":"2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICC-release-15"},{"link_name":"Regional Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_T20_World_Cup_Europe_Qualifier#Regional_Finals"},{"link_name":"2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_T20_World_Cup_Europe_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_Europe_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Shah made his debut for Denmark against Ireland A in July 2007.[2] Later in 2007, Shah was selected as part of Denmark's squad for the World Cricket League Division Two in Namibia.[3] It was during this tournament that Shah made his debut in List A cricket against Namibia. He made five further List A appearances during the tournament,[4] taking 6 wickets at an average of 35.00.[5] Two years later, he was selected in the Danish squad for the World Cup Qualifier in South Africa,[6] where he made six List A appearances, including his final appearance to date in that format, against Oman.[4] He took 6 wickets during the tournament, at an average of 43.50.[5]In 2011, Shah was selected as part of Denmark's squad for the 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament in Hong Kong,[7] making three appearances.[2] In March 2012, Denmark took part in the World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates, with Shah selected in their fourteen-man squad.[8] Shah made his Twenty20 debut during the tournament against Bermuda at the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium. He made six further appearances during the competition, the last of which came against Oman,[9] scoring 20 runs and taking 2 wickets in the tournament.[10][11]In August 2012, Shah was selected in Denmark's fourteen- man squad for the World Cricket League Division Four in Malaysia.[12] In March 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Four tournament, also in Malaysia.[13] He was named as the player to watch in the squad ahead of the tournament.[14] In November 2018, he was named in Denmark's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Three tournament in Oman.[15]In May 2019, he was named in Denmark's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament in Guernsey.[16] He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut, against Jersey, on 16 June 2019.[17] In October 2021, he was named in Denmark's T20I squad for the Regional Final of the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier tournament.[18]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricket.dk/truppen-world-cricket-league-div-4-udtaget/","url_text":"\"Truppen Til World Cricket League Div.4 Er Udtaget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groundwork for 2023 World Cup begins at WCL Division Four\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23342609/groundwork-2023-world-cup-begins-wcl-division-four","url_text":"\"Groundwork for 2023 World Cup begins at WCL Division Four\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squads and match schedule announced for ICC World Cricket League Division 3\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 31 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/894732","url_text":"\"Squads and match schedule announced for ICC World Cricket League Division 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Squads announced for ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Final 2019\". International Cricket Council. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jimenez
Tony Jimenez
["1 Newcastle United","2 Controversy","3 References"]
Tony Jimenez (born December 1962 in Brixton, London, England) is an international businessman known for his involvement in European football. He was born in Spain(as well as London?) and has also lived in Cyprus and Dubai, where he oversees a number of property developments. He has served as the vice-president in charge of player recruitment for Newcastle United and the co-owner of Charlton Athletic. He is a father and regularly holds fundraisers for children's charity, Variety Club. Newcastle United Jimenez acted as a football agent before being appointed as vice president (player recruitment) at Newcastle United, owing to his extensive football contacts. During his time at the club, he played a key role in completing deals for Jonás Gutiérrez, Fabricio Coloccini, Ignacio González and Xisco. Signing Gutiérrez is often labeled his biggest achievement, but his other recruits were less successful. Coloccini cost £9,000,000 and was part of the team that got relegated in 2008, and Xisco cost nearly £6,000,000 but only made nine appearances for the club in five years. Jimenez left the club after manager Kevin Keegan resigned, and the club was put up for sale. In 2010, he took over Charlton Athletic with fellow businessman Michael Slater. He is still on the board. Since leaving Newcastle, Keegan has accused Jimenez of preventing midfielder Luka Modric's transfer to Newcastle. Jimenez denies the accusation, claiming that owner Mike Ashley stopped the deal. Keegan stated that Jimenez feared the player's ability to cope with the physical nature of the Premier League and did not want to take the risk. Jimenez hit back by claiming that Keegan also prevented a number of deals, such as the opportunity to and he went to go somewhere too sign Karim Benzema and Samir Nasri. Controversy On 20 October 2017, Jimenez won a landmark ruling against the United Kingdom's HMRC over his UK residency rights. This ruling was overturned on appeal in March 2019. In August 2017, Newcastle United and Sports Direct owner Mike Ashley sued Jimenez, claiming he lured Ashley into a fraudulent £3,000,000 investment in a French golf course. Jimenez vehemently denies all accusations. References ^ Hytner, David (30 January 2008). "The fixer and the facts machine: unveiling Newcastle's odd couple". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2008. ^ Matt Scott. "The troubled past of Charlton Athletic's decisive new owners". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015. ^ a b Muncaster, Michael (30 August 2017). "Who is Tony Jimenez and what role did he play at Newcastle United?". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 28 September 2018. ^ Noye-Allen, Rhys (27 September 2018). "Former Newcastle Executive Tony Jimenez Claims Owner Mike Ashley Refused to Sign World Cup Finalist". 90 min. Retrieved 28 September 2018. ^ R (oao Jimenez) v The First-tier Tribunal 2019 EWCA Civ 51 ^ "Mike Ashley sues 'trusted friend' over French golf course". The Irish Times. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoda_Pritzker
Rhoda Pritzker
["1 Personal life","2 Other interests","3 Philanthropy","3.1 Education and Art","3.2 Animal and environmental causes","4 Death","5 References"]
British-born American philanthropist Rhoda Pritzker (née Goldberg; September 11, 1914 – December 23, 2007) was a British-born American philanthropist. She was a member of the Pritzker family, one of the wealthiest families in Chicago, through her marriage to lawyer and businessman, Jack Nicholas Pritzker. The Pritzker family founded the Hyatt hotel chain during the 1950s. Personal life Rhoda Pritzker was born Rhoda Goldberg in 1914 to Jewish parents in Manchester, England. Her parents were Morris Goldberg, a Gilbert and Sullivan circus performer, and Cissie Goldberg, a concert pianist. She did not begin her schooling until she was ten years old due to a case of tuberculosis. She dropped out before completing high school in order to take a position with a newspaper in Southport, Lancashire. She also worked for a number of other British newspapers and the British Broadcasting Corporation at a young age. Goldberg immigrated to the United States in 1939 on one of the last trans-Atlantic passenger ship convoys before the full outbreak of World War II. Pritzker family lore claims that she wore her life preserver throughout the entire length of the voyage due to the constant threat of German U-boat attack. She initially took a job as a blackjack dealer in Reno, Nevada, as part of an assignment for a magazine before landing a position in New York City as a foreign correspondent for The Associated Press of Great Britain during World War II. Goldberg met her future husband, Jack Nicholas Pritzker, on a blind date in Manhattan. The couple were married in 1943, shortly after Jack entered the U.S. Navy as a lieutenant, junior grade during World War II. Rhoda and Jack resided in Princeton, New Jersey, and Key West, Florida, during the war. Rhoda volunteered for the Red Cross while living in Key West, beginning her career in philanthropy. She moved to Chicago with her husband following the end of World War II. Jack Pritzker resumed his career as a lawyer at his law firm, Pritzker and Pritzker. She continued to work as a freelance journalist after her arrival in Chicago. However, she also became deeply interested in philanthropy. The couple bought a winter home in Casey Key, Florida, in 1970. Rhoda and Jack Pritzker had one son, Nicholas J. Pritzker. She was widowed in 1979. Other interests She was known to be a passionate contemporary British art collector. She was a leading supporter of works by such artists as Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore and L.S. Lowry. Philanthropy Rhoda Pritzker supported a wide array of causes and organizations as a philanthropist throughout her life. Many of the causes which she championed involved animals, education and the arts. Education and Art Pritzker served on the board of directors of the Goodman School of Drama (now called the Theater School at DePaul University) for many years. She was a founding board member of the New College of Florida and continued to serve on the school's board for more than 20 years. Pritzker was a major donor to the New College of Florida's $2.5 million Marine Biology Research Center, which opened in the late 1990s. In the mid-2000s, an endowment fund and college dormitory were named for Rhoda Pritzker after the Pritzker family's philanthropic foundation gave the college $2 million in her Rhoda's name. Additionally, Pritzker served on the board of trustees of the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, during the 1980s. Animal and environmental causes Pritzker helped to establish the Chicago area Animal Protective Association, an animal shelter and adoption service. She also actively supported a number of animal shelters and rescue centers in Florida. She was reported to be close friends with Cleveland Amory, a well-known animal rights activist. Pritzker was personally known to take in and adopt stray animals. She never collected or wore fur coats. Death Rhoda Pritzker died at her winter home in Casey Key, Florida, on December 23, 2007, at the age of 93. She had reportedly been in declining health for several months. Her funeral was held in Chicago. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Olkon, Sara (December 31, 2007). "Rhoda Pritzker: 1914 – 2007, Altruist loved animals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zaloudek, Mark (December 30, 2007). "Philanthropist helped education and arts". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved January 14, 2008. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
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She was a member of the Pritzker family, one of the wealthiest families in Chicago, through her marriage to lawyer and businessman, Jack Nicholas Pritzker.[1] The Pritzker family founded the Hyatt hotel chain during the 1950s.[2]","title":"Rhoda Pritzker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"concert pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pianist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"Southport, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"British Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"trans-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_crossing"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"life preserver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_flotation_device"},{"link_name":"U-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack"},{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"foreign correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_correspondent"},{"link_name":"The Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholas Pritzker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholas_Pritzker"},{"link_name":"blind date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blind_date"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"freelance journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelance_journalist"},{"link_name":"Casey Key, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Key,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"Nicholas J. Pritzker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_J._Pritzker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"}],"text":"Rhoda Pritzker was born Rhoda Goldberg in 1914 to Jewish parents in Manchester, England.[1] Her parents were Morris Goldberg, a Gilbert and Sullivan circus performer, and Cissie Goldberg, a concert pianist.[1] She did not begin her schooling until she was ten years old due to a case of tuberculosis.[1] She dropped out before completing high school in order to take a position with a newspaper in Southport, Lancashire.[1] She also worked for a number of other British newspapers and the British Broadcasting Corporation at a young age.[2]Goldberg immigrated to the United States in 1939 on one of the last trans-Atlantic passenger ship convoys before the full outbreak of World War II. Pritzker family lore claims that she wore her life preserver throughout the entire length of the voyage due to the constant threat of German U-boat attack.[1] She initially took a job as a blackjack dealer in Reno, Nevada, as part of an assignment for a magazine[1] before landing a position in New York City as a foreign correspondent for The Associated Press of Great Britain during World War II.[2]Goldberg met her future husband, Jack Nicholas Pritzker, on a blind date in Manhattan.[1] The couple were married in 1943, shortly after Jack entered the U.S. Navy as a lieutenant, junior grade during World War II.[1] Rhoda and Jack resided in Princeton, New Jersey, and Key West, Florida, during the war. Rhoda volunteered for the Red Cross while living in Key West, beginning her career in philanthropy.[1] She moved to Chicago with her husband following the end of World War II. Jack Pritzker resumed his career as a lawyer at his law firm, Pritzker and Pritzker.[2] She continued to work as a freelance journalist after her arrival in Chicago. However, she also became deeply interested in philanthropy. The couple bought a winter home in Casey Key, Florida, in 1970.[2]Rhoda and Jack Pritzker had one son, Nicholas J. Pritzker.[2] She was widowed in 1979.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_art"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hepworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"L.S. Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.S._Lowry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"}],"text":"She was known to be a passionate contemporary British art collector. She was a leading supporter of works by such artists as Barbara Hepworth, Henry Moore and L.S. Lowry.[1]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"}],"text":"Rhoda Pritzker supported a wide array of causes and organizations as a philanthropist throughout her life. Many of the causes which she championed involved animals, education and the arts.[1][2]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodman School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"Theater School at DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"},{"link_name":"New College of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"Marine Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Biology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment"},{"link_name":"dormitory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory"},{"link_name":"philanthropic foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropic_foundation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"board of trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_trustees"},{"link_name":"John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Sarasota, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"}],"sub_title":"Education and Art","text":"Pritzker served on the board of directors of the Goodman School of Drama (now called the Theater School at DePaul University) for many years.[1] She was a founding board member of the New College of Florida and continued to serve on the school's board for more than 20 years.[2] Pritzker was a major donor to the New College of Florida's $2.5 million Marine Biology Research Center, which opened in the late 1990s.[2] In the mid-2000s, an endowment fund and college dormitory were named for Rhoda Pritzker after the Pritzker family's philanthropic foundation gave the college $2 million in her Rhoda's name.[2]Additionally, Pritzker served on the board of trustees of the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, during the 1980s.[2]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shelter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Amory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Amory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"fur coats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_coats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-1"}],"sub_title":"Animal and environmental causes","text":"Pritzker helped to establish the Chicago area Animal Protective Association, an animal shelter and adoption service.[2] She also actively supported a number of animal shelters and rescue centers in Florida. She was reported to be close friends with Cleveland Amory, a well-known animal rights activist.[2] Pritzker was personally known to take in and adopt stray animals. She never collected or wore fur coats.[1]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casey Key, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ht-2"}],"text":"Rhoda Pritzker died at her winter home in Casey Key, Florida, on December 23, 2007, at the age of 93.[2] She had reportedly been in declining health for several months. Her funeral was held in Chicago.[2]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(disambiguation)
Henry Allen
["1 Politics","2 Other","3 Characters","4 See also"]
Henry Allen may refer to: Politics Henry Allen (Wisconsin politician), Wisconsin State Assemblyman Henry C. Allen (1844–1925), American politician and farmer from Virginia Henry C. Allen (Virginia politician) (1838–1889) Henry C. Allen (New Jersey politician) (1872–1942), American Republican Party politician in New Jersey Henry Dixon Allen (1854–1924), U.S. Representative from Kentucky Henry Edgarton Allen (1864–1924), Canadian politician and merchant Henry Justin Allen (1868–1950), Governor of Kansas Henry Allen (Mayor of Gloucester) (1815–1893), mayor of Gloucester, England, 1873 Henry George Allen (1815–1908), British Member of Parliament for Pembroke, 1880–1885, and Pembroke and Haverfordwest, 1885–1886 Henry Watkins Allen (1820–1866), American soldier and politician Other Henry Allen (Colorado settler) (c. 1815–1871), American miner and leader of early Denver, Colorado Henry Allen (equestrian) (1889–1971), American Olympic equestrian Henry Allen (footballer) (1898–1976), English footballer Henry Allen (journalist) (born 1941), American journalist, poet, musician and critic Henry Wilson Allen (1912–1991), American author and screenwriter Henry Allen (theologian) (1748–1784), Christian hymnwriter Red Allen (Henry Allen, 1908–1967), jazz trumpeter Henry Robinson Allen (1809–1876), Irish-born London-based opera singer Henry Tureman Allen (1859–1930), Alaskan explorer and military leader Henry Kaleialoha Allen (born 1933), Hawaiian steel guitarist and singer Characters Henry Allen (comics), a DC Comics character and the father of Barry Allen / Flash Henry Allen (The Flash), a version of the character from the 2014 TV series, The Flash See also Henry Allan (disambiguation) Harry Allen (disambiguation) Alan Henry (1947–2016), Grand Prix reporter Alan Henry, editor at Lifehacker All pages with titles containing Henry Allen Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Henry Allen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Allen (Wisconsin politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Allen (1844–1925)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Allen_(1844%E2%80%931925)"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Allen (Virginia politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Allen_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Allen (New Jersey politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Allen_(New_Jersey_politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Dixon Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dixon_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Edgarton Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Edgarton_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Justin Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Justin_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (Mayor of Gloucester)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(Mayor_of_Gloucester)"},{"link_name":"Henry George Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Watkins Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Watkins_Allen"}],"text":"Henry Allen (Wisconsin politician), Wisconsin State Assemblyman\nHenry C. Allen (1844–1925), American politician and farmer from Virginia\nHenry C. Allen (Virginia politician) (1838–1889)\nHenry C. Allen (New Jersey politician) (1872–1942), American Republican Party politician in New Jersey\nHenry Dixon Allen (1854–1924), U.S. Representative from Kentucky\nHenry Edgarton Allen (1864–1924), Canadian politician and merchant\nHenry Justin Allen (1868–1950), Governor of Kansas\nHenry Allen (Mayor of Gloucester) (1815–1893), mayor of Gloucester, England, 1873\nHenry George Allen (1815–1908), British Member of Parliament for Pembroke, 1880–1885, and Pembroke and Haverfordwest, 1885–1886\nHenry Watkins Allen (1820–1866), American soldier and politician","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Allen (Colorado settler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(Colorado_settler)"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (equestrian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(equestrian)"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (journalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Wilson Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (theologian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Red Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Robinson Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Robinson_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Tureman Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tureman_Allen"},{"link_name":"Henry Kaleialoha Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kaleialoha_Allen"}],"text":"Henry Allen (Colorado settler) (c. 1815–1871), American miner and leader of early Denver, Colorado\nHenry Allen (equestrian) (1889–1971), American Olympic equestrian\nHenry Allen (footballer) (1898–1976), English footballer\nHenry Allen (journalist) (born 1941), American journalist, poet, musician and critic\nHenry Wilson Allen (1912–1991), American author and screenwriter\nHenry Allen (theologian) (1748–1784), Christian hymnwriter\nRed Allen (Henry Allen, 1908–1967), jazz trumpeter\nHenry Robinson Allen (1809–1876), Irish-born London-based opera singer\nHenry Tureman Allen (1859–1930), Alaskan explorer and military leader\nHenry Kaleialoha Allen (born 1933), Hawaiian steel guitarist and singer","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Allen (comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Henry Allen (The Flash)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Allen_(The_Flash)"}],"text":"Henry Allen (comics), a DC Comics character and the father of Barry Allen / Flash\nHenry Allen (The Flash), a version of the character from the 2014 TV series, The Flash","title":"Characters"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantocypris
Gigantocypris
["1 Range and habitat","2 Appearance and behavior","3 Species","4 References","5 External links"]
Genus of seed shrimps Gigantocypris Preserved specimens at Oxford University Museum Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Ostracoda Order: Myodocopida Family: Cypridinidae Genus: GigantocyprisSkogsberg, 1920  Species See text Gigantocypris, sometimes known as giant ostracod or giant seed shrimp, is a genus of ostracod crustaceans in family Cypridinidae, and among the most well-known members of the class Ostracoda (together with Vargula hilgendorfii). Its members are extremely large for ostracods, measuring up to 3.2 cm (1.3 in) across, have a globular shape, are typically semi-transparent orange or reddish, and have a large pair of mirror-like eyes that are used to locate their small animal prey. They are found worldwide in dark, deep and cold oceans. Range and habitat Gigantocypris are ubiquitous in open oceans around the world, ranging from tropical to polar regions. Although locally abundant, the distributions of the individual species are often not well known. Gigantocypris dracontovalis is found worldwide, mostly deeper than the other species. Gigantocypris agassizii is essentially a widespread Pacific species, and Gigantocypris muelleri a widespread Atlantic and Southern Ocean species, but there are also a few possible records of the former in the Atlantic, and a few records of the latter in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Gigantocypris australis and Gigantocypris danae are only known from the Southwestern Pacific and Western Indian Ocean, respectively. Gigantocypris have been reported at depths between 150 and 3,500 m (490–11,480 ft). They are typically found from 600 to 2,300 m (2,000–7,500 ft). There are indications that young tend to occur shallower than adults. They live in water that is dark (below the sunlight zone) and cold, less than 15 °C (59 °F), with most records between about 2 and 5 °C (36–41 °F). In water that is 15 °C (59 °F) or warmer, their swimming becomes weak and erratic. Appearance and behavior Gigantocypris include the largest ostracods, at up to 3.2 cm (1.3 in) across. The largest are G. agassizii and G. australis. Another relatively large species is G. muelleri, which reaches up to 2 cm (0.8 in), but typically is about 1.0–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in), with Southern Ocean individuals averaging largest. The smallest species, such as G. dracontovalis, typically reach 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in). Females grow larger than males. Their body is suspended within a semi-translucent, globular carapace. Depending on the exact species, living individuals typically are orange, orange-red or violet-red, but they can also be colourless. Specimens preserved in alcohol become whitish. Calcium carbonate is absent in their shell, and their body is fragile with a watery body that often is damaged when collected for scientific studies. They have a water content of about 95%, far above that reported for other crustaceans and more similar to jellyfish. Despite living in the darkness below the sunlight zone, they are equipped with a pair of large eyes which, rather than using lenses to focus light onto a retina, use parabolic mirrors. The parabolic mirror eyes typically have a diameter of about 3 mm (0.12 in), look out through transparent sections of the carapace, and appear silvery or golden in colour. Their eyes are the most elaborate known from ostracods, and are better at gathering light than the eyes of any other animal (although the resolution of the image produced by the eyes is likely poor). It is thought that Gigantocypris use them to find bioluminescent prey animals. They are known to feed on other ostracods, copepods, arrow worms and small fish (primarily fish larvae). Exactly how they catch their prey is unclear, but studies show that the outer part of their mandibles can be extended out through the slit (opening) of their globular carapace. Gigantocypris swim by "rowing" with two featherlike antennae, each with nine long setae. Another pair of long antennae, believed to be used for sensing, extend out in front of the animal when swimming. Both their swimming and sensing antennae can be retracted into the globular carapace through its slit. They have a near-neutral buoyancy (marginally negative, sinking) and are able to swim smoothly (not in jerks) at a relatively high speed, indicating that they are active predators. It is speculated that their relatively large heart—the largest among ostracods in both total and relative size—supports their active behavior, as well as their large eyes. When brought to the ocean surface, they have a slightly positive (floating) buoyancy, and their swimming is highly unstable and tumbling, but they are able to re-adjust to a near-neutral buoyancy and normal swimming pattern in less than a day. They change their buoyancy by adjusting the sulphate content of their haemolymph. They sometimes fall prey to other animals such as squid, fish like grenadiers and chub mackerels, and prions. The female Gigantocypris has a brood pouch, located inside the carapace, in which the eggs and embryos develop. When "born", the young resemble miniature adults. Adult males are uncommon compared to adult females. Species The World Register of Marine Species recognize six valid species in the genus Gigantocypris. One of these, G. pellucida (described simultaneously with G. agassizii, both based on East Pacific specimens), is often not considered valid. In contrast, possibly undescribed species are known, and Atlantic and Southern Ocean G. muelleri may represent separate species. Gigantocypris agassizii G. W. Müller, 1895 Gigantocypris australis Poulsen, 1962 Gigantocypris danae Poulsen, 1962 Gigantocypris dracontovalis Cannon, 1940 Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg, 1920 Gigantocypris pellucida G. W. Müller, 1895 References ^ a b c "Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 13, 2010. ^ "Creature Feature: Giant Ostracod". twilightzone.whoi.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ Fenolio, D. (2016). Life in the Dark: Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1421418636. ^ a b c Todd Oakley (July 24, 2008). "Ostra-blog 1 – Gigantocypris". Evolutionary Novelties. ^ a b Deevey, G.B. (1968). Pelagic Ostracods of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda: Description of Species Seasonal and Vertical Distribution. Vol. 26. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. p. 12. ^ a b c d e f g Angel, M.V. "Genus Gigantocypris". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Davenport, J. (1990). "Observations on swimming, posture and buoyancy in the giant oceanic ostracods, Gigantocypris mulleri and Macrocypridina castanea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 70 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1017/S0025315400034184. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k MacDonald, A.G. (1975). Physical Aspects of Deep Sea Biology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-0-521-20397-5. ^ Tibbs, J.F. (1965). "Observations of Gigantocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Antarctic Ocean". Limnology and Oceanography. 10 (3): 480–481. Bibcode:1965LimOc..10..480T. doi:10.4319/lo.1965.10.3.0480. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Gigantocypris muelleri" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2018. ^ a b Angel, M.V. "Gigantocypris dracontovalis". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ Poulsen, E.M. (1962). "Ostracoda - Myodocopa, Part 1: Cypridiniformes - Cypridinidae". Dana-Report. 57: 1–414. ^ Angel, M.V. "Gigantocypris muelleri". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018. ^ a b c d "Gigantocypris dracontovalis" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2018. ^ a b c "Giant ostracod". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2009. ^ Principles of Zoological Micropalaeontology: International Series of Monographs on Earth Science ^ Childress, J.J.; M. Nygaard (1974). "Chemical composition and buoyancy of midwater crustaceans as function of depth of occurrence off Southern California". Marine Biology. 27 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1007/BF00391948. S2CID 84898691. ^ "Concave mirror eyes". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ a b Atema, J.; R.R. Fay; A.N. Popper; W.N. Tavolga, eds. (1987). Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. Springer-Verlag. p. 415. ISBN 978-1-4612-3714-3. ^ Elofsson, R. (2006). "The frontal eyes of crustaceans". Arthropod Structure & Development. 35 (4): 275–291. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.004. PMID 18089076. ^ Nilsson, D.-E. (1990). "From cornea to retinal image in invertebrate eyes". Trends in Neurosciences. 13 (2): 55–64. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90069-M. PMID 1690931. S2CID 40280663. ^ Moguilevsky, A.; A.J. Gooday (1977). H. Löffler; D. Danielopol (eds.). "Some observations on the vertical distribution and stomach contents of Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg 1920 (Ostracoda, Myodocopina)". Aspects of Ecology and Zoogeography of Recent and Fossil Ostracoda. Proceedings of the Sixth International Ostracod Symposium: 263–270. ^ Kerr, A.J. (1992). "The diet of antarctic squid: comparison of conventional and serological gut contents analyses". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 156 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(92)90243-4. ^ Anderson, M.E. (2005). "Food habits of some deep-sea fish off South Africa's west coast and Agulhas Bank. 1. The grenadiers (Teleostei: Macrouridae)". African Journal of Marine Science. 27 (2): 409–425. doi:10.2989/18142320509504100. S2CID 84555967. ^ Castro, J.J. (1993). "Feeding ecology of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the Canary islands area". South African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (1): 323–328. doi:10.2989/025776193784287400. ^ Cherel, Y.; P. Bocher; C. De Broyer; K.A. Hobson (2002). "Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean". Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 228: 263–281. doi:10.3354/meps228263. ^ David Horne (2010). "Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved September 7, 2011. ^ Müller, G.W. (1895). "Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891: XIX. Die Ostracoden". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 27 (5): 155–169. External links Data related to Gigantocypris at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersGigantocypris Wikidata: Q4021119 Wikispecies: Gigantocypris AFD: Gigantocypris BOLD: 122193 CoL: 84NSL EoL: 14418 GBIF: 7235833 ITIS: 684182 NBN: NHMSYS0020704170 NCBI: 702400 NZOR: ae108803-c0ad-441e-be67-ac7a59cc9dc9 Open Tree of Life: 426672 WoRMS: 127522
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giant seed shrimp,[3] is a genus of ostracod crustaceans in family Cypridinidae,[1] and among the most well-known members of the class Ostracoda (together with Vargula hilgendorfii).[4] Its members are extremely large for ostracods, measuring up to 3.2 cm (1.3 in) across,[5] have a globular shape, are typically semi-transparent orange or reddish, and have a large pair of mirror-like eyes that are used to locate their small animal prey.[6][7] They are found worldwide in dark, deep and cold oceans.[8]","title":"Gigantocypris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPdracontovalis-11"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"sunlight zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight_zone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"}],"text":"Gigantocypris are ubiquitous in open oceans around the world, ranging from tropical to polar regions.[6][9][10] Although locally abundant,[6] the distributions of the individual species are often not well known.[8] Gigantocypris dracontovalis is found worldwide, mostly deeper than the other species.[6][11] Gigantocypris agassizii is essentially a widespread Pacific species, and Gigantocypris muelleri a widespread Atlantic and Southern Ocean species, but there are also a few possible records of the former in the Atlantic, and a few records of the latter in the Pacific and Indian oceans.[8][10] Gigantocypris australis and Gigantocypris danae are only known from the Southwestern Pacific and Western Indian Ocean, respectively.[8]Gigantocypris have been reported at depths between 150 and 3,500 m (490–11,480 ft).[7][8] They are typically found from 600 to 2,300 m (2,000–7,500 ft).[8][10] There are indications that young tend to occur shallower than adults.[10] They live in water that is dark (below the sunlight zone) and cold, less than 15 °C (59 °F),[7] with most records between about 2 and 5 °C (36–41 °F).[8] In water that is 15 °C (59 °F) or warmer, their swimming becomes weak and erratic.[7]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deevey1968-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPmuelleri-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPdracontovalis-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdracontovalisNHM-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdracontovalisNHM-14"},{"link_name":"carapace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapace"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"Specimens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oakley2008-4"},{"link_name":"Calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSIPgenus-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdracontovalisNHM-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"parabolic mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirror"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atema1987-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdracontovalisNHM-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atema1987-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bioluminescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oakley2008-4"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"arrow worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_worm"},{"link_name":"fish larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_larvae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davenport1990-7"},{"link_name":"sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphate"},{"link_name":"haemolymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemolymph"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadiers_(fish)"},{"link_name":"chub mackerels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scomber"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"prions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyptila"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"brood pouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_pouch_(Peracarida)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"}],"text":"Gigantocypris include the largest ostracods, at up to 3.2 cm (1.3 in) across.[5] The largest are G. agassizii and G. australis.[10][12] Another relatively large species is G. muelleri, which reaches up to 2 cm (0.8 in),[13] but typically is about 1.0–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in), with Southern Ocean individuals averaging largest.[10] The smallest species, such as G. dracontovalis, typically reach 0.8–1.2 cm (0.3–0.5 in).[6][11][14] Females grow larger than males.[7][14]Their body is suspended within a semi-translucent, globular carapace.[8] Depending on the exact species, living individuals typically are orange, orange-red or violet-red,[6][15] but they can also be colourless.[10]\nSpecimens preserved in alcohol become whitish.[4] Calcium carbonate is absent in their shell, and their body is fragile with a watery body that often is damaged when collected for scientific studies.[6][10][14][16] They have a water content of about 95%, far above that reported for other crustaceans and more similar to jellyfish.[17]Despite living in the darkness below the sunlight zone, they are equipped with a pair of large eyes which, rather than using lenses to focus light onto a retina, use parabolic mirrors.[18] The parabolic mirror eyes typically have a diameter of about 3 mm (0.12 in), look out through transparent sections of the carapace,[19] and appear silvery or golden in colour.[10][14] Their eyes are the most elaborate known from ostracods,[20] and are better at gathering light than the eyes of any other animal (although the resolution of the image produced by the eyes is likely poor).[19][21] It is thought that Gigantocypris use them to find bioluminescent prey animals.[4] They are known to feed on other ostracods, copepods, arrow worms and small fish (primarily fish larvae).[7][15][22] Exactly how they catch their prey is unclear, but studies show that the outer part of their mandibles can be extended out through the slit (opening) of their globular carapace.[7] Gigantocypris swim by \"rowing\" with two featherlike antennae, each with nine long setae.[7][15] Another pair of long antennae, believed to be used for sensing, extend out in front of the animal when swimming.[7] Both their swimming and sensing antennae can be retracted into the globular carapace through its slit.[7] They have a near-neutral buoyancy (marginally negative, sinking) and are able to swim smoothly (not in jerks) at a relatively high speed, indicating that they are active predators.[7] It is speculated that their relatively large heart—the largest among ostracods in both total and relative size—supports their active behavior, as well as their large eyes.[7] When brought to the ocean surface, they have a slightly positive (floating) buoyancy, and their swimming is highly unstable and tumbling, but they are able to re-adjust to a near-neutral buoyancy and normal swimming pattern in less than a day.[7] They change their buoyancy by adjusting the sulphate content of their haemolymph.[10] They sometimes fall prey to other animals such as squid,[23] fish like grenadiers and chub mackerels,[24][25] and prions.[26]The female Gigantocypris has a brood pouch, located inside the carapace, in which the eggs and embryos develop. When \"born\", the young resemble miniature adults.[8] Adult males are uncommon compared to adult females.[8]","title":"Appearance and behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Register of Marine Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITIS-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald1975-8"},{"link_name":"undescribed species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undescribed_species"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GmulleriNHM-10"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris agassizii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_agassizii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_australis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris danae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_danae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris dracontovalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_dracontovalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris muelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_muelleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gigantocypris pellucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gigantocypris_pellucida&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The World Register of Marine Species recognize six valid species in the genus Gigantocypris.[1][27] One of these, G. pellucida (described simultaneously with G. agassizii, both based on East Pacific specimens[28]), is often not considered valid.[8] In contrast, possibly undescribed species are known, and Atlantic and Southern Ocean G. muelleri may represent separate species.[10]Gigantocypris agassizii G. W. Müller, 1895\nGigantocypris australis Poulsen, 1962\nGigantocypris danae Poulsen, 1962\nGigantocypris dracontovalis Cannon, 1940\nGigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg, 1920\nGigantocypris pellucida G. W. Müller, 1895","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=684182","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"\"Creature Feature: Giant Ostracod\". twilightzone.whoi.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twilightzone.whoi.edu/explore-the-otz/creature-features/giant-ostracod/","url_text":"\"Creature Feature: Giant Ostracod\""}]},{"reference":"Fenolio, D. (2016). Life in the Dark: Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1421418636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421418636","url_text":"978-1421418636"}]},{"reference":"Todd Oakley (July 24, 2008). \"Ostra-blog 1 – Gigantocypris\". Evolutionary Novelties.","urls":[{"url":"http://evolutionarynovelty.blogspot.com/2008/07/ostra-blog-1-gigantocypris.html","url_text":"\"Ostra-blog 1 – Gigantocypris\""}]},{"reference":"Deevey, G.B. (1968). Pelagic Ostracods of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda: Description of Species Seasonal and Vertical Distribution. Vol. 26. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biostor-160496","url_text":"Pelagic Ostracods of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda: Description of Species Seasonal and Vertical Distribution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biostor-160496/page/n11","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"Angel, M.V. \"Genus Gigantocypris\". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=28","url_text":"\"Genus Gigantocypris\""}]},{"reference":"Davenport, J. (1990). \"Observations on swimming, posture and buoyancy in the giant oceanic ostracods, Gigantocypris mulleri and Macrocypridina castanea\". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 70 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1017/S0025315400034184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025315400034184","url_text":"10.1017/S0025315400034184"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, A.G. (1975). Physical Aspects of Deep Sea Biology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-0-521-20397-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/physiologicalasp0000macd/page/17","url_text":"Physical Aspects of Deep Sea Biology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/physiologicalasp0000macd/page/17","url_text":"17–19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20397-5","url_text":"978-0-521-20397-5"}]},{"reference":"Tibbs, J.F. (1965). \"Observations of Gigantocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Antarctic Ocean\". Limnology and Oceanography. 10 (3): 480–481. Bibcode:1965LimOc..10..480T. doi:10.4319/lo.1965.10.3.0480.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1965.10.3.0480","url_text":"\"Observations of Gigantocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Antarctic Ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965LimOc..10..480T","url_text":"1965LimOc..10..480T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1965.10.3.0480","url_text":"10.4319/lo.1965.10.3.0480"}]},{"reference":"\"Gigantocypris muelleri\" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/atlantic-ostracods/pdfs/gigantocypris-muelleri.pdf","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris muelleri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London","url_text":"Natural History Museum"}]},{"reference":"Angel, M.V. \"Gigantocypris dracontovalis\". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=119","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris dracontovalis\""}]},{"reference":"Poulsen, E.M. (1962). \"Ostracoda - Myodocopa, Part 1: Cypridiniformes - Cypridinidae\". Dana-Report. 57: 1–414.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Angel, M.V. \"Gigantocypris muelleri\". Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=120","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris muelleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gigantocypris dracontovalis\" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/atlantic-ostracods/pdfs/gigantocypris-dracontovalis.pdf","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris dracontovalis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London","url_text":"Natural History Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Giant ostracod\". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024927/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=779719","url_text":"\"Giant ostracod\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium","url_text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium"},{"url":"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=779719","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Childress, J.J.; M. Nygaard (1974). \"Chemical composition and buoyancy of midwater crustaceans as function of depth of occurrence off Southern California\". Marine Biology. 27 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1007/BF00391948. S2CID 84898691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00391948","url_text":"10.1007/BF00391948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84898691","url_text":"84898691"}]},{"reference":"\"Concave mirror eyes\". Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458127/photoreception/278821/Concave-mirror-eyes#","url_text":"\"Concave mirror eyes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Atema, J.; R.R. Fay; A.N. Popper; W.N. Tavolga, eds. (1987). Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. Springer-Verlag. p. 415. ISBN 978-1-4612-3714-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-3714-3","url_text":"978-1-4612-3714-3"}]},{"reference":"Elofsson, R. (2006). \"The frontal eyes of crustaceans\". Arthropod Structure & Development. 35 (4): 275–291. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.004. PMID 18089076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asd.2006.08.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18089076","url_text":"18089076"}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, D.-E. (1990). \"From cornea to retinal image in invertebrate eyes\". Trends in Neurosciences. 13 (2): 55–64. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90069-M. PMID 1690931. S2CID 40280663.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2890%2990069-M","url_text":"10.1016/0166-2236(90)90069-M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1690931","url_text":"1690931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40280663","url_text":"40280663"}]},{"reference":"Moguilevsky, A.; A.J. Gooday (1977). H. Löffler; D. Danielopol (eds.). \"Some observations on the vertical distribution and stomach contents of Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg 1920 (Ostracoda, Myodocopina)\". Aspects of Ecology and Zoogeography of Recent and Fossil Ostracoda. Proceedings of the Sixth International Ostracod Symposium: 263–270.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kerr, A.J. (1992). \"The diet of antarctic squid: comparison of conventional and serological gut contents analyses\". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 156 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(92)90243-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0981%2892%2990243-4","url_text":"10.1016/0022-0981(92)90243-4"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, M.E. (2005). \"Food habits of some deep-sea fish off South Africa's west coast and Agulhas Bank. 1. The grenadiers (Teleostei: Macrouridae)\". African Journal of Marine Science. 27 (2): 409–425. doi:10.2989/18142320509504100. S2CID 84555967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F18142320509504100","url_text":"10.2989/18142320509504100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84555967","url_text":"84555967"}]},{"reference":"Castro, J.J. (1993). \"Feeding ecology of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the Canary islands area\". South African Journal of Marine Science. 31 (1): 323–328. doi:10.2989/025776193784287400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2989%2F025776193784287400","url_text":"10.2989/025776193784287400"}]},{"reference":"Cherel, Y.; P. Bocher; C. De Broyer; K.A. Hobson (2002). \"Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean\". Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 228: 263–281. doi:10.3354/meps228263.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps228263","url_text":"\"Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps228263","url_text":"10.3354/meps228263"}]},{"reference":"David Horne (2010). \"Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920\". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved September 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127522","url_text":"\"Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Müller, G.W. (1895). \"Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891: XIX. Die Ostracoden\". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 27 (5): 155–169.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85041#page/237/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891: XIX. Die Ostracoden\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tolbooth
Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh
["1 History","2 Prison","2.1 Famous inmates held in the Old Tolbooth","3 Other Tolbooths in Edinburgh","4 References","5 Sources"]
Coordinates: 55°56′57.95″N 3°11′30.21″W / 55.9494306°N 3.1917250°W / 55.9494306; -3.1917250Former municipal building in Edinburgh, Scotland Old Tolbooth, EdinburghFormer namesPretorium BurgiGeneral informationTypeMunicipal buildingArchitectural styleScottish MedievalLocationHigh StreetTown or cityEdinburghCountryScotlandCoordinates55°56′57.95″N 3°11′30.21″W / 55.9494306°N 3.1917250°W / 55.9494306; -3.1917250Construction started1386Completedc. 1400Renovated1561Demolished1817 The Old Tolbooth was an important municipal building in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland for more than 400 years. The medieval structure, which was located at the northwest corner of St Giles' Cathedral and was attached to the west end of the Luckenbooths on the High Street in the Old Town, was first established in the 14th century by royal charter. Over the years it served a variety of purposes such as housing the Burgh Council, early meetings of the Parliament of Scotland and the Court of Session. The Tolbooth was also the burgh's main jail where, in addition to incarceration, physical punishment and torture were routinely conducted. From 1785 public executions were carried out. In 1817 the buildings, which had been rebuilt and renovated several times, were demolished. History Model of the Old Tolbooth, exhibited in the Museum of Edinburgh in Huntly House on The Canongate. The execution platform can be seen projecting from the building. A deed in the chartulary of St Giles' Cathedral indicates there was already a pretorium (an earlier Latin term for a tolbooth) in Edinburgh as early as 1368. Following the burnings of Edinburgh by Edward II of England in 1323 and his son, Edward III, in 1335 during the Wars of Scottish Independence and again in 1385 when Richard II of England burned the town, major rebuilding and improvements were required. In 1386, Robert II granted Edinburgh a charter which gave the burgh an area of land 60 feet (18 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) in the market place with licence to develop the site for the ornament and use of the city. The charter, written in Latin, was endorsed "Carta fundi de la Belhous" (English: Charter of the site of the Belhous), signifying the purpose of the site for a new Belhouse, successor to the earlier pretorium, and may be translated: Know ye, that we have given, granted, and by this our present charter have confirmed, to our beloved and faithful, the Burgesses and Community of Edinburgh, and their successors in time to come, 60 feet in length and 30 feet in breadth of land lying in the market place of the said burgh, on the north side of the street thereof; giving and granting to them, and their foresaid successors, our special license to construct and erect houses and buildings on the foresaid land, for the ornament of the said burgh, and for their necessary use. There is no record of construction on the site but, on 3 October 1403, the earliest burgh record mentions the "Pretorio burgi" – the Pretorium of Edinburgh – for the first time. On 27 November 1438, during the reign of James II, the Estates of Parliament made its first use of the pretorio burgi of Edinburgh. Parliamentary records of 28 June 1451, by which time records were made in Scots, see the first official use of the term tolbooth (or, strictly, tolbuith) The bellhouse (or belhous) often had a steeple or tower that contained a civic bell, the ringing of which was used to regulate the business and civil matters of the burgh. In Edinburgh, the pretorium and belhous appear to have much the same meaning, being the burghal offices. The land granted by the Royal charter was located just a few feet from the north-west corner of St Giles' Cathedral. The construction of the Tolbooth substantially reduced the width of the street at this point. A pattern of setts known as the Heart of Midlothian currently mark the entrance to the original building. Door of the tolbooth, built into a side wall of Sir Walter Scott's House at Abbotsford By the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots the Tolbooth was in a chronic state of disrepair. On 2 February 1561, the queen ordered that it should be demolished and rebuilt. In response, the town council partitioned off the west end of St Giles' which was then used for meetings of Parliament and the Court of Session. At the same time, a building was constructed at the south-west corner of St Giles' Cathedral for sittings of the Burgh Council. Confusingly, both were often called the New Tolbooth. In 1571, a chronicle reports the tower of the Old Tolbooth was taken down ("the tour of the auld Tolbuyth was tane doun"). In 1632 the new building to the south was demolished. In 1639, the Parliament of Scotland moved into the new Parliament Hall which had been built by the Town Council of Edinburgh at its own expense. The Old Tolbooth remained in use by the Burgh council as a prison. In 1811 the council moved across the street to the north range of the Royal Exchange building which was termed the City Chambers rather than the Tolbooth. This building had been built 1754–61 to a design by John Adam of 1753. The Old Tolbooth continued be used as a prison and place of execution until it was finally demolished in 1817. Sir Walter Scott featured the Old Tolbooth prominently in his work The Heart of Midlothian. Published in 1818, the year after the demolition of the building, the book is set against the backdrop of the Porteous Riots in 1736. Scott attended the building's demolition and obtained the iron entrance door to the Old Tolbooth's jail and its key and incorporated the door into his new mansion of Abbotsford House near Melrose in the Scottish Borders. Prison An early 19th-century engraving showing the west gable of the "Heart of Midlothian" (centre right). The Old Tolbooth was used as a jail where judicial torture was routinely carried out. From 1785 executions, which previously had taken place at the Mercat Cross or the Grassmarket, were carried out on the roof of a two-storey extension on the west side of the Old Tolbooth which provided a platform equipped with a gallows so that the public could view hangings. Prisoners taken to the Old Tolbooth were tortured using implements such as the boot or pilliwinks. Jougs were attached to the exterior of the building. These were iron collars for chaining up offenders in public view, like a pillory. Spikes were also employed to exhibit body parts taken from executed prisoners. The heads of the most notorious were placed on "the prick of the highest stone": a spike on the Old Tolbooth's northern gable facing the High Street. For instance the Regent Morton's head was stuck there from 1581 for 18 months. The head of Montrose was on view from 1650 to 1660 until replaced by the Marquis of Argyll's head in 1661. Hall of the Old Tolbooth, c.1795 Edinburgh's foremost 18th century historian, Hugo Arnot, wrote the following detailed description of the prison to expose the shocking conditions within. The tolbooth shown on a town plan drawn in Arnot's time (1784). It stands on the left of the adjoining row of shops known as the Luckenbooths. The liberality and humanity of the English, in erecting so magnificent a building for a jail as Newgate, deserve the highest applause. (...) The state of Edinburgh tolbooth is far otherwise. There the austerity of the law, and the rigour of an unfeeling creditor, may be gratified, in their utmost extent. In the heart of a great city, it is not accommodated with ventilators, with water-pipe, with privy. The filth collected in the jail is thrown into a hole within the house at the foot of a stair, which, it is pretended, communicates with a drain; but, if so, it is so compleatly chocked, as to serve no other purpose but that filling the jail with disagreeable stench. This is the more inexcusable, since, by making a drain to the north, over a very narrow street, such a declivity might be reached, that, with the help of water, of which there is command, the sewer might be kept perfectly clean. When we visited the jail there were confined in it about twenty-nine prisoners, partly debtors, partly delinquents; four or five were women, and there were five boys. Some of these had what is called the freedom of the prison, that is, not being confined to a single apartment. As these people had the liberty of going up and down stairs, they kept their rooms tolerably clean swept. They had beds belonging to themselves; and in one room, we observed a pot on the fire. But, wherever we found the prisoners confined to one apartment, whether on account of their delinquencies, or that they were unable to pay for a little freedom, the rooms were destitute of all accommodation, and very nasty. All parts of the jail were kept in a slovenly condition; but the eastern quarter of it (although we had fortified ourselves against the stench), was intolerable. This consisted of three apartments, each above the other. In what length of time these rooms, and the stairs leading to them, could have collected the quantity of filth which we saw in them, we cannot determine. The undermost of these apartments was empty. In the second, which is called the iron room, which is destined for those who have received sentence of death, there were three boys: one of them might have been about fourteen, the others about twelve years of age. They had been confined about three weeks for thievish practices. In the corner of the room, we saw; shoved together, a quantity of dust, rags, and straw, the refuse of a long succession of criminals. The straw had been originally put into the room for them to lie upon, but had been suffered to remain till, worn by successive convicts, it was chopped into bits of two inches long. From this, we went to the apartment above, where were two miserable boys, not twelve years of age. But there we had no leisure for observation; for, no sooner was the door opened, than such an insufferable stench assailed us, from the stagnant and putrid air of the room, as, notwithstanding our precautions, utterly to overpower us. Famous inmates held in the Old Tolbooth Thomas Aikenhead Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquis of Argyll Robert Balfour, 5th Lord Balfour of Burleigh Deacon Brodie James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton John Fian James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston Alexander Peden Sawney Bean Captain John Porteous Agnes Sampson Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie Thomas Weir Other Tolbooths in Edinburgh Due to enlargement of the city Edinburgh now encompasses other tolbooths or tolbooth sites. Still in existence are Canongate Tolbooth on the lower section of the Royal Mile, South Queensferry Tolbooth and the tolbooth in Dean Village. Leith, the port for Edinburgh had its own tolbooth, located on what is still called Tolbooth Wynd. The baronies of Broughton and Restalrig also had tolbooths. References ^ Chambers, Robert. Notices of the Most Remarkable Fires in Edinburgh: From 1385 to 1824. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ "Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1403-1528". Retrieved 3 December 2012. ^ "Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707". Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ Miller, Peter. "THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE OLD TOLBUITH OF EDINBURGH" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2012. ^ "Edinburgh, High Street, Tolbooth". Retrieved 23 June 2012. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "City Chambers, 245-249 High Street (even numbers), 253 High Street, 323 High Street, 329 High Street, 2 Warriston's Close and 14 Cockburn Street, Edinburgh (LB17597)". Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ Cosh, Mary (2003). Edinburgh:The Golden Age. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. p. 542. ISBN 9781780272580. ^ Grant's Old and New Edinburgh, p124 ^ H Arnot, The History of Edinburgh (1799), reprinted Edinburgh 1988, pp.173-4 Sources Skelton, Douglas. Dark Heart, tales from Edinburgh's town jail. Mainstream, Edinburgh 2008 vtePrisons in ScotlandActive Addiewell Barlinnie Castle Huntly Dumfries Edinburgh Glenochil Grampian Greenock Inverness Kilmarnock Low Moss Perth Polmont Shotts Stirling Defunct Aberdeen Bass Rock Calton Gaol Cornton Vale Duke Street (Glasgow) Friarton Inveraray Jail Jedburgh Castle Noranside Peterhead Stonehaven Tolbooth The Tolbooth, Aberdeen Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh Bodies Scottish Prison Service His Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland Scotland portal vteGovernment buildings in EdinburghCurrent Bute House Edinburgh City Chambers General Register House HM Prison Edinburgh New Register House Parliament House Queensberry House Royal Observatory Scottish Parliament Building Southside Community Centre St Andrew's House Victoria Quay West Register House Former Canongate Tolbooth General Post Office Lothian Chambers Old Tolbooth Old Town Hall Preceded byChurch of the Friars Preachers of Blessed Virgin and Saint Dominic Home of the Parliament of Scotland 1438–1563 Succeeded bySt Giles' Cathedral 55°56′57.95″N 3°11′30.21″W / 55.9494306°N 3.1917250°W / 55.9494306; -3.1917250
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Luckenbooths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luckenbooths"},{"link_name":"High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile#High_Street"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Burgh Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Burgh"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolbooth"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail"},{"link_name":"physical punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_punishment"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"public executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_execution"}],"text":"Former municipal building in Edinburgh, ScotlandThe Old Tolbooth was an important municipal building in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland for more than 400 years. The medieval structure, which was located at the northwest corner of St Giles' Cathedral and was attached to the west end of the Luckenbooths on the High Street in the Old Town, was first established in the 14th century by royal charter. Over the years it served a variety of purposes such as housing the Burgh Council, early meetings of the Parliament of Scotland and the Court of Session. The Tolbooth was also the burgh's main jail where, in addition to incarceration, physical punishment and torture were routinely conducted. From 1785 public executions were carried out. In 1817 the buildings, which had been rebuilt and renovated several times, were demolished.","title":"Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_the_Edinburgh_Tolbooth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"The Canongate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canongate"},{"link_name":"chartulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartulary"},{"link_name":"pretorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorium"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Edward II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wars of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Richard II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Estates of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"steeple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeple_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"setts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sett_(paving)"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_(Royal_Mile)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Door_of_the_Edinburgh_tolbooth,_Abbotsford,_Scottish_Borders.JPG"},{"link_name":"Abbotsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford_House"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Burgh Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"City Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Chambers"},{"link_name":"John Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adam_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heart_of_Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Porteous Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteous_Riots"},{"link_name":"Abbotsford House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford_House"},{"link_name":"Melrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"}],"text":"Model of the Old Tolbooth, exhibited in the Museum of Edinburgh in Huntly House on The Canongate. The execution platform can be seen projecting from the building.A deed in the chartulary of St Giles' Cathedral indicates there was already a pretorium (an earlier Latin term for a tolbooth) in Edinburgh as early as 1368. Following the burnings of Edinburgh by Edward II of England in 1323 and his son, Edward III, in 1335 during the Wars of Scottish Independence and again in 1385 when Richard II of England burned the town,[1] major rebuilding and improvements were required. In 1386, Robert II granted Edinburgh a charter which gave the burgh an area of land 60 feet (18 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) in the market place with licence to develop the site for the ornament and use of the city. The charter, written in Latin, was endorsed \"Carta fundi de la Belhous\" (English: Charter of the site of the Belhous), signifying the purpose of the site for a new Belhouse, successor to the earlier pretorium, and may be translated:Know ye, that we have given, granted, and by this our present charter have confirmed, to our beloved and faithful, the Burgesses and Community of Edinburgh, and their successors in time to come, 60 feet in length and 30 feet in breadth of land lying in the market place of the said burgh, on the north side of the street thereof; giving and granting to them, and their foresaid successors, our special license to construct and erect houses and buildings on the foresaid land, for the ornament of the said burgh, and for their necessary use.There is no record of construction on the site but, on 3 October 1403, the earliest burgh record mentions the \"Pretorio burgi\" – the Pretorium of Edinburgh – for the first time.[2] On 27 November 1438, during the reign of James II, the Estates of Parliament made its first use of the pretorio burgi of Edinburgh. Parliamentary records of 28 June 1451, by which time records were made in Scots, see the first official use of the term tolbooth (or, strictly, tolbuith)[3]The bellhouse (or belhous) often had a steeple or tower that contained a civic bell, the ringing of which was used to regulate the business and civil matters of the burgh. In Edinburgh, the pretorium and belhous appear to have much the same meaning, being the burghal offices.[4]The land granted by the Royal charter was located just a few feet from the north-west corner of St Giles' Cathedral. The construction of the Tolbooth substantially reduced the width of the street at this point.[5] A pattern of setts known as the Heart of Midlothian currently mark the entrance to the original building.Door of the tolbooth, built into a side wall of Sir Walter Scott's House at AbbotsfordBy the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots the Tolbooth was in a chronic state of disrepair. On 2 February 1561, the queen ordered that it should be demolished and rebuilt. In response, the town council partitioned off the west end of St Giles' which was then used for meetings of Parliament and the Court of Session. At the same time, a building was constructed at the south-west corner of St Giles' Cathedral for sittings of the Burgh Council. Confusingly, both were often called the New Tolbooth.In 1571, a chronicle reports the tower of the Old Tolbooth was taken down (\"the tour of the auld Tolbuyth was tane doun\"). In 1632 the new building to the south was demolished.In 1639, the Parliament of Scotland moved into the new Parliament Hall which had been built by the Town Council of Edinburgh at its own expense. The Old Tolbooth remained in use by the Burgh council as a prison. In 1811 the council moved across the street to the north range of the Royal Exchange building which was termed the City Chambers rather than the Tolbooth. This building had been built 1754–61 to a design by John Adam[6] of 1753.The Old Tolbooth continued be used as a prison and place of execution until it was finally demolished in 1817.[7]Sir Walter Scott featured the Old Tolbooth prominently in his work The Heart of Midlothian. Published in 1818, the year after the demolition of the building, the book is set against the backdrop of the Porteous Riots in 1736. Scott attended the building's demolition and obtained the iron entrance door to the Old Tolbooth's jail and its key and incorporated the door into his new mansion of Abbotsford House near Melrose in the Scottish Borders.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_%27Heart_of_Midlothian%27,_High_Street,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail"},{"link_name":"Mercat Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Grassmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmarket"},{"link_name":"gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows"},{"link_name":"hangings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_(torture)"},{"link_name":"pilliwinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)"},{"link_name":"Jougs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jougs"},{"link_name":"pillory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillory"},{"link_name":"Regent Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquis_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hall_of_the_Old_Tolbooth,_c.1795_EDI_CITY_CAC_1978_35.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Arnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Arnot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Giles_from_Kincaid_1784.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luckenbooths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luckenbooths"},{"link_name":"Newgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgate_Prison"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An early 19th-century engraving showing the west gable of the \"Heart of Midlothian\" (centre right).The Old Tolbooth was used as a jail where judicial torture was routinely carried out. From 1785 executions, which previously had taken place at the Mercat Cross or the Grassmarket, were carried out on the roof of a two-storey extension on the west side of the Old Tolbooth which provided a platform equipped with a gallows so that the public could view hangings. Prisoners taken to the Old Tolbooth were tortured using implements such as the boot or pilliwinks. Jougs were attached to the exterior of the building. These were iron collars for chaining up offenders in public view, like a pillory.Spikes were also employed to exhibit body parts taken from executed prisoners. The heads of the most notorious were placed on \"the prick of the highest stone\": a spike on the Old Tolbooth's northern gable facing the High Street. For instance the Regent Morton's head was stuck there from 1581 for 18 months. The head of Montrose was on view from 1650 to 1660 until replaced by the Marquis of Argyll's head in 1661.[8]Hall of the Old Tolbooth, c.1795Edinburgh's foremost 18th century historian, Hugo Arnot, wrote the following detailed description of the prison to expose the shocking conditions within.The tolbooth shown on a town plan drawn in Arnot's time (1784). It stands on the left of the adjoining row of shops known as the Luckenbooths.The liberality and humanity of the English, in erecting so magnificent a building for a jail as Newgate, deserve the highest applause. (...) The state of Edinburgh tolbooth is far otherwise. There the austerity of the law, and the rigour of an unfeeling creditor, may be gratified, in their utmost extent. In the heart of a great city, it is not accommodated with ventilators, with water-pipe, with privy. The filth collected in the jail is thrown into a hole within the house at the foot of a stair, which, it is pretended, communicates with a drain; but, if so, it is so compleatly chocked, as to serve no other purpose but that filling the jail with disagreeable stench. This is the more inexcusable, since, by making a drain to the north, over a very narrow street, such a declivity might be reached, that, with the help of water, of which there is command, the sewer might be kept perfectly clean. When we visited the jail there were confined in it about twenty-nine prisoners, partly debtors, partly delinquents; four or five were women, and there were five boys. Some of these had what is called the freedom of the prison, that is, not being confined to a single apartment. As these people had the liberty of going up and down stairs, they kept their rooms tolerably clean swept. They had beds belonging to themselves; and in one room, we observed a pot on the fire. But, wherever we found the prisoners confined to one apartment, whether on account of their delinquencies, or that they were unable to pay for a little freedom, the rooms were destitute of all accommodation, and very nasty. All parts of the jail were kept in a slovenly condition; but the eastern quarter of it (although we had fortified ourselves against the stench), was intolerable. This consisted of three apartments, each above the other. In what length of time these rooms, and the stairs leading to them, could have collected the quantity of filth which we saw in them, we cannot determine. The undermost of these apartments was empty. In the second, which is called the iron room, which is destined for those who have received sentence of death, there were three boys: one of them might have been about fourteen, the others about twelve years of age. They had been confined about three weeks for thievish practices. In the corner of the room, we saw; shoved together, a quantity of dust, rags, and straw, the refuse of a long succession of criminals. The straw had been originally put into the room for them to lie upon, but had been suffered to remain till, worn by successive convicts, it was chopped into bits of two inches long. From this, we went to the apartment above, where were two miserable boys, not twelve years of age. But there we had no leisure for observation; for, no sooner was the door opened, than such an insufferable stench assailed us, from the stagnant and putrid air of the room, as, notwithstanding our precautions, utterly to overpower us.[9]","title":"Prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Aikenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead"},{"link_name":"Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquis of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquis_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Robert Balfour, 5th Lord Balfour of Burleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Balfour,_5th_Lord_Balfour_of_Burleigh"},{"link_name":"Deacon Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_Brodie"},{"link_name":"James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Morton"},{"link_name":"John Fian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fian"},{"link_name":"James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquis_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Home,_3rd_Lord_Home"},{"link_name":"Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Johnston,_Lord_Warriston"},{"link_name":"Alexander Peden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Peden"},{"link_name":"Sawney Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawney_Bean"},{"link_name":"Captain John Porteous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_John_Porteous"},{"link_name":"Agnes Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Sampson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Wauchope of Niddrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Wauchope_of_Niddrie"},{"link_name":"Thomas Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Weir"}],"sub_title":"Famous inmates held in the Old Tolbooth","text":"Thomas Aikenhead\nArchibald Campbell, 1st Marquis of Argyll\nRobert Balfour, 5th Lord Balfour of Burleigh\nDeacon Brodie\nJames Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton\nJohn Fian\nJames Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose\nAlexander Home, 3rd Lord Home\nArchibald Johnston, Lord Warriston\nAlexander Peden\nSawney Bean\nCaptain John Porteous\nAgnes Sampson\nArchibald Wauchope of Niddrie\nThomas Weir","title":"Prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canongate Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate_Tolbooth"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"South Queensferry Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Queensferry_Tolbooth"},{"link_name":"Dean Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Village"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Restalrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restalrig"}],"text":"Due to enlargement of the city Edinburgh now encompasses other tolbooths or tolbooth sites. Still in existence are Canongate Tolbooth on the lower section of the Royal Mile, South Queensferry Tolbooth and the tolbooth in Dean Village.Leith, the port for Edinburgh had its own tolbooth, located on what is still called Tolbooth Wynd. The baronies of Broughton and Restalrig also had tolbooths.","title":"Other Tolbooths in Edinburgh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Prisons_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Prisons_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prisons_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Addiewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Addiewell"},{"link_name":"Barlinnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Barlinnie"},{"link_name":"Castle Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Castle_Huntly"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Dumfries"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glenochil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Glenochil"},{"link_name":"Grampian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMP_Grampian"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Greenock"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Inverness"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Low Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Low_Moss"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Perth"},{"link_name":"Polmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Polmont"},{"link_name":"Shotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Shotts"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Bass Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Rock"},{"link_name":"Calton Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_House,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Cornton Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Cornton_Vale"},{"link_name":"Duke Street (Glasgow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Street_Prison"},{"link_name":"Friarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Friarton"},{"link_name":"Inveraray Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveraray_Jail"},{"link_name":"Jedburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Noranside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HM_Prison_Noranside&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Peterhead"},{"link_name":"Stonehaven Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven_Tolbooth"},{"link_name":"The Tolbooth, Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tolbooth,_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Scottish Prison Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Prisons_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Scotland"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Government_buildings_in_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Government_buildings_in_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_buildings_in_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Bute House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bute_House"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh City Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Chambers"},{"link_name":"General Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Register_House"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"New Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Register_House"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Queensberry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensberry_House"},{"link_name":"Royal Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building"},{"link_name":"Southside Community Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_Community_Centre"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Victoria Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Quay,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"West Register House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Register_House"},{"link_name":"Canongate Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canongate_Tolbooth"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Lothian Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Old Tolbooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Old Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Hall,_Leith"},{"link_name":"55°56′57.95″N 3°11′30.21″W / 55.9494306°N 3.1917250°W / 55.9494306; -3.1917250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Tolbooth,_Edinburgh&params=55_56_57.95_N_3_11_30.21_W_scale:10000"}],"text":"Skelton, Douglas. Dark Heart, tales from Edinburgh's town jail. Mainstream, Edinburgh 2008vtePrisons in ScotlandActive\nAddiewell\nBarlinnie\nCastle Huntly\nDumfries\nEdinburgh\nGlenochil\nGrampian\nGreenock\nInverness\nKilmarnock\nLow Moss\nPerth\nPolmont\nShotts\nStirling\nDefunct\nAberdeen\nBass Rock\nCalton Gaol\nCornton Vale\nDuke Street (Glasgow)\nFriarton\nInveraray Jail\nJedburgh Castle\nNoranside\nPeterhead\nStonehaven Tolbooth\nThe Tolbooth, Aberdeen\nOld Tolbooth, Edinburgh\nBodies\nScottish Prison Service\nHis Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons for Scotland\n Scotland portalvteGovernment buildings in EdinburghCurrent\nBute House\nEdinburgh City Chambers\nGeneral Register House\nHM Prison Edinburgh\nNew Register House\nParliament House\nQueensberry House\nRoyal Observatory\nScottish Parliament Building\nSouthside Community Centre\nSt Andrew's House\nVictoria Quay\nWest Register House\nFormer\nCanongate Tolbooth\nGeneral Post Office\nLothian Chambers\nOld Tolbooth\nOld Town Hall55°56′57.95″N 3°11′30.21″W / 55.9494306°N 3.1917250°W / 55.9494306; -3.1917250","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Model of the Old Tolbooth, exhibited in the Museum of Edinburgh in Huntly House on The Canongate. The execution platform can be seen projecting from the building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Model_of_the_Edinburgh_Tolbooth.jpg/275px-Model_of_the_Edinburgh_Tolbooth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Door of the tolbooth, built into a side wall of Sir Walter Scott's House at Abbotsford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Door_of_the_Edinburgh_tolbooth%2C_Abbotsford%2C_Scottish_Borders.JPG/160px-Door_of_the_Edinburgh_tolbooth%2C_Abbotsford%2C_Scottish_Borders.JPG"},{"image_text":"An early 19th-century engraving showing the west gable of the \"Heart of Midlothian\" (centre right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_%27Heart_of_Midlothian%27%2C_High_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-The_%27Heart_of_Midlothian%27%2C_High_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hall of the Old Tolbooth, c.1795","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hall_of_the_Old_Tolbooth%2C_c.1795_EDI_CITY_CAC_1978_35.jpg/220px-Hall_of_the_Old_Tolbooth%2C_c.1795_EDI_CITY_CAC_1978_35.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tolbooth shown on a town plan drawn in Arnot's time (1784). It stands on the left of the adjoining row of shops known as the Luckenbooths.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/St._Giles_from_Kincaid_1784.jpg/220px-St._Giles_from_Kincaid_1784.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chambers, Robert. Notices of the Most Remarkable Fires in Edinburgh: From 1385 to 1824. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher_born_1802)","url_text":"Chambers, Robert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/noticesmostrema00chamgoog#page/n9/mode/1up","url_text":"Notices of the Most Remarkable Fires in Edinburgh: From 1385 to 1824"}]},{"reference":"\"Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1403-1528\". Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=58457","url_text":"\"Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1403-1528\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707\". Retrieved 17 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rps.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Peter. \"THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE OLD TOLBUITH OF EDINBURGH\" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_020/20_360_376.pdf","url_text":"\"THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE OLD TOLBUITH OF EDINBURGH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh, High Street, Tolbooth\". Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/52447/details/edinburgh+high+street+tolbooth/","url_text":"\"Edinburgh, High Street, Tolbooth\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"City Chambers, 245-249 High Street (even numbers), 253 High Street, 323 High Street, 329 High Street, 2 Warriston's Close and 14 Cockburn Street, Edinburgh (LB17597)\". Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB17597","url_text":"\"City Chambers, 245-249 High Street (even numbers), 253 High Street, 323 High Street, 329 High Street, 2 Warriston's Close and 14 Cockburn Street, Edinburgh (LB17597)\""}]},{"reference":"Cosh, Mary (2003). Edinburgh:The Golden Age. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. p. 542. ISBN 9781780272580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780272580","url_text":"9781780272580"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Zago
Marco Antonio Zago
["1 References","2 Sources"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Marco Antonio Zago Marco Antonio Zago (born January 11, 1946, in Birigüi, São Paulo) is a Brazilian physician and prominent medical scientist, who is active in the fields of hereditary diseases of the blood (hemoglobins, clotting, thrombosis), molecular basis of cancer and human population genetics. Aside from working directly as scientes, he has been president of the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) and dean of the University of São Paulo. He's now the president of the São Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp). Dr. Zago graduated in Medicine from the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo in 1970, where he received the M.Sc. degree in medicine (1973) and the Ph.D. degree (1975), under the supervision of Professor Cássio Bottura, one of the most outstanding Brazilian hematologist and cytogeneticist. After his post-doctoral training at the Oxford University, in the laboratories of Professor Sir David J. Wetherall, whose group was at the time establishing the molecular bases of the thalassemias, he returned to Brazil and started a research group with a major scientific interest in the genetic bases of hematological diseases. This group soon attracted attention with the following achievements, among others: Demonstrated that the residual amount of HbF produced in adults is genetically determined. The molecular bases for this inheritance are complex, involving at least three loci, and are of importance for the treatment of hereditary anemias. Identified for the first time in the country and described the genetic, the biochemical and the clinical features of several structural defects of hemoglobins and thalassemia variants, including a point mutation in the promoter region of the gamma globin gene responsible for the Brazilian form of HbF persistence. Identified molecular defects in hemophilias Identified a mutation of the LDL-r gene that is responsible for most of the cases of familial hypercholesterolemia in Brazil. Revealed an until then unsuspected heterogeneity of the blood group O gene (from the ABO blood group), showing that the group O variants have a heterogeneous ethnic distribution and identified the molecular basis of this diversity, describing at least seven new molecular variants of the blood group O gene. Studied the contribution of genetic factors to the origin of thrombosis, including the role of mutations of several genes, related or not to the blood coagulation system. One mutation of especial interest involves de coagulation factor XIII and protects against the occurrence of arterial thrombosis. Studied the population genetics and physical anthropology of Brazilian populations, especially the Amerindians and the Blacks. On the basis of DNA markers linked to the sickle cell anemia gene, he demonstrated that the Brazilian black population is predominantly of Bantu origin, with a lesser contribution from the Benin and very little contribution from the Senegambia. These data demonstrated that this Black population is significantly different from its U.S. or Caribbean counterparts, with implications for the medical genetic studies that compare these populations and for the understanding of the hereditary diseases. Furthermore, his studies on markers linked to the mitochondrial DNA, the Y chromosome, several nuclear genes and VNTRs have contributed to the understanding of the genetic diversity of the Amerindian populations, the relationship with the founder populations, and the black Brazilian populations. His laboratory and his collaborators have contributed the largest volume of data on DNA markers in the Brazilian populations thus far. As a medical academic, Dr. Zago has supervised ca. 20 PhD or MSc theses, and most of his former graduate students are now researchers in different universities. Apart from his research group in Ribeirão Preto, his students have founded two other prominent research nuclei of human population genetics (in Belém, Pará) and hematology (in Campinas). He participates in two consortia coordinated by FAPESP, a science foundation in the State of S. Paulo, and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR): the sequencing of the Xylella fastidiosa genome, the first phytopathogen whose genome was completely sequenced, and the FAPESP/LICR Human Cancer Genome Project, that studied the gene expression in human neoplastic tissues, and generated one of the largest contributions of gene expression to public databases. Dr. Zago is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and holds a Commend of the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit presented by the Presidency of the Republic on August 2000. References General Franco, RF; Reitsma, PH; Lourenço, D; Maffei, FH; Morelli, V; Tavella, MH; Araújo, AG; Piccinato, CE; Zago, MA (May 1999). "Factor XIII Val34Leu is a genetic factor involved in the etiology of venous thrombosis". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 81 (5): 676–9. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1614552. PMID 10365735. S2CID 11358611. Olsson, ML; Guerreiro, JF; Zago, MA; Chester, MA (29 May 1997). "Molecular analysis of the O alleles at the blood group ABO locus in populations of different ethnic origin reveals novel crossing-over events and point mutations". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 234 (3): 779–82. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6713. PMID 9175793. Zago, MA; Wood, WG; Clegg, JB; Weatherall, DJ; O'Sullivan, M; Gunson, H (May 1979). "Genetic control of F cells in human adults". Blood. 53 (5): 977–86. doi:10.1182/blood.V53.5.977.977. PMID 373818. Zago, MA; Bottura, C (September 1983). "Splenic function in sickle-cell diseases". Clinical Science. 65 (3): 297–302. doi:10.1042/cs0650297. PMID 6872464. Santos, SE; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, AK; Meyer, D; Zago, MA (July 1996). "Multiple founder haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA in Amerindians revealed by RFLP and sequencing". Annals of Human Genetics. 60 (4): 305–19. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01194.x. PMID 8865991. S2CID 21286889. Zago, MA; Silva WA, Jr; Dalle, B; Gualandro, S; Hutz, MH; Lapoumeroulie, C; Tavella, MH; Araujo, AG; Krieger, JE; Elion, J; Krishnamoorthy, R (February 2000). "Atypical beta(s) haplotypes are generated by diverse genetic mechanisms". American Journal of Hematology. 63 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(200002)63:2<79::aid-ajh4>3.0.co;2-d. PMID 10629573. Specific ^ FAPESP. "Marco Antonio Zago". fapesp.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-06-19. Sources Adapted from the official biography at the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, by permission of the biographed.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Antonio_Zago_11072007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birigüi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birig%C3%BCi"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"hereditary diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_disease"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"hemoglobins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"clotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotting"},{"link_name":"thrombosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis"},{"link_name":"molecular basis of cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecular_basis_of_cancer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"CNPq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNPq"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Fapesp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Research_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Medicine_of_Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"M.Sc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.Sc."},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Cássio Bottura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ssio_Bottura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hematologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematologist"},{"link_name":"cytogeneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogeneticist"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"David J. Wetherall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wetherall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"thalassemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"hematological diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diseases"},{"link_name":"HbF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HbF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"point mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation"},{"link_name":"gamma globin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma_globin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"hemophilias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophilia"},{"link_name":"LDL-r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LDL-r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hypercholesterolemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia"},{"link_name":"blood group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_group"},{"link_name":"blood coagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_coagulation"},{"link_name":"physical anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_anthropology"},{"link_name":"Amerindians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindian"},{"link_name":"Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"DNA markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_marker"},{"link_name":"sickle cell anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Senegambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegambia"},{"link_name":"hereditary diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_diseases"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"VNTRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNTR"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"Belém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m"},{"link_name":"Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Campinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campinas"},{"link_name":"FAPESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAPESP"},{"link_name":"LICR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130209054139/http://www.licr.org/"},{"link_name":"Xylella fastidiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"phytopathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytopathogen"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"neoplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Order_of_Scientific_Merit"}],"text":"Marco Antonio ZagoMarco Antonio Zago (born January 11, 1946, in Birigüi, São Paulo) is a Brazilian physician and prominent medical scientist, who is active in the fields of hereditary diseases of the blood (hemoglobins, clotting, thrombosis), molecular basis of cancer and human population genetics. Aside from working directly as scientes, he has been president of the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) and dean of the University of São Paulo. He's now the president of the São Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp).[1]Dr. Zago graduated in Medicine from the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo in 1970, where he received the M.Sc. degree in medicine (1973) and the Ph.D. degree (1975), under the supervision of Professor Cássio Bottura, one of the most outstanding Brazilian hematologist and cytogeneticist.After his post-doctoral training at the Oxford University, in the laboratories of Professor Sir David J. Wetherall, whose group was at the time establishing the molecular bases of the thalassemias, he returned to Brazil and started a research group with a major scientific interest in the genetic bases of hematological diseases.This group soon attracted attention with the following achievements, among others:Demonstrated that the residual amount of HbF produced in adults is genetically determined. The molecular bases for this inheritance are complex, involving at least three loci, and are of importance for the treatment of hereditary anemias.\nIdentified for the first time in the country and described the genetic, the biochemical and the clinical features of several structural defects of hemoglobins and thalassemia variants, including a point mutation in the promoter region of the gamma globin gene responsible for the Brazilian form of HbF persistence.\nIdentified molecular defects in hemophilias\nIdentified a mutation of the LDL-r gene that is responsible for most of the cases of familial hypercholesterolemia in Brazil.\nRevealed an until then unsuspected heterogeneity of the blood group O gene (from the ABO blood group), showing that the group O variants have a heterogeneous ethnic distribution and identified the molecular basis of this diversity, describing at least seven new molecular variants of the blood group O gene.\nStudied the contribution of genetic factors to the origin of thrombosis, including the role of mutations of several genes, related or not to the blood coagulation system. One mutation of especial interest involves de coagulation factor XIII and protects against the occurrence of arterial thrombosis.\nStudied the population genetics and physical anthropology of Brazilian populations, especially the Amerindians and the Blacks. On the basis of DNA markers linked to the sickle cell anemia gene, he demonstrated that the Brazilian black population is predominantly of Bantu origin, with a lesser contribution from the Benin and very little contribution from the Senegambia. These data demonstrated that this Black population is significantly different from its U.S. or Caribbean counterparts, with implications for the medical genetic studies that compare these populations and for the understanding of the hereditary diseases. Furthermore, his studies on markers linked to the mitochondrial DNA, the Y chromosome, several nuclear genes and VNTRs have contributed to the understanding of the genetic diversity of the Amerindian populations, the relationship with the founder populations, and the black Brazilian populations. His laboratory and his collaborators have contributed the largest volume of data on DNA markers in the Brazilian populations thus far.As a medical academic, Dr. Zago has supervised ca. 20 PhD or MSc theses, and most of his former graduate students are now researchers in different universities. Apart from his research group in Ribeirão Preto, his students have founded two other prominent research nuclei of human population genetics (in Belém, Pará) and hematology (in Campinas). He participates in two consortia coordinated by FAPESP, a science foundation in the State of S. Paulo, and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR): the sequencing of the Xylella fastidiosa genome, the first phytopathogen whose genome was completely sequenced, and the FAPESP/LICR Human Cancer Genome Project, that studied the gene expression in human neoplastic tissues, and generated one of the largest contributions of gene expression to public databases.Dr. Zago is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and holds a Commend of the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit presented by the Presidency of the Republic on August 2000.","title":"Marco Antonio Zago"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Adapted from the official biography at the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, by permission of the biographed.","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_McKinnis
Bo McKinnis
["1 Largest Major League Salary and Largest Pitchers Contract","2 Both Cy Youngs","3 Arbitration Record","4 Pitchers Signing Bonus Records","5 Book Citations","6 References"]
American sports agent Bo McKinnis is a Major League Baseball sports agent. He was a student manager of the baseball team at Mississippi State University. While attending graduate business school at Vanderbilt University, he was asked by a Mississippi State teammate, Pete Young (who pitched in the Major Leagues with the Montreal Expos), to serve as his sports agent. He has gone on to represent over 100 Major League players, including Paul Byrd, R. A. Dickey, Sonny Gray, and Rusty Greer. He has represented over 20 first round draft picks, including Dewon Brazelton (third overall in 2001) and David Price (first overall in 2007). Largest Major League Salary and Largest Pitchers Contract In December 2015, McKinnis negotiated the largest contract in Major League Baseball history for a pitcher when David Price received a seven-year $217 million contract from the Boston Red Sox. This also tied the record for largest average salary ever received by any player at $31 million per year, tying with Miguel Cabrera of the Detroit Tigers. This contract is also the largest contract ever in the history of the Boston Red Sox franchise. Both Cy Youngs In 2012, McKinnis became the first, and only, agent ever to represent both Cy Young Award winners in the same year. David Price won the award in the American League and R. A. Dickey won the award in the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs. Arbitration Record In January 2015, McKinnis negotiated the largest one-year contract in the history of Major League Baseball salary arbitration when David Price received a 2015 salary of $19,750,000 from the Detroit Tigers. Pitchers Signing Bonus Records McKinnis is one of only two agents to have twice set the record for the largest signing bonus ever given to a drafted pitcher. In 2001, he set the record for the largest signing bonus ever given to a drafted pitcher with Dewon Brazelton receiving $4.2 million from the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2007, McKinnis broke his own record when David Price received an even larger signing bonus, $5.6 million, also from the Rays. Book Citations McKinnis has been written about and referenced in four books: Michael Lewis's 2003 book, Moneyball; Paul Byrd's 2008 book, Free Byrd; R. A. Dickey's 2012 autobiography, Wherever I Wind Up: My Quest for Truth, Authenticity and the Perfect Knuckleball; and Shi Davidi's 2013 book, Great Expectations: The Lost Toronto Blue Jays Season. In addition, McKinnis became the first sports agent to ever be featured in the Sporting News 125-year history in the column "On the Agent Side" in its January 17, 2011 issue. References ^ "25 December 2002 - Pitcher Paul Byrd Glad To Return To Atlanta Braves - Sports - Chattanoogan.com". Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2008-04-25. ^ Cashman: Stanton a 'great Yankee'; GM expresses regret over how lefty's tenure ended - NYYFans.com Forum ^ Potential No. 1 Pick Price Taking Nothing For Granted ^ Red Sox, David Price reach record-breaking $217m deal ^ 'Cy Agent' Bo McKinnis wins trust of baseball's best pitchers ^ David Price smashes arbitration record with $19.75 million payday ^ Official Draft Site of Baseball America ^ "Official Site of Free Byrd book". Archived from the original on 2018-04-15. Retrieved 2019-04-26. ^ On the Agent Side
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"sports agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Pete Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Young"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"Paul Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Byrd"},{"link_name":"R. A. Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Dickey"},{"link_name":"Sonny Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Gray"},{"link_name":"Rusty Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Greer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dewon Brazelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewon_Brazelton"},{"link_name":"David Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Price_(baseball_player)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bo McKinnis is a Major League Baseball sports agent. He was a student manager of the baseball team at Mississippi State University. While attending graduate business school at Vanderbilt University, he was asked by a Mississippi State teammate, Pete Young (who pitched in the Major Leagues with the Montreal Expos), to serve as his sports agent. He has gone on to represent over 100 Major League players, including Paul Byrd, R. A. Dickey, Sonny Gray, and Rusty Greer.[1][2] He has represented over 20 first round draft picks, including Dewon Brazelton (third overall in 2001) and David Price (first overall in 2007).[3]","title":"Bo McKinnis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In December 2015, McKinnis negotiated the largest contract in Major League Baseball history for a pitcher when David Price received a seven-year $217 million contract from the Boston Red Sox. This also tied the record for largest average salary ever received by any player at $31 million per year, tying with Miguel Cabrera of the Detroit Tigers. This contract is also the largest contract ever in the history of the Boston Red Sox franchise.[4]","title":"Largest Major League Salary and Largest Pitchers Contract"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"David Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Price_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"R. A. Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Dickey"},{"link_name":"National League of Professional Baseball Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_of_Professional_Baseball_Clubs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2012, McKinnis became the first, and only, agent ever to represent both Cy Young Award winners in the same year. David Price won the award in the American League and R. A. Dickey won the award in the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs.[5]","title":"Both Cy Youngs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"David Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Price_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In January 2015, McKinnis negotiated the largest one-year contract in the history of Major League Baseball salary arbitration when David Price received a 2015 salary of $19,750,000 from the Detroit Tigers.[6]","title":"Arbitration Record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewon Brazelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewon_Brazelton"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"David Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Price_(baseball_player)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"McKinnis is one of only two agents to have twice set the record for the largest signing bonus ever given to a drafted pitcher. In 2001, he set the record for the largest signing bonus ever given to a drafted pitcher with Dewon Brazelton receiving $4.2 million from the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2007, McKinnis broke his own record when David Price received an even larger signing bonus, $5.6 million, also from the Rays.[7]","title":"Pitchers Signing Bonus Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Moneyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyball"},{"link_name":"Paul Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Byrd"},{"link_name":"R. A. Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Dickey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sports agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"McKinnis has been written about and referenced in four books: Michael Lewis's 2003 book, Moneyball; Paul Byrd's 2008 book, Free Byrd; R. A. Dickey's 2012 autobiography, Wherever I Wind Up: My Quest for Truth, Authenticity and the Perfect Knuckleball; and Shi Davidi's 2013 book, Great Expectations: The Lost Toronto Blue Jays Season.[8]In addition, McKinnis became the first sports agent to ever be featured in the Sporting News 125-year history in the column \"On the Agent Side\" in its January 17, 2011 issue.[9]","title":"Book Citations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships
European Championship
["1 Games","2 Championships","3 Winter Sports","4 See also","5 References"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "European Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Countries usually participating in European championships. Note the difference to the geographical borders of Europe. A European Championship is the top level international sports competition between European athletes or sports teams representing their respective countries or professional sports clubs. In the plural, the European Championships also refers to a specific combined quadrennial multi-sport event featuring the continental championships for athletics, aquatics, artistic gymnastics, triathlon, rowing, cycling and team golf. Since European championships are usually open for teams or individual athletes from countries which are members of European sports organisations and some member countries are only partly or not at all situated in the European continent, some non-Europeans also usually take part in these championships. Traditionally, sports teams from Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, and Israel – all geographically outside Europe – are included in European competitions for cultural and political reasons, while trans-continental countries Azerbaijan, Russia, and Turkey (which straddle Europe and Asia), and technically Iceland (which sits on a continental fault line in the Atlantic ocean) and Malta (between Europe and Africa in the Mediterranean) also compete in Europe. A number of countries maintain departments outside the European continent, but which are considered an integral part of their mother country, including France (e.g. Guadeloupe and New Caledonia), Denmark (Greenland), Spain (e.g. the Canaries) and the Netherlands (the former Netherlands Antilles). Athletes and club teams from these regions are typically eligible for European championships. The overseas territories of the United Kingdom, however, are usually not included unless an individual athlete has transferred allegiance completely to the UK. In addition, in Football, under UEFA, but not in other sports, the Asian country of Kazakhstan also competes in European competition for historical reasons, while South African clubs participate in the top-level club championship in European rugby union, The European Rugby Champions Cup. Games European Games European Championships European Youth Olympic Festival European Para Championships European Masters Games Winter X Games Europe Championships Aquatics and water sports European Aquatics Championships European Short Course Swimming Championships European Water Polo Championship European Diving Championships European Masters Swimming Championships European Junior Swimming Championships World Para Swimming European Championships Athletics European Athletics Championships European Athletics Indoor Championships European Athletics U23 Championships European Athletics U20 Championships European Athletics U18 Championships European Mountain Running Championships World Para Athletics European Championships Australian rules football EU Cup AFL Europe Championship Auto racing AIACR European Championship (1931–1939) European Formula Two Championship (1967–1984) European Touring Car Championship (1963–1988; 2000–2004) European Rally Championship FIA European Rallycross Championship FIA GT3 European Championship Badminton European Badminton Championships Baseball European Baseball Championship Women's European Baseball Championship Bandy Davos Cup European Cup (for club teams) Basketball EuroBasket EuroBasket Women Biathlon Biathlon European Championships Boxing European Amateur Boxing Championships Brazilian jiu-jitsu European Championship (Brazilian jiu-jitsu) Canoeing Canoe Sprint European Championships European Canoe Slalom Championships Chess European Individual Chess Championship Cricket European Cricket Championship European Twenty20 Championship Women's European Cricket Championship European Affiliates Championship Curling European Curling Championships Cycling BMX: European BMX Championships Cyclo-cross: European Cyclo-cross Championships Mountain bike: European Mountain Bike Championships Road cycling: European Road Championships Track cycling: UEC European Track Championships Darts European Championship (darts) Dragon Boat European Dragon Boat Championships Equestrian European Dressage Championships European Eventing Championships European Show Jumping Championships Fencing World Fencing Championships, open only to European fencers from 1921 to 1937 European Fencing Championships (1981–) Field hockey Men's EuroHockey Championship Women's EuroHockey Championship Figure skating European Figure Skating Championships Fistball Fistball European Championships Football and Beach Soccer UEFA European Championship UEFA Women's Championship Euro Beach Soccer League Futsal UEFA Futsal Championship UEFA Women's Futsal Championship UEFS Futsal Championship UEFS Futsal Women's Championship Go European Go Championship Gymnastics Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships European Acrobatics Championships European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships European TeamGym Championships European Trampoline Championships European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships Handball and Beach Handball European Men's Handball Championship European Women's Handball Championship European Beach Handball Championship European Wheelchair Handball Nations’ Tournament Ice hockey Ice Hockey European Championships Women's Ice Hockey European Championships Ice sledge hockey IPC Ice Sledge Hockey European Championships Indoor hockey Men's EuroHockey Indoor Championship Women's EuroHockey Indoor Championship Judo European Judo Championships Karate European Karate Championships Kickboxing W.A.K.O. Amateur European Kickboxing Championships Korfball European Korfball Championship Long track speed skating European Speed Skating Championships Minifootball EMF miniEURO Multi-Sport European Championships European Games European Youth Olympic Festival Pétanque European Pétanque Championships Pitch and putt European Pitch and putt Championship Professional Wrestling WWE European Championship Quidditch European Games (quidditch) Racquetball European Racquetball Championships Rink hockey Rink Hockey European Championship Rowing European Rowing Championships Rugby league Rugby League European Championship Rugby union Rugby Europe International Championships Sailing European Sailing Championships Savate European Savate Championships Shooting European Shooting Championships Snooker EBSA European Snooker Championship Squash European Squash Individual Championships European Squash Team Championships Softball European Softball Championship Speedway Individual Speedway European Championship European Pairs Speedway Championship European Speedway Club Champions' Cup Ski mountaineering European Championships of Ski Mountaineering Sumo European Sumo Championships Table tennis European Table Tennis Championships European Para Table Tennis Championships Taekwondo European Taekwondo Championships Triathlon European Triathlon Championships Volleyball and Beach Volleyball Men's European Volleyball Championship Women's European Volleyball Championship European Beach Volleyball Championships Weightlifting European Weightlifting Championships Wheelchair rugby IWRF European Championship Wrestling European Wrestling Championships Winter Sports European Figure Skating Championships European Speed Skating Championships European Short Track Speed Skating Championships FIL European Luge Championships Bobsleigh and Skeleton European Championship Biathlon European Championships European Championships of Ski Mountaineering European Ski Orienteering Championships European Curling Championships Ice Hockey European Championships European Snowboard Championships  European Freestyle Skiing Championships  FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup European Ski Marathon Championships European Snow Volleyball Championships (CEV EuroSnowVolley) European Bandy Championships European Winter Triathlon Championships European Ice Climbing Championships European Snowshoe Championships European Grass Skiing Championship  European Rollerski Championships European Snowcross Championship European Snowmobile Championship - Snowmobile Enduro European Cup See also Championship Eurogames (disambiguation) European Games, a multi-sport event between competitors from all nations in Europe European Junior Championships (disambiguation) European Open (disambiguation) European Masters (disambiguation) World championship African Championship Asian Championship Oceania Championship Pan American Championship Central American Championships (disambiguation) North American Championship South American Championship vteEuropean ChampionshipsOlympic sportsTeam sports Association football Men Women Men's club Women's club Baseball Men Men's club Basketball Men Women Men's club Women's club 3x3 Beach volleyball Curling Field hockey Men Women Men's club Women's club Handball Men Women Men's club Women's club Ice hockey Men Women Women's club Rugby sevens Men Women Softball Women Volleyball Men Women Men's club Women's club Water polo Men Women Men's club Women's club Individual sports Archery Athletics Badminton Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Boxing Canoeing Sprint Slalom Competition climbing Cycling BMX Mountain bike Road Track Diving Equestrian Dressage Eventing Show jumping Fencing Figure skating Golf Men Women Team Gymnastics Men's artistic Women's artistic Men's and women's artistic Rhythmic Trampoline Judo Karate Luge Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Speed skating Short track Surfing Swimming Open water swimming Synchronised swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon (standard - sprint) Weightlifting Wrestling Non-Olympic sportsTeam sports American football Australian rules football Beach handball Men Women Baseball Women Baseball5 Beach soccer League WC qual. Canoe polo Cricket Men Women Fistball Floorball Futsal UEFA men's national teams UEFA men's club UEFA women's national teams UEFS men UEFS women women's club Indoor hockey men women men's club women's club Korfball Lacrosse Minifootball Pitch and putt Quidditch Roller hockey Men Women Men's club Women's club Rogaining Rugby league Rugby union Men's six nations Women's six nations Men's club Socca Softball Men Co-Ed (SP) Tchoukball Individual sports Athletics Cross-country Indoor Mountain running Skyrunning Team Ballooning Billiards Pool Three-cushion Brazilian jiu-jitsu Canoeing Marathon Wildwater Ocean racing Chess Individual Team Cyclo-cross Dance sports Formation Latin Darts Go Gliding Gymnastics Acrobatic Aerobic Team gymnastics TeamGym Kendo Kickboxing Luge (natural track) Orienteering Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller sports Artistic skating Freestyle skating Inline skating Sambo Short course swimming Ski mountaineering Snooker (amateurs) Squash Individual Team Sumo Water skiing Wushu Paralympic sportsParasports Athletics Badminton CP Football Judo Para archery Para table tennis Sledge hockey Swimming Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Sitting volleyball Motor sportsCars Formula 3 Hillclimbing Karting KF1 Radio-controlled racing Rallycross Rallying Sportscar ELMS GT3 GT4 Touring car Truck racing Motorcycles Speedway Individual Pairs Club Ice Team Motocross Supermoto Powered aviation Aerobatics Air racing Multi-sports events European Championships 2018 2022 European Games 2015 2019 2023 European Para Championships 2023 Games of the Small States of Europe Mediterranean Games (with Asia and Africa) Olympic sports without European Championships: Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Freestyle skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Snowboarding European Championships in 2010s vteEuropean championships in 2016Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatic sports para Archery Athletics outdoor cross ciountry mountain running para Badminton individual team Baseball (men) Basketball 3x3 Beach volleyball Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX mountain bike road track Fencing Football (men) Golf Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women wheelchair Indoor hockey men women Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting 10m events shotgun Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Draughts men women Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula 3 Formula Renault 2.0 Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car vteEuropean championships in 2017Summer sports &indoor sports Archery (indoor) Athletics indoor team cross country mountain running Badminton individual mixed team Basketball men women 3x3 Beach handball Beach volleyball Boxing (men) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike road track Diving Equestrian dressage / driving / jumping eventing Fencing Field hockey men women Football (women) Golf Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting 10m events Skateboarding Softball (women) Sport climbing Swimming (short course) Table tennis Triathlon Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating inline Cue & mind sports Chess women Darts Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula 3 Formula Renault Eurocup Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car vteEuropean championships in 2018Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatics Olympic swimming Paralympic swimming Archery Athletics outdoor cross country mountain running Paralympic Badminton individual team Basketball 3x3 Beach volleyball Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike road track Fencing Golf Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women wheelchair Indoor hockey men women Judo individual team Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting 10m events shotgun Skateboarding Sumo Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Draughts men women Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula 3 Formula Renault Eurocup Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car 2018 European Championships vteEuropean championships in 2019Summer sports &indoor sports Athletics cross country indoor mountain running team Badminton (mixed team) Baseball men men B women Basketball women 3x3 Beach volleyball Boxing men women Canoeing slalom marathon Cycling road track mountain bike Diving Fencing Equestrian Field hockey men women Futsal (women) Gymnastics aerobic artictic rhythmic Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Handball wheelchair Rugby sevens men women Shooting shotgun running target 10m events Softball Swimming (short course) Table tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Volleyball men women Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula Regional Formula Renault Eurocup Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car 2019 European Games European Championships in 2020s vteEuropean championships in 2020Summer sports &indoor sports Athletics Badminton (team) Baseball Baseball5 Beach volleyball Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Canoeing slalom Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross Golf men women Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic Handball men women Indoor hockey men women Judo Rowing Shooting 10m events Sport climbing Table tennis Water polo men women Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Darts Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula Regional Formula Renault Eurocup Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Touring car vteEuropean championships in 2021Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatic sports Paralympic Archery Athletics indoor team cross country mountain running Paralympic Badminton individual mixed team Baseball (men) Basketball women 3x3 Beach handball Beach volleyball Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling road track BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike Diving Equestrian dressage eventing jumping Fencing Field hockey men women Football (men) Golf Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic artistic rhythmic trampoline Inline speed skating Judo team Karate Modern pentathlon Orienteering Rink Hockey Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Softball (women) Sport climbing Swimming (short course) Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess open & women Darts Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula Regional Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Individual Pairs Touring car vteEuropean championships in 2022Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatic sports Athletics Archery indoor outdoor Association football (women) Badminton Baseball (women) Basketball men 3x3 Beach soccer Beach volleyball Boxing men women Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Breaking Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX cyclo-cross road track mountain bike Fencing Futsal men women Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Indoor hockey men women Judo team Karate Minifootball Modern pentathlon Orienteering foot MTB Rowing Rugby union Sambo Shooting 10 m 25/50 m 300 m shotgun Softball (women) Sport climbing Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Motor sports Formula Regional Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Individual Pairs Touring car Truck racing 2022 European Championships vteEuropean championships in 2023Summer sports &indoor sports Athletics cross country indoor mountain running team Archery indoor Badminton mixed team Baseball men men B women Baseball5 Basketball women 3x3 Beach volleyball Boxing men women Breaking Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling road track mountain bike BMX Diving Fencing Equestrian dressage eventing show jumping Field hockey men women Futsal (women) Gymnastics aerobic artistic rhythmic Judo team Karate Modern pentathlon Rowing Handball wheelchair Rugby sevens men women Shooting shotgun running target 10m events Rugby union Sitting Volleyball Men Women Softball Swimming (short course) Table tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Volleyball men women Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short track Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Pool Snooker (amateurs) Motor sports Formula Regional Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway individual pairs Touring car Truck Racing 2023 European Games vteEuropean championships in 2024Summer sports &indoor sports Aquatic sports Athletics Archery indoor outdoor Football men's nations men's club women's club Badminton Baseball (women) Basketball 3x3 Beach soccer Beach volleyball Boxing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling BMX cyclo-cross road track mountain bike Fencing Futsal men women Gymnastics men's artistic women's artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Indoor hockey men women Judo team Karate Minifootball Modern pentathlon Orienteering foot MTB Rowing Rugby union men's nations I / II women's nations men's club Sambo Shooting 10 m 25/50 m 300 m shotgun Softball (women) Sport climbing Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Water polo men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling Figure skating Luge Short-track speed skating Speed skating Cue & mind sports Chess Darts Motor sports Formula Regional Le Mans Series Motocross Rally Rallycross Speedway Individual Pairs Team Touring car Truck racing Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. References
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_countries_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sport"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"sports clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_(Multi-Sport)"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"European Rugby Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup"}],"text":"Countries usually participating in European championships. Note the difference to the geographical borders of Europe.A European Championship is the top level international sports competition between European athletes or sports teams representing their respective countries or professional sports clubs.In the plural, the European Championships also refers to a specific combined quadrennial multi-sport event featuring the continental championships for athletics, aquatics, artistic gymnastics, triathlon, rowing, cycling and team golf.Since European championships are usually open for teams or individual athletes from countries which are members of European sports organisations and some member countries are only partly or not at all situated in the European continent, some non-Europeans also usually take part in these championships. Traditionally, sports teams from Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, and Israel – all geographically outside Europe – are included in European competitions for cultural and political reasons, while trans-continental countries Azerbaijan, Russia, and Turkey (which straddle Europe and Asia), and technically Iceland (which sits on a continental fault line in the Atlantic ocean) and Malta (between Europe and Africa in the Mediterranean) also compete in Europe.A number of countries maintain departments outside the European continent, but which are considered an integral part of their mother country, including France (e.g. Guadeloupe and New Caledonia), Denmark (Greenland), Spain (e.g. the Canaries) and the Netherlands (the former Netherlands Antilles). Athletes and club teams from these regions are typically eligible for European championships. The overseas territories of the United Kingdom, however, are usually not included unless an individual athlete has transferred allegiance completely to the UK.In addition, in Football, under UEFA, but not in other sports, the Asian country of Kazakhstan also competes in European competition for historical reasons, while South African clubs participate in the top-level club championship in European rugby union, The European Rugby Champions Cup.","title":"European Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_(multi-sport_event)"},{"link_name":"European Youth Olympic Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival"},{"link_name":"European Para Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Para_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Masters Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Masters_Games"},{"link_name":"Winter X Games Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games_Europe"}],"text":"European Games\nEuropean Championships\nEuropean Youth Olympic Festival\nEuropean Para Championships\nEuropean Masters Games\nWinter X Games Europe","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Short Course Swimming Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Short_Course_Swimming_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Water Polo Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Water_Polo_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Diving Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Diving_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Masters Swimming 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Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIA European Rallycross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_European_Rallycross_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIA GT3 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_GT3_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Badminton Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Baseball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Women's European Baseball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_European_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Davos Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_(bandy)"},{"link_name":"EuroBasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket"},{"link_name":"EuroBasket 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Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_EuroHockey_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Fistball European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistball_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"Euro Beach Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Beach_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFS Futsal Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFS_Futsal_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFS Futsal Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFS_Futsal_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Go Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Go_Championship"},{"link_name":"Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_Gymnastics_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Acrobatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Acrobatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"European TeamGym Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_TeamGym_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Trampoline Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Trampoline_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Men's Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Women's Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Beach Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Beach_Handball_Championship_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"European Wheelchair Handball Nations’ Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Wheelchair_Handball_Nations%E2%80%99_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's Ice Hockey European 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Amateur European Kickboxing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WAKO_Amateur_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Korfball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Korfball_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Speed Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Speed_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"EMF miniEURO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMF_miniEURO"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_(Multi-Sport)"},{"link_name":"European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games"},{"link_name":"European Youth Olympic Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival"},{"link_name":"European Pétanque Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_P%C3%A9tanque_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Pitch and putt Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pitch_and_putt_Championship"},{"link_name":"WWE European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Games (quidditch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games_(quidditch)"},{"link_name":"European Racquetball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Racquetball_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rink Hockey European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rink_Hockey_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rugby League European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rugby Europe International Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Europe_International_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Sailing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Sailing_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Savate Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savate"},{"link_name":"European Shooting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Shooting_Championships"},{"link_name":"EBSA European Snooker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSA_European_Snooker_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Squash Individual Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Squash_Individual_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Squash Team Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Squash_Team_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Softball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Softball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Individual Speedway European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Speedway_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Pairs Speedway Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pairs_Speedway_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Speedway Club Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Speedway_Club_Champions%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Championships of Ski Mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_of_Ski_Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"European Sumo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Sumo_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Para Table Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Para_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Taekwondo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Triathlon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Triathlon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Men's European Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Women's European Volleyball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Beach Volleyball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Beach_Volleyball_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Weightlifting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Weightlifting_Championships"},{"link_name":"IWRF European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWRF_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Wrestling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Wrestling_Championships"}],"text":"Aquatics and water sports\nEuropean Aquatics Championships\nEuropean Short Course Swimming Championships\nEuropean Water Polo Championship\nEuropean Diving Championships\nEuropean Masters Swimming Championships\nEuropean Junior Swimming Championships\nWorld Para Swimming European Championships\nAthletics\nEuropean Athletics Championships\nEuropean Athletics Indoor Championships\nEuropean Athletics U23 Championships\nEuropean Athletics U20 Championships\nEuropean Athletics U18 Championships\nEuropean Mountain Running Championships\nWorld Para Athletics European Championships\nAustralian rules football\nEU Cup\nAFL Europe Championship\nAuto racing\nAIACR European Championship (1931–1939)\nEuropean Formula Two Championship (1967–1984)\nEuropean Touring Car Championship (1963–1988; 2000–2004)\nEuropean Rally Championship\nFIA European Rallycross Championship\nFIA GT3 European Championship\nBadminton\nEuropean Badminton Championships\nBaseball\nEuropean Baseball Championship\nWomen's European Baseball Championship\nBandy\nDavos Cup\nEuropean Cup (for club teams)\nBasketball\nEuroBasket\nEuroBasket Women\nBiathlon\nBiathlon European Championships\nBoxing\nEuropean Amateur Boxing Championships\nBrazilian jiu-jitsu\nEuropean Championship (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)\nCanoeing\nCanoe Sprint European Championships\nEuropean Canoe Slalom Championships\nChess\nEuropean Individual Chess Championship\nCricket\nEuropean Cricket Championship\nEuropean Twenty20 Championship\nWomen's European Cricket Championship\nEuropean Affiliates Championship\nCurling\nEuropean Curling Championships\nCycling\nBMX: European BMX Championships\nCyclo-cross: European Cyclo-cross Championships\nMountain bike: European Mountain Bike Championships\nRoad cycling: European Road Championships\nTrack cycling: UEC European Track Championships\nDarts\nEuropean Championship (darts)\nDragon Boat\nEuropean Dragon Boat Championships \n\nEquestrian\nEuropean Dressage Championships\nEuropean Eventing Championships\nEuropean Show Jumping Championships\nFencing\nWorld Fencing Championships, open only to European fencers from 1921 to 1937\nEuropean Fencing Championships (1981–)\nField hockey\nMen's EuroHockey Championship\nWomen's EuroHockey Championship\nFigure skating\nEuropean Figure Skating Championships\nFistball\nFistball European Championships\nFootball and Beach Soccer\nUEFA European Championship\nUEFA Women's Championship\nEuro Beach Soccer League\nFutsal\nUEFA Futsal Championship\nUEFA Women's Futsal Championship\nUEFS Futsal Championship\nUEFS Futsal Women's Championship\nGo\nEuropean Go Championship\nGymnastics\nAerobic Gymnastics European Championships\nEuropean Acrobatics Championships\nEuropean Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships\nEuropean TeamGym Championships\nEuropean Trampoline Championships\nEuropean Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships\nRhythmic Gymnastics European Championships\nHandball and Beach Handball\nEuropean Men's Handball Championship\nEuropean Women's Handball Championship\nEuropean Beach Handball Championship\nEuropean Wheelchair Handball Nations’ Tournament\nIce hockey\nIce Hockey European Championships\nWomen's Ice Hockey European Championships\nIce sledge hockey\nIPC Ice Sledge Hockey European Championships\nIndoor hockey\nMen's EuroHockey Indoor Championship\nWomen's EuroHockey Indoor Championship\nJudo\nEuropean Judo Championships\nKarate\nEuropean Karate Championships\nKickboxing\nW.A.K.O. Amateur European Kickboxing Championships\nKorfball\nEuropean Korfball Championship\nLong track speed skating\nEuropean Speed Skating Championships\nMinifootball\nEMF miniEURO\nMulti-Sport\nEuropean Championships\nEuropean Games\nEuropean Youth Olympic Festival\nPétanque\nEuropean Pétanque Championships\nPitch and putt\nEuropean Pitch and putt Championship\nProfessional Wrestling\nWWE European Championship\nQuidditch\nEuropean Games (quidditch)\n\nRacquetball\nEuropean Racquetball Championships\nRink hockey\nRink Hockey European Championship\nRowing\nEuropean Rowing Championships\nRugby league\nRugby League European Championship\nRugby union\nRugby Europe International Championships \nSailing\nEuropean Sailing Championships\nSavate\nEuropean Savate Championships\nShooting\nEuropean Shooting Championships\nSnooker\nEBSA European Snooker Championship\nSquash\nEuropean Squash Individual Championships\nEuropean Squash Team Championships\nSoftball\nEuropean Softball Championship\nSpeedway\nIndividual Speedway European Championship\nEuropean Pairs Speedway Championship\nEuropean Speedway Club Champions' Cup\nSki mountaineering\nEuropean Championships of Ski Mountaineering\nSumo\nEuropean Sumo Championships\nTable tennis\nEuropean Table Tennis Championships\nEuropean Para Table Tennis Championships\nTaekwondo\nEuropean Taekwondo Championships\nTriathlon\nEuropean Triathlon Championships\nVolleyball and Beach Volleyball\nMen's European Volleyball Championship\nWomen's European Volleyball Championship\nEuropean Beach Volleyball Championships\nWeightlifting\nEuropean Weightlifting Championships\nWheelchair rugby\nIWRF European Championship\nWrestling\nEuropean Wrestling Championships","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Speed Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Speed_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Short Track Speed Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"FIL European Luge Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIL_European_Luge_Championships"},{"link_name":"Bobsleigh and Skeleton European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Biathlon European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Championships of Ski Mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championships_of_Ski_Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"European Ski Orienteering Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Ski_Orienteering_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Curling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Curling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Snowboard Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Snowboard_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Europameister_im_Snowboard"},{"link_name":"European Freestyle Skiing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Freestyle_Skiing_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Europameister_im_Freestyle-Skiing"},{"link_name":"FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_Europa_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Ski Marathon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Ski_Marathon_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Snow Volleyball Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Snow_Volleyball_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Bandy Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_European_Bandy_Championships"},{"link_name":"European Winter Triathlon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Winter_Triathlon_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Ice Climbing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Ice_Climbing_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Snowshoe Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Snowshoe_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Grass Skiing Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Grass_Skiing_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasski-Europameisterschaft"},{"link_name":"European Rollerski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skiing"},{"link_name":"European Snowcross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Snowcross_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Snowmobile Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Snowmobile_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Snowmobile Enduro European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowmobile_Enduro_European_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"European Figure Skating Championships\nEuropean Speed Skating Championships\nEuropean Short Track Speed Skating Championships\nFIL European Luge Championships\nBobsleigh and Skeleton European Championship\nBiathlon European Championships\nEuropean Championships of Ski Mountaineering\nEuropean Ski Orienteering Championships\nEuropean Curling Championships\nIce Hockey European Championships\nEuropean Snowboard Championships [de]\nEuropean Freestyle Skiing Championships [de]\nFIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup\nEuropean Ski Marathon Championships\nEuropean Snow Volleyball Championships (CEV EuroSnowVolley)\nEuropean Bandy Championships\nEuropean Winter Triathlon Championships\nEuropean Ice Climbing Championships\nEuropean Snowshoe Championships\nEuropean Grass Skiing Championship [de]\nEuropean Rollerski Championships\nEuropean Snowcross Championship\nEuropean Snowmobile Championship - Snowmobile Enduro European Cup","title":"Winter Sports"}]
[{"image_text":"Countries usually participating in European championships. Note the difference to the geographical borders of Europe.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/European_countries_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-European_countries_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship"},{"title":"Eurogames (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogames_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games"},{"title":"European Junior Championships (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Junior_Championships_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"European Open (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Open_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"European Masters (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Masters_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"World championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_championship"},{"title":"African Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Championship"},{"title":"Asian Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Championship"},{"title":"Oceania Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_Championship"},{"title":"Pan American Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Championship"},{"title":"Central American Championships (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_Championships_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"North American Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Championship"},{"title":"South American Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Championship"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:European_championships"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:European_championships"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_championships"},{"title":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Olympic sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_sports"},{"title":"Team sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport#Olympic_team_sports"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Championship"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Baseball_Championship"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_(baseball)"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_Women"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Women"},{"title":"3x3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_3x3_Europe_Cup"},{"title":"Beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Beach_Volleyball_Championship"},{"title":"Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Curling_Championships"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_EuroHockey_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_EuroHockey_Championship"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Hockey_League"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Euro_Hockey_League"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_EHF_Champions_League"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_EHF_Champions_League"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_European_Championships"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_European_Women_Championships"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_European_Women%27s_Champions_Cup"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Sevens"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Sevens"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Softball_European_Championship"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Water_Polo_Championship#Men's_tournament"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Water_Polo_Championship#Women's_tournament"},{"title":"Men's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_Champions_League"},{"title":"Women's club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_Euro_League_Women"},{"title":"Individual sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_sport"},{"title":"Archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Archery_Championships"},{"title":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships"},{"title":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badminton_Championships"},{"title":"Biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_European_Championships"},{"title":"Bobsleigh & skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_European_Championship"},{"title":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"},{"title":"Sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_Sprint_European_Championships"},{"title":"Slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Canoe_Slalom_Championships"},{"title":"Competition climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_European_Championships"},{"title":"BMX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_BMX_Championships"},{"title":"Mountain bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mountain_Bike_Championships"},{"title":"Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Road_Championships"},{"title":"Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEC_European_Track_Championships"},{"title":"Diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Diving_Championships"},{"title":"Dressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Dressage_Championships"},{"title":"Eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Eventing_Championships"},{"title":"Show jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Show_Jumping_Championships"},{"title":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fencing_Championships"},{"title":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies_Amateur_Championship"},{"title":"Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Team_Championship"},{"title":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"title":"Men's artistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"title":"Women's artistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"title":"Men's and women's artistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_and_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Individual_Championships"},{"title":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships"},{"title":"Trampoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Trampoline_Championships"},{"title":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Judo_Championships"},{"title":"Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Karate_Championships"},{"title":"Luge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIL_European_Luge_Championships"},{"title":"Modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Modern_Pentathlon_Championships"},{"title":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships"},{"title":"Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_championships_in_sailing"},{"title":"Shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Shooting_Championships"},{"title":"Skateboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Skateboarding_Championships"},{"title":"Speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Speed_Skating_Championships"},{"title":"Short track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Short_Track_Speed_Skating_Championships"},{"title":"Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Surfing_Professionals_Europe#WSL_Europe_Champions"},{"title":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"title":"Open water swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Open_Water_Swimming_Championships"},{"title":"Synchronised swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"title":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Table_Tennis_Championships"},{"title":"Taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"title":"Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Triathlon_Championships"},{"title":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Triathlon_Championships"},{"title":"sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Triathlon_Sprint_Championships"},{"title":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Weightlifting_Championships"},{"title":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Wrestling_Championships"},{"title":"Team sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"title":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championship_of_American_football"},{"title":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Europe_Championship"},{"title":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Men%27s_Beach_Handball_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Women%27s_Beach_Handball_Championship"},{"title":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_European_Baseball_Championship"},{"title":"Baseball5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball5_European_Championship"},{"title":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Beach_Soccer_League"},{"title":"WC qual.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"title":"Canoe 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidong
Haidong
["1 Geography","2 Climate","3 Administrative divisions","4 Demographics","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 36°28′24″N 102°24′38″E / 36.4734°N 102.4106°E / 36.4734; 102.4106For other uses, see Haedong (disambiguation). 36°28′24″N 102°24′38″E / 36.4734°N 102.4106°E / 36.4734; 102.4106 Prefecture-level city in Qinghai, ChinaHaidong 海东市Prefecture-level cityA street in Ping'an DistrictLocation of Haidong Prefecture in QinghaiCoordinates (Haidong CCP Committee, Ping'an District): 36°30′06″N 102°06′21″E / 36.5018°N 102.1058°E / 36.5018; 102.1058CountryChinaProvinceQinghaiMunicipal seatLedu DistrictArea • Prefecture-level city13,200 km2 (5,100 sq mi)Population (2019) • Prefecture-level city1,726,100 • Density130/km2 (340/sq mi) • Urban611,800GDP • Prefecture-level cityCN¥ 38.4 billionUS$ 6.7 billion • Per capitaCN¥ 26,531US$4,260Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)ISO 3166 codeCN-QH-02Websitewww.haidong.gov.cn (in Chinese) HaidongChinese nameSimplified Chinese海东市Traditional Chinese海東市TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHǎidōng shìTibetan nameTibetanམཚོ་ཤར་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།TranscriptionsWyliemtsho shar grong khyer Haidong (Chinese: 海东市; pinyin: Hǎidōng shì) is a prefecture-level city of Qinghai province in Western China. Its name literally means "east of the (Qinghai) Lake." On 8 February 2013 Haidong was upgraded from a prefecture (海东地区) into a prefecture-level city. Haidong is the third most populous administrative division in Qinghai after Xining and Golmud. Haidong was historically populated by the Qiang people, although the area has been inhabited as early as 6000 years ago. In 121 BC the area was captured by Huo Qubing, defeating the Xiongnu. In 399 AD the Xianbei founded the state of Nanliang, with its capital in Ledu District. Geography Haidong is the easternmost division of Qinghai province. It is bounded by Xining, the provincial capital, to the West, the Datong River Valley to the north, Gansu to the east, and the Yellow River to the south. Mountain ranges tower above the district of which the main valley is the one of the Huang Shui (Tib. Tsong Chu), a major tributary of the Yellow River. This valley stretches from west to east and makes up - together with the area around Xining, the landscape which is called Tsongkha ("Onion Valley") by Tibetans. It has a total area of 13,100 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi) Climate Climate data for Haidong (Ping'an District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 14.5(58.1) 22.4(72.3) 27.6(81.7) 30.1(86.2) 30.5(86.9) 32.2(90.0) 37.6(99.7) 35.1(95.2) 29.3(84.7) 24.7(76.5) 20.5(68.9) 13.8(56.8) 37.6(99.7) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.4(36.3) 6.3(43.3) 11.6(52.9) 17.6(63.7) 21.2(70.2) 24.4(75.9) 26.2(79.2) 25.2(77.4) 20.3(68.5) 15.2(59.4) 9.4(48.9) 3.9(39.0) 15.3(59.6) Daily mean °C (°F) −6.1(21.0) −2.1(28.2) 3.6(38.5) 9.6(49.3) 13.6(56.5) 17.1(62.8) 19.0(66.2) 18.1(64.6) 13.6(56.5) 7.7(45.9) 1.1(34.0) −4.7(23.5) 7.5(45.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.1(10.2) −8.4(16.9) −2.5(27.5) 3.1(37.6) 7.3(45.1) 11.1(52.0) 13.3(55.9) 12.9(55.2) 9.0(48.2) 2.6(36.7) −4.6(23.7) −10.6(12.9) 1.8(35.2) Record low °C (°F) −21.9(−7.4) −18.9(−2.0) −14.6(5.7) −7.9(17.8) −1.2(29.8) 3.9(39.0) 6.5(43.7) 5.9(42.6) 0.1(32.2) −7.5(18.5) −15.6(3.9) −21.1(−6.0) −21.9(−7.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.1(0.04) 1.3(0.05) 5.2(0.20) 15.1(0.59) 42.9(1.69) 52.4(2.06) 72.8(2.87) 68.3(2.69) 53.6(2.11) 20.6(0.81) 2.9(0.11) 0.7(0.03) 336.9(13.25) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.1 2.3 3.8 5.5 10.2 13.1 13.5 12.4 12.4 7.2 2.5 1.6 86.6 Average snowy days 4.0 4.6 5.4 2.3 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 1.2 3.9 3.0 24.8 Average relative humidity (%) 45 43 42 42 50 56 61 63 67 62 52 48 53 Mean monthly sunshine hours 202.4 208.5 236.1 245.7 252.1 234.4 240.4 231.4 192.8 209.2 207.2 202.1 2,662.3 Percent possible sunshine 65 67 63 62 58 54 54 56 53 61 68 68 61 Source: China Meteorological Administration Administrative divisions Map Ledu Ping'an MinheCounty HuzhuCounty HualongCounty XunhuaCounty Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population(2010 Census) Area (km²) Density(/km²) Ping'an District 平安区 Píng'ān Qū 102,975 750 137 Ledu District 乐都区 Lèdū Qū 260,185 2,821 92 Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County 民和回族土族自治县 Mínhé Huízú TǔzúZìzhìxiàn 350,118 1,780 197 Huzhu Tu Autonomous County 互助土族自治县 Hùzhù TǔzúZìzhìxiàn 356,437 3,321 107 Hualong Hui Autonomous County 化隆回族自治县 Huàlóng HuízúZìzhìxiàn 203,317 2,740 74 Xunhua Salar Autonomous County 循化撒拉族自治县 Xúnhuà SǎlāzúZìzhìxiàn 123,814 1,749 70 Demographics As of 2005, the total population of Haidong is approximately 1,480,000. It is the most densely populated area of Qinghai, with almost a third of the province's population (its surface makes up only two percent of Qinghai). You can help expand this section with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (November 2021) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|海东市}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. References ^ "2021年海东市人口常住户籍总人数口和第七次人口普查结果-红黑人口库2021年". ^ 青海省统计局、国家统计局青海调查总队 (August 2016). 《青海统计年鉴－2016》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7834-6. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-06-05. ^ 2013年县级以上行政区划变更情况. XZQH (行政区划网). Retrieved 28 February 2013. ^ "海 东 市 市 情". www.haidong.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-02-23. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023. Further reading A. Gruschke: The Cultural Monuments of Tibet’s Outer Provinces: Amdo - Volume 1. The Qinghai Part of Amdo, White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2001. ISBN 974-480-049-6 Tsering Shakya: The Dragon in the Land of Snows. A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, London 1999, ISBN 0-14-019615-3 vteCounty-level divisions of Qinghai Province Xining (capital) Prefecture-levelcitiesXining Chengzhong District Chengdong District Chengxi District Chengbei District Huangzhong District Datong County Huangyuan County Haidong Ledu District Ping'an District Minhe County Huzhu County Hualong County Xunhua County AutonomousprefecturesHaibei Haiyan County Qilian County Gangca County Menyuan County Huangnan Tongren city Jainca County Zêkog County Henan County Hainan Gonghe County Tongde County Guide County Xinghai County Guinan County Golog Maqên County Banma County Gadê County Darlag County Jigzhi County Madoi County Yushu Yushu city Zadoi County Chindu County Zhidoi County Nangqên County Qumarlêb County Haixi Delingha city Golmud city Mangnai city Ulan County Dulan County Tianjun County Da Qaidam Administrative Zone 1 1 These are administrative zones, which are not standard units of local government, though they do function as such. vte Prefecture-level divisions of ChinaNotes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧"Comparatively larger city " (较大的市) as approved by the State CouncilProvincesAnhui *Hefei Wuhu Bengbu Huainan Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fuyang Suzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian *Fuzhou ★Xiamen Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Gansu *Lanzhou Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Linxia (Hui) Gannan (Tibetan) Guangdong *★Guangzhou ★Shenzhen Shaoguan Zhuhai Shantou Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Yangjiang Shanwei Heyuan Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Jieyang Yunfu Guizhou *Guiyang Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao) Qiannan (Buyei and Miao) Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong) Hainan *Haikou Sanya Danzhou Sansha *Wuzhishan *Qionghai *Wenchang *Wanning *Dongfang *Ding'an County *Tunchang County *Chengmai County *Lingao County *Baisha County (Li) *Changjiang County (Li) *Ledong County (Li) *Lingshui County (Li) *Baoting County (Li and Miao) *Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao) Hebei *Shijiazhuang ✧Tangshan Qinhuangdao Handan Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou "Kalgan" Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Henan *Zhengzhou Kaifeng Luoyang Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian *Jiyuan Hubei *★Wuhan Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jingzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Enshi (Tujia and Miao) *Xiantao *Qianjiang *Tianmen *Shennongjia Forestry District Heilongjiang *★Harbin Qiqihar Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Daxing'anling Prefecture Hunan *Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao) Jilin *★Changchun Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Yanbian (Korean) Jiangsu *★Nanjing Wuxi Xuzhou Changzhou ✧Suzhou Nantong Lianyungang Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Taizhou Suqian Jiangxi *Nanchang Jingdezhen Pingxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Ji'an Yichun Fuzhou Shangrao Liaoning *★Shenyang ★Dalian Anshan Fushun Benxi Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Qinghai *Xining Haidong Haibei (Tibetan) Huangnan (Tibetan) Hainan (Tibetan) Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan) Yushu (Tibetan) Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan) Sichuan *★Chengdu Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Bazhong Ziyang Ya'an Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang) Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan) Liangshan (Yi) Shaanxi *★Xi'an Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yulin Ankang Shangluo Shandong *★Jinan ★Qingdao Zibo Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai Weifang Jining Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Shanxi *Taiyuan Datong Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Taiwan *Taibei Gaoxiong Xinbei Taizhong Tainan Taoyuan Yunnan *Kunming Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lijiang Pu'er Lincang Chuxiong (Yi) Honghe (Hani and Yi) Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao) Xishuangbanna (Dai) Dali (Bai) Dehong (Dai and Jingpo) Nujiang (Lisu) Dêqên (Tibetan) Zhejiang *★Hangzhou ★Ningbo ✧Wenzhou Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Taizhou Lishui Autonomous regionsGuangxi *Nanning Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yulin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Ningxia *Yinchuan Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Inner Mongolia *Hohhot ✧Baotou Wuhai Chifeng "Ulankhad" Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur "Bayannao'er" Ulanqab Hinggan League Xilingol League Alxa League "Ālāshàn League" Xinjiang *Ürümqi Karamay Turpan Hami Changji (Hui) Bortala (Mongol) Bayingolin (Mongol) Kizilsu (Kyrgyz) ( ☆Ili (Kazakh) Tacheng Prefecture Altay Prefecture ) Aksu Prefecture Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture Hotan Prefecture *Shihezi *Aral *Tumxuk *Wujiaqu *Beitun *Tiemenguan *Shuanghe *Kokdala *Kunyu *Huyanghe *Xinxing Tibet *Lhasa Shigatse "Xigazê" Chamdo "Qamdo" Nyingchi "Linzhi" Shannan Nagqu Ngari Prefecture Direct-administered municipalities Beijing Tianjin Shanghai Chongqing Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau See also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haedong (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haedong_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"36°28′24″N 102°24′38″E / 36.4734°N 102.4106°E / 36.4734; 102.4106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haidong&params=36.4734_N_102.4106_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-63_source:Gaode"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"},{"link_name":"(Qinghai) Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai_Lake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Xining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xining"},{"link_name":"Golmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golmud"},{"link_name":"Qiang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_people"},{"link_name":"Huo Qubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huo_Qubing"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Ledu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledu_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Haedong (disambiguation).36°28′24″N 102°24′38″E / 36.4734°N 102.4106°E / 36.4734; 102.4106Prefecture-level city in Qinghai, ChinaHaidong (Chinese: 海东市; pinyin: Hǎidōng shì) is a prefecture-level city of Qinghai province in Western China. Its name literally means \"east of the (Qinghai) Lake.\" On 8 February 2013 Haidong was upgraded from a prefecture (海东地区) into a prefecture-level city.[3] Haidong is the third most populous administrative division in Qinghai after Xining and Golmud.Haidong was historically populated by the Qiang people, although the area has been inhabited as early as 6000 years ago. In 121 BC the area was captured by Huo Qubing, defeating the Xiongnu. In 399 AD the Xianbei founded the state of Nanliang, with its capital in Ledu District.[4]","title":"Haidong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xining"},{"link_name":"Datong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong_River"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Tsongkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsongkha"}],"text":"Haidong is the easternmost division of Qinghai province. It is bounded by Xining, the provincial capital, to the West, the Datong River Valley to the north, Gansu to the east, and the Yellow River to the south. Mountain ranges tower above the district of which the main valley is the one of the Huang Shui (Tib. Tsong Chu), a major tributary of the Yellow River. This valley stretches from west to east and makes up - together with the area around Xining, the landscape which is called Tsongkha (\"Onion Valley\") by Tibetans. It has a total area of 13,100 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ping'an District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping%27an_District"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Climate data for Haidong (Ping'an District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n15.3(59.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−6.1(21.0)\n\n−2.1(28.2)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n−4.7(23.5)\n\n7.5(45.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−12.1(10.2)\n\n−8.4(16.9)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n−4.6(23.7)\n\n−10.6(12.9)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−21.9(−7.4)\n\n−18.9(−2.0)\n\n−14.6(5.7)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n−7.5(18.5)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−21.1(−6.0)\n\n−21.9(−7.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n1.1(0.04)\n\n1.3(0.05)\n\n5.2(0.20)\n\n15.1(0.59)\n\n42.9(1.69)\n\n52.4(2.06)\n\n72.8(2.87)\n\n68.3(2.69)\n\n53.6(2.11)\n\n20.6(0.81)\n\n2.9(0.11)\n\n0.7(0.03)\n\n336.9(13.25)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.1\n\n2.3\n\n3.8\n\n5.5\n\n10.2\n\n13.1\n\n13.5\n\n12.4\n\n12.4\n\n7.2\n\n2.5\n\n1.6\n\n86.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n4.0\n\n4.6\n\n5.4\n\n2.3\n\n0.3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n1.2\n\n3.9\n\n3.0\n\n24.8\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n45\n\n43\n\n42\n\n42\n\n50\n\n56\n\n61\n\n63\n\n67\n\n62\n\n52\n\n48\n\n53\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n202.4\n\n208.5\n\n236.1\n\n245.7\n\n252.1\n\n234.4\n\n240.4\n\n231.4\n\n192.8\n\n209.2\n\n207.2\n\n202.1\n\n2,662.3\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n65\n\n67\n\n63\n\n62\n\n58\n\n54\n\n54\n\n56\n\n53\n\n61\n\n68\n\n68\n\n61\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"}],"text":"As of 2005, the total population of Haidong is approximately 1,480,000. It is the most densely populated area[clarification needed] of Qinghai, with almost a third of the province's population (its surface makes up only two percent of Qinghai).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"974-480-049-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-480-049-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-019615-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019615-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qinghai"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Qinghai"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qinghai"},{"link_name":"County-level divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Qinghai"},{"link_name":"Qinghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China"},{"link_name":"Xining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xining"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_capitals_of_Chinese_provinces"},{"link_name":"Prefecture-levelcities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Xining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xining"},{"link_name":"Chengzhong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengzhong_District,_Xining"},{"link_name":"Chengdong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdong_District"},{"link_name":"Chengxi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengxi_District"},{"link_name":"Chengbei District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengbei_District"},{"link_name":"Huangzhong 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(Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an"},{"link_name":"Tongchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongchuan"},{"link_name":"Baoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji"},{"link_name":"Xianyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianyang"},{"link_name":"Weinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinan"},{"link_name":"Yan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an"},{"link_name":"Hanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzhong"},{"link_name":"Yulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Ankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankang"},{"link_name":"Shangluo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangluo"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Zibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibo"},{"link_name":"Zaozhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaozhuang"},{"link_name":"Dongying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongying"},{"link_name":"Yantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai"},{"link_name":"Weifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weifang"},{"link_name":"Jining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jining"},{"link_name":"Tai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%27an"},{"link_name":"Weihai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihai"},{"link_name":"Rizhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizhao"},{"link_name":"Linyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linyi"},{"link_name":"Dezhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezhou"},{"link_name":"Liaocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaocheng"},{"link_name":"Binzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binzhou"},{"link_name":"Heze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heze"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Yangquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangquan"},{"link_name":"Changzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhi"},{"link_name":"Jincheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jincheng"},{"link_name":"Shuozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuozhou"},{"link_name":"Jinzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinzhong"},{"link_name":"Yuncheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuncheng"},{"link_name":"Xinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzhou"},{"link_name":"Linfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfen"},{"link_name":"Lüliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCliang"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taibei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Gaoxiong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Xinbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taizhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Kunming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunming"},{"link_name":"Qujing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qujing"},{"link_name":"Yuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuxi"},{"link_name":"Baoshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Zhaotong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaotong"},{"link_name":"Lijiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijiang"},{"link_name":"Pu'er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%27er_City"},{"link_name":"Lincang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincang"},{"link_name":"Chuxiong (Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Honghe (Hani and Yi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Xishuangbanna (Dai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Dali (Bai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Nujiang (Lisu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Dêqên (Tibetan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"Wenzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiaxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaxing"},{"link_name":"Huzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huzhou"},{"link_name":"Shaoxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoxing"},{"link_name":"Jinhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinhua"},{"link_name":"Quzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhoushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhoushan"},{"link_name":"Taizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Lishui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lishui"},{"link_name":"Autonomous regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Nanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanning"},{"link_name":"Liuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhou"},{"link_name":"Guilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilin"},{"link_name":"Wuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzhou"},{"link_name":"Beihai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai"},{"link_name":"Fangchenggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangchenggang"},{"link_name":"Qinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinzhou"},{"link_name":"Guigang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigang"},{"link_name":"Yulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi"},{"link_name":"Baise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise"},{"link_name":"Hezhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezhou"},{"link_name":"Hechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hechi"},{"link_name":"Laibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laibin"},{"link_name":"Chongzuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongzuo"},{"link_name":"Ningxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia"},{"link_name":"Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"link_name":"Shizuishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuishan"},{"link_name":"Wuzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia"},{"link_name":"Guyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyuan"},{"link_name":"Zhongwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongwei"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Hohhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohhot"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"link_name":"Wuhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhai"},{"link_name":"Chifeng \"Ulankhad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifeng"},{"link_name":"Tongliao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongliao"},{"link_name":"Ordos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_City"},{"link_name":"Hulunbuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulunbuir"},{"link_name":"Bayannur \"Bayannao'er\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayannur"},{"link_name":"Ulanqab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanqab"},{"link_name":"Hinggan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinggan_League"},{"link_name":"Xilingol League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilingol_League"},{"link_name":"Alxa League \"Ālāshàn League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxa_League"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi"},{"link_name":"Karamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamay"},{"link_name":"Turpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan"},{"link_name":"Hami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hami"},{"link_name":"Changji (Hui)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Bortala (Mongol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Bayingolin (Mongol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Ili (Kazakh)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tacheng Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Altay Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Aksu Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kashgar \"Kashi\" Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Hotan Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shihezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihezi"},{"link_name":"Aral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Tumxuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumxuk"},{"link_name":"Wujiaqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujiaqu"},{"link_name":"Beitun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Tiemenguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiemenguan_City"},{"link_name":"Shuanghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanghe"},{"link_name":"Kokdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokdala"},{"link_name":"Kunyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Huyanghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyanghe"},{"link_name":"Xinxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)"},{"link_name":"Shigatse \"Xigazê\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigatse"},{"link_name":"Chamdo \"Qamdo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamdo"},{"link_name":"Nyingchi \"Linzhi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingchi"},{"link_name":"Shannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Nagqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagqu"},{"link_name":"Ngari Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Direct-administered municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"Special administrative regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"List of prefectures in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prefectures_in_China"},{"link_name":"List of cities in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China"}],"text":"A. Gruschke: The Cultural Monuments of Tibet’s Outer Provinces: Amdo - Volume 1. The Qinghai Part of Amdo, White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2001. ISBN 974-480-049-6\nTsering Shakya: The Dragon in the Land of Snows. A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947, London 1999, ISBN 0-14-019615-3vteCounty-level divisions of Qinghai Province\nXining (capital)\nPrefecture-levelcitiesXining\nChengzhong District\nChengdong District\nChengxi District\nChengbei District\nHuangzhong District\nDatong County\nHuangyuan County\nHaidong\nLedu District\nPing'an District\nMinhe County\nHuzhu County\nHualong County\nXunhua County\nAutonomousprefecturesHaibei\nHaiyan County\nQilian County\nGangca County\nMenyuan County\nHuangnan\nTongren city\nJainca County\nZêkog County\nHenan County\nHainan\nGonghe County\nTongde County\nGuide County\nXinghai County\nGuinan County\nGolog\nMaqên County\nBanma County\nGadê County\nDarlag County\nJigzhi County\nMadoi County\nYushu\nYushu city\nZadoi County\nChindu County\nZhidoi County\nNangqên County\nQumarlêb County\nHaixi\nDelingha city\nGolmud city\nMangnai city\nUlan County\nDulan County\nTianjun County\n\nDa Qaidam Administrative Zone 1\n\n1 These are administrative zones, which are not standard units of local government, though they do function as such.vte Prefecture-level divisions of ChinaNotes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧\"Comparatively larger city [zh]\" (较大的市) as approved by the State CouncilProvincesAnhui\n*Hefei\nWuhu\nBengbu\nHuainan\nMa'anshan\nHuaibei\nTongling\nAnqing\nHuangshan\nChuzhou\nFuyang\nSuzhou\nLu'an\nBozhou\nChizhou\nXuancheng\nFujian\n*Fuzhou\n★Xiamen\nPutian\nSanming\nQuanzhou\nZhangzhou\nNanping\nLongyan\nNingde\nGansu\n*Lanzhou\nJiayuguan\nJinchang\nBaiyin\nTianshui\nWuwei\nZhangye\nPingliang\nJiuquan\nQingyang\nDingxi\nLongnan\nLinxia (Hui)\nGannan (Tibetan)\nGuangdong\n*★Guangzhou\n★Shenzhen\nShaoguan\nZhuhai\nShantou\nFoshan\nJiangmen\nZhanjiang\nMaoming\nZhaoqing\nHuizhou\nMeizhou\nYangjiang\nShanwei\nHeyuan\nQingyuan\nDongguan\nZhongshan\nJieyang\nYunfu\nGuizhou\n*Guiyang\nLiupanshui\nZunyi\nAnshun\nBijie\nTongren\nQianxinan (Buyei and Miao)\nQiannan (Buyei and Miao)\nQiandongnan (Miao and Dong)\nHainan\n*Haikou\nSanya\nDanzhou\nSansha\n*Wuzhishan\n*Qionghai\n*Wenchang\n*Wanning\n*Dongfang\n*Ding'an County\n*Tunchang County\n*Chengmai County\n*Lingao County\n*Baisha County (Li)\n*Changjiang County (Li)\n*Ledong County (Li)\n*Lingshui County (Li)\n*Baoting County (Li and Miao)\n*Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao)\nHebei\n*Shijiazhuang\n✧Tangshan\nQinhuangdao\nHandan\nXingtai\nBaoding\nZhangjiakou \"Kalgan\"\nChengde\nCangzhou\nLangfang\nHengshui\nHenan\n*Zhengzhou\nKaifeng\nLuoyang\nPingdingshan\nAnyang\nHebi\nXinxiang\nJiaozuo\nPuyang\nXuchang\nLuohe\nSanmenxia\nNanyang\nShangqiu\nXinyang\nZhoukou\nZhumadian\n*Jiyuan\nHubei\n*★Wuhan\nHuangshi\nShiyan\nYichang\nXiangyang\nEzhou\nJingmen\nXiaogan\nJingzhou\nHuanggang\nXianning\nSuizhou\nEnshi (Tujia and Miao)\n*Xiantao\n*Qianjiang\n*Tianmen\n*Shennongjia Forestry District\nHeilongjiang\n*★Harbin\nQiqihar\nJixi\nHegang\nShuangyashan\nDaqing\nYichun\nJiamusi\nQitaihe\nMudanjiang\nHeihe\nSuihua\nDaxing'anling Prefecture\nHunan\n*Changsha\nZhuzhou\nXiangtan\nHengyang\nShaoyang\nYueyang\nChangde\nZhangjiajie\nYiyang\nChenzhou\nYongzhou\nHuaihua\nLoudi\nXiangxi (Tujia and Miao)\nJilin\n*★Changchun\nJilin\nSiping\nLiaoyuan\nTonghua\nBaishan\nSongyuan\nBaicheng\nYanbian (Korean)\nJiangsu\n*★Nanjing\nWuxi\nXuzhou\nChangzhou\n✧Suzhou\nNantong\nLianyungang\nHuai'an\nYancheng\nYangzhou\nZhenjiang\nTaizhou\nSuqian\nJiangxi\n*Nanchang\nJingdezhen\nPingxiang\nJiujiang\nXinyu\nYingtan\nGanzhou\nJi'an\nYichun\nFuzhou\nShangrao\nLiaoning\n*★Shenyang\n★Dalian\nAnshan\nFushun\nBenxi\nDandong\nJinzhou\nYingkou\nFuxin\nLiaoyang\nPanjin\nTieling\nChaoyang\nHuludao\nQinghai\n*Xining\nHaidong\nHaibei (Tibetan)\nHuangnan (Tibetan)\nHainan (Tibetan)\nGolog \"Guolog\" (Tibetan)\nYushu (Tibetan)\nHaixi \"Qaidam\" (Mongol and Tibetan)\nSichuan\n*★Chengdu\nZigong\nPanzhihua\nLuzhou\nDeyang\nMianyang\nGuangyuan\nSuining\nNeijiang\nLeshan\nNanchong\nMeishan\nYibin\nGuang'an\nDazhou\nBazhong\nZiyang\nYa'an\nNgawa \"Aba\" (Tibetan and Qiang)\nGarzê \"Ganzi\" (Tibetan)\nLiangshan (Yi)\nShaanxi\n*★Xi'an\nTongchuan\nBaoji\nXianyang\nWeinan\nYan'an\nHanzhong\nYulin\nAnkang\nShangluo\nShandong\n*★Jinan\n★Qingdao\nZibo\nZaozhuang\nDongying\nYantai\nWeifang\nJining\nTai'an\nWeihai\nRizhao\nLinyi\nDezhou\nLiaocheng\nBinzhou\nHeze\nShanxi\n*Taiyuan\nDatong\nYangquan\nChangzhi\nJincheng\nShuozhou\nJinzhong\nYuncheng\nXinzhou\nLinfen\nLüliang\nTaiwan\n*Taibei\nGaoxiong\nXinbei\nTaizhong\nTainan\nTaoyuan\nYunnan\n*Kunming\nQujing\nYuxi\nBaoshan\nZhaotong\nLijiang\nPu'er\nLincang\nChuxiong (Yi)\nHonghe (Hani and Yi)\nWenshan (Zhuang and Miao)\nXishuangbanna (Dai)\nDali (Bai)\nDehong (Dai and Jingpo)\nNujiang (Lisu)\nDêqên (Tibetan)\nZhejiang\n*★Hangzhou\n★Ningbo\n✧Wenzhou\nJiaxing\nHuzhou\nShaoxing\nJinhua\nQuzhou\nZhoushan\nTaizhou\nLishui\nAutonomous regionsGuangxi\n*Nanning\nLiuzhou\nGuilin\nWuzhou\nBeihai\nFangchenggang\nQinzhou\nGuigang\nYulin\nBaise\nHezhou\nHechi\nLaibin\nChongzuo\nNingxia\n*Yinchuan\nShizuishan\nWuzhong\nGuyuan\nZhongwei\nInner Mongolia\n*Hohhot\n✧Baotou\nWuhai\nChifeng \"Ulankhad\"\nTongliao\nOrdos\nHulunbuir\nBayannur \"Bayannao'er\"\nUlanqab\nHinggan League\nXilingol League\nAlxa League \"Ālāshàn League\"\nXinjiang\n*Ürümqi\nKaramay\nTurpan\nHami\nChangji (Hui)\nBortala (Mongol)\nBayingolin (Mongol)\nKizilsu (Kyrgyz)\n( ☆Ili (Kazakh)\nTacheng Prefecture\nAltay Prefecture )\nAksu Prefecture\nKashgar \"Kashi\" Prefecture\nHotan Prefecture\n*Shihezi\n*Aral\n*Tumxuk\n*Wujiaqu\n*Beitun\n*Tiemenguan\n*Shuanghe\n*Kokdala\n*Kunyu\n*Huyanghe\n*Xinxing\nTibet\n*Lhasa\nShigatse \"Xigazê\"\nChamdo \"Qamdo\"\nNyingchi \"Linzhi\"\nShannan\nNagqu\nNgari Prefecture\nDirect-administered municipalities\nBeijing\nTianjin\nShanghai\nChongqing\nSpecial administrative regions\nHong Kong\nMacau\nSee also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalloyau
Dalloyau
["1 History","2 Opera Cake: Dalloyau's most famous pastry","3 Points of sale","4 References","5 External links","6 Sources"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DalloyauCompany typePrivateIndustryBakeryFounded1682; 342 years ago (1682)HeadquartersParis, FranceNumber of locations11 points of sale in France2 private reception areas28 international locations (2016)Key peopleNadine Gavillon-Bernardé (CEO)ProductsOpera cake Dalloyau (French pronunciation: ) is a Paris-based food company founded in 1682. Dalloyau is a family-owned and independent business. In 1993, Nadine Gavillon-Bernardé became the company's CEO. Since 2001, the company is a member of the "Comité Colbert". Dalloyau opened its first shop abroad in 1982 in Tokyo. By 2009, Dalloyau had opened 31 shops. History In 1682, Charles Dalloyau worked for Louis XIV. Dalloyau and his brothers worked for the Court as "Officiers de bouche", the highest French gastronomy distinction at the time. In 1802, Jean-Baptiste Dalloyau founded the "Dalloyau, house of gastronomy". He settled in Paris at rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, the current address of Dalloyau's main Paris shop. Opera Cake: Dalloyau's most famous pastry Main article: Opera cake This cake was invented in 1955 by Cyriaque Gavillon from Dalloyau. He wanted to create a new cake shape with visible layers and for which only one bite would give the whole cake's taste. It is his spouse, Andrée Gavillon, that named it "Opéra" in tribute to the auditorium of the Palais Garnier. The Opera is a rectangular cake composed of three thin layers of almond sponge cake soaked in coffee syrup alternating between layers of coffee butter cream and chocolate glaze topped with ganache. Points of sale In 2016, Dalloyau has eleven points of sale in France: 10 in Ile-de-France and one in Marseille. Dalloyau also has two private reception areas: the Petit-Palais in Domaine de Chantilly and the Domaine de Vert-Mont in Rueil-Malmaison. Abroad, Dalloyau opened its first overseas boutique in 1982 in Tokyo, Japan. Since 2018, Dalloyau runs a network of franchises with 28 stores and corners abroad: twenty in Japan, four in Hong Kong, three in South Korea, two in Dubai, and two in Baku. References ^ Grand Larousse Gastronomique. Larousse. 2007, cited in French Wikipedia article "Dalloyau".{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "L'Opéra" (in French). Dalloyau. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ^ MC de La Roche (4 March 2012). "Dalloyau au Moulin-Rouge, la fête des sens — Des petits rats de l'Opéra aux Doriss girls" . Madame Figaro. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ DALLOYAU Hong Kong External links Official website Sources Le grand Larousse gastronomique, 2007, page 595 Archives of the "Château de Chantilly" Laurent Baudoin, historian Dominique Michel, food historian Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allen_(cricketer)
Ian Allen (cricketer)
["1 References"]
West Indian cricketer Ian AllenCricket informationBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm fast-mediumInternational information National sideWest IndiesTest debut20 June 1991 v EnglandLast Test4 July 1991 v England Career statistics Competition Test First-class Matches 2 46 Runs scored 5 506 Batting average – 11.76 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 Top score 4* 36 Balls bowled 282 6,606 Wickets 5 98 Bowling average 36.00 38.11 5 wickets in innings 0 2 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 2/69 7/48 Catches/stumpings 1/– 18/–Source: CricInfo, 31 October 2022 Ian Basil Alston Allen (born 6 October 1965) is a former West Indian international cricketer who played in two Test matches in 1991. Allen played for the Windward Islands, and his two Test matches came on the West Indies tour of England in 1991. He made his debut at Lord's against England as a replacement for Patrick Patterson. He took five wickets in total in his two Tests, his most important intervention coming at Trent Bridge when he ended a troublesome second-innings last-wicket stand by dismissing David Lawrence. The West Indies went onto win the match to draw level in the Test series, although Allen then lost his place when Patterson returned from injury. After playing Allen was reported to be interested in the post of West Indies coach in 2007. Later he coached the Windward Islands. References ^ "Full Scorecard of England v West Indies 2nd Test". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2022. ^ "Full Scorecard of England v West Indies 3rd Test". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2022. ^ "West Indies vacancy interests Whatmore and Dyson". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2022. ^ "Windward confident of claiming maiden title". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 12 July 2022. This biographical article related to cricket in Saint Vincent is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_glottalization
T-glottalization
["1 History","2 Glottal reinforcement (pre-glottalization)","3 Glottal replacement","4 North American dialects","5 See also","6 References"]
Pronouncing "t" as a glottal stop "Bri'ish" redirects here. For other uses, see British. History and description ofEnglish pronunciation Historical stages Old English Middle English General development In Old English In Scots Development of vowels A Close back Close front Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back Pre-L Pre-R Development of consonants Single consonants Clusters Variable features Cot–caught merger Drawl Flapping H-dropping L-vocalization NG R Rhoticity T-glottalization TH WH Related topics History of English Spelling vte This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In English phonology, t-glottalization or t-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents, particularly in the United Kingdom, that causes the phoneme /t/ to be pronounced as the glottal stop ⓘ in certain positions. It is never universal, especially in careful speech, and it most often alternates with other allophones of /t/ such as ⓘ, , (before a nasal), (before a lateral), or . As a sound change, it is a subtype of debuccalization. The pronunciation that it results in is called glottalization. Apparently, glottal reinforcement, which is quite common in English, is a stage preceding full replacement of the stop, and indeed, reinforcement and replacement can be in free variation. History The earliest mentions of the process are in Scotland during the 19th century, when Henry Sweet commented on the phenomenon. Peter Trudgill has argued that it began in Norfolk, based on studies of rural dialects of those born in the 1870s. The SED fieldworker Peter Wright found it in areas of Lancashire and said, "It is considered a lazy habit, but may have been in some dialects for hundreds of years." Most early English dialectology focussed on rural areas, so it is hard to establish how long the process has existed in urban areas. It has long been seen as a feature of Cockney dialect, and a 1955 study on Leeds dialect wrote that it occurred with "monotonous regularity" before consonants and often between vowel sounds. David Crystal claims that the sound can be heard in Received Pronunciation (RP) speakers from the early 20th century such as Daniel Jones, Bertrand Russell and Ellen Terry. The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary claims that t-glottalization is now most common in London, Leeds, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. Uniquely for English in the West Indies, Barbadian English uses a glottal allophone for /t/, and also less frequently for /k/ and /p/. Glottal reinforcement (pre-glottalization) Pre-glottalization of /t/ is found in RP and General American (GA) when the consonant /t/ occurs before another consonant, or before a pause: pre-consonantal: get some lightning at last final (pre-pausal): wait bat about The glottal closure overlaps with the consonant that it precedes, but the articulatory movements involved can usually be observed only by using laboratory instruments. In words such as 'eaten' and 'button', pronounced with a glottal closure, it is generally almost impossible to know whether the /t/ has been pronounced (e.g. , ) or omitted (e.g. , ). However, in the same syllable coda position, /t/ may instead be analyzed as an unreleased stop. In some accents of English, /t/ may be pre-glottalized intervocalically if it occurs finally in a stressed syllable. In the north-east of England and East Anglia, pronunciations such as 'paper' , 'happy' are found. There is variation in the occurrence of glottalization within RP according to which consonant follows /t/: for example, some speakers do not glottalize /t/ when /r/ follows, in words such as 'petrol' /ˈpɛtrəl/, 'mattress' /ˈmætrəs/. T-glottalization rarely occurs syllable-initially in English but has been reported in some words that begin /tə/ in some northern dialects. Glottal replacement In RP, and in many accents such as Cockney, it is common for /t/ to be completely replaced by a glottal stop before another consonant, as in not now and department . This replacement also happens before a syllabic /n/, as in button (representable as ) and some pronunciations of pattern (representable as ). Among speakers of Britain, especially younger ones, glottal replacement of /t/ is frequently heard in intervocalic position before an unstressed vowel. It is most common between a stressed vowel and a reduced vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/): getting better (in GA, this is ); societies , detail (these are slightly less likely to be glottalized). In both RP and GA, /t/-replacement is found in absolute final position: let's start what or foot T-glottalization is believed to have been spreading in Southern England at a faster rate than th-fronting. Cruttenden comments that "Use of for /t/ word-medially intervocalically, as in water, still remains stigmatised in GB." (GB is his alternative term for RP). The increased use of glottal stops within RP is believed to be an influence from Cockney and other working-class urban speech. In a 1985 publication on the speech of West Yorkshire, KM Petyt found that t-glottalization was spreading from Bradford (where it had been reported in traditional dialect) to Halifax and Huddersfield (where it had not been reported in traditional dialect). In 1999, Shorrocks noted the phenomenon amongst young people in Bolton, Greater Manchester: "It is not at all typical of the traditional vernacular, in contradistinction to some other varieties of English, but younger people use medially between vowels more than their elders." Recent studies (Milroy, Milroy & Walshaw 1994, Fabricius 2000) have suggested that t-glottalization is increasing in RP speech. Prince Harry frequently glottalizes his t's. One study carried out by Anne Fabricius suggests that t-glottalization is increasing in RP, the reason for this being the dialect levelling of the Southeast. She has argued that a wave-like profile of t-glottalization has been going on through the regions, which has begun with speakers in London, due to the influence of Cockney. She says that this development is due to the population size of the capital, as well as London's dominance of the Southeast of England. However, Miroslav Ježek has argued that linguists attribute changes to London too readily, and that the evidence suggests that t-glottalization began in Scotland and worked its way down gradually to London. North American dialects While appearance is generally more restricted than Cockney, American and Canadian English accents feature t-glottalization, heard in the following contexts: Word finally or before a syllabic /n/ Latin , Important (Less commonly) across word boundaries. "Right ankle" "That apple" Glottal replacement - or even deletion entirely in quick speech - in the coda position of a syllable is a distinctive feature of the speech of some speakers in the U.S. state of Connecticut. T-glottalization, especially at word boundaries, is considered both a geographic and sociolinguistic phenomenon, with rates increasing both in the western U.S. and in younger female speakers. See also Glottalization Regional accents of English speakers Unreleased stop References ^ a b Lodge, Ken (2009). A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2. ^ Trudgill, Peter (2016). Dialect Matters: Respecting Vernacular Language. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781107130470. ^ Wright, Peter (1981), The Lanky Twang: How it is spoke, Lancaster: Dalesman, p. 22 ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. 323-327). Cambridge University Press. 0-52128540-2. ^ Courtney, Maureen R (1955), The Living Dialect of Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire, page 7. Available in the Leeds Archive of Vernacular Culture. ^ Crystal, David (2005), The Stories of English, Penguin, p. 416 ^ Jones, Daniel (2004), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, p. 216 ^ Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, page 584, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0 ^ Roach, P.J. (1979) `Laryngeal-oral coarticulation in glottalised English plosives', Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 9, pp. 1-6) ^ Odden, David (2005). Introduction to Phonology. Page 32. ^ Roach, P.J. `Glottalization of English /p,t,k,tʃ/ - a re-examination', Journal of the International Phonetic Association,3, 10-21. (1973) ^ KM Petyt, Dialect' and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, p. 219 ^ Docherty, Foulkes, Milroy, Milroy and Walshaw (1997) Descriptive adequacy in phonology in Journal of Linguistics 33, p. 290 ^ Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 240, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768 ^ Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold ^ Gimson, ed. A. Cruttenden (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. p. 184. ^ Petyt, K. M. (1985), Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 146–147 ^ Shorrocks, Graham (1999). A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area, Part 1. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 319. ISBN 3-631-33066-9. ^ Wells, John (29 February 2008), "Intonation idioms in the Germanic languages (ii)", John Wells's phonetic blog. Also see The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, p. 365 ^ Fabricius, Anne (2000), T-glottalling between stigma and prestige: A sociolinguistic study of Modern RP (PDF) (Ph.D.), p. 141, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04 ^ Ježek, Miroslav (2009), Upton's Model of RP: based on a research study into the current awareness of speakers and respondents of English (PDF) (M.A.), p. 27 ^ "The Connecticut Accent, or does Connecticut even have one?". New England Historical Society. 8 December 2019. ^ Eddington, David. "T-Glottalization in American English". Duke University Press. vteHistory of English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological historyVowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H-dropping L-vocalization Ng Rhoticity T-glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British"},{"link_name":"phonetic transcriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Help:IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters"},{"link_name":"English phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology"},{"link_name":"sound change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_change"},{"link_name":"English dialects and accents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language"},{"link_name":"/t/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"glottal stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"},{"link_name":"ʔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Glottal_stop.ogg/Glottal_stop.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glottal_stop.ogg"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg"},{"link_name":"debuccalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debuccalization"},{"link_name":"glottalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottalization"},{"link_name":"glottal reinforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_reinforcement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lodge-1"},{"link_name":"free variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_variation"}],"text":"\"Bri'ish\" redirects here. For other uses, see British.This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.In English phonology, t-glottalization or t-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents, particularly in the United Kingdom, that causes the phoneme /t/ to be pronounced as the glottal stop [ʔ] ⓘ in certain positions. It is never universal, especially in careful speech, and it most often alternates with other allophones of /t/ such as [t]ⓘ, [tʰ], [tⁿ] (before a nasal), [tˡ] (before a lateral), or [ɾ].As a sound change, it is a subtype of debuccalization. The pronunciation that it results in is called glottalization. Apparently, glottal reinforcement, which is quite common in English, is a stage preceding full replacement of the stop,[1] and indeed, reinforcement and replacement can be in free variation.","title":"T-glottalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Henry Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Peter Trudgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Trudgill"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dialectology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectology"},{"link_name":"Cockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Received Pronunciation (RP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"Ellen Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Terry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Barbadian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadian_English"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The earliest mentions of the process are in Scotland during the 19th century, when Henry Sweet commented on the phenomenon. Peter Trudgill has argued that it began in Norfolk, based on studies of rural dialects of those born in the 1870s.[2] The SED fieldworker Peter Wright found it in areas of Lancashire and said, \"It is considered a lazy habit, but may have been in some dialects for hundreds of years.\"[3]Most early English dialectology focussed on rural areas, so it is hard to establish how long the process has existed in urban areas. It has long been seen as a feature of Cockney dialect,[4] and a 1955 study on Leeds dialect wrote that it occurred with \"monotonous regularity\" before consonants and often between vowel sounds.[5] David Crystal claims that the sound can be heard in Received Pronunciation (RP) speakers from the early 20th century such as Daniel Jones, Bertrand Russell and Ellen Terry.[6] The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary claims that t-glottalization is now most common in London, Leeds, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.[7]Uniquely for English in the West Indies, Barbadian English uses a glottal allophone for /t/, and also less frequently for /k/ and /p/.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General American (GA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"unreleased stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_stop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lodge-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Pre-glottalization of /t/ is found in RP and General American (GA) when the consonant /t/ occurs before another consonant, or before a pause:pre-consonantal: get some [ˈɡɛʔt‿ˌsʌm] lightning [ˈlaɪʔtnɪŋ] at last [əʔt‿ˈlæst]\nfinal (pre-pausal): wait [weɪʔt] bat [bæʔt] about [əˈbaʊʔt]The glottal closure overlaps with the consonant that it precedes, but the articulatory movements involved can usually be observed only by using laboratory instruments.[9] In words such as 'eaten' and 'button', pronounced with a glottal closure, it is generally almost impossible to know whether the /t/ has been pronounced (e.g. [ˈiːʔtn̩], [ˈbʌʔtn̩]) or omitted (e.g. [ˈiːʔn̩], [ˈbʌʔn̩]).However, in the same syllable coda position, /t/ may instead be analyzed as an unreleased stop.[10]In some accents of English, /t/ may be pre-glottalized intervocalically if it occurs finally in a stressed syllable. In the north-east of England and East Anglia, pronunciations such as 'paper' [ˈpeɪʔpə], 'happy' [ˈhæʔpi] are found.[1]There is variation in the occurrence of glottalization within RP according to which consonant follows /t/: for example, some speakers do not glottalize /t/ when /r/ follows, in words such as 'petrol' /ˈpɛtrəl/, 'mattress' /ˈmætrəs/.[11]T-glottalization rarely occurs syllable-initially in English but has been reported in some words that begin /tə/ in some northern dialects.[12][13]","title":"Glottal reinforcement (pre-glottalization)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"Cockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gimson-15"},{"link_name":"/n/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"th-fronting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-fronting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"KM Petyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KM_Petyt"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bolton, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In RP, and in many accents such as Cockney, it is common for /t/ to be completely replaced by a glottal stop before another consonant,[14][15] as in not now [nɒʔnaʊ] and department [dɪpɑː(ɹ)ʔmənʔ]. This replacement also happens before a syllabic /n/, as in button (representable as [ˈbʌʔn̩]) and some pronunciations of pattern (representable as [ˈpæʔn̩]).Among speakers of Britain, especially younger ones, glottal replacement of /t/ is frequently heard in intervocalic position before an unstressed vowel. It is most common between a stressed vowel and a reduced vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/):getting better [ɡɛʔɪŋ bɛʔə(ɹ)] (in GA, this is [ɡɛɾɪŋ bɛɾɚ]);\nsocieties [səˈsaɪəʔiz], detail [ˈdiːʔeɪl] (these are slightly less likely to be glottalized).In both RP and GA, /t/-replacement is found in absolute final position:let's start [lɛʔ stɑː(ɹ)ʔ]\nwhat [wɒʔ] or [wɐʔ]\nfoot [fʊʔ]T-glottalization is believed to have been spreading in Southern England at a faster rate than th-fronting[citation needed]. Cruttenden comments that \"Use of [ʔ] for /t/ word-medially intervocalically, as in water, still remains stigmatised in GB.[16]\" (GB is his alternative term for RP). The increased use of glottal stops within RP is believed to be an influence from Cockney and other working-class urban speech.[citation needed] In a 1985 publication on the speech of West Yorkshire, KM Petyt found that t-glottalization was spreading from Bradford (where it had been reported in traditional dialect) to Halifax and Huddersfield (where it had not been reported in traditional dialect).[17] In 1999, Shorrocks noted the phenomenon amongst young people in Bolton, Greater Manchester: \"It is not at all typical of the traditional vernacular, in contradistinction to some other varieties of English, but younger people use [ʔ] medially between vowels more than their elders.\"[18]Recent studies (Milroy, Milroy & Walshaw 1994, Fabricius 2000) have suggested that t-glottalization is increasing in RP speech. Prince Harry frequently glottalizes his t's.[19] One study carried out by Anne Fabricius suggests that t-glottalization is increasing in RP, the reason for this being the dialect levelling of the Southeast. She has argued that a wave-like profile of t-glottalization has been going on through the regions, which has begun with speakers in London, due to the influence of Cockney. She says that this development is due to the population size of the capital, as well as London's dominance of the Southeast of England.[20] However, Miroslav Ježek has argued that linguists attribute changes to London too readily, and that the evidence suggests that t-glottalization began in Scotland and worked its way down gradually to London.[21]","title":"Glottal replacement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"While appearance is generally more restricted than Cockney, American and Canadian English accents feature t-glottalization, heard in the following contexts:Word finally or before a syllabic /n/\nLatin [læʔn̩],\nImportant [ˌɪmˈpɔɹʔn̩t]\n(Less commonly) across word boundaries.\n\"Right ankle\" [raɪʔ‿æŋkəl]\n\"That apple\" [ðæʔ‿æpəl]Glottal replacement - or even deletion entirely in quick speech - in the coda position of a syllable is a distinctive feature of the speech of some speakers in the U.S. state of Connecticut.[22]T-glottalization, especially at word boundaries, is considered both a geographic and sociolinguistic phenomenon, with rates increasing both in the western U.S. and in younger female speakers.[23]","title":"North American dialects"}]
[]
[{"title":"Glottalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottalization"},{"title":"Regional accents of English speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers"},{"title":"Unreleased stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_stop"}]
[{"reference":"Lodge, Ken (2009). A Critical Introduction to Phonetics. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC","url_text":"A Critical Introduction to Phonetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8873-2","url_text":"978-0-8264-8873-2"}]},{"reference":"Trudgill, Peter (2016). Dialect Matters: Respecting Vernacular Language. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781107130470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107130470","url_text":"9781107130470"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Peter (1981), The Lanky Twang: How it is spoke, Lancaster: Dalesman, p. 22","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crystal, David (2005), The Stories of English, Penguin, p. 416","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Daniel (2004), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, p. 216","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roach, Peter (2004), \"British English: Received Pronunciation\", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 240, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001768","url_text":"10.1017/S0025100304001768"}]},{"reference":"Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gimson, ed. A. Cruttenden (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. p. 184.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Petyt, K. M. (1985), Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, John Benjamins Publishing, pp. 146–147","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shorrocks, Graham (1999). A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area, Part 1. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 319. ISBN 3-631-33066-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-33066-9","url_text":"3-631-33066-9"}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (29 February 2008), \"Intonation idioms in the Germanic languages (ii)\", John Wells's phonetic blog.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0802b.htm","url_text":"\"Intonation idioms in the Germanic languages (ii)\""}]},{"reference":"Fabricius, Anne (2000), T-glottalling between stigma and prestige: A sociolinguistic study of Modern RP (PDF) (Ph.D.), p. 141, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-04","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304075849/http://www.akira.ruc.dk/~fabri/Fabricius-2000-PhD-thesis.pdf","url_text":"T-glottalling between stigma and prestige: A sociolinguistic study of Modern RP"},{"url":"http://www.akira.ruc.dk/~fabri/Fabricius-2000-PhD-thesis.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ježek, Miroslav (2009), Upton's Model of RP: based on a research study into the current awareness of speakers and respondents of English (PDF) (M.A.), p. 27","urls":[{"url":"http://is.muni.cz/th/109001/ff_m/diplomova_prace_Jezek.pdf","url_text":"Upton's Model of RP: based on a research study into the current awareness of speakers and respondents of English"}]},{"reference":"\"The Connecticut Accent, or does Connecticut even have one?\". New England Historical Society. 8 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-connecticut-accent-or-does-connecticut-even-have-one/","url_text":"\"The Connecticut Accent, or does Connecticut even have one?\""}]},{"reference":"Eddington, David. \"T-Glottalization in American English\". Duke University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article-abstract/84/3/298/5856/T-Glottalization-IN-AMERICAN-ENGLISH?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"T-Glottalization in American English\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Fleet_(disambiguation)
Sixth Fleet (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Sixth Fleet or 6th fleet may refer to: United States Sixth Fleet IJN 6th Fleet, Imperial Japanese Navy Luftflotte 6 Sixth Fleet (wargame), a 1975 Cold War wargame that simulates combat in the Mediterranean between Soviet forces and the American Sixth Fleet See also All pages with titles beginning with Sixth Fleet All pages with titles containing Sixth Fleet All pages with titles beginning with 6th fleet All pages with titles containing 6th fleet Fifth Fleet (disambiguation) Seventh Fleet (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about military units and formations which are associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbassay_Sessay
Gbassay Sessay
["1 References","2 External links"]
Sierra Leonean footballer Gbassay SesayPersonal informationFull name John Gbassay SessayDate of birth (1968-05-11) 11 May 1968 (age 56)Place of birth Batkanu, Sierra LeonePosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–1989 Estrela da Amadora 8 (1)1989–1990 Sporting Covilhã 33 (9)1990–1991 Amora 29 (0)1991–1992 Benfica e Castelo Branco 33 (10)1992–1994 Vitória Setúbal 53 (1)1994–1995 Paços de Ferreira 25 (0)1995–1996 Sporting Covilhã 26 (0)International career1994–1996 Sierra Leone 17 (5) *Club domestic league appearances and goals John Gbassay Sessay (born 11 May 1968) is a retired Sierra Leonean international footballer who played as a striker. Sessay played in the Portuguese Liga for Estrela da Amadora and Vitória Setúbal. Sessay was a member of the Sierra Leone national football team (the 'Leone Stars') squad at the 1994 African Nations Cup in Tunisia and the 1996 African Nations Cup in South Africa. He scored one of Sierra Leone's two goals as the Leone Stars defeated Burkina Faso in their opening match of the 1996 African Nations Cup. References ^ "Sessay (Gbassay John Sessay)" (in Portuguese). Fora de Jogo. Retrieved 11 February 2010. ^ Courtney, Barrie (15 August 2005). "African Nations Cup 1994 – Final Tournament Details". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. ^ Courtney, Barrie (18 March 2002). "African Nations Cup 1996 – Final Tournament Details". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. External links Gbassay Sessay at ForaDeJogo (archived) vteSierra Leone squad – 1994 African Cup of Nations GK B. Kamara GK Marah DF Bockarie DF Kallon DF A. Kamara DF Mo. Kanu DF King DF Mansaray DF A. Sessay MF Bangoura MF A. T. Conteh MF L. Conteh MF A. Kanu MF Karim MF Koroma MF Sama MF Tieh FW Allen FW K. Conteh FW George FW Mu. Kanu FW J. G. Sessay Coach: Zarpanelian vteSierra Leone squad – 1996 African Cup of Nations GK B. Kamara GK Marah DF Bah DF L. Bangura DF K. Conteh DF G. Bangura DF A. Kamara DF Koroma DF I. B. Kamara DF I. Kamara DF Sama MF Karim MF Ah. Kanu MF M. Kanu MF Wurie FW L. Conteh FW Sessay FW Mo. Kallon FW Mu. Kallon FW Ab. Kanu FW Sillah Coach: Palmgren This biographical article related to Sierra Leonean football (soccer) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteilungen_der_Litauischen_literarischen_Gesellschaft
Lithuanian Literary Society
["1 Activities","2 Chairmen","3 Members","4 Publications","5 See also","6 References"]
The Lithuanian Literary Society (German: Litauische literarische Gesellschaft) was a literary society dedicated to the Lithuanian language that was active from 1879 to about 1923 in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast). It was the first scientific society dedicated to Lithuanian studies. It sought to document, preserve, and study Lithuanian language, folklore, literature, and cultural heritage. Members of the society were mostly non-Lithuanian scholars (linguists and philologists) and conducted its proceedings in German. Activities It was established on October 14, 1879 in Tilsit by members of the Lithuanian Circle fellowship (Litauisches Kränzschen). Society members published scientific studies on the Lithuanian language and culture, collected and published examples of folklore (songs, fairy tales, etc.), collected samples of folk art and exhibited them in German institutions. From 1880 to 1912, the society published 31 issues of its journal Mitteilungen der Litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft. It also published 11 books. However, the society did not take a more active role in the Lithuanian National Revival: instead of trying to actively encourage and revive Lithuanian culture, it had a more fatalistic outlook and sought to record and preserve samples of what it considered to be a dying cultural heritage. Therefore, Lithuanian activists established their own societies and publications. However, Lithuanians did not establish their own learned society until 1907 when Jonas Basanavičius established the Lithuanian Scientific Society. The Lithuanian House in the Jakobsruh Park In 1905, the society constructed Lithuanian House (Litauer Heimathäuschen/Bauernhaus) in the Jakobsruh Park (Lithuanian: Jokūbynės parkas) in Tilsit. The house, a replica of a typical house of a Western Samogitian peasant, was constructed for a crafts fair. Visitors to the house could witness traditional crafts (weaving, spinning) and taste traditional Lithuanian food. During the fair, which lasted from June to September 1905, the house was visited by 25,000 people. After the fair, the house remained in the park and was converted into an ethnographic museum. After World War I, due to political tensions over the Klaipėda Region (Memelland) between Germany and Lithuania, the house lost its Lithuanian character: it was referred to only as the Village House (Heimathaus) and its exhibits were transferred to the Tilsit Museum of Local History. The building was probably destroyed during World War II (the last known photo is from 1943). The society had a library which grew to about 2000 volumes (1200 titles) by 1923. The library contained a few particularly rare books, including grammar Grammatica Litvanica (1654) by Daniel Klein and dictionary Vocabvlarivm Litthvanico-Germanicvm et Germanico-Litthvanicvm (1730) by Friederich Wilhelm Haack. The library also held an undated publication of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke's poem Pilkalnis, a fact which pushed the date of the first publication of the poem from 1931 to 1892 at the earliest. The publication was discovered and brought to researchers' attention only in 1980. After the disestablishment of the society, the library was transferred to the University of Königsberg. After World War II, the books ended up in the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Activities of the society diminished during World War I. Post-war economic crisis in Germany and German–Lithuanian conflict over the Klaipėda Region caused the society to cease its activities in 1923. However, exact circumstances of its closure are not known. Some sources claim that it was liquidated in 1925 when its last chairman, Aleksandras Kuršaitis, resigned, but a year later Lietuvos keleivis published a notice that the society changed its name and was reorganized. Chairmen Karl Rudolf Jacobi (1879–81) Maximilian J. A. Voelkel (1881–82) Karl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz (1882–89) Konrad Theodor Preuss (1890–98) Aleksandras Kuršaitis (1899–1923?) Members During its existence, the society had a total of 640 members: 91 in 1879, 206 in 1892, 228 in 1908, 217 in 1920. Among them were famous German, Russian, and other linguists and philologists, including Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Adalbert Bezzenberger, August Leskien, Aleksandăr Dorič, Filipp Fortunatow, Ferdinand de Saussure, Robert Gauthiot, Eduards Volters, Jan Aleksander Karłowicz, Max Müller, Jooseppi Julius Mikkola, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, Aukusti Niemi, Ludwig Passarge, Vilhelm Thomsen. Lithuanian members included Antanas Baranauskas, Jonas Basanavičius, Kazimieras Būga; Prussian Lithuanian members included Vilius Gaigalaitis, Erdmonas Simonaitis, Vydūnas, Dovas Zaunius. Publications The society published 11 books, the most prominent of them were: Two volumes of collection of Lithuanian songs by Christian Bartsch (Dainu Balsai. Melodieen litauischer Volkslieder gesammelt und mit Textübersetzung, Anmerkungen und Einleitung herausgegeben von C. Bartsch) in 1886 and 1889 Collection of Prussian Lithuanian prayer songs by Karl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz (Giesmiu balsai: Litauische Kirchen-Gesänge) in 1894 Collection of Lithuanian tales by Kristupas Jurkšaitis (Litauische Märchen und Erzählungen) in 1898 Description of daily life and traditions of Lithuanians from Stallupönen (now Nesterov) by Carl Cappeller (Kaip seneji Letuvninkai gyveno. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Kreise Stalluponen) in 1904 Three volumes of collection of Lithuanian tales about birds by Hugo Scheu and Aleksandras Kuršaitis (Pasakos apie paukščius: Žemaitische Tier-Fabeln) in 1913 See also Estonian Learned Society Finnish Literary Society Latvian Literary Society References ^ Google Books website, A History of the Baltic States’’, by Andres Kasekamp ^ a b c d e f Ašmys, Vilius; Domas Kaunas; Hansas Masalskis (2003). "Lietuvių literatūros draugija". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 628–629. ISBN 5-420-01470-X. ^ Senn, Alfred Erich (1980). Jonas Basanavičius: The Patriarch of the Lithuanian National Renaissance. East European Biography Series. Oriental Research Partners. p. 10. ISBN 0-89250-251-7. ^ Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 76. ISBN 978-0230364516. ^ a b c Bacevičius, Egidijus (November 24, 2010). "Jokūbynės parkas puošė Tilžę ir žadino lietuvninkų sąmoningumą". Šilainės sodas. 20 (116). ISSN 1648-2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. ^ a b Kaunas, Domas (2003). "Lietuvių literatūros draugijos biblioteka". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 629. ISBN 5-420-01470-X. ^ Milkus, Kristijonas Gotlybas (1990). Liucija Citavičiūtė, Juozas Girdzijauskas (ed.). Pilkainis: poezija, proza. Foreword and notes by Juozas Girdzijauskas. Vaga Publishers . pp. 36–48, 421–430. ISBN 5-415-00464-5. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef
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From 1880 to 1912, the society published 31 issues of its journal Mitteilungen der Litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft. It also published 11 books.[2] However, the society did not take a more active role in the Lithuanian National Revival: instead of trying to actively encourage and revive Lithuanian culture, it had a more fatalistic outlook and sought to record and preserve samples of what it considered to be a dying cultural heritage.[3] Therefore, Lithuanian activists established their own societies and publications. However, Lithuanians did not establish their own learned society until 1907 when Jonas Basanavičius established the Lithuanian Scientific Society.[4]The Lithuanian House in the Jakobsruh ParkIn 1905, the society constructed Lithuanian House (Litauer Heimathäuschen/Bauernhaus) in the Jakobsruh Park (Lithuanian: Jokūbynės parkas) in Tilsit.[5] The house, a replica of a typical house of a Western Samogitian peasant, was constructed for a crafts fair. Visitors to the house could witness traditional crafts (weaving, spinning) and taste traditional Lithuanian food. During the fair, which lasted from June to September 1905, the house was visited by 25,000 people.[5] After the fair, the house remained in the park and was converted into an ethnographic museum. After World War I, due to political tensions over the Klaipėda Region (Memelland) between Germany and Lithuania, the house lost its Lithuanian character: it was referred to only as the Village House (Heimathaus) and its exhibits were transferred to the Tilsit Museum of Local History. The building was probably destroyed during World War II (the last known photo is from 1943).[5]The society had a library which grew to about 2000 volumes (1200 titles) by 1923.[6] The library contained a few particularly rare books, including grammar Grammatica Litvanica (1654) by Daniel Klein and dictionary Vocabvlarivm Litthvanico-Germanicvm et Germanico-Litthvanicvm (1730) by Friederich Wilhelm Haack. The library also held an undated publication of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke's poem Pilkalnis, a fact which pushed the date of the first publication of the poem from 1931 to 1892 at the earliest. The publication was discovered and brought to researchers' attention only in 1980.[7] After the disestablishment of the society, the library was transferred to the University of Königsberg. After World War II, the books ended up in the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.[6]Activities of the society diminished during World War I. Post-war economic crisis in Germany and German–Lithuanian conflict over the Klaipėda Region caused the society to cease its activities in 1923. However, exact circumstances of its closure are not known. Some sources claim that it was liquidated in 1925 when its last chairman, Aleksandras Kuršaitis, resigned, but a year later Lietuvos keleivis published a notice that the society changed its name and was reorganized.[2]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konrad Theodor Preuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Theodor_Preuss"}],"text":"Karl Rudolf Jacobi (1879–81)\nMaximilian J. A. Voelkel (1881–82)\nKarl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz (1882–89)\nKonrad Theodor Preuss (1890–98)\nAleksandras Kuršaitis (1899–1923?)","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asmys-2"},{"link_name":"Jan Baudouin de Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baudouin_de_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Adalbert Bezzenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_Bezzenberger"},{"link_name":"August Leskien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Leskien"},{"link_name":"Filipp Fortunatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipp_Fortunatow"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de Saussure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure"},{"link_name":"Robert Gauthiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gauthiot"},{"link_name":"Eduards Volters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_Volters"},{"link_name":"Jan Aleksander Karłowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Aleksander_Kar%C5%82owicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Max Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Jooseppi Julius Mikkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooseppi_Julius_Mikkola"},{"link_name":"Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Ferdinand_Nesselmann"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Thomsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen"},{"link_name":"Antanas Baranauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Baranauskas"},{"link_name":"Jonas Basanavičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Basanavi%C4%8Dius"},{"link_name":"Kazimieras Būga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimieras_B%C5%ABga"},{"link_name":"Prussian Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanian"},{"link_name":"Vilius Gaigalaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilius_Gaigalaitis"},{"link_name":"Erdmonas Simonaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdmonas_Simonaitis"},{"link_name":"Vydūnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyd%C5%ABnas"},{"link_name":"Dovas Zaunius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovas_Zaunius_(senior)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asmys-2"}],"text":"During its existence, the society had a total of 640 members: 91 in 1879, 206 in 1892, 228 in 1908, 217 in 1920.[2] Among them were famous German, Russian, and other linguists and philologists, including Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Adalbert Bezzenberger, August Leskien, Aleksandăr Dorič, Filipp Fortunatow, Ferdinand de Saussure, Robert Gauthiot, Eduards Volters, Jan Aleksander Karłowicz, Max Müller, Jooseppi Julius Mikkola, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, Aukusti Niemi, Ludwig Passarge, Vilhelm Thomsen. Lithuanian members included Antanas Baranauskas, Jonas Basanavičius, Kazimieras Būga; Prussian Lithuanian members included Vilius Gaigalaitis, Erdmonas Simonaitis, Vydūnas, Dovas Zaunius.[2]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asmys-2"},{"link_name":"Nesterov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesterov"}],"text":"The society published 11 books, the most prominent of them were:[2]Two volumes of collection of Lithuanian songs by Christian Bartsch (Dainu Balsai. Melodieen litauischer Volkslieder gesammelt und mit Textübersetzung, Anmerkungen und Einleitung herausgegeben von C. Bartsch) in 1886 and 1889\nCollection of Prussian Lithuanian prayer songs by Karl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz (Giesmiu balsai: Litauische Kirchen-Gesänge) in 1894\nCollection of Lithuanian tales by Kristupas Jurkšaitis (Litauische Märchen und Erzählungen) in 1898\nDescription of daily life and traditions of Lithuanians from Stallupönen (now Nesterov) by Carl Cappeller (Kaip seneji Letuvninkai gyveno. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Kreise Stalluponen) in 1904\nThree volumes of collection of Lithuanian tales about birds by Hugo Scheu and Aleksandras Kuršaitis (Pasakos apie paukščius: Žemaitische Tier-Fabeln) in 1913","title":"Publications"}]
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[{"reference":"Ašmys, Vilius; Domas Kaunas; Hansas Masalskis (2003). \"Lietuvių literatūros draugija\". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 628–629. ISBN 5-420-01470-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-420-01470-X","url_text":"5-420-01470-X"}]},{"reference":"Senn, Alfred Erich (1980). Jonas Basanavičius: The Patriarch of the Lithuanian National Renaissance. East European Biography Series. Oriental Research Partners. p. 10. ISBN 0-89250-251-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89250-251-7","url_text":"0-89250-251-7"}]},{"reference":"Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 76. ISBN 978-0230364516.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rGh0ZIpKLzcC&pg=PT92","url_text":"A History of the Baltic States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230364516","url_text":"978-0230364516"}]},{"reference":"Bacevičius, Egidijus (November 24, 2010). \"Jokūbynės parkas puošė Tilžę ir žadino lietuvninkų sąmoningumą\". Šilainės sodas. 20 (116). ISSN 1648-2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silaine.lt/2010/2010-12-08/Jokubyne-10-12-08.htm","url_text":"\"Jokūbynės parkas puošė Tilžę ir žadino lietuvninkų sąmoningumą\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1648-2018","url_text":"1648-2018"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025257/http://www.silaine.lt/2010/2010-12-08/Jokubyne-10-12-08.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaunas, Domas (2003). \"Lietuvių literatūros draugijos biblioteka\". Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol. 2. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 629. ISBN 5-420-01470-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-420-01470-X","url_text":"5-420-01470-X"}]},{"reference":"Milkus, Kristijonas Gotlybas (1990). Liucija Citavičiūtė, Juozas Girdzijauskas (ed.). Pilkainis: poezija, proza. Foreword and notes by Juozas Girdzijauskas. Vaga Publishers [lt]. pp. 36–48, 421–430. ISBN 5-415-00464-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://lietuvos.istorija.net/lituanistica/pilkainis.htm","url_text":"Pilkainis: poezija, proza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaga_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Vaga Publishers"},{"url":"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_(leidykla)","url_text":"lt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-415-00464-5","url_text":"5-415-00464-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsypnavolok
Tsypnavolok
["1 History","2 Modern times","3 Climate","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Sources"]
Coordinates: 69°43′04″N 33°05′31″E / 69.71778°N 33.09194°E / 69.71778; 33.09194Inhabited locality in Murmansk Oblast, RussiaTsypnavolok ЦыпнаволокInhabited localityCape TsypnavolokLocation of Tsypnavolok TsypnavolokLocation of TsypnavolokShow map of RussiaTsypnavolokTsypnavolok (Murmansk Oblast)Show map of Murmansk OblastCoordinates: 69°43′04″N 33°05′31″E / 69.71778°N 33.09194°E / 69.71778; 33.09194CountryRussiaFederal subjectMurmansk OblastFounded1867Population (2010 Census) • Total35Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)184411Dialing code(s)+7 81544OKTMO ID47615162116 Tsypnavolok or Tsyp-Navolok (Russian: Цыпнаволок, Цып-Наволок) is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Rybachy Peninsula by Cape Tsypnavolok, by the Barents Sea. History During the 1860s, the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula was actively being settled. In 1867, a fishing village was established near Cape Tsypnavolok by Kola Norwegians (immigrants from Norway). In 1929, 114 ethnic Norwegians were registered in the area, and therefore in 1930 an ethnic Norwegian rural council (selsoviet) was established. In 1940, the Norwegians were transferred during the ethnic cleansing campaigns near the border, and the selsoviet was abolished. After World War II, the Norwegians were allowed to return to Murmansk Oblast, but they were to be settled in Port-Vladimir (69°24′55.1″N 33°7′6.4″E / 69.415306°N 33.118444°E / 69.415306; 33.118444) on Shalim Island in Kolsky District. (A naval base was later established there, civilians were evacuated in 1969 (the village was legally dissolved in 2008), and the base was closed and abandoned around 1994.) Modern times As of 2009, Tsypnavolok hosted a military unit, a weather station, and a lighthouse. Accumulations of sulfide (chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite) nodules in turbidites are found in the area. Climate Tsypnavolok has a subarctic climate (Dfc) bordering very closely on a tundra climate (Et). Climate data for Tsypnavolok (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 6.4(43.5) 6.5(43.7) 9.2(48.6) 12.2(54.0) 23.5(74.3) 28.5(83.3) 31.2(88.2) 28.2(82.8) 21.9(71.4) 14.4(57.9) 10.0(50.0) 13.9(57.0) 31.2(88.2) Daily mean °C (°F) −5.4(22.3) −6.1(21.0) −3.9(25.0) −0.7(30.7) 3.3(37.9) 6.8(44.2) 10.0(50.0) 10.0(50.0) 7.4(45.3) 2.6(36.7) −1.5(29.3) −3.5(25.7) 1.6(34.9) Record low °C (°F) −27.0(−16.6) −34.7(−30.5) −22.0(−7.6) −15.6(3.9) −7.9(17.8) −3.0(26.6) 1.0(33.8) 0.0(32.0) −4.9(23.2) −11.7(10.9) −20.7(−5.3) −24.0(−11.2) −34.7(−30.5) Source: http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt http://pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/22012.htm References Notes ^ Статистический сборник Численность, размещение и возрастно-половой состав населения Мурманской области. Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения. Том 1. 2012 Archived 2012-12-22 at the Wayback Machine / Федеральная служба государственной статистики, Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Мурманской области. Мурманск, 2012 — 75 с. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian) ^ Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 23 ^ Mindat.org. Cape Tsypnavolok Sources Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Pechengsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechengsky_District"},{"link_name":"Murmansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rybachy Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybachy_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"}],"text":"Inhabited locality in Murmansk Oblast, RussiaTsypnavolok or Tsyp-Navolok (Russian: Цыпнаволок, Цып-Наволок) is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Rybachy Peninsula by Cape Tsypnavolok, by the Barents Sea.","title":"Tsypnavolok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATSBook-4"},{"link_name":"Kola Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Norwegians"},{"link_name":"selsoviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsoviet"},{"link_name":"transferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"69°24′55.1″N 33°7′6.4″E / 69.415306°N 33.118444°E / 69.415306; 33.118444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tsypnavolok&params=69_24_55.1_N_33_7_6.4_E_"},{"link_name":"Shalim Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shalim_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kolsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolsky_District"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"During the 1860s, the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula was actively being settled.[4] In 1867, a fishing village was established near Cape Tsypnavolok by Kola Norwegians (immigrants from Norway). In 1929, 114 ethnic Norwegians were registered in the area, and therefore in 1930 an ethnic Norwegian rural council (selsoviet) was established. In 1940, the Norwegians were transferred during the ethnic cleansing campaigns near the border, and the selsoviet was abolished.After World War II, the Norwegians were allowed to return to Murmansk Oblast, but they were to be settled in Port-Vladimir (69°24′55.1″N 33°7′6.4″E / 69.415306°N 33.118444°E / 69.415306; 33.118444) on Shalim Island in Kolsky District. (A naval base was later established there, civilians were evacuated in 1969 (the village was legally dissolved in 2008), and the base was closed and abandoned around 1994.)[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weather station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_station"},{"link_name":"lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide"},{"link_name":"chalcopyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite"},{"link_name":"galena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"sphalerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite"},{"link_name":"nodules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodule_(geology)"},{"link_name":"turbidites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As of 2009, Tsypnavolok hosted a military unit, a weather station, and a lighthouse.Accumulations of sulfide (chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite) nodules in turbidites are found in the area.[5]","title":"Modern times"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"tundra climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate"},{"link_name":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt"},{"link_name":"http://pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/22012.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/22012.htm"}],"text":"Tsypnavolok has a subarctic climate (Dfc) bordering very closely on a tundra climate (Et).Climate data for Tsypnavolok (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−6.1(21.0)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−27.0(−16.6)\n\n−34.7(−30.5)\n\n−22.0(−7.6)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−4.9(23.2)\n\n−11.7(10.9)\n\n−20.7(−5.3)\n\n−24.0(−11.2)\n\n−34.7(−30.5)\n\n\nSource: http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt\nhttp://pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/22012.htm","title":"Climate"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isognomostoma_isognomostomos
Isognomostoma isognomostomos
["1 Distribution","2 References"]
Species of gastropod Isognomostoma isognomostomos A live individual of Isognomostoma isognomostomos Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Heterobranchia Order: Stylommatophora Family: Helicidae Genus: Isognomostoma Species: I. isognomostomos Binomial name Isognomostoma isognomostomos(Schröter, 1784) Isognomostoma isognomostomos is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails. Distribution This species is found in the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine and other countries. References ^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91-109. Taxon identifiersIsognomostoma isognomostomos Wikidata: Q1907161 Wikispecies: Isognomostoma isognomostomos BioLib: 2970 BOLD: 78991 CoL: 3Q954 EUNIS: 292279 Fauna Europaea: 426585 Fauna Europaea (new): 71fc6c8b-40be-431c-8afa-7ef65c1edb21 GBIF: 4563489 iNaturalist: 103530 IUCN: 157149 NCBI: 265993 Open Tree of Life: 669644 WoRMS: 1002228 Helix isognomostomos Wikidata: Q109556055 CoL: 86B46 GBIF: 8738512 This Helicidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retifanlimab
Retifanlimab
["1 Medical uses","2 History","3 Society and culture","3.1 Legal status","3.2 Names","4 References","5 External links"]
Medication RetifanlimabMonoclonal antibodyTypeWhole antibodySourceHumanizedTargetProgrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)Clinical dataTrade namesZynyzOther namesAEX-1188, INCMGA-00012, MGA-012, retifanlimab-dlwrAHFS/Drugs.comZynyzMedlinePlusa623017License data US DailyMed: Retifanlimab Routes ofadministrationIntravenousATC codeL01FF10 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status US: ℞-only IdentifiersCAS Number2079108-44-2DrugBankDB15766UNII2Y3T5IF01ZKEGGD11827Chemical and physical dataFormulaC6456H9934N1702O2032S46Molar mass145381.13 g·mol−1 Retifanlimab, sold under the brand name Zynyz, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma. Retifanlimab is a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)–blocking monoclonal antibody. It was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2023. Medical uses Retifanlimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma. History The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the safety and efficacy of retifanlimab based on PODIUM-201 (NCT03599713), an open-label, multiregional, single-arm study evaluating 65 participants with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced MCC who had not received prior systemic therapy for advanced disease. The FDA granted the application for retifanlimab priority review, fast track, and orphan drug designations. Society and culture Legal status In February 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Zynyz, intended for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma. The applicant for this medicinal product is Incyte Biosciences Distribution B.V. Names Retifanlimab is the international nonproprietary name. References ^ a b c d e "Zynyz- retifanlimab-dlwr injection". DailyMed. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ a b c d "FDA grants accelerated approval to retifanlimab-dlwr for metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Incyte Announces FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr) for the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Locally Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)" (Press release). Incyte. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023 – via Business Wire. ^ "MacroGenics Earns $15 Million Milestone Following U.S. FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr)" (Press release). MacroGenics. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023 – via GlobeNewswire. ^ Kang C (June 2023). "Retifanlimab: First Approval". Drugs. 83 (8): 731–737. doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01884-7. PMID 37184754. S2CID 258687035. ^ "Drug Approval Package: Zynyz". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ a b "Zynyz EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 22 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. ^ World Health Organization (2020). "International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 83". WHO Drug Information. 34 (1). hdl:10665/339768. External links Clinical trial number NCT03599713 for "A Study of INCMGA00012 in Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma (POD1UM-201)" at ClinicalTrials.gov vteTargeted cancer therapy / antineoplastic agents (L01)CI monoclonal antibodies ("-mab")Receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB: HER1/EGFR (Cetuximab Panitumumab) HER2/neu (Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab (+hyaluronidase) Trastuzumab emtansine Trastuzumab deruxtecan) Others for solid tumors EpCAM (Catumaxomab Edrecolomab) VEGF-A (Bevacizumab) Leukemia/lymphoma lymphoid: CD3 (Glofitamab, Elranatamab, Mosunetuzumab), CD20 (Glofitamab Ibritumomab Mosunetuzumab Obinutuzumab Ofatumumab Rituximab Tositumomab), CD30 (Brentuximab), CD52 (Alemtuzumab) myeloid: CD33 (Gemtuzumab ozogamicin) Other Amivantamab Atezolizumab Avelumab Belantamab mafodotin Bermekimab Blinatumomab Cemiplimab Daratumumab Dinutuximab beta Dostarlimab Durvalumab Elotuzumab Enfortumab vedotin Epcoritamab Inotuzumab ozogamicin Ipilimumab Isatuximab Loncastuximab tesirine Mirvetuximab soravtansine Mogamulizumab Moxetumomab pasudotox Naxitamab Necitumumab Nivolumab Olaratumab Oportuzumab monatox Pembrolizumab Polatuzumab vedotin Prolgolimab Ramucirumab Retifanlimab Sabatolimab Sacituzumab govitecan Serplulimab Sugemalimab Tafasitamab Talquetamab Tarlatamab Teclistamab Tislelizumab Tisotumab vedotin Toripalimab Tremelimumab Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ("-nib")Receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB: HER1/EGFR (Afatinib Brigatinib Dacomitinib Erlotinib Gefitinib Icotinib Mobocertinib Olmutinib Osimertinib Rociletinib Vandetanib) HER1/EGFR and HER2/neu Lapatinib Neratinib Tucatinib RTK class III: C-kit and PDGFR (Avapritinib Axitinib Masitinib Pazopanib Ripretinib Sorafenib Sunitinib Toceranib) FLT3 (Lestaurtinib, Gilteritinib (AXL, ALK, LTK)) VEGFR Axitinib Cediranib Fruquintinib Lenvatinib Nintedanib Pazopanib Regorafenib Semaxanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Tivozanib Toceranib Vandetanib ALK Alectinib Brigatinib Ceritinib RET inhibitors: Entrectinib (ALK, ROS1, NTRK), Futibatinib (FGFR2), Infigratinib, Larotrectinib (NTRK), Pemigatinib (FGFR), Pralsetinib, Repotrectinib (ROS1, TRK, ALK), Selpercatinib (VEGFR, FGFR), Vandetanib (VEGFR, EGFR). c-MET inhibitors: Cabozantinib (VEGFR), Capmatinib, Crizotinib (ALK) Non-receptor bcr-abl Asciminib Bosutinib Dasatinib Imatinib Nilotinib Ponatinib Radotinib Src (Bosutinib Dasatinib) Janus kinase Baricitinib Fedratinib Filgotinib Lestaurtinib Momelotinib Pacritinib Ruxolitinib MAP2K Binimetinib Cobimetinib Selumetinib Trametinib EML4-ALK Crizotinib Entrectinib Lorlatinib Bruton's Acalabrutinib Ibrutinib Pirtobrutinib Zanubrutinib Other fusion protein against VEGF (Aflibercept) proapoptotic peptide against ANXA2 and prohibitin (Adipotide) exotoxin against IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox) mTOR inhibitors Everolimus Ridaforolimus Temsirolimus hedgehog inhibitors Glasdegib Sonidegib Vismodegib CDK inhibitors Abemaciclib Dalpiciclib Palbociclib Ribociclib Trilaciclib KRAS inhibitors Adagrasib Sotorasib Cabozantinib Capmatinib Entrectinib Erdafitinib Gilteritinib Larotrectinib Lenvatinib Masitinib Midostaurin Nintedanib Pazopanib Pemigatinib Pexidartinib Quizartinib Regorafenib Ripretinib Sorafenib Sunitinib Tebentafusp Tepotinib Vandetanib Venetoclax vteMonoclonal antibodies for tumorsTumorHuman Adecatumumab§ Amivantamab Ascrinvacumab§ Atezolizumab Balstilimab† Botensilimab Cixutumumab§ Conatumumab§ Daratumumab Drozitumab§ Duligotumab§ Dusigitumab§ Enfortumab vedotin Enoticumab§ Figitumumab§ Flanvotumab§ Ganitumab† Glembatumumab vedotin† Intetumumab§ Ipilimumab Iratumumab§ Istiratumab Icrucumab§ Lexatumumab§ Lucatumumab§ Mapatumumab§ Narnatumab§ Necitumumab Nesvacumab§ Nivolumab# Ofatumumab Olaratumab† Panitumumab Patritumab§ Pembrolizumab# Pritumumab§ Radretumab§ Ramucirumab Rilotumumab† Robatumumab§ Seribantumab§ Sugemalimab Tarextumab§ Tisotumab vedotin Teprotumumab† Tovetumab§ Vantictumab§ Votumumab§ Zalutumumab† Mouse Abagovomab Altumomab pentetate Anatumomab mafenatox Arcitumomab Bectumomab Blinatumomab Capromab pendetide Detumomab Edrecolomab Ibritumomab tiuxetan Igovomab Lilotomab Minretumomab Mitumomab Nacolomab tafenatox Moxetumomab pasudotox Naptumomab estafenatox Oregovomab Pemtumomab† Racotumomab Satumomab pendetide Solitomab Taplitumomab paptox Nofetumomab merpentan Pintumomab Tenatumomab Tositumomab Chimeric Amatuximab§ Bavituximab§ Brentuximab vedotin Carotuximab† Cetuximab Derlotuximab biotin§ Dinutuximab Ecromeximab§ Ensituximab§ Futuximab§ Girentuximab† Indatuximab ravtansine§ Isatuximab Loncastuximab tesirine Margetuximab Mirvetuximab soravtansine Rituximab# Siltuximab Ublituximab Zolbetuximab Humanized Abituzumab§ Alemtuzumab Belantamab mafodotin Bevacizumab Bivatuzumab mertansine§ Brontictuzumab§ Cantuzumab mertansine§ Cantuzumab ravtansine§ Cirmtuzumab Citatuzumab bogatox§ Clivatuzumab tetraxetan Cofetuzumab pelidotin Dacetuzumab§ Demcizumab§ Dalotuzumab§ Denintuzumab mafodotin§ Elotuzumab Emactuzumab Emibetuzumab§ Enoblituzumab§ Epcoritamab Etaracizumab§ Farletuzumab§ Ficlatuzumab§ Flotetuzumab§ Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Glofitamab Imgatuzumab§ Inotuzumab ozogamicin Labetuzumab§ Lifastuzumab vedotin§ Lintuzumab§ Lorvotuzumab mertansine§ Lumretuzumab§ Matuzumab§ Milatuzumab§ Naxitamab Nimotuzumab† Obinutuzumab Ocaratuzumab§ Otlertuzumab§ Onartuzumab§ Oportuzumab monatox† Parsatuzumab§ Pertuzumab Pinatuzumab vedotin§ Polatuzumab vedotin Rosmantuzumab Rovalpituzumab tesirine† Sacituzumab govitecan Sibrotuzumab§ Simtuzumab§ Sofituzumab vedotin§ Tacatuzumab tetraxetan§ Tigatuzumab§ Trastuzumab# (+deruxtecan / +emtansine) Tucotuzumab celmoleukin§ Vandortuzumab vedotin§ Vanucizumab§ Veltuzumab§ Vorsetuzumab mafodotin§ Rat/mouse hybrid Catumaxomab Ertumaxomab§ Chimeric + humanized Depatuxizumab mafodotin† Duvortuxizumab Ontuxizumab§ #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteMonoclonal antibodies for the immune systemImmune systemHuman Immunosuppression: Abrilumab Adalimumab# Anifrolumab Atorolimumab Avelumab Avdoralimab Belimumab Bleselumab Brodalumab Camidanlumab tesirine Carlumab Cemiplimab Dupilumab Eldelumab Emapalumab Fresolimumab Golimumab Ianalumab† Lanadelumab Lenzilumab Lerdelimumab Lirentelimab Lirilumab Mavrilimumab Metelimumab Morolimumab Namilumab Oleclumab Oxelumab§ Pamrevlumab Placulumab Relatlimab† Sarilumab Sifalimumab Tabalumab Tezepelumab Ulocuplumab Varlilumab Immune activation: Ipilimumab Durvalumab Nivolumab Tremelimumab Urelumab Other: Bertilimumab Ontamalimab Zanolimumab Combination: Nivolumab/relatlimab Mouse Afelimomab Elsilimomab Faralimomab Gavilimomab Inolimomab Maslimomab Nerelimomab Odulimomab Telimomab aritox Vepalimomab Zolimomab aritox Chimeric Andecaliximab† Basiliximab Clenoliximab Galiximab Gomiliximab Infliximab Keliximab Lumiliximab Priliximab Teneliximab Vapaliximab Humanized Immunosuppressive: Apolizumab§ Aselizumab Atezolizumab Benralizumab Camrelizumab† Cedelizumab Certolizumab pegol Crizanlizumab Daclizumab Eculizumab Efalizumab‡ Epratuzumab Erlizumab Etrolizumab† Fontolizumab Frexalimab† Inebilizumab Itolizumab Lampalizumab† Letolizumab Ligelizumab† Lulizumab pegol Mepolizumab Mogamulizumab Natalizumab Ocrelizumab Omalizumab Ozoralizumab Pascolizumab Pateclizumab Pembrolizumab Pexelizumab Pidilizumab Plozalizumab PRO 140† Quilizumab Ravulizumab Reslizumab Retifanlimab Rontalizumab Rovelizumab Ruplizumab Samalizumab Satralizumab Siplizumab Spartalizumab† Talizumab Teclistamab Teplizumab Tislelizumab Tocilizumab Toralizumab Tregalizumab Vatelizumab Vedolizumab Visilizumab Vobarilizumab TGN1412§ Immune activation: Dostarlimab Other: Ibalizumab Chimeric + humanized Otelixizumab Rozanolixizumab Sutimlimab InterleukinHuman Bermekimab Brazikumab Briakinumab Canakinumab Fezakinumab Fletikumab Guselkumab Secukinumab Sirukumab Tralokinumab Ustekinumab Humanized Anrukinzumab Bimekizumab Clazakizumab Gevokizumab Ixekizumab Mirikizumab† Lebrikizumab Olokizumab† Perakizumab Risankizumab Spesolimab Tildrakizumab Veterinary Lokivetmab Inflammatory lesionsMouse Besilesomab Fanolesomab‡ Lemalesomab Sulesomab #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Portal: Medicine This monoclonal antibody–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This antineoplastic or immunomodulatory drug article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-cancer medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-cancer_medication"},{"link_name":"Merkel cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkel_cell_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_FDA_label-1"},{"link_name":"programmed death receptor-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-1_and_PD-L1_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"monoclonal antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_FDA_label-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_FDA_label-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_Zynyz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kang_2023-5"}],"text":"Retifanlimab, sold under the brand name Zynyz, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma.[1] Retifanlimab is a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)–blocking monoclonal antibody.[1]It was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2023.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Retifanlimab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_FDA_label-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_Zynyz-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Retifanlimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma.[1][2][6]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_Zynyz-2"},{"link_name":"priority review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_review"},{"link_name":"fast track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_track_(FDA)"},{"link_name":"orphan drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_Zynyz-2"}],"text":"The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the safety and efficacy of retifanlimab based on PODIUM-201 (NCT03599713), an open-label, multiregional, single-arm study evaluating 65 participants with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced MCC who had not received prior systemic therapy for advanced disease.[2]The FDA granted the application for retifanlimab priority review, fast track, and orphan drug designations.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_EPAR-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zynyz_EPAR-7"}],"sub_title":"Legal status","text":"In February 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Zynyz, intended for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma.[7] The applicant for this medicinal product is Incyte Biosciences Distribution B.V.[7]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international nonproprietary name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHORecList83-8"}],"sub_title":"Names","text":"Retifanlimab is the international nonproprietary name.[8]","title":"Society and culture"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Zynyz- retifanlimab-dlwr injection\". DailyMed. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=109648d0-d30a-42fc-8273-39cb1540a751","url_text":"\"Zynyz- retifanlimab-dlwr injection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230701233133/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=109648d0-d30a-42fc-8273-39cb1540a751","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA grants accelerated approval to retifanlimab-dlwr for metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-retifanlimab-dlwr-metastatic-or-recurrent-locally-advanced-merkel","url_text":"\"FDA grants accelerated approval to retifanlimab-dlwr for metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054927/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-retifanlimab-dlwr-metastatic-or-recurrent-locally-advanced-merkel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Incyte Announces FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr) for the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Locally Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)\" (Press release). Incyte. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023 – via Business Wire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230322005618/en/Incyte-Announces-FDA-Approval-of-Zynyz%E2%84%A2-retifanlimab-dlwr-for-the-Treatment-of-Metastatic-or-Recurrent-Locally-Advanced-Merkel-Cell-Carcinoma-MCC","url_text":"\"Incyte Announces FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr) for the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Locally Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323052717/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230322005618/en/Incyte-Announces-FDA-Approval-of-Zynyz%E2%84%A2-retifanlimab-dlwr-for-the-Treatment-of-Metastatic-or-Recurrent-Locally-Advanced-Merkel-Cell-Carcinoma-MCC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MacroGenics Earns $15 Million Milestone Following U.S. FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr)\" (Press release). MacroGenics. 22 March 2023. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023 – via GlobeNewswire.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/22/2632605/0/en/MacroGenics-Earns-15-Million-Milestone-Following-U-S-FDA-Approval-of-ZYNYZ-retifanlimab-dlwr.html","url_text":"\"MacroGenics Earns $15 Million Milestone Following U.S. FDA Approval of Zynyz (retifanlimab-dlwr)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054850/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/03/22/2632605/0/en/MacroGenics-Earns-15-Million-Milestone-Following-U-S-FDA-Approval-of-ZYNYZ-retifanlimab-dlwr.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kang C (June 2023). \"Retifanlimab: First Approval\". Drugs. 83 (8): 731–737. doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01884-7. PMID 37184754. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall
Wingham Memorial Town Hall
["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Modifications and dates","3 Heritage listing","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","5.2 Attribution"]
Coordinates: 31°52′11″S 152°22′07″E / 31.8698°S 152.3686°E / -31.8698; 152.3686 Historic site in New South Wales, AustraliaWingham Memorial Town HallWingham Memorial Town Hall, viewed from corner of Farquhar and Queen StreetsLocation52 Farquhar Street, Wingham, Mid-Coast Council, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates31°52′11″S 152°22′07″E / 31.8698°S 152.3686°E / -31.8698; 152.3686Built1922–1924ArchitectJames T. ChambersOwnerMid-Coast Council New South Wales Heritage RegisterOfficial nameWingham Memorial Town Hall; Wingham Town Hall; Wingham Council ChambersTypestate heritage (built)Designated8 April 2016Reference no.1967TypeHall Town HallCategoryCommunity Facilities Location of Wingham Memorial Town Hall in New South Wales Wingham Memorial Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 52 Farquhar Street, Wingham, Mid-Coast Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by James T. Chambers and built from 1922 to 1924. It is also known as Wingham Town Hall and Wingham Council Chambers. The property is owned by Mid-Coast Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 April 2016. History Aboriginal land At the time of European settlement the Manning Valley was peopled by the Biripi people, who occupied the greater part of the Manning Valley, extending north from Blackhead to the Hastings Valley and the Worimi tribe, who occupied the area from Blackhead south to the Hunter River and west to near Barrington Tops. It is understood that Aboriginal people have been caring for this land for at least 20,000 years. Indigenous lifestyles here would have been typical of coastal eastern Australia. Coastal lakes, beaches and estuaries backed by wooded country of various kinds provided rich and varied source of food and supported a high population. John Oxley wrote in 1829: 'The natives are extremely numerous along this part of the coast; these extensive lakes, which abound with fish, being extremely favourable to their easy subsistence; large troops of them appear at the beaches while their canoes on the lakes area equally numerous. In the mornings their fires are to be observed in every direction; they evidently appear to shun us, and we wish for no further acquaintance' Population numbers decreased rapidly with European colonisation. Contact with cedar cutters in the early nineteenth century would have intruded harshly into the Aboriginal way of life. The depletion of Aboriginal food sources resulted in hostilities. Massacres of indigenous people and the poisoning of their food and waterholes was widespread throughout much of Australia during the nineteenth century. European diseases also took a heavy toll. By the late nineteenth century the traditional way of life was dislodged and many Aboriginal people were dependent on white employment or gathered into missions, which were in operation at Purfleet, Forster and Karuah during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Despite this history of displacement Aboriginal soldiers from the district participated in both world wars and the latter enlistments are commemorated in the Honour Rolls at the Wingham Memorial Town Hall. Given the attitudes prevailing at the time and legislative proscription, Aboriginal men who sought to enlist in World War I often presented at recruiting offices far from their place of residence where their ethnicity was not known, so they could be accepted simply as someone "of dark complexion". Perhaps because of this, the World War I indigenous servicemen of the Wingham area are not known to be included on the Honour Rolls as they did not enlist locally. However, by the time of World War II, attitudes had changed and local Aboriginal servicemen are included on the Rolls. Colonisation The first European explorer to cross the Manning River was John Oxley who first visited the area in 1818. In 1829 the Manning River defined the northern boundary of the vast area of land from Newcastle to Taree which had been granted to the Australian Agricultural Company and the northern limit of settlement in the colony of NSW. Cedar cutters moved into the area around this time. The first official land grant of 1037 hectares was made to William Wynter who settled in the district in 1831. The modern township of Taree stands on this land. It was Wynter who gave his family home the name Tarree and subsequently named a schooner "Tarree". The schooner was used for shipping cedar to Sydney and ports to the south of Taree. Wingham was chosen as a location for the government settlement as it was the furthest inland navigable place on the Manning River. Named after Wingham in Kent, England, it was proclaimed a village in 1844 but allotments were not made until 1854, the same year that Henry Flett laid out Taree as a private settlement. In the meantime, Tinonee had also been established as a government settlement and in 1866 had a population of 100, compared to 90 at Wingham and 150 at Taree. By 1909, Wingham had 285 houses and a population of 900, while Taree 269 houses and a population of 1300. Wingham was proclaimed a municipality in 1889. In 1981 the municipalities of Wingham and Taree were merged with each other and the greater part of Manning Shire to form the City of Greater Taree. Part of Manning Shire Council was also incorporated into Great Lakes Council. On 12 May 2016, the City of Greater Taree was amalgamated into Mid-Coast Council, together with Great Lakes Council and Gloucester Shire. War service in the Manning valley Australians served overseas in several British Empire wars during the nineteenth century including the Boxer Rebellion, the Sudan War and the Boer War. However it was Australia's experience of World War I between 1914 and 1918 which most profoundly affected Australian identity and self-image. Like most of Australia, a large proportion of Manning Valley's young men signed up to fight for King and Empire following the declaration of war on 4 August 1914. Newspaper editorials and readers' contributions in the form of letters and poems called the Manning's young men to support the cause, parades were held, patriotic associations formed and fund-raising appeals were received enthusiastically. The "North Coasters", or "Boomerangs" as they were sometimes called, were given a civic welcome when they passed through the Manning Valley in February 1916 on their way from Grafton to Maitland. A large proportion of these young men who went off to fight in Europe and the Middle East never came home, and of those who returned an even larger proportion were seriously injured in mind and / or body. As the Australian War Memorial website explains: 'For Australia, as for many nations, the First World War remains the most costly conflict in terms of deaths and casualties. From a population of fewer than five million, 416,809 men enlisted, of which over 60,000 were killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner.' Following World War I war memorials were erected throughout Australia as an expression of grief for those lost and gratitude to those who served. These memorials were not a short lived emotion but an enduring expression of respect which remain prominent throughout the Australian built environment. Some memorials took years to eventuate as communities organised themselves, raised funds and debated what to build. Community halls were a popular form of memorial and communities would often rally to build a school of arts building as a memorial while some with existing halls frequently added commemorative plaques bearing a roll of honour. In the Manning Valley the Wingham Memorial Town Hall was opened in 1923 and the Taree War Memorial in 1925. Wingham Memorial Town Hall This lot of land in Wingham had been dedicated as a "Hall Site" in 14 November 1884, even before the municipality was declared in 1889. However the land lay fallow for many years. The community of Wingham initiated the idea of building a memorial hall during World War I and made significant contributions to the original fund raising. The money raised was then passed on to the Returned Soldiers, Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League (RSSL) to administer further fund raising activities and develop the plan. In order to finalise the project and ensure its long-term future, it was proposed that the memorial hall be combined with the function of town hall and municipal offices. Wingham Municipal Council took over the project and obtained an additional loan of 4,000 pounds so that the hall would also accommodate municipal offices and council chambers Mr S. H. Brewer was appointed the foreman of works alongside the architect, James Thomson Chambers, and builder, F. C. Sweeney. Mr Dudgeon, a monumental mason from Taree, supplied the foundation stone free of charge. The Honour Rolls were executed by monumental mason, A. Siddall. In a self-published architectural history about her father's career, Heather Chambers discussed the construction of the Wingham Memorial Town Hall: 'Chambers used local product wherever possible. The first question raised in the erecting of the building was how to procure suitable clay for the making of bricks. This in fact was done locally, and the bricks were made of clay from a local quarry on Cedar Party Creek. These bricks were made by A. Tufrey at the rate of £27s 6d per 1,000. The water to the hall for the building project was provided by four 1,000 gallon tanks, the water to be drawn from the roof of the adjoining Presbyterian Church. Gravel from the Manning River at Wingham was used in the cement for the foundations, and the mortar used in the brickwork was coloured by the sand also obtained from the nearby river. The timber for both the exterior and interior of the building was procured from the local sawmills at Comboyne and Killabakh, of black butt and white mahogany, and Chambers donated £25 worth of timber from his mill for the building of the hall. The use of local product and tradesmen were hallmarks of the Arts and Crafts movement.' Opening day celebrations, 2 April 1924 The foundation stone was dedicated by Charles Rosenthal (1975-1954), a popular major-general who had commanded soldiers through most of the World War I theatres of war (and was wounded four times), also an architect, musician and NSW politician; he may have been a part-model for the authoritarian ex-soldiers' leader Benjamin Cooley in D. H. Lawrence's novel, Kangaroo. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall was officially opened on 2 April 1924. The Mayor's speech described the memorial hall as a monument and talked about how the history of a country is written in its monuments. He also stated that the hall, although owned by the Council, was the soldiers' hall and would be available for free use by any soldier for their direct benefit of any dependent of the fallen. The honour rolls, located in the vestibule of the hall, were also unveiled on that day. Anzac Day memorial services for the district continue to be held here and a new low-rise memorial wall was constructed 2011 near the entrance vestibule to contribute to this civic function. Following the opening, a garden plan was submitted and a brick fence constructed around the Queen and Farquhar Street boundaries. Also at this time a clock was paid for by the ladies of Wingham and subsequently mounted in the clock tower. Wingham Council had its offices in the building and held its Council meetings here until 1981, when the Municipality of Wingham was amalgamated with Taree Municipality and part of the Manning Shire and the building ceased to be used for many civic functions. The new Council, Greater Taree City Council, continued to use the offices at the Town Hall until c. 1985. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall also has played an important role as a community hall and meeting place, having been in frequent use for large social and cultural gatherings such as dances, wedding receptions, meetings and even funerals. In past years community halls functioned in broader educational and cultural roles than today, often serving as literary institutes and schools of arts before the introduction of council-administered libraries or when travel to the main centres was time-consuming or difficult. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall was also in use as a cinema from 1924 until 1939 and again from 1948 until 1955. It was licensed for this by Gerald Allport in 1924. The first Wingham "talkie" movie was screened here on 23 August 1930. It does not retain any of its projection equipment. An oral history drawing on the recollections of elderly residents of the Manning Valley in 1988 reported this account by local resident Stella Butterworth of the running of the cinema in the Wingham memorial TownHall in the 1930s: 'We had what they called a sound on disc in those days. The records had to synchronise with the film. If you happened to get a faulty record the needle would stick. I can remember on one occasion we had a film and it got to the words, 'I'll have to be going', and the needle stuck there. There was the hero kissing the girl and saying, 'I'll have to be going, I'll have to be going'. The audience was in stitches. 'One shilling and sixpence was the price to go in the theatre during the depression. We had two screenings, Wednesday and Saturday. We eventually had to give up the Wednesday screening. In the first twelve months we lost about two thousand pounds. We showed in the town hall for seven years. By 1937, we had sound on film. ' "Gone with the Wind" was offered to us for 90 to 10. Ninety percent for them and we had to do all the advertising. The big films were sold by percentage. The westerns were the cheapest and most popular. On a big night we'd have 400 people. It would average out at about 200.' A study of the Wingham Memorial Town Hall by student Vanessa Penfold proposed that the use of the California Bungalow architectural style was part of the emergent Australian nationalism of the early twentieth century: 'Vanessa Penfold, in her Wingham Memorial Town Hall Study suggests, "Australian Architects were designing their own interpretation of a style now called the Californian Bungalow", which stylistically allowed an original Australian architecture to emerge. Penfold says that the "striking features representative in Chambers work in Wingham include the low pitched roofs, prominent gables and overhanging eaves and barges" (1993, p17) of the Californian Bungalow style... his designs had a much more decorative character in this period in Wingham, from 1918, as he was designing with his own flair and style and working within the Arts and Crafts idiom. He also followed the new fashionable trends of "simple forms, open verandahs, wood structures and shingle surfaces", and as an architect of the Scottish tradition, he brought his own influences from the International School to his work. Chambers was very much influenced by the important changes in architecture in Sydney at the time he was working there, as Australian design was evolving towards its own and original architecture.' The then Mayor of Greater Taree City Council, Mick Tuck, stated in his speech for the 75th Anniversary Celebrations for Wingham Town Hall in 1999 that "This Hall will forever be, the centre, the heart, of Wingham". James Thomson Chambers, architect (1870-1854) James Chambers, though little documented, has been described by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) as "an important Sydney architect". He was born in Scotland and trained as an architect there, first settling in Roseville in 1910. His father had owned a timber milling business in Scotland and James evidently came to Wingham to run the sawmill business he had bought in 1917 in nearby Killabakh. Settling his family in Wingham in 1918, he designed them a fine home (also in the Interwar California Bungalow style at 4 Machins Parade Wingham) and carried out other architectural commissions in the area including the Rectory for St Matthews Church of England, extensive renovations to the Wingham Hotel (sadly destroyed by fire in 2010), additions and alterations to Maitland Stores in Bent Street Wingham, a War Memorial at Killabakh and several substantial homes in Wingham. In 1921 he became a foundation director of the Wingham Land and Building Co. Ltd with several Wingham councillors, which constructed four more modest houses in Dingo Street (now Queen Street). However it appears that none of these businesses took off and he returned with his family to Sydney in 1925. After relocating to the Orange district for some years, he retired in Sydney where he died in Gladesville in 1954. Comparisons There are currently seven town halls listed on the SHR in NSW: Sydney Town Hall (1869), Paddington Town Hall (1891), Granville (1988), Maitland (1880s), Marrickville Town Hall (1879), Newcastle City Hall (1929) and Mudgee (1880). Of these, only the Newcastle City Hall dates from the twentieth century like the Wingham Town Hall. The Wingham Town Hall also differs from all those already listed because of its strong and representative associations with the commemoration of twentieth century wars. There are just two other known "memorial town halls" extant in NSW, both also built in the interwar period: Tamworth War Memorial Town Hall and Manilla Memorial Town Hall. Like Wingham they have lost their formal civic function and are in use as local community halls. The Tamworth War Memorial Town Hall is listed on the LEP. There are hundreds of memorial halls dotted throughout NSW, of which more than 150 are listed on LEPs or on other heritage lists. Only one other memorial hall has so far been listed on the State Heritage Register: the Malachi Gilmore Memorial Hall in Oberon, an art Deco style building dating from 1937. The research suggests there is no other NSW town hall built in this "Interwar California Bungalow" style; Suters Architects Snell report of 16 May 1988 states that it is "probably stylistically unique in NSW". Description Detail of the clock tower Wingham is an historic town located on the Manning River in the Mid North Coast region of NSW within the local government area of Greater Taree, 335 kilometres north of Sydney. Its population was 5313 in the 2011 census. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is located in a suburban area on the corner of Queen Street and Farquhar Street on a rise about midway between the town centre and its railway station. The building, dating from 1924, is a distinctive single storey brick building with corrugated iron roof, large gables, covered verandahs and castellated corner clock tower. Designed by local architect James Thomson Chambers, it is rare and possibly unique within NSW as an institutional building designed in the Interwar Californian Bungalow architectural style. This style is characterised by its earthy appearance, brown brick work, low-pitched street-facing gables with decorative timber inserts, corrugated iron roof and substantial masonry piers on its verandahs. It also displays aspects of the Federation Free Style, characterised by the asymmetrically positioned landmark tower; and the Federation Arts and Crafts style, characterised by the large arch over the entrance and decorative painted wood work. Chambers' daughter's history of his career states: ':Much of Chambers' work espouses the philosophies used by the Federation Arts and Crafts Movement, which can be seen in his design of the Memorial Town Hall, with its asymmetric placement of the clock tower; its open vestibule area making it a place for the people; as well as the use of local product, tradesmen and artisans... The idea that the landscaping was part of the overall design of a building was favoured by the Arts and Crafts Movement... Buildings in the federation Arts and Craft style were... not merely facades, but rather were built "in-the-round", in artful informality.' The gable to Farquhar Street covers an open spaced entrance vestibule and is entered through a wide brick segmental arch. The vestibule is panelled in wood and there are two segmental wooden arches to double doors that lead into the main hall. Between these doors there is an attractive semi-octagonal glazed ticket box with a timber moulded cornice and a row of little transom lights and each divided, by leadlight, into four panes. The clock-tower stands about 15 metres high and has brick piers on each corner and a circular clock on each face. It is crenelated at the top. The hall itself was eighty by forty feet (24 by 12 m) and seated 600 people; had an eighteen-foot (5.5 m) vestibule; the stage was forty by twenty feet (12.2 by 6.1 m) with three change rooms ten by ten feet (3.0 by 3.0 m); a supper room thirty-three by twenty-six feet (10.1 by 7.9 m) and a kitchen thirteen by ten feet (4.0 by 3.0 m); Council Chambers and a Town Clerk's room, both eighteen by eighteen feet (5.5 by 5.5 m); and two small rooms either side of the vestibule. The clock, costing 225 pounds, was donated through fundraising by the women of Wingham. The interior of the hall was decorated in pale cool finishes, to reflect the climate, the ceiling highlighted in darker paint work along the decorative lattice work. By contrast, in 2015 the interior colours of the building are predominantly off-white. Apart from the main hall, there is a supper room and service rooms together with the former civic office spaces, all with high ceilings (approximately 6m). The tower is accessible by ladder stairway. The four clock faces keep accurate time using recently installed electric mechanisms, installed by Ingrams Bright, an electronic master system. Each clock face has its own motor which runs off power. The original clock mechanism, replaced c. 1985, is on display in the Wingham Museum. The Memorial Town Hall retains its intact World War I Honour Rolls displayed in the exterior foyer to the main hall. The Honour Rolls comprise a total of 1047 entries encompassing service in both wars and peacekeeping operations. The earliest entry relates to the Soudan (sic) War of 1885, the most recent to service in Iraq in 2003. Of these entries 232 are for service in World War 1 and a further 696 are for service in World War II. The insignia of the Royal Australian Air Force, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy are displayed in the foyer, positioned above the main entry doors and ticket booth. The original street fencing and entry gates have been removed. Good photographic records of these elements are available and the local community are investigating their reinstatement. The roof was replaced c. 2010 following hail damage. Although the building's office spaces have been under-utilised since the town hall functions moved to Taree in the mid 1980s following local government amalgamations and the closure of the Wingham Shire offices, the various rooms of the building have since been in occasional community use by organisations such as the Baptist Church and Wingham Community Centre. The War Veterans' Remembrance Drive Association are due to assume occupancy of the office spaces in late 2015. The SHR curtilage includes the main hall building, side driveway, mature phoenix palm trees and recently planted memorial rock gardens but excludes more recently constructed buildings in the rear of the lot including a shed used by the RSL and a childcare centre. The hall was reported to be in good condition and fairly intact as at 1 June 2015. Modifications and dates 1950s - ticket booth constructed in the vestibule 1969 (circa) - removal of brick fence around perimeter 1970 - verandah enclosed 1985 (circa) - Clock tower time keeping mechanism replaced with electronic system where each clock face runs off its own motor 1995 - toilets installed inside building 1999 - kitchen refurbished 2002 - refurbishment of the main hall 2003 - restoration of original form of the verandahs 2010 - Corrugated roof replaced following hail damage 2011 - installation of Cenotaph and Remembrance Wall near entrance foyer, dedicated 25 April 2011 2015 - office spaces repaired and repainted Heritage listing Heritage boundaries The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state aesthetic significance for its architectural design as a landmark twentieth century civic building in the NSW Mid North Coast region. Designed in the Interwar California Bungalow style, which is usually reserved for residential design, the hall has been described as "architecturally unique". It is also rare as a memorial town hall in NSW. It is of state representative significance as a high quality, regional town hall building and for its memorial function designed to permanently commemorate the local men who lost their lives in World War I. Its status as a war memorial epitomises the importance of "remembrance" in Australian culture. The hall is also of representative significance as a community hall used for social and cultural events that draw the community together. Wingham Memorial Town Hall was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 April 2016 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall has local historical significance as the seat of local government prior to amalgamation in 1981. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state aesthetic significance for its architectural design as a landmark twentieth century civic building in the NSW Mid North Coast region. Designed in the Interwar California Bungalow style, which is usually reserved for residential design, the hall has been described as "architecturally unique". The town hall is a strongly and confidently massed building with a dramatic entrance vestibule. Its asymmetrically placed clock tower and mature phoenix palm trees contribute to its strong streetscape presence. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state significance for its rarity as one of only three known memorial town halls in NSW (along with Tamworth and Manila memorial town halls). It is also rare as a civic building designed in the Interwar Californian Bungalow style. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state representative significance as a high quality, regional town hall building and for its memorial function designed to permanently commemorate the local men who lost their lives in World War I. This commemoration function, extended over time to recognise men who died in later wars, demonstrates the high level of commitment by local communities in NSW to honouring the young men they lost to war. Its status as a war memorial epitomises the importance of "remembrance" in Australian culture. The hall is also of representative significance as a community hall used for social and cultural events that draw the community together, including its several decades functioning as the local cinema. See also New South Wales portal References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wingham Memorial Town Hall. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Wingham Memorial Town Hall". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01967. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ a b Smith, 2006, 17 ^ Smith, 2006, 17-18 ^ ('Travel - Taree' The Age 16/8/2007) ^ Wikipedia, "Wingham NSW", downloaded 29/5/15 ^ Smith, 2006, p73 ^ Smith, 2006, p73-74 ^ Chambers, 2006, pp44-45 ^ London, 1923 ^ Hill, 1988 ^ Smith, 2006, p74 ^ Hannah, 1988, p153 ^ Chambers, 2006, p47 ^ National Trust listing entry for Wingham Memorial Town Hall, 1987 ^ a b Apperly et al, 1989, pp209 ^ Greater Taree City Council Heritage Study 1990 ^ Apperly, 1989, 138 ^ Apperly, 1989, 142 ^ Chambers, 2006, 39, p44 quoting Apperly et al, p140 ^ National Trust listing, 1988 ^ Chambers, 2006, p45 ^ "Australian Monuments, Statues, Dedicated - Monument Australia". www.monumentaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ a b Suters, 1990 Bibliography A.J.Hill (1988). "Sir Charles Rosenthall, Australian Dictionary of Biography entry". Chambers, Heather (2006). A Small Architectural History. Cullen, Lillian (2015). State Heritage Register nomination for Wingham Memorial Town Hall. Smith, Garry (2006). Thematic History and Historic Themes Study - Greater Taree City Council. Hannah, Helen (1988). Voices, A Folk History of the Manning Valley. Fisher, Jacinta (1999). NSW State Heritage Inventory Form. Penfold, Vanessa (1993). Wingham Memorial Town Hall Study. Teeman, Penny (2015). Conversation with Eric Richardson OAM, past president of Manning Valley Historical Society. Ramsland, J. (1987). The Struggle Against Isolation: A History of the Manning Valley. Attribution This Wikipedia article was originally based on Wingham Memorial Town Hall, entry number 01967 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Mid-Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Coast_Council"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"}],"text":"Historic site in New South Wales, AustraliaWingham Memorial Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 52 Farquhar Street, Wingham, Mid-Coast Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by James T. Chambers and built from 1922 to 1924. It is also known as Wingham Town Hall and Wingham Council Chambers. The property is owned by Mid-Coast Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 April 2016.[1]","title":"Wingham Memorial Town Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worimi"},{"link_name":"Hunter River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Barrington Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Tops"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5413-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"John Oxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oxley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5413-2"},{"link_name":"Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forster,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Karuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuah,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5414-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"Manning River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_River"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australian Agricultural Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Flett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Flett"},{"link_name":"Tinonee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinonee,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"City of Greater Taree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Taree"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5416-5"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Council"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Shire"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5417-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5418-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"Cedar Party Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Party_Creek"},{"link_name":"Comboyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboyne,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Killabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killabakh,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5419-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_Photograph_of_the_opening_day_celebrations_on_2_April_1924,_from_the_75th_anniversary_souvenir_program,_1999._(5053369b14).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"D. H. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5420-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5421-10"},{"link_name":"Anzac Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5422-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5423-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5424-13"},{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5425-14"},{"link_name":"Roseville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Gladesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladesville,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"Sydney Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Paddington Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Marrickville Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrickville_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Newcastle City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Mudgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgee"},{"link_name":"Tamworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Manilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5426-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5427-16"}],"text":"Aboriginal landAt the time of European settlement the Manning Valley was peopled by the Biripi people, who occupied the greater part of the Manning Valley, extending north from Blackhead to the Hastings Valley and the Worimi tribe, who occupied the area from Blackhead south to the Hunter River and west to near Barrington Tops.[2] It is understood that Aboriginal people have been caring for this land for at least 20,000 years.[1]Indigenous lifestyles here would have been typical of coastal eastern Australia. Coastal lakes, beaches and estuaries backed by wooded country of various kinds provided rich and varied source of food and supported a high population. John Oxley wrote in 1829:'The natives are extremely numerous along this part of the coast; these extensive lakes, which abound with fish, being extremely favourable to their easy subsistence; large troops of them appear at the beaches while their canoes on the lakes area equally numerous. In the mornings their fires are to be observed in every direction; they evidently appear to shun us, and we wish for no further acquaintance'[1][2]Population numbers decreased rapidly with European colonisation. Contact with cedar cutters in the early nineteenth century would have intruded harshly into the Aboriginal way of life. The depletion of Aboriginal food sources resulted in hostilities. Massacres of indigenous people and the poisoning of their food and waterholes was widespread throughout much of Australia during the nineteenth century. European diseases also took a heavy toll. By the late nineteenth century the traditional way of life was dislodged and many Aboriginal people were dependent on white employment or gathered into missions, which were in operation at Purfleet, Forster and Karuah during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[1][3]Despite this history of displacement Aboriginal soldiers from the district participated in both world wars and the latter enlistments are commemorated in the Honour Rolls at the Wingham Memorial Town Hall. Given the attitudes prevailing at the time and legislative proscription, Aboriginal men who sought to enlist in World War I often presented at recruiting offices far from their place of residence where their ethnicity was not known, so they could be accepted simply as someone \"of dark complexion\". Perhaps because of this, the World War I indigenous servicemen of the Wingham area are not known to be included on the Honour Rolls as they did not enlist locally. However, by the time of World War II, attitudes had changed and local Aboriginal servicemen are included on the Rolls.[1]ColonisationThe first European explorer to cross the Manning River was John Oxley who first visited the area in 1818. In 1829 the Manning River defined the northern boundary of the vast area of land from Newcastle to Taree which had been granted to the Australian Agricultural Company and the northern limit of settlement in the colony of NSW. Cedar cutters moved into the area around this time. The first official land grant of 1037 hectares was made to William Wynter who settled in the district in 1831. The modern township of Taree stands on this land. It was Wynter who gave his family home the name Tarree and subsequently named a schooner \"Tarree\". The schooner was used for shipping cedar to Sydney and ports to the south of Taree.[1][4]Wingham was chosen as a location for the government settlement as it was the furthest inland navigable place on the Manning River. Named after Wingham in Kent, England, it was proclaimed a village in 1844 but allotments were not made until 1854, the same year that Henry Flett laid out Taree as a private settlement. In the meantime, Tinonee had also been established as a government settlement and in 1866 had a population of 100, compared to 90 at Wingham and 150 at Taree. By 1909, Wingham had 285 houses and a population of 900, while Taree 269 houses and a population of 1300.[1]Wingham was proclaimed a municipality in 1889. In 1981 the municipalities of Wingham and Taree were merged with each other and the greater part of Manning Shire to form the City of Greater Taree.[5] Part of Manning Shire Council was also incorporated into Great Lakes Council.[1] On 12 May 2016, the City of Greater Taree was amalgamated into Mid-Coast Council, together with Great Lakes Council and Gloucester Shire.War service in the Manning valleyAustralians served overseas in several British Empire wars during the nineteenth century including the Boxer Rebellion, the Sudan War and the Boer War. However it was Australia's experience of World War I between 1914 and 1918 which most profoundly affected Australian identity and self-image. Like most of Australia, a large proportion of Manning Valley's young men signed up to fight for King and Empire following the declaration of war on 4 August 1914. Newspaper editorials and readers' contributions in the form of letters and poems called the Manning's young men to support the cause, parades were held, patriotic associations formed and fund-raising appeals were received enthusiastically. The \"North Coasters\", or \"Boomerangs\" as they were sometimes called, were given a civic welcome when they passed through the Manning Valley in February 1916 on their way from Grafton to Maitland.[1][6]A large proportion of these young men who went off to fight in Europe and the Middle East never came home, and of those who returned an even larger proportion were seriously injured in mind and / or body. As the Australian War Memorial website explains: 'For Australia, as for many nations, the First World War remains the most costly conflict in terms of deaths and casualties. From a population of fewer than five million, 416,809 men enlisted, of which over 60,000 were killed and 156,000 wounded, gassed, or taken prisoner.'[1]Following World War I war memorials were erected throughout Australia as an expression of grief for those lost and gratitude to those who served. These memorials were not a short lived emotion but an enduring expression of respect which remain prominent throughout the Australian built environment. Some memorials took years to eventuate as communities organised themselves, raised funds and debated what to build. Community halls were a popular form of memorial and communities would often rally to build a school of arts building as a memorial while some with existing halls frequently added commemorative plaques bearing a roll of honour. In the Manning Valley the Wingham Memorial Town Hall was opened in 1923 and the Taree War Memorial in 1925.[1][7]Wingham Memorial Town HallThis lot of land in Wingham had been dedicated as a \"Hall Site\" in 14 November 1884, even before the municipality was declared in 1889. However the land lay fallow for many years.[1]The community of Wingham initiated the idea of building a memorial hall during World War I and made significant contributions to the original fund raising. The money raised was then passed on to the Returned Soldiers, Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League (RSSL) to administer further fund raising activities and develop the plan. In order to finalise the project and ensure its long-term future, it was proposed that the memorial hall be combined with the function of town hall and municipal offices. Wingham Municipal Council took over the project and obtained an additional loan of 4,000 pounds so that the hall would also accommodate municipal offices and council chambers[1]Mr S. H. Brewer was appointed the foreman of works alongside the architect, James Thomson Chambers, and builder, F. C. Sweeney. Mr Dudgeon, a monumental mason from Taree, supplied the foundation stone free of charge. The Honour Rolls were executed by monumental mason, A. Siddall. In a self-published architectural history about her father's career, Heather Chambers discussed the construction of the Wingham Memorial Town Hall:'Chambers used local product wherever possible. The first question raised in the erecting of the building was how to procure suitable clay for the making of bricks. This in fact was done locally, and the bricks were made of clay from a local quarry on Cedar Party Creek. These bricks were made by A. Tufrey at the rate of £27s 6d per 1,000. The water to the hall for the building project was provided by four 1,000 gallon tanks, the water to be drawn from the roof of the adjoining Presbyterian Church. Gravel from the Manning River at Wingham was used in the cement for the foundations, and the mortar used in the brickwork was coloured by the sand also obtained from the nearby river. The timber for both the exterior and interior of the building was procured from the local sawmills at Comboyne and Killabakh, of black butt and white mahogany, and Chambers donated £25 worth of timber from his mill for the building of the hall. The use of local product and tradesmen were hallmarks of the Arts and Crafts movement.'[1][8]Opening day celebrations, 2 April 1924The foundation stone was dedicated by Charles Rosenthal (1975-1954), a popular major-general who had commanded soldiers through most of the World War I theatres of war (and was wounded four times), also an architect, musician and NSW politician; he may have been a part-model for the authoritarian ex-soldiers' leader Benjamin Cooley in D. H. Lawrence's novel, Kangaroo.[9][10] The Wingham Memorial Town Hall was officially opened on 2 April 1924. The Mayor's speech described the memorial hall as a monument and talked about how the history of a country is written in its monuments. He also stated that the hall, although owned by the Council, was the soldiers' hall and would be available for free use by any soldier for their direct benefit of any dependent of the fallen. The honour rolls, located in the vestibule of the hall, were also unveiled on that day. Anzac Day memorial services for the district continue to be held here and a new low-rise memorial wall was constructed 2011 near the entrance vestibule to contribute to this civic function.[1]Following the opening, a garden plan was submitted and a brick fence constructed around the Queen and Farquhar Street boundaries. Also at this time a clock was paid for by the ladies of Wingham and subsequently mounted in the clock tower.[1]Wingham Council had its offices in the building and held its Council meetings here until 1981, when the Municipality of Wingham was amalgamated with Taree Municipality and part of the Manning Shire and the building ceased to be used for many civic functions. The new Council, Greater Taree City Council, continued to use the offices at the Town Hall until c. 1985.[1]The Wingham Memorial Town Hall also has played an important role as a community hall and meeting place, having been in frequent use for large social and cultural gatherings such as dances, wedding receptions, meetings and even funerals. In past years community halls functioned in broader educational and cultural roles than today, often serving as literary institutes and schools of arts before the introduction of council-administered libraries or when travel to the main centres was time-consuming or difficult.[1][11]The Wingham Memorial Town Hall was also in use as a cinema from 1924 until 1939 and again from 1948 until 1955. It was licensed for this by Gerald Allport in 1924. The first Wingham \"talkie\" movie was screened here on 23 August 1930. It does not retain any of its projection equipment. An oral history drawing on the recollections of elderly residents of the Manning Valley in 1988 reported this account by local resident Stella Butterworth of the running of the cinema in the Wingham memorial TownHall in the 1930s:'We had what they called a sound on disc in those days. The records had to synchronise with the film. If you happened to get a faulty record the needle would stick. I can remember on one occasion we had a film and it got to the words, 'I'll have to be going', and the needle stuck there. There was the hero kissing the girl and saying, 'I'll have to be going, I'll have to be going'. The audience was in stitches.\n'One shilling and sixpence was the price to go in the theatre during the depression. We had two screenings, Wednesday and Saturday. We eventually had to give up the Wednesday screening. In the first twelve months we lost about two thousand pounds. We showed in the town hall for seven years. By 1937, we had sound on film.\n' \"Gone with the Wind\" was offered to us for 90 to 10. Ninety percent for them and we had to do all the advertising. The big films were sold by percentage. The westerns were the cheapest and most popular. On a big night we'd have 400 people. It would average out at about 200.'[1][12]A study of the Wingham Memorial Town Hall by student Vanessa Penfold proposed that the use of the California Bungalow architectural style was part of the emergent Australian nationalism of the early twentieth century:'Vanessa Penfold, in her Wingham Memorial Town Hall Study suggests, \"Australian Architects were designing their own interpretation of a style now called the Californian Bungalow\", which stylistically allowed an original Australian architecture to emerge. Penfold says that the \"striking features representative in Chambers work in Wingham include the low pitched roofs, prominent gables and overhanging eaves and barges\" (1993, p17) of the Californian Bungalow style... his designs had a much more decorative character in this period in Wingham, from 1918, as he was designing with his own flair and style and working within the Arts and Crafts idiom. He also followed the new fashionable trends of \"simple forms, open verandahs, wood structures and shingle surfaces\", and as an architect of the Scottish tradition, he brought his own influences from the International School to his work. Chambers was very much influenced by the important changes in architecture in Sydney at the time he was working there, as Australian design was evolving towards its own and original architecture.'[1]The then Mayor of Greater Taree City Council, Mick Tuck, stated in his speech for the 75th Anniversary Celebrations for Wingham Town Hall in 1999 that \"This Hall will forever be, the centre, the heart, of Wingham\".[1][13]James Thomson Chambers, architect (1870-1854)James Chambers, though little documented, has been described by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) as \"an important Sydney architect\".[14] He was born in Scotland and trained as an architect there, first settling in Roseville in 1910. His father had owned a timber milling business in Scotland and James evidently came to Wingham to run the sawmill business he had bought in 1917 in nearby Killabakh. Settling his family in Wingham in 1918, he designed them a fine home (also in the Interwar California Bungalow style at 4 Machins Parade Wingham) and carried out other architectural commissions in the area including the Rectory for St Matthews Church of England, extensive renovations to the Wingham Hotel (sadly destroyed by fire in 2010), additions and alterations to Maitland Stores in Bent Street Wingham, a War Memorial at Killabakh and several substantial homes in Wingham. In 1921 he became a foundation director of the Wingham Land and Building Co. Ltd with several Wingham councillors, which constructed four more modest houses in Dingo Street (now Queen Street). However it appears that none of these businesses took off and he returned with his family to Sydney in 1925. After relocating to the Orange district for some years, he retired in Sydney where he died in Gladesville in 1954.[1]ComparisonsThere are currently seven town halls listed on the SHR in NSW: Sydney Town Hall (1869), Paddington Town Hall (1891), Granville (1988), Maitland (1880s), Marrickville Town Hall (1879), Newcastle City Hall (1929) and Mudgee (1880). Of these, only the Newcastle City Hall dates from the twentieth century like the Wingham Town Hall. The Wingham Town Hall also differs from all those already listed because of its strong and representative associations with the commemoration of twentieth century wars.\nThere are just two other known \"memorial town halls\" extant in NSW, both also built in the interwar period: Tamworth War Memorial Town Hall and Manilla Memorial Town Hall. Like Wingham they have lost their formal civic function and are in use as local community halls. The Tamworth War Memorial Town Hall is listed on the LEP.[1]There are hundreds of memorial halls dotted throughout NSW, of which more than 150 are listed on LEPs or on other heritage lists. Only one other memorial hall has so far been listed on the State Heritage Register: the Malachi Gilmore Memorial Hall in Oberon, an art Deco style building dating from 1937. The research suggests there is no other NSW town hall built in this \"Interwar California Bungalow\" style;[15] Suters Architects Snell report of 16 May 1988 states that it is \"probably stylistically unique in NSW\".[1][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_Detail_of_the_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_clock_tower_viewed_from_the_corner_of_Farquhar_and_Queen_Streets._(5053369b8).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"corrugated iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron"},{"link_name":"gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"verandahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5426-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5428-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5429-18"},{"link_name":"facades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5430-19"},{"link_name":"gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"transom lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(architectural)"},{"link_name":"leadlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadlight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5431-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latticework"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5432-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"driveway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveway"},{"link_name":"shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"}],"text":"Detail of the clock towerWingham is an historic town located on the Manning River in the Mid North Coast region of NSW within the local government area of Greater Taree, 335 kilometres north of Sydney. Its population was 5313 in the 2011 census.[1]The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is located in a suburban area on the corner of Queen Street and Farquhar Street on a rise about midway between the town centre and its railway station. The building, dating from 1924, is a distinctive single storey brick building with corrugated iron roof, large gables, covered verandahs and castellated corner clock tower.[1]Designed by local architect James Thomson Chambers, it is rare and possibly unique within NSW as an institutional building designed in the Interwar Californian Bungalow architectural style. This style is characterised by its earthy appearance, brown brick work, low-pitched street-facing gables with decorative timber inserts, corrugated iron roof and substantial masonry piers on its verandahs.[15] It also displays aspects of the Federation Free Style,[17] characterised by the asymmetrically positioned landmark tower; and the Federation Arts and Crafts style, characterised by the large arch over the entrance and decorative painted wood work.[18] Chambers' daughter's history of his career states:\n':Much of Chambers' work espouses the philosophies used by the Federation Arts and Crafts Movement, which can be seen in his design of the Memorial Town Hall, with its asymmetric placement of the clock tower; its open vestibule area making it a place for the people; as well as the use of local product, tradesmen and artisans... The idea that the landscaping was part of the overall design of a building was favoured by the Arts and Crafts Movement... Buildings in the federation Arts and Craft style were... not merely facades, but rather were built \"in-the-round\", in artful informality.'[1][19]The gable to Farquhar Street covers an open spaced entrance vestibule and is entered through a wide brick segmental arch. The vestibule is panelled in wood and there are two segmental wooden arches to double doors that lead into the main hall. Between these doors there is an attractive semi-octagonal glazed ticket box with a timber moulded cornice and a row of little transom lights and each divided, by leadlight, into four panes.[1][20]The clock-tower stands about 15 metres high and has brick piers on each corner and a circular clock on each face. It is crenelated at the top.[1]The hall itself was eighty by forty feet (24 by 12 m) and seated 600 people; had an eighteen-foot (5.5 m) vestibule; the stage was forty by twenty feet (12.2 by 6.1 m) with three change rooms ten by ten feet (3.0 by 3.0 m); a supper room thirty-three by twenty-six feet (10.1 by 7.9 m) and a kitchen thirteen by ten feet (4.0 by 3.0 m); Council Chambers and a Town Clerk's room, both eighteen by eighteen feet (5.5 by 5.5 m); and two small rooms either side of the vestibule. The clock, costing 225 pounds, was donated through fundraising by the women of Wingham. The interior of the hall was decorated in pale cool finishes, to reflect the climate, the ceiling highlighted in darker paint work along the decorative lattice work.[1][21]By contrast, in 2015 the interior colours of the building are predominantly off-white.[1]Apart from the main hall, there is a supper room and service rooms together with the former civic office spaces, all with high ceilings (approximately 6m). The tower is accessible by ladder stairway. The four clock faces keep accurate time using recently installed electric mechanisms, installed by Ingrams Bright, an electronic master system. Each clock face has its own motor which runs off power. The original clock mechanism, replaced c. 1985, is on display in the Wingham Museum.[1]The Memorial Town Hall retains its intact World War I Honour Rolls displayed in the exterior foyer to the main hall. The Honour Rolls comprise a total of 1047 entries encompassing service in both wars and peacekeeping operations. The earliest entry relates to the Soudan (sic) War of 1885, the most recent to service in Iraq in 2003. Of these entries 232 are for service in World War 1 and a further 696 are for service in World War II. The insignia of the Royal Australian Air Force, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy are displayed in the foyer, positioned above the main entry doors and ticket booth.[1]The original street fencing and entry gates have been removed. Good photographic records of these elements are available and the local community are investigating their reinstatement. The roof was replaced c. 2010 following hail damage.[1]Although the building's office spaces have been under-utilised since the town hall functions moved to Taree in the mid 1980s following local government amalgamations and the closure of the Wingham Shire offices, the various rooms of the building have since been in occasional community use by organisations such as the Baptist Church and Wingham Community Centre. The War Veterans' Remembrance Drive Association are due to assume occupancy of the office spaces in late 2015.[1]The SHR curtilage includes the main hall building, side driveway, mature phoenix palm trees and recently planted memorial rock gardens but excludes more recently constructed buildings in the rear of the lot including a shed used by the RSL and a childcare centre.[1]The hall was reported to be in good condition and fairly intact as at 1 June 2015.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5433-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"}],"sub_title":"Modifications and dates","text":"1950s - ticket booth constructed in the vestibule\n1969 (circa) - removal of brick fence around perimeter\n1970 - verandah enclosed\n1985 (circa) - Clock tower time keeping mechanism replaced with electronic system where each clock face runs off its own motor\n1995 - toilets installed inside building\n1999 - kitchen refurbished\n2002 - refurbishment of the main hall\n2003 - restoration of original form of the verandahs\n2010 - Corrugated roof replaced following hail damage\n2011 - installation of Cenotaph and Remembrance Wall near entrance foyer, dedicated 25 April 2011[22]\n2015 - office spaces repaired and repainted[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_SHR_Plan_No_2736_(5053369b100).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mid North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_North_Coast"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5434-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-5434-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-1967-1"}],"text":"Heritage boundariesThe Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state aesthetic significance for its architectural design as a landmark twentieth century civic building in the NSW Mid North Coast region. Designed in the Interwar California Bungalow style, which is usually reserved for residential design, the hall has been described as \"architecturally unique\".[23] It is also rare as a memorial town hall in NSW. It is of state representative significance as a high quality, regional town hall building and for its memorial function designed to permanently commemorate the local men who lost their lives in World War I. Its status as a war memorial epitomises the importance of \"remembrance\" in Australian culture. The hall is also of representative significance as a community hall used for social and cultural events that draw the community together.[1]Wingham Memorial Town Hall was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 8 April 2016 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.The Wingham Memorial Town Hall has local historical significance as the seat of local government prior to amalgamation in 1981.[1]The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state aesthetic significance for its architectural design as a landmark twentieth century civic building in the NSW Mid North Coast region. Designed in the Interwar California Bungalow style, which is usually reserved for residential design, the hall has been described as \"architecturally unique\".[23] The town hall is a strongly and confidently massed building with a dramatic entrance vestibule. Its asymmetrically placed clock tower and mature phoenix palm trees contribute to its strong streetscape presence.[1]The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state significance for its rarity as one of only three known memorial town halls in NSW (along with Tamworth and Manila memorial town halls). It is also rare as a civic building designed in the Interwar Californian Bungalow style.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.The Wingham Memorial Town Hall is of state representative significance as a high quality, regional town hall building and for its memorial function designed to permanently commemorate the local men who lost their lives in World War I. This commemoration function, extended over time to recognise men who died in later wars, demonstrates the high level of commitment by local communities in NSW to honouring the young men they lost to war. Its status as a war memorial epitomises the importance of \"remembrance\" in Australian culture. The hall is also of representative significance as a community hall used for social and cultural events that draw the community together, including its several decades functioning as the local cinema.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}]
[{"image_text":"Opening day celebrations, 2 April 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_Photograph_of_the_opening_day_celebrations_on_2_April_1924%2C_from_the_75th_anniversary_souvenir_program%2C_1999._%285053369b14%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the clock tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_Detail_of_the_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_clock_tower_viewed_from_the_corner_of_Farquhar_and_Queen_Streets._%285053369b8%29.jpg/220px-1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_Detail_of_the_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_clock_tower_viewed_from_the_corner_of_Farquhar_and_Queen_Streets._%285053369b8%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heritage boundaries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_SHR_Plan_No_2736_%285053369b100%29.jpg/220px-1967_-_Wingham_Memorial_Town_Hall_-_SHR_Plan_No_2736_%285053369b100%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"New South Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales"}]
[{"reference":"\"Wingham Memorial Town Hall\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01967. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5053369","url_text":"\"Wingham Memorial Town Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Monuments, Statues, Dedicated - Monument Australia\". www.monumentaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/","url_text":"\"Australian Monuments, Statues, Dedicated - Monument Australia\""}]},{"reference":"A.J.Hill (1988). \"Sir Charles Rosenthall, Australian Dictionary of Biography entry\".","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rosenthal-sir-charles-8268/text14483","url_text":"\"Sir Charles Rosenthall, Australian Dictionary of Biography entry\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Heather (2006). A Small Architectural History.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cullen, Lillian (2015). State Heritage Register nomination for Wingham Memorial Town Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Garry (2006). Thematic History and Historic Themes Study - Greater Taree City Council.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hannah, Helen (1988). Voices, A Folk History of the Manning Valley.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fisher, Jacinta (1999). NSW State Heritage Inventory Form.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Penfold, Vanessa (1993). Wingham Memorial Town Hall Study.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Teeman, Penny (2015). Conversation with Eric Richardson OAM, past president of Manning Valley Historical Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ramsland, J. (1987). The Struggle Against Isolation: A History of the Manning Valley.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_South_Korea
South Korean cuisine
["1 Beverages","1.1 Alcoholic beverages","2 Street food","3 Delivery culture","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is part of a series onKorean cuisine한국 요리조선 료리 Staples Bap Bibimbap Bokkeum-bap Gukbap Juk Mieum Guksu Naengmyeon Mandu AncillariesPickled dishes Jangajji Jeotgal Kimchi Baek-kimchi Dongchimi Kkakdugi Nabak-kimchi Soups & stews Guk Tang Jeongol Jijimi Jjigae Banchan Bokkeum Buchimgae Jeon Bugak Gui Hoe Jjim Jokpyeon Jorim Muk Namul Pyeonyuk Po Seon Ssam DessertsHangwa Dasik Gwapyeon Jeonggwa Kkultarae Suksilgwa Yakbap Yeot Yeotgangjeong Yugwa Gangjeong Hangwa Yumilgwa Mandugwa Taraegwa Yakgwa Tteok Baekseolgi Bupyeon Gyeongdan Injeolmi Jeolpyeon Jeungpyeon Mujigae-tteok Siru-tteok Songpyeon DrinksList of Korean drinks Cha Hwachae Sikhye Sul (alcoholic drinks) Sujeonggwa Condiments Doenjang Ganjang Gukganjang Eoganjang Gochujang Honey Cheong Mustard sauce Oil Perilla oil Sesame oil Ssamjang Vinegar Persimmon vinegar Rice vinegar Utensils Dolsot Onggi Siru Sujeo Ttukbaegi Gamasot Other Kimchi Field Museum Kimchi refrigerator List of Korean dishes North Korean cuisine Korean regional cuisine Korean Chinese cuisine Korean royal court cuisine Korean barbecue vte Various South Korean dishes and foods South Korea is a country in East Asia constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is bordered to the north by North Korea, and the two countries are separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Some dishes are shared by the two Koreas. Historically, Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in southern Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, it has gone through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends. Rice dishes and kimchi are staple Korean foods. In a traditional meal, they accompany both side dishes (banchan) and main courses like juk, bulgogi or noodles. Soju liquor is the best-known traditional Korean spirit. Beverages Alcoholic beverages Main articles: Korean alcoholic beverages and Beer in South Korea Alcoholic beverages are consumed in South Korea, and drinking is a part of the culture of South Korea. Street food Main article: Street food in South Korea Street food in South Korea has traditionally been seen as a part of popular culture in South Korea. Historically, street food mainly included foods such as eomuk, bungeo-ppang and tteok-bokki. Street food has been sold through many types of retail outlets, with new ones being developed over time. Recently, street food has seen a popular resurgence in South Korea, such as at the Night Market at Hangang Park, which is called "Bamdokkaebi Night Market". Delivery culture Main article: Delivery culture in South Korea Delivery culture in South Korea started in the Joseon era. It has since evolved into one of the most sophisticated and widely used services in the country, spanning from the 18th century to the present. Nowadays, because of a fast-paced lifestyle and the role of technology in everyday life, people use delivery services to deliver anything from food, documents, presents, etc. at a cheap price. Although delivery is quite common in other parts of the world, Korean delivery is unique in a way because of the use of scooters and motorcycles to quickly transport food and services. References ^ Korean Cuisine (한국요리 韓國料理) (in Korean). Naver / Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Food". Korean Culture and Information Service. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "서울밤도깨비야시장" . 서울밤도깨비야시장. Retrieved 2017-06-18. ^ Jeon, So-young. "Trends & Traditions". Korean Culture and Information Service (in Korean). Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. Retrieved 5 March 2021. External links Media related to Cuisine of South Korea at Wikimedia Commons vteIndex of Korea-related articles North Korea South Korea History of KoreaGeneral Military history of Korea List of monarchs of Korea Timeline of Korean history Chronology Gojoseon Dangun Joseon / Gija Joseon / Wiman Joseon / Jin (Korean state) Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea Buyeo / Okjeo / Dongye / Samhan / Four Commanderies of Han Three Kingdoms of Korea Goguryeo / Baekje / Silla / Gaya confederacy North–South States Period Later Silla / Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Taebong / Later Baekje / Silla Goryeo Joseon Korean Empire Korea under Japanese rule Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Division of Korea United States Army Military Government in Korea / Soviet Civil Administration / Korean War History of South Korea / History of North Korea COVID-19 pandemic in North and South Korea Geography of KoreaGeneral Borders Korean Peninsula List of islands of Korea List of lakes of Korea List of mountains in 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Korean_sides.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean Demilitarized Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"Korean cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine"},{"link_name":"agricultural and nomadic traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Korean_Cuisine-1"},{"link_name":"Rice dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_dish"},{"link_name":"kimchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"},{"link_name":"staple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food"},{"link_name":"banchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchan"},{"link_name":"juk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juk_(food)"},{"link_name":"bulgogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgogi"},{"link_name":"noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodles"},{"link_name":"Soju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soju"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCIS-2"}],"text":"Various South Korean dishes and foodsSouth Korea is a country in East Asia constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is bordered to the north by North Korea, and the two countries are separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Some dishes are shared by the two Koreas.Historically, Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in southern Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, it has gone through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.[1] Rice dishes and kimchi are staple Korean foods. In a traditional meal, they accompany both side dishes (banchan) and main courses like juk, bulgogi or noodles. Soju liquor is the best-known traditional Korean spirit.[2]","title":"South Korean cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beverages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"culture of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea"}],"sub_title":"Alcoholic beverages","text":"Alcoholic beverages are consumed in South Korea, and drinking is a part of the culture of South Korea.","title":"Beverages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eomuk"},{"link_name":"bungeo-ppang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungeo-ppang"},{"link_name":"tteok-bokki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tteok-bokki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bamdokkaebi-3"}],"text":"Street food in South Korea has traditionally been seen as a part of popular culture in South Korea. Historically, street food mainly included foods such as eomuk, bungeo-ppang and tteok-bokki. Street food has been sold through many types of retail outlets, with new ones being developed over time. Recently, street food has seen a popular resurgence in South Korea, such as at the Night Market at Hangang Park, which is called \"Bamdokkaebi Night Market\".[3]","title":"Street food"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseon era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_era"},{"link_name":"delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_delivery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delivery-4"}],"text":"Delivery culture in South Korea started in the Joseon era. It has since evolved into one of the most sophisticated and widely used services in the country, spanning from the 18th century to the present. Nowadays, because of a fast-paced lifestyle and the role of technology in everyday life, people use delivery services to deliver anything from food, documents, presents, etc. at a cheap price. Although delivery is quite common in other parts of the world, Korean delivery is unique in a way because of the use of scooters and motorcycles to quickly transport food and services.[4]","title":"Delivery culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Various South Korean dishes and foods","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/South_Korean_sides.jpg/260px-South_Korean_sides.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Korean Cuisine (한국요리 韓國料理) (in Korean). Naver / Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186015","url_text":"Korean Cuisine (한국요리 韓國料理)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Doosan Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Food\". Korean Culture and Information Service. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korean-Life/Food","url_text":"\"Food\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service","url_text":"Korean Culture and Information Service"}]},{"reference":"\"서울밤도깨비야시장\" [Seoul Bamdokkaebi Night Market]. 서울밤도깨비야시장. Retrieved 2017-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bamdokkaebi.org/","url_text":"\"서울밤도깨비야시장\""}]},{"reference":"Jeon, So-young. \"Trends & Traditions\". Korean Culture and Information Service (in Korean). Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kocis.go.kr/eng/webzine/201811/sub03.html","url_text":"\"Trends & Traditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service","url_text":"Korean Culture and Information Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism","url_text":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186015","external_links_name":"Korean Cuisine (한국요리 韓國料理)"},{"Link":"http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korean-Life/Food","external_links_name":"\"Food\""},{"Link":"http://www.bamdokkaebi.org/","external_links_name":"\"서울밤도깨비야시장\""},{"Link":"http://www.kocis.go.kr/eng/webzine/201811/sub03.html","external_links_name":"\"Trends & Traditions\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_da_Luz_Pereira
Davidson (footballer)
["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References"]
Brazilian footballer (born 1991) In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is da Luz and the second or paternal family name is Pereira. Davidson Davidson with Alanyaspor in 2021Personal informationFull name Davidson da Luz PereiraDate of birth (1991-03-05) 5 March 1991 (age 33)Place of birth Duque de Caxias, BrazilHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) WingerTeam informationCurrent team İstanbul BaşakşehirNumber 11Youth career Santos Fluminense2011–2013 Sport RecifeSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2013 Sport Recife 0 (0)2013 → Porto-PE (loan) 6 (0)2014 Galícia 16 (6)2014 Fortaleza 4 (0)2015 Jacobina  7 (1)2015 Santa Rita 5 (0)2015–2016 Sporting Covilhã 58 (11)2016–2018 Chaves 48 (6)2018–2020 Vitória Guimarães 60 (13)2020–2022 Alanyaspor 61 (17)2022–2023 Wuhan Three Towns 59 (24)2024– İstanbul Başakşehir 6 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 March 2024 Davidson da Luz Pereira (born 5 March 1991), simply known as Davidson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish Süper Lig club İstanbul Başakşehir. Career In 2018, Davidson signed for Vitória Guimarães. On 7 February 2024, Davidson returned to Turkey and signed a with Süper Lig club İstanbul Başakşehir. Career statistics As of 28 March 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League State League National cup League cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Porto-PE 2013 Pernambucano — 6 0 — — — — 6 0 Galícia 2014 Baiano — 16 6 — — — — 16 6 Fortaleza 2014 Série C 4 0 — — — — — 4 0 Jacobina  2015 Baiano — 7 1 — — — — 7 1 Santa Rita 2015 Alagoano — 5 0 — — — — 5 0 Sporting Covilhã 2015–16 LigaPro 39 8 — 1 0 0 0 — — 40 8 2016–17 19 3 — 4 2 4 0 — — 27 5 Total 58 11 — 5 2 4 0 — — 67 13 Chaves 2016–17 Primeira Liga 15 1 — 3 0 0 0 — — 18 1 2017–18 33 5 — 1 0 1 0 — — 35 5 Total 48 6 — 4 0 1 0 — — 53 6 Vitória Guimarães 2018–19 Primeira Liga 34 8 — 4 2 1 0 — — 39 10 2019–20 26 5 — 1 1 5 2 12 2 — 44 10 Total 60 13 — 5 3 6 2 12 2 — 83 20 Alanyaspor 2020–21 Süper Lig 39 11 — 3 1 — 1 0 — 43 12 2021–22 22 6 — 0 0 — — — 22 6 Total 61 17 — 3 1 — 1 0 — 65 18 Wuhan Three Towns 2022 Chinese Super League 33 18 — 0 0 — — — 33 18 2023 26 6 — 0 0 — 6 2 1 0 33 8 Total 59 24 — 0 0 — 6 2 1 0 66 26 İstanbul Başakşehir 2023-24 Süper Lig 6 0 — 1 0 — — — 7 0 Career total 296 71 34 7 18 4 12 2 19 4 1 0 380 88 ^ Appearances in Campeonato Pernambucano ^ a b Appearances in Campeonato Baiano ^ Appearances in Campeonato Alagoano ^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Appearances in AFC Champions League ^ Appearances in Chinese Super Cup Honours Wuhan Three Towns Chinese Super League: 2022 Chinese FA Super Cup: 2023 Individual Primeira Liga Goal of the Month: August 2019 References ^ "Davidson da Luz Pereira". Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Davidson da Luz Pereira". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ @Alanyaspor (13 August 2020). "Hoş geldin Davidson!🟠🟢" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Davidson fugiu da favela e chegou a Guimarães por conselho da sogra". maisfutebol.iol.pt. ^ "Hoş geldin Davidson da Luz Pereira" (in Turkish). İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Davidson at Soccerway. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ "Davidson, Umaro Embaló, Marchesín, Alex Telles, Bruno Fernandes, Zé Luís e João Pedro Sousa foram os outros premiados". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 24 March 2020. vteİstanbul Başakşehir F.K. – current squad 1 Babacan 3 Opoku 4 Ergün 5 Duarte 7 Gürler 8 Aleksić 9 Piątek 10 Özcan 11 Davidson 14 Pelkas 15 Dubois 16 Şengezer 17 Kény 19 Abeid 20 Kemen 21 Tekdemir 23 Türüç 24 Karaağaç 25 Figueiredo 26 İlkhan 27 Ba 34 Dilek 42 Şahiner 60 Lima 80 Aydoğmuş 89 Souza 91 Çelik 98 Dilmen 99 Dennis Head coach: Atan This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football midfielder born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Başakşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir_F.K."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is da Luz and the second or paternal family name is Pereira.Davidson da Luz Pereira (born 5 March 1991), simply known as Davidson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger[2] for Turkish Süper Lig club İstanbul Başakşehir.[3]","title":"Davidson (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitória Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Başakşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir_F.K."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2018, Davidson signed for Vitória Guimarães.[4]On 7 February 2024, Davidson returned to Turkey and signed a with Süper Lig club İstanbul Başakşehir.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Pernambucano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Pernambucano"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BA_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BA_8-1"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Baiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Baiano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Alagoano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Alagoano"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_10-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ACL_11-0"},{"link_name":"AFC Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CSC_12-0"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_Cup"}],"text":"As of 28 March 2024[6]^ Appearances in Campeonato Pernambucano\n\n^ a b Appearances in Campeonato Baiano\n\n^ Appearances in Campeonato Alagoano\n\n^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearances in AFC Champions League\n\n^ Appearances in Chinese Super Cup","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_FA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"August 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Primeira_Liga#Monthly_awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August-13"}],"text":"Wuhan Three TownsChinese Super League: 2022\nChinese FA Super Cup: 2023IndividualPrimeira Liga Goal of the Month: August 2019[7]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_(video_game)
Parasite Eve (video game)
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","2.1 \"Original Eve\"","3 Development","4 Release","5 Music","6 Reception","7 Legacy","8 See also","9 References","9.1 References","10 External links"]
1998 video game 1998 video gameParasite EveNorth American packaging artworkDeveloper(s)SquarePublisher(s)JP: SquareNA: Square Electronic ArtsDirector(s)Takashi TokitaProducer(s)Hironobu SakaguchiDesigner(s)Yoshihiko MaekawaProgrammer(s)Hiroshi KawaiArtist(s)Tetsuya NomuraWriter(s)Hideaki SenaTakashi TokitaComposer(s)Yoko ShimomuraSeriesParasite EvePlatform(s)PlayStationReleaseJP: March 29, 1998NA: September 10, 1998Genre(s)Role-playingMode(s)Single-player Parasite Eve is a 1998 role-playing video game developed and published by Square. The game is a sequel to the novel Parasite Eve, written by Hideaki Sena; it is the first game in the Parasite Eve video game series. The story follows New York City police officer Aya Brea over a six-day span in 1997 as she attempts to stop the Eve, a woman who plans to destroy the human race through spontaneous human combustion. Players explore levels set in areas of New York while utilizing a pausable real-time combat system along with several role-playing elements. Parasite Eve was SquareSoft's first M-rated game, and the first major American and Japanese game development collaboration for the company. It was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita. Music for the title was composed by Yoko Shimomura who was widely acclaimed for her work to create an "inorganic" and "emotionless" soundtrack that saw two album releases. Parasite Eve received positive reviews; critics praised the graphics and gameplay, but found the overall game too linear and with little replay potential. The video game adaptation was part of a resurgence of popularity in Japanese horror sparked by the original book, and was released alongside a film adaptation and two manga comics; one based on the book, the other on the video game. The original title was followed by two video game sequels: Parasite Eve II in 1999 and The 3rd Birthday in 2010, and was re-released on the PlayStation Network in 2010. The first two games, Parasite Eve and Parasite Eve II, had shipped over 3 million copies worldwide by 2010. Gameplay Like other role-playing video games made by Square for the PlayStation, Parasite Eve was made during a period that Peter Tieryas of Kotaku described as an "experimental period" where nearly every role-playing video game from the company had unique combat mechanics. Contemporary reviews from GameSpot and Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described the game as a hybrid of Final Fantasy VII and Resident Evil. Parasite Eve's game's director, Takashi Tokita, described the game's style as a "cinematic RPG", with its look and feel strongly alluding to an interactive movie-like experience. Movement in the "world map" (which is a map of Manhattan) is limited to specific destinations. Upon the player walking over a "hot spot", there's a chance of a random encounter. Enemies materialize and attack players on the same screen that they move Aya around on, with no battle mode or screen being used. In battle, the game uses a pausable real-time combat system with an Active Time Bar (ATB) that sets the time that must be waited till the player can take their next action. While waiting for her turn, the player character Aya can be moved around to dodge enemy attacks. Upon each turn, the player may choose between attacking with their equipped weapon by pressing the attack button, using Parasite Energy (PE) for defense, assistance, or attack, using items, changing a weapon or armor, or escaping the battle. If the player chooses to attack, the battle briefly pauses and a dome/sphere symbolizing the range of the weapon appears, allowing the player to target an enemy within range. PE recharges during battle but the more players use it, the slower it refills. When not in battle, the player has the option of altering the weapon and armor attributes and effects with tools and super-tools, which are limited in number. The player selects the "tune-up" option, choosing the weapon that will be altered and the weapon from which the attributes or effect will be taken. Weapons have many different properties, including special effects like "acid", which causes enemies to continuously take damage. One of the principal role-playing elements of the game is that experience-based levels are present. Each time the player's level increases, their attributes go up and Bonus Points (BP) are given. These points can be distributed to the ATB, item capacity, or attributes of a weapon or armor. Once the game is completed, a new game plus mode is available called "EX game". It is different from normal play in various aspects; the player has access to every item stored in the police station, the game begins with the final weapon and armor the player chose before ending the first game but returns to level one experience, and the bonus points (BP) given to the player at the end of the game are now available to use. The items, weapons, power-ups and enemies are more powerful, as are the enemies the player encounters. However, the biggest difference from the normal game is the addition of the Chrysler Building, a new location with 77 floors (containing mostly randomized content), leading to a final boss battle with Aya's older sister, Maya. Plot Critics highlighted the shocking opening scene where the entire opera audience spontaneously combusts. The player takes on the role of Aya Brea, an NYPD rookie, attending an opera at Carnegie Hall with a blind date in New York City on December 24th, 1997. During the opera, everyone in the building spontaneously combusts, except for Aya, her date, and an actress on stage named Melissa Pearce. Aya confronts Melissa onstage, and Melissa says that Aya's mitochondria need more time to develop. She flees backstage, with Aya giving chase. Backstage, Melissa then mutates into a beast and flees into the sewers, declaring that her name is now Eve. The next day, on December 25th, Aya and her partner, Daniel Dollis, go to see a scientist at the Museum of Natural History named Dr. Hans Klamp. He teaches the protagonists about mitochondria, but they do not find his information useful since it does not explain the previous night's events. Later that day, they hear that Eve is in Central Park, and to make matters worse, an audience has gathered at the park's theater intending to see a performance that Melissa Pearce was to give. Aya enters Central Park alone as Daniel is unable to pass through the entrance without spontaneously combusting. She makes it to the theater, but is too late to stop Eve, who causes the theater audience's mitochondria to rebel against their hosts and turns the crowd into a slimy orange mass. Aya chases after Eve and is knocked unconscious after a fight with her aboard a horse-drawn carriage. Daniel discovers that his son, Ben, was at the park, but had left the audience at the Central Park theater when he began to feel ill and when his mother began to act strange. He also learns that Manhattan is being evacuated due to the threat that Eve poses. While Manhattan is being evacuated, a Japanese scientist named Kunihiko Maeda manages to sneak into the city, witnessing a police officer combust into flames in the process. Aya awakens in an apartment in SoHo, with Daniel and Maeda at her side. Maeda reveals the origins of Eve: A scientist tried to culture the cells of his wife after she was involved in a car accident, and the mitochondria in her cells took over her body. Maeda believes that Eve may be trying to give birth to an "Ultimate Being". The next day, the three go to see Dr. Klamp again. After examining cell samples from that of Eve and Aya's, Maeda concludes that based on selfish gene theory, Aya and Eve's mitochondria are in an evolutionary race for survival. Dr. Klamp suddenly appears and asks a few questions of Aya in a hostile manner. The three leave and head for the St. Francis Hospital, where Maeda thinks Eve may try to get sperm for the Ultimate Being. When they arrive, they find that Eve is already there. Eve takes the sperm and escapes. The next day, Aya sees the orange mass of people from the park enter the city water supply. She goes to Dr. Klamp one more time, and discovers that Dr. Klamp has engineered special sperm for Eve so that she can create the Ultimate Being. He then spontaneously combusts. Aya finds Eve in another part of the museum, where the orange mass has surrounded her, forming an impermeable shield to protect her while the Ultimate Being gestates within her. After several failed attempts to attack Eve, the military asks Aya to attack her from a chopper, as she is the only one who can get close without combusting. The plan works, but Aya has to personally finish the fight on a now-wrecked Statue of Liberty, where Eve finally succumbs to necrosis due to her unstable cells. As Aya rests on a naval vessel, the Ultimate Being is born and attacks the surrounding ships. Aya does battle with the Ultimate Being, but its mitochondria causes it to evolve at an alarming rate. Aya sets the vessel's boiler pressure dangerously high, so as to destroy it with the Ultimate Being on board. In the initial ending, Aya, Daniel, his son Ben, and Maeda attend the opera at Carnegie Hall, where Aya's mitochondrial powers allow her to resonate with the audience members, their eyes ominously glowing. "Original Eve" After completing the game once, the player can access the Chrysler Building and have access to the true final boss, who takes the form of Aya's sister, Maya. She explains to Aya that Klamp cultivated the liver cells of the original Eve to analyze. When Melissa was giving birth to the Ultimate Being, she created a nest there. In case Melissa and the Ultimate Being failed, the purebred would remain. Aya speaks with her sister, and they engage in battle against the purebred. After the purebred is defeated, the mitochondria inside Aya's body begin to rebel against her. It is explained that Aya's mitochondria have now reached a higher evolutionary stage than Maya's, but Maya's personality has suddenly become dominant and begun to fight off the Eve persona. Maya eventually wins, purging the Eve persona from herself, and protects Aya by preventing the original Eve from taking over her. Aya leaves the building after telling Maya to return home together. Development The video game Parasite Eve is based on the Japanese novel Parasite Eve released in 1995. Plot-wise, the video game serves as a sequel to the book, referencing various events therein while also stating that Mariko Anzai, the girl whom Eve had chosen to become her host in the novel, is Aya's biological mother. The game was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita of Square. Development lasted roughly two years, including the pre-planning phase. Sakaguchi created the story outline, not watching any movies so he would not be influenced by them. During the first six months of production, the game was to be set in Tokyo and act as a more direct sequel to the novel, but Sakaguchi suggested setting the game in New York City. The game was built on a modified version of the Final Fantasy VII game engine. In contrast to previous Square titles, the development team for Parasite Eve consisted of both Japanese and American staff members, with a large part of the production taking place in the United States. An additional team of thirty were based in Square's Hawaii studio. U.S. artists Steve Gray and Darnell Williams were in charge of most of the CG work. Different concepts for the game's opening were considered, including different designs for Aya and Melissa transforming into Eve on stage during the opera. Book author Hideaki Sena did not know the title's plot until it was completed, since the game was a collaboration between Square and his publisher. Aya Brea was created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and designed by Tetsuya Nomura. Aya was originally being designed by someone else, but the original sketches did not satisfy Sakaguchi, who had wanted a long-haired character like Aerith Gainsborough, a central character from Final Fantasy VII. At the time, he was creating another unspecified character for a different project who sported short hair: he got confused while designing them and accidentally combined the two designs, creating the then-current Aya. The original concept for her was to have her as strong, sexy and "bewitching". Her name was taken from Sakaguchi's daughter Aya. The names "Daniel" and "Maeda" were taken from members of staff. A video demo of Parasite Eve was displayed at the September 1997 Tokyo Game Show, consisting of full motion video with no gameplay footage. Release Parasite Eve was released on March 29, 1998 in Japan for the PlayStation. Television ads featuring the full motion video present in the game were aired in the United States in the run-up to the game's 1998 release. In a shipping mixup, over two hundred copies of the game were shipped to Best Buy retailers a week before release. Parasite Eve was Square's first game to be rated Mature by the ESRB and the first to be released under the Square Electronic Arts joint-venture. The game was released in North America on September 10, 1998. Before The 3rd Birthday's release in 2010, both Yoshinori Kitase and Tetsuya Nomura discussed the re-release of Parasite Eve and Parasite Eve II. The release was being held up partly due to the series rights being co-owned with Hideaki Sena. The game was later released in both Japan and North America on the PlayStation Network in 2010 and 2011, respectively. In 2018, the game was included in the Japanese lineup of the PlayStation Classic. Music Parasite Eve Original SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Yoko ShimomuraReleasedMay 21, 1998RecordedAndora Studios, Los AngelesLength1:46:55LabelDigiCubeProducerSquare Enix Main article: Music of the Parasite Eve series Yoko Shimomura composed the game's soundtrack including the main theme, "Primal Eyes". The ending vocal song, "Somnia Memorias", is performed by Shani Rigsbee. The score met with great critical acclaim, using influences from both opera and electronica. Shimomura stated that she tried to compose "inorganic" music for the game, what she described as "something unique" for the game. A separate Parasite Eve Remixes album was also released, containing 10 tracks remixed from the original game by various artists. The idea for the work came from a simple suggestion to Shimomura that the game's music be remixed rather than rearranged. "Somnia Memorias" was also included on the Square Vocal Collection in 2001. A 2007 photograph of Yoko Shimomura, composer for Parasite Eve and, later, The 3rd Birthday Yoko Shimomura would later become a well-established video game composer through her work on the Kingdom Hearts series. Additional arrangements were done by Shigeo Tamaru. Despite her previous work as lead composer on Super Mario RPG, Parasite Eve became her breakout project and garnered her international fame. During her work on Parasite Eve, Shimomura spent time in America, which was where much of the game's staff came from. Because of this, Shimomura remembered the game as her most challenging project. She wanted the music to be experimental, not falling into ambient or techno classifications. One of her main goals was to create something "inorganic" and recognizable as a product of Square. Until Parasite Eve, Shimomura had written music in a straightforward manner that reflected her then-current state of mind, but this time she restrained herself and took a more "emotionless" approach. She felt that this would best represent the game's atmosphere and Aya's stoic attitude. Ultimately, she felt that Parasite Eve was an experimental work in many ways. Due to its prevalence in the story, Shimomura used opera music, but as typical opera music did not translate well into battle themes, Shimomura added different rhythms: these rhythms were inspired when some of the game's American staff took her to a nightclub and she heard the background music there. The music recording took place at the Andora Studios in Los Angeles. Parasite Eve was the first of her projects to include a vocal theme, the ending theme "Somnia Memorias". This was because the PlayStation system was the first to have sufficient processing power for this to be possible. For the vocalist, Shimomura avoided using someone well known. "Somnia Memorias" was sung by Shani Rigsbee, while the vocals for the orchestrated versions of "Influence of Deep" and "Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino" were provided by Judith Siirila. "Somnia Memorias" was translated and adapted from Japanese into Latin by Raul Ferrando, while "Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino" was translated by Daniella Spagnolo. The lyrics for all vocal pieces were written by Shimomura. The track "I Hear a Voice Asking Me to Awaken" was an arrangement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 by Johann Sebastian Bach. The two-disc album Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack was released through DigiCube on May 21, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10020. Later, due to popular demand from fans, a reprint was issued through the Square Enix label on January 26, 2011 under the catalog number SQEX-10222/3. The music received generally positive reviews from music critics, and helped establish Shimomura as a popular composer with western video game fans. Parasite Eve Remixes is a ten-track album, featuring remixed versions of themes from Parasite Eve. The remixes were done by Shimomura, Tamaru, Hidenori Iwasaki and Keichi Takahashi. Multiple DJs also contributed, including Tomo, QUADRA, Dan K, Tribal Masters, Kay Nakayama, and Dummy Run. According to Shimomura, the album came about when someone suggested to her creating full remixes of themes rather than making simple rearrangements. Shimomura was in charge of extending and remixing "Aya's Theme", which was the main theme for Parasite Eve. The album was released through DigiCube on July 30, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10023. Reviews of the album were mixed, with critics saying that it would not appeal to many and finding some of the remixes odd, repetitive or overly chaotic. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings77%Metacritic81/100Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video GamesEdge6/10Electronic Gaming Monthly7.83/10Famitsu33/40Game Informer7.75/10GameProGameRevolutionBGameSpot7.2/10IGN7.4/10Next GenerationOfficial U.S. PlayStation MagazinePlayStation: The Official MagazineRPGamer6/10 (Jake Alley)8/10 (Stewart Bishop)RPGFan88% According to Weekly Famitsu, 956,461 units of Parasite Eve were sold in Japan during the first half of 1998, which made it the country's third-best-selling game for the period. The game had shipped 1.94 million copies as of February 2004, with 1.05 million in Japan and 0.89 million in the rest of the world. In Japan, it was the 6th-top-selling game of 1998 with 994,000 copies sold. The game was re-released in North America under Sony's Greatest Hits label. Parasite Eve received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. IGN praised the game for its beautiful graphics and cinematic sequences, as well as its mature tone, but noted, along with other reviewers, the game's linear plot structure. Game Informer cited the games "exquisite" backdrops but bemoaned its long load times each time players enter a new environment or engage an enemy. GameSpot said the game had a cinematic look, and had an "astounding" level of detail for real-life locations in New York City. The lack of any voice acting or singing, however, hindered dramatic scenes such as the opera and subsequent mass combustion of the entire audience at the game's start. The game was sometimes compared to the Resident Evil series, though GamePro said that Parasite Eve had deeper gameplay with multiple weapon upgrades and hidden areas to discover. Reviewers also cited that though the game broke many RPG gaming conventions, it suffered from having little replay value and being a relatively short game. The combat was compared unfavorably to Final Fantasy VII by Game Revolution, which featured a dynamic camera instead of fixed one. The novel's original author Hideaki Sena approved of the game, stating that he was "actually impressed how well the game makers translated the novel." The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences named Parasite Eve as a finalist for the "Console Game of the Year", "Console Action Game of the Year" and "Console Role-Playing Game of the Year" categories during the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. In 2000, the game was ranked number 16 by the readers of Famitsu magazine in its top 100 PlayStation games of all time. In 2010, GamesRadar chose it as one of the "Top 7... '90s games that need HD remakes". In February 2011, Parasite Eve was announced to arrive on the North American PlayStation Network. It was released on March 15, 2011. Legacy Further information: Parasite Eve II and The 3rd Birthday The Parasite Eve video game was inspired by a popular Japanese original book, and was a part of the "J-horror" phenomena along with other fiction such as Ring, and led to two video game sequels and a manga adaptation based upon the video game universe called Parasite Eve DIVA. See also List of fictional portrayals of the NYPD List of Square Enix video game franchises References ^ Parasite Eve (パラサイト・イヴ, Parasaito Ivu) ^ 「パラサイト・イヴ」＆「パラサイト・イヴ II」がゲームアーカイブスで配信決定。続編「The 3rd Birthday」発売に向けて遊びつくそう ^ Tieryas, Peter (October 30, 2016). "Parasite Eve Had More In Common With Final Fantasy Than Horror Games". Kotaku. Retrieved December 28, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g Kasavin, Greg (April 28, 1998). "Parasite Eve Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2013. ^ "Review Recap". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 1. Ziff Davis. 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Retrieved May 7, 2016. ^ Agnello, Anthony John (December 18, 2015). "Parasite Eve bottles the eerie feeling of not celebrating Christmas". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016. ^ Major Mike; Ken Ogasawara (September 1997). "Parasite Eve and Cyberbots". GamePro. No. 108. IDG. p. 74. ^ Melissa: Melissa: 'I'm Melissa... No... I am... I'm... I am EVE! (Square Co (March 29, 1998). Parasite Eve II (PlayStation). Square EA.) ^ Maeda: There's a sperm bank around here? / Daniel: A sperm bank? /Maeda: I don't think Eve's body will last much longer. Right now, the mitochondria are just parasites in her body. /Daniel: So she is trying to create this ultimate being, like she did in Japan. /Maeda: I'm afraid so. Square Co (March 29, 1998). Parasite Eve II (PlayStation). Square EA. ^ Klamp: The mitochondria is passed from the mother, but you see, traces of the father can also be found un minute quantities. 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Siliconera. Curse Media. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Parasite Eve By Hideaki Sena". Vertical Inc. January 1, 2004. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016. References Kalat, David (2007). J-horror: The Definitive Guide to The Ring, The Grudge and Beyond. Vertical. ISBN 978-1-932234-08-4. External links Parasite Eve at MobyGames Parasite Eve at MusicBrainz (list of releases) Parasite Eve remixes at MusicBrainz (list of releases) vteParasite Eve by Hideaki SenaVideo games Parasite Eve Parasite Eve II The 3rd Birthday Other Aya Brea Film Music Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"Parasite Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Hideaki Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_Sena"},{"link_name":"Aya Brea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Brea"},{"link_name":"M-rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESRB#Ratings"},{"link_name":"Hironobu Sakaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu_Sakaguchi"},{"link_name":"Takashi Tokita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Tokita"},{"link_name":"Yoko Shimomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Shimomura"},{"link_name":"Parasite Eve II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_II"},{"link_name":"The 3rd Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3rd_Birthday"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1998 video game1998 video gameParasite Eve[1] is a 1998 role-playing video game developed and published by Square. The game is a sequel to the novel Parasite Eve, written by Hideaki Sena; it is the first game in the Parasite Eve video game series. The story follows New York City police officer Aya Brea over a six-day span in 1997 as she attempts to stop the Eve, a woman who plans to destroy the human race through spontaneous human combustion. Players explore levels set in areas of New York while utilizing a pausable real-time combat system along with several role-playing elements.Parasite Eve was SquareSoft's first M-rated game, and the first major American and Japanese game development collaboration for the company. It was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita. Music for the title was composed by Yoko Shimomura who was widely acclaimed for her work to create an \"inorganic\" and \"emotionless\" soundtrack that saw two album releases. Parasite Eve received positive reviews; critics praised the graphics and gameplay, but found the overall game too linear and with little replay potential.The video game adaptation was part of a resurgence of popularity in Japanese horror sparked by the original book, and was released alongside a film adaptation and two manga comics; one based on the book, the other on the video game. The original title was followed by two video game sequels: Parasite Eve II in 1999 and The 3rd Birthday in 2010, and was re-released on the PlayStation Network in 2010. The first two games, Parasite Eve and Parasite Eve II, had shipped over 3 million copies worldwide by 2010.[2]","title":"Parasite Eve (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_U.S._PlayStation_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspot-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"world map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworld"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"random encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_encounter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chrysler-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randomized-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informer-10"},{"link_name":"Active Time Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Time_Battle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSX-Extreme-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-12"},{"link_name":"player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informer-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informer-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pros-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSX-Extreme-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP-Parish-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspot-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neoseeker-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informer-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspot-4"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levels_up"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chrysler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chrysler-8"},{"link_name":"new game plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_game_plus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randomized-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonus-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levelone-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levelone-17"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building"},{"link_name":"final boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)#Final_boss"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chrysler-8"}],"text":"Like other role-playing video games made by Square for the PlayStation, Parasite Eve was made during a period that Peter Tieryas of Kotaku described as an \"experimental period\" where nearly every role-playing video game from the company had unique combat mechanics.[3] Contemporary reviews from GameSpot and Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described the game as a hybrid of Final Fantasy VII and Resident Evil.[4][5] Parasite Eve's game's director, Takashi Tokita, described the game's style as a \"cinematic RPG\", with its look and feel strongly alluding to an interactive movie-like experience.[6]Movement in the \"world map\" (which is a map of Manhattan) is limited to specific destinations.[7] Upon the player walking over a \"hot spot\", there's a chance of a random encounter.[8][9] Enemies materialize and attack players on the same screen that they move Aya around on, with no battle mode or screen being used.[10] In battle, the game uses a pausable real-time combat system with an Active Time Bar (ATB) that sets the time that must be waited till the player can take their next action.[11][12] While waiting for her turn, the player character Aya can be moved around to dodge enemy attacks.[10] Upon each turn, the player may choose between attacking with their equipped weapon by pressing the attack button, using Parasite Energy (PE) for defense, assistance, or attack, using items, changing a weapon or armor, or escaping the battle.[7][10][13] If the player chooses to attack, the battle briefly pauses and a dome/sphere symbolizing the range of the weapon appears, allowing the player to target an enemy within range.[11][14] PE recharges during battle but the more players use it, the slower it refills.[4]When not in battle, the player has the option of altering the weapon and armor attributes and effects with tools and super-tools, which are limited in number.[15] The player selects the \"tune-up\" option, choosing the weapon that will be altered and the weapon from which the attributes or effect will be taken.[10] Weapons have many different properties, including special effects like \"acid\", which causes enemies to continuously take damage.[4] One of the principal role-playing elements of the game is that experience-based levels are present.[7] Each time the player's level increases, their attributes go up and Bonus Points (BP) are given.[8] These points can be distributed to the ATB, item capacity, or attributes of a weapon or armor.[8]Once the game is completed, a new game plus mode is available called \"EX game\".[7] It is different from normal play in various aspects; the player has access to every item stored in the police station, the game begins with the final weapon and armor the player chose before ending the first game but returns to level one experience, and the bonus points (BP) given to the player at the end of the game are now available to use.[9][16][17] The items, weapons, power-ups and enemies are more powerful, as are the enemies the player encounters.[17] However, the biggest difference from the normal game is the addition of the Chrysler Building, a new location with 77 floors (containing mostly randomized content), leading to a final boss battle with Aya's older sister, Maya.[8]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spontaneousfireparasiteeve.png"},{"link_name":"spontaneously combusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_human_combustion"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Aya Brea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Brea"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"December 24th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"spontaneously combusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_human_combustion"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"December 25th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"SoHo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoHo"},{"link_name":"selfish gene theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Hospital_(Flower_Hill,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"}],"text":"Critics highlighted the shocking opening scene where the entire opera audience spontaneously combusts.[18]The player takes on the role of Aya Brea, an NYPD rookie,[19] attending an opera at Carnegie Hall with a blind date in New York City on December 24th, 1997. During the opera, everyone in the building spontaneously combusts, except for Aya, her date, and an actress on stage named Melissa Pearce. Aya confronts Melissa onstage, and Melissa says that Aya's mitochondria need more time to develop. She flees backstage, with Aya giving chase. Backstage, Melissa then mutates into a beast and flees into the sewers, declaring that her name is now Eve.[20]The next day, on December 25th, Aya and her partner, Daniel Dollis, go to see a scientist at the Museum of Natural History named Dr. Hans Klamp. He teaches the protagonists about mitochondria, but they do not find his information useful since it does not explain the previous night's events. Later that day, they hear that Eve is in Central Park, and to make matters worse, an audience has gathered at the park's theater intending to see a performance that Melissa Pearce was to give. Aya enters Central Park alone as Daniel is unable to pass through the entrance without spontaneously combusting. She makes it to the theater, but is too late to stop Eve, who causes the theater audience's mitochondria to rebel against their hosts and turns the crowd into a slimy orange mass. Aya chases after Eve and is knocked unconscious after a fight with her aboard a horse-drawn carriage. Daniel discovers that his son, Ben, was at the park, but had left the audience at the Central Park theater when he began to feel ill and when his mother began to act strange. He also learns that Manhattan is being evacuated due to the threat that Eve poses.While Manhattan is being evacuated, a Japanese scientist named Kunihiko Maeda manages to sneak into the city, witnessing a police officer combust into flames in the process. Aya awakens in an apartment in SoHo, with Daniel and Maeda at her side. Maeda reveals the origins of Eve: A scientist tried to culture the cells of his wife after she was involved in a car accident, and the mitochondria in her cells took over her body. Maeda believes that Eve may be trying to give birth to an \"Ultimate Being\". The next day, the three go to see Dr. Klamp again. After examining cell samples from that of Eve and Aya's, Maeda concludes that based on selfish gene theory, Aya and Eve's mitochondria are in an evolutionary race for survival. Dr. Klamp suddenly appears and asks a few questions of Aya in a hostile manner. The three leave and head for the St. Francis Hospital, where Maeda thinks Eve may try to get sperm for the Ultimate Being.[21] When they arrive, they find that Eve is already there. Eve takes the sperm and escapes.The next day, Aya sees the orange mass of people from the park enter the city water supply. She goes to Dr. Klamp one more time, and discovers that Dr. Klamp has engineered special sperm for Eve so that she can create the Ultimate Being.[22] He then spontaneously combusts. Aya finds Eve in another part of the museum, where the orange mass has surrounded her, forming an impermeable shield to protect her while the Ultimate Being gestates within her. After several failed attempts to attack Eve, the military asks Aya to attack her from a chopper, as she is the only one who can get close without combusting. The plan works, but Aya has to personally finish the fight on a now-wrecked Statue of Liberty, where Eve finally succumbs to necrosis due to her unstable cells. As Aya rests on a naval vessel, the Ultimate Being is born and attacks the surrounding ships. Aya does battle with the Ultimate Being, but its mitochondria causes it to evolve at an alarming rate. Aya sets the vessel's boiler pressure dangerously high, so as to destroy it with the Ultimate Being on board. In the initial ending, Aya, Daniel, his son Ben, and Maeda attend the opera at Carnegie Hall, where Aya's mitochondrial powers allow her to resonate with the audience members, their eyes ominously glowing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysler Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building"}],"sub_title":"\"Original Eve\"","text":"After completing the game once, the player can access the Chrysler Building and have access to the true final boss, who takes the form of Aya's sister, Maya. She explains to Aya that Klamp cultivated the liver cells of the original Eve to analyze. When Melissa was giving birth to the Ultimate Being, she created a nest there. In case Melissa and the Ultimate Being failed, the purebred would remain. Aya speaks with her sister, and they engage in battle against the purebred. After the purebred is defeated, the mitochondria inside Aya's body begin to rebel against her. It is explained that Aya's mitochondria have now reached a higher evolutionary stage than Maya's, but Maya's personality has suddenly become dominant and begun to fight off the Eve persona. Maya eventually wins, purging the Eve persona from herself, and protects Aya by preventing the original Eve from taking over her. Aya leaves the building after telling Maya to return home together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parasite Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sequelz-23"},{"link_name":"Hironobu Sakaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu_Sakaguchi"},{"link_name":"Takashi Tokita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Tokita"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen37-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParasiteBook-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParasiteDev-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamInterview-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParasiteBook-25"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM106-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UPshimomura-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen37-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM106-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamInterview-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM106-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-early-30"},{"link_name":"Hideaki Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_Sena"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sena-31"},{"link_name":"Tetsuya Nomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Nomura"},{"link_name":"Aerith Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerith_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamAya-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FamInterview-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParasiteDev-26"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Game Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show"},{"link_name":"full motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The video game Parasite Eve is based on the Japanese novel Parasite Eve released in 1995. Plot-wise, the video game serves as a sequel to the book, referencing various events therein while also stating that Mariko Anzai, the girl whom Eve had chosen to become her host in the novel, is Aya's biological mother.[23] The game was produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi and directed by Takashi Tokita of Square.[24] Development lasted roughly two years, including the pre-planning phase.[25] Sakaguchi created the story outline, not watching any movies so he would not be influenced by them.[26][27] During the first six months of production, the game was to be set in Tokyo and act as a more direct sequel to the novel, but Sakaguchi suggested setting the game in New York City.[25]The game was built on a modified version of the Final Fantasy VII game engine.[28] In contrast to previous Square titles, the development team for Parasite Eve consisted of both Japanese and American staff members, with a large part of the production taking place in the United States.[29][24][28] An additional team of thirty were based in Square's Hawaii studio.[27] U.S. artists Steve Gray and Darnell Williams were in charge of most of the CG work.[28] Different concepts for the game's opening were considered, including different designs for Aya and Melissa transforming into Eve on stage during the opera.[30] Book author Hideaki Sena did not know the title's plot until it was completed, since the game was a collaboration between Square and his publisher.[31]Aya Brea was created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and designed by Tetsuya Nomura. Aya was originally being designed by someone else, but the original sketches did not satisfy Sakaguchi, who had wanted a long-haired character like Aerith Gainsborough, a central character from Final Fantasy VII. At the time, he was creating another unspecified character for a different project who sported short hair: he got confused while designing them and accidentally combined the two designs, creating the then-current Aya. The original concept for her was to have her as strong, sexy and \"bewitching\".[32] Her name was taken from Sakaguchi's daughter Aya.[27] The names \"Daniel\" and \"Maeda\" were taken from members of staff.[26]A video demo of Parasite Eve was displayed at the September 1997 Tokyo Game Show, consisting of full motion video with no gameplay footage.[33]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM106-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"full motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_motion_video"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randomized-9"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestbuy-35"},{"link_name":"ESRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESRB"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen37-24"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The 3rd Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3rd_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Yoshinori Kitase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinori_Kitase"},{"link_name":"Parasite Eve II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_II"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rerelease-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rerelease-38"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Classic"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Parasite Eve was released on March 29, 1998 in Japan for the PlayStation.[28][34] Television ads featuring the full motion video present in the game were aired in the United States in the run-up to the game's 1998 release.[9] In a shipping mixup, over two hundred copies of the game were shipped to Best Buy retailers a week before release.[35] Parasite Eve was Square's first game to be rated Mature by the ESRB[24] and the first to be released under the Square Electronic Arts joint-venture.[36] The game was released in North America on September 10, 1998.[37]Before The 3rd Birthday's release in 2010, both Yoshinori Kitase and Tetsuya Nomura discussed the re-release of Parasite Eve and Parasite Eve II.[38] The release was being held up partly due to the series rights being co-owned with Hideaki Sena.[38] The game was later released in both Japan and North America on the PlayStation Network in 2010 and 2011, respectively.[39][40] In 2018, the game was included in the Japanese lineup of the PlayStation Classic.[41]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoko Shimomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Shimomura"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RocketBaby-42"},{"link_name":"remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"rearranged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RocketBaby-42"},{"link_name":"Square Vocal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Vocal_Collection"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoko_Shimomura.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yoko Shimomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Shimomura"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3RDmobile-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAMASUTRAint-45"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAMASUTRAint-45"},{"link_name":"Shigeo Tamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaNa_(band)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE2linersB-46"},{"link_name":"Super Mario RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_RPG"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UPshimomura-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UPshimomura-29"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE2linersA-47"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RocketShimomura-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PElinersA-49"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UPshimomura-29"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PElinersB-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAMASUTRAint-45"},{"link_name":"Shani Rigsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani_Rigsbee"},{"link_name":"Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme,_BWV_140"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PElinersB-50"},{"link_name":"DigiCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiCube"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE1ost-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4Gpeost12-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPGFreview-53"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UPshimomura-29"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPGFreview-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGMOreview-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEremixOST-55"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RocketShimomura-48"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEremixOST-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPGFremix-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGMOremix-57"}],"text":"Yoko Shimomura composed the game's soundtrack including the main theme, \"Primal Eyes\". The ending vocal song, \"Somnia Memorias\", is performed by Shani Rigsbee. The score met with great critical acclaim, using influences from both opera and electronica. Shimomura stated that she tried to compose \"inorganic\" music for the game, what she described as \"something unique\" for the game.[42] A separate Parasite Eve Remixes album was also released, containing 10 tracks remixed from the original game by various artists. The idea for the work came from a simple suggestion to Shimomura that the game's music be remixed rather than rearranged.[42] \"Somnia Memorias\" was also included on the Square Vocal Collection in 2001.[43]A 2007 photograph of Yoko Shimomura, composer for Parasite Eve and, later, The 3rd Birthday[44][45]Yoko Shimomura would later become a well-established video game composer through her work on the Kingdom Hearts series.[45] Additional arrangements were done by Shigeo Tamaru.[46] Despite her previous work as lead composer on Super Mario RPG, Parasite Eve became her breakout project and garnered her international fame. During her work on Parasite Eve, Shimomura spent time in America, which was where much of the game's staff came from. Because of this, Shimomura remembered the game as her most challenging project.[29] She wanted the music to be experimental, not falling into ambient or techno classifications.[29][47] One of her main goals was to create something \"inorganic\" and recognizable as a product of Square.[48] Until Parasite Eve, Shimomura had written music in a straightforward manner that reflected her then-current state of mind, but this time she restrained herself and took a more \"emotionless\" approach. She felt that this would best represent the game's atmosphere and Aya's stoic attitude. Ultimately, she felt that Parasite Eve was an experimental work in many ways.[49] Due to its prevalence in the story, Shimomura used opera music, but as typical opera music did not translate well into battle themes, Shimomura added different rhythms: these rhythms were inspired when some of the game's American staff took her to a nightclub and she heard the background music there.[29] The music recording took place at the Andora Studios in Los Angeles.[50]Parasite Eve was the first of her projects to include a vocal theme, the ending theme \"Somnia Memorias\". This was because the PlayStation system was the first to have sufficient processing power for this to be possible. For the vocalist, Shimomura avoided using someone well known.[45] \"Somnia Memorias\" was sung by Shani Rigsbee, while the vocals for the orchestrated versions of \"Influence of Deep\" and \"Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino\" were provided by Judith Siirila. \"Somnia Memorias\" was translated and adapted from Japanese into Latin by Raul Ferrando, while \"Se il Mio Amore Sta Vincino\" was translated by Daniella Spagnolo. The lyrics for all vocal pieces were written by Shimomura. The track \"I Hear a Voice Asking Me to Awaken\" was an arrangement of Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140 by Johann Sebastian Bach.[50]The two-disc album Parasite Eve Original Soundtrack was released through DigiCube on May 21, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10020.[51] Later, due to popular demand from fans, a reprint was issued through the Square Enix label on January 26, 2011 under the catalog number SQEX-10222/3.[52][53] The music received generally positive reviews from music critics, and helped establish Shimomura as a popular composer with western video game fans.[29][53][54]Parasite Eve Remixes is a ten-track album, featuring remixed versions of themes from Parasite Eve. The remixes were done by Shimomura, Tamaru, Hidenori Iwasaki and Keichi Takahashi. Multiple DJs also contributed, including Tomo, QUADRA, Dan K, Tribal Masters, Kay Nakayama, and Dummy Run.[55] According to Shimomura, the album came about when someone suggested to her creating full remixes of themes rather than making simple rearrangements. Shimomura was in charge of extending and remixing \"Aya's Theme\", which was the main theme for Parasite Eve.[48] The album was released through DigiCube on July 30, 1998 under the catalog number SSCX-10023.[55] Reviews of the album were mixed, with critics saying that it would not appeal to many and finding some of the remixes odd, repetitive or overly chaotic.[56][57]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-58"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-59"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video 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acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_human_combustion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspot-4"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pros-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gspot-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pros-13"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII"},{"link_name":"Game Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolution-7"},{"link_name":"Hideaki Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_Sena"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalat2007169-75"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Console Action Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Action_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Console Role-Playing Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Role-Playing_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar"},{"link_name":"remakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remake"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basicinfo-79"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings77%[58]Metacritic81/100[59]Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer and Video Games[60]Edge6/10[61]Electronic Gaming Monthly7.83/10[62]Famitsu33/40[63]Game Informer7.75/10[10]GamePro[13]GameRevolutionB[7]GameSpot7.2/10[4]IGN7.4/10[12]Next Generation[64]Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine[65]PlayStation: The Official Magazine[66]RPGamer6/10 (Jake Alley)[67]8/10 (Stewart Bishop)[68]RPGFan88%[69]According to Weekly Famitsu, 956,461 units of Parasite Eve were sold in Japan during the first half of 1998, which made it the country's third-best-selling game for the period.[70] The game had shipped 1.94 million copies as of February 2004, with 1.05 million in Japan and 0.89 million in the rest of the world.[71] In Japan, it was the 6th-top-selling game of 1998 with 994,000 copies sold.[72][73] The game was re-released in North America under Sony's Greatest Hits label.[74]Parasite Eve received \"generally favorable\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[59] IGN praised the game for its beautiful graphics and cinematic sequences, as well as its mature tone, but noted, along with other reviewers, the game's linear plot structure.[7][12] Game Informer cited the games \"exquisite\" backdrops but bemoaned its long load times each time players enter a new environment or engage an enemy.[10] GameSpot said the game had a cinematic look, and had an \"astounding\" level of detail for real-life locations in New York City.[4] The lack of any voice acting or singing, however, hindered dramatic scenes such as the opera and subsequent mass combustion of the entire audience at the game's start.[7][4]The game was sometimes compared to the Resident Evil series, though GamePro said that Parasite Eve had deeper gameplay with multiple weapon upgrades and hidden areas to discover.[12][13][4] Reviewers also cited that though the game broke many RPG gaming conventions, it suffered from having little replay value and being a relatively short game.[12][13] The combat was compared unfavorably to Final Fantasy VII by Game Revolution, which featured a dynamic camera instead of fixed one.[7] The novel's original author Hideaki Sena approved of the game, stating that he was \"actually impressed how well the game makers translated the novel.\"[75]The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences named Parasite Eve as a finalist for the \"Console Game of the Year\", \"Console Action Game of the Year\" and \"Console Role-Playing Game of the Year\" categories during the 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards.[76]In 2000, the game was ranked number 16 by the readers of Famitsu magazine in its top 100 PlayStation games of all time.[77] In 2010, GamesRadar chose it as one of the \"Top 7... '90s games that need HD remakes\".[78] In February 2011, Parasite Eve was announced to arrive on the North American PlayStation Network. It was released on March 15, 2011.[79]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parasite Eve II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_Eve_II"},{"link_name":"The 3rd Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_3rd_Birthday"},{"link_name":"J-horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-horror"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(film)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sena-31"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phenom-80"}],"text":"Further information: Parasite Eve II and The 3rd BirthdayThe Parasite Eve video game was inspired by a popular Japanese original book, and was a part of the \"J-horror\" phenomena along with other fiction such as Ring, and led to two video game sequels and a manga adaptation based upon the video game universe called Parasite Eve DIVA.[31][80]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Critics highlighted the shocking opening scene where the entire opera audience spontaneously combusts.[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Spontaneousfireparasiteeve.png/220px-Spontaneousfireparasiteeve.png"},{"image_text":"A 2007 photograph of Yoko Shimomura, composer for Parasite Eve and, later, The 3rd Birthday[44][45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Yoko_Shimomura.jpg/170px-Yoko_Shimomura.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of fictional portrayals of the NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_portrayals_of_the_NYPD"},{"title":"List of Square Enix video game franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Square_Enix_video_game_franchises"}]
[{"reference":"Tieryas, Peter (October 30, 2016). \"Parasite Eve Had More In Common With Final Fantasy Than Horror Games\". Kotaku. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/10/parasite-eve-had-more-in-common-with-final-fantasy-than-horror-games/","url_text":"\"Parasite Eve Had More In Common With Final Fantasy Than Horror Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"Kasavin, Greg (April 28, 1998). \"Parasite Eve Review\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OOAK
OOAK
["1 See also","2 References"]
The abbreviation OOAK stands for the expression, "one of a kind." The term originated in yachting in 1949 in relation to regatta races where yacht builders were allowed to enter as many different kinds of yachts into the regatta as they produced, but no more than one of each kind (hence, "one of a kind"). Since then the term has found different and expanded use as an Internet acronym, especially with regard to the sale of handmade merchandise which is "one of a kind" with respect to actual production rather than to allowed number of entries in a competition. The term has widespread use in the cottage industry of doll making, but is used in any manufacturing sector in which the one-of-a-kind nature of a product signifies its value/importance. See also Art doll References ^ "Yachting's 11th one of a kind", Yachting, 147 (1), New York: Ziff-Davis: 84, 1980 ^ Trimble, Nancy (1985), "Yachting's one-of-a-kind regatta", Yachting, 158 (5), New York: Ziff-Davis: 73 ^ White-Francis, Linda (2009), A date with BJD destiny, vol. 28, Iola, WI: Jones, p. 21 This sailing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about the English language is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Art doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_doll"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_transition
IPv6 transition mechanism
["1 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation","2 Tunnel broker","3 6rd","4 Transport Relay Translation","5 NAT64","6 DNS64","7 ISATAP","8 464XLAT","9 Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)","10 V4-via-v6 routing","11 MAP","12 Draft proposals","12.1 4rd","13 Deprecated mechanisms","13.1 NAT-PT","13.2 NAPT-PT","14 Implementations","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
IPv4 to IPv6 transition technology IPv6 transition mechanisms Standards Track 4in6 Lightweight 4over6 6in4 6over4 DS-Lite 6rd 6to4 NAT64 / DNS64 Teredo SIIT MAP Experimental TSP 4rd Informational Tunnel broker IVI TRT 464XLAT Public 4over6 ISATAP Drafts AYIYA dIVI Deprecated NAT-PT NAPT-PT vte An IPv6 transition mechanism is a technology that facilitates the transitioning of the Internet from the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) infrastructure in use since 1983 to the successor addressing and routing system of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). As IPv4 and IPv6 networks are not directly interoperable, transition technologies are designed to permit hosts on either network type to communicate with any other host. To meet its technical criteria, IPv6 must have a straightforward transition plan from the current IPv4. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) conducts working groups and discussions through the IETF Internet Drafts and Request for Comments processes to develop these transition technologies towards that goal. Some basic IPv6 transition mechanisms are defined in RFC 4213. Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT) translates between the packet header formats in IPv6 and IPv4. The SIIT method defines a class of IPv6 addresses called IPv4-translated addresses. They have the prefix ::ffff:0:0:0/96 and may be written as ::ffff:0:a.b.c.d, in which the IPv4 formatted address a.b.c.d refers to an IPv6-enabled node. The prefix was chosen to yield a zero-valued checksum to avoid changes to the transport protocol header checksum. The algorithm can be used in a solution that allows IPv6 hosts that do not have a permanently assigned IPv4 address to communicate with IPv4-only hosts. Address assignment and routing details are not addressed by the specification. SIIT can be viewed as a special case of stateless network address translation. The specification is a product of the NGTRANS IETF working group, and was initially drafted in February 2000 by E. Nordmark of Sun Microsystems. It was revised in 2011, and in 2016 its current revision was published. Tunnel broker A tunnel broker provides IPv6 connectivity by encapsulating IPv6 traffic in IPv4 Internet transit links, typically using 6in4. This establishes IPv6 tunnels within the IPv4 Internet. The tunnels may be managed with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) or AYIYA. 6rd Main article: IPv6 rapid deployment 6rd is a mechanism to facilitate rapid deployment of the IPv6 service across IPv4 infrastructures of Internet service providers (ISPs). It uses stateless address mappings between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and transmits IPv6 packets across automatic tunnels that follow the same optimized routes between customer nodes as IPv4 packets. It was used for an early large deployment of an IPv6 service with native addresses during 2007 (RFC 5569). The standard-track specification of the protocol is in RFC 5969. Transport Relay Translation RFC 3142 defines the Transport Relay Translation (TRT) method. TRT employs DNS translation between AAAA and A records known as DNS-ALG as defined in RFC 2694. NAT64 Main article: NAT64 NAT64 and DNS64 NAT64 is a mechanism to allow IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 servers. The NAT64 server is the endpoint for at least one IPv4 address and an IPv6 network segment of 32-bits, e.g., 64:ff9b::/96. The IPv6 client embeds the IPv4 address with which it wishes to communicate using these bits, and sends its packets to the resulting address. The NAT64 server then creates a NAT-mapping between the IPv6 and the IPv4 address, allowing them to communicate. DNS64 DNS64 describes a DNS server that when asked for a domain's AAAA records, but only finds A records, synthesizes the AAAA records from the A records. The first part of the synthesized IPv6 address points to an IPv6/IPv4 translator and the second part embeds the IPv4 address from the A record. The translator in question is usually a NAT64 server. The standard-track specification of DNS64 is in RFC 6147. There are two noticeable issues with this transition mechanism: It only works for cases where DNS is used to find the remote host address, if IPv4 literals are used the DNS64 server will never be involved. Because the DNS64 server needs to return records not specified by the domain owner, DNSSEC validation against the root will fail in cases where the DNS server doing the translation is not the domain owner's server. # DNS resolver 2606:4700:4700:64 synthesizes AAAA records for # ipv6test.google.com to a NAT64 address: 64:ff9b::<original-ipv4> $ nslookup ipv6test.google.com 2606:4700:4700::64 Non-authoritative answer: ipv6test.google.com canonical name = ipv6test.l.google.com. Name: ipv6test.l.google.com Address: 64:ff9b::8efa:c3e4 Implementations Unbound dns server via the dns64 module OpenWrt via unbound opkg packages. ISATAP Main article: ISATAP ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol) is an IPv6 transition mechanism meant to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network. Unlike 6over4 (an older similar protocol using IPv4 multicast), ISATAP uses IPv4 as a virtual nonbroadcast multiple-access network (NBMA) data link layer, so that it does not require the underlying IPv4 network infrastructure to support multicast. 464XLAT 464XLAT (RFC 6877) allows clients on IPv6-only networks to access IPv4-only Internet services, such as Skype. The client uses a SIIT translator to convert packets from IPv4 to IPv6. These are then sent to a NAT64 translator which translates them from IPv6 back into IPv4 and on to an IPv4-only server. The client translator may be implemented on the client itself or on an intermediate device and is known as the CLAT (Customer-side transLATor). The NAT64 translator, or PLAT (Provider-side transLATor), must be able to reach both the server and the client (through the CLAT). The use of NAT64 limits connections to a client-server model using UDP, TCP, and ICMP. Implementations T-Mobile US became IPv6-only using 464XLAT. Orange Polska began IPv6-only (CLAT/NAT64/DNS) service in September 2013, migrating all ADSL, VDSL, and FTTH gateways by January 2015. Telstra became IPv6-only for mobile services using 464XLAT in February 2020. Android includes a native implementation of CLAT since Jelly Bean 4.3, released in 2013. Windows 10 has a native WWAN-only implementation of 464XLAT for desktop and mobile since the 2017 Creators Update. Windows 11 (23H2) has the same implementation as Windows 10. A future version will extend CLAT support to other network devices (currently limited to WWAN). The implementation will use RFC 7050 (ipv4only.arpa DNS query), RFC 8781 (PREF64 , and RFC 8925 (DHCP Option 108) standard macOS starts to have native CLAT support in Ventura, released in 2022. iOS has a native CLAT implementation since version 12.0, released in 2018. Additionally, Apple requires all apps submitted to the App Store to work on IPv6 networks. clatd is a CLAT implementation for Linux. OpenWRT linux OS for routers has optional support for clat via the 464xlat package FreeBSD has implemented NAT64 CLAT since Release 12.1. Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) "DS-Lite" redirects here. For the 2006 video game system, see Nintendo DS Lite. DS-Lite Dual-Stack Lite technology does not involve allocating an IPv4 address to customer-premises equipment (CPE) for providing Internet access. The CPE distributes private IPv4 addresses for the LAN clients, according to the networking requirement in the local area network. The CPE encapsulates IPv4 packets within IPv6 packets. The CPE uses its global IPv6 connection to deliver the packet to the ISP's carrier-grade NAT (CGN), which has a global IPv4 address. The original IPv4 packet is recovered and NAT is performed upon the IPv4 packet and is routed to the public IPv4 Internet. The CGN uniquely identifies traffic flows by recording the CPE public IPv6 address, the private IPv4 address, and TCP or UDP port number as a session. Lightweight 4over6 extends DS-Lite by moving the NAT functionality from the ISP side to the CPE, eliminating the need to implement carrier-grade NAT. This is accomplished by allocating a port range for a shared IPv4 address to each CPE. Moving the NAT functionality to the CPE allows the ISP to reduce the amount of state tracked for each subscriber, which improves the scalability of the translation infrastructure. V4-via-v6 routing V4-via-v6 routing is a technique where IPv4 addresses are assigned to end hosts only while intermediate routers are only assigned IPv6 addresses. IPv4 routes are propagated as usual, and no packet translation or encapsulation is employed, but use an IPv6 next hop. V4-via-v6 reduces the amount of management required, since the core network only needs to be assigned IPv6 addresses, but still requires that the core network be able to forward IPv4 packets. V4-via-v6 is defined for the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the Babel routing protocol. It has been implemented the Bird Internet routing daemon and in babeld. MAP Mapping of Address and Port (MAP) is a Cisco IPv6 transition proposal which combines A+P port address translation with tunneling of the IPv4 packets over an ISP provider's internal IPv6 network. MAP-T and MAP-E entered standards track in July 2015, and Sky Italia has deployed MAP-T in its internet services as early as year 2021. Draft proposals The following mechanisms are still being discussed or have been abandoned by the IETF: 4rd IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) is an experimental mechanism to facilitate residual deployment of the IPv4 service across IPv6 networks. Like 6rd, it uses stateless address mappings between IPv6 and IPv4. It supports an extension of IPv4 addressing based on transport-layer ports. This is a stateless variant of the A+P model. Deprecated mechanisms These mechanisms have been deprecated by the IETF: NAT-PT Network Address Translation/Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is defined in RFC 2766, but due to numerous problems, it has been obsoleted by RFC 4966 and deprecated to historic status. It is typically used in conjunction with a DNS application-level gateway (DNS-ALG) implementation. NAPT-PT While almost identical to NAT-PT, Network Address Port Translation + Protocol Translation, which is also described in RFC 2766, adds translation of the ports as well as the address. This is done primarily to avoid two hosts on one side of the mechanism from using the same exposed port on the other side of the mechanism, which could cause application instability and security flaws. This mechanism has been deprecated by RFC 4966. Implementations stone (software), port translator for Windows & Unix-based systems. faithd, BSD-based static TRT implementation by the KAME project CLATD, a CLAT / SIIT-DC Edge Relay implementation for Linux WrapSix, a NAT64 implementation for Linux TAYGA, a stateless NAT64 implementation for Linux Jool, a stateful NAT64 implementation for Linux naptd, user-level NAT-PT Ecdysis, a NAT64 gateway, includes DNS64 Address Family Transition Router (AFTR), a DS-Lite implementation niit Linux Kernel device that allow transmission of IPv4 unicast traffic through an IPv6 network IVI IPv4/IPv6 packet translation implementation as a Linux kernel(2.6 only) patch Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway, a reverse proxy and VPN solution that implements DNS64 and NAT64 BIND, Berkeley Internet Name Domain DNS server, implements DNS64 since version 9.8 PF (firewall), the OpenBSD packet filter supports IP version translation since version 5.1, includes NAT64 See also Internet portal Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems Softwire (protocol) References ^ Partridge, C.; Kastenholz, F. (December 1994). Technical Criteria for Choosing IP The Next Generation (IPng). doi:10.17487/RFC1726. RFC 1726. ^ F. Baker; X. Li; C. Bao; K. Yin (April 2011). Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6144. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6144. Informational. ^ a b C. Bao; C. Huitema; M. Bagnulo; M. Boucadair; X. Li (October 2010). IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6052. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6052. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4291. ^ a b C. Bao; X. Li; F. Baker; T. Anderson; F. Gont (June 2016). Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm. doi:10.17487/RFC7915. RFC 7915. ^ E. Nordmark (February 2000). Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2765. RFC 2765. Obsolete. Obsoleted by RFC 6145. ^ X. Li; C. Bao; F. Baker (April 2011). IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6145. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6145. Obsolete. Obsoleted by RFC 7915. Updated by RFC 6791 and 7757. ^ M. Blanchet; F. Parent (February 2010). IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP). doi:10.17487/RFC5572. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5572. Experimental. ^ A. Durand; P. Fasano; I. Guardini; D. Lento (January 2001). IPv6 Tunnel Broker. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3053. RFC 3053. Informational. ^ Despres, R. (January 2010). IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd). doi:10.17487/RFC5569. RFC 5569. ^ Troan, O. (August 2010). IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification. doi:10.17487/RFC5969. RFC 5969. ^ M. Bagnulo; P. Matthews; I. van Beijnum (April 2011). Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6146. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6146. Proposed Standard. ^ Bagnulo, M.; Sullivan, A.; Matthews, P.; van Beijnum, I. (April 2011). DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers. doi:10.17487/RFC6147. RFC 6147. ^ "README.DNS64". GitHub. ^ Žorž, Jan (3 April 2013). "Video: 464XLAT Live Demo at World IPv6 Congress in Paris". Internet Society. ^ "464XLAT -- A Solution for Providing IPv4 Services Over and IPv6-only Network". T-Mobile USA. Retrieved 5 August 2013. ^ "Case Study: T-Mobile US Goes IPv6-only Using 464XLAT". Internet Society. June 13, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ Twardowska, Marta (January 6, 2015). "Orange Polska Has Launched a World's First Innovative IPv6 Solution with SoftAtHome". Business Wire. Retrieved 2023-01-15. ^ "Telstra IPv6 Wireless Enablement - IPv6 Single Stack". February 6, 2020. ^ Drown, Dan. "What is Android CLAT?". Dan's Notes. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ Havey, Daniel; Balasubramanian, Praveen (February 14, 2019). "Core Network Stack Features in the Creators Update for Windows 10". Microsoft Networking Blog. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ "Windows 11 Plans to Expand CLAT Support". Microsoft Networking Blog. Retrieved March 7, 2024. ^ "Twitter". Retrieved 27 June 2022. ^ " iOS12 IPv6-only". Retrieved 5 November 2018. ^ van Beijnum, Iljitsch (2015-06-16). "Apple to iOS devs: IPv6-only cell service is coming soon, get your apps ready". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2 July 2016. ^ Anderson, Tore (May 20, 2019). "clatd". GitHub. Retrieved January 15, 2023. ^ "OpenWrt Wiki package: 464xlat". OpenWrt. Retrieved 1 April 2024. ^ Baoi, Danilo G. (June 19, 2021). "FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Release Notes". FreeBSD. ^ A. Durand; R. Droms; J. Woodyatt; Y. Lee (August 2011). Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6333. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6333. Proposed Standard. ^ Y. Cui; Q. Sun; M. Boucadair; T. Tsou; Y. Lee; I. Farrer (July 2015). Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-Stack Lite Architecture. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7596. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7596. Proposed Standard. ^ Le Faucheur, François; Rosen, Eric (May 2009). Advertising IPv4 Network Layer Reachability Information with an IPv6 Next Hop. doi:10.17487/RFC5549. RFC 5549. ^ Chroboczek, Juliusz (May 2022). Pv4 Routes with an IPv6 Next Hop in the Babel Routing Protocol. doi:10.17487/RFC9229. RFC 9229. ^ Rammhold, Andreas (December 15, 2020). " Babel: Add v4viav6 Support". BIRD Internet Routing Daemon. Retrieved 2023-01-15. ^ Chroboczek, Juliusz (May 5, 2022). " ANNOUNCE: babeld-1.12". Debian Alioth Lists. Retrieved 2023-01-15. ^ Mark Townsley (September 24, 2012). "Mapping Address + Port" (PDF). Cisco. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ X. Li; C. Bao; O. Troan; S. Matsushima; T. Murakami (July 2015). W. Dec (ed.). Mapping of Address and Port using Translation (MAP-T). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7599. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7599. Proposed Standard. ^ W. Dec; X. Li; C. Bao; S. Matsushima; T. Murakami (July 2015). O. Troan; T. Taylor (eds.). Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7597. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7597. Proposed Standard. ^ Patterson, Richard (May 2021). "IPv6-Only with MAP-T". RIPE NCC Open House. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ R. Despres; R. Penno; Y. Lee; G. Chen; M. Chen (July 2015). S. Jiang (ed.). IPv4 Residual Deployment via IPv6 - A Stateless Solution (4rd). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7600. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7600. Experimental. External links IPv6 in Practice, Benedikt Stockebrand (2006), ISBN 3-540-24524-3 RFC 2767, Bump-in-the-Stack RFC 3089, Socks-based Gateway RFC 3338, Bump-in-the-API RFC 6144, Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation RFC 6219, The China Education and Research Network (CERNET) IVI Translation Design and Deployment for the IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence and Transition D. J. Bernstein - The IPv6 mess Christian and Tina Strauf - Transport Relay Translator How To Network World - Understanding Dual-Stack Lite IETE Technical Review - Assuring Interoperability Between Heterogeneous (IPv4/IPv6) Networks Without using Protocol Translation KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems - Configuring Hosts to Auto-detect (IPv6, IPv6-in-IPv4, or IPv4) Network Connectivity vteInternet Protocol version 6General IPv6 IPv6 address IPv6 packet Mobile IPv6 Deployment IPv6 deployment 6rd World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems Comparison of IPv6 support in common applications IPv4 to IPv6 topics IPv4 address exhaustion IPv6 transition mechanism Related protocols DHCPv6 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Multicast Listener Discovery Secure Neighbor Discovery Multicast router discovery Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_deployment"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol version 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_4"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol Version 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC1726-1"},{"link_name":"Internet Engineering Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Internet Drafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Draft"},{"link_name":"Request for Comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments"}],"text":"An IPv6 transition mechanism is a technology that facilitates the transitioning of the Internet from the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) infrastructure in use since 1983 to the successor addressing and routing system of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). As IPv4 and IPv6 networks are not directly interoperable, transition technologies are designed to permit hosts on either network type to communicate with any other host.To meet its technical criteria, IPv6 must have a straightforward transition plan from the current IPv4.[1] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) conducts working groups and discussions through the IETF Internet Drafts and Request for Comments processes to develop these transition technologies towards that goal. Some basic IPv6 transition mechanisms are defined in RFC 4213.","title":"IPv6 transition mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ICMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6144-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6052-3"},{"link_name":"checksum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7915-4"},{"link_name":"network address translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2765-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6145-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7915-4"}],"text":"Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT) translates between the packet header formats in IPv6 and IPv4.[2] The SIIT method defines a class of IPv6 addresses called IPv4-translated addresses.[3] They have the prefix ::ffff:0:0:0/96 and may be written as ::ffff:0:a.b.c.d, in which the IPv4 formatted address a.b.c.d refers to an IPv6-enabled node. The prefix was chosen to yield a zero-valued checksum to avoid changes to the transport protocol header checksum.[4]\nThe algorithm can be used in a solution that allows IPv6 hosts that do not have a permanently assigned IPv4 address to communicate with IPv4-only hosts. Address assignment and routing details are not addressed by the specification. SIIT can be viewed as a special case of stateless network address translation.The specification is a product of the NGTRANS IETF working group, and was initially drafted in February 2000 by E. Nordmark of Sun Microsystems.[5] It was revised in 2011,[6] and in 2016 its current revision was published.[4]","title":"Stateless IP/ICMP Translation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tunnel broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_broker"},{"link_name":"6in4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6in4"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Setup Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Setup_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc5572-7"},{"link_name":"AYIYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AYIYA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc3053-8"}],"text":"A tunnel broker provides IPv6 connectivity by encapsulating IPv6 traffic in IPv4 Internet transit links, typically using 6in4. This establishes IPv6 tunnels within the IPv4 Internet. The tunnels may be managed with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)[7] or AYIYA.[8]","title":"Tunnel broker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"ISPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC5569-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC5969-10"}],"text":"6rd is a mechanism to facilitate rapid deployment of the IPv6 service across IPv4 infrastructures of Internet service providers (ISPs). It uses stateless address mappings between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and transmits IPv6 packets across automatic tunnels that follow the same optimized routes between customer nodes as IPv4 packets.It was used for an early large deployment of an IPv6 service with native addresses during 2007 (RFC 5569[9]).\nThe standard-track specification of the protocol is in RFC 5969.[10]","title":"6rd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNS-ALG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNS-ALG&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"RFC 3142 defines the Transport Relay Translation (TRT) method. TRT employs DNS translation between AAAA and A records known as DNS-ALG as defined in RFC 2694.","title":"Transport Relay Translation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAT64.svg"},{"link_name":"NAT64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT64"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6052-3"},{"link_name":"NAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6146-11"}],"text":"NAT64 and DNS64NAT64 is a mechanism to allow IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 servers. The NAT64 server is the endpoint for at least one IPv4 address and an IPv6 network segment of 32-bits, e.g., 64:ff9b::/96.[3] The IPv6 client embeds the IPv4 address with which it wishes to communicate using these bits, and sends its packets to the resulting address. The NAT64 server then creates a NAT-mapping between the IPv6 and the IPv4 address, allowing them to communicate.[11]","title":"NAT64"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNS server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_server"},{"link_name":"AAAA records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAA_record"},{"link_name":"A records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_record"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFC6147-12"},{"link_name":"DNSSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSSEC"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSSEC#Deployment_at_the_DNS_root"},{"link_name":"Unbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbound_(DNS_server)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"OpenWrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWrt"}],"text":"DNS64 describes a DNS server that when asked for a domain's AAAA records, but only finds A records, synthesizes the AAAA records from the A records. The first part of the synthesized IPv6 address points to an IPv6/IPv4 translator and the second part embeds the IPv4 address from the A record. The translator in question is usually a NAT64 server. The standard-track specification of DNS64 is in RFC 6147.[12]There are two noticeable issues with this transition mechanism:It only works for cases where DNS is used to find the remote host address, if IPv4 literals are used the DNS64 server will never be involved.\nBecause the DNS64 server needs to return records not specified by the domain owner, DNSSEC validation against the root will fail in cases where the DNS server doing the translation is not the domain owner's server.# DNS resolver 2606:4700:4700:64 synthesizes AAAA records for\n# ipv6test.google.com to a NAT64 address: 64:ff9b::<original-ipv4>\n$ nslookup ipv6test.google.com 2606:4700:4700::64\n\nNon-authoritative answer:\nipv6test.google.com\tcanonical name = ipv6test.l.google.com.\nName:\tipv6test.l.google.com\nAddress: 64:ff9b::8efa:c3e4ImplementationsUnbound dns server via the dns64 module [13]\nOpenWrt via unbound opkg packages.","title":"DNS64"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol) is an IPv6 transition mechanism meant to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network.Unlike 6over4 (an older similar protocol using IPv4 multicast), ISATAP uses IPv4 as a virtual nonbroadcast multiple-access network (NBMA) data link layer, so that it does not require the underlying IPv4 network infrastructure to support multicast.","title":"ISATAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NAT64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT64"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Orange Polska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Polska"},{"link_name":"ADSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL"},{"link_name":"VDSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSL"},{"link_name":"FTTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Telstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Jelly Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Windows 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10"},{"link_name":"2017 Creators Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10_version_1703"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Windows 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"App Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"OpenWRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWRT"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"464XLAT (RFC 6877) allows clients on IPv6-only networks to access IPv4-only Internet services, such as Skype.[14][15]The client uses a SIIT translator to convert packets from IPv4 to IPv6. These are then sent to a NAT64 translator which translates them from IPv6 back into IPv4 and on to an IPv4-only server. The client translator may be implemented on the client itself or on an intermediate device and is known as the CLAT (Customer-side transLATor). The NAT64 translator, or PLAT (Provider-side transLATor), must be able to reach both the server and the client (through the CLAT). The use of NAT64 limits connections to a client-server model using UDP, TCP, and ICMP.ImplementationsT-Mobile US became IPv6-only using 464XLAT.[16]\nOrange Polska began IPv6-only (CLAT/NAT64/DNS) service in September 2013, migrating all ADSL, VDSL, and FTTH gateways by January 2015.[17]\nTelstra became IPv6-only for mobile services using 464XLAT in February 2020. [18]\nAndroid includes a native implementation of CLAT since Jelly Bean 4.3, released in 2013.[19]\nWindows 10 has a native WWAN-only implementation of 464XLAT for desktop and mobile since the 2017 Creators Update.[20]\nWindows 11 (23H2) has the same implementation as Windows 10. A future version will extend CLAT support to other network devices (currently limited to WWAN). The implementation will use RFC 7050 (ipv4only.arpa DNS query), RFC 8781 (PREF64 , and RFC 8925 (DHCP Option 108) standard [21]macOS starts to have native CLAT support in Ventura, released in 2022.[22]\niOS has a native CLAT implementation since version 12.0, released in 2018.[23] Additionally, Apple requires all apps submitted to the App Store to work on IPv6 networks.[24]\nclatd is a CLAT implementation for Linux.[25]\nOpenWRT linux OS for routers has optional support for clat via the 464xlat package [26]FreeBSD has implemented NAT64 CLAT since Release 12.1.[27]","title":"464XLAT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo DS Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSLite.svg"},{"link_name":"customer-premises equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer-premises_equipment"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc6333-28"},{"link_name":"private IPv4 addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network"},{"link_name":"encapsulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_tunnel"},{"link_name":"carrier-grade NAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-grade_NAT"},{"link_name":"4over6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4over6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7596-29"}],"text":"\"DS-Lite\" redirects here. For the 2006 video game system, see Nintendo DS Lite.DS-LiteDual-Stack Lite technology does not involve allocating an IPv4 address to customer-premises equipment (CPE) for providing Internet access.[28] The CPE distributes private IPv4 addresses for the LAN clients, according to the networking requirement in the local area network. The CPE encapsulates IPv4 packets within IPv6 packets. The CPE uses its global IPv6 connection to deliver the packet to the ISP's carrier-grade NAT (CGN), which has a global IPv4 address. The original IPv4 packet is recovered and NAT is performed upon the IPv4 packet and is routed to the public IPv4 Internet. The CGN uniquely identifies traffic flows by recording the CPE public IPv6 address, the private IPv4 address, and TCP or UDP port number as a session.Lightweight 4over6 extends DS-Lite by moving the NAT functionality from the ISP side to the CPE, eliminating the need to implement carrier-grade NAT.[29] This is accomplished by allocating a port range for a shared IPv4 address to each CPE. Moving the NAT functionality to the CPE allows the ISP to reduce the amount of state tracked for each subscriber, which improves the scalability of the translation infrastructure.","title":"Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Border Gateway Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Babel routing protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bird Internet routing daemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Internet_routing_daemon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"babeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_(protocol)#Implementations"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"V4-via-v6 routing is a technique where IPv4 addresses are assigned to end hosts only while intermediate routers are only assigned IPv6 addresses. IPv4 routes are propagated as usual, and no packet translation or encapsulation is employed, but use an IPv6 next hop. V4-via-v6 reduces the amount of management required, since the core network only needs to be assigned IPv6 addresses, but still requires that the core network be able to forward IPv4 packets.V4-via-v6 is defined for the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)[30] and the Babel routing protocol.[31] It has been implemented the Bird Internet routing daemon[32] and in babeld.[33]","title":"V4-via-v6 routing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mapping of Address and Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_of_Address_and_Port"},{"link_name":"Cisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco"},{"link_name":"IPv6 transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_transition"},{"link_name":"A+P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2BP"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7599-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7597-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Mapping of Address and Port (MAP) is a Cisco IPv6 transition proposal which combines A+P port address translation with tunneling of the IPv4 packets over an ISP provider's internal IPv6 network.[34] MAP-T[35] and MAP-E[36] entered standards track in July 2015, and Sky Italia has deployed MAP-T in its internet services as early as year 2021.[37]","title":"MAP"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following mechanisms are still being discussed or have been abandoned by the IETF:","title":"Draft proposals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_Residual_Deployment_(4rd)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7600-38"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"6rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6rd"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"A+P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_plus_Port"}],"sub_title":"4rd","text":"IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd) is an experimental mechanism[38] to facilitate residual deployment of the IPv4 service across IPv6 networks. Like 6rd, it uses stateless address mappings between IPv6 and IPv4. It supports an extension of IPv4 addressing based on transport-layer ports. This is a stateless variant of the A+P model.","title":"Draft proposals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These mechanisms have been deprecated by the IETF:","title":"Deprecated mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"application-level gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-level_gateway"}],"sub_title":"NAT-PT","text":"Network Address Translation/Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is defined in RFC 2766, but due to numerous problems, it has been obsoleted by RFC 4966 and deprecated to historic status. It is typically used in conjunction with a DNS application-level gateway (DNS-ALG) implementation.","title":"Deprecated mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NAPT-PT","text":"While almost identical to NAT-PT, Network Address Port Translation + Protocol Translation, which is also described in RFC 2766, adds translation of the ports as well as the address. This is done primarily to avoid two hosts on one side of the mechanism from using the same exposed port on the other side of the mechanism, which could cause application instability and security flaws. This mechanism has been deprecated by RFC 4966.","title":"Deprecated mechanisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stone (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"faithd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faithd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KAME project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAME_project"},{"link_name":"CLATD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/toreanderson/clatd"},{"link_name":"WrapSix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.semirocket.science/projects/wrapsix/"},{"link_name":"TAYGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.litech.org/tayga"},{"link_name":"Jool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nicmx.github.io/Jool"},{"link_name":"naptd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110506035248/http://tomicki.net/naptd.php"},{"link_name":"Ecdysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ecdysis.viagenie.ca/"},{"link_name":"Address Family Transition Router (AFTR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//downloads.isc.org/isc/aftr/"},{"link_name":"niit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//code.google.com/p/fabfi/wiki/niit"},{"link_name":"IVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ivi2.org/IVI/"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Forefront_Unified_Access_Gateway"},{"link_name":"BIND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND"},{"link_name":"PF (firewall)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PF_(firewall)"},{"link_name":"OpenBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"}],"text":"stone (software), port translator for Windows & Unix-based systems.\nfaithd, BSD-based static TRT implementation by the KAME project\nCLATD, a CLAT / SIIT-DC Edge Relay implementation for Linux\nWrapSix, a NAT64 implementation for Linux\nTAYGA, a stateless NAT64 implementation for Linux\nJool, a stateful NAT64 implementation for Linux\nnaptd, user-level NAT-PT\nEcdysis, a NAT64 gateway, includes DNS64\nAddress Family Transition Router (AFTR), a DS-Lite implementation\nniit Linux Kernel device that allow transmission of IPv4 unicast traffic through an IPv6 network\nIVI IPv4/IPv6 packet translation implementation as a Linux kernel(2.6 only) patch\nMicrosoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway, a reverse proxy and VPN solution that implements DNS64 and NAT64\nBIND, Berkeley Internet Name Domain DNS server, implements DNS64 since version 9.8\nPF (firewall), the OpenBSD packet filter supports IP version translation since version 5.1, includes NAT64","title":"Implementations"}]
[{"image_text":"NAT64 and DNS64","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NAT64.svg/220px-NAT64.svg.png"},{"image_text":"DS-Lite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/DSLite.svg/220px-DSLite.svg.png"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_IPv6_support_in_operating_systems"},{"title":"Softwire (protocol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwire_(protocol)"}]
[{"reference":"Partridge, C.; Kastenholz, F. (December 1994). Technical Criteria for Choosing IP The Next Generation (IPng). doi:10.17487/RFC1726. RFC 1726.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1726","url_text":"Technical Criteria for Choosing IP The Next Generation (IPng)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1726","url_text":"10.17487/RFC1726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1726","url_text":"1726"}]},{"reference":"F. Baker; X. Li; C. Bao; K. Yin (April 2011). Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6144. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Baker_(IETF_chair)","url_text":"F. Baker"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6144","url_text":"Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6144","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6144","url_text":"6144"}]},{"reference":"C. Bao; C. Huitema; M. Bagnulo; M. Boucadair; X. Li (October 2010). IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6052. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Huitema","url_text":"C. Huitema"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6052","url_text":"IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF","url_text":"IETF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6052","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6052","url_text":"6052"}]},{"reference":"C. Bao; X. Li; F. Baker; T. Anderson; F. Gont (June 2016). Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm. doi:10.17487/RFC7915. RFC 7915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Baker_(IETF_chair)","url_text":"F. Baker"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7915","url_text":"Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7915","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7915","url_text":"7915"}]},{"reference":"E. Nordmark (February 2000). Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2765. RFC 2765.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2765","url_text":"Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2765","url_text":"10.17487/RFC2765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2765","url_text":"2765"}]},{"reference":"X. Li; C. Bao; F. Baker (April 2011). IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6145. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Baker_(IETF_chair)","url_text":"F. Baker"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6145","url_text":"IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6145","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6145","url_text":"6145"}]},{"reference":"M. Blanchet; F. Parent (February 2010). IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP). doi:10.17487/RFC5572. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5572.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5572","url_text":"IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5572","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5572","url_text":"5572"}]},{"reference":"A. Durand; P. Fasano; I. Guardini; D. Lento (January 2001). IPv6 Tunnel Broker. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3053. RFC 3053.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3053","url_text":"IPv6 Tunnel Broker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3053","url_text":"10.17487/RFC3053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3053","url_text":"3053"}]},{"reference":"Despres, R. (January 2010). IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd). doi:10.17487/RFC5569. RFC 5569.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5569","url_text":"IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5569","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5569","url_text":"5569"}]},{"reference":"Troan, O. (August 2010). IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification. doi:10.17487/RFC5969. RFC 5969.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5969","url_text":"IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5969","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5969","url_text":"5969"}]},{"reference":"M. Bagnulo; P. Matthews; I. van Beijnum (April 2011). Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6146. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6146.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6146","url_text":"Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6146","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6146","url_text":"6146"}]},{"reference":"Bagnulo, M.; Sullivan, A.; Matthews, P.; van Beijnum, I. (April 2011). DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers. doi:10.17487/RFC6147. RFC 6147.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6147","url_text":"DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6147","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6147","url_text":"6147"}]},{"reference":"\"README.DNS64\". GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/NLnetLabs/unbound/blob/master/doc/README.DNS64","url_text":"\"README.DNS64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"Žorž, Jan (3 April 2013). \"Video: 464XLAT Live Demo at World IPv6 Congress in Paris\". Internet Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/blog/2013/04/video-464xlat-live-demo-at-world-ipv6-congress-in-paris/","url_text":"\"Video: 464XLAT Live Demo at World IPv6 Congress in Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society","url_text":"Internet Society"}]},{"reference":"\"464XLAT -- A Solution for Providing IPv4 Services Over and IPv6-only Network\". T-Mobile USA. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/tmoipv6/464xlat","url_text":"\"464XLAT -- A Solution for Providing IPv4 Services Over and IPv6-only Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA","url_text":"T-Mobile USA"}]},{"reference":"\"Case Study: T-Mobile US Goes IPv6-only Using 464XLAT\". Internet Society. June 13, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/deploy360/2014/case-study-t-mobile-us-goes-ipv6-only-using-464xlat/","url_text":"\"Case Study: T-Mobile US Goes IPv6-only Using 464XLAT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society","url_text":"Internet Society"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204021359/https://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/2014/case-study-t-mobile-us-goes-ipv6-only-using-464xlat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Twardowska, Marta (January 6, 2015). \"Orange Polska Has Launched a World's First Innovative IPv6 Solution with SoftAtHome\". Business Wire. Retrieved 2023-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150106005488/en/Orange-Polska-Has-Launched-a-World%E2%80%99s-First-Innovative-IPv6-Solution-with-SoftAtHome","url_text":"\"Orange Polska Has Launched a World's First Innovative IPv6 Solution with SoftAtHome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"\"Telstra IPv6 Wireless Enablement - IPv6 Single Stack\". February 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lists.ausnog.net/pipermail/ausnog/2020-February/043869.html","url_text":"\"Telstra IPv6 Wireless Enablement - IPv6 Single Stack\""}]},{"reference":"Drown, Dan. \"What is Android CLAT?\". Dan's Notes. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/toreanderson/clatd","url_text":"\"What is Android CLAT?\""}]},{"reference":"Havey, Daniel; Balasubramanian, Praveen (February 14, 2019). \"Core Network Stack Features in the Creators Update for Windows 10\". Microsoft Networking Blog. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/Networking-Blog/Core-Network-Stack-Features-in-the-Creators-Update-for-Windows/ba-p/339676","url_text":"\"Core Network Stack Features in the Creators Update for Windows 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows 11 Plans to Expand CLAT Support\". Microsoft Networking Blog. Retrieved March 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/networking-blog/windows-11-plans-to-expand-clat-support/ba-p/4078173","url_text":"\"Windows 11 Plans to Expand CLAT Support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"Twitter\". Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Oskar456/status/1541509105898164225","url_text":"\"Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"[v6ops] iOS12 IPv6-only\". Retrieved 5 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/v6ops/current/msg30153.html","url_text":"\"[v6ops] iOS12 IPv6-only\""}]},{"reference":"van Beijnum, Iljitsch (2015-06-16). \"Apple to iOS devs: IPv6-only cell service is coming soon, get your apps ready\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/06/apple-to-ios-devs-ipv6-only-cell-service-is-coming-soon-get-your-apps-ready/","url_text":"\"Apple to iOS devs: IPv6-only cell service is coming soon, get your apps ready\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Tore (May 20, 2019). \"clatd\". GitHub. Retrieved January 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/toreanderson/clatd","url_text":"\"clatd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"OpenWrt Wiki package: 464xlat\". OpenWrt. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://openwrt.org/packages/pkgdata/464xlat","url_text":"\"OpenWrt Wiki package: 464xlat\""}]},{"reference":"Baoi, Danilo G. (June 19, 2021). \"FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Release Notes\". FreeBSD.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freebsd.org/releases/12.1R/relnotes/","url_text":"\"FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Release Notes\""}]},{"reference":"A. Durand; R. Droms; J. Woodyatt; Y. Lee (August 2011). Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6333. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6333.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6333","url_text":"Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6333","url_text":"10.17487/RFC6333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6333","url_text":"6333"}]},{"reference":"Y. Cui; Q. Sun; M. Boucadair; T. Tsou; Y. Lee; I. Farrer (July 2015). Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-Stack Lite Architecture. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7596. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7596.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7596","url_text":"Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-Stack Lite Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7596","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7596","url_text":"7596"}]},{"reference":"Le Faucheur, François; Rosen, Eric (May 2009). Advertising IPv4 Network Layer Reachability Information with an IPv6 Next Hop. doi:10.17487/RFC5549. RFC 5549.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5549","url_text":"Advertising IPv4 Network Layer Reachability Information with an IPv6 Next Hop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5549","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5549","url_text":"5549"}]},{"reference":"Chroboczek, Juliusz (May 2022). Pv4 Routes with an IPv6 Next Hop in the Babel Routing Protocol. doi:10.17487/RFC9229. RFC 9229.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9229","url_text":"Pv4 Routes with an IPv6 Next Hop in the Babel Routing Protocol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9229","url_text":"10.17487/RFC9229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9229","url_text":"9229"}]},{"reference":"Rammhold, Andreas (December 15, 2020). \"[RFC] Babel: Add v4viav6 Support\". BIRD Internet Routing Daemon. Retrieved 2023-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://bird.network.cz/pipermail/bird-users/2020-December/015082.html","url_text":"\"[RFC] Babel: Add v4viav6 Support\""}]},{"reference":"Chroboczek, Juliusz (May 5, 2022). \"[Babel-users] ANNOUNCE: babeld-1.12\". Debian Alioth Lists. Retrieved 2023-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://alioth-lists.debian.net/pipermail/babel-users/2022-May/003963.html","url_text":"\"[Babel-users] ANNOUNCE: babeld-1.12\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Townsley (September 24, 2012). \"Mapping Address + Port\" (PDF). Cisco. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ripe65.ripe.net/presentations/91-townsley-map-ripe65-ams-sept-24-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Mapping Address + Port\""}]},{"reference":"X. Li; C. Bao; O. Troan; S. Matsushima; T. Murakami (July 2015). W. Dec (ed.). Mapping of Address and Port using Translation (MAP-T). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7599. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7599.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7599","url_text":"Mapping of Address and Port using Translation (MAP-T)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7599","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7599","url_text":"7599"}]},{"reference":"W. Dec; X. Li; C. Bao; S. Matsushima; T. Murakami (July 2015). O. Troan; T. Taylor (eds.). Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7597. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7597.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7597","url_text":"Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7597","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7597"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7597","url_text":"7597"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Richard (May 2021). \"IPv6-Only with MAP-T\". RIPE NCC Open House. Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ripe.net/participate/meetings/open-house/presentations/richard-patterson-sky-italia-and-map-t","url_text":"\"IPv6-Only with MAP-T\""}]},{"reference":"R. Despres; R. Penno; Y. Lee; G. Chen; M. Chen (July 2015). S. Jiang (ed.). IPv4 Residual Deployment via IPv6 - A Stateless Solution (4rd). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC7600. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7600.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7600","url_text":"IPv4 Residual Deployment via IPv6 - A Stateless Solution (4rd)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"Internet Engineering Task Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7600","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721","url_text":"2070-1721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7600","url_text":"7600"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chizuko_Yoshida
Chizuko Yoshida
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Work","4 Collections and exhibitions","5 Personal life and death","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Books","7 External links"]
Japanese artist (1924–2017) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chizuko Yoshida" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Chizuko YoshidaBorn(1924-03-20)March 20, 1924Yokohama, JapanDiedApril 1, 2017(2017-04-01) (aged 93)Yokohama, JapanNationalityJapaneseKnown forWoodblock prints, geometric abstraction, embossingMovementModernism, Abstract expressionism, Op artSpouseHodaka YoshidaChildrenAyomi Yoshida Chizuko Yoshida (née Inoue) (吉田 千鶴子, Yoshida Chizuko, March 20, 1924 – April 1, 2017 Yokohama) was a Japanese modernist artist, whose work reflected the development of art in Japan following World War II. She was noted for providing a connective link between widespread modern art movements (such as abstract expressionism and op art) and traditional Japanese imagery. She was also important as the middle link in the succession of three generations of women artists in the widely recognized Yoshida family. She was the wife of artist Hodaka Yoshida (1926–1995). Hodaka's mother, Fujio Yoshida (1887–1987), was a noted artist alongside of her husband Hiroshi Yoshida (1876–1950). Chizuko's daughter, Ayomi Yoshida (born 1958), is well known for her modernist woodblock prints and room-size woodblock-chip installations. Three generations of women artists in one family is a rare phenomenon in Japanese art history. Early life and education Despite later marrying into the Yoshida family of artists, neither of Chizuko-san's parents were artists. Her first creative experiences involved dancing in the Nichigeki Dance Team as a middle school student. Six months of this endeavor left Chizuko ill, forcing her to stop performing, though later in her career she would use dance-related themes in her visual work. Chizuko then studied art at the Sato Girl's High School in Tokyo, where she began watercolor painting. Following graduation, she began studying under painter and printmaker, Fumio Kitaoka. While interning at Kitaoka's studio, Chizuko practiced oil painting and was first exposed to woodblock printing, which would later become an essential part of her practice. In 1941, she studied design at Hongo Art Institute in Tokyo but did not get a degree because World War II interrupted her time there. Chizuko evacuated to Ayoama, but moved back to Tokyo after the war's end to continue painting. Career In the late 1940s, Chizuko became a member of two important art associations. The first was Taiheiyō-Gakai (transl. Pacific Painting Society), an art group established in 1902 by her future father-in-law Hiroshi Yoshida and Ishikawa Toraji. In 1949, Chizuko was made an associate and would go on to exhibit with the group. The second art coalition was Shuyōkai (transl. Vermillion Leaf Society), a group for female oil painters established by her future mother-in-law Fujio Yoshida and her artist associates in 1920. Chizuko won a prize for her entry in a Shuyōkai exhibition. Also in the late 1940s, Chizuko joined Seiki No Kai (transl. Century Society), "a group of avant-garde artists, writers, and intellectuals who met regularly to discuss art theory and criticism," hosted by Okamoto Tarō, a leading Surrealist painter and critic. During these seminars and through Tarō's teachings, Chizuko became interested in the relationship between Western modernism and traditional Japanese aesthetics, and began to adopt forms of abstraction in her work. This relationship would become a theme throughout her career. Chizuko would meet her husband and fellow artist through Taiheiyō. They married in 1953. Around the same time, Chizuko-san moved from painting to woodblock printing as her primary artistic medium. In the late 1950s, Chizuko-san began to travel around the world with Hodaka and Fujio. These trips would provide inspiration for her woodblock prints, incorporating colors and forms seen abroad into her work. Chizuko became member of the Japanese Print Association in 1954. In 1956, Chizuko co-founded Joryū Hanga Kyōkai (transl. Women's Print Association) with eight other professional female printmakers, including Minami Keiko, Iwami Reika, Enokido Maki, Shishido Tokuko, and Kobayashi Donge. The scale of Chizuko's work increased in the early 1960s. These prints contained massive architectural forms and incorporated Japanese calligraphic elements. Around this time, she also started to experiment with embossing the prints, which added visual depth to the works. In 1969 Chizuko won a prize at the International Print Triennial for her piece, Star, Star, Star A. The use of embossing would carry into Chizuko's work in the 1970s and was used to create pseudo-optical illusions within the prints. In the early 1970s, Hodaka began incorporating zinc plates, allowing for the use of more photographic images in his work. Chizuko would follow suit, gathering images from magazines and layering them with her woodblock prints. This method was used to create Chizuko-san's Reef series, based on her experience of seeing the Great Barrier Reef from an airplane while flying to Australia. Work Her woodblock prints range from geometric abstraction to music to phenomena in nature to beautiful gestures composed of butterflies or flowers. A refined Japanese aesthetic prevails within her use of various modern international styles. Collections and exhibitions Her work was exhibited at the College Women's Association of Japan from its beginning in 1956 and in the annual Contemporary Women's Exhibition in Ueno Museum from 1987 onwards. She was invited to exhibit in many international art and print biennials. In 2014, Chizuko was part of the exhibit "Breaking Barriers: Japanese Women and Print Artists 1950-2000" at the Portland Art Museum. The largest collection of her works can be found in the Yokohama Museum of Art, with works also in the British Museum, Art Institute of Chicago, Philadelphia Museum of Modern Art, the Tokyo International Museum of Modern Art, and the Minneapolis Institute of Art. Personal life and death Chizuko met Hodaka Yoshida when attending Onchi Kōshirō’s art seminar together. They married in June 1953 and had two children, Ayomi, a printmaker, and Takasuke, a jewelry artist. Chizuko passed away from natural causes on April 1, 2017. References Notes ^ "Yoshida Chizuko (1924–2017)". my japanese hanga. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chizuko Yoshida Woodblock Prints". The Koller Collection of Asian Art. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2021-12-11. ^ a b "YOSHIDA, CHIZUKO (1924 - 2017 )". Ronin Gallery. Archived from the original on 2021-01-16. Retrieved 2021-12-11. ^ "Yoshida Chizuko". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 2019-03-09. ^ "Yoshida Chizuko | Minneapolis Institute of Art". collections.artsmia.org. Retrieved 2019-03-09. Books Catalogue of Collections, Yokohama Museum of Art, Vol. I, 1989 Allen, et al., A Japanese Legacy: Four Generations of Yoshida Family Artists, 2002, Minneapolis Institute of Arts. External links Chizuko Yoshida in "The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints" "Chizuko Yoshida and Her Peers: Women Printmakers in Japan," Lecture at the Portland Art Museum by Chizuko's daughter and artist, Ayomi Yoshida
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This relationship would become a theme throughout her career.[3]Chizuko would meet her husband and fellow artist through Taiheiyō. They married in 1953. Around the same time, Chizuko-san moved from painting to woodblock printing as her primary artistic medium.[2] In the late 1950s, Chizuko-san began to travel around the world with Hodaka and Fujio. These trips would provide inspiration for her woodblock prints, incorporating colors and forms seen abroad into her work.Chizuko became member of the Japanese Print Association in 1954.In 1956, Chizuko co-founded Joryū Hanga Kyōkai (transl. Women's Print Association) with eight other professional female printmakers, including Minami Keiko, Iwami Reika, Enokido Maki, Shishido Tokuko, and Kobayashi Donge.[2][3]The scale of Chizuko's work increased in the early 1960s. These prints contained massive architectural forms and incorporated Japanese calligraphic elements. Around this time, she also started to experiment with embossing the prints, which added visual depth to the works.[2]In 1969 Chizuko won a prize at the International Print Triennial for her piece, Star, Star, Star A.The use of embossing would carry into Chizuko's work in the 1970s and was used to create pseudo-optical illusions within the prints. In the early 1970s, Hodaka began incorporating zinc plates, allowing for the use of more photographic images in his work. Chizuko would follow suit, gathering images from magazines and layering them with her woodblock prints. 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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Yoshida Chizuko (1924–2017)\". my japanese hanga. Retrieved 25 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myjapanesehanga.com/home/artists/chizuko-yoshida","url_text":"\"Yoshida Chizuko (1924–2017)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chizuko Yoshida Woodblock Prints\". The Koller Collection of Asian Art. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asianartscollection.com/a/Chizuko-Yoshida/102","url_text":"\"Chizuko Yoshida Woodblock Prints\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929044227/https://www.asianartscollection.com/a/Chizuko-Yoshida/102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"YOSHIDA, CHIZUKO (1924 - 2017 )\". Ronin Gallery. Archived from the original on 2021-01-16. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roningallery.com/collections/artists/chizuko-yoshida","url_text":"\"YOSHIDA, CHIZUKO (1924 - 2017 )\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116233612/https://www.roningallery.com/collections/artists/chizuko-yoshida","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yoshida Chizuko\". The Art Institute of Chicago. Retrieved 2019-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artic.edu/collection","url_text":"\"Yoshida Chizuko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yoshida Chizuko | Minneapolis Institute of Art\". collections.artsmia.org. Retrieved 2019-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.artsmia.org/search/yoshida%20chizuko","url_text":"\"Yoshida Chizuko | Minneapolis Institute of Art\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Vaughan
Terri Vaughan
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Books","4 Recognition","5 References"]
Therese Michele "Terri" Vaughan (born June 12, 1956) is an American insurance academic, regulator, and advisor. She was insurance commissioner of the state of Iowa for 10 years from 1994 to 2005, and was the CEO of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) for four years from February 2009 to December 2012. She is currently executive in residence at Drake University, having previously been its Robb B. Kelley distinguished professor of insurance and actuarial science, Dean of its College of Business and Public Administration, and director of its Insurance Center. Early life and education Vaughan was born in 1956 in Blair, Nebraska. Her father was insurance scholar, academic, and author Emmett J. Vaughan (1934-2004). She received a BBA in Insurance and Economics from the University of Iowa in 1979. In 1985 she received a PhD in Managerial Science, Applied Economics, and Risk and Insurance from the University of Pennsylvania. She holds the professional insurance designations: Associate, Society of Actuaries (ASA); Chartered Property and Casualty Underwriter (CPCU); Associate, Casualty Actuarial Society (ACAS); and Member, American Academy of Actuaries (MAAA). Career Vaughan was an adjunct assistant professor of insurance at Temple University from January 1983 to December 1985, CBPA Dean Terri Vaughan named key influencer in the insurance industry and an assistant professor of economics and finance at Baruch College from January 1986 to May 1987. From May 1987 to July 1988 she was a consultant at the actuarial firm Tillinghast, in its risk management and casualty division. In August 1988 she was appointed the director of The Insurance Center at Drake University, a position she held through July 1994. She was an assistant professor from 1988 to 1994, and chair of the insurance department from 1990 to 1994. In August 1994, she was appointed Insurance Commissioner of the state of Iowa. She was Iowa's longest-serving insurance commissioner, serving through both Democratic and Republican state administrations, resigning in December 2004 after 10 years. She also served as president of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) for the year 2002, having been its secretary-treasurer and its vice president in previous years and serving as chair of several NAIC committees. As president, she led a number of key initiatives, including the development of the NAIC's response to the 9/11 attacks, and the creation of an interstate compact for the filing of life insurance and annuity products. In January 2005 Vaughan re-joined the faculty of Drake University, as the Robb B. Kelley distinguished professor of insurance and actuarial science. She was president of the American Risk and Insurance Association 2008–2009, having previously been vice president and program chair, and having been on its board of directors since 2003. In February 2009, leaving academia again, she was appointed CEO of the NAIC, a post she held through November 2012. She pushed for state regulators' rights in the face of the federal government's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Dodd-Frank Act. She worked both nationally and internationally, and focused particularly on financial and solvency matters. In 2016 Best's Review credited her with having "helped steer the organization through the recovery years after the Great Recession, helping identify, develop, prioritize, and achieve regulatory modernization and other key initiatives" during her tenure as CEO. She also served as a member of the executive committee of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. In 2012 she was chair of the Joint Forum, the international forum of banking, insurance, and securities regulators. In June 2014 she returned to academia, as Dean of Drake University's College of Business and Public Administration through June 2017. She was subsequently appointed Robb B. Kelley visiting distinguished professor of insurance and actuarial science at Drake. and in 2019 she was made Executive in Residence at the university. Vaughan is on the board of directors of Verisk Analytics, is chair of its nominating and corporate governance committee, and is also on its compensation committee and executive committee. She is also on the boards of directors of Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield, AIG, and West Bancorporation. Books Vaughan co-authored, with her father Emmett J. Vaughan, the college textbook Essentials of Insurance (1995), and since his 2004 death she has continued to revise, expand, and update his college textbook Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance. Recognition In 1996 Vaughan received a Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Iowa. In 2003 she was inducted into the Iowa Insurance Hall of Fame. In 2011 she was ranked #10 in the Modern Healthcare list of the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare. In 2012 she was listed in National Underwriter magazine's Top 25 Living Legends of Insurance. In 2013 she was named a Distinguished Fellow of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. She was among the Top 50 Women in the Insurance Industry in a 2014 listing by Reactions magazine, and in 2014 she was also named Insurance Woman of the Year by the Association of Professional Insurance Women (APIW). In 2016 she was named one of 24 Key Influencers in the insurance industry by Best's Review. References ^ a b c d e f g Who's Who in the Midwest: A Biographical Dictionary of Noteworthy Men and Women of the Central and Midwestern States. A. N. Marquis Company. 2005. p. 603. ^ "Iowa Insurance Educator Vaughan Dies at 69" Insurance Journal, Oct. 27, 2004. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Therese M. Vaughan, Ph.D, ASA, ACAS, CPCU, MAA" News and Events, Drake University. ^ Verisk Analytics, Inc. "Verisk Analytics, Inc., Elects Therese M. Vaughan to Its Board of Directors" February 20, 2013. ^ a b "Endurance Specialty Holdings Names Vaughan to Board" Insurance Journal, Aug. 3, 2005. ^ a b Connolly, Jim "Iowas Terri Vaughan: 10 Years A Regulator" National Underwriter Life & Health Magazine via Think Advisor, December 15, 2004. ^ "Former Iowa Commissioner Vaughan Named CEO of State Regulators’ NAIC" Insurance Journal, Jan. 15, 2009. ^ Cummins, J. D.; Doherty, Neil; Ray, Gerald; Vaughan, Terri "The Insurance Brokerage Industry Post-October 2004" Risk Management and Insurance Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, Fall 2006. ^ Tuckey, Steve "Susan Voss Named Iowa Insurance Commissioner" PropertyCasualty360. Mar. 24, 2004. ^ "Wisconsin’s Deputy Insurance Commissioner Wins National Outstanding Achievement Award" Insurance Journal, Dec. 18, 2002. ^ "Sebelius Elected NAIC President for 2001; Vaughan, Pickens Selected as Officers" Insurance Journal, Dec. 5, 2000. ^ Kelly, Dennis "Briefing: Texas Commissioner's Bid For NAIC Presidency Fails" Best's Review, Jan. 2001. ^ a b Therese M. Vaughan 2003" Iowa Insurance Hall of Fame, 2003. ^ "AAI Pleased With Early Action by Treasury, NAIC on Terrorism Insurance" Insurance Journal, Dec. 10, 2002. ^ "Testimony of Terri Vaughan, President National Association of Insurance Commissioners" Committee on Financial Services United States House of Representatives, June 18, 2002. ^ a b Saucer, Caroline "Regulators Recall Sept. 11, See Progress in Modernization" Best Week, A. M. Best Company Inc., June 17, 2002, p. 9. ^ Calvo, Cheye "Insurance Regulation: A Time for Change" National Conference of State Legislatures, 2003. ^ "People & Places" Insurance Journal, Dec. 20, 2004. ^ "NAIC CEO to Depart November 30" National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Nov. 16, 2012. ^ "NAIC CEO to Depart November 30" NAIC, Florida Peninsula, Nov. 16, 2012. ^ a b "Top 25 Living Legends of Insurance" PropertyCasualty360. June 25, 2012. ^ a b Lehman, Ray "Will the NAIC’s CIPR Survive Terri Vaughan’s Departure?" Insurance Journal, Aug. 14, 2012. ^ Sinder, Scott "Progress and the NAIC in the same breath? Say it ain’t so! Think small (very small) progress." Leader's Edge, Oct. 11, 2012. ^ a b c "Briefing: Texas Commissioner's Bid For NAIC Presidency Fails" "Best's Review", July 2016, p. 51. ^ a b c "CBPA Dean Terri Vaughan named key influencer in the insurance industry" News and Events, Drake University. ^ "NAIC CEO Vaughan to Step Down in 2013" Insurance Journal, Aug. 13, 2012. ^ "Joint Forum" Bank for International Settlements. ^ "Therese M. Vaughan joins West Bank Board of Directors" West Bank. Accessed March 7, 2020. ^ "AIG Announces Three New Nominees to Its Board of Directors" American International Group, Inc., Businesswire, Apr. 1, 2019, ^ "Schedule 14A" AIG, Securities and Exchange Commission, April 2, 2019. ^ "AIG 100" American International Group, Inc., Apr. 2, 2019. ^ "Vaughan joins West Bank, West Bancorporation boards" Business Records, July 3, 2019. ^ "Corporate Management Team" Verisk. Accessed Mar. 7, 2020. ^ "Committee Composition" Verisk. Accessed Mar. 7, 2020. ^ " The Board of Directors" Wellmark, Mar. 2020. ^ "Board of Directors" American International Group, Inc. (AIG), March 2020. ^ " Officers & Directors" West Bank, March 2020. ^ Hashmi, Sajjad A. "Essentials of Insurance: A Risk Management Perspective" Journal of Risk and Insurance, vol. 65, no. 2, June 1998, p. 349. Accessed 2 Mar. 2020. ^ Vaughan, Emmett J., Vaughan, Therese M. "Essentials of Insurance: A Risk Management Perspective" 1995. ISBN 9780471107583 ^ Drake Blue Magazine Dec. 4, 2008, p. 9. ^ "Distinguished Alumni Awards Winner Therese Vaughan" The University of Iowa, 1996. ^ "100 Most Influential People in Healthcare – 2011" Modern Healthcare, 2011. ^ "IAIS Update" Deloitte, 2013. ^ Hamrick, Erin "Reactions Magazine Top 50 Women", Sterling James, Jan. 6, 2014. ^ "Insurance Woman of the Year – Past Recipients" Association of Professional Insurance Women. Accessed Mar. 8, 2020. ^ "APIW to Recognize Vaughan, Ph.D. as APIW Insurance Woman of the Year" Association of Professional Insurance Women, Mar. 11, 2014. ^ "CAS Members Recognized as Key “Industry Influencers” by A.M. Best" Casualty Actuarial Society, Aug. 8, 2016.
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Vaughan (1934-2004).[2]She received a BBA in Insurance and Economics from the University of Iowa in 1979.[3][1] In 1985 she received a PhD in Managerial Science, Applied Economics, and Risk and Insurance from the University of Pennsylvania.[3][1]She holds the professional insurance designations: Associate, Society of Actuaries (ASA); Chartered Property and Casualty Underwriter (CPCU); Associate, Casualty Actuarial Society (ACAS); and Member, American Academy of Actuaries (MAAA).[3][4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake-3"},{"link_name":"Baruch 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Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Forum"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best's_Review-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake_Dean-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellmark_Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"AIG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Vaughan was an adjunct assistant professor of insurance at Temple University from January 1983 to December 1985, CBPA Dean Terri Vaughan named key influencer in the insurance industry[3] and an assistant professor of economics and finance at Baruch College from January 1986 to May 1987.[3][1]From May 1987 to July 1988 she was a consultant at the actuarial firm Tillinghast, in its risk management and casualty division.[3][5][1]In August 1988 she was appointed the director of The Insurance Center at Drake University,[3] a position she held through July 1994.[3] She was an assistant professor from 1988 to 1994,[3] and chair of the insurance department from 1990 to 1994.[3]In August 1994, she was appointed Insurance Commissioner of the state of Iowa.[3][6] She was Iowa's longest-serving insurance commissioner,[7] serving through both Democratic and Republican state administrations,[8] resigning in December 2004 after 10 years.[9]She also served as president of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) for the year 2002,[5][10] having been its secretary-treasurer and its vice president in previous years and serving as chair of several NAIC committees.[11][12][13] As president, she led a number of key initiatives, including the development of the NAIC's response to the 9/11 attacks,[14] and the creation of an interstate compact for the filing of life insurance and annuity products.[6][15][16][17]In January 2005 Vaughan re-joined the faculty of Drake University, as the Robb B. Kelley distinguished professor of insurance and actuarial science.[18]She was president of the American Risk and Insurance Association 2008–2009,[19] having previously been vice president and program chair, and having been on its board of directors since 2003.[3]In February 2009, leaving academia again, she was appointed CEO of the NAIC, a post she held through November 2012.[20] She pushed for state regulators' rights in the face of the federal government's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Dodd-Frank Act.[21][22] She worked both nationally and internationally, and focused particularly on financial and solvency matters.[23]In 2016 Best's Review credited her with having \"helped steer the organization through the recovery years after the Great Recession, helping identify, develop, prioritize, and achieve regulatory modernization and other key initiatives\" during her tenure as CEO.[24][25]She also served as a member of the executive committee of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors.[26] In 2012 she was chair of the Joint Forum, the international forum of banking, insurance, and securities regulators.[27][24][25]In June 2014 she returned to academia, as Dean of Drake University's College of Business and Public Administration through June 2017.[28] She was subsequently appointed Robb B. Kelley visiting distinguished professor of insurance and actuarial science at Drake.[29][30][31] and in 2019 she was made Executive in Residence at the university.[32]Vaughan is on the board of directors of Verisk Analytics,[33] is chair of its nominating and corporate governance committee, and is also on its compensation committee and executive committee.[34] She is also on the boards of directors of Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield,[35] AIG,[36] and West Bancorporation.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmett J. Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippie_College_of_Business#Centers_and_institutes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www3.ambest.com-16"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Insurance_Journal_2012-22"}],"text":"Vaughan co-authored, with her father Emmett J. Vaughan, the college textbook Essentials of Insurance (1995),[38][39] and since his 2004 death she has continued to revise, expand, and update his college textbook Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance.[16][40][22]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIHoF-13"},{"link_name":"Modern Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC360-21"},{"link_name":"International Association of Insurance Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Insurance_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drake_Dean-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best's_Review-24"}],"text":"In 1996 Vaughan received a Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Iowa.[41] In 2003 she was inducted into the Iowa Insurance Hall of Fame.[13] In 2011 she was ranked #10 in the Modern Healthcare list of the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare.[42] In 2012 she was listed in National Underwriter magazine's Top 25 Living Legends of Insurance.[21] In 2013 she was named a Distinguished Fellow of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors.[43]She was among the Top 50 Women in the Insurance Industry in a 2014 listing by Reactions magazine,[44] and in 2014 she was also named Insurance Woman of the Year by the Association of Professional Insurance Women (APIW).[45][46] In 2016 she was named one of 24 Key Influencers in the insurance industry by Best's Review.[47][25][24]","title":"Recognition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Who's Who in the Midwest: A Biographical Dictionary of Noteworthy Men and Women of the Central and Midwestern States. A. N. Marquis Company. 2005. p. 603.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2004/10/27/47243.htm","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Insurance Educator Vaughan Dies at 69\""},{"Link":"https://news.drake.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/TerriVaughan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Therese M. Vaughan, Ph.D, ASA, ACAS, CPCU, MAA\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1442145/000119312513071510/d492153dex992.htm","external_links_name":"\"Verisk Analytics, Inc., Elects Therese M. Vaughan to Its Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2005/08/03/57980.htm","external_links_name":"\"Endurance Specialty Holdings Names Vaughan to Board\""},{"Link":"https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2004/12/15/iowas-terri-vaughan-10-years-a-regulator/?slreturn=20200003203649","external_links_name":"\"Iowas Terri Vaughan: 10 Years A Regulator\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2009/01/15/97013.htm","external_links_name":"\"Former Iowa Commissioner Vaughan Named CEO of State Regulators’ NAIC\""},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1253586661/the-insurance-brokerage-industry-post-october-2004","external_links_name":"\"The Insurance Brokerage Industry Post-October 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.propertycasualty360.com/2004/03/24/susan-voss-named-iowa-insurance-commissioner/?slreturn=20200203213140","external_links_name":"\"Susan Voss Named Iowa Insurance Commissioner\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2002/12/18/24977.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin’s Deputy Insurance Commissioner Wins National Outstanding Achievement Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2002/12/18/24977.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sebelius Elected NAIC President for 2001; Vaughan, Pickens Selected as Officers\""},{"Link":"http://news.ambest.com/articlecontent.aspx?pc=1009&AltSrc=108&refnum=11220","external_links_name":"\"Briefing: Texas Commissioner's Bid For NAIC Presidency Fails\""},{"Link":"http://www.iihof.org/Objects/Profiles/03_Vaughan.pdf","external_links_name":"Therese M. Vaughan 2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2002/12/10/24835.htm","external_links_name":"\"AAI Pleased With Early Action by Treasury, NAIC on Terrorism Insurance\""},{"Link":"https://www.naic.org/documents/testimony_0206_vaughan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Testimony of Terri Vaughan, President National Association of Insurance Commissioners\""},{"Link":"http://www3.ambest.com/bestweekpdfs/bw507453102175full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regulators Recall Sept. 11, See Progress in Modernization\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncsl.org/research/financial-services-and-commerce/march-2003-state-legislatures-magazine-insurance.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Insurance Regulation: A Time for Change\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-people/2004/12/20/50613.htm","external_links_name":"\"People & Places\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232248/http://aria.org/meetings/2013_Annual_Meeting_docs/ARIA_Program_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NAIC CEO to Depart November 30\""},{"Link":"https://www.floridapeninsula.com/uploads/11-16-12%20NAIC%20release.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NAIC CEO to Depart November 30\""},{"Link":"https://www.propertycasualty360.com/2012/06/25/top-25-living-legends-of-insurance-slideshow","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 Living Legends of Insurance\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/blogs/right-street/2012/08/14/259344.htm","external_links_name":"\"Will the NAIC’s CIPR Survive Terri Vaughan’s Departure?\""},{"Link":"https://www.leadersedge.com/industry/oxymoron","external_links_name":"\"Progress and the NAIC in the same breath? Say it ain’t so! Think small (very small) progress.\""},{"Link":"http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/4200a36d#/4200a36d/53","external_links_name":"\"Briefing: Texas Commissioner's Bid For NAIC Presidency Fails\""},{"Link":"https://news.drake.edu/2016/07/22/cbpa-dean-terri-vaughan-named-key-influencer-in-the-insurance-industry/","external_links_name":"\"CBPA Dean Terri Vaughan named key influencer in the insurance industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2012/08/13/259076.htm","external_links_name":"\"NAIC CEO Vaughan to Step Down in 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.bis.org/bcbs/jointforum.htm","external_links_name":"\"Joint Forum\""},{"Link":"https://www.westbankstrong.com/about_us/news/article/71","external_links_name":"\"Therese M. Vaughan joins West Bank Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190401005479/en/AIG-Announces-New-Nominees-Board-Directors","external_links_name":"\"AIG Announces Three New Nominees to Its Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://sec.report/Document/0001144204-19-017752/","external_links_name":"\"Schedule 14A\""},{"Link":"https://annual.aig.com/ui/2018/docs/AIG-2019-Proxy-Statement.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AIG 100\""},{"Link":"https://businessrecord.com/Content/News-By-Industry/Lift-IOWA/Article/Vaughan-joins-West-Bank-West-Bancorporation-boards-/176/1015/87199","external_links_name":"\"Vaughan joins West Bank, West Bancorporation boards\""},{"Link":"https://investor.verisk.com/corporate-governance/officers-directors/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Management Team\""},{"Link":"https://investor.verisk.com/corporate-governance/committee-composition/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Committee Composition\""},{"Link":"https://www.wellmark.com/about/company-information/board","external_links_name":"\" The Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.aig.com/about-us/corporategovernance/board-of-directors","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.snl.com/IRW/OD/1021570","external_links_name":"\" Officers & Directors\""},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA21166764","external_links_name":"\"Essentials of Insurance: A Risk Management Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780471107583/","external_links_name":"\"Essentials of Insurance: A Risk Management Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/drakeuniversity/docs/blue_su08/9","external_links_name":"Drake Blue Magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.foriowa.org/daa/daa-profile.php?namer=true&profileid=61","external_links_name":"\"Distinguished Alumni Awards Winner Therese Vaughan\""},{"Link":"https://www.modernhealthcare.com/awards/100-most-influential-people-healthcare-2011","external_links_name":"\"100 Most Influential People in Healthcare – 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Financial-Services/gx-fsi-us-IAISUpdate2013AnnualMeeting-2013-11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IAIS Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.sterlingjames.com/news/erin-hamrick-reactions-magazine-top-50-women/","external_links_name":"\"Reactions Magazine Top 50 Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.apiw.org/cpages/past-recipients","external_links_name":"\"Insurance Woman of the Year – Past Recipients\""},{"Link":"https://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/APIW-to-Recognize-Vaughan-PhD-as-APIW-Insurance-Woman-of-the-Year-a-472152","external_links_name":"\"APIW to Recognize Vaughan, Ph.D. as APIW Insurance Woman of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.casact.org/press/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&articleID=3353","external_links_name":"\"CAS Members Recognized as Key “Industry Influencers” by A.M. Best\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Northern_Environment
Royal Commission on the Northern Environment
["1 Overview","2 Reed Inc","3 Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada","4 Notes","5 References"]
Royal Commission to assess environmental and social implications of northern development The Royal Commission on the Northern Environment was established by the Government of Ontario with J. E. J. Fahlgren as Commissioner. The final report and recommendations were submitted to the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General on June 28, 1985. Overview In 1976, the Ontario provincial government under then Conservative premier, Bill Davis, granted Reed Limited the right to log nearly 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) of boreal forest near the Grassy Lakes First Nation and the right to construct a second pulp and paper mill nearby, through a Memorandum of Understanding. This represented the "largest tract of forest land ever given to a single company". The MOU faced "public outcry" and had to be adandoned. In response to public outrage on the land grant to a sole company, then Attorney General of Ontario Roy McMurtry on behalf of the Government of Ontario Government of Ontario under then premier, Bill Davis, launched the Royal Commission in 1977. The commission led by J.E.J. Fahlgren was launched in 1977 in response to Commissioners included arc S. Couse as executive director, Ian S. Fraser as director of research, Marlene Brushett as administrator, Lesley Andersen as office manager in Thunder Bay, C. Gaylord Watkins as counsel, and Roger Cotton as associate counsel. Fahlgren was a mine manager and community leader in Red Lake, Ontario. Studies in the commissions investigation included "Tourism Development in Ontario North of 50°", "The Future of Mineral Development in the Province of Ontario - North of 50" with 13, accompanying technical papers", "The People of the North - In Quest of Understanding", "The Story of the Kiashke River Native Development Inc.", "North of 50°: An Atlas of Far Northern Ontario", and "The Kayahna Region Land Utilization and Occupancy Study". The report included an environmental impact analysis. The Commission concluded that the "northern environment, the people who live there and their communities, are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of large scale resource development" and these northern populations "do not have the capacity to influence the course of development". The report found that there were "no counter-balancing mechanisms in place to ensure that northerners benefit from development and that the northern environment is not irreparably harmed in the process." The report investigated the "potential of tourism, the tenuous position of the forest products industry and the forest resource base, mining activities, the conditions of the First Nations communities, as well as "public involvement in planning". Reed Inc When the commission was first established in 1977, Reed Ltd had intended to build a new pulp and paper mill. Through the "Reed Agreement", the Ontario government had the company the "largest tract of forest land ever given to a single company". By 1985, the new mill was "no longer an economic proposition". Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd—Reed's successor did not "require wood from the Reed tract for its Dryden mill complex." The Commission recommends that the Reed Agreement be "repudiated be repudiated" and "no part of the tract be licensed for cutting until the Commission's major recommendations with respect to the northern forest are implemented". Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada Main article: Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada In regards to the mercury contamination of the river system used by the Grassy Narrows and White Dog First Nations "from which these communities derived employment and sustenance", the commission recommended that "until the claims of White Dog and Grassy Narrows are settled, the Government of Ontario should not grant any cutting rights to Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd., or any subsequent owner of the Dryden Mill Complex, in forest land outside existing company management units." Notes ^ According to their McGill Digital Canadian Corporate Reports, Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd.—incorporated in Quebec in 1924—had acquired Dryden Paper Company, Limited in 1954. Reed Paper Ltd. then acquired Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills which included Dryden Paper Company, Limited during 1974 and early 1975. In 1980, Reed Paper Ltd. was privatized and its name was changed to Reed Inc. in 1981. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Fahlgreen, J.E.J. (June 28, 1985). Report and Recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment (Report). Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. p. 440. ISBN 0-7729-0628-9. Retrieved March 24, 2021. ^ "Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd". Canadian Corporate Reports: McGill Digital Archive. McGill Library. 2005. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ McGrath, John Michael (September 23, 2016). "How the waters of Grassy Narrows were poisoned". TVO. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021. ^ Jennifer Thurbide (July 2, 2012). "Community celebrates naming of Fahlgren Terminal". www.thenorthernsun.com. The Northern Sun News. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. E. J. Fahlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._E._J._Fahlgren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"}],"text":"The Royal Commission on the Northern Environment was established by the Government of Ontario with J. E. J. Fahlgren as Commissioner.[1] The final report and recommendations were submitted to the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General on June 28, 1985.[1]","title":"Royal Commission on the Northern Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Davis"},{"link_name":"Reed Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELX"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGill_CCR_Reed-2"},{"link_name":"[Notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVO_McGrath_20160923-4"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Roy McMurtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McMurtry"},{"link_name":"Bill Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Davis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"},{"link_name":"Red Lake, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"},{"link_name":"environmental impact analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_analysis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"}],"text":"In 1976, the Ontario provincial government under then Conservative premier, Bill Davis, granted Reed Limited[2]\n[Notes 1] the right to log nearly 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) of boreal forest near the Grassy Lakes First Nation and the right to construct a second pulp and paper mill nearby, through a Memorandum of Understanding. This represented the \"largest tract of forest land ever given to a single company\".[1] The MOU faced \"public outcry\" and had to be adandoned.[3]In response to public outrage on the land grant to a sole company, then Attorney General of Ontario Roy McMurtry on behalf of the Government of Ontario Government of Ontario under then premier, Bill Davis, launched the Royal Commission in 1977.[1] The commission led by J.E.J. Fahlgren was launched in 1977 in response to Commissioners included arc S. Couse as executive director, Ian S. Fraser as director of research, Marlene Brushett as administrator, Lesley Andersen as office manager in Thunder Bay, C. Gaylord Watkins as counsel, and Roger Cotton as associate counsel.[1] Fahlgren was a mine manager and community leader in Red Lake, Ontario.[4]Studies in the commissions investigation included \"Tourism Development in Ontario North of 50°\", \"The Future of Mineral Development in the Province of Ontario - North of 50\" with 13, accompanying technical papers\", \"The People of the North - In Quest of Understanding\", \"The Story of the Kiashke River Native Development Inc.\", \"North of 50°: An Atlas of Far Northern Ontario\", and \"The Kayahna Region Land Utilization and Occupancy Study\".[1]The report included an environmental impact analysis.The Commission concluded that the \"northern environment, the people who live there and their communities, are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of large scale resource development\" and these northern populations \"do not have the capacity to influence the course of development\". The report found that there were \"no counter-balancing mechanisms in place to ensure that northerners benefit from development and that the northern environment is not irreparably harmed in the process.\" The report investigated the \"potential of tourism, the tenuous position of the forest products industry and the forest resource base, mining activities, the conditions of the First Nations communities, as well as \"public involvement in planning\".[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reed Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"}],"text":"When the commission was first established in 1977, Reed Ltd had intended to build a new pulp and paper mill. Through the \"Reed Agreement\", the Ontario government had the company the \"largest tract of forest land ever given to a single company\".[1] By 1985, the new mill was \"no longer an economic proposition\". Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd—Reed's successor did not \"require wood from the Reed tract for its Dryden mill complex.\" The Commission recommends that the Reed Agreement be \"repudiated be repudiated\" and \"no part of the tract be licensed for cutting until the Commission's major recommendations with respect to the northern forest are implemented\".","title":"Reed Inc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mercury contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_contamination_in_Grassy_Narrows,_Ontario,_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCNE_19850628-1"}],"text":"In regards to the mercury contamination of the river system used by the Grassy Narrows and White Dog First Nations \"from which these communities derived employment and sustenance\", the commission recommended that \"until the claims of White Dog and Grassy Narrows are settled, the Government of Ontario should not grant any cutting rights to Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd., or any subsequent owner of the Dryden Mill Complex, in forest land outside existing company management units.\"[1]","title":"Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows, Ontario, Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Reed Paper Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reed_Paper_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ According to their McGill Digital Canadian Corporate Reports, Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd.—incorporated in Quebec in 1924—had acquired Dryden Paper Company, Limited in 1954. Reed Paper Ltd. then acquired Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills which included Dryden Paper Company, Limited during 1974 and early 1975. In 1980, Reed Paper Ltd. was privatized and its name was changed to Reed Inc. in 1981.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Fahlgreen, J.E.J. (June 28, 1985). Report and Recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment (Report). Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. p. 440. ISBN 0-7729-0628-9. Retrieved March 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/finalreponorenviron00onta/finalreponorenviron00onta_djvu.txt","url_text":"Report and Recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Northern Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7729-0628-9","url_text":"0-7729-0628-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd\". Canadian Corporate Reports: McGill Digital Archive. McGill Library. 2005. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/hrcorpreports/search/detail.php?company=Anglo-Canadian%20Pulp%20and%20Paper%20Mills,%20Ltd.&ID=361","url_text":"\"Anglo-Canadian Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041439/https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/hrcorpreports/search/detail.php?company=Anglo-Canadian%20Pulp%20and%20Paper%20Mills,%20Ltd.&ID=361","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGrath, John Michael (September 23, 2016). \"How the waters of Grassy Narrows were poisoned\". TVO. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308171441/https://www.tvo.org/article/how-the-waters-of-grassy-narrows-were-poisoned","url_text":"\"How the waters of Grassy Narrows were poisoned\""},{"url":"https://www.tvo.org/article/how-the-waters-of-grassy-narrows-were-poisoned","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Thurbide (July 2, 2012). \"Community celebrates naming of Fahlgren Terminal\". www.thenorthernsun.com. The Northern Sun News. Retrieved February 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenorthernsun.com/community-celebrates-naming-of-fahlgren-terminal/","url_text":"\"Community celebrates naming of Fahlgren Terminal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_confort_et_l%27indiff%C3%A9rence
Comfort and Indifference
["1 Production","2 Works cited","3 External links"]
1982 Canadian filmComfort and IndifferenceFrenchLe confort et l'indifférence Directed byDenys ArcandProduced by Jean Dansereau Roger Frappier Starring Jean-Pierre Ronfard Raymond Barre Pierre Brodeur Monique Bégin CinematographyAlain DostieEdited byPierre BernierRelease date 7 February 1982 (1982-02-07) Running time109 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageFrenchBudget$483,675 Comfort and Indifference (French: Le confort et l'indifférence) is a 1982 documentary film by Denys Arcand, offering an analysis of the 1980 Quebec referendum, in which "sovereignty-association" was defeated as a first step to eventual secession from Canada. The film takes the position that the referendum result was a failure of courage and that the Québécois were numbed by prosperity and the explicitly Machiavellian manipulations of federalist leaders. Production The film had a budget of $483,675 (equivalent to $1,535,057 in 2023. Works cited Evans, Gary (1991). In the National Interest: A Chronicle of the National Film Board of Canada from 1949 to 1989. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802027849. External links NFB Web page Watch Le confort et l'indifférence online (in French) Comfort and Indifference at IMDb vteFilms directed by Denys Arcand Alone or With Others (1962) Dirty Money (1972) Réjeanne Padovani (1973) Gina (1975) Cotton Mill, Treadmill (1976) Comfort and Indifference (1982) Empire, Inc. (1983) The Crime of Ovide Plouffe (1984) The Decline of the American Empire (1986) Jesus of Montreal (1989) Vue d'ailleurs (1992) Love and Human Remains (1993) Poverty and Other Delights (1996) Stardom (2000) The Barbarian Invasions (2003) Days of Darkness (2007) An Eye for Beauty (2014) The Fall of the American Empire (2018) Testament (2023) This article related to a Canadian documentary film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a political documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte ^ Evans 1991, p. 265.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiserne_Bridge
Eiserne Bridge
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°31′10″N 13°23′51″E / 52.5194°N 13.3975°E / 52.5194; 13.3975Bridge in Berlin, GermanyEiserne BridgeEiserne BrückeThe bridge in 2010Coordinates52°31′10″N 13°23′51″E / 52.5194°N 13.3975°E / 52.5194; 13.3975LocaleMitte, Berlin, GermanyLocation Eiserne Bridge (German: Eiserne Brücke) is a bridge in Mitte, Berlin, Germany. References ^ "Eiserne Bridge (Berlin) Essential Tips and Information". Trek Zone. Retrieved 2023-11-06. External links Media related to Eiserne Brücke (Berlin) at Wikimedia Commons vteBridges of BerlinSpree Triglaw Bridge Salvador Allende Bridge Katzengrabensteg Damm Bridge Wilhelm Spindler Bridge Kaisersteg Treskow Bridge Stubenrauch Bridge Parkwegbrücke Elsen Bridge Oberbaum Bridge Brommy Bridge Schilling Bridge Michael Bridge Jannowitz Bridge Waisen Bridge Mühlendamm Rathaus Bridge Liebknecht Bridge Friedrichs Bridge Insel Bridge Roßstraßenbrücke Grünstrasse Bridge Gertrauden Bridge Jungfern Bridge Schleusen Bridge Schlossbrücke Eiserne Bridge Monbijou Bridge Ebert Bridge Weidendammer Bridge Schlütersteg Marschall Bridge Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Steg Crown Prince Bridge Alsen Bridge Gustav Heinemann Bridge Moltke Bridge Kanzleramtssteg Luther Bridge Gerickesteg Moabiter Bridge Lessing Bridge Borsigsteg Hansa Bridge Wullenwebersteg Gotzkowsky Bridge Röntgen Bridge Siemenssteg Caprivi Bridge Schlossbrücke Rudolf Wissell Bridge Nonnendammbrücke Rohrdammbrücke Hugo Preuß Bridge Havel Charlotten Bridge Glienicke Bridge Landwehr Canal Anhalter Steg Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae This article about a Berlin building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Lupi
Delta Lupi
["1 See also","2 References"]
Star in the constellation of Lupus δ Lupi Location of δ Lupi (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 Constellation Lupus Right ascension 15h 21m 22.32168s Declination −40° 38′ 51.0738″ Apparent magnitude (V) 3.20 - 3.24 Characteristics Spectral type B1.5 IV U−B color index −0.910 B−V color index −0.224 Variable type β Cep AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)+0.2 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: −19.49 mas/yr Dec.: −25.29 mas/yr Parallax (π)3.69 ± 0.54 masDistanceapprox. 900 ly (approx. 270 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)−3.1 DetailsMass11.9±0.2 M☉Radius6.1 R☉Luminosity10,000 L☉Surface gravity (log g)3.86 cgsTemperature22,908 KMetallicity −0.25±0.11 dexRotational velocity (v sin i)230 km/sAge15.4±1.3 Myr Other designations CD−40°9538, FK5 1402, HD 136298, HIP 75141, HR 5695, SAO 225691, UBV 13201. Database referencesSIMBADdata Delta Lupi (δ Lupi, δ Lup) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Lupus. In traditional Chinese astronomy, it is "the 2nd (star) of the Cavalry Officer" (騎官二). With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.2, it is the fourth-brightest star in the constellation. The distance to this star has been measured using the parallax technique, yielding an estimate of roughly 900 light-years with a 15% margin of error. A light curve for Delta Lupi, plotted from TESS data The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of B1.5 IV, which indicates this star has entered the subgiant stage and is in the process of evolving into a giant star. It is radiating around 10,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 23,000 K, giving it a blue-white hue. This star has nearly 12 times the mass of the Sun and is roughly 15 million years old. Delta Lupi is a Beta Cephei variable star that undergoes periodic pulsations. It has a single period of variability lasting 0.1655 days, or six cycles per day. This is a proper motion member of the Upper Centaurus–Lupus sub-group in the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, the nearest such co-moving association of massive stars to the Sun. See also Traditional Chinese star names#Lupus References ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. ^ a b Samus’, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (January 2017). "General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1". Astronomy Reports. 61 (1): 80–88. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. ISSN 1063-7729. S2CID 255195566. ^ a b Hiltner, W. A.; Garrison, R. F.; Schild, R. E. (July 1969), "MK spectral types for bright southern OB stars", Astrophysical Journal, 157: 313, Bibcode:1969ApJ...157..313H, doi:10.1086/150069 ^ a b Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (June 1968), "A photometric investigation of the Scorpio-Centaurus association", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 15: 459, Bibcode:1968ApJS...15..459G, doi:10.1086/190168 ^ a b Smolec, R.; Moskalik, P. (May 2007), "Amplitude saturation in β Cephei models", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 377 (2): 645–656, arXiv:astro-ph/0702406, Bibcode:2007MNRAS.377..645S, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11620.x, S2CID 17908442 ^ Evans, D. S. (June 20–24, 1966). "The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial Velocities". In Batten, Alan Henry; Heard, John Frederick (eds.). Determination of Radial Velocities and their Applications. IAU Symposium no. 30. Vol. 30. University of Toronto: International Astronomical Union. p. 57. Bibcode:1967IAUS...30...57E. ^ a b de Geus, E. J.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Lub, J. (June 1989), "Physical parameters of stars in the Scorpio-Centaurus OB association", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 216 (1–2): 44–61, Bibcode:1989A&A...216...44D ^ a b c d e f Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (January 2011), "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410 (1): 190–200, arXiv:1007.4883, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x, S2CID 118629873 ^ Underhill, A. B.; et al. (November 1979), "Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 189 (3): 601–605, Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U, doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601 ^ Niemczura, E.; Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz, J. (April 2005), "Metallicities of the β Cephei stars from low-resolution ultraviolet spectra", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 433 (2): 659–669, arXiv:astro-ph/0410440, Bibcode:2005A&A...433..659N, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040396, S2CID 14295631. Note: value taken from . ^ Bernacca, P. L.; Perinotto, M. (1970). "A catalogue of stellar rotational velocities". Contributi Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova in Asiago. 239 (1): 1. Bibcode:1970CoAsi.239....1B. ^ "del Lup". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-01-18. ^ "MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2022. vteConstellation of Lupus List of stars in Lupus Lupus in Chinese astronomy StarsBayer α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ1 κ2 λ μ ν1 ν2 ξ1 ξ2 ο π ρ σ τ1 τ2 υ φ1 φ2 χ ψ1 ψ2 ω Flamsteed 1 (i) 2 (f) Variable RU EX GG GQ HR II IL IM KT (d) V407 HR 5364 5401 5651 (e) 5724 (k) 5825 (g) 5943 5967 HD 142527 Other Gliese 588 HIP 70849 Lupus-TR-3 SAO 206462 SSSPM J1549-3544 Exoplanets GQ Lupi b HIP 70849 b Lupus-TR-3b Star clusters NGC 5749 NGC 5822 NGC 5824 NGC 5927 NGC 5986 Nebulae IC 4406 NGC 5882 Galaxies NGC 5643 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"circumpolar constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumpolar_constellation"},{"link_name":"Lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"apparent visual magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude"},{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"light-years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year"},{"link_name":"margin of error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_of_error"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa474_2_653-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeltaLupLightCurve.png"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"TESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAST-13"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_spectrum"},{"link_name":"stellar classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj157_313-3"},{"link_name":"subgiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgiant_star"},{"link_name":"evolving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution"},{"link_name":"giant star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_star"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras410_1_190-8"},{"link_name":"Beta Cephei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Cephei_variable"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnras377_2_645-5"},{"link_name":"proper motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_motion"},{"link_name":"Scorpius–Centaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius%E2%80%93Centaurus_association"},{"link_name":"OB association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa216_1_44-7"}],"text":"Delta Lupi (δ Lupi, δ Lup) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Lupus. In traditional Chinese astronomy, it is \"the 2nd (star) of the Cavalry Officer\" (騎官二). With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.2, it is the fourth-brightest star in the constellation. The distance to this star has been measured using the parallax technique, yielding an estimate of roughly 900 light-years with a 15% margin of error.[1]A light curve for Delta Lupi, plotted from TESS data[13]The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of B1.5 IV,[3] which indicates this star has entered the subgiant stage and is in the process of evolving into a giant star. It is radiating around 10,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 23,000 K, giving it a blue-white hue. This star has nearly 12 times the mass of the Sun and is roughly 15 million years old.[8]Delta Lupi is a Beta Cephei variable star that undergoes periodic pulsations. It has a single period of variability lasting 0.1655 days, or six cycles per day.[5] This is a proper motion member of the Upper Centaurus–Lupus sub-group in the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, the nearest such co-moving association of massive stars to the Sun.[7]","title":"Delta Lupi"}]
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[{"title":"Traditional Chinese star names#Lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names#Lupus"}]
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(June 20–24, 1966). \"The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial Velocities\". In Batten, Alan Henry; Heard, John Frederick (eds.). Determination of Radial Velocities and their Applications. IAU Symposium no. 30. Vol. 30. University of Toronto: International Astronomical Union. p. 57. Bibcode:1967IAUS...30...57E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union","url_text":"International Astronomical Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967IAUS...30...57E","url_text":"1967IAUS...30...57E"}]},{"reference":"de Geus, E. J.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Lub, J. 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(January 2011), \"A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 410 (1): 190–200, arXiv:1007.4883, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x, S2CID 118629873","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society","url_text":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.4883","url_text":"1007.4883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MNRAS.410..190T","url_text":"2011MNRAS.410..190T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2010.17434.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118629873","url_text":"118629873"}]},{"reference":"Underhill, A. B.; et al. (November 1979), \"Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars\", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 189 (3): 601–605, Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U, doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979MNRAS.189..601U","url_text":"1979MNRAS.189..601U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F189.3.601","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/189.3.601"}]},{"reference":"Niemczura, E.; Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz, J. 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(1970). \"A catalogue of stellar rotational velocities\". Contributi Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova in Asiago. 239 (1): 1. Bibcode:1970CoAsi.239....1B.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970CoAsi.239....1B","url_text":"1970CoAsi.239....1B"}]},{"reference":"\"del Lup\". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2007-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=del+Lup","url_text":"\"del Lup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMBAD","url_text":"SIMBAD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg","url_text":"Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg"}]},{"reference":"\"MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes\". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mast.stsci.edu/portal/Mashup/Clients/Mast/Portal.html","url_text":"\"MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Run
Fun Run
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
For the running event, see Fun run. 1st and 2nd episodes of the 4th season of The Office "Fun Run"The Office episodesEpisode nos.Season 4Episodes 1/2Directed byGreg DanielsWritten byGreg DanielsCinematography byRandall EinhornEditing byDavid RogersProduction codes401 (ep. 1) 402 (ep. 2)Original air dateSeptember 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)Running time42 minutesGuest appearances Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance Marcus York as Billy Merchant Jackie Debatin as Elizabeth Episode chronology ← Previous"The Job" Next →"Dunder Mifflin Infinity" The Office (American season 4)List of episodes "Fun Run" is the first and second episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth episode overall. Written and directed by executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels, the episode first aired on NBC in the United States on September 27, 2007. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) believes the office is cursed after he accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car. After being taken to the hospital, Meredith is found to have possibly been exposed to rabies. In an attempt to make amends with Meredith, Michael sponsors a fun run for rabies. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) are dating, while Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) is mad at Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) for killing her cat Sprinkles. The episodes received mixed reviews from the varying critics, while most praised the episode for Jim and Pam's relationship. However, critics had differing opinions when it came to how Michael behaved throughout the episode. Plot Over the summer, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) moved in with Michael Scott (Steve Carell); Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) started his new job at Corporate; and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) broke up with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), who left Dunder Mifflin Scranton. Jim and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) claim that they see each other socially but only as friends. The documentary crew catches Pam picking up Jim in her car. They kiss and drive away. When faced with the footage of them kissing, Jim and Pam admit to the documentary crew that they are secretly dating. As he arrives at work, Michael accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car, sending her to the hospital for a fractured pelvis. Forced to join a group visit to Meredith in the hospital, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) leaves Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) with complicated instructions on the care of her ailing cat, Sprinkles. During the hospital visit, Michael fails to obtain forgiveness from Meredith. When Angela returns to the office, Dwight informs her that her cat is dead, explaining that he killed her cat because it was suffering and because this is normal on the farm. Angela is furious because, according to her, being euthanized prevents Sprinkles from being in "cat heaven". The combination of Meredith's accident, Sprinkles' death, and a virus on Pam's computer (which is cleaned by the company's tech support employee, Sadiq, portrayed by Omi Vaidya) convinces Michael that the office is cursed. Dwight discovers that Meredith has had a precautionary rabies shot due to bat bites that she received in "Business School". Michael immediately takes credit for saving Meredith's life by sending her to the hospital and declares the curse over. However, still feeling guilty about hurting Meredith, Michael organizes a charity five-kilometer (3.1 mile) fun run to raise awareness of the dangers of rabies. Over half of the money raised is spent on the check presentation ceremony. Whilst Michael is getting changed for the race, Pam sees him naked. Few take the race seriously: Creed, Oscar and Stanley sneak off to a bar; Jim and Pam visit a garage sale; however, Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) finishes first. Michael becomes ill, having "carbo-loaded", as he ate fettuccine Alfredo before the race and abstained from water. In the hospital for dehydration, Michael is visited by Meredith. In recognition of his efforts, she forgives him, and they share a lollipop. Production "Fun Run" was the eighth episode of the series written by Greg Daniels and ninth episode directed by him. The episode was the second of the series in which Daniels was both the writer and director. Daniels also wrote and directed the first season episode "Basketball". After initially reading the script, Kate Flannery asked producer Kent Zbornak if Meredith was going to live, to which he replied "This isn't All My Children." Flannery was nervous about doing her own stunt, so Zbornak did it first to show her that she would be fine. Flannery recalls " kind of got competitive with him, and I thought, 'I can do that. I can do that better than he can.'" At first, Flannery would flinch before hitting the glass, until director Greg Daniels was able to get her to not think about it. Flannery's arms were bruised, due to having to film the scene multiple times. During the hospital scenes, Flannery and Steve Carell improvised a few times. Reception The episodes received mixed reviews. Pam and Jim finally getting together went over well with most critics. Zap2It's Rick Porter thought "the show handled the PB&J (Pam Beesly and Jim) stuff as well as it always has, underplaying the romance as much as the NBC marketing folks overplay it." Although Christine Fenno from Entertainment Weekly was happy about Pam and Jim finally dating, she criticized their secrecy as too small of an obstacle for the arc. TV Guide's Jack Rodgers was glad "the writers aren't jerking us around anymore, and the pair are finally busted when Jim hops a ride home with Pam after work". Reviews for Michael in this episode were a little bit more mixed. Rick Porter said that "there was a little too much Bad Michael in the hour for my taste". Travis Fickett of IGN disagreed, saying that "the best stuff in the episode comes from Steve Carell. There's his reaction to hitting Meredith, how he breaks it to the office, and his fear that the office is cursed." Will Leitch, a writer for New York, said that Michael hitting Meredith with his car was "one of the most shocking moments in the show’s history" and "nothing that came afterwards could quite top what happened in the first 25 seconds". References ^ a b "Fun Run – Season 4 – 09/27/2007". NBC. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2017. ^ "GREG DANIELS". NBC. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ "The Office Convention 2007 Cast Q&A". Dunderpedia. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ "Dunder-Mifflin Infinity". TV Guide. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ a b "Office premiere: Cat heaven is a beautiful place". Zap2It.com. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ "Crash Dummy". Entertainment Weekly. September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ "Joining Together in the Fight to Cure Rabies!". TV Guide. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ^ "The Office: "Fun Run" Review". IGN. September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ^ "The Office: Support the Rabid". Vulture. September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2022. External links "Fun Run" at NBC.com "Fun Run" at IMDb vteThe Office (American TV series) episodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Diversity Day" "Health Care" "The Alliance" "Basketball" "Hot Girl" Season 2 "The Dundies" "Sexual Harassment" "Office Olympics" "The Fire" "Halloween" "The Fight" "The Client" "Performance Review" "Email Surveillance" "Christmas Party" "Booze Cruise" "The Injury" "The Secret" "The Carpet" "Boys and Girls" "Valentine's Day" "Dwight's Speech" "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" "Michael's Birthday" "Drug Testing" "Conflict Resolution" "Casino Night" Season 3 "Gay Witch Hunt" "The Convention" "The Coup" "Grief Counseling" "Initiation" "Diwali" "Branch Closing" "The Merger" "The Convict" "A Benihana Christmas" "Back from Vacation" "Traveling Salesmen" "The Return" "Ben Franklin" "Phyllis' Wedding" "Business School" "Cocktails" "The Negotiation" "Safety Training" "Product Recall" "Women's Appreciation" "Beach Games" "The Job" Season 4 "Fun Run" "Dunder Mifflin Infinity" "Launch Party" "Money" "Local Ad" "Branch Wars" "Survivor Man" "The Deposition" "Dinner Party" "Chair Model" "Night Out" "Did I Stutter?" "Job Fair" "Goodbye, Toby" Season 5 "Weight Loss" "Employee Transfer" "Moroccan Christmas" "The Duel" "Prince Family Paper" "Stress Relief" "Lecture Circuit" "Blood Drive" "Golden Ticket" "New Boss" "Two Weeks" "Dream Team" "Michael Scott Paper Company" "Heavy Competition" "Broke" "Casual Friday" "Cafe Disco" "Company Picnic" Season 6 "Gossip" "The Meeting" "The Promotion" "Niagara" "Mafia" "The Lover" "Koi Pond" "Double Date" "Murder" "Shareholder Meeting" "Scott's Tots" "Secret Santa" "The Banker" "Sabre" "The Manager and the Salesman" "The Delivery" "St. Patrick's Day" "New Leads" "Happy Hour" "Secretary's Day" "Body Language" "The Cover-Up" "The Chump" "Whistleblower" Season 7 "Nepotism" "Counseling" "Andy's Play" "Sex Ed" "The Sting" "Costume Contest" "Christening" "Viewing Party" "WUPHF.com" "China" "Classy Christmas" "Ultimatum" "The Seminar" "The Search" "PDA" "Threat Level Midnight" "Todd Packer" "Garage Sale" "Training Day" "Michael's Last Dundies" "Goodbye, Michael" "The Inner Circle" "Dwight K. Schrute, (Acting) Manager" "Search Committee" Season 8 "The List" "The Incentive" "Lotto" "Garden Party" "Spooked" "Doomsday" "Pam's Replacement" "Gettysburg" "Mrs. California" "Christmas Wishes" "Trivia" "Pool Party" "Jury Duty" "Special Project" "Tallahassee" "After Hours" "Test the Store" "Last Day in Florida" "Get the Girl" "Welcome Party" "Angry Andy" "Fundraiser" "Turf War" "Free Family Portrait Studio" Season 9 "New Guys" "Roy's Wedding" "Andy's Ancestry" "Work Bus" "Here Comes Treble" "The Boat" "The Whale" "The Target" "Dwight Christmas" "Lice" "Suit Warehouse" "Customer Loyalty" "Junior Salesman" "Vandalism" "Couples Discount" "Moving On" "The Farm" "Promos" "Stairmageddon" "Paper Airplane" "Livin' the Dream" "A.A.R.M." "Finale" Webisodes The Accountants Kevin's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door
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Written and directed by executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels, the episode first aired on NBC in the United States on September 27, 2007.[1]In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) believes the office is cursed after he accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car. After being taken to the hospital, Meredith is found to have possibly been exposed to rabies. In an attempt to make amends with Meredith, Michael sponsors a fun run for rabies. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) are dating, while Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) is mad at Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) for killing her cat Sprinkles.The episodes received mixed reviews from the varying critics, while most praised the episode for Jim and Pam's relationship. However, critics had differing opinions when it came to how Michael behaved throughout the episode.","title":"Fun Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Melora Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melora_Hardin"},{"link_name":"Michael Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Steve Carell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Carell"},{"link_name":"Ryan Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Howard_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"B. J. 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J. Novak) started his new job at Corporate; and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) broke up with Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), who left Dunder Mifflin Scranton. Jim and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) claim that they see each other socially but only as friends. The documentary crew catches Pam picking up Jim in her car. They kiss and drive away. When faced with the footage of them kissing, Jim and Pam admit to the documentary crew that they are secretly dating.As he arrives at work, Michael accidentally hits Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) with his car, sending her to the hospital for a fractured pelvis. Forced to join a group visit to Meredith in the hospital, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) leaves Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) with complicated instructions on the care of her ailing cat, Sprinkles. During the hospital visit, Michael fails to obtain forgiveness from Meredith. When Angela returns to the office, Dwight informs her that her cat is dead, explaining that he killed her cat because it was suffering and because this is normal on the farm. Angela is furious because, according to her, being euthanized prevents Sprinkles from being in \"cat heaven\".The combination of Meredith's accident, Sprinkles' death, and a virus on Pam's computer (which is cleaned by the company's tech support employee, Sadiq, portrayed by Omi Vaidya) convinces Michael that the office is cursed. Dwight discovers that Meredith has had a precautionary rabies shot due to bat bites that she received in \"Business School\". Michael immediately takes credit for saving Meredith's life by sending her to the hospital and declares the curse over. However, still feeling guilty about hurting Meredith, Michael organizes a charity five-kilometer (3.1 mile) fun run to raise awareness of the dangers of rabies. Over half of the money raised is spent on the check presentation ceremony. Whilst Michael is getting changed for the race, Pam sees him naked. Few take the race seriously: Creed, Oscar and Stanley sneak off to a bar; Jim and Pam visit a garage sale; however, Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) finishes first. Michael becomes ill, having \"carbo-loaded\", as he ate fettuccine Alfredo before the race and abstained from water. In the hospital for dehydration, Michael is visited by Meredith. In recognition of his efforts, she forgives him, and they share a lollipop.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC.com-2"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)_season_1"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Kate Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Flannery"},{"link_name":"All My Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Children"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Convention-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flannery-4"}],"text":"\"Fun Run\" was the eighth episode of the series written by Greg Daniels and ninth episode directed by him.[2] The episode was the second of the series in which Daniels was both the writer and director. Daniels also wrote and directed the first season episode \"Basketball\".After initially reading the script, Kate Flannery asked producer Kent Zbornak if Meredith was going to live, to which he replied \"This isn't All My Children.\" Flannery was nervous about doing her own stunt, so Zbornak did it first to show her that she would be fine. Flannery recalls \"[I] kind of got competitive with him, and I thought, 'I can do that. I can do that better than he can.'\" At first, Flannery would flinch before hitting the glass, until director Greg Daniels was able to get her to not think about it.[3] Flannery's arms were bruised, due to having to film the scene multiple times. During the hospital scenes, Flannery and Steve Carell improvised a few times.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-5"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fenno-6"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodgers-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-5"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fickett-8"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leitch-9"}],"text":"The episodes received mixed reviews. Pam and Jim finally getting together went over well with most critics. Zap2It's Rick Porter thought \"the show handled the PB&J (Pam Beesly and Jim) stuff as well as it always has, underplaying the romance as much as the NBC marketing folks overplay it.\"[5] Although Christine Fenno from Entertainment Weekly was happy about Pam and Jim finally dating, she criticized their secrecy as too small of an obstacle for the arc.[6] TV Guide's Jack Rodgers was glad \"the writers aren't jerking us around anymore, and the pair are finally busted when Jim hops a ride home with Pam after work\".[7]Reviews for Michael in this episode were a little bit more mixed. Rick Porter said that \"there was a little too much Bad Michael in the hour for my taste\".[5] Travis Fickett of IGN disagreed, saying that \"the best stuff in the episode comes from Steve Carell. There's his reaction to hitting Meredith, how he breaks it to the office, and his fear that the office is cursed.\"[8] Will Leitch, a writer for New York, said that Michael hitting Meredith with his car was \"one of the most shocking moments in the show’s history\" and \"nothing that came afterwards could quite top what happened in the first 25 seconds\".[9]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Fun Run – Season 4 – 09/27/2007\". NBC. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128031013/http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/episodes/season4/4002/","url_text":"\"Fun Run – Season 4 – 09/27/2007\""},{"url":"http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/episodes/season4/4002/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GREG DANIELS\". NBC. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080629193759/http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/bios/Greg_Daniels.shtml","url_text":"\"GREG DANIELS\""},{"url":"http://www.nbc.com/The_Office/bios/greg_daniels.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Office Convention 2007 Cast Q&A\". Dunderpedia. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://theoffice.fandom.com/wiki/The_Office_Convention_2007_Cast_Q&A#Kate_Flannery:_Getting_run_over","url_text":"\"The Office Convention 2007 Cast Q&A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dunder-Mifflin Infinity\". TV Guide. October 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080508005414/http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/Celebrity-Blogs/Kates-Office-Blog/Dunder-Mifflin-Infinity/800023496#comments","url_text":"\"Dunder-Mifflin Infinity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"},{"url":"https://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/Celebrity-Blogs/Kates-Office-Blog/Dunder-Mifflin-Infinity/800023496#comments","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Office premiere: Cat heaven is a beautiful place\". Zap2It.com. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617065345/http://blog.zap2it.com/ithappenedlastnight/2007/09/office-premiere.html","url_text":"\"Office premiere: Cat heaven is a beautiful place\""},{"url":"http://blog.zap2it.com/ithappenedlastnight/2007/09/office-premiere.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crash Dummy\". Entertainment Weekly. September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20059261,00.html","url_text":"\"Crash Dummy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Joining Together in the Fight to Cure Rabies!\". TV Guide. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080706020748/http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TV-Show-Blog/Office/Joining-Fight-Cure/800023189","url_text":"\"Joining Together in the Fight to Cure Rabies!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"},{"url":"https://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TV-Show-Blog/Office/Joining-Fight-Cure/800023189","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Office: \"Fun Run\" Review\". IGN. September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/28/the-office-fun-run-review","url_text":"\"The Office: \"Fun Run\" Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"The Office: Support the Rabid\". Vulture. September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2007/09/the_office_support_the_rabid.html","url_text":"\"The Office: Support the Rabid\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_Otacilius_Crassus
Manius Otacilius Crassus
["1 See also","2 References"]
Roman general and statesman, consul in 263 and 246 BCE Manius Otacilius Crassus was a Roman statesman and general of Samnite origins who served during the middle era of the Roman Republic. He was one of the two consuls of 263 BCE, serving with Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla in the Punic Wars. He was consul for the second time in 246 BCE, serving with Marcus Fabius Licinus. See also Otacilia gens References ^ Nigel Bagnall (2008). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. Random House. pp. 53f. ISBN 978-1-4090-2253-4. ^ Polybius, 1.16 Political offices Preceded byAppius Claudius Caudex Marcus Fulvius Flaccus Consul of the Roman Republic with Manius Valerius Maximus 263 BC Succeeded byLucius Postumius Megellus Quintus Mamilius Vitulus Preceded byLucius Caecilius Metellus Numerus Fabius Buteo Consul of the Roman Republic with Marcus Fabius Licinus 246 BC Succeeded byMarcus Fabius Buteo Gaius Atilius Bulbus This article about an Ancient Roman politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnites"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagnall2008-1"},{"link_name":"consuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"263 BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/263_BCE"},{"link_name":"Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_Valerius_Maximus_Corvinus_Messalla"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"246 BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/246_BCE"},{"link_name":"Marcus Fabius Licinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Fabius_Licinus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Manius Otacilius Crassus was a Roman statesman and general of Samnite origins who served during the middle era of the Roman Republic.[1] He was one of the two consuls of 263 BCE, serving with Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla in the Punic Wars.[2] He was consul for the second time in 246 BCE, serving with Marcus Fabius Licinus.","title":"Manius Otacilius Crassus"}]
[]
[{"title":"Otacilia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otacilia_gens"}]
[{"reference":"Nigel Bagnall (2008). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. Random House. pp. 53f. ISBN 978-1-4090-2253-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W9u9mCSV4AgC&pg=PA53","url_text":"The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-2253-4","url_text":"978-1-4090-2253-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduliochlora
Corduliochlora
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Species of dragonfly Corduliochlora Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Odonata Family: Corduliidae Genus: Corduliochlora Species: C. borisi Binomial name Corduliochlora borisi(Marinov, 2001) Synonyms Somatochlora borisi The Bulgarian emerald, Corduliochlora borisi, is a species of dragonfly in the family Corduliidae, and the only species in the genus Corduliochlora. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. The species is named after Boris Marinov. It was formerly treated as a member of the genus Somatochlora. References ^ Kalkman, V.J. (2014). "Somatochlora borisi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. IUCN: e.T59774A42610428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59774A42610428.en. Retrieved 13 December 2017. ^ Schorr, Martin; Paulson, Dennis. "World Odonata List". Slater Museum of Natural History. University of Puget Sound. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ Marinov, Milen; Seidenbusch, Richard (2007). "Corduliochlora gen. nov. from the Balkans (Odonata: Corduliidae)". IDF-Report. 10: 1–13. Sources Kalkman, V.J. (2014). "Somatochlora borisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59774A42610428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59774A42610428.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Taxon identifiersCorduliochlora borisi Wikidata: Q125491801 Wikispecies: Somatochlora borisi CoL: YC7B GBIF: 5791726 iNaturalist: 562937 IUCN: 59774 Somatochlora borisi Wikidata: Q1003931 ARKive: somatochlora-borisi EUNIS: 241310 Fauna Europaea: 214365 Fauna Europaea (new): 70b69e24-e2d9-4b8e-a0bb-850f2413beae GBIF: 1430034 iNaturalist: 112783 IRMNG: 10341538 NCBI: 638530 Observation.org: 79641 Open Tree of Life: 558643 This article related to Corduliidae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. The species is named after Boris Marinov. It was formerly treated as a member of the genus Somatochlora.[2][3]","title":"Corduliochlora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Somatochlora borisi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/59774/42610428"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59774A42610428.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59774A42610428.en"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q125491801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125491801"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Somatochlora borisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Somatochlora_borisi"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"YC7B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/YC7B"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"5791726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/5791726"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"562937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/562937"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"59774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/59774"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q1003931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003931"},{"link_name":"ARKive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARKive"},{"link_name":"somatochlora-borisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/somatochlora-borisi/"},{"link_name":"EUNIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System"},{"link_name":"241310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/241310"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"214365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:214365"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea (new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"70b69e24-e2d9-4b8e-a0bb-850f2413beae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/70b69e24-e2d9-4b8e-a0bb-850f2413beae"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"1430034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/1430034"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"112783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/112783"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10341538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10341538"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"638530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=638530"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"79641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/79641/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"558643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=558643"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somatochlora_metallica_f.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corduliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corduliidae"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corduliochlora&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corduliidae-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corduliidae-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corduliidae-stub"}],"text":"Kalkman, V.J. (2014). \"Somatochlora borisi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59774A42610428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59774A42610428.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.Taxon identifiersCorduliochlora borisi\nWikidata: Q125491801\nWikispecies: Somatochlora borisi\nCoL: YC7B\nGBIF: 5791726\niNaturalist: 562937\nIUCN: 59774\nSomatochlora borisi\nWikidata: Q1003931\nARKive: somatochlora-borisi\nEUNIS: 241310\nFauna Europaea: 214365\nFauna Europaea (new): 70b69e24-e2d9-4b8e-a0bb-850f2413beae\nGBIF: 1430034\niNaturalist: 112783\nIRMNG: 10341538\nNCBI: 638530\nObservation.org: 79641\nOpen Tree of Life: 558643This article related to Corduliidae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belled_buzzard
Belled buzzard
["1 Early sightings","2 Prominence","3 Claimants","4 See also","5 References"]
Story of the Belled Buzzard, by Irvin S Cobb, published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1912 The belled buzzard is a fearsome critter in American folklore frequently cited as an omen of disaster by the sounding of its bell. The animal is otherwise depicted as an ordinary buzzard except with a bell affixed to it. The belled buzzard originated from actual accounts of turkey vultures being fastened with cow or sleigh bells. The belief that the belled buzzard was one continuous entity, and not multiple birds, was common, and the creature rose to prominence in the 1880s on through the turn of the twentieth century. Belled buzzard stories circulated principally throughout the Southern United States, and it is the origin of the colloquialism "not enough sense to bell a buzzard." Early sightings Reports of buzzards with bells appear as early as the 1850s in the states of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. While sightings of the belled buzzard were likely drawn from multiple buzzards, eventually, the determiner "the" would become standard largely replacing "a" or plural forms. Prior to the 1880s, the belled buzzard would also be sighted in West Virginia, Delaware, Georgia and South Carolina. However, it would be the belled buzzard's appearance in Brownsville, Tennessee during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 that first connected the animal with a natural disaster. While earlier reports focused on sporadic occurrences, the Brownsville case was the first to become widely cited. It was from then on that the belled buzzard legend grew to take on a more ominous tone. Prominence Following the Brownsville case, sightings of the belled buzzard in the 1880s would rise exponentially. By 1885, the belled buzzard's range would expand to include the states of Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Mississippi, Texas, and New York. While most reports simply made mention of a sighting, those that elaborated further reinforced the belled buzzard's reputation as a harbinger of doom. Headings such as "A Bird of Evil Omen," "Disaster Feared with Coming of Belled Buzzard" or other comparable titles readily attested to the belled buzzard as a precursor to calamity. The content of the articles were no less explicit on this point. A reference by the Delaware Ledger openly related "We most sincerely hope that the bell-buzzard, that has been so frequently spoken of our exchange, will not locate in this section. It might be the forerunner of cholera," whereas a Nebraskan paper simply noted, "A BUZZARD with a bell on its neck is frightening people in Maryland. They take it to be the Angel of Death." Claimants Claims regarding either the belling, capture or death of the belled buzzard were not uncommon. Given the varying descriptions of bells, fasteners used and buzzards, themselves, it is sensible to conclude that these reports referenced different belled buzzards. However, neither the presence of other claimants nor continued reports of sightings brought forth an end to such claims. An early report of a buzzard having been belled out of Missouri was made in 1881 despite the lack of belled buzzard sightings reported in that state at the time. Again, an article from May 5, 1900 purported that three Georgia veterans, J. L. Jarrell, H. C. Davis, and G. K. Smith, while stationed in Tallahassee, Florida, belled a buzzard in 1863. The article elaborated that a buzzard captured at Ft. Gains, Georgia was speculated to be the same bird due to the alleged similarities in the bronze bell and leather collar used. Still the dating of the purported belling would have been nearly a decade after the first belled buzzard sightings in the 1850s. If, in fact, the claim was legitimate, the bird captured certainly would not have been the original belled buzzard. Even more elaborate, was an article entitled "Aged Buzzard Thought Dead" by the Warren Sheaf that not only claimed that the belled buzzard was thought to have died after escaping entanglement from its leather strap, which a sleigh bell had been affixed, but added that the belled buzzard had been belled during the War of 1812 and was "present at every big engagement since then." Notwithstanding, the article further purported that the belled buzzard had been sighted as far south as Peru. See also Fearsome critters Folklore of the United States Mothman, a man-sized bird reportedly seen in West Virginia. Banshee, a creature in Irish folklore that heralds death by wailing or shrieking. References ^ a b c "An Ominous Incident". Memphis, TN: Public Ledger. 16 November 1878. p. 1. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Randolph, Vance (1974). We Always Lie to Strangers. West Port, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 0837177650. ^ Roanoke Republican (21 February 1854). "Who Belled the Buzzard". Loudon, TN: Loudon Free Press. p. 1. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Salisbury Watchman (20 November 1855). "A Belled Buzzard". Charlotte, NC: Western Democrat. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Winchester Virginian (1 August 1856). "Untitled". Alexandria, D.C: Alexandria Gazette. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Essex Gazette (5 March 1872). "Who Belled the Buzzard!". Charles Town, WV: Spirit of Jefferson. p. 3. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "A Bell Buzzard". Wilmington, DE: Daily Gazette. 13 February 1875. p. 3. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "The belled buzzard we spoke of..." Orangeburg, SC: Orangeburg News and Times. 10 February 1877. p. 3. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "The Charlottesville Chronicle has this addition to tell us about the belled buzzard,..." Staunton, VA: Staunton Spectator. 10 September 1878. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "That Belled Buzzard". Knoxville, TN: Knoxville Daily Chronicle. 22 November 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "The Lynchburg (Va.) News thinks the belled-buzzard,..." Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Daily Star. 4 December 1878. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "The Belled Buzzard". Pulaski, TN: Pulaski Citizen. 5 December 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Oxford Press (21 April 1883). "A Buzzard with a Bell". Elkton, MD: Cecil Whig. p. 3. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Oxford Press (27 February 1884). "Russell's". Hillsborough, OH: Highland Weekly News. p. 8. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "Millersburg". Millersburg, KY: Bourbon News. 15 May 1883. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "A Bird with Bells". Brookhaven, MS: Brookhaven Ledger. 21 September 1882. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Floyd, R. H. (15 December 1881). "The Belled Buzzard, The Carrion-Seeker Comes Home to Roost". Waco, TX: Waco Daily Examiner. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Franklin News (15 December 1883). "A Belled Buzzard". Indianapolis, IN: Indianapolis Journal. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Globe-Democrat (15 December 1883). "Bird of Evil Omen". Globe City, AZ: Arizona Silver Belt. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "Disaster Feared with Coming of Belled Buzzard". Fairmont, WV: The West Virginian. 8 July 1922. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "We most sincerely hope that the bell-buzzard,..." Newark, DE: Delaware Ledger. 4 August 1883. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "A BUZZARD with a bell on its neck..." Columbus, NB: Columbus Journal. 2 January 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Callawhy Gazette (5 May 1881). "Belled Buzzard". Richmond, MO: Richmond Democrat. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Callawhy Gazette (5 May 1900). "Belled Buzzard". Savannah, GA: Morning News. p. 9. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "Aged Buzzard Thought Dead". Warren, MN: Warren Sheaf. 13 October 1920. p. 7. Retrieved 15 September 2020. vteAmerican folkloreNative Alaska California Salishan Folk heroes Johnny Appleseed Elfego Baca Daniel Boone Br'er Rabbit Jim Bridger Paul Bunyan Davy Crockett Mike Fink Geronimo John Henry Calamity Jane Casey Jones Molly Pitcher Theodore Roosevelt Ola Värmlänning Idiomatic figures Average Joe Cooter Brown Jack Robinson Sam Hide Uncle Sam Fearsome critters Agropelter Axehandle hound Ball-tailed cat Belled buzzard Cactus cat Champ Dungavenhooter Fur-bearing trout Gillygaloo Glawackus Goofus bird Gumberoo Hidebehind Hodag Hoop snake Hugag Jackalope Jersey Devil Joint snake Sidehill gouger Snallygaster Snipe Snow snake Splintercat Squonk Teakettler Wampus cat Ghosts Bell Witch Ghosts of the American Civil War Lincoln's ghost La Llorona Red Ghost White Lady Legends Bloodstopping Campfire story Confederate gold Fountain of Youth Goatman (urban legend) Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Madstone Mercy Brown vampire incident Mothman Seven Cities of Gold Tailypo Westerns Cowboys/Vaqueros African Flying Africans Uncle Remus Literary folk heroes Alfred Bulltop Stormalong Annie Christmas Brother Jonathan Casey at the Bat Cordwood Pete Evangeline Febold Feboldson Ichabod Crane Joe Magarac Johnny Kaw Kemp Morgan Mose Humphrey Ole Pete Pecos Bill Rip Van Winkle Tony Beaver Windwagon Smith
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fearsome critter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearsome_critter"},{"link_name":"American folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folklore"},{"link_name":"omen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memphis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randolph-2"},{"link_name":"turkey vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_vulture"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell"},{"link_name":"sleigh bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_bell"},{"link_name":"turn of the twentieth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_of_the_20th_century"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"colloquialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism"}],"text":"The belled buzzard is a fearsome critter in American folklore frequently cited as an omen of disaster by the sounding of its bell.[1][2] The animal is otherwise depicted as an ordinary buzzard except with a bell affixed to it. The belled buzzard originated from actual accounts of turkey vultures being fastened with cow or sleigh bells. The belief that the belled buzzard was one continuous entity, and not multiple birds, was common, and the creature rose to prominence in the 1880s on through the turn of the twentieth century. Belled buzzard stories circulated principally throughout the Southern United States, and it is the origin of the colloquialism \"not enough sense to bell a buzzard.\"","title":"Belled buzzard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudon-3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charlotte-4"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alexandria-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charlestown-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilmington-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orangeburg-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stauton-9"},{"link_name":"Brownsville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"yellow fever epidemic of 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_yellow_fever#Lower_Mississippi_Valley:_1878"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memphis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memphis-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxville-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cincinnati-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulaski-12"}],"text":"Reports of buzzards with bells appear as early as the 1850s in the states of Tennessee,[3] North Carolina,[4] and Virginia.[5] While sightings of the belled buzzard were likely drawn from multiple buzzards, eventually, the determiner \"the\" would become standard largely replacing \"a\" or plural forms. Prior to the 1880s, the belled buzzard would also be sighted in West Virginia,[6] Delaware,[7] Georgia[8] and South Carolina.[9] However, it would be the belled buzzard's appearance in Brownsville, Tennessee during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 that first connected the animal with a natural disaster.[1] While earlier reports focused on sporadic occurrences, the Brownsville case was the first to become widely cited.[1][10][11][12] It was from then on that the belled buzzard legend grew to take on a more ominous tone.","title":"Early sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elkton-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hillsborough-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millersburg-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brookhaven-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waco-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianapolis-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globecity-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fairmont-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newark-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbus-22"}],"text":"Following the Brownsville case, sightings of the belled buzzard in the 1880s would rise exponentially. By 1885, the belled buzzard's range would expand to include the states of Maryland,[13] Ohio,[14] Kentucky,[15] Mississippi,[16] Texas,[17] and New York.[18] While most reports simply made mention of a sighting, those that elaborated further reinforced the belled buzzard's reputation as a harbinger of doom. Headings such as \"A Bird of Evil Omen,\"[19] \"Disaster Feared with Coming of Belled Buzzard\" [20] or other comparable titles readily attested to the belled buzzard as a precursor to calamity. The content of the articles were no less explicit on this point. A reference by the Delaware Ledger openly related \"We most sincerely hope that the bell-buzzard, that has been so frequently spoken of our exchange, will not locate in this section. It might be the forerunner of cholera,\"[21] whereas a Nebraskan paper simply noted, \"A BUZZARD with a bell on its neck is frightening people in Maryland. They take it to be the Angel of Death.\"[22]","title":"Prominence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richmond-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savannah-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warren-25"}],"text":"Claims regarding either the belling, capture or death of the belled buzzard were not uncommon. Given the varying descriptions of bells, fasteners used and buzzards, themselves, it is sensible to conclude that these reports referenced different belled buzzards. However, neither the presence of other claimants nor continued reports of sightings brought forth an end to such claims. An early report of a buzzard having been belled out of Missouri[23] was made in 1881 despite the lack of belled buzzard sightings reported in that state at the time. Again, an article from May 5, 1900 purported that three Georgia veterans, J. L. Jarrell, H. C. Davis, and G. K. Smith, while stationed in Tallahassee, Florida, belled a buzzard in 1863. The article elaborated that a buzzard captured at Ft. Gains, Georgia was speculated to be the same bird due to the alleged similarities in the bronze bell and leather collar used.[24] Still the dating of the purported belling would have been nearly a decade after the first belled buzzard sightings in the 1850s. If, in fact, the claim was legitimate, the bird captured certainly would not have been the original belled buzzard. Even more elaborate, was an article entitled \"Aged Buzzard Thought Dead\" by the Warren Sheaf that not only claimed that the belled buzzard was thought to have died after escaping entanglement from its leather strap, which a sleigh bell had been affixed, but added that the belled buzzard had been belled during the War of 1812 and was \"present at every big engagement since then.\" Notwithstanding, the article further purported that the belled buzzard had been sighted as far south as Peru.[25]","title":"Claimants"}]
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[{"title":"Fearsome critters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearsome_critters"},{"title":"Folklore of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Mothman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothman"},{"title":"Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee"}]
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Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033437/1878-11-22/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"That Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lynchburg (Va.) News thinks the belled-buzzard,...\" Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Daily Star. 4 December 1878. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025759/1878-12-04/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"The Lynchburg (Va.) News thinks the belled-buzzard,...\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Belled Buzzard\". Pulaski, TN: Pulaski Citizen. 5 December 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033964/1878-12-05/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"The Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"Oxford Press (21 April 1883). \"A Buzzard with a Bell\". Elkton, MD: Cecil Whig. p. 3. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016348/1883-04-21/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"A Buzzard with a Bell\""}]},{"reference":"Oxford Press (27 February 1884). \"Russell's\". Hillsborough, OH: Highland Weekly News. p. 8. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038158/1884-02-27/ed-1/seq-8/","url_text":"\"Russell's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Millersburg\". Millersburg, KY: Bourbon News. 15 May 1883. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069871/1883-05-15/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Millersburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Bird with Bells\". Brookhaven, MS: Brookhaven Ledger. 21 September 1882. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053968/1882-09-21/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"A Bird with Bells\""}]},{"reference":"Floyd, R. H. (15 December 1881). \"The Belled Buzzard, The Carrion-Seeker Comes Home to Roost\". Waco, TX: Waco Daily Examiner. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022109/1881-12-15/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"The Belled Buzzard, The Carrion-Seeker Comes Home to Roost\""}]},{"reference":"Franklin News (15 December 1883). \"A Belled Buzzard\". Indianapolis, IN: Indianapolis Journal. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015679/1883-12-15/ed-1/seq-11/","url_text":"\"A Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"Globe-Democrat (15 December 1883). \"Bird of Evil Omen\". Globe City, AZ: Arizona Silver Belt. p. 4. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84021913/1884-03-22/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Bird of Evil Omen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disaster Feared with Coming of Belled Buzzard\". Fairmont, WV: The West Virginian. 8 July 1922. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86072054/1922-07-08/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Disaster Feared with Coming of Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"\"We most sincerely hope that the bell-buzzard,...\" Newark, DE: Delaware Ledger. 4 August 1883. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88053022/1883-08-04/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"We most sincerely hope that the bell-buzzard,...\""}]},{"reference":"\"A BUZZARD with a bell on its neck...\" Columbus, NB: Columbus Journal. 2 January 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95073194/1884-01-02/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"A BUZZARD with a bell on its neck...\""}]},{"reference":"Callawhy Gazette (5 May 1881). \"Belled Buzzard\". Richmond, MO: Richmond Democrat. p. 2. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063662/1881-05-05/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"Callawhy Gazette (5 May 1900). \"Belled Buzzard\". Savannah, GA: Morning News. p. 9. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063662/1881-05-05/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Belled Buzzard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aged Buzzard Thought Dead\". Warren, MN: Warren Sheaf. 13 October 1920. p. 7. Retrieved 15 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059228/1920-10-13/ed-1/seq-7/","url_text":"\"Aged Buzzard Thought Dead\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-20_basketball_team
Spain women's national under-20 basketball team
["1 FIBA Under-21 World Championship for Women","2 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women","3 See also","4 References"]
SpainFIBA zoneFIBA EuropeNational federationFEBFIBA U-21 World ChampionshipAppearances1Medals-FIBA U-20 European ChampionshipAppearances20Medals Gold: (2007, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022) Silver: ( 2009, 2010, 2014) Bronze: (2023) Home Away Medal record Event 1st 2nd 3rd FIBA U21 World Championship 0 0 0 FIBA Europe U20 Championship 9 3 1 Total 9 3 1 The Spain women's national Under-20 and under-21 is the national basketball team of Spain and is governed by the Spanish Basketball Federation. It represents Spain in international under-21 and Under-20 (under age 21 and under age 20) women's basketball competitions. FIBA Under-21 World Championship for Women Year Pos. Pld W L 2003 Did not qualify 2007 9th 7 3 4 Total 1/2 7 3 4 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women Year Pos. Pld W L 2000 5th 8 7 1 2002 5th 8 4 4 2004 9th 7 3 4 2005 8th 8 2 6 2006 4th 8 4 4 2007 8 8 0 2008 4th 8 5 3 2009 9 8 1 2010 9 8 1 2011 9 9 0 2012 9 8 1 2013 9 9 0 2014 9 7 2 2015 9 9 0 2016 7 6 1 2017 7 7 0 2018 7 7 0 2019 5th 7 6 1 2022 7 7 0 2023 7 6 1 Total 20/20 160 130 30 See also Spain women's national basketball team Spain women's national under-19 basketball team Spain women's national under-17 basketball team Spain men's national under-20 basketball team References ^ "Profile | FIBA.COM". vte Basketball in Spain CSD TAD COE FEB ACB Spanish League Pyramid Clubs List of venues (by capacity) National teamsMen Spain Results Head to head U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 3x3 Wheelchair basketball Women Spain Results Head to head U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 3x3 League competitionsMen ACB Primera FEB Segunda FEB Tercera FEB Primera División Women LF LF 2 Wheelchair División de Honor Cup competitionsMen Supercopa de España Copa del Rey Copa España Copa Príncipe de Asturias ACB (defunct) Copa Princesa de Asturias (defunct) Copa LEB Plata (defunct) Women Supercopa de España Copa de la Reina Regional cups Copa Andalucía Lliga Catalana Euskal Kopa Torneo CAM Copa Castilla y León Copa Galicia Regional teams Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Cantabria Castile and León Catalonia Galicia vte National sports teams of Spain Acceleration American football Badminton Baseball U18 Baseball5 Basketball M M-U20 M-U19 M-U18 M-U17 M-U16 W W-U20 W-U18/19 W-U16/17 3x3 Basketball M W Beach handball M W Beach soccer M W Cricket M W Field hockey M M-U21 W W-U21 Floorball Football M M-U23 M-U21 M-U20 M-U19 M-U18 M-U17 M-U16 M-U15 W W-U23 W-U20 W-U19 W-U17 CP Futsal M W Goalball Gymnastics W Handball M M-U17 M-U19 W W-U19 W-U17 Ice hockey M M-U20 M-U18 W W-U18 Lacrosse M W Quidditch Roller derby Roller hockey M W Rugby league Rugby union M M-U20 M7 W W7 Softball Squash M W Tennis M W X Volleyball M M-U19 W W-U20 W-U18 Water polo M W Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair handball Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics European Games Mediterranean Games
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[]
[{"title":"Spain women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"title":"Spain women's national under-19 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-19_basketball_team"},{"title":"Spain women's national under-17 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_under-17_basketball_team"},{"title":"Spain men's national under-20 basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_under-20_basketball_team"}]
[{"reference":"\"Profile | FIBA.COM\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/p/nationalfederationnumber/2612/nfProf.html","url_text":"\"Profile | FIBA.COM\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/p/nationalfederationnumber/2612/nfProf.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile | FIBA.COM\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Mike%27s
Jersey Mike's Subs
["1 History","2 Products","3 Advertising","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Sandwich shop A Sub Above, LLCJersey Mike's restaurant in Valdosta, GeorgiaTrade nameJersey Mike's SubsFormerlyMike's Submarines (1956-1975)Company typePrivateIndustryRestaurantsGenreFast CasualFounded1956; 68 years ago (1956)Point Pleasant, New JerseyFounderPeter CancroHeadquartersManasquan, New Jersey, United StatesNumber of locations 2,557 (2023)Areas served United States Canada Mexico Key peoplePeter Cancro (CEO)Products Subs Beverages Revenue US$974.1 million (2021)OwnerPeter CancroNumber of employees19,000 (2021)Websitewww.jerseymikes.comFootnotes / references A Sub Above, LLC, doing business as Jersey Mike's Subs, is an American submarine sandwich chain headquartered in Manasquan, New Jersey. The Jersey Mike's franchise has about 2,000 locations. Outside of the United States, there is one location in London, Ontario, Canada and one location in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. History In 1971, at age 14, Peter Cancro of Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey, took a part-time job at Mike's Submarines, a neighborhood sandwich shop in the adjacent borough of Point Pleasant, at 1009 Trenton Avenue. The eatery, founded in 1956, was only a few blocks west of Point Pleasant Beach High School, and then on its third owner. Originally named Mike's Giant Submarine Shop after its original owner, Michael Ingravallo, who with his wife Marie, owned several locations in New Jersey and Florida as part of her family's business. Marie's father, Jimmy Lepore, immigrated from Caserta, Italy in 1922 and opened his first submarine shop on Tremont Avenue in the Bronx. After his family moved to New Jersey, they began expanding their business, eventually opening and leasing thirteen sub shops up and down the New Jersey coast. By 1979, the family had sold all but two. When the Point Pleasant shop went up for sale again in 1975, Cancro's mother suggested he buy it. With help from a high school football coach, who was also a banker, Cancro, then 17 and a high school senior, pulled together $125,000 in three days. Today, Cancro is the owner and CEO of the company. Cancro began franchising the restaurant in 1987. By 2014, it had 750 locations, with an additional 650 in some stage of development. In 2015, 197 new locations opened and the total number of Jersey Mike's locations exceeded 1,000. Jersey Mike's locations are gaining a larger presence on the West Coast, particularly Southern California. The original Jersey Mike's location on Trenton Avenue is still used as a training center for the company. In January 2024, the company announced a major expansion into Canada with Redberry Restaurants, a large Canadian restaurant operator, in what would be the first major international expansion. The goal was for 300 restaurants over 10 years. Products Like the original 1956 Mike's store, each Jersey Mike's Subs restaurant serves submarine sandwiches, which are made to order slicing the meats and cheeses as needed. Ordering a sandwich "Mike's Way" tops it with sliced onions, shredded lettuce, tomatoes, oregano, salt (spices) and a mixture of red wine vinegar and olive oil. There is also a signature cherry pepper relish. A "Jersey Shore's Favorite"—provolone, ham, and cappacuolo—on white bread Some Jersey Mike's locations also serve various breakfast sandwiches during the morning hours, including sandwiches made with pork roll, a New Jersey product. Advertising Beginning in September 2022, Jersey Mike's featured actor Danny DeVito, who grew up a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's, in a series of radio and television commercials as the company's first celebrity spokesman. See also List of submarine sandwich restaurants References ^ https://www.inc.com/dave-schools/how-jersey-mikes-ceo-turned-125000-into-1-billion.html ^ "Peter Cancro, Jersey Mike's Franchise Systems Inc: Profile and Biography". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-11-26. ^ a b "Start a Jersey Mike's Subs Franchise in 2024". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ a b Schools, Dave (2018-03-15). "How Jersey Mike's CEO Turned $125,000 Into $1 Billion". Inc. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ "Don Fioretti, 'Ball Manager". Asbury Park Press. 1958-02-19. Retrieved 2024-06-03. ^ "New Sandwich Shop To Open". The Madison Eagle. 1964-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-03. ^ DeMasters, Karen (1979-09-02). "Immigrant Traveled Rocky Road To Sub Shop Ownership". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved 2024-06-03. ^ "John Lepore, sandwich store chain owner, dead at 83". Asbury Park Press. 1983-01-22. Retrieved 2024-06-04. ^ "Peter Cancro, Founder/CEO, Jersey Mike's Subs". 13 June 2022. ^ "Lessons From the Sub Shop". The New York Times. 2010-06-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ Kulikowski, Laurie (2014-02-25). "Jersey Mike's Subs Is Revving Up for Franchise Expansion". TheStreet. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ "Jersey Mike's Finishes 2015 with Strong Unit Growth". QSR magazine. 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2022-01-26. ^ "Jersey Mike's plans major expansion in Canada with Redberry Restaurants". Nation's Restaurant News. 2024-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-17. ^ Shaw, David."DeVito! Although He Has a Penchant for Dark Comedies, Actor-Director Danny DeVito Is Serious About His Craft, His Family and His Cigars" Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, Cigar Aficionado profile, accessed May 2, 2007. "Danny DeVito was born in 1944 in the shore town of Neptune, New Jersey—hence the name of his production company—and raised in neighboring Asbury Park, the youngest of five children (two of whom died before he was born)." ^ "Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito". Marketing Dive. External links Official website vteFast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Burger chains Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Doughnut chains Hot dog chains Pizza chains Sandwich chains Seafood chains Asian Happi House Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P. F. Chang's Pick Up Stix Sarku Japan Yoshinoya Baked goods 85°C Bakery Cafe Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne's Boudin Bakery Bruegger's The Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Crumbl Cookies Daylight Donuts Duck Donuts Einstein Bros. Five Daughters Bakery Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Insomnia Cookies Krispy Kreme Mochinut Mrs. Fields Panera Bread Paris Baguette Pretzelmaker/Pretzel Time Randy's Donuts Red Ribbon Shipley Do-Nuts Tim Hortons Wetzel's Winchell's Barbecue Claim Jumper Dickey's L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Logan's Roadhouse Mission BBQ Morton's The Steakhouse Outback Steakhouse Saltgrass Steak House Smithfield's Texas Roadhouse Vic & Anthony's Steakhouse Beverages Argo Tea Bambū Biggby Coffee Caribou Colectivo Coffee Roasters Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunkin' Dunn Bros Dutch Bros. Gloria Jean's Heine Brothers' Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea It's Boba Time Jamba Juice Juice It Up! Kung Fu Tea Orange Julius Peet's Planet Smoothie Robeks Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Breakfast Black Bear Cracker Barrel Denny's Golden Corral IHOP The Original Pancake House Waffle House Chicken Bojangles' Bonchon Chicken Boston Market Brown's Chicken & Pasta Buffalo Wild Wings Bush's Chicken Chester's Chick-fil-A Chicken Express Chicken Salad Chick Church's/Texas Chicken Cluck-U Dave's Hot Chicken El Pollo Loco Golden Chick Golden Skillet Guthrie's Harold's Chicken Shack Hartz Chicken Hooters Jollibee KFC Krispy Krunchy Kyochon Lee's Famous Recipe Chicken Louisiana Famous Fried Chicken Mrs. Winner's Pollo Tropical Popeyes Raising Cane's Roy Rogers Slim Chickens Wingstop WingStreet Zankou Chicken Zaxby's Frozendesserts Baskin-Robbins Ben & Jerry's Braum's Bruster's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Dairy Queen Dippin' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly's Golden Spoon Graeter's Häagen-Dazs Handel's La Michoacana MaggieMoo's Marble Slab Menchie's Oberweis Orange Leaf Pinkberry Red Mango Rita's Sweet Frog Tastee-Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hamburgers A&W Applebee's Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burgerim Burger King Burgerville Carl's Jr. Checkers/Rally's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Culver's Fatburger Five Guys Ford's Garage Freddy's Fuddruckers Good Times Burgers & Frozen Custard The Habit Hardee's Hwy 55 In-N-Out Jack's Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Kewpee Krystal McDonald's Mooyah Nation's Original Hamburger Stand Red Robin Roy Rogers Ruby Tuesday Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Spangles Steak 'n Shake Wayback Wendy's Whataburger White Castle Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan's Famous Portillo's Wienerschnitzel Mexican / Tex-Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chevys Chili's Chipotle Del Taco El Torito Fuzzy's Green/Red Burrito La Salsa Moe's On the Border Pancheros Qdoba Roberto's Rubio's Salsarita's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco John's Taco Mayo TacoTime Tijuana Flats Pizza / Italian &pizza Blaze Pizza Domino's Fazoli's Little Caesars MOD Pizza Mountain Mike's Olive Garden Papa Gino's Papa John's Patxi's Pie Five Pizza Hut Pizza My Heart Pizza Patrón Romano's Macaroni Grill Round Table Pizza Sbarro Shakey's Pizza Straw Hat Pizza Uncle Maddio's Pizza Joint Salads Salad and Go Saladworks Sweetgreen Sandwiches Arby's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti's Charley's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne's Erbert & Gerbert's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason's Jerry's Subs Jersey Mike's Jimmy John's Lee's Sandwiches Lenny's Sub McAlister's Deli Mendocino Farms Miami Subs Newk's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella's Schlotzsky's Steak Escape Subway Togo's Tubby's Tudor's Biscuit World Which Wich? Seafood Arthur Treacher's Bubba Gump Shrimp Company California Fish Grill Captain D's H. Salt Esquire Ivar's Joe's Crab Shack Long John Silver's McCormick & Schmick's Mitchell's Fish Market Red Lobster Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Other Cava German Doner Kebab The Halal Guys Noodles & Company Pita Pit Rainforest Cafe Skyline Chili WaBa Grill Defunct Bresler's 33 Flavors Brigham's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Dawn Donuts Druther's Henry's Hamburgers Hot 'n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Nestlé Toll House Red Barn Sandy's Seattle's Best Coffee Souplantation/Sweet Tomatoes Teavana T.J. Cinnamons Tully's Wetson's White Tower Zantigo
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The Jersey Mike's franchise has about 2,000 locations.[3] Outside of the United States, there is one location in London, Ontario, Canada and one location in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.","title":"Jersey Mike's Subs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Beach,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1971, at age 14, Peter Cancro of Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey, took a part-time job at Mike's Submarines, a neighborhood sandwich shop in the adjacent borough of Point Pleasant, at 1009 Trenton Avenue. The eatery, founded in 1956, was only a few blocks west of Point Pleasant Beach High School, and then on its third owner. Originally named Mike's Giant Submarine Shop[5] after its original owner, Michael Ingravallo, who with his wife Marie, owned several locations in New Jersey and Florida as part of her family's business.[6]Marie's father, Jimmy Lepore, immigrated from Caserta, Italy in 1922 and opened his first submarine shop on Tremont Avenue in the Bronx. After his family moved to New Jersey, they began expanding their business, eventually opening and leasing thirteen sub shops up and down the New Jersey coast. By 1979, the family had sold all but two.[7][8]When the Point Pleasant shop went up for sale again in 1975, Cancro's mother suggested he buy it. With help from a high school football coach, who was also a banker, Cancro, then 17 and a high school senior, pulled together $125,000 in three days.[9][4][10] Today, Cancro is the owner and CEO of the company.Cancro began franchising the restaurant in 1987. By 2014, it had 750 locations, with an additional 650 in some stage of development.[11] In 2015, 197 new locations opened and the total number of Jersey Mike's locations exceeded 1,000.[12] Jersey Mike's locations are gaining a larger presence on the West Coast, particularly Southern California. The original Jersey Mike's location on Trenton Avenue is still used as a training center for the company.In January 2024, the company announced a major expansion into Canada with Redberry Restaurants, a large Canadian restaurant operator, in what would be the first major international expansion. The goal was for 300 restaurants over 10 years.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red wine vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wine_vinegar"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"cherry pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pepper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_Shore%27s_Favorite_at_Jersey_Mike%27s_(provolone,_ham,_and_cappacuolo).jpg"},{"link_name":"cappacuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappacuolo"},{"link_name":"pork roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_roll"}],"text":"Like the original 1956 Mike's store, each Jersey Mike's Subs restaurant serves submarine sandwiches, which are made to order slicing the meats and cheeses as needed. Ordering a sandwich \"Mike's Way\" tops it with sliced onions, shredded lettuce, tomatoes, oregano, salt (spices) and a mixture of red wine vinegar and olive oil. There is also a signature cherry pepper relish.A \"Jersey Shore's Favorite\"—provolone, ham, and cappacuolo—on white breadSome Jersey Mike's locations also serve various breakfast sandwiches during the morning hours, including sandwiches made with pork roll, a New Jersey product.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny DeVito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Beginning in September 2022, Jersey Mike's featured actor Danny DeVito, who grew up a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's, in a series of radio and television commercials as the company's first celebrity spokesman.[14][15]","title":"Advertising"}]
[{"image_text":"A \"Jersey Shore's Favorite\"—provolone, ham, and cappacuolo—on white bread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Jersey_Shore%27s_Favorite_at_Jersey_Mike%27s_%28provolone%2C_ham%2C_and_cappacuolo%29.jpg/220px-Jersey_Shore%27s_Favorite_at_Jersey_Mike%27s_%28provolone%2C_ham%2C_and_cappacuolo%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of submarine sandwich restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarine_sandwich_restaurants"}]
[{"reference":"\"Peter Cancro, Jersey Mike's Franchise Systems Inc: Profile and Biography\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20965143","url_text":"\"Peter Cancro, Jersey Mike's Franchise Systems Inc: Profile and Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Start a Jersey Mike's Subs Franchise in 2024\". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/jerseymikessubs/282476","url_text":"\"Start a Jersey Mike's Subs Franchise in 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Schools, Dave (2018-03-15). \"How Jersey Mike's CEO Turned $125,000 Into $1 Billion\". Inc. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inc.com/dave-schools/how-jersey-mikes-ceo-turned-125000-into-1-billion.html","url_text":"\"How Jersey Mike's CEO Turned $125,000 Into $1 Billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)","url_text":"Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Don Fioretti, 'Ball Manager\". Asbury Park Press. 1958-02-19. Retrieved 2024-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-madison-eagle/94386061/","url_text":"\"Don Fioretti, 'Ball Manager\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Sandwich Shop To Open\". The Madison Eagle. 1964-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-madison-eagle/94386061/","url_text":"\"New Sandwich Shop To Open\""}]},{"reference":"DeMasters, Karen (1979-09-02). \"Immigrant Traveled Rocky Road To Sub Shop Ownership\". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved 2024-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press/18341844/","url_text":"\"Immigrant Traveled Rocky Road To Sub Shop Ownership\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Lepore, sandwich store chain owner, dead at 83\". Asbury Park Press. 1983-01-22. Retrieved 2024-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-giovanni-lepore-obituar/148677685/","url_text":"\"John Lepore, sandwich store chain owner, dead at 83\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Cancro, Founder/CEO, Jersey Mike's Subs\". 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.restfinance.com/rfdc/speakers/2022/peter-cancro-founder-ceo-jersey-mikes-subs/article_ea4cf358-ec10-11ec-9bfc-2f9fe84cbf24.html","url_text":"\"Peter Cancro, Founder/CEO, Jersey Mike's Subs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lessons From the Sub Shop\". The New York Times. 2010-06-05. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/jobs/06boss.html","url_text":"\"Lessons From the Sub Shop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kulikowski, Laurie (2014-02-25). \"Jersey Mike's Subs Is Revving Up for Franchise Expansion\". TheStreet. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jerseymikes.com/news/721-jersey-mike-and-39-s-subs-is-revving-up-for-franchise-expansion","url_text":"\"Jersey Mike's Subs Is Revving Up for Franchise Expansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey Mike's Finishes 2015 with Strong Unit Growth\". QSR magazine. 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2022-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/jersey-mikes-finishes-2015-strong-unit-growth","url_text":"\"Jersey Mike's Finishes 2015 with Strong Unit Growth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey Mike's plans major expansion in Canada with Redberry Restaurants\". Nation's Restaurant News. 2024-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrn.com/quick-service/jersey-mike-s-plans-major-expansion-canada-redberry-restaurants","url_text":"\"Jersey Mike's plans major expansion in Canada with Redberry Restaurants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito\". Marketing Dive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-jersey-mikes-subs-danny-devito-authenticity/632849/","url_text":"\"Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.jerseymikes.com/","external_links_name":"www.jerseymikes.com"},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/dave-schools/how-jersey-mikes-ceo-turned-125000-into-1-billion.html","external_links_name":"https://www.inc.com/dave-schools/how-jersey-mikes-ceo-turned-125000-into-1-billion.html"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20965143","external_links_name":"\"Peter Cancro, Jersey Mike's Franchise Systems Inc: Profile and Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/jerseymikessubs/282476","external_links_name":"\"Start a Jersey Mike's Subs Franchise in 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/dave-schools/how-jersey-mikes-ceo-turned-125000-into-1-billion.html","external_links_name":"\"How Jersey Mike's CEO Turned $125,000 Into $1 Billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-madison-eagle/94386061/","external_links_name":"\"Don Fioretti, 'Ball Manager\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-madison-eagle/94386061/","external_links_name":"\"New Sandwich Shop To Open\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/asbury-park-press/18341844/","external_links_name":"\"Immigrant Traveled Rocky Road To Sub Shop Ownership\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-giovanni-lepore-obituar/148677685/","external_links_name":"\"John Lepore, sandwich store chain owner, dead at 83\""},{"Link":"https://www.restfinance.com/rfdc/speakers/2022/peter-cancro-founder-ceo-jersey-mikes-subs/article_ea4cf358-ec10-11ec-9bfc-2f9fe84cbf24.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Cancro, Founder/CEO, Jersey Mike's Subs\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/jobs/06boss.html","external_links_name":"\"Lessons From the Sub Shop\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.jerseymikes.com/news/721-jersey-mike-and-39-s-subs-is-revving-up-for-franchise-expansion","external_links_name":"\"Jersey Mike's Subs Is Revving Up for Franchise Expansion\""},{"Link":"https://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/jersey-mikes-finishes-2015-strong-unit-growth","external_links_name":"\"Jersey Mike's Finishes 2015 with Strong Unit Growth\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrn.com/quick-service/jersey-mike-s-plans-major-expansion-canada-redberry-restaurants","external_links_name":"\"Jersey Mike's plans major expansion in Canada with Redberry Restaurants\""},{"Link":"http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,8,00.html","external_links_name":"\"DeVito! Although He Has a Penchant for Dark Comedies, Actor-Director Danny DeVito Is Serious About His Craft, His Family and His Cigars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070404023422/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,8,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.marketingdive.com/news/campaign-trail-jersey-mikes-subs-danny-devito-authenticity/632849/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito\""},{"Link":"https://www.jerseymikes.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard_Block
Pollard Block
["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 43°22′57″N 72°38′19″W / 43.38250°N 72.63861°W / 43.38250; -72.63861United States historic placePollard BlockU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of VermontShow map of the United StatesLocation7 Depot St., Cavendish, VermontCoordinates43°22′57″N 72°38′19″W / 43.38250°N 72.63861°W / 43.38250; -72.63861Arealess than one acreBuilt1895; 129 years ago (1895)Architectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.08000855Added to NRHPAugust 28, 2008 The Pollard Block is a historic commercial building at 7 Depot Street in Cavendish, Vermont. Built in 1895, it is a fine local example of commercial Italianate architecture, and was home to the village general store for 70 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Description and history The Pollard Block stands at the center of the village of Proctorsville in western Cavendish, at the junction of Depot Street and Main Street (Vermont Route 131). It is a three-story wood-frame structure, with a flat roof, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The main block has extensive Italianate styling, including a bracketed cornice, paneled corner pilasters, and course of dentil moulding above the second and third floors. The first-floor storefront is in its original configuration, with recessed entrance flanked by display windows, and sheltered by an awning with wrought iron brackets. A 1990s two-story ell extends to the south, set back from the main block, and a four-story mansarded tower rises at the northeast corner. The block was built in 1895 to house the general store of brothers Don Pollard and Park Pollard, replacing an earlier Federal period brick structure that had previously housed the store. The interior of the first floor retains many of its original features and fixtures, and continues to see retail use. The upper floors have been adapted for residential use, and only the floors and some window trim have survived. Pollard's store was the largest in the village until its closure in 1964. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor County, Vermont References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b Amy Worden (1970). "NRHP nomination for Pollard Block". National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-08-05. with photos from 1969 vteNational Register of Historic Places in Windsor County, VermontNationalHistoricLandmarks Calvin Coolidge Homestead District George Perkins Marsh Boyhood Home Robbins and Lawrence Armory and Machine Shop Stellafane Observatory Districts Advent Camp Meeting Grounds Historic District Ascutney Mill Dam Historic District Ascutney State Park Bethel Village Historic District Theron Boyd Homestead Brigham Hill Historic District Brook Farm Chester Village Historic District Christian Street Rural Historic District Coolidge State Park Fletcher–Fullerton Farm Goodrich Four Corners Historic District Hartford Village Historic District Jericho Rural Historic District King Farm Ludlow Village Historic District Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park Gen. Lewis R. Morris House Norwich Mid-Century Modern Historic District Norwich Village Historic District Parker Hill Rural Historic District ‡ Plymouth Historic District Quechee Historic Mill District Isaac M. Raymond Farm Saddlebow Farm Slayton–Morgan Historic District South Royalton Historic District South Woodstock Village Historic District Southview Housing Historic District Springfield Downtown Historic District Stockbridge Common Historic District Stone Village Historic District Taftsville Historic District Terraces Historic District Weathersfield Center Historic District West Hartford Village Historic District Weston Village Historic District White River Junction Historic District Wilder Village Historic District Wilgus State Park Windsor Village Historic District Woodstock Village Historic District BuildingsCommercial Aiken Stand Complex Fox Stand F. H. Gillingham & Sons Locust Creek House Complex Charles Marsh Law Office Pollard Block Progressive Market Simons' Inn Windsor House Educational Abbott Memorial Library Beaver Meadow School Black River Academy Eureka Schoolhouse Hartford Library Ludlow Graded School Park Street School Root School South Reading Schoolhouse Spencer Hollow School Government Damon Hall Fire District No. 2 Firehouse Reading Town Hall Industrial Bridgewater Woolen Mill Royalton Mill Complex Religious Beaver Meadow Union Chapel Cavendish Universalist Church Congregational Church of Ludlow Old Christ Church St. Paul's Episcopal Church Residential Atherton Farmstead Augustus and Laura Blaisdell House Twing Buckman House Rev. George Daman House Dewey House Wentworth and Diana Eldredge House Ezekiel Emerson Farm Farrar-Mansur House Joseph Fessenden House Reverend Dan Foster House Fowler-Steele House Gate of the Hills Daniel Gay House Glimmerstone Greenwood House Harrington House Hartness House Jeffrey House Wales N. Johnson House Juniper Hill Farm-Maxwell Evarts House Lockwood-Boynton House Luce Farm Maple Hill Farm Joseph and Daniel Marsh House McKenstry Manor Meeting House Farm Owen Moon Farm NAMCO Block Old Constitution House Aaron Jr. and Susan Parker Farm Zachariah Spaulding Farm Walter and Sylvia Stockmayer House Jedediah Strong II House David Sumner House John Wilder House Object Indian Stones Sites Gilbert's Hill Historic Crown Point Road Structures Best's Covered Bridge Bowers Covered Bridge Bridge 15 Bridgewater Corners Bridge Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge‡ Gilead Brook Bridge Gould's Mill Bridge Iron Bridge at Howard Hill Road Kendron Brook Bridge Lincoln Covered Bridge Martin's Mill Covered Bridge Ottauquechee River Bridge Quechee Gorge Bridge Spaulding Bridge Stockbridge Four Corners Bridge Taftsville Covered Bridge Upper Falls Covered Bridge West Hartford Bridge West Woodstock Bridge Willard Covered Bridge Woodstock Warren Through Truss Bridge Footnotes‡This historic property also has portions in an adjacent state.See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor County, Vermont and List of National Historic Landmarks in Vermont
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[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor County, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Windsor_County,_Vermont"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_kingdoms
Heptarchy
["1 History","2 List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England See History of Anglo-Saxon England for a historical discussion. The penultimate set of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was fivefold. The map annotates the names of the peoples of Essex and Sussex taken into the Kingdom of Wessex, which later took in the Kingdom of Kent and became the senior dynasty, and the outlier kingdoms. From Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914) The Heptarchy were the seven petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England that flourished from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century until they were consolidated in the 8th century into the four kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex. The term 'Heptarchy' (from the Greek ἑπταρχία, 'heptarchia'; from ἑπτά, 'hepta': "seven"; ἀρχή, 'arche': "reign, rule" and the suffix -ία, '-ia') is used because of the traditional belief that there had been seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, usually described as East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. The first known written reference to the historiographical traditional belief that there were these 'seven kingdoms' was in Henry of Huntingdon's 12th century work, Historia Anglorum; the term Heptarchy is not known to have been used to describe them until the 16th century. History The main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are written in red By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages. Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy. In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly during the reign of Offa the Great. Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse. The decline of the Heptarchy and the eventual emergence of the kingdom of England was a drawn-out process, taking place over the course of the 9th to 10th centuries. In the 9th century, the Danish enclave at York expanded into the Danelaw, with about half of England under Danish rule. English unification under Alfred the Great was a reaction to the threat from this common enemy. In 886, Alfred retook London, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that "all of the English people (all Angelcyn) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred." The unification of the kingdom of England was complete only in the 10th century, following the expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe as king of Northumbria. Æthelstan is credited as the first to be King of all England. List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Further information: Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were: East Anglia Mercia Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira Wessex The other main kingdoms, which were conquered and absorbed by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are: Essex Kent Sussex Other minor kingdoms and territories: Bernicia Deira Dumnonia (only annexed to Wessex at a later date, and a Cornish kingdom) Haestingas The Hwicce Kingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia Lindsey Magonsæte The Meonwara, a Jutish tribe in Hampshire Middle Angles Middle Saxons (Middlesex, subsequently absorbed by the Kingdom of Essex) Pecsæte Surrey Tomsæte Wreocensæte Wihtwara See also Anglo-Saxon England portal History of Anglo-Saxon England Cornovii (Cornish) Related terms: Bretwalda, High King for hegemons among kings Compare: Tetrarchy Five Burghs References ^ Pounds, N. J. G.; G, Pounds N. J. (2000). A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-63351-2. Retrieved 21 July 2022. ^ Holladay, Joan A. (17 January 2019). Visualizing Ancestry in the High and Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-108-47018-6. ^ Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-webster (1997). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 1223. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9. S Britain (except Wales and Strathclyde) divided into a number of petty kingdoms incl. the so-called Heptarchy ^ Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Historia Anglorum (History of the English People). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19822224-8. Retrieved 9 April 2010 – via Google Books. ^ "heptarchy". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages1993:163f. ^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project. Note: This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman edition. Asser's Life of King Alfred, ch. 83, trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources (Penguin Classics) (1984), pp. 97–8. ^ Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England: The beginnings. Chatto and Windus. p. 71. ISBN 9780701176785. Retrieved 24 August 2018. Bibliography Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Campbell, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxons (Penguin, 1991). Sawyer, Peter Hayes. From Roman Britain to Norman England (Routledge, 2002). Stenton, F. M. Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edition. Oxford U. P. 1971). External links Monarchs of Britain, Encyclopædia Britannica ogdoad.force9.co.uk: The Burghal Hidage – Wessex's fortified burhs vteAnglo-Saxon heptarchyKingdoms East Anglia Essex Kent Mercia Hwicce Lindsey Middel Seaxe Northumbria Bernicia Deira Sussex Wessex Monarchs Bretwalda Iclingas Frithuwald Wiglaf of Mercia Lists of monarchs East Anglia Essex Kent Mercia Northumbria Sussex Wessex Regiones East Anglia: Norfolk Suffolk Elge Gywre Herstingas Ikelgas Spalda (Spalding) Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire) Essex: Brahhingas Beda Daenningas Caningaege Gegingas Surrey Gillingas Godhelmingas Haueringas Hroðingas Haka Middle Saxons Haering Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga Tetingas Tewingas Waeclingas Tota Woccingas Pæding-tun Frithuwald's Sūþrīge Dæningas Deningei Kent: Andredsley Andredes Leag Boroware Cantware Ceasterware Eastorege Lympne Limenwara Modingahema Mercia: Ælfingas Æbbingas Arosæte Banesbyrig Beormingas Bilsæte Cilternsæte Duddensæte Gaini Gyrwas Glestinga Husmerae Lindisfaras Magonsæte Middle Angles North Engle Pecset Pecsæte Pencersæte Reagesate South Engele Snotingas Southumbrians Spaldingas Stoppingas Sweordora Tomsæte Undaium Weorgoran Westerne Wreocensæte Northumbria: Elmetsæte Beodarsæte Loidis Sussex: Haestingas Wessex: Eorlingas Basingas Brycgstowl Dornsaete Gewisse Glastening Meonwara Rēadingas Sumorsaete Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga Sunningas Wiltsaete Wihtwara Ytenes See also Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Burghal Hidage Danelaw Mercian Supremacy Tribal Hidage vteKingdom of EnglandHistory Timeline Anglo-Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman Conquest Anglo-Normans The Anarchy Angevin Empire England in the late Middle Ages Economy in the Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period English Reformation Elizabethan era English Renaissance Stuart period Union of the Crowns Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate The Restoration Popish Plot Exclusion Crisis Glorious Revolution Union with Scotland Overseas possessions Crown Proprietary Protectorate Maritime history Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange-Nassau PoliticsLaw Witan Curia regis Magnum Concilium Parliament House of Lords House of Commons King's Secretary Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Anglo-Saxon Medieval Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament: 1225–1267 1275–1307 1308–1325 Temp. incert. 1327–1376 1377–1397 1399–1411 1413–1421 1422–1460 1461 1463 1464 1467 1468 1472 1474 1477 1482 1483 1485–1503 1509–1535 1536 1539–1540 1541 1542 1543 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1551 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558–1575 1580 1584 1586 1588 1592 1597 1601 1603 1605 1606 1609 1620 1623 1625 1627 1640 1642–1660 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1670 1672 1675 1677 1678 1679 1680 1685 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 Military Anglo-Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo-Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag (list) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George's Day vteGermanic monarchsAttested in Antiquity (ca. 3,000 BC–500 AD), Migration Period (c. 300–538 AD), and the Germanic Iron Age (c. 476–793)Cherusci (c. 9 BCE–21 CE) Segimerus (c. 9 BCE–9 CE) Arminius (9–21) Marcomanni (c. 9 BCE–37 CE,c. 166–c. 172) Maroboduus (c. 9 BCE–18 CE) Catualda (18 CE-) Ballomar (c. 166–c. 172) Suebi Ariovistus Hunimund Hermeric (c. 419-438) Rechila (438-448) Rechiar (448-456) Goths Radagaisus (-406) Thervingi Athanaric Greuthungi Ermanaric Vithimiris VisigothsBalti Alaric I (395-410) Athaulf (410-415) Sigeric (415) Wallia (415-418) Theodoric I (418-451) Thorismund (451-453) Theodoric II (453-466) Euric (466-484) Alaric II (484-507) Gesalec (507-513) Amalaric (522-531) Post-Balti Theudis (531-548) Theudigisel (548-549) Agila (549-554) Athanagild (554-567) Liuva I (567-572) Liuvigild (568-586) Reccared I (586-601) Liuva II (601-603) Witteric (603-610) Gundemar ( 610-612) Sisebut (612-621) Reccared II (621) Suintila (621-631) Sisenand (631-636) Chintila (636-639) Tulga (639-642) Chindasuinth (642-653) Recceswinth (649-672) Wamba (672-680) Erwig (680-687) Egica (687-702) Wittiza (694-710) Roderic (710-712) Achila II (711-714) Ardo (714-721) OstrogothsAmal Valamir (447-469) Theodemir (469-475) Theodoric the Great (475-526) Athalaric (526-534) Amalasuintha (534-535) Theodahad (534-536) Post-Amal Vitiges (536-540) Ildibad (540-541) Eraric (541) Totila (541-552) Teia (551-553) Anglo-Saxons Genealogy Iclingas Wessex Wuffingas Vandals Godigisel (until 406) Gunderic (407–428) Gaiseric (428–477) Huneric (477–484) Gunthamund (484–496) Thrasamund (496–523) Hilderic (523–530) Gelimer (530–534) Burgundians List of kings of Burgundy Lombards List of legendary kings of the Lombards (3rd-4th centuries) Lething Dynasty (5th-6th centuries) Audoin (546–565) Alboin (568–572) Cleph (572–574) Interregnum (574–584) Authari (584–590) Agilulf (590–616) Adaloald (616–626) Arioald (626–636) Rothari (636-652) Rodoald (652–653) Aripert I (653–661) Godepert (661–662) Perctarit (661–662) Grimoald (662–671) Garibald (671) Perctarit (671–688) Cunipert (688–689) Alahis (689) Cunipert (689–700) Liutpert (700–702) Raginpert (701) Aripert II (702–712) Ansprand (712) Liutprand (712–744) Hildeprand (744) Ratchis (744–749) Aistulf (749–756) Desiderius (756–774) FranksMerovingians (428–751) Chlodio (428–445/448) Merovech (445/448–457) Childeric I (457–481/482) Clovis I (481/482–511) Childebert I (511–558) Chlothar I (511–561) Charibert I (561–567) Guntram (561–593) Chilperic I (561–584) Sigebert I (561–575) Childebert II (575–595) Chlothar II (584–629) Dagobert I (623–639) Sigebert II (639–656) Clovis II (639–657) Chlothar III (657–673) Childeric II (673–675) Theuderic III (675–691) Clovis IV (691–695) Childebert III (695–711) Dagobert III (711–715) Chilperic II (715–721) Chlothar IV (717–719) Theuderic IV (721–737) Childeric III (737–751) Bavaria Agilolfings Frisians List of monarchs of Frisia NorseDanes List of legendary kings of Denmark (7th–10th centuries) King of the Wends Norwegians Petty kingdoms of Norway (6th–9th century) Swedes List of legendary kings of Sweden Yngling (9th–12th centuries) Ynglingatal House of Munsö List of legendary kings of the Geats King of the Goths vteGermanic peoplesEthnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languagesHistory Nordic Bronze Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Viking Age Early culture Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Folklore Proto-Germanic folklore Anglo-Saxon mythology Continental Germanic mythology Norse mythology) Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Names Gothic Numbers Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Rings Scripts Gothic alphabet Runes Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking Languages Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages Groups Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini Christianization Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland Category vteBarbarian kingdoms established around the Migration Period Alamannian kingdom Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Burgundian kingdom Frankish kingdom Frisian kingdom Gepid kingdom Hunnic empire Kingdom of Altava Kingdom of Odoacer Kingdom of the Aurès Lombard kingdom Ostrogothic kingdom Rugian kingdom Sub-Roman Britain Suebian kingdom Vandal kingdom Visigothic kingdom
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"petty kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_East_Angles"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"historiographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"Henry of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon EnglandSee History of Anglo-Saxon England for a historical discussion.The penultimate set of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was fivefold. The map annotates the names of the peoples of Essex and Sussex taken into the Kingdom of Wessex, which later took in the Kingdom of Kent and became the senior dynasty, and the outlier kingdoms. From Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)The Heptarchy were the seven petty kingdoms[1][2][3] of Anglo-Saxon England that flourished from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century until they were consolidated in the 8th century into the four kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex.The term 'Heptarchy' (from the Greek ἑπταρχία, 'heptarchia'; from ἑπτά, 'hepta': \"seven\"; ἀρχή, 'arche': \"reign, rule\" and the suffix -ία, '-ia') is used because of the traditional belief that there had been seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, usually described as East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex.The first known written reference to the historiographical traditional belief that there were these 'seven kingdoms' was in Henry of Huntingdon's 12th century work, Historia Anglorum;[4] the term Heptarchy is not known to have been used to describe them until the 16th century.[5]","title":"Heptarchy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg"},{"link_name":"end of Roman rule in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Egbert of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"king of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Hwicce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwicce"},{"link_name":"Magonsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonsaete"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"Wihtwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihtwara"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Cantwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantwara"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Middle Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Angles"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Hæstingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6stingas"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Gewisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewisse"},{"link_name":"kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"common enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aschron-7"},{"link_name":"Eric Bloodaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are written in redBy convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages.\nAlthough heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly during this period as competing kings contended for supremacy.[6]In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly during the reign of Offa the Great.Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse.The decline of the Heptarchy and the eventual emergence of the kingdom of England was a drawn-out process, taking place over the course of the 9th to 10th centuries. In the 9th century, the Danish enclave at York expanded into the Danelaw, with about half of England under Danish rule.\nEnglish unification under Alfred the Great was a reaction to the threat from this common enemy. In 886, Alfred retook London, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that \"all of the English people (all Angelcyn) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred.\"[7]The unification of the kingdom of England was complete only in the 10th century, following the expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe as king of Northumbria. Æthelstan is credited as the first to be King of all England.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies"},{"link_name":"kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira"},{"link_name":"Dumnonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumnonia"},{"link_name":"Haestingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haestingas"},{"link_name":"The Hwicce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwicce"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Iclingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iclingas"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Magonsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magons%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"The Meonwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meonwara"},{"link_name":"Middle Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Angles"},{"link_name":"Middle Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Saxons"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Pecsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecs%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey#The_Saxon_tribes_and_the_sub-kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tomsæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Wreocensæte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreocens%C3%A6te"},{"link_name":"Wihtwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihtwara"}],"text":"Further information: Anglo-Saxon royal genealogiesThe four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:East Anglia\nMercia\nNorthumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira\nWessexThe other main kingdoms, which were conquered and absorbed by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are:Essex\nKent\nSussexOther minor kingdoms and territories:Bernicia\nDeira\nDumnonia (only annexed to Wessex at a later date, and a Cornish kingdom)\nHaestingas\nThe Hwicce\nKingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia\nLindsey\nMagonsæte\nThe Meonwara, a Jutish tribe in Hampshire\nMiddle Angles\nMiddle Saxons (Middlesex, subsequently absorbed by the Kingdom of Essex)\nPecsæte\nSurrey\nTomsæte\nWreocensæte\nWihtwara","title":"List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westermann_Verlag"}],"text":"Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte\nCampbell, J. et al. The Anglo-Saxons (Penguin, 1991).\nSawyer, Peter Hayes. From Roman Britain to Norman England (Routledge, 2002).\nStenton, F. M. Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edition. Oxford U. P. 1971).","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The penultimate set of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was fivefold. The map annotates the names of the peoples of Essex and Sussex taken into the Kingdom of Wessex, which later took in the Kingdom of Kent and became the senior dynasty, and the outlier kingdoms. From Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg/290px-Anglo-Saxon_Heptarchy.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms' names are written in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/British_kingdoms_c_800.svg/290px-British_kingdoms_c_800.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Anglo-Saxon England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"History of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Cornovii (Cornish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovii_(Cornish)"},{"title":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"title":"High King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_King"},{"title":"Tetrarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy"},{"title":"Five Burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Burghs"}]
[{"reference":"Pounds, N. J. G.; G, Pounds N. J. (2000). A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-521-63351-2. Retrieved 21 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p-BC_kmeBhoC&dq=heptarchy+%22Petty+kingdoms%22&pg=PA17","url_text":"A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63351-2","url_text":"978-0-521-63351-2"}]},{"reference":"Holladay, Joan A. (17 January 2019). Visualizing Ancestry in the High and Late Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-108-47018-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9VN-DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Visualizing Ancestry in the High and Late Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47018-6","url_text":"978-1-108-47018-6"}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-webster (1997). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 1223. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9. S Britain (except Wales and Strathclyde) divided into a number of petty kingdoms incl. the so-called Heptarchy","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&dq=heptarchy+%22Petty+kingdoms%22&pg=PA1221","url_text":"Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9","url_text":"978-0-87779-546-9"}]},{"reference":"Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Historia Anglorum (History of the English People). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19822224-8. Retrieved 9 April 2010 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6U5BTD0-rYC&pg=PR61","url_text":"Historia Anglorum (History of the English People)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19822224-8","url_text":"978-0-19822224-8"}]},{"reference":"\"heptarchy\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=heptarchy","url_text":"\"heptarchy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England: The beginnings. Chatto and Windus. p. 71. ISBN 9780701176785. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qndnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Monarchy of England: The beginnings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701176785","url_text":"9780701176785"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoniak
Demoniak
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References"]
2016 mixtape by PSO ThugDemoniakMixtape by PSO ThugReleased20 May 2016Recorded2015–2016GenreFrench hip hop, trapLabelIndependentPSO Thug chronology En attendant Demoniak(2015) Demoniak(2016) Singles from Demoniak "Thuggin" "Plein les poches" "LGL" "Tous les jours" "Cauchemar" Demoniak is the debut mixtape of French trap duo PSO Thug (made up of Aero and Leto), released on May 20, 2016. Track listing "Demoniak" (2:32) "Cauchemar" (3:36) "Règles du jeu" (3:41) "Autour de moi" (3:12) "Juste après" (3:49) "Thuggin" (2:52) "LGL" (3:43) "Plein les poches" (4:21) (featuring Sadek) "Le magot" (2:35) "Après ce ca$h" (featuring Hayce Lemsi) (4:38) "Tous les jours" (2:43) "Bless" (4:55) (featuring XV Barbar & KranMax) "Numéro uno" (2:20) Charts Charts (2016) Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 50 French Albums (SNEP) 43 References ^ "Ultratop.be – PSO Thug – Demoniak" (in French). Hung Medien. ^ "Lescharts.com – PSO Thug – Demoniak". Hung Medien. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorceress:_The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel
The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel
["1 Title character","2 Plot summary","3 Characters new to the series","4 Special variations and editions","5 Award nominations","6 Online game","7 Sequel","8 References","9 External links"]
2009 novel by Michael Scott The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel German coverAuthorMichael ScottCover artistMichael WagnerLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas FlamelGenreFantasyPublisherDelacorte Press (US)Doubleday (UK)Publication date26 May 2009 (US)25 June 2009 (UK)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardback)Pages483ISBN978-0-385-73529-2 (US)978-0-385-61312-5 (UK)Dewey Decimal823.914LC ClassPZ7.S42736Sor 2009Preceded byThe Magician Followed byThe Necromancer  The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (often shortened to The Sorceress) is a fantasy novel and the third installment in the six-book series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel written by Michael Scott. It serves as the sequel to The Magician, and was released on 26 May 2009 in the US, 1 June 2009 in Australia, and 25 June 2009 in the UK. The titular sorceress refers to Perenelle Flamel. Title character The title refers to Perenelle Flamel. Plot summary Flamel takes the twins to London, where he uses Francis to enlist Palamedes, the Saracen Knight, to help them. Palamedes takes them to his home, a junk-yard in London, and they manage to work together to contact Perenelle. Perenelle is trapped on Alcatraz with the friendly but untrustworthy spider elder, Areop-Enap, after narrowly escaping the Sphinx and defeating the Morrigan. Morrigan had been suppressed sufficiently by the Words of Power that resided on the island that her body was retaken by her two elder sisters, Macha and Badb. Perenelle also makes fleeting contact with Scathach and Joan of Arc by scrying. Areop-Enap and its spider army are then attacked by an onslaught of poisoned flies, killing most of the spiders and wounding Areop-Enap. Billy the Kid has joined forces with Machiavelli in an attempt to kill the sorceress, but Perenelle, aided by Macha and Badb, tricks the pair and steals their boat, travelling back to the mainland with her new ally, the Crow Goddess. Unfortunately, the Dark Elders have awakened an ancient being even more powerful and mysterious than them: an Archon (a being that predates the Elders). The Archon, named Cernunnos, is known as the Horned God and is the leader of a pack of wolf people called the Wild Hunt. Cernunnos, the Wild Hunt, and Dr Dee engage Shakespeare, the Gabriel Hounds, Palamedes, the twins, and Flamel in a vicious battle. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins manage to fight their way past Cernunnos and Dee and flee the destruction of the junkyard. They pick up Gilgamesh before heading towards Stonehenge. What Nicholas Flamel withheld from the twins is that Gilgamesh the King is insane. Though he has no magical aura - and hence cannot use any of his abilities - he can still pass on his knowledge to the Awakened human twins. Machiavelli uses his power as head of French intelligence to lock down the roads around Stonehenge, so they head to one of Shakespeare's nearby safe houses. Here Gilgamesh teaches the twins the magic of water. While the twins are adjusting to the powers Gilgamesh has taught them, Cernunnos returns with the Wild Hunt and attacks the twins and Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is wounded by the Archon, but the twins use their newfound magical powers to protect the King. While making their escape, Josh loses Clarent, and Dee grabs the sword, reuniting it with its twin, Excalibur. The two swords fuse together to make a new sword. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins flee for Stonehenge with the Wild Hunt, Dee, and the police after them. They meet up with Shakespeare and the Gabriel Hounds who fled the junk-yard using a secret tunnel, the twins activate the ley lines at Stonehenge and the protagonists are greeted by Perenelle at the other end. Meanwhile, Scathach and Joan of Arc try to get to Alcatraz to help Perenelle but are trapped in a shadow−realm by Machiavelli, who had deliberately set the trap to snare them. They do not know how to return to their time and must try to survive while they wait for Flamel and the others to find and rescue them. Characters new to the series Palamedes - Hired by Francis to assist Flamel and the twins. He is an immortal Saracen knight and had watched King Arthur fall in battle. He has the unusual ability to move freely throughout the Shadowrealms without suffering any ill effects. His aura is dark green and smells like cloves. William Shakespeare - The immortal human also known as the Bard. He trained under Nicholas Flamel and Dr. Dee . Some members of the Torc Madra, or Gabriel Hounds/ Ratchets are loyal to him. Lived with Palamedes in a junkyard until Flamel and the twins showed up. His aura is yellow and smells of lemon. Billy the Kid - Real name "Henry McCarthy". Sent to Alcatraz to kill Perenelle Flamel. Owns a Thunderbird convertible. His aura is a deep purple-red and smells of cayenne peppers. Gilgamesh the King - The oldest immortal human, also known as the "Ancient of Days". Gilgamesh knows all the Magics, but is unable to use them as he has no aura. The centuries have taken their toll on his mind often rendering him forgetful and confused, bordering on insane. Gilgamesh promised to remember Sophie after she shed a tear for him when he said that he could not even remember most of the things that happened in his life. Cernunnos - The Horned God. An Archon from the time before the Elders walked the earth. Master of the Wild Hunt. Sent to repay a debt to Dee's master by helping destroy Nicholas, Josh, Sophie and the others in the junkyard. Killed King Arthur and Mordred with Clarent. Nereus - "Old Man of the Sea". He and his daughters prevent Perenelle from leaving Alcatraz. Has eight tentacles rather than two legs. Genii Cucullati - Shape shifting flesh eaters sent to meet Flamel and his group in London by John Dee. Gabriel Hounds - Also known as Torc Madra and Ratchets. These are the dog-men loyal to William Shakespeare. They help defend the junkyard castle against the attack from Cernunnos and his Wild Hunt. Special variations and editions The Sorceress was released as part of a special edition boxed 3-book set called The First Codex in the USA on 28 September 2010. The Sorceress is also available as an unabridged audiobook. It was released by the Listening Library on 26 May 2009 and narrated by Paul Boehmer. The ISBN numbers for the audiobook are: 978-0-7393-8055-0 (UK), 978-0-7393-8055-0 (US). Award nominations Amazon - Best Books of 2009, Top 10 Children's Books: Middle Readers. Cybills (Children and Young Bloggers Literary Awards) - 2009 Nominations, fantasy & science-fiction: Elementary/Middle Years. Online game To celebrate the release of The Sorceress an online game was created. It was called The Challenges of the Elder and launched on 21 April 2009. Players are guided through the game, which is a set of four challenges, by video scenes featuring Michael Scott. The first task, the Alchemyst's challenge, required players to assemble a moving jigsaw of the series' logo against a countdown clock. The second task, the Magician's challenge, required players to turn over two books from a series of books and find matching symbols, when a matching pair was found both books burst into flames and disappeared. The task was complete when all the books had been matched. The third task, the Sorceress' challenge was a colour sequencing game where players chose coloured flasks and would have to repeat the sequence that they were shown in. Players then advanced to meet The Elder, who asked them a set of knowledge questions about the books and were given a coloured aura depending on their scores and time taken in the tasks. Sequel The sequel The Necromancer: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel was released on 25 May 2010 in the USA. and 5 August 2010 in the UK. References ^ "The Sorceress is Perenelle Flamel" quoted from ^ The Sorceress Audiobook. ASIN 0739380559. ^ Staff writers. "Best Children's Books of 2009". Amazon.com. Retrieved 27 November 2009. ^ Staff writers. "2009 Nominations, fantasy & science fiction". Dadtalk.typepad.com. Retrieved 27 November 2009. ^ Maughan, Shannon (30 April 2009). "The Sorceress' Heats Up with Marketing Muscle". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ Asylum, Creative (22 April 2009). "The Challenges of the monkey d luffy". RHCB. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ Publisher's Website, Publisher's Website. ^ UK Publisher's Website Archived 1 April 2004 at the Wayback Machine, UK Publisher's Website. External links Author's official website Publisher's website Flamel Fan Forum vteThe Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael ScottBooks The Alchemyst The Magician The Sorceress The Necromancer The Warlock The Enchantress Companion Books The Death of Joan of Arc Billy the Kid & the Vampyres of Vegas Historical Figures Nicolas Flamel John Dee Perenelle Flamel Niccolò Machiavelli Joan of Arc Count of St. Germain Gilgamesh Niten (Musashi Miyamoto) William Shakespeare Billy the Kid Virginia Dare Juan Manuel de Ayala Black Hawk Mythological Figures/Creatures Hekate Scáthach Bastet Morrigan Dagon Witch of Endor Valkyrie (Disir) Phobos Deimos Níðhöggr Aoife Mars Ultor Prometheus Coatlicue Quetzalcoatl Odin Hel Isis Osiris Aten Anubis Areop-Enap Palamedes Genii Cucullati Gabriel Hounds Sphinx Cernunnos Wild Hunt Macha Badb Nereid Nereus Tammuz Lotan Yggdrasil Torbalan Huitzilopochtli Dagon Vetala Minotaur Domovoi Anpu Lindworm Inanna Xolotl Berserker Satyr Unicorn Karkinos Objects Book of Abraham Philosopher's stone Excalibur Clarent Joyeuse Durendal Vimana Primary Settings/Locations Alcatraz San Francisco Paris Danu Talis London The Tower of London vteEpic of GilgameshCharactersHumans Gilgamesh Aga Enmebaragesi Enkidu Shamhat Urshanabi Utnapishtim Deities Adad Anunnaki Ea Enlil Ishtar (Inanna) Ninsun Shamash (Utu) Shullat and Hanish Siduri Silili Wer Other mythical beings Bull of Heaven Humbaba Scorpion man AdaptationsLiterature The Great American Novel (1973) Gilgamesh the King (1984) Gilgamesh in the Outback (1986) Timewyrm: Genesys (1991) Slaves of the Shinar (2006) The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (2009) Classical music The Epic of Gilgamesh (1955 Czech oratorio) Gilgamesh (Kodallı) (1964 Turkish opera) Gilgamesh (Saygun) (1970 Turkish opera) Gilgamesh (Nørgård) (1972 Danish opera) Gilgamesh (Brucci) (1986 Serbian opera) Film The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom (1985) Television "Darmok" "Demon with a Glass Hand" "The Tower of Druaga" "The Beginnings" Comics Gilgamesh II Forgotten One Gilgamesh Video games The Tower of Druaga Other Popular culture Gilgamesh flood myth Uruk Mashu Sîn-lēqi-unninni George Smith Tale of Gudam Category
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It serves as the sequel to The Magician, and was released on 26 May 2009 in the US, 1 June 2009 in Australia, and 25 June 2009 in the UK. The titular sorceress refers to Perenelle Flamel.[1]","title":"The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The title refers to Perenelle Flamel.","title":"Title character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Palamedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)"},{"link_name":"Areop-Enap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areop-Enap"},{"link_name":"Sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"Morrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan"},{"link_name":"Macha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macha"},{"link_name":"Badb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badb"},{"link_name":"Scathach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scathach"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Billy the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid"},{"link_name":"Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Macha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macha"},{"link_name":"Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Hounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hounds"},{"link_name":"Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Cernunnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernunnos"},{"link_name":"Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Clarent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarent"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur"}],"text":"Flamel takes the twins to London, where he uses Francis to enlist Palamedes, the Saracen Knight, to help them. Palamedes takes them to his home, a junk-yard in London, and they manage to work together to contact Perenelle. Perenelle is trapped on Alcatraz with the friendly but untrustworthy spider elder, Areop-Enap, after narrowly escaping the Sphinx and defeating the Morrigan. Morrigan had been suppressed sufficiently by the Words of Power that resided on the island that her body was retaken by her two elder sisters, Macha and Badb. Perenelle also makes fleeting contact with Scathach and Joan of Arc by scrying. Areop-Enap and its spider army are then attacked by an onslaught of poisoned flies, killing most of the spiders and wounding Areop-Enap. Billy the Kid has joined forces with Machiavelli in an attempt to kill the sorceress, but Perenelle, aided by Macha and Badb, tricks the pair and steals their boat, travelling back to the mainland with her new ally, the Crow Goddess.Unfortunately, the Dark Elders have awakened an ancient being even more powerful and mysterious than them: an Archon (a being that predates the Elders). The Archon, named Cernunnos, is known as the Horned God and is the leader of a pack of wolf people called the Wild Hunt. Cernunnos, the Wild Hunt, and Dr Dee engage Shakespeare, the Gabriel Hounds, Palamedes, the twins, and Flamel in a vicious battle. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins manage to fight their way past Cernunnos and Dee and flee the destruction of the junkyard. They pick up Gilgamesh before heading towards Stonehenge. What Nicholas Flamel withheld from the twins is that Gilgamesh the King is insane. Though he has no magical aura - and hence cannot use any of his abilities - he can still pass on his knowledge to the Awakened human twins. Machiavelli uses his power as head of French intelligence to lock down the roads around Stonehenge, so they head to one of Shakespeare's nearby safe houses. Here Gilgamesh teaches the twins the magic of water. While the twins are adjusting to the powers Gilgamesh has taught them, Cernunnos returns with the Wild Hunt and attacks the twins and Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is wounded by the Archon, but the twins use their newfound magical powers to protect the King. While making their escape, Josh loses Clarent, and Dee grabs the sword, reuniting it with its twin, Excalibur. The two swords fuse together to make a new sword. Flamel, Palamedes and the twins flee for Stonehenge with the Wild Hunt, Dee, and the police after them. They meet up with Shakespeare and the Gabriel Hounds who fled the junk-yard using a secret tunnel, the twins activate the ley lines at Stonehenge and the protagonists are greeted by Perenelle at the other end.Meanwhile, Scathach and Joan of Arc try to get to Alcatraz to help Perenelle but are trapped in a shadow−realm by Machiavelli, who had deliberately set the trap to snare them. They do not know how to return to their time and must try to survive while they wait for Flamel and the others to find and rescue them.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palamedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"Billy the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid"},{"link_name":"Henry McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid"},{"link_name":"Gilgamesh the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Cernunnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernunnos"},{"link_name":"Archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon"},{"link_name":"Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Mordred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordred"},{"link_name":"Nereus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereus"},{"link_name":"Genii Cucullati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genii_Cucullati"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Hounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hounds"}],"text":"Palamedes - Hired by Francis to assist Flamel and the twins. He is an immortal Saracen knight and had watched King Arthur fall in battle. He has the unusual ability to move freely throughout the Shadowrealms without suffering any ill effects. His aura is dark green and smells like cloves.\nWilliam Shakespeare - The immortal human also known as the Bard. He trained under Nicholas Flamel and Dr. Dee . Some members of the Torc Madra, or Gabriel Hounds/ Ratchets are loyal to him. Lived with Palamedes in a junkyard until Flamel and the twins showed up. His aura is yellow and smells of lemon.\nBilly the Kid - Real name \"Henry McCarthy\". Sent to Alcatraz to kill Perenelle Flamel. Owns a Thunderbird convertible. His aura is a deep purple-red and smells of cayenne peppers.\nGilgamesh the King - The oldest immortal human, also known as the \"Ancient of Days\". Gilgamesh knows all the Magics, but is unable to use them as he has no aura. The centuries have taken their toll on his mind often rendering him forgetful and confused, bordering on insane. Gilgamesh promised to remember Sophie after she shed a tear for him when he said that he could not even remember most of the things that happened in his life.\nCernunnos - The Horned God. An Archon from the time before the Elders walked the earth. Master of the Wild Hunt. Sent to repay a debt to Dee's master by helping destroy Nicholas, Josh, Sophie and the others in the junkyard. Killed King Arthur and Mordred with Clarent.\nNereus - \"Old Man of the Sea\". He and his daughters prevent Perenelle from leaving Alcatraz. Has eight tentacles rather than two legs.\nGenii Cucullati - Shape shifting flesh eaters sent to meet Flamel and his group in London by John Dee.\nGabriel Hounds - Also known as Torc Madra and Ratchets. These are the dog-men loyal to William Shakespeare. They help defend the junkyard castle against the attack from Cernunnos and his Wild Hunt.","title":"Characters new to the series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unabridged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabridged"},{"link_name":"audiobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook"},{"link_name":"978-0-7393-8055-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-8055-0"},{"link_name":"978-0-7393-8055-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-8055-0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Sorceress was released as part of a special edition boxed 3-book set called The First Codex in the USA on 28 September 2010.The Sorceress is also available as an unabridged audiobook. It was released by the Listening Library on 26 May 2009 and narrated by Paul Boehmer. The ISBN numbers for the audiobook are: 978-0-7393-8055-0 (UK), 978-0-7393-8055-0 (US).[2]","title":"Special variations and editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon.com-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cybills-4"}],"text":"Amazon - Best Books of 2009, Top 10 Children's Books: Middle Readers.[3]\nCybills (Children and Young Bloggers Literary Awards) - 2009 Nominations, fantasy & science-fiction: Elementary/Middle Years.[4]","title":"Award nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"To celebrate the release of The Sorceress an online game was created.[5] It was called The Challenges of the Elder[6] and launched on 21 April 2009. Players are guided through the game, which is a set of four challenges, by video scenes featuring Michael Scott. The first task, the Alchemyst's challenge, required players to assemble a moving jigsaw of the series' logo against a countdown clock. The second task, the Magician's challenge, required players to turn over two books from a series of books and find matching symbols, when a matching pair was found both books burst into flames and disappeared. The task was complete when all the books had been matched. The third task, the Sorceress' challenge was a colour sequencing game where players chose coloured flasks and would have to repeat the sequence that they were shown in. Players then advanced to meet The Elder, who asked them a set of knowledge questions about the books and were given a coloured aura depending on their scores and time taken in the tasks.","title":"Online game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Necromancer: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Necromancer:_The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Necromancer-Publisher-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Necromancer-Publisher-8"}],"text":"The sequel The Necromancer: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel was released on 25 May 2010 in the USA.[7] and 5 August 2010 in the UK.[8]","title":"Sequel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"The Sorceress Audiobook. ASIN 0739380559.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0739380559","url_text":"0739380559"}]},{"reference":"Staff writers. \"Best Children's Books of 2009\". Amazon.com. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?plgroup=2&docId=1000446391","url_text":"\"Best Children's Books of 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writers. \"2009 Nominations, fantasy & science fiction\". Dadtalk.typepad.com. Retrieved 27 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://dadtalk.typepad.com/cybils/2009-nominations-fantasyscience-fiction.html","url_text":"\"2009 Nominations, fantasy & science fiction\""}]},{"reference":"Maughan, Shannon (30 April 2009). \"The Sorceress' Heats Up with Marketing Muscle\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090610173023/http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6655416.html","url_text":"\"The Sorceress' Heats Up with Marketing Muscle\""},{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6655416.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Asylum, Creative (22 April 2009). \"The Challenges of the monkey d luffy\". RHCB. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091206162916/http://www.alchemystgame.com/","url_text":"\"The Challenges of the monkey d luffy\""},{"url":"http://www.alchemystgame.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120630051841/http://flamelssecret.9.forumer.com/index.php?showtopic=284&view=findpost&p=62292","external_links_name":"\"The Sorceress is Perenelle Flamel\" quoted from"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0739380559","external_links_name":"0739380559"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?plgroup=2&docId=1000446391","external_links_name":"\"Best Children's Books of 2009\""},{"Link":"http://dadtalk.typepad.com/cybils/2009-nominations-fantasyscience-fiction.html","external_links_name":"\"2009 Nominations, fantasy & science fiction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090610173023/http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6655416.html","external_links_name":"\"The Sorceress' Heats Up with Marketing Muscle\""},{"Link":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6655416.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091206162916/http://www.alchemystgame.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Challenges of the monkey d luffy\""},{"Link":"http://www.alchemystgame.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385905169","external_links_name":"Publisher's Website"},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/book.htm?command=Search&db=main.txt&eqisbndata=140709677X","external_links_name":"UK Publisher's Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040401173136/http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/book.htm?command=Search","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dillonscott.com/the-secrets-of-the-immortal-nicholas-flamel/books/the-sorceress/","external_links_name":"Author's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.secretsofnicholasflamel.com/","external_links_name":"Publisher's website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091204090359/http://flamelssecret.9.forumer.com/","external_links_name":"Flamel Fan Forum"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunehri_Mosque_(Chandni_Chowk)
Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°39′22″N 77°13′55″E / 28.656050°N 77.231887°E / 28.656050; 77.231887Mosque in Delhi, India Not to be confused with Sunehri Masjid (Lahore) or Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort). Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)Sunehri Masjid at Chandni Chowk, old DelhiReligionAffiliationIslamDistrictCentral DelhiStatusActiveLocationLocationDelhiCountryIndiaShown within DelhiShow map of DelhiSunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk) (India)Show map of IndiaTerritoryDelhiGeographic coordinates28°39′22″N 77°13′55″E / 28.656050°N 77.231887°E / 28.656050; 77.231887ArchitectureTypeMosqueStyleMughalCompleted1722Dome(s)3 The Sunehri Masjid (lit. 'Golden Mosque') is an 18th-century mosque in Old Delhi. It was built by Mughal noble Roshan-ud-Daula, during the reign of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. It is located near the Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, once an imperial boulevard leading to the Red Fort. The mosque's original appearance has been altered as extensions to accommodate the faithful have been constructed. The mosque is also under threat from encroachment. History Painting of Golden Mosque in the 1850s, by Ghulam Ali Khan The Sunehri Masjid was built in the period 1721-1722 by Roshan-ud-Daula, a Mughal amir who was beginning to rise to power in the court of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. The mosque was dedicated to Roshan-ud-Daula's spiritual mentor, Shah Bhik. Sunehri Masjid in November 2023 after the newly placed walls covering the mosque. In 1739, the Persian Nadir Shah invaded Delhi. Standing in the Sunehri Masjid, he ordered the plunder of Delhi, which resulted in an immense loss of life and damage to the city. In 1897, Islamic scholar Amin al-Din established Madrasa Aminia at the Sunehri Masjid, later on shifting it to Kashmiri Gate in 1917. Architecture Elevated above street level on a plinth, the Sunehri Masjid is reached by a flight of stairs. The mosque is topped by three bulbous, gilted domes, and features slender minarets. The facade of the mosque bears three arched entryways. The interior of the mosque is divided into three bays. Stucco decoration work appears in both the interior and exterior of the mosque, in the form of arabesques and floral motifs. References ^ a b B., Asher, Catherine (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge Univ. Pr. pp. 295–298. ISBN 0-521-26728-5. OCLC 260144059.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ B., Asher, Catherine (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge Univ. Pr. p. 301. ISBN 0-521-26728-5. OCLC 260144059.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Jhabvala, C. S. H. (24 May 2012). Delhi: Phoenix City. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9788184754919. ^ Alfieri, Bianca Maria (2000). Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Lawrence King Publishing. p. 276. ISBN 9781856691895. External links Media related to Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk) at Wikimedia Commons vteMosques in India Andhra Pradesh Shahi Jamia Mosque Assam Panbari Mosque Bihar Chatta Mosque Noori Mosque Pathar Ki Mosque Sher Shah Suri Mosque Chhattisgarh Jama Mosque, Bhilai Delhi Akbarabadi Mosque Fatehpuri Mosque Golden Mosque Hijron Ka Khanqah Jama Mosque Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb Khirki Mosque Khilji Mosque Khairul Manazil Kotla Mubarakpur Complex Lal Mosque Moth ki Mosque Moti Mosque (Mehrauli) Moti Mosque (Red Fort) Mubarak Begum Mosque Nizamuddin Dargah Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque Purana Qila Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque Qutb Minar complex Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki Shia Jama Mosque Sunehri Mosque Zeenat-ul-Masajid Goa Safa Mosque Gujarat Achut Bibi's Mosque Ahmed Shah's Mosque Baba Lului's Mosque Bawaman Mosque Dastur Khan's Mosque Haibat Khan's Mosque Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad Jama Mosque, Champaner Jami Mosque, Khambhat Jumma Mosque Kevada Mosque Lila Gumbaj Ki Mosque Malik Alam's Mosque Malik Isan's Mosque Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque Mohammed Ghous Mosque Nagina Mosque Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque Qutbuddin Mosque Rani Rupamati's Mosque Rani Sipri's Mosque Saiyad Usman Mosque Sardar Khan's Mosque Sarkhej Roza's Mosque Shah-e-Alam's Mosque Shahpur Mosque Sidi Bashir Mosque Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Shah Wajihuddin's Mosque Haryana Kabuli Bagh Mosque Mosque of Ala Vardi Khan Thanesar Pathar Mosque Himachal Pradesh‎ Jama Mosque, Dharamshala Jammu and Kashmir Aali Mosque Hazratbal Shrine Jamia Masjid Khanqah-e-Moula Pathar Mosque Madin Sahib Jamia Masjid Bhaderwah Jharkhand Jama Mosque, Ramgarh Karnataka Bilal Mosque Jama Mosque, Bijapur Jama Mosque Kalaburagi Masjid-i-Ala Zeenath Baksh Mosque Kerala Central Mahallu Juma Mosque Chempittapally Cheraman Juma Mosque Edappally Juma Mosque Juma Mosque, Pullancheri Kambalakkad Juma Mosque Kolloorvila Juma Mosque Madayi Mosque Malik Dinar Mosque Mampuram Mosque Mishkal Mosque Muchundi Mosque Nellikunnu Muhyaddin Juma Mosque Odathil Mosque Palayam Juma Mosque Ponnani Juma Masjid Shahre Mubarak Grand Mosque Tahir Mosque Thazhathangady Juma Mosque Madhya Pradesh Taj-ul-Masajid Jama Masjid, Mandu Lat Mosque Maharashtra Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad Haji Ali Dargah Jama Mosque, Aurangabad Jama Mosque, Erandol Jama Mosque, Furus Jama Mosque, Mumbai Jama Mosque, Nagpur Jama Masjid, Nerul Kali Masjid, Jalna Moti Masjid, Jalna Jama Masjid, Jalna Gol Masjid, Jalna Chawki Masjid, Jalna Kadrabad Masjid, Jalna Miya Sahab Darga, Jalna Bilal Masjid, Jalna Aksa Masjid, Jalna Al-Furkan Masjid, Jalna Masjid Ghareeb Nawaz Sat Tad Mosque Meghalaya Madina Mosque, Shillong Puducherry Khutba Mosque, Pondicherry Meeran Mosque Punjab Aqsa Mosque, Qadian Mubarak Mosque, Qadian Moorish Mosque, Kapurthala Rajasthan Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra Ajmer Sharif Dargah Tamil Nadu Athar Jamad Mosque Bahram Jung Mosque Bawa Kassim Valiyullah Mosque Begumpur Mosque, Dindigul Big Mosque, Poonamallee Butt Road Jumma Mosque Casa Verona's Mosque Dharma Kidangu Mosque Goripalayam Mosque Hafiz Ahmad Khan Mosque Jama Mosque, Kanchipuram Kazimar Big Mosque Kattubava Mosque Kottaimedu Mosque Makkah Mosque (Chennai) Malik ibn Dinar Mosque Mamoor Mosque Masjid e Mahmood, Choolaimedu Masjid-e-Anwari Masjid-o-Anwari Meltheru and Keeltheru Mosques Mohaideen Andavar Mosque Muhyuddin Andavar Mosque Nadir Shah Mosque Nawab Jamia Mosque Palaiya Jumma Palli Periamet Mosque Thousand Lights Mosque Triplicane Big Mosque Triplicane Labbai Jamaath Mosque Sungam Mosque Telangana Afzal Gunj Mosque Charminar Chowk Ke Mosque Hayat Bakshi Mosque Jama Mosque, Golconda Judi Mosque Khairtabad Mosque Kulsum Begum Mosque Makkah Masjid (Hyderabad) Mian Mishk Mosque Masjid E Qutub Shahi (Langer Houz) Musheerabad Mosque Shahi Mosque Spanish Mosque Toli Masjid Uttar Pradesh Aasfi Masjid Alamgir Mosque Atala Mosque, Jaunpur Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur Babri Masjid Chaukhamba Mosque Eidgah, Kheri Ganj-e-Shaheedan Mosque Great Mosque, Budaun Gyanvapi Mosque Humayun Mosque Jama Mosque, Agra Jama Mosque, Dildar Nagar Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri Jama Mosque, Jaunpur Jama Mosque, Lucknow Jama Mosque, Mathura Jama Masjid, Pilibhit Lal Darwaza Mosque Mina Mosque Moti Masjid (Agra Fort) Nagina Mosque Purani Mosque Sir Syed Mosque Ziarat Shareef West Bengal Adina Mosque Bari Mosque Basri Shah Mosque Baro Shona Masjid Chawk Masjid Fauti Mosque Furfura Sharif Hooghly Imambara Jama Masjid, Motijheel Katra Masjid Kherur Mosque Khustigiri Madina Mosque Motichur Mosque Nakhoda Mosque Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque Tipu Sultan Mosque Yellow Mosque Categories: Mosques in India Mosques by country Note: States and UTs are sorted alphabetically
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunehri Masjid (Lahore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid_(Lahore)"},{"link_name":"Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid_(Red_Fort)"},{"link_name":"Old Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roshan-ud-Daula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan-ud-Daulah"},{"link_name":"Mughal Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah"},{"link_name":"Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Chandni Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"Red Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mosque in Delhi, IndiaNot to be confused with Sunehri Masjid (Lahore) or Sunehri Masjid (Red Fort).The Sunehri Masjid (lit. 'Golden Mosque') is an 18th-century mosque in Old Delhi. It was built by Mughal noble Roshan-ud-Daula, during the reign of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. It is located near the Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, once an imperial boulevard leading to the Red Fort.[citation needed]The mosque's original appearance has been altered as extensions to accommodate the faithful have been constructed. The mosque is also under threat from encroachment.[citation needed]","title":"Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sunehri_Masjid_of_Roshan_ud-Dawla_at_Chandni_Chowk_in_Delhi_-_a_painting_by_Ghulam_Ali_Khan_026b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Roshan-ud-Daula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan-ud-Daulah"},{"link_name":"amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahi_Sunheri_Masjid,_Chandni_Chowk,_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nadir Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Shah"},{"link_name":"invaded Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Madrasa Aminia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa_Aminia"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Painting of Golden Mosque in the 1850s, by Ghulam Ali KhanThe Sunehri Masjid was built in the period 1721-1722 by Roshan-ud-Daula, a Mughal amir who was beginning to rise to power in the court of the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. The mosque was dedicated to Roshan-ud-Daula's spiritual mentor, Shah Bhik.[1]Sunehri Masjid in November 2023 after the newly placed walls covering the mosque.In 1739, the Persian Nadir Shah invaded Delhi. Standing in the Sunehri Masjid, he ordered the plunder of Delhi, which resulted in an immense loss of life and damage to the city.[2]In 1897, Islamic scholar Amin al-Din established Madrasa Aminia at the Sunehri Masjid, later on shifting it to Kashmiri Gate in 1917.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"text":"Elevated above street level on a plinth, the Sunehri Masjid is reached by a flight of stairs. The mosque is topped by three bulbous, gilted domes, and features slender minarets. The facade of the mosque bears three arched entryways. The interior of the mosque is divided into three bays. Stucco decoration work appears in both the interior and exterior of the mosque, in the form of arabesques and floral motifs.[1][4]","title":"Architecture"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridomyrmex_alpinus
Iridomyrmex alpinus
["1 Distribution","2 Etymology","3 References","4 External links"]
Species of ant Iridomyrmex alpinus Iridomyrmex alpinus worker Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Formicidae Subfamily: Dolichoderinae Genus: Iridomyrmex Species: I. alpinus Binomial name Iridomyrmex alpinusHeterick & Shattuck, 2011 Iridomyrmex alpinus is a species of ant of the genus Iridomyrmex. It was described by Heterick and Shattuck in 2011. Distribution The ant is found in wet areas in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Specimens were found in alpine areas, alpine heath, grassland and in Sclerophyll, either wet or dry, at elevations of 2,000 metres. These ants can establish nests under large stones, rotting wood, under dead piles of leaves and twigs, and workers have been found foraging in litter and alpine vegetation. A large number of specimens have been collected to the Australian National Insect Collection. A study this species is important for ants living in the eastern seaboard. Etymology The Latin word alpinus translates as alpine, which refers to the habitat the ant lives in. References ^ a b c d Shattuck, Brian E. Heterick & Steve (2011). Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) (PDF). Auckland, N.Z.: Magnolia Press. ISBN 978-1-86977-676-3. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ AntWeb. "Species: Iridomyrmex alpinus". The California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 January 2015. ^ Atlas of Living Australia. "Occurrence records". Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Government of Australia). Retrieved 3 January 2015. External links Media related to Iridomyrmex alpinus at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersIridomyrmex alpinus Wikidata: Q13368834 Wikispecies: Iridomyrmex alpinus AFD: Iridomyrmex_alpinus iNaturalist: 631601
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Shattuck, Brian E. Heterick & Steve (2011). Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) (PDF). Auckland, N.Z.: Magnolia Press. ISBN 978-1-86977-676-3. Retrieved 2 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/a/ab/Heterick_%26_Shattuck.pdf","url_text":"Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86977-676-3","url_text":"978-1-86977-676-3"}]},{"reference":"AntWeb. \"Species: Iridomyrmex alpinus\". The California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antweb.org/description.do?rank=species&genus=iridomyrmex&name=alpinus","url_text":"\"Species: Iridomyrmex alpinus\""}]},{"reference":"Atlas of Living Australia. \"Occurrence records\". Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Government of Australia). Retrieved 3 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrence/search?q=lsid%3Aurn%3Alsid%3Abiodiversity.org.au%3Aafd.taxon%3Ae7b0512a-47a4-445d-a4a3-096f7d75a1a5","url_text":"\"Occurrence records\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utenzi
Utenzi
["1 See also","2 References","3 Notes"]
Utenzi or utend̠i is a form of narrative poetry in Swahili. Its name derives from the fact that it usually describes heroic deeds, like the medieval European gesta (lit. "deeds"). Utendi, plural tendi, meaning "act" or "deed", is derived from the Swahili verb ku-tenda "to do". Well-known examples of utenzi are the Utendi wa Tambuka by Bwana Mwengo (one of the earliest known literary works in Swahili, dated 1728), the Utenzi wa Shufaka, and the Utenzi wa vita vya Uhud (the epic of the battle of Uhud) compiled around 1950 by Haji Chum. Reciting utenzi is a popular pastime on weddings and other ceremonies and feasts; often, specialized narrators are invited to do this. Utenzi verse form consists of four-line stanzas, with each line having eight syllables. The last syllables of the first three lines rhyme with each other, while the fourth line has a rhyme that is constant throughout the whole of the epic. This last rhyme thus serves to tie all stanzas of the epic together. Within a line of eight syllables there are no further meter requirements. The verse form can be illustrated by the first stanza of the Utend̠i wa Tambuka: Bisimillahi kut̠ubu yina la Mola Wahhabu Arraḥamani eribu na Arraḥimu ukyowa The first three lines all end in -bu. The last syllable of the fourth line ends in the vowel a, and this sound is found at the end of every stanza of the poem. When recited, this last syllable is sustained for some time and given emphasis. See also Swahili literature References Chum, Haji & H.E. Lambert (1962). Utenzi wa vita vya Uhud (The epic of the battle of Uhud), collected and compiled by Haji Chum, edited with a translation and notes by H. E. Lambert. (Johari za Kiswahili, vol. 3). Nairobi. Gérard, S. (1976) "Structure and values in three Swahili epics", Research in African Literatures, 7, 1, 7-22. Knappert, Jan (1967). Traditional Swahili poetry: an investigation into the concepts of East African Islam as reflected in the Utenzi literature. Leiden: Brill. Knappert, Jan (1977). Het Epos van Heraklios. Uit het Swahili vertaald in het oorspronkelijke metrum. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. (Dutch translation in the original meter). Knappert, Jan. (1999). A Survey of Swahili Islamic Epic Sagas. Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press. Wamitila, K. W. (1999). "A Rhetorical Study of Kiswahili Classical Poetry: An Investigation into the Nature and Role of Repetition", Research in African Literatures, 30, 1, Spring 1999, 58-73. Notes ^ Alain Ricard, Le kiswahili, une langue moderne (Karthala, 2009), p. 91. ^ See Chum & Lambert (1962). ^ Knappert 1977:31. ^ In Knappert's Latin transcription, based on the Arabic manuscript U, as found in Knappert 1977:32.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"},{"link_name":"meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Utenzi verse form consists of four-line stanzas, with each line having eight syllables. The last syllables of the first three lines rhyme with each other, while the fourth line has a rhyme that is constant throughout the whole of the epic. This last rhyme thus serves to tie all stanzas of the epic together. Within a line of eight syllables there are no further meter requirements. The verse form can be illustrated by the first stanza of the Utend̠i wa Tambuka:[4]Bisimillahi kut̠ubu\nyina la Mola Wahhabu\nArraḥamani eribu\nna Arraḥimu ukyowaThe first three lines all end in -bu. The last syllable of the fourth line ends in the vowel a, and this sound is found at the end of every stanza of the poem. When recited, this last syllable is sustained for some time and given emphasis.","title":"Utenzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Alain Ricard, Le kiswahili, une langue moderne (Karthala, 2009), p. 91.\n\n^ See Chum & Lambert (1962).\n\n^ Knappert 1977:31.\n\n^ In Knappert's Latin transcription, based on the Arabic manuscript U, as found in Knappert 1977:32.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Swahili literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_literature"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%97vyn%C4%97s_sargas
Tėvynės sargas
["1 First magazine in 1896–1904","2 Revivals","2.1 In 1917–1926","2.2 In 1947–2000","3 References","4 External links"]
Lithuanian-language periodical Tėvynės sargas (Guardian of the Fatherland) was a Lithuanian-language periodical first established in 1896 in Tilsit, East Prussia during the Lithuanian press ban and the Lithuanian National Revival. It was published by the clergy and later by the Christian Democrats, thus it reflected and advocated for Roman Catholic ideals and values. Its motto was "All for Lithuania, Lithuania for Christ" (Lithuanian: Visa Lietuvai, Lietuva Kristui). With interruptions, it was published until 2000. First magazine in 1896–1904 Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, one of the key people in publishing Tėvynės sargas, in 1921 Tėvynės sargas was first printed in January 1896 in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast). Its staff was based mostly in Mosėdis (where Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas worked as a vicar) and Kretinga Monastery (where several priests were deported due to anti-Tsarist activities). It competed with and quickly replaced more conservative Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga. The magazine, 32–60 pages in length, had a circulation of about 2,000 copies and was published monthly. Because Lithuanian-language press in the Latin alphabet was banned in Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire), the periodical had to be smuggled across the border. Tėvynės sargas was published until May 1904 when the press ban was lifted. Tėvynės sargas wrote on patriotic topics and defended religious and cultural rights. It advocated against various Russification policies, particularly the Russian government schools, and urged resistance to Polonization and promoted the Lithuanian National Revival. That presented a challenge as Catholicism was long associated with the Polish identity; the clergy needed to become less Polish without becoming less Catholic. The magazine thus criticized Catholic hierarchy, particularly in the Diocese of Vilnius, for supporting various Russification or Polonization policies. The magazine did not encourage political resistance against the Tsarist regime and in general accepted the existing social and political order. It also published more practical advice for farming and financial planning, encouraged commerce and learning a trade. It laid the ideological groundwork for the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party established in 1904. From 1898, each issue had a supplement of literary fiction, popular science, or practical advice. Its editors were Felicijonas Lelis (1896), Domininkas Tumėnas (1896–97), Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (1897–1902; reassigned to Vadaktėliai  he was unable to attend day-to-day needs of the magazine), Antanas Milukas (1902–04). Officially, Jurgis Lapinas was listed as the editor as he lived in East Prussia. Its contributors included Jonas Basanavičius, Jurgis Bielinis, Kazimieras Būga, Liudas Gira, Motiejus Gustaitis, Jonas Jablonskis, Maironis, Šatrijos Ragana, Jurgis Smolskis Jurgis Šaulys, Žemaitė. Revivals In 1917–1926 The magazine was revived by the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party in 1917. It was published weekly in Vilnius in 1917–18 and in Kaunas in 1920–26. It had weekly supplement Ūkininkas (Farmer; 1921–22) and monthly supplements Žvaigždutė (Little Star; 1923), Šeimyna (Family; 1923–26), Naujakuris (New Settler; 1925–26), Svirplys (Cricket; 1925–26), Jaunimas (Youth; 1925–26). It was edited and published by Aleksandras Stulginskis (1917–18), Stasys Tijūnaitis (1920–22), Juozas Andziulis (1922–24), Juozas Sakalauskas (1924–25), J. Dagilis (1925–26). Its noted contributors included Kazys Bizauskas, Liudas Gira, Justinas Staugaitis, Antanas Vileišis. In 1947–2000 The periodical was revived again in 1947 by Lithuanian displaced persons in Reutlingen and Fellbach, Germany. In 1950, the magazine moved to United States where it continued to be published until 1991. It was published in various cities, including Chicago, New York, Hot Springs, Arkansas and Euclid, Ohio. After Lithuania regained independence, it returned to Vilnius, Lithuania, where it was published by the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party until 2000. It was edited by Domas Jasaitis (1968–75), Petras Maldeikis (1976–83), Algirdas Jonas Kasulaitis (1984–91), Audronė Viktorija Škiudaitė (1993–2000). Its circulation was 10,000 copies in 1992 and 2,000 copies in 1996. References ^ Girnius, Juozas (1947). "Tėvynės sargas". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 7: 328. ISSN 0002-208X. ^ a b c Tapinas, Laimonas; et al., eds. (1997). "Tėvynės sargas" (PDF). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradai. p. 518. ISBN 9986-776-62-7. ^ a b c Pauliukonis, Pranas (1967). "60 metų Tėvynės sargyboje". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 4: 160–167. ISSN 0002-208X. ^ a b c d e Kulakauskas, Antanas (2005). "Žiniasklaida". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (in Lithuanian). Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. ^ a b c Kučas, Antanas (1970–1978). "Tėvynės sargas". In Sužiedėlis, Simas (ed.). Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. IV. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 433–434. LCCN 74-114275. ^ Krapauskas, Virgil (2000). Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Historicism. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-88033-457-6. ^ a b c ""Tėvynės sargas"". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 2013-06-03. Retrieved 6 December 2017. ^ a b ""Tėvynės sargas"". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 2013-06-03. Retrieved 6 December 2017. ^ a b ""Tėvynės sargas"". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 2013-06-03. Retrieved 6 December 2017. External links Full-text archives 1896–1904 Full-text archives 1917–1926 Full-text archives 1947–1991 Full-text digital archive 1947-1991 at spauda.org Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian-language"},{"link_name":"Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsit"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian press ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girni-1"}],"text":"Tėvynės sargas (Guardian of the Fatherland) was a Lithuanian-language periodical first established in 1896 in Tilsit, East Prussia during the Lithuanian press ban and the Lithuanian National Revival. It was published by the clergy and later by the Christian Democrats, thus it reflected and advocated for Roman Catholic ideals and values. Its motto was \"All for Lithuania, Lithuania for Christ\" (Lithuanian: Visa Lietuvai, Lietuva Kristui).[1] With interruptions, it was published until 2000.","title":"Tėvynės sargas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TumasVai%C5%BEgantasJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Tumas-Vai%C5%BEgantas"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapin-2"},{"link_name":"Mosėdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C4%97dis"},{"link_name":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Tumas-Vai%C5%BEgantas"},{"link_name":"Kretinga 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border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_book_smugglers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulik-4"},{"link_name":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"Polonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulik-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krapa-6"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulik-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paliu-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulik-4"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Christian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kucas-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle1-7"},{"link_name":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Tumas-Vai%C5%BEgantas"},{"link_name":"Vadaktėliai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vadakt%C4%97liai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadakt%C4%97liai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paliu-3"},{"link_name":"Antanas Milukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Milukas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle1-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kucas-5"},{"link_name":"Jonas Basanavičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Basanavi%C4%8Dius"},{"link_name":"Jurgis Bielinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_Bielinis"},{"link_name":"Kazimieras Būga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimieras_B%C5%ABga"},{"link_name":"Liudas Gira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudas_Gira"},{"link_name":"Motiejus Gustaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiejus_Gustaitis"},{"link_name":"Jonas Jablonskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Jablonskis"},{"link_name":"Maironis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maironis"},{"link_name":"Šatrijos Ragana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atrijos_Ragana"},{"link_name":"Jurgis Smolskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_Smolskis"},{"link_name":"Jurgis Šaulys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_%C5%A0aulys"},{"link_name":"Žemaitė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemait%C4%97"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle1-7"}],"text":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, one of the key people in publishing Tėvynės sargas, in 1921Tėvynės sargas was first printed in January 1896 in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast).[2] Its staff was based mostly in Mosėdis (where Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas worked as a vicar) and Kretinga Monastery (where several priests were deported due to anti-Tsarist activities).[3] It competed with and quickly replaced more conservative Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga.[4] The magazine, 32–60 pages in length, had a circulation of about 2,000 copies and was published monthly.[5] Because Lithuanian-language press in the Latin alphabet was banned in Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire), the periodical had to be smuggled across the border. Tėvynės sargas was published until May 1904 when the press ban was lifted.[4]Tėvynės sargas wrote on patriotic topics and defended religious and cultural rights. It advocated against various Russification policies, particularly the Russian government schools, and urged resistance to Polonization and promoted the Lithuanian National Revival.[4] That presented a challenge as Catholicism was long associated with the Polish identity; the clergy needed to become less Polish without becoming less Catholic.[6] The magazine thus criticized Catholic hierarchy, particularly in the Diocese of Vilnius, for supporting various Russification or Polonization policies.[4][3] The magazine did not encourage political resistance against the Tsarist regime and in general accepted the existing social and political order.[4] It also published more practical advice for farming and financial planning, encouraged commerce and learning a trade. It laid the ideological groundwork for the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party established in 1904.[5] From 1898, each issue had a supplement of literary fiction, popular science, or practical advice.[7]Its editors were Felicijonas Lelis (1896), Domininkas Tumėnas (1896–97), Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (1897–1902; reassigned to Vadaktėliai [lt] he was unable to attend day-to-day needs of the magazine),[3] Antanas Milukas (1902–04).[7] Officially, Jurgis Lapinas was listed as the editor as he lived in East Prussia.[5] Its contributors included Jonas Basanavičius, Jurgis Bielinis, Kazimieras Būga, Liudas Gira, Motiejus Gustaitis, Jonas Jablonskis, Maironis, Šatrijos Ragana, Jurgis Smolskis Jurgis Šaulys, Žemaitė.[7]","title":"First magazine in 1896–1904"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Christian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle2-8"},{"link_name":"Aleksandras Stulginskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Stulginskis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle2-8"},{"link_name":"Kazys Bizauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazys_Bizauskas"},{"link_name":"Liudas Gira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudas_Gira"},{"link_name":"Justinas Staugaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinas_Staugaitis"},{"link_name":"Antanas Vileišis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Vilei%C5%A1is"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapin-2"}],"sub_title":"In 1917–1926","text":"The magazine was revived by the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party in 1917. It was published weekly in Vilnius in 1917–18 and in Kaunas in 1920–26.[8] It had weekly supplement Ūkininkas (Farmer; 1921–22) and monthly supplements Žvaigždutė (Little Star; 1923), Šeimyna (Family; 1923–26), Naujakuris (New Settler; 1925–26), Svirplys (Cricket; 1925–26), Jaunimas (Youth; 1925–26). It was edited and published by Aleksandras Stulginskis (1917–18), Stasys Tijūnaitis (1920–22), Juozas Andziulis (1922–24), Juozas Sakalauskas (1924–25), J. Dagilis (1925–26).[8] Its noted contributors included Kazys Bizauskas, Liudas Gira, Justinas Staugaitis, Antanas Vileišis.[2]","title":"Revivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"displaced persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_persons"},{"link_name":"Reutlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutlingen"},{"link_name":"Fellbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellbach"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle3-9"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Euclid, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapin-2"},{"link_name":"Lithuania regained independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_March_11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vle3-9"}],"sub_title":"In 1947–2000","text":"The periodical was revived again in 1947 by Lithuanian displaced persons in Reutlingen and Fellbach, Germany. In 1950, the magazine moved to United States where it continued to be published until 1991.[9] It was published in various cities, including Chicago, New York, Hot Springs, Arkansas and Euclid, Ohio.[2] After Lithuania regained independence, it returned to Vilnius, Lithuania, where it was published by the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party until 2000. It was edited by Domas Jasaitis (1968–75), Petras Maldeikis (1976–83), Algirdas Jonas Kasulaitis (1984–91), Audronė Viktorija Škiudaitė (1993–2000). Its circulation was 10,000 copies in 1992 and 2,000 copies in 1996.[9]","title":"Revivals"}]
[{"image_text":"Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, one of the key people in publishing Tėvynės sargas, in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/TumasVai%C5%BEgantasJ.jpg/220px-TumasVai%C5%BEgantasJ.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah
Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah
["1 External links"]
Sultan of Kedah (r. 1710–1778) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II محمد جيوا زين العابدين معظم شاه ٢‎al-Azizzu ul-Mulk al-Qadir al-Ghalib Ghahr al-Maghlub, us-Sultan Khalifatu’llah ‘Ala Da’irah KedahSultan and Yang di-Pertuan of the State of Kedah Dar ul-AmanReign1710–1778PredecessorAhmad Tajuddin Halim Shah ISuccessorAbdullah Mukarram ShahBorn1699Died23 September 1778 (aged 78–79)Istana Baginda, Alor StarBurialLanggar Royal MausoleumSpouseNang Che’ Puan Paduka BondaTunku Putrithe third wifethe fourth wifeIssueTunku Long Putra ShahTunku Mangku PutraSultan Abdullah Mukarram ShahSultan Dziaddin Mukarram Shah IITunku RahimaTunku DayangPosthumous nameAl-Marhum Kota Star al-AwwalHouseKedahFatherAbdullah Mu'adzam ShahMotherWan Nang MasReligionSunni Islam Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I (Jawi: ڤدوك سري سلطان محمد جيوا زين العابدين معظم شاه ٢ ابن المرحوم سلطان أحمد تاج الدين حليم شاه ١; 1699 – 23 September 1778; also spelt Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zain al-‘Adilan Mu’azzam Shah) was the 19th Sultan of Kedah and reigned from 1710 to 1778. He is widely known as the founder of Alor Setar with many current landmarks in the city being attributed to him. He went on pilgrimage to Jambi and Palembang, where he met the Arab religious teacher Shaikh Abdul Jalil, then journeyed with him to Java and India. He returned to the mainland from his exile in Langkawi and formally was installed at the Istana Bukit Pinang in May 1710. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa founded Alor Setar in 1735, which was Kedah’s eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate. The earlier administrative centres were located in Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang. After founding the city, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa went on to build his palace, the Istana Kota Setar. The original building was a wooden structure which had been demolished several times due to attacks by the Bugis (1770) and the Siamese (1821). The current concrete building was completed during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah in the mid-19th century. This palace is also renowned as the Istana Pelamin Palace when the building was expanded to add a pavilion and several rooms when Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim wanted to marry off his five children. After 1941, this palace was used as a school and an office for several organizations including the office for the Kedah chapter of St John Ambulance and the Scout movements. On 25 July 1983, this palace was declared the Kedah Royal Museum. Another structure attributed to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa was the Balai Besar (Grand Audience Hall). Initially the function of the building was as the Balai Rong Seri or Balai Penghadapan (audience hall), that was situated at the back area of the Istana Kota Setar complex. The pillars, roofs and floors were made of wood and still stands to this day. The Balai Nobat was also built by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa upon founding of Alor Setar. The 18 metre-tall and 5 metre-wide three-tiered octagonal tower's purpose was to keep all the royal musical instruments including the serunai (wooden flute), nafiri, gendang (drum) and gong (also known as a nobat). Kedah achieved its greatest extent during his reign, its borders stretched from Terang in the north to Krian in the south. External links List of Sultans of Kedah "Background of Alor Setar". ALOR SETAR’S EARLY HISTORY. Alor Setar City Council. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. "Raja-Raja Melayu Paling Lama Memerintah Dalam Sejarah - The Patriots". 25 October 2017. Bonney, R. (1971). "Kedah, 1771-1821: The Search for Security and Independence". Oxford University Press. Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah House of Kedah Died: 23 September 1778 Regnal titles Preceded byAhmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I Sultan of Kedah 1710–1778 Succeeded byAbdullah Mukarram Shah
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah"},{"link_name":"Alor Setar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setar"},{"link_name":"Jambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi"},{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alor Setar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setar"},{"link_name":"Kedah Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis"},{"link_name":"Siamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah"},{"link_name":"Abdul Hamid Halim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Halim_of_Kedah"},{"link_name":"St John Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Ambulance"},{"link_name":"Scout movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Scouts_Association"},{"link_name":"Alor Setar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Setar"},{"link_name":"Terang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trang_province"},{"link_name":"Krian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerian_District"}],"text":"Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I (Jawi: ڤدوك سري سلطان محمد جيوا زين العابدين معظم شاه ٢ ابن المرحوم سلطان أحمد تاج الدين حليم شاه ١; 1699 – 23 September 1778; also spelt Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zain al-‘Adilan Mu’azzam Shah) was the 19th Sultan of Kedah and reigned from 1710 to 1778. He is widely known as the founder of Alor Setar with many current landmarks in the city being attributed to him.He went on pilgrimage to Jambi and Palembang, where he met the Arab religious teacher Shaikh Abdul Jalil, then journeyed with him to Java and India. He returned to the mainland from his exile in Langkawi and formally was installed at the Istana Bukit Pinang in May 1710.[citation needed]Sultan Muhammad Jiwa founded Alor Setar in 1735, which was Kedah’s eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate. The earlier administrative centres were located in Kota Bukit Meriam, Kota Sungai Emas, Kota Siputeh, Kota Naga, Kota Sena, Kota Indera Kayangan and Kota Bukit Pinang.[citation needed]After founding the city, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa went on to build his palace, the Istana Kota Setar. The original building was a wooden structure which had been demolished several times due to attacks by the Bugis (1770) and the Siamese (1821). The current concrete building was completed during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah in the mid-19th century.This palace is also renowned as the Istana Pelamin Palace when the building was expanded to add a pavilion and several rooms when Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim wanted to marry off his five children. After 1941, this palace was used as a school and an office for several organizations including the office for the Kedah chapter of St John Ambulance and the Scout movements. On 25 July 1983, this palace was declared the Kedah Royal Museum.Another structure attributed to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa was the Balai Besar (Grand Audience Hall). Initially the function of the building was as the Balai Rong Seri or Balai Penghadapan (audience hall), that was situated at the back area of the Istana Kota Setar complex. The pillars, roofs and floors were made of wood and still stands to this day.The Balai Nobat was also built by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa upon founding of Alor Setar. The 18 metre-tall and 5 metre-wide three-tiered octagonal tower's purpose was to keep all the royal musical instruments including the serunai (wooden flute), nafiri, gendang (drum) and gong (also known as a nobat).Kedah achieved its greatest extent during his reign, its borders stretched from Terang in the north to Krian in the south.","title":"Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Background of Alor Setar\". ALOR SETAR’S EARLY HISTORY. Alor Setar City Council. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100534/http://www.mbas.gov.my/latarbelakang","url_text":"\"Background of Alor Setar\""},{"url":"http://www.mbas.gov.my/latarbelakang","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raja-Raja Melayu Paling Lama Memerintah Dalam Sejarah - The Patriots\". 25 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepatriots.asia/raja-raja-melayu-paling-lama-memerintah-dalam-sejarah/","url_text":"\"Raja-Raja Melayu Paling Lama Memerintah Dalam Sejarah - The Patriots\""}]},{"reference":"Bonney, R. (1971). \"Kedah, 1771-1821: The Search for Security and Independence\". Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oaRuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Kedah, 1771-1821: The Search for Security and Independence\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_My_Lives
The Book of My Lives
["1 References"]
The Book of My Lives First editionAuthorAleksandar HemonLanguageEnglishGenreNonfictionPublisherFarrar, Straus and GirouxPublication date19 March 2013Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages224 ppISBN978-0-374-11573-9 2013 nonfiction book by Aleksandar Hemon The Book of My Lives is the first book of nonfiction by the Bosnian-American novelist Aleksandar Hemon. It's a collection of nonfiction pieces about Hemon's childhood in Sarajevo and his adult life in Chicago. The final essay tells of his young daughter's brain tumor and untimely death; it was first published in The New Yorker under the title "The Aquarium." Hemon’s The Book of My Lives was shortlisted for the National Book Critics Circle Award in 2013. References ^ Percy, Benjamin. "Hemon's 'The Book Of My Lives': Finding Beauty In Sarajevo's Scars". NPR. Retrieved 14 October 2014. ^ "Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013". National Book Critics Circle. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Percy, Benjamin. \"Hemon's 'The Book Of My Lives': Finding Beauty In Sarajevo's Scars\". NPR. Retrieved 14 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2013/03/19/174670609/hemons-the-book-of-my-lives-finding-beauty-in-sarajevos-scars","url_text":"\"Hemon's 'The Book Of My Lives': Finding Beauty In Sarajevo's Scars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013\". National Book Critics Circle. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140115014055/http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists","url_text":"\"Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013\""},{"url":"http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2013/03/19/174670609/hemons-the-book-of-my-lives-finding-beauty-in-sarajevos-scars","external_links_name":"\"Hemon's 'The Book Of My Lives': Finding Beauty In Sarajevo's Scars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140115014055/http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists","external_links_name":"\"Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013\""},{"Link":"http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariunculus
Ariunculus
["1 Etymology","2 Species","3 Diagnostic characters","4 References"]
Genus of gastropods Ariunculus A live individual of Ariunculus speziae, coin diameter is 16.25 mm Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Heterobranchia Order: Stylommatophora Family: Arionidae Genus: AriunculusLessona, 1881 Type species Ariunculus speziaeLessona, 1881 Diversity 2 species, each in its own subgenus Ariunculus is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs. Sometimes it has been considered as a subgenus of Arion, and sometimes the subgenus Ichnusarion has been raised to generic rank. Etymology The stem of Arion plus the suffix -unculus, which is a diminutive in Latin. Hence "little Arion". Pollonera justifies why "Ariunculus" is appropriate rather than "Arionculus" (cf. "homo" and "homunculus"). The subgenus name Ichnusarion is also based on "Arion", to which has been added "Ichnusa", a Latin name of Sardinia, where the single species of this subgenus is endemic. Species Only two species are currently recognised: subgenus Ariuncululus Ariunculus speziae Lessona, 1881 – type species of the genus; Italian Alps with one record in Switzerland subgenus Ichnusarion Pollonera, 1890 Ariunculus isselii Lessona & Pollonera, 1882 – Sardinia Other species have been discounted as distinct members of the genus: A. mortilleti and A. camerani are considered synonyms of A. speziae (all three were originally described in the same article, but differ only in size and coloration, not genitalia); A. moreleti is considered a species of Letourneuxia; A. pallaryi matches Letourneuxia numidica in its description; A. austriacus has been synonymised with Arion subfuscus; A. tricolor and A. nigratus are thought to have been misidentified juveniles of a large Arion; A. ischii was apparently a misprint for A. isselii. Diagnostic characters Genital characters that have been proposed as diagnostic of the genus are: the genital pore is very anterior, anterior to the pneumostome; the atrium is large; the duct of the bursa copulatrix opens near the end of the epiphallus; the oviduct is long with two bends; the epiphallus blends imperceptibly with the vas deferens; At least in one species of Ariunculus, this last character reflects that sperm is transferred naked rather than in a spermatophore formed in the epiphallus; this is a fundamental contrast with Arion and Geomalacus. Ariunculus differs from Geomalacus, and is similar to Arion, in that the caudal gland is prominent and the mantle contains only calcareous granules rather than a shell plate. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ariunculus. ^ a b c Lessona, M. (1881). "Sugli Arion del Piemonte". Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 16: 185–197 + 1 plate. ^ Heynemann, D.F. (1905). "Die geographische Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken". Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 30: 1–92 + 2 plates. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.46556. ^ Ehrmann, P. (1956). "Vol. 2.(1). Kreis: Weichtiere, Mollusca". In Brohmer P.; Ehrmann P.; Ulmer G. (eds.). Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. pp. 1–264 + plates 1–13. ^ Welter-Schultes, F.W. (2012). European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. Göttingen: Planet Poster Editions. ISBN 978-3-933922-75-5. ^ Schileyko, A.A. "Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 15: Oopeltidae, Anadenidae, Arionidae, Philomycidae, Succineidae, Athoracophoridae". Ruthenica. Suppl. 2: 2049–2210. ^ a b c Pollonera, C. (1890). "Recensement des Arionidae de la Région Paléarctique". Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Università di Torino. 5 (87): 1–42. ^ a b c d e Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H. (2015). "Mating in Ariunculus isselii, an arionid slug without a spermatophore". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81 (2): 247–258. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu086. ^ a b Bishop, M.J. (1976). "I molluschi terrestri della provincia di Novara". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 117: 265–299. ^ Rüetschi, J.; Stucki, P.; Müller, P.; Vicentini, H.; Claude, F. (2012). Rote Liste Weichtiere (Schnecken und Muscheln). Gefährdete Arten der Schweiz, Stand 2010. Neuenburg: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, and Schweizer Zentrum für die Kartografie der Fauna. ^ a b c d e Lessona, M.; Pollonera C. (1882). Monografia dei limacidi italiani. Turin: Ermanno Loescher. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10743. ^ a b Castillejo, J.; Rodríguez, T. (1991). Babosas de la Península Ibérica y Baleares: inventario crítico, citas y mapas de distributión (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Terrestria nuda). Monografías da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela no. 162 (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico. ^ Reischütz, P.L. (1980). "Ariunculus austriacus Babor synonym zu Arion (Mesarion) subfuscus (Drapanaud)". Mitteilungen der zoologischen Gesellschaft Braunau. 3: 297–298. ^ Germain, L. (1930). Faune de France, Vol. 21: Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Part 1 (PDF). Paris: Lechavalier. ^ Platts, E.A.; Speight, M.C.D. (1988). "The taxonomy and distribution of the Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 (Mollusca: Arionidae) with a discussion of its status as a threatened species". Irish Naturalists' Journal. 22 (10): 417–430. JSTOR 25539243. Taxon identifiersAriunculus Wikidata: Q18581707 CoL: 7NR5V EoL: 4892532 Fauna Europaea: 421758 Fauna Europaea (new): 0e8daa4f-669d-4cb6-ae83-a9c2890eb565 GBIF: 4405712 IRMNG: 1006537 Open Tree of Life: 4155803 WoRMS: 995208
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"slugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug"},{"link_name":"Arionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arionidae"},{"link_name":"Arion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heynemann-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schileyko-5"}],"text":"Ariunculus is a genus of air-breathing land slugs in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs. Sometimes it has been considered as a subgenus of Arion,[2][3][4] and sometimes the subgenus Ichnusarion has been raised to generic rank.[5]","title":"Ariunculus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollonera-6"},{"link_name":"Arion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"}],"text":"The stem of Arion plus the suffix -unculus, which is a diminutive in Latin. Hence \"little Arion\". Pollonera[6] justifies why \"Ariunculus\" is appropriate rather than \"Arionculus\" (cf. \"homo\" and \"homunculus\").The subgenus name Ichnusarion is also based on \"Arion\", to which has been added \"Ichnusa\", a Latin name of Sardinia, where the single species of this subgenus is endemic.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchReise-7"},{"link_name":"Ariunculus speziae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariunculus_speziae"},{"link_name":"Lessona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lessona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lessona-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pollonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pollonera"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollonera-6"},{"link_name":"Ariunculus isselii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariunculus_isselii"},{"link_name":"Lessona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lessona"},{"link_name":"Pollonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pollonera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessPoll-10"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchReise-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lessona-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-8"},{"link_name":"Letourneuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letourneuxia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastRod-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchReise-7"},{"link_name":"Arion subfuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_subfuscus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CastRod-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchReise-7"}],"text":"Only two species are currently recognised:[7]subgenus AriuncululusAriunculus speziae Lessona, 1881[1] – type species of the genus; Italian Alps[8] with one record in Switzerland[9]subgenus Ichnusarion Pollonera, 1890[6]Ariunculus isselii Lessona & Pollonera, 1882[10] – SardiniaOther species have been discounted as distinct members of the genus:[7]A. mortilleti and A. camerani are considered synonyms of A. speziae (all three were originally described in the same article,[1] but differ only in size and coloration, not genitalia);[8]\nA. moreleti is considered a species of Letourneuxia;[11]\nA. pallaryi matches Letourneuxia numidica in its description;[7]\nA. austriacus has been synonymised with Arion subfuscus;[12]\nA. tricolor and A. nigratus are thought to have been misidentified juveniles of a large Arion;[11]\nA. ischii was apparently a misprint for A. isselii.[7]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pneumostome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumostome"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessPoll-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessPoll-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessPoll-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germain-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessPoll-10"},{"link_name":"Arion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Geomalacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomalacus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutchReise-7"},{"link_name":"Geomalacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomalacus"},{"link_name":"Arion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollonera-6"}],"text":"Genital characters that have been proposed as diagnostic of the genus are:the genital pore is very anterior, anterior to the pneumostome;[10]\nthe atrium is large;[10]\nthe duct of the bursa copulatrix opens near the end of the epiphallus;[10]\nthe oviduct is long with two bends;[13][14]\nthe epiphallus blends imperceptibly with the vas deferens;[10]At least in one species of Ariunculus, this last character reflects that sperm is transferred naked rather than in a spermatophore formed in the epiphallus; this is a fundamental contrast with Arion and Geomalacus.[7]Ariunculus differs from Geomalacus, and is similar to Arion, in that the caudal gland is prominent and the mantle contains only calcareous granules rather than a shell plate.[6]","title":"Diagnostic characters"}]
[]
null
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Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. pp. 1–264 + plates 1–13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Welter-Schultes, F.W. (2012). European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. Göttingen: Planet Poster Editions. ISBN 978-3-933922-75-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933922-75-5","url_text":"978-3-933922-75-5"}]},{"reference":"Schileyko, A.A. \"Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 15: Oopeltidae, Anadenidae, Arionidae, Philomycidae, Succineidae, Athoracophoridae\". Ruthenica. Suppl. 2: 2049–2210.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pollonera, C. (1890). \"Recensement des Arionidae de la Région Paléarctique\". Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Università di Torino. 5 (87): 1–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11666568","url_text":"\"Recensement des Arionidae de la Région Paléarctique\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H. (2015). \"Mating in Ariunculus isselii, an arionid slug without a spermatophore\". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81 (2): 247–258. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu086.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyu086","url_text":"\"Mating in Ariunculus isselii, an arionid slug without a spermatophore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyu086","url_text":"10.1093/mollus/eyu086"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, M.J. (1976). \"I molluschi terrestri della provincia di Novara\". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 117: 265–299.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rüetschi, J.; Stucki, P.; Müller, P.; Vicentini, H.; Claude, F. (2012). Rote Liste Weichtiere (Schnecken und Muscheln). Gefährdete Arten der Schweiz, Stand 2010. Neuenburg: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, and Schweizer Zentrum für die Kartografie der Fauna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/01668/index.html","url_text":"Rote Liste Weichtiere (Schnecken und Muscheln). Gefährdete Arten der Schweiz, Stand 2010"}]},{"reference":"Lessona, M.; Pollonera C. (1882). Monografia dei limacidi italiani. Turin: Ermanno Loescher. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10743.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/monografiadeilim00less","url_text":"Monografia dei limacidi italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.10743","url_text":"10.5962/bhl.title.10743"}]},{"reference":"Castillejo, J.; Rodríguez, T. (1991). Babosas de la Península Ibérica y Baleares: inventario crítico, citas y mapas de distributión (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Terrestria nuda). Monografías da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela no. 162 (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usc.es/export/sites/default/gl/investigacion/grupos/malaterra/publicaciones/libros/01_Babosas_Penxnsula_Ibxrica__Baleares_Casti_Teresa.pdf","url_text":"Babosas de la Península Ibérica y Baleares: inventario crítico, citas y mapas de distributión (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Terrestria nuda). Monografías da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela no. 162"}]},{"reference":"Reischütz, P.L. (1980). \"Ariunculus austriacus Babor synonym zu Arion (Mesarion) subfuscus (Drapanaud)\". Mitteilungen der zoologischen Gesellschaft Braunau. 3: 297–298.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Germain, L. (1930). Faune de France, Vol. 21: Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Part 1 (PDF). Paris: Lechavalier.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faunedefrance.org/bibliotheque/docs/L.GERMAIN%28FdeFr21%29vol-1.pdf","url_text":"Faune de France, Vol. 21: Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Part 1"}]},{"reference":"Platts, E.A.; Speight, M.C.D. (1988). \"The taxonomy and distribution of the Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 (Mollusca: Arionidae) with a discussion of its status as a threatened species\". Irish Naturalists' Journal. 22 (10): 417–430. JSTOR 25539243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25539243","url_text":"25539243"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weri_language
Kunimaipa language
["1 Phonemes[2]","1.1 Consonants","1.2 Vowels","2 Morphophonemics[3]","3 Words [4]","3.1 Non-suffixed","3.2 Suffixed or non-suffixed","3.3 Not Classified According to suffixation","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Goilalan language spoken in Papua New Guinea KunimaipaRegionPapua New GuineaEthnicityincl. BiangaiNative speakers(14,000 cited 1978–2000)Language familyTrans-New Guinea GoilalanKunimaipaKunimaipaLanguage codesISO 639-3Variously:kup – Kunimaipawer – Weri + Amambig – BiangaiGlottologkuni1267  Kunimaipaweri1254  Wericbian1252  Biangai Kunimaipa is a Papuan language of New Guinea. The varieties are divergent, on the verge of being distinct languages, and have separate literary traditions. Phonemes Consonants Below is a chart of Kunimaipa consonants. Table of consonant phonemes of Kunimaipa Labial Coronal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p b t d k g Fricative v s h Lateral approximant l Trill r Vowels “ i, e, a, o, and u” Morphophonemics Each stem that ends with a has three kinds of allomorphs: a, o, and e. Allomorphs end with a in a word finally or before a syllable with a. It is the most common ending. O ending appears before syllables with o, u, or ai. E ending appears before syllable with e or i. All of above holds true, except the ending syllable before -ma. In the general morphophonemic rule, ending a appears before syllable with a. In the case of -ma, o appears before the syllable with a. For example, the sentence so-ma, meaning ‘I will go.’ Words Non-suffixed Word classes that are usually not suffixed are responses, exclamations, attention particles, vocative particles, conjunctions, names, and particles. Responses are short replies on a conversation; such as, kara 'okay', ee 'yes', gu 'yes', ev 'no'. Exclamations is usually occurs on sentence boundary; such as, auma 'surprise', au 'mistake', maize 'regret', and aip 'dislike'. Attention particles are only used on reported speech; such as, gui 'call to come', ae 'attention getter', and siu 'attention getter -close'. Vocative particles are beginning of addresses in sentence boundary; such as, engarim 'hey, woman', erom 'hey, man', engarohol 'hey, children', and guai 'uncle'. Conjunctions are links in "phrases, clauses, and sentences"; such as, mete 'and, but, then', ma 'or, and', povoza 'therefore', and ong 'but, then'. Names label person, place, days, and months; such as, made-ta-ka, 'on Monday', and pode-ta-ka, 'on Thursday'. Lastly, one particles that is used in introducing a quote is never suffixed, pata meaning 'reply'. Suffixed or non-suffixed Word classes including adjectives, pronouns, interrogative words, nouns, and verbs can be suffixed or non-suffixed depending on the meaning and usage. Some example of adjectives in Kunimaipa are tina 'good', goe 'small', and hori 'bad'. The Kunimaipa language has 7 pronouns, including ne, ni, pi, rei, rari, aru, and paru. Example of od interrogative words are taira and tai meaning 'what'. Noun is a large word class including words such as abana 'men', abanaro 'young men', no nai nai 'everything', and mapo 'all'. Not Classified According to suffixation The word classes that cannot be classified by suffixation are locations, temporals, adverbs, and auxiliaries. References ^ Kunimaipa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Weri + Amam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Biangai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Geary, Elaine (1977). Kunimaipa grammar: morphonemics to discourse. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ^ Geary, Elaine (1977). Kunimaipa grammar: morphonemics to discourse. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics. ^ Geary, Elaine (1977). Kunimaipa grammar: morphonemics to discourse. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Further reading Aki, Mambu; Pennington, Ryan (2013). "Tentative Grammar Description". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Boxwel, Maurice (1992). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Dobrin, Lisa. n.d. Noun classification in Weri. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_language"}],"text":"Kunimaipa is a Papuan language of New Guinea. The varieties are divergent, on the verge of being distinct languages, and have separate literary traditions.","title":"Kunimaipa language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonemes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Below is a chart of Kunimaipa consonants.","title":"Phonemes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","text":"“ i, e, a, o, and u”","title":"Phonemes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allomorphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomorph"}],"text":"Each stem that ends with a has three kinds of allomorphs: a, o, and e. Allomorphs end with a in a word finally or before a syllable with a. It is the most common ending. O ending appears before syllables with o, u, or ai. E ending appears before syllable with e or i. All of above holds true, except the ending syllable before -ma. In the general morphophonemic rule, ending a appears before syllable with a. In the case of -ma, o appears before the syllable with a. For example, the sentence so-ma, meaning ‘I will go.’","title":"Morphophonemics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Words "},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-suffixed","text":"Word classes that are usually not suffixed are responses, exclamations, attention particles, vocative particles, conjunctions, names, and particles. Responses are short replies on a conversation; such as, kara 'okay', ee 'yes', gu 'yes', ev 'no'. Exclamations is usually occurs on sentence boundary; such as, auma 'surprise', au 'mistake', maize 'regret', and aip 'dislike'. Attention particles are only used on reported speech; such as, gui 'call to come', ae 'attention getter', and siu 'attention getter -close'. Vocative particles are beginning of addresses in sentence boundary; such as, engarim 'hey, woman', erom 'hey, man', engarohol 'hey, children', and guai 'uncle'. Conjunctions are links in \"phrases, clauses, and sentences\"; such as, mete 'and, but, then', ma 'or, and', povoza 'therefore', and ong 'but, then'. Names label person, place, days, and months; such as, made-ta-ka, 'on Monday', and pode-ta-ka, 'on Thursday'. Lastly, one particles that is used in introducing a quote is never suffixed, pata meaning 'reply'.","title":"Words "},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Suffixed or non-suffixed","text":"Word classes including adjectives, pronouns, interrogative words, nouns, and verbs can be suffixed or non-suffixed depending on the meaning and usage. Some example of adjectives in Kunimaipa are tina 'good', goe 'small', and hori 'bad'. The Kunimaipa language has 7 pronouns, including ne, ni, pi, rei, rari, aru, and paru. Example of od interrogative words are taira and tai meaning 'what'. Noun is a large word class including words such as abana 'men', abanaro 'young men', no nai nai 'everything', and mapo 'all'.","title":"Words "},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Not Classified According to suffixation","text":"The word classes that cannot be classified by suffixation are locations, temporals, adverbs, and auxiliaries.","title":"Words "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tentative Grammar Description\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/5207416"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"\"Organised Phonology Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180723181550/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/0000364/Weri.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/0000364/Weri.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"Aki, Mambu; Pennington, Ryan (2013). \"Tentative Grammar Description\". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nBoxwel, Maurice (1992). \"Organised Phonology Data\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\nDobrin, Lisa. n.d. Noun classification in Weri. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobedim
Pobedim
["1 Geography","2 History","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°39′N 17°48′E / 48.650°N 17.800°E / 48.650; 17.800Village in SlovakiaPobedimVillageSaint Michael's church, PobedimPobedimLocation of Pobedim in the Trenčín RegionShow map of Trenčín RegionPobedimPobedim (Slovakia)Show map of SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°39′N 17°48′E / 48.650°N 17.800°E / 48.650; 17.800CountrySlovakiaRegionTrenčínDistrictNové Mesto nad VáhomFirst mentioned1355Area • Total8.60 km2 (3.32 sq mi)Elevation167 m (548 ft)Population (2021) • Total1,154Postal code916 23Area code+421 32Car plateNMWebsitepobedim.sk Pobedim (Hungarian: Pobedény) is a village and municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. A Slavic hill fort from the pre-Great Moravian period has been uncovered in the locality Hradištia. The hill fort belongs to Early Medieval sites with the highest number of artifacts found in Slovakia. Geography The municipality lies at an altitude of 169 metres and covers an area of 8.609 km2. It has a population of about 1,218 people. History The village was first mentioned in 1392, but the area was occasionally inhabited from the Late Stone Age. The settlement is documented also from the Early Bronze Age and especially in the Late Bronze Age. The people of Lusatian culture built their settlement in the local swamps and left numerous artifacts (cultic artifacts, metallurgical tools, fragments of bronze, ceramics, etc.). The area was then settled by the Celts. In the Roman period, it was more or less uninhabited and only one finding is known from the Migration period. The locality had been intensively colonized by the Slavs at the end of the 5th and in the 6th century (localities Horné Pole and Dolné Pole). The Slavic hill fort was built at the end of the 8th century and was destroyed for the first time at the end of the first third the 9th century. The destruction of the hill fort is usually associated with the unification of the Principality of Nitra and the Principality of Moravia (the attack of Mojmír's army or Pribina's attack preceding his expulsion, depending on principality to which is Pobedim attributed; neither destruction during other internal conflict related to integration processes of the Slavs cannot be excluded). Radiocarbon dating indices that construction activities were realized also in the turnover of the 9th/10th century. The hill fort consists of two parts, probably not built at once. The whole hill fort was protected by 3 meters high wall with a palisade on top and external ditch. An archeological research uncovered 114 graves from the Early Middle Ages, residential buildings, outbuildings, workshops and in particular, one of the largest collection of ceramics from the 9th century in Slovakia. Twenty large metal depots contained hundreds of old Slavic hrivnas (semifinished iron products), tools, stirrups, keys and further artifacts. Weapons except axes are nearly missing what led to a hypothesis that the depots were hidden before an external attack and weapons were left for defense. Nowadays, the area of the hill fort is a part of an agricultural field. The findings can be seen in the local museum in Pobedim. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Pobedim was part of Nyitra County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic. References ^ "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce ". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b c d "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ a b "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31. ^ Turčan 2012, p. 84. ^ a b Turčan 2012, p. 86. ^ Turčan 2012, p. 89. ^ Turčan 2012, p. 88. Sources Turčan, Vladimír (2012). Veľkomoravské hradiská (in Slovak). Bratislava: Dajama. ISBN 978-80-8136-013-8. External links Media related to Pobedim at Wikimedia Commons http://www.e-obce.sk/obec/pobedim/pobedim.html http://www.pobedim.sk - official site of Pobedim vteMunicipalities of Nové Mesto nad Váhom District Nové Mesto nad Váhom Stará Turá Beckov Bošáca Brunovce Bzince pod Javorinou Čachtice Častkovce Dolné Srnie Haluzice Horná Streda Hôrka nad Váhom Hrádok Hrachovište Kálnica Kočovce Lubina Lúka Modrová Modrovka Moravské Lieskové Nová Bošáca Nová Lehota Nová Ves nad Váhom Očkov Pobedim Podolie Potvorice Považany Stará Lehota Trenčianske Bohuslavice Vaďovce Višňové Zemianske Podhradie Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic Pleiades This Trenčín District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Nové Mesto nad Váhom District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_Mesto_nad_V%C3%A1hom_District"},{"link_name":"Trenčín Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Great Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETur%C4%8Dan201284-5"}],"text":"Village in SlovakiaPobedim (Hungarian: Pobedény) is a village and municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia. A Slavic hill fort from the pre-Great Moravian period has been uncovered in the locality Hradištia. The hill fort belongs to Early Medieval sites with the highest number of artifacts found in Slovakia.[5]","title":"Pobedim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"}],"text":"The municipality lies at an altitude of 169 metres and covers an area of 8.609 km2. It has a population of about 1,218 people.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Lusatian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_culture"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETur%C4%8Dan201286-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETur%C4%8Dan201289-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETur%C4%8Dan201286-6"},{"link_name":"Principality of Nitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra"},{"link_name":"hrivnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrivna"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETur%C4%8Dan201288-8"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Nyitra County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyitra_County"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"The village was first mentioned in 1392, but the area was occasionally inhabited from the Late Stone Age. The settlement is documented also from the Early Bronze Age and especially in the Late Bronze Age. The people of Lusatian culture built their settlement in the local swamps and left numerous artifacts (cultic artifacts, metallurgical tools, fragments of bronze, ceramics, etc.). The area was then settled by the Celts. In the Roman period, it was more or less uninhabited and only one finding is known from the Migration period.[6]The locality had been intensively colonized by the Slavs at the end of the 5th and in the 6th century (localities Horné Pole and Dolné Pole).[7] The Slavic hill fort was built at the end of the 8th century and was destroyed for the first time at the end of the first third the 9th century.[6] The destruction of the hill fort is usually associated with the unification of the Principality of Nitra and the Principality of Moravia (the attack of Mojmír's army or Pribina's attack preceding his expulsion, depending on principality to which is Pobedim attributed; neither destruction during other internal conflict related to integration processes of the Slavs cannot be excluded). Radiocarbon dating indices that construction activities were realized also in the turnover of the 9th/10th century.The hill fort consists of two parts, probably not built at once. The whole hill fort was protected by 3 meters high wall with a palisade on top and external ditch. An archeological research uncovered 114 graves from the Early Middle Ages, residential buildings, outbuildings, workshops and in particular, one of the largest collection of ceramics from the 9th century in Slovakia. Twenty large metal depots contained hundreds of old Slavic hrivnas (semifinished iron products), tools, stirrups, keys and further artifacts. Weapons except axes are nearly missing what led to a hypothesis that the depots were hidden before an external attack and weapons were left for defense.[8]Nowadays, the area of the hill fort is a part of an agricultural field. The findings can be seen in the local museum in Pobedim.Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Pobedim was part of Nyitra County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-8136-013-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-8136-013-8"}],"text":"Turčan, Vladimír (2012). Veľkomoravské hradiská [The Great Moravian Castles] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Dajama. ISBN 978-80-8136-013-8.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-126
German submarine U-126
[]
U-126 may refer to one of the following German submarines: SM U-126, a Type UE II submarine launched in 1918 that served in the First World War until surrendered on 22 November 1918; broken up at Upnor in 1923. During the First World War, Germany also had this submarine with a similar name: SM UB-126, a Type UB III submarine launched in 1918 and surrendered on 24 November 1918; used for French underwater explosion tests; broken up at Toulon in July 1921. German submarine U-126 (1940), a Type IXC submarine that served in the Second World War until sunk on 3 July 1943. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Initiative
New Zealand Initiative
["1 Background","2 Organisation","3 Approach","4 Policy positions and public reception","4.1 Education","4.2 Housing and local government","4.3 Foreign direct investment","4.4 Fisheries management","4.5 Immigration","4.6 Social policy","4.7 Climate","5 References","6 External links"]
Public policy think tank The New Zealand InitiativeFormationApril 1, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-04-01)TypeThink tankLegal statusLimited companyLocationWellington, New ZealandExecutive DirectorOliver HartwichChairmanRoger PartridgeWebsitewww.nzinitiative.org.nz The New Zealand Initiative is a pro-free-market public-policy think tank and business membership organisation in New Zealand. It was formed in 2012 by merger of the New Zealand Business Roundtable (NZBR) and the New Zealand Institute. The Initiative’s main areas of focus include economic policy, housing, education, local government, welfare, immigration and fisheries. Economist Oliver Hartwich has been the executive director of The Initiative since its formation in 2012, and local writer and media commentator Eric Crampton is currently Chief Economist at the organisation. NZME's independent chair Barbara Joan Chapman (formerly the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of ASB Bank) has been a director of the NZ Initiative since 2017. Chapman is also Deputy Chair of the NZ Initiative, is currently the chairperson of Genesis Energy Limited, holds an independent directorship on the board of Fletcher Building Limited, and holds a seat on the Reserve Bank Act Review Panel. Background The New Zealand Initiative's predecessor organisations were both business membership organisations. The Wellington-based Business Roundtable, founded by Roger Kerr in 1986, was among the main proponents of New Zealand's neoliberal economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. To that end, the Business Roundtable produced a wide range of publications (books, reports, submissions) and undertook other activities that informed and influenced an often controversial public debate. The New Zealand Institute was established in Auckland in 2004. Like the Business Roundtable, the New Zealand Institute was a business membership organisation that operated as a think tank, albeit with a more centrist political tilt. Some members of the Business Roundtable moved their support to the New Zealand Institute. By 2011, according to New Zealand Institute chairman Tony Carter, the organisation lacked scale. Carter approached Business Roundtable chairman Roger Partridge and raised the possibility of merging the two organisations. The merger discussions were successful and the New Zealand Initiative was launched in April 2012, with Partridge and Carter as co-chairs. Hartwich was appointed its first executive director. Organisation The New Zealand Initiative is based in Wellington. It is a limited company, governed by a board of directors under a constitution. It is one of the three biggest think tanks in New Zealand, the other two being the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (NZIER) and Business and Economic Research (BERL). The membership of The New Zealand Initiative comprises about 70 members, mainly large New Zealand companies. According to the Initiative’s Annual Report 2016, the combined revenue of its members equals a quarter of the New Zealand economy. The chief editor of the New Zealand Initiative, Nathan Smith, resigned from the position in December 2020 after news reports emerged that he was the author of a far-right blog. In this blog he said, amongst other things, that the media controls people's thoughts and authors lengthy posts tying together "Muslim rape gangs" and incel ideology. Hartwich said that these views were "abhorrent" and had no place at the New Zealand Initiative. The New Zealand Initiative, together with the New Zealand Taxpayers' Union, is a member of the Atlas Network, a global conservatarian group. Approach On its website, The New Zealand Initiative says its mission is "to help create a competitive, open and dynamic economy and a free, prosperous, fair, and cohesive society" and describes itself as "strictly non-partisan." It takes a more free-market perspective than the NZIER or BERL. Apart from its research activities, the New Zealand Initiative hosts a range of events. These include public forums, panel discussions, an annual debating tournament for university students, as well as events for its members. In May 2017, The Initiative organised a study tour of Switzerland for more than 30 senior New Zealand business leaders. Among the speakers hosted by The New Zealand Initiative are New Zealand Prime Ministers John Key and Bill English, Leaders of the Labour Party David Shearer, David Cunliffe and Andrew Little, former Australian Prime Minister John Howard, former British Trade Secretary Peter Lilley as well as members of all parties represented in the New Zealand Parliament. The New Zealand Initiative released Manifesto 2017: What the next New Zealand Government Should Do, an overview of its policy recommendations from its first five years, in the lead-up to the 2017 general election. Policy positions and public reception Education In July 2017, the New Zealand Initiative has called for the performance measurement and management of teachers in New Zealand schools, a proposal that was cautiously welcomed by Minister of Education Nikki Kaye and rejected by the teachers' union Post Primary Teachers' Association (PPTA). In an earlier report, the Initiative had criticised the New Zealand government for introducing new teaching methods in mathematics that led to worsening numeracy of students. In September 2022, the NZ Initiative asked the Ministry of Education to provide evidence that large, open-plan classrooms helped improve students' learning. Housing and local government According to business columnist Pattrick Smellie in 2017, the New Zealand Initiative's main contribution to the housing debate was to point out the factors that were limiting housing supply: Along with high immigration, a sub-scale building industry, and dysfunctional planning law, the incentives for local councils to discourage rather than compete for new citizens was a big part of why Auckland's housing crisis existed. The NZ Initiative had been pointing out these growth-limiting settings almost since its creation five years earlier. In November 2015, Hartwich and the Labour Party's housing spokesperson Phil Twyford published a joint opinion piece advocating the abolition of height and density controls, infrastructure bonds, and an end to the rural-urban boundary. The article was interpreted as a shift from traditional Labour positions on land-use planning and regarded by international commentators as a sign of a new emerging consensus on housing policy. The New Zealand Initiative's proposal to establish Special Economic Zones across New Zealand was supported by Wellington Mayor Justin Lester and Malcolm Alexander, chief executive of Local Government New Zealand. Government papers released under the Official Information Act revealed that cabinet ministers were considering the Initiative's proposals. In a 2013 Initiative report, co-authored by former cabinet minister Michael Bassett, the Initiative proposed funding residential infrastructure through targeted rates in special purpose vehicles. The New Zealand government introduced such a scheme in July 2017 when it charged Crown Infrastructure Partners with this task. Foreign direct investment The New Zealand Initiative promotes the deregulation of New Zealand's restrictions on overseas investors, a position which attracted fierce criticism from New Zealand First leader Winston Peters. Fisheries management Based on comparative research, the Initiative proposed to establish a new agency to represent recreational fishing interests, modelled on the Western Australian body Recfishwest. The proposal was rejected by fishing advocacy group LegaSea. Immigration In its immigration report, the New Zealand Initiative defended New Zealand's liberal immigration policy, arguing that migrants contribute positively to the economy and integrate well into New Zealand society. Winston Peters rejected the Initiative's findings as "academic gobbledygook" and attacked the Initiative for being a thinktank run by foreigners. The Labour Party's Immigration spokesperson Iain Lees-Galloway welcomed the report while criticising its alleged ignorance of migrants' infrastructure needs. Social policy The Initiative supported the Key/English government's 'Social Investment Approach,' including the introduction of Social Impact Bonds. It has also argued that concerns about the recent rise of economic inequality were driven by rising house prices while income inequality in New Zealand had remained constant since the 1990s. Climate The Initiative does not support policies other than the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to reduce emissions, arguing that other policies do not reduce emissions due to the emissions cap in the ETS. It supports the current focus on net-emissions as opposed to shift in focus towards gross emissions advocated by the Climate Change Commission. References ^ a b c Dann, Liam (19 January 2018). "Who are New Zealand's economic think tanks?". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Pattrick Smellie (2012-04-04). "Roundtable and NZ Institute morph into new libertarian think tank". National Business Review. ^ "Dr Eric Crampton". www.nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-09-16. ^ NZ Companies Office (16 September 2023). "NZ Companies Register". NZ Companies Office. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ "NZME. - Board Members". www.nzme.co.nz. Retrieved 2023-09-16. ^ "Fran O'Sullivan: Kerr's courageous stances kept Government honest". NZ Herald. 2011-10-30. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "Kerr receives CNZM for services to business". Stuff. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "10 events that defined New Zealand in 2000". New Zealand Herald. 2000-12-30. ^ IRN (2000-10-14). "Anderton slams anti-government extremists". New Zealand Herald. ^ Bruce Munro (2016-07-09). "Taxing the poor; Billionaires exemplify power of money; Differing views on solutions". Otago Daily Times. ^ Karyn Scherer (2011-07-22). "Roger Kerr: The happy warrior". New Zealand Herald. ^ "Oliver Hartwich: New business think-tank head". The Listener – Noted. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "The New Zealand Initiative Limited". Companies Register. New Zealand Companies Office. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ^ "Constitution of The New Zealand Initiative Limited". Companies Register. New Zealand Companies Office. 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ^ "Our Members | The New Zealand Initiative". nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "Annual Report 2016 | The New Zealand Initiative". nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ a b c Daalder, Marc (11 December 2020). "Think tank editor runs far-right blog". Newsroom. ^ "Nathan Smith resigns from NZ Intiative after racist, sexist, anti-semitic views". RNZ. 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-06-15. ^ Brad Lips (2020-01-31). "The Freedom Movement: Its Past, Present, and Future" (PDF). Atlas Network. p. 38. ^ Cindy Baxter (2020-10-21). "Who the hell is Gideon Rozner, anyway?". Newsroom. ^ David Williams (2023-11-02). "Chiding in plain sight, Part II". Newsroom. ^ "About Us | The New Zealand Initiative". nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "Events | The New Zealand Initiative". nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ O'Sullivan, Fran (2017-06-16). "What's the key to Swiss success? It's the education". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ "House prices a top election priority". Stuff – NZ Initiative. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-18. ^ Collins, Simon (2017-07-05). "Rate teachers on student achievement, advises think tank". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Back-to-basics call on maths". NZ Herald. 2015-06-03. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Are open learning classrooms actually good for children?". Radio New Zealand. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ Smellie, Pattrick (2017-04-17). "Why councils want to keep a lid on their population growth - Pattrick Smellie". Stuff. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ Twyford, Phil (2015-11-29). "Opinion: Planning rules the cause of housing crisis". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Phil Twyford and his surprising enthusiasm for the private sector". Politik | New Zealand politics, inside news and analysis. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Land Regulation Making Us Poorer: Emerging Left-Right Consensus | Newgeography.com". www.newgeography.com. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Creating special economic zones could see regions prosper, experts say". Stuff. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Special Economic Zones still on the table". Radio New Zealand. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Take a hint from Texas, report says". Taranaki Property Investors' Association. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Government setting up new housing infrastructure company, will invest $600m". Stuff. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Editorial: Restrictions put us at a disadvantage". NZ Herald. 2012-09-02. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "New Zealand Initiative more like New Zealand Submissive" (Press release). New Zealand First. Scoop Media. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ^ "Outdoor issues need to be discussed inside the house". Stuff. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Licensing a smokescreen for real agenda". LegaSea. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "Migrants' benefits to NZ outweigh costs – report". Radio New Zealand. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ Tan, Lincoln (2017-01-31). "Do migrants dilute the New Zealand identity?". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Immigration report 'nonsensical': Winston Peters". Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Q+A: Winston Peters interviewed by Corin Dann | Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Immigration Report Glosses Over Big Issues". New Zealand Labour Party. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ Jeram, Jenesa (2017-05-22). "Jenesa Jeram: Data can tell us when 'social investment' is worthwhile". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "Insight: Social Bonds - Funding innovation or risky experiment?". Radio New Zealand. 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2017-09-20. ^ "NZ politics daily: Anger and debate over inequality". The National Business Review. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2017-09-21. ^ "World best ETS ruined by costly emissions nonsense". www.nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-06-24. ^ "Auckland Council should ditch emissions reduction policy". www.nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-06-24. ^ "Submission: The Emission Reduction Plan". www.nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-06-24. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dann2018-1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Institute_(think_tank)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hartwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marc_Hartwich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NZME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Media_and_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Genesis Energy Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Energy_Limited"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Building Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The New Zealand Initiative is a pro-free-market public-policy think tank and business membership organisation in New Zealand.[1] It was formed in 2012 by merger of the New Zealand Business Roundtable (NZBR) and the New Zealand Institute.[2] The Initiative’s main areas of focus include economic policy, housing, education, local government, welfare, immigration and fisheries.Economist Oliver Hartwich has been the executive director of The Initiative since its formation in 2012, and local writer and media commentator Eric Crampton is currently Chief Economist at the organisation.[3] NZME's independent chair Barbara Joan Chapman (formerly the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of ASB Bank) has been a director of the NZ Initiative since 2017.[4] Chapman is also Deputy Chair of the NZ Initiative, is currently the chairperson of Genesis Energy Limited, holds an independent directorship on the board of Fletcher Building Limited, and holds a seat on the Reserve Bank Act Review Panel.[5]","title":"New Zealand Initiative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Roger Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kerr"},{"link_name":"neoliberal economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogernomics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The New Zealand Initiative's predecessor organisations were both business membership organisations. The Wellington-based Business Roundtable, founded by Roger Kerr in 1986, was among the main proponents of New Zealand's neoliberal economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s.[6] To that end, the Business Roundtable produced a wide range of publications (books, reports, submissions) and undertook other activities that informed and influenced an often controversial public debate.[7][8][9][10][11]The New Zealand Institute was established in Auckland in 2004. Like the Business Roundtable, the New Zealand Institute was a business membership organisation that operated as a think tank, albeit with a more centrist political tilt. Some members of the Business Roundtable moved their support to the New Zealand Institute.By 2011, according to New Zealand Institute chairman Tony Carter, the organisation lacked scale. Carter approached Business Roundtable chairman Roger Partridge and raised the possibility of merging the two organisations. The merger discussions were successful and the New Zealand Initiative was launched in April 2012, with Partridge and Carter as co-chairs. Hartwich was appointed its first executive director.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Institute of Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Institute_of_Economic_Research"},{"link_name":"Business and Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_and_Economic_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dann2018-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Taxpayers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Taxpayers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Atlas Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Network"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The New Zealand Initiative is based in Wellington. It is a limited company, governed by a board of directors under a constitution.[13][14] It is one of the three biggest think tanks in New Zealand, the other two being the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (NZIER) and Business and Economic Research (BERL).[1]The membership of The New Zealand Initiative comprises about 70 members, mainly large New Zealand companies.[15] According to the Initiative’s Annual Report 2016, the combined revenue of its members equals a quarter of the New Zealand economy.[16]The chief editor of the New Zealand Initiative, Nathan Smith, resigned from the position in December 2020 after news reports emerged that he was the author of a far-right blog.[17][18] In this blog he said, amongst other things, that the media controls people's thoughts and authors lengthy posts tying together \"Muslim rape gangs\" and incel ideology.[17] Hartwich said that these views were \"abhorrent\" and had no place at the New Zealand Initiative.[17]The New Zealand Initiative, together with the New Zealand Taxpayers' Union, is a member of the Atlas Network, a global conservatarian group.[19][20][21]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dann2018-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"John Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Key"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"David Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shearer"},{"link_name":"David Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cunliffe"},{"link_name":"Andrew Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Peter Lilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lilley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"On its website, The New Zealand Initiative says its mission is \"to help create a competitive, open and dynamic economy and a free, prosperous, fair, and cohesive society\"[22] and describes itself as \"strictly non-partisan.\" It takes a more free-market perspective than the NZIER or BERL.[1]Apart from its research activities, the New Zealand Initiative hosts a range of events. These include public forums, panel discussions, an annual debating tournament for university students, as well as events for its members.[23] In May 2017, The Initiative organised a study tour of Switzerland for more than 30 senior New Zealand business leaders.[24]Among the speakers hosted by The New Zealand Initiative are New Zealand Prime Ministers John Key and Bill English, Leaders of the Labour Party David Shearer, David Cunliffe and Andrew Little, former Australian Prime Minister John Howard, former British Trade Secretary Peter Lilley as well as members of all parties represented in the New Zealand Parliament.The New Zealand Initiative released Manifesto 2017: What the next New Zealand Government Should Do, an overview of its policy recommendations from its first five years, in the lead-up to the 2017 general election.[25]","title":"Approach"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Nikki Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Post Primary Teachers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Primary_Teachers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"In July 2017, the New Zealand Initiative has called for the performance measurement and management of teachers in New Zealand schools, a proposal that was cautiously welcomed by Minister of Education Nikki Kaye and rejected by the teachers' union Post Primary Teachers' Association (PPTA).[26] In an earlier report, the Initiative had criticised the New Zealand government for introducing new teaching methods in mathematics that led to worsening numeracy of students.[27] In September 2022, the NZ Initiative asked the Ministry of Education to provide evidence that large, open-plan classrooms helped improve students' learning.[28]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Labour Party's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Phil Twyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Twyford"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Justin Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Lester_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Local Government New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Official Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Information_Act_1982"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Michael Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bassett"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Housing and local government","text":"According to business columnist Pattrick Smellie in 2017, the New Zealand Initiative's main contribution to the housing debate was to point out the factors that were limiting housing supply: Along with high immigration, a sub-scale building industry, and dysfunctional planning law, the incentives for local councils to discourage rather than compete for new citizens was a big part of why Auckland's housing crisis existed. The NZ Initiative had been pointing out these growth-limiting settings almost since its creation five years earlier.[29]In November 2015, Hartwich and the Labour Party's housing spokesperson Phil Twyford published a joint opinion piece advocating the abolition of height and density controls, infrastructure bonds, and an end to the rural-urban boundary.[30] The article was interpreted as a shift from traditional Labour positions on land-use planning[31] and regarded by international commentators as a sign of a new emerging consensus on housing policy.[32]The New Zealand Initiative's proposal to establish Special Economic Zones across New Zealand was supported by Wellington Mayor Justin Lester and Malcolm Alexander, chief executive of Local Government New Zealand.[33] Government papers released under the Official Information Act revealed that cabinet ministers were considering the Initiative's proposals.[34]In a 2013 Initiative report, co-authored by former cabinet minister Michael Bassett, the Initiative proposed funding residential infrastructure through targeted rates in special purpose vehicles.[35] The New Zealand government introduced such a scheme in July 2017 when it charged Crown Infrastructure Partners with this task.[36]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"New Zealand First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_First"},{"link_name":"Winston Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Peters"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Foreign direct investment","text":"The New Zealand Initiative promotes the deregulation of New Zealand's restrictions on overseas investors,[37] a position which attracted fierce criticism from New Zealand First leader Winston Peters.[38]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Fisheries management","text":"Based on comparative research, the Initiative proposed to establish a new agency to represent recreational fishing interests, modelled on the Western Australian body Recfishwest.[39] The proposal was rejected by fishing advocacy group LegaSea.[40]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Iain Lees-Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Lees-Galloway"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Immigration","text":"In its immigration report, the New Zealand Initiative defended New Zealand's liberal immigration policy,[41] arguing that migrants contribute positively to the economy and integrate well into New Zealand society.[42] Winston Peters rejected the Initiative's findings as \"academic gobbledygook\"[43] and attacked the Initiative for being a thinktank run by foreigners.[44] The Labour Party's Immigration spokesperson Iain Lees-Galloway welcomed the report while criticising its alleged ignorance of migrants' infrastructure needs.[45]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Social Impact Bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_bond"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Social policy","text":"The Initiative supported the Key/English government's 'Social Investment Approach,'[46] including the introduction of Social Impact Bonds.[47] It has also argued that concerns about the recent rise of economic inequality were driven by rising house prices while income inequality in New Zealand had remained constant since the 1990s.[48]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emissions Trading Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Emissions_Trading_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Climate Change Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_Commission"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The Initiative does not support policies other than the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to reduce emissions, arguing that other policies do not reduce emissions due to the emissions cap in the ETS.[49][50] It supports the current focus on net-emissions as opposed to shift in focus towards gross emissions advocated by the Climate Change Commission.[51]","title":"Policy positions and public reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Dann, Liam (19 January 2018). \"Who are New Zealand's economic think tanks?\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11964748","url_text":"\"Who are New Zealand's economic think tanks?\""}]},{"reference":"Pattrick Smellie (2012-04-04). \"Roundtable and NZ Institute morph into new libertarian think tank\". National Business Review.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/roundtable-and-nz-institute-morph-nz-initiative-ck-115751","url_text":"\"Roundtable and NZ Institute morph into new libertarian think tank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Eric Crampton\". www.nzinitiative.org.nz. Retrieved 2023-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzinitiative.org.nz//about-us/our-people/eric-crampton/?1","url_text":"\"Dr Eric Crampton\""}]},{"reference":"NZ Companies Office (16 September 2023). \"NZ Companies Register\". NZ Companies Office. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Aisen
Chen Aisen
["1 Early life","2 Diving career","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 World Championships","2.3 World Cup","2.4 World Series","3 Competitive history","4 References","5 External links"]
Chinese diver (born 1995) Chen AisenChen Aisen and Lin Yue at the Rio OlympicsPersonal informationNative name陈艾森NationalityChineseBorn (1995-10-22) 22 October 1995 (age 28)Guangzhou, ChinaHeight1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)SportCountryChinaSportDivingEvent(s)10 m, 10 m synchroClubGuangdong Province Medal record Men's diving Representing  China Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 2 1 0 World Championships 3 1 0 FINA Diving World Cup 3 1 0 Total 8 3 0 Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro 10 m platform 2016 Rio de Janeiro 10 m synchro 2020 Tokyo 10 m synchro World Championships 2015 Kazan 10 m synchro 2017 Budapest 10 m synchro 2019 Gwangju 10 m synchro 2017 Budapest 10 m platform FINA Diving World Cup 2016 Rio de Janeiro 10 m synchro 2018 Wuhan 10 m synchro 2018 Wuhan 10 m platform 2016 Rio de Janeiro 10 m platform Chen Aisen (simplified Chinese: 陈艾森; traditional Chinese: 陳艾森; pinyin: Chén Àisēn, born 22 October 1995) is a Chinese diver. He is a double gold medal winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He won gold in the men's synchronised 10m platform competition with diving partner Lin Yue, as well as gold in the men's individual 10m platform. He has also won golds in the World Championships partnered with Yang Hao and Cao Yuan. Early life Chen was born in Guangzhou, China. He started diving while he was at primary school, selected for his potential in diving. He studied at Jinan University in Guangzhou. Diving career Chen Aisen and Zhang Yanquan at the 2009 East Asian GamesIn 2009, Chen won a gold medal in the men's 10m synchronized event at the East Asian Games with his partner Zhang Yanquan. Chen was just 14. In the next several years, Chen competed in the FINA Diving Grand Prix competitions and won an assortment of medals. In 2014, Chen and Zhang won the 10m synchro event at the Asian Championships. Olympic Games At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Chen and Lin won the gold medal in the 10m synchro event with an overall score of 496.98. He also won the gold medal in the 10m platform event with a score of 585.30. His victory marks the first time China had won the Olympic gold in the men's 10m platform since the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens. Later that year, FINA named Chen as the Male Diver of the Year. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics held in 2021, Chen, now paired with Cao Yuan, won silver in the Men's synchronised 10 m platform event behind Matty Lee and Tom Daley. World Championships In 2015, Chen was partnered with Lin when they won the 10m synchro event at the World Championships in Kazan. Their overall score was 495.72. In 2017, Chen won another gold medal in the 10m synchro event with his new partner, Yang Hao. He also received the silver medal in the individual 10m platform event, which was won by British diver Tom Daley. At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea, Chen partnered with Cao Yuan in the 10m synchro and won gold. World Cup At the 2016 FINA Diving World Cup, Chen won the gold medal in the 10m synchro competition and the silver medal in the 10m platform competition. World Series During the 2013 FINA Diving World Series, Chen won three gold medals in the 10m synchro events with Lin in the Moscow, Dubai, and Beijing legs. He was also the silver medal winner in the individual events in Beijing and Dubai. In 2014, Chen teamed up with Yang Jian to win one gold medal and one silver medal in the 10m synchro event. Chen was partnered with Lin in 2015. They won a total of five gold medals in the 10m synchro events. During the following year, the two of them won the 10m synchro competitions in all four legs. Chen also competed in the 10m platform events, where he won three gold medals and one silver medal. He achieved a higher score than fellow Chinese diver Qiu Bo in three of the legs. In 2017, Chen won multiple gold medals in the 10m platform and 10m synchro events. In the Guangzhou leg, Chen achieved an overall score of 601.15, which made him the fifth diver in history to collect over 600 points on the platform after Lin, Qiu, Yang, and Cao Yuan. Competitive history 2013 Competition Event Score Rank FINA Diving World Series – Beijing Men 10m platform final 551.55 2nd Men 10m synchro final 493.47 1st FINA Diving World Series – Dubai Men 10m platform final 571.60 2nd Men 10m synchro final 490.95 1st FINA Diving World Series – Moscow Men 10m platform final 514.25 3rd Men 10m synchro final 471.18 1st 2014 Competition Event Score Rank FINA Diving World Series – London Men 10m platform final 553.25 2nd Men 10m synchro final 479.13 1st FINA Diving World Series – Moscow Men 10m platform final 563.30 1st Men 10m synchro final 444.66 2nd 2015 Competition Event Score Rank FINA Diving World Series – Beijing Men 10m synchro final 486.75 1st Mixed 10m synchro final 330.00 1st FINA Diving World Series – Dubai Men 10m synchro final 484.23 1st Mixed 10m synchro final 338.40 1st FINA Diving World Series – Kazan Men 10m synchro final 462.78 1st FINA Diving World Series – London Men 10m synchro final 474.84 1st 16th World Aquatics Championships Men 10m synchro final 495.72 1st 2016 Competition Event Score Rank 20th FINA Diving World Cup Men 10m platform final 534.25 2nd Men 10m synchro final 456.00 1st FINA Diving World Series – Beijing Men 10m platform final 572.40 1st Men 10m synchro final 477.15 1st FINA Diving World Series – Dubai Men 10m platform final 569.15 2nd Men 10m synchro final 466.50 1st FINA Diving World Series – Windsor Men 10m platform final 590.15 1st Men 10m synchro final 482.01 1st FINA Diving World Series – Kazan Men 10m platform final 572.40 1st Men 10m synchro final 485.67 1st 2016 Summer Olympics Men 10m platform final 585.30 1st Men 10m synchro final 496.98 1st 2017 Competition Event Score Rank FINA Diving World Series – Beijing Men 10m platform final 556.25 1st Men 10m synchro final 488.85 1st FINA Diving World Series – Guangzhou Men 10m platform final 601.15 1st Men 10m synchro final 463.71 1st FINA Diving World Series – Kazan Men 10m platform final 580.60 1st Men 10m synchro final 462.57 1st FINA Diving World Series – Windsor Men 10m platform final 569.10 1st Men 10m synchro final 477.84 1st 17th World Aquatics Championships Men 10m platform final 585.25 2nd Men 10m synchro final 498.48 1st References ^ Goh, Brenda. "Chen Aisen wins gold for China in men's 10-meter platform". Reuters. ^ "Chen Aisen". FINA. ^ "Liu Xiang "conquers" in 13.66 seconds". Government of Hong Kong. 12 December 2009. ^ "China Dominates FINA Diving Grand Prix Stop in Kuala Lumpur". Swimming World News. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ "China's pool domination continues". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ 相镔. "China's Chen Aisen wins gold in men's 10m platform – China.org.cn". china.org.cn. Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ "Chen Aisen, the king of the 10m platform | FINA.org – Official FINA website". www.fina.org. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017. ^ "Tokyo Olympics: Tom Daley and Matty Lee win gold in men's synchronised 10 m platform". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 July 2021. ^ "Men's 10m Synchro Platform Detailed Results". Omega Timing. Retrieved 14 March 2017. ^ "World Aquatics Championships: Tom Daley wins gold in 10m platform". BBC Sport. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "The somersaulting divers making a splash in South Korea". Agencia EFE. 15 July 2019. ^ a b c Gu, Rachel (19 August 2016). "China's Chen Aisen is diving's biggest wild card". ESPN. ^ "Asian Games: Lin Dan Grabs Badminton Gold, Kuwait Win Coin Toss". NDTV. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015. ^ "Chen and Yang win debut gold in London". Swimming.org. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2016. ^ "Olympic champion Chen joins "600+ club" to capture platform title in Guangzhou". Xinhua News Agency. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017. ^ a b c d e "Results | FINA.org – Official FINA website". www.fina.org. Retrieved 15 March 2017. External links Chen Aisen at World Aquatics Chen Aisen at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) vteOlympic diving champions in men's 10 metre platform 1904:  George Sheldon (USA) 1908:  Hjalmar Johansson (SWE) 1912:  Erik Adlerz (SWE) 1920:  Clarence Pinkston (USA) 1924:  Albert White (USA) 1928:  Pete Desjardins (USA) 1932:  Harold Smith (USA) 1936:  Marshall Wayne (USA) 1948:  Sammy Lee (USA) 1952:  Sammy Lee (USA) 1956:  Joaquín Capilla (MEX) 1960:  Bob Webster (USA) 1964:  Bob Webster (USA) 1968:  Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1972:  Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1976:  Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1980:  Falk Hoffmann (GDR) 1984:  Greg Louganis (USA) 1988:  Greg Louganis (USA) 1992:  Sun Shuwei (CHN) 1996:  Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 2000:  Tian Liang (CHN) 2004:  Hu Jia (CHN) 2008:  Matthew Mitcham (AUS) 2012:  David Boudia (USA) 2016:  Chen Aisen (CHN) 2020:  Cao Yuan (CHN) vteOlympic diving champions in men's synchronized 10 metre platform 2000:  Igor Lukashin & Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 2004:  Tian Liang & Yang Jinghui (CHN) 2008:  Huo Liang & Lin Yue (CHN) 2012:  Cao Yuan & Zhang Yanquan (CHN) 2016:  Chen Aisen & Lin Yue (CHN) 2020:  Tom Daley & Matty Lee (GBR) vteWorld diving champions in men's synchronized 10 metre platform 1998: Tian Liang & Sun Shuwei (CHN) 2001: Hu Jia & Tian Liang (CHN) 2003: Mathew Helm & Robert Newbery (AUS) 2005: Dmitry Dobroskok & Gleb Galperin (RUS) 2007: Huo Liang & Lin Yue (CHN) 2009: Huo Liang & Lin Yue (CHN) 2011: Huo Liang & Qiu Bo (CHN) 2013: Patrick Hausding & Sascha Klein (GER) 2015: Chen Aisen & Lin Yue (CHN) 2017: Chen Aisen & Yang Hao (CHN) 2019: Cao Yuan & Chen Aisen (CHN) 2022: Lian Junjie & Yang Hao (CHN) 2023: Lian Junjie & Yang Hao (CHN) 2024: Lian Junjie & Yang Hao (CHN) vteXinhua News Agency's Top Ten Chinese Athletes of the Year1999 Sun Wen (Football) Xie Jun (Chess) Liu Guoliang (Table tennis) Liu Hongyu (Athletics) Wang Nan (Table tennis) Dong Zhen (Gymnastics) Chen Hua (Swimming) Sun Jun (Badminton) Li Jiajun (Short track speed skating) Shi Zhiyong (Weightlifting) 2000 Xiong Ni (Diving) Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics) Fu Mingxia (Diving) Sun Wen (Football) Ji Xinpeng (Badminton) Kong Linghui (Table tennis) Wang Nan (Table tennis) Wang Liping (Athletics) Xie Jun (Chess) Tao Luna (Shooting) 2001 Wang Nan (Table tennis) Zhu Chen (Chess) Wang Liqin (Table tennis) Luo Xuejuan (Swimming) Yuan Hua (Judo) Dong Yanmei (Athletics) Sun Wen (Football) Yang Yang (A) (Short track speed skating) Wang Zhizhi (Basketball) Chen Ying (Shooting) 2002 Yang Yang (A) (Short track speed skating) Yao Ming (Basketball) Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics) Qi Hui (Swimming) Tao Luna (Shooting) Tan Xue (Fencing) Wu Meijin (Weightlifting) Wu Peng (Swimming) Zhang Yining (Table tennis) Liu Xiang (Athletics) 2003 Yao Ming (Basketball) Li Xiaopeng (Gymnastics) Luo Xuejuan (Swimming) Zhao Ruirui (Volleyball) Wang Nan (Table tennis) Liu Xiang (Athletics) Liu Chunhong (Weightlifting) Sun Yingjie (Athletics) Shen Xue (Figure skating) Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating) 2004 Liu Xiang (Athletics) Zhang Yining (Table tennis) Yao Ming (Basketball) Du Li (Shooting) Luo Xuejuan (Swimming) Meng Guanliang/Yang Wenjun (Canoeing) Feng Kun (Volleyball) Guo Jingjing (Diving) Zhang Ning (Badminton) Tang Gonghong (Weightlifting) 2005 Yao Ming (Basketball) Guo Jingjing (Diving) Zhang Ning (Badminton) Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing) Chang Hao (Go) Zhang Yining (Table tennis) Liu Xiang (Athletics) Chen Yanqing (Weightlifting) Cheng Fei (Gymnastics) Wu Peng (Swimming) 2006 Liu Xiang (Athletics) Yao Ming (Basketball) Han Xiaopeng (Freestyle skiing) Yang Wei (Gymnastics) Wang Meng (Short track speed skating) Ding Junhui (Snooker) Zheng Jie/Yan Zi (Tennis) Wang Lei (Fencing) Wu Peng (Swimming) Chen Yanqing (Weightlifting) 2007 Liu Xiang (Athletics) Yang Wei (Gymnastics) Shen Xue/Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating) Zhu Qinan (Shooting) Guo Jingjing (Diving) Zhang Guozheng (Weightlifting) Zhu Lin (Badminton) Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing) Wu Peng (Swimming) Guo Yue (Table tennis) 2008 Guo Jingjing (Diving) Liu Zige (Swimming) Zhang Juanjuan (Archery) Zhang Yining (Table tennis) Zhong Man (Fencing) Zou Shiming (Amateur Boxing) Yang Wei (Gymnastics) Yin Jian (Sailing) Du Jianping (Para swimming) Tsering Wangmo (Mountain climbing) 2009 Zhang Lin (Swimming) Guo Jingjing (Diving) Liu Zige (Swimming) Bai Xue (Athletics) Lin Dan (Badminton) Wang Meng (Short track speed skating) Wang Hao (Table tennis) Liu Xiang (Athletics) Long Qingquan (Weightlifting) Zhang Yining (Table tennis) 2010 Liu Xiang (Athletics) Lao Yi (Athletics) Sun Yang (Swimming) Wang Meng (Short track speed skating) Zhou Suhong (Volleyball) Lin Dan (Badminton) Shen Xue/Zhao Hongbo (Figure skating) Li Na (Tennis) Jiang Wenwen/Jiang Tingting (Artistic Swimming) Hou Yifan (Chess) 2011 Li Na (Tennis) Sun Yang (Swimming) Zhang Jike (Table tennis) Lin Dan (Badminton) Hou Yifan (Chess) Li Yanfeng (Athletics) Wu Minxia (Diving) Li Na (Fencing) Chen Yibing (Gymnastics) Liu Xiang (Athletics) 2012 Sun Yang (Swimming) Xu Lijia (Sailing) Lin Dan (Badminton) Ye Shiwen (Swimming) Qieyang Shijie (Athletics) Zou Kai (Gymnastics) Lei Sheng (Fencing) Zhang Jike (Table tennis) Feng Shanshan (Golf) Xiong Chaozhong (Professional boxing) 2013 Li Xiaoxia (Table tennis) Ding Junhui (Snooker) Lin Dan (Badminton) Zheng Zhi (Football) Zhang Peimeng (Athletics) Guo Chuan (Marine navigation) Li Na (Tennis) Xiong Chaozhong (Professional boxing) Liao Hui (Weightlifting) He Chong (Diving) 2014 Li Na (Tennis) Ning Zetao (Swimming) Zhang Hong (Speed Skating) Zhang Jike (Table tennis) Yang Haoran (Shooting) Liao Hui (Weightlifting) Lin Dan (Badminton) Yao Jinnan (Gymnastics) Chen Penbin (Ultra-marathon) Zhu Ting (Volleyball) 2015 Su Bingtian (Athletics) Ning Zetao (Swimming) Zhu Ting (Volleyball) Liu Hong (Athletics) Sun Yang (Swimming) Guo Chuan (Marine navigation) Yi Jianlian (Basketball) Chen Penbin (Ultra-marathon) Chen Long (Badminton) Zheng Zhi (Football) 2016 Zhu Ting (Volleyball) Guo Chuan (Marine navigation) Ke Jie (Go) Sun Yang (Swimming) Zhong Tianshi/Gong Jinjie (Track Cycling) Ding Ning (Table tennis) Zhao Shuai (Taekwondo) Han Tianyu (Short track speed skating) Wang Zhen (Athletics) Chen Aisen (Diving) 2017 Sun Yang (Swimming) Gong Lijiao (Athletics) Feng Shanshan (Golf) Zhu Ting (Volleyball) Xu Jiayu (Swimming) Ding Ning (Table tennis) Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating) Shi Tingmao (Diving) Xiao Ruoteng (Gymnastics) Luo Jing (Mountain climbing) 2018 Wu Dajing (Short track speed skating) Su Bingtian (Athletics) Xu Jiayu (Swimming) Zhu Ting (Volleyball) Ju Wenjun (Chess) Wang Shuang (Football) Wu Lei (Football) Gong Lijiao (Athletics) Shi Tingmao (Diving) Xiao Ruoteng (Gymnastics) 2019 China women's national volleyball team (Volleyball) Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating) Gong Lijiao (Athletics) Liu Shiwen (Table tennis) Sun Yang (Swimming) Xu Can (Professional boxing) Shi Tingmao (Diving) Yi Jianlian (Basketball) Cai Xuetong (Snowboarding) Deng Wei (Weightlifting) 2020 No selection due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Yang Qian (Shooting) Su Bingtian (Athletics) Shi Tingmao (Diving) Ma Long (Table tennis) Gong Lijiao (Athletics) Ailing Eileen Gu (Freestyle skiing) Lü Xiaojun (Weightlifting) Zhang Yufei (Swimming) Wang Shun (Swimming) Chen Yufei (Badminton) 2022 Ailing Eileen Gu (Freestyle skiing) Gao Tingyu (Speed skating) Su Yiming (Snowboarding) Xu Mengtao (Freestyle skiing) Wang Jianan (Athletics) Sui Wenjing/Han Cong (Figure skating) Yang Hongqiong (Para cross-country skiing) Zheng Qinwen (Tennis) Zhang Weili (Mixed martial) Chen Yuxi/Quan Hongchan (Diving) 2023 Ding Liren (Chess) Wang Chuqin (Table tennis) China women's national basketball team (Basketball) Wen Xiaoyan (Para Atheletics) Liu Qingyi (Breaking) Zhang Zhizhen (Tennis) Zhang Yufei (Swimming) Dong Hongjuan (Mountain climbing) Qin Haiyang (Swimming) Xie Zhenye (Athletics)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lin Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Yang Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Hao_(diver)"},{"link_name":"Cao Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yuan"}],"text":"Chen Aisen (simplified Chinese: 陈艾森; traditional Chinese: 陳艾森; pinyin: Chén Àisēn, born 22 October 1995) is a Chinese diver. He is a double gold medal winner at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He won gold in the men's synchronised 10m platform competition with diving partner Lin Yue, as well as gold in the men's individual 10m platform.[1] He has also won golds in the World Championships partnered with Yang Hao and Cao Yuan.","title":"Chen Aisen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jinan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chen was born in Guangzhou, China. He started diving while he was at primary school, selected for his potential in diving. He studied at Jinan University in Guangzhou.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_East_Asian_Games_2964.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yanquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yanquan"},{"link_name":"East Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_East_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yanquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yanquan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"10m synchro event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2014_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Chen Aisen and Zhang Yanquan at the 2009 East Asian GamesIn 2009, Chen won a gold medal in the men's 10m synchronized event at the East Asian Games with his partner Zhang Yanquan. Chen was just 14.[3] In the next several years, Chen competed in the FINA Diving Grand Prix competitions and won an assortment of medals.[4] In 2014, Chen and Zhang won the 10m synchro event at the Asian Championships.[5]","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"10m synchro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"10m platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"Male Diver of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FINA_Athletes_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cao Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Men's synchronised 10 m platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"Matty Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Lee"},{"link_name":"Tom Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Chen and Lin won the gold medal in the 10m synchro event with an overall score of 496.98. He also won the gold medal in the 10m platform event with a score of 585.30. His victory marks the first time China had won the Olympic gold in the men's 10m platform since the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.[6] Later that year, FINA named Chen as the Male Diver of the Year.[7]At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics held in 2021, Chen, now paired with Cao Yuan, won silver in the Men's synchronised 10 m platform event behind Matty Lee and Tom Daley.[8]","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10m synchro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"10m synchro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2017_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"Yang Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Hao_(diver)"},{"link_name":"10m platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2017_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"Tom Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Daley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"Cao Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yuan"},{"link_name":"10m synchro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2019_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_synchronized_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"World Championships","text":"In 2015, Chen was partnered with Lin when they won the 10m synchro event at the World Championships in Kazan. Their overall score was 495.72.[9] In 2017, Chen won another gold medal in the 10m synchro event with his new partner, Yang Hao. He also received the silver medal in the individual 10m platform event, which was won by British diver Tom Daley.[10]At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea, Chen partnered with Cao Yuan in the 10m synchro and won gold.[11]","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 FINA Diving World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FINA_Diving_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"10m platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FINA_Diving_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-12"}],"sub_title":"World Cup","text":"At the 2016 FINA Diving World Cup, Chen won the gold medal in the 10m synchro competition and the silver medal in the 10m platform competition.[12]","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 FINA Diving World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FINA_Diving_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Yue"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FINA_Diving_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Yang Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jian_(diver)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FINA_Diving_World_Series"},{"link_name":"10m synchro competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FINA_Diving_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Qiu Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Bo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn-12"},{"link_name":"Cao Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"World Series","text":"During the 2013 FINA Diving World Series, Chen won three gold medals in the 10m synchro events with Lin in the Moscow, Dubai, and Beijing legs.[12] He was also the silver medal winner in the individual events in Beijing and Dubai.[13] In 2014, Chen teamed up with Yang Jian to win one gold medal and one silver medal in the 10m synchro event.[14]Chen was partnered with Lin in 2015. They won a total of five gold medals in the 10m synchro events. During the following year, the two of them won the 10m synchro competitions in all four legs. Chen also competed in the 10m platform events, where he won three gold medals and one silver medal. He achieved a higher score than fellow Chinese diver Qiu Bo in three of the legs.[12]In 2017, Chen won multiple gold medals in the 10m platform and 10m synchro events. In the Guangzhou leg, Chen achieved an overall score of 601.15, which made him the fifth diver in history to collect over 600 points on the platform after Lin, Qiu, Yang, and Cao Yuan.[15]","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive history"}]
[{"image_text":"Chen Aisen and Zhang Yanquan at the 2009 East Asian Games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hong_Kong_East_Asian_Games_2964.JPG/260px-Hong_Kong_East_Asian_Games_2964.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Goh, Brenda. \"Chen Aisen wins gold for China in men's 10-meter platform\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-diving-m-10mplatform-idUSKCN10V0TU","url_text":"\"Chen Aisen wins gold for China in men's 10-meter platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Aisen\". FINA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/athletes/chen-aisen","url_text":"\"Chen Aisen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liu Xiang \"conquers\" in 13.66 seconds\". Government of Hong Kong. 12 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200912/12/P200912120013.htm","url_text":"\"Liu Xiang \"conquers\" in 13.66 seconds\""}]},{"reference":"\"China Dominates FINA Diving Grand Prix Stop in Kuala Lumpur\". Swimming World News. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/china-dominates-fina-diving-grand-prix-stop-kuala-lumpur/","url_text":"\"China Dominates FINA Diving Grand Prix Stop in Kuala Lumpur\""}]},{"reference":"\"China's pool domination continues\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/olympicsports/2014/09/china-maintain-incheon-pool-domination-201492914419696202.html","url_text":"\"China's pool domination continues\""}]},{"reference":"相镔. \"China's Chen Aisen wins gold in men's 10m platform – China.org.cn\". china.org.cn. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/sports/archives/2016-08/21/content_39133918.htm","url_text":"\"China's Chen Aisen wins gold in men's 10m platform – China.org.cn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chen Aisen, the king of the 10m platform | FINA.org – Official FINA website\". www.fina.org. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/news/chen-aisen-king-10m-platform","url_text":"\"Chen Aisen, the king of the 10m platform | FINA.org – Official FINA website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Tom Daley and Matty Lee win gold in men's synchronised 10 m platform\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/57966599","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Tom Daley and Matty Lee win gold in men's synchronised 10 m platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's 10m Synchro Platform Detailed Results\". Omega Timing. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010F0006010504FFFFFFFFFFFFFF02","url_text":"\"Men's 10m Synchro Platform Detailed Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Aquatics Championships: Tom Daley wins gold in 10m platform\". BBC Sport. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/diving/40693172","url_text":"\"World Aquatics Championships: Tom Daley wins gold in 10m platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"The somersaulting divers making a splash in South Korea\". Agencia EFE. 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efe.com/efe/english/destacada/the-somersaulting-divers-making-a-splash-in-south-korea/50000261-4023401","url_text":"\"The somersaulting divers making a splash in South Korea\""}]},{"reference":"Gu, Rachel (19 August 2016). \"China's Chen Aisen is diving's biggest wild card\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/swimming/story/_/id/17327250/china-chen-aisen-diving-biggest-wild-card-rio-olympics-2016","url_text":"\"China's Chen Aisen is diving's biggest wild card\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asian Games: Lin Dan Grabs Badminton Gold, Kuwait Win Coin Toss\". NDTV. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221045718/http://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/news/230666-asian-games-lin-dan-grabs-badminton-gold-kuwait-win-coin-toss","url_text":"\"Asian Games: Lin Dan Grabs Badminton Gold, Kuwait Win Coin Toss\""},{"url":"http://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/news/230666-asian-games-lin-dan-grabs-badminton-gold-kuwait-win-coin-toss","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chen and Yang win debut gold in London\". Swimming.org. 25 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020014/http://www.swimming.org/FinaDiving/news/chen-and-yang-win-debut-gold-in-london/20512","url_text":"\"Chen and Yang win debut gold in London\""},{"url":"http://www.swimming.org/FinaDiving/news/chen-and-yang-win-debut-gold-in-london/20512/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic champion Chen joins \"600+ club\" to capture platform title in Guangzhou\". Xinhua News Agency. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/11/c_136121325.htm","url_text":"\"Olympic champion Chen joins \"600+ club\" to capture platform title in Guangzhou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results | FINA.org – Official FINA website\". www.fina.org. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/latest-results","url_text":"\"Results | FINA.org – Official FINA website\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Unterrath
Unterrath
["1 Geography","2 Name and History","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 51°16′25″N 6°47′26″E / 51.27361°N 6.79056°E / 51.27361; 6.79056City district of Düsseldorf, Germany Map of Düsseldorf, showing Unterrath (in red) within Borough 6 (in pink) Unterrath is one of the 50 quarters of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. Located in the north of the city, it is part of Borough 6. It is near Düsseldorf Airport. Airport City Geography It is bordering on Düsseldorf-Lohausen, Lichtenbroich, Rath, Mörsenbroich, Derendorf und Stockum. Unterrath has an area of 4.43 km2 (1.71 sq mi), and 22,002 inhabitants (2020). Name and History The royal court of the honschaft Rath was in Unterrath. In 1869, the Carthusians founded their first German convent in Unterrath. By its own wish, Unterrath became a part of Düsseldorf in 1909, together with Rath and Lichtenbroich. Unterrath is mainly a housing area. Daimler automotive company has factories in Unterrath. See also Düsseldorf-Unterrath station References ^ Relation: Unterrath (91283) in OpenStreetMap. ^ "Stadtgebietsprofile - Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 03 Geografie" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "Stadtgebietsprofile - Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 05 Bevölkerung" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. Retrieved 4 November 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unterrath. vteBoroughs of Düsseldorf Borough 1 Borough 2 Borough 3 Borough 4 Borough 5 Borough 6 Borough 7 Borough 8 Borough 9 Borough 10 Borough 1 Altstadt Carlstadt Derendorf Golzheim Pempelfort Stadtmitte Borough 2 Düsseltal Flingern-Nord Flingern-Süd Borough 3 Bilk Flehe Friedrichstadt Hafen Hamm Oberbilk Unterbilk Volmerswerth Borough 4 Heerdt Lörick Niederkassel Oberkassel Borough 5 Angermund Kaiserswerth Kalkum Lohausen Stockum Wittlaer Borough 6 Lichtenbroich Mörsenbroich Rath Unterrath Borough 7 Gerresheim Grafenberg Hubbelrath Knittkuhl Ludenberg Borough 8 Eller Lierenfeld Unterbach Vennhausen Borough 9 Benrath Hassels Himmelgeist Holthausen Itter Reisholz Urdenbach Wersten Borough 10 Garath Hellerhof 51°16′25″N 6°47′26″E / 51.27361°N 6.79056°E / 51.27361; 6.79056 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This Düsseldorf location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf_Stadtteil_Unterrath.svg"},{"link_name":"Borough 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_6_(D%C3%BCsseldorf)"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Borough 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_6_(D%C3%BCsseldorf)"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf-Unterrath_AirportCity.jpg"}],"text":"City district of Düsseldorf, GermanyMap of Düsseldorf, showing Unterrath (in red) within Borough 6 (in pink)Unterrath is one of the 50 quarters of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. Located in the north of the city, it is part of Borough 6. It is near Düsseldorf Airport.[1]Airport City","title":"Unterrath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Düsseldorf-Lohausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Lohausen"},{"link_name":"Lichtenbroich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Lichtenbroich"},{"link_name":"Rath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Rath"},{"link_name":"Mörsenbroich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-M%C3%B6rsenbroich"},{"link_name":"Derendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Derendorf"},{"link_name":"Stockum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Stockum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geo20-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop20-3"}],"text":"It is bordering on Düsseldorf-Lohausen, Lichtenbroich, Rath, Mörsenbroich, Derendorf und Stockum. Unterrath has an area of 4.43 km2 (1.71 sq mi),[2] and 22,002 inhabitants (2020).[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honschaft&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The royal court of the honschaft Rath was in Unterrath. In 1869, the Carthusians founded their first German convent in Unterrath. \nBy its own wish, Unterrath became a part of Düsseldorf in 1909, together with Rath and Lichtenbroich.Unterrath is mainly a housing area. Daimler automotive company has factories in Unterrath.","title":"Name and History"}]
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[{"title":"Düsseldorf-Unterrath station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Unterrath_station"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unterrath&params=51_16_25_N_6_47_26_E_region:DE-NW_type:city(20044)_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"51°16′25″N 6°47′26″E / 51.27361°N 6.79056°E / 51.27361; 6.79056"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?relation=91283","external_links_name":"Relation: Unterrath (91283)"},{"Link":"https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/03_geografie/SD_2021_Kap_3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stadtgebietsprofile - Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 03 Geografie\""},{"Link":"https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/05_bevoelkerung/SD_2021_Kap_5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stadtgebietsprofile - Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile 05 Bevölkerung\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unterrath&params=51_16_25_N_6_47_26_E_region:DE-NW_type:city(20044)_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"51°16′25″N 6°47′26″E / 51.27361°N 6.79056°E / 51.27361; 6.79056"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240568129","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4848030-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unterrath&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Man%27s_Wife
The Other Man's Wife
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1919 film The Other Man's WifeAd for filmDirected byCarl HarbaughWritten byMary MurilloStarringEllen CassidyCinematographyWilliam CrollyRelease date June 8, 1919 (1919-06-08) Running time60 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) The Other Man's Wife is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by Carl Harbaugh which, as discussed in its prologue, is dedicated to the part played by women at home during World War I. It was the film debut of George Jessel. The film is considered to be lost. Plot As described in a film magazine, the wartime draft affects three families, one wealthy, one on the East Side, and the other a middle-class family. In the wealthy home a man leaves his butterfly wife and three children, in the middle class home a youth leaves his mother and sister, and in the East Side home a boy leaves his parents and three sisters, the men all marching off to training camp. While they are away, J. Douglas Kerr (Holmes) is the lounge lizard interloper who endeavors to win the affections of the wife of the wealthy Fred Hartley, stooping so low as to send a cablegram suggesting the death of the husband. While she is less of the butterfly than he supposes, she apparently succumbs to his attentions, and he believes he will obtain some money marrying her. But after the armistice ends the fighting, the men begin to come home to their families. Fred Hartley comes home to find his wife in Kerr's arms, where she is struggling to free herself, saying to Kerr that she was wise to his low tactics all along, but had to use a woman's weapons. In this tense scene Fred initially refuses to respond to his wife's embrace, but later matters logically work themselves out for a happy reunion of all families. Cast Ellen Cassidy as Mrs. Fred Hartley Stuart Holmes as J. Douglas Kerr Ned Hay as Fred Hartley Olive Trevor as Elsie Drummond Halbert Brown as Bruce Drummond Elizabeth Garrison as Mrs. Bruce Drummond (as Mrs. Garrison) Leslie Casey as Wilbur Drummond Regina Quinn as Betty Moore Laura Newman as Mrs. Moore Danny Sullivan as Jimmy Moore George Jessel as Davy Simon Evelyn Brent as Becky Simon References ^ Kear, Lynn (2009). Evelyn Brent: The Life and Films of Hollywood's Lady Crook. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7864-4363-5. ^ "Post-War Drama Dedicated to Woman Is Fairly Forceful". Film Daily. 8 (73). New York City: Wid's Film and Film Folks, Inc.: 11 June 15, 1919. Retrieved October 15, 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Other Man's Wife. The Other Man's Wife at IMDb This 1910s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Carl Harbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Harbaugh"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"George Jessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jessel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Other Man's Wife is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by Carl Harbaugh which, as discussed in its prologue, is dedicated to the part played by women at home during World War I. It was the film debut of George Jessel. The film is considered to be lost.[1]","title":"The Other Man's Wife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Side_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"lounge lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_lizard"},{"link_name":"armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne"}],"text":"As described in a film magazine,[2] the wartime draft affects three families, one wealthy, one on the East Side, and the other a middle-class family. In the wealthy home a man leaves his butterfly wife and three children, in the middle class home a youth leaves his mother and sister, and in the East Side home a boy leaves his parents and three sisters, the men all marching off to training camp. While they are away, J. Douglas Kerr (Holmes) is the lounge lizard interloper who endeavors to win the affections of the wife of the wealthy Fred Hartley, stooping so low as to send a cablegram suggesting the death of the husband. While she is less of the butterfly than he supposes, she apparently succumbs to his attentions, and he believes he will obtain some money marrying her. But after the armistice ends the fighting, the men begin to come home to their families. Fred Hartley comes home to find his wife in Kerr's arms, where she is struggling to free herself, saying to Kerr that she was wise to his low tactics all along, but had to use a woman's weapons. In this tense scene Fred initially refuses to respond to his wife's embrace, but later matters logically work themselves out for a happy reunion of all families.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Cassidy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stuart Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Ned Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ned_Hay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olive Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_Trevor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halbert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halbert_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Garrison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leslie Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Casey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Regina Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Quinn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laura Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danny Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Sullivan_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Jessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jessel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Brent"}],"text":"Ellen Cassidy as Mrs. Fred Hartley\nStuart Holmes as J. Douglas Kerr\nNed Hay as Fred Hartley\nOlive Trevor as Elsie Drummond\nHalbert Brown as Bruce Drummond\nElizabeth Garrison as Mrs. Bruce Drummond (as Mrs. Garrison)\nLeslie Casey as Wilbur Drummond\nRegina Quinn as Betty Moore\nLaura Newman as Mrs. Moore\nDanny Sullivan as Jimmy Moore\nGeorge Jessel as Davy Simon\nEvelyn Brent as Becky Simon","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohima_Science_College
Kohima Science College
["1 Campus","2 Departments","3 Administration","4 Library","5 Notable alumni and faculty","5.1 Faculty members","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°39′57″N 94°04′30″E / 25.6659°N 94.0751°E / 25.6659; 94.0751College in Nagaland, India Kohima Science CollegeCoat Of ArmsOther nameKSCJMottoOmnia Vincit Labor (Latin)Motto in EnglishLabour Overcomes EverythingEstablished1961AffiliationAutonomousPrincipalLily SemaStudents2000 (as of 2021)LocationJotsoma, Kohima District, Nagaland, 797002, India25°39′57″N 94°04′30″E / 25.6659°N 94.0751°E / 25.6659; 94.0751CampusUrbanWebsitekscj.ac.in The Kohima Science College, Jotsoma (KSCJ) is an autonomous government institute for undergraduate and postgraduate science education located at Jotsoma in the state of Nagaland, India. The college was established in 1961 with science education in higher secondary and under graduate levels. Kohima Science College has about 2000 students (as of 2021) enrolled in collegiate undergraduate and graduate programs and served by about 100 academic faculty and staff with a teacher to student ratio of 1:20. Campus The Red Square The college campus is located on the hill top of Jotsoma village, which is located four kilometres (2.5 mi) from Kohima. The college campus covers an area of about 50 acres (20 ha). The institution is built on a hillock, originally measuring 200 acres (81 ha). Presently, three portions, about 50 acres altogether, have been carved out to house a water reservoir, Doordharshan Kendra Kohima and music academy. Departments Department of Anthropology Department of Botany Department of Chemistry Department of Computer Science Department of English Department of Geography Department of Geology Department of Mathematics Department of Physics Department of Statistics Department of Tenyidie Department of Zoology Administration Principal: Lily Sema Vice Principal: Thungbeni Yanthan Founding members: Neilhouzhü Kire, Chairman John Bosco Jasokie, General Secretary Keduonyü Sekhose, Organizing Secretary Vizol Koso, Member Haizotuo Munshi, Member U.M. Deb, Treasurer Akum Imlong, Member Library The college is endowed with a number of libraries to meet the informative needs of the students and faculty. It has a large repository of books, journals, national and international magazines, newspapers, past exam question papers and project reports. The college is a registered user of UGC-NLIST (National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content) Programme, a project funded by the Ministry of Human Resources Development under its National Mission on Education through ICT. The N-LIST project provides access to more than 3800 journals, 80000 electronic books and bibliographic databases to students, researchers and faculty, and also allows authorized users to download articles directly from the publisher's website. Notable alumni and faculty Neikezhakuo Kengurüse, Indian Army Officer Mmhonlümo Kikon, Politician Moko Koza, Rapper Vizadel Sakhrie, Politician Hovithal Sothu, Bureaucrat Faculty members Tanka Bahadur Rai, Politician References ^ "Nagaland has top 3 private colleges in Northeast". Eastern Mirror Nagaland. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "Introduction". Kohima Science College. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "'65% of total students in Kohima Science College are female'". The Morung Express. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "Kohima Science College women's hostel inaugurated". Nagaland Post. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "Prospectus". Kohima Science College. 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. ^ "Kohima Science College land issue finally resolved after CAB steps in". Nagaland Post. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ "Departments at Kohima Science College". ^ "Administration". ^ "Kohima Science College Library". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kohima Science College. Kohima Science College Official website vteNagaland UniversityColleges Alder College Bailey Baptist College Baptist College, Kohima C-Edge College City College of Arts and Commerce Capital College of Higher Education Cornerstone College, Dimapur Dimapur Government College Don Bosco College, Kohima Eastern Christian College, Dimapur Fazl Ali College Immanuel College, Dimapur J.N. Aier College Japfü Christian College Jubilee Memorial College Kohima College Kohima Law College Kohima Science College Kros College, Kohima Loyem Memorial College M.G.M. College Model Christian College, Kohima Modern College, Kohima Mountain View Christian College Mount Olive College, Kohima Mount Mary College, Dimapur Mount Tiyi Government College Oriental College, Kohima Patkai Christian College Peren Government College People's College Pfutsero Government College Phek Government College Pranabananda Women's College Public College of Commerce S.D. Jain Girl's College Sakus Mission College Salesian College of Higher Education Salt Christian College Sao Chang College Sazolie College Shamator College St. Joseph's College, Jakhama St. John College, Dimapur St. Xavier's College, Jalukie Tetso College Tuli College Unity College, Dimapur Wangkhao Government College Yemhi Memorial College Yingli College, Longleng Zisaji Presidency College Zünheboto Government College
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jotsoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotsoma"},{"link_name":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"College in Nagaland, IndiaThe Kohima Science College, Jotsoma (KSCJ) is an autonomous government institute for undergraduate and postgraduate science education located at Jotsoma in the state of Nagaland, India. The college was established in 1961 with science education in higher secondary and under graduate levels.[1][2]Kohima Science College has about 2000 students (as of 2021) enrolled in collegiate undergraduate and graduate programs and served by about 100 academic faculty and staff with a teacher to student ratio of 1:20.[3][4]","title":"Kohima Science College"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSCJ_The_Red_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSCJ_The_Red_Square.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kohima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohima"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prospectus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Doordharshan Kendra Kohima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"}],"text":"The Red SquareThe college campus is located on the hill top of Jotsoma village, which is located four kilometres (2.5 mi) from Kohima.[5] The college campus covers an area of about 50 acres (20 ha).[6]The institution is built on a hillock, originally measuring 200 acres (81 ha). Presently, three portions, about 50 acres altogether, have been carved out to house a water reservoir, Doordharshan Kendra Kohima and music academy.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Tenyidie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angami_language"},{"link_name":"Zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Department of Anthropology\nDepartment of Botany\nDepartment of Chemistry\nDepartment of Computer Science\nDepartment of English\nDepartment of Geography\nDepartment of Geology\nDepartment of Mathematics\nDepartment of Physics\nDepartment of Statistics\nDepartment of Tenyidie\nDepartment of Zoology[7]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bosco Jasokie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bosco_Jasokie"},{"link_name":"Vizol Koso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizol_Koso"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Principal: Lily SemaVice Principal: Thungbeni YanthanFounding members:Neilhouzhü Kire, Chairman\nJohn Bosco Jasokie, General Secretary\nKeduonyü Sekhose, Organizing Secretary\nVizol Koso, Member\nHaizotuo Munshi, Member\nU.M. Deb, Treasurer\nAkum Imlong, Member[8]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UGC-NLIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nlist.inflibnet.ac.in/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The college is endowed with a number of libraries to meet the informative needs of the students and faculty. It has a large repository of books, journals, national and international magazines, newspapers, past exam question papers and project reports.The college is a registered user of UGC-NLIST (National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content) Programme, a project funded by the Ministry of Human Resources Development under its National Mission on Education through ICT. The N-LIST project provides access to more than 3800 journals, 80000 electronic books and bibliographic databases to students, researchers and faculty, and also allows authorized users to download articles directly from the publisher's website.[9]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neikezhakuo Kengurüse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neikezhakuo_Kengur%C3%BCse"},{"link_name":"Mmhonlümo Kikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmhonl%C3%BCmo_Kikon"},{"link_name":"Vizadel Sakhrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizadel_Sakhrie"},{"link_name":"Hovithal Sothu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovithal_Sothu"}],"text":"Neikezhakuo Kengurüse, Indian Army Officer\nMmhonlümo Kikon, Politician\nMoko Koza, Rapper\nVizadel Sakhrie, Politician\nHovithal Sothu, Bureaucrat","title":"Notable alumni and faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanka Bahadur Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanka_Bahadur_Rai"}],"sub_title":"Faculty members","text":"Tanka Bahadur Rai, Politician","title":"Notable alumni and faculty"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nagaland has top 3 private colleges in Northeast\". Eastern Mirror Nagaland. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-has-top-3-private-colleges-in-northeast/","url_text":"\"Nagaland has top 3 private colleges in Northeast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction\". Kohima Science College. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kscj.ac.in/index.php/kscj/introduction","url_text":"\"Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"'65% of total students in Kohima Science College are female'\". The Morung Express. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://morungexpress.com/65-of-total-students-in-kohima-science-college-are-female","url_text":"\"'65% of total students in Kohima Science College are female'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morung_Express","url_text":"The Morung Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Kohima Science College women's hostel inaugurated\". Nagaland Post. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nagalandpost.com/kohima-science-college-women-s-hostel-inaugurated/231814.html","url_text":"\"Kohima Science College women's hostel inaugurated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_Post","url_text":"Nagaland Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Prospectus\". Kohima Science College. 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://kscj.ac.in/index.php/component/content/article/23-download/prospectus/183-prospectus-2020","url_text":"\"Prospectus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohima Science College land issue finally resolved after CAB steps in\". Nagaland Post. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nagalandpost.com/kohima-science-college-land-issue-finally-resolved-after-cab-steps-in/227316.html","url_text":"\"Kohima Science College land issue finally resolved after CAB steps in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_Post","url_text":"Nagaland Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Departments at Kohima Science College\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kscj.ac.in/index.php/departments","url_text":"\"Departments at Kohima Science College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administration\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kscj.ac.in/index.php/ksc/administration","url_text":"\"Administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohima Science College Library\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kscj.ac.in/index.php/library","url_text":"\"Kohima Science College Library\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Fullam
John P. Fullam
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 Notable cases","4 Personal life and death","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
American judge John Patrick FullamSenior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of PennsylvaniaIn officeApril 1, 1990 – March 8, 2018Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of PennsylvaniaIn office1986–1990Preceded byAlfred Leopold LuongoSucceeded byLouis BechtleJudge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of PennsylvaniaIn officeAugust 11, 1966 – April 1, 1990Appointed byLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byAbraham Lincoln FreedmanSucceeded byWilliam H. Yohn Jr. Personal detailsBornJohn Patrick Fullam(1921-12-10)December 10, 1921Gardenville, PennsylvaniaDiedMarch 8, 2018(2018-03-08) (aged 96)Wallingford, PennsylvaniaEducationVillanova University (B.S.)Harvard Law School (J.D.) John Patrick Fullam (December 10, 1921 – March 8, 2018) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Education and career Born in Gardenville, Pennsylvania, Fullam graduated from Villanova University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. From 1942 to 1948 Fullam served in the United States Navy Reserve. He received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1948. From 1948 to 1960 he worked in private practice in Bristol, Pennsylvania. He was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 8th District in the 1954 and 1956 elections but was defeated by Karl C. King and Willard S. Curtin, respectively. From 1960 to 1966 he was a Judge on the Court of Common Pleas for Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Federal judicial service On January 19, 1966 President Lyndon Johnson nominated Fullam to the Eastern District, to a seat vacated by Judge Abraham Lincoln Freedman. Fullam was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 10, 1966, and received commission on August 11, 1966. Fullam served as Chief Judge from 1986 to 1990 and assumed senior status on April 1, 1990. He took inactive senior status on April 15, 2011. Notable cases During his 45 years on the Federal bench, Fullam presided over such cases as the bankruptcy of the Penn Central Transportation Company, the largest corporate bankruptcy at that time, and the Abscam political corruption probe. Personal life and death Fullam met his wife Alice while in law school at Harvard, and the two married in 1950. They commissioned the architect Paul Rudolph to design a home for their family in Wrightstown, Pennsylvania. The residence was designated a National Historic Place in 2019. The couple raised four children and remained married until Alice's death in 2016. John Fullam died on March 8, 2018, at Plush Mills Senior Living in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. See also List of United States federal judges by longevity of service References ^ "Archives - Philly.com". articles.philly.com. ^ a b "Retired U.S. District Judge John P. Fullam, 96, noted for Abscam, Penn Central cases - Philly". Sources John Patrick Fullam at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byAbraham Lincoln Freedman Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania 1966–1990 Succeeded byWilliam H. Yohn Jr. Preceded byAlfred Leopold Luongo Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania 1986–1990 Succeeded byLouis Bechtle
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States district judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"John Patrick Fullam (December 10, 1921 – March 8, 2018) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.","title":"John P. Fullam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Villanova University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanova_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Karl C. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_C._King"},{"link_name":"Willard S. Curtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_S._Curtin"},{"link_name":"Bucks County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Born in Gardenville, Pennsylvania, Fullam graduated from Villanova University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. From 1942 to 1948 Fullam served in the United States Navy Reserve. He received his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1948. From 1948 to 1960 he worked in private practice in Bristol, Pennsylvania. He was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 8th District in the 1954 and 1956 elections but was defeated by Karl C. King and Willard S. Curtin, respectively. From 1960 to 1966 he was a Judge on the Court of Common Pleas for Bucks County, Pennsylvania.","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Freedman"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Chief Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_judge_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On January 19, 1966 President Lyndon Johnson nominated Fullam to the Eastern District, to a seat vacated by Judge Abraham Lincoln Freedman. Fullam was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 10, 1966, and received commission on August 11, 1966. Fullam served as Chief Judge from 1986 to 1990 and assumed senior status on April 1, 1990. He took inactive senior status on April 15, 2011.[1]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bankruptcy of the Penn Central Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company#Bankruptcy_and_Conrail_merger"},{"link_name":"Abscam political corruption probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-2"}],"text":"During his 45 years on the Federal bench, Fullam presided over such cases as the bankruptcy of the Penn Central Transportation Company, the largest corporate bankruptcy at that time, and the Abscam political corruption probe.[2]","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Rudolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)"},{"link_name":"home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Alice_Fullam_House"},{"link_name":"Wrightstown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightstown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"National Historic Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-2"}],"text":"Fullam met his wife Alice while in law school at Harvard, and the two married in 1950. They commissioned the architect Paul Rudolph to design a home for their family in Wrightstown, Pennsylvania. The residence was designated a National Historic Place in 2019. The couple raised four children and remained married until Alice's death in 2016. John Fullam died on March 8, 2018, at Plush Mills Senior Living in Wallingford, Pennsylvania.[2]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Patrick Fullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1380966"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"}],"text":"John Patrick Fullam at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of United States federal judges by longevity of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_judges_by_longevity_of_service"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Stadium
Falcon Stadium
["1 History","2 Construction","3 Elevation","4 Improvements","5 Events","5.1 Ice hockey","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°59′49″N 104°50′35″W / 38.997°N 104.843°W / 38.997; -104.843American football stadium at the U.S. Air Force Academy For the stadium of the Atlanta Falcons, see Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Falcon StadiumView from northeast corner in 2008USAF AcademyLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesUSAF AcademyLocation in ColoradoShow map of ColoradoAddress4900 Stadium BoulevardLocationU.S. Air Force Academy,Colorado, U.S.near Colorado SpringsCoordinates38°59′49″N 104°50′35″W / 38.997°N 104.843°W / 38.997; -104.843Elevation6,621 feet (2,018 m) AMSLOwnerU.S. Air Force AcademyOperatorU.S. Air Force AcademyCapacity39,441 (2024–present)38,041 (2023)46,692 (2005–2022)52,480 (1996–2004)50,126 (1995)52,000 (1993–1994)52,123 (1986–1992)46,668 (1972–1985)40,828 (1962–1971)Record attendance56,409(vs. Notre Dame, 2002)SurfaceFieldTurf (2006–present)Natural grass (1962–2005)ConstructionOpenedSeptember 22, 1962;61 years ago (1962-09-22)Expanded1972, 1990Construction cost$3.5 million($35.3 million in 2024)ArchitectPraeger-Kavanaugh-WaterburySlater Paul Architects (renovations)General contractorB. H. Baker Inc.TenantsAir Force Falcons (NCAA) (1962–present) Falcon Stadium is an outdoor football stadium in the western United States, on the campus of the U.S. Air Force Academy near Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is the home field of the Air Force Falcons football and lacrosse teams of the Mountain West Conference, and also holds the academy's graduation ceremonies each spring. History April 2002 satellite view From 1956 to 1961, Air Force played its home games at various sites along the Front Range in Colorado. Most games were played in Denver at the University of Denver's stadium, but several were played in Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and CU's Folsom Field in Boulder. Planned in 1955, Falcon Stadium opened 62 years ago in 1962, at a cost of $3.5 million, and has a current seating capacity of 46,692. The first game was on September 22, a 34–0 victory over Colorado State. It was officially dedicated four weeks later on October 20, with a ceremony which included the Thunderbirds. Construction The U.S. Air Force Academy lies at the base of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, northwest of adjacent Colorado Springs. Built into a natural bowl about two miles (3 km) southeast and five hundred vertical feet (150 m) below the cadet area, Falcon Stadium is approximately a mile (1.6 km) west of Interstate 25. With an unbalanced design and a traditional north–south alignment, the western sideline has the press box and two large grandstand tiers above the main bowl; the eastern side has a single tier, bordered by seven separate sections of grandstands. Elevation The FieldTurf playing field is at an elevation of 6,621 feet (2,018 m) above sea level, the second highest in FBS college football, exceeded only by conference foe Wyoming's War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, which is six hundred feet (180 m) higher. Bill Belichick decided to use the stadium to prepare his New England Patriots for their 2017 NFL Mexico Game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in mid-November. The Patriots had played in nearby Denver the previous Sunday, so they remained in Colorado to prepare for their Mexico trip. Estadio Azteca is at a similar altitude of 7,200 feet (2,195 m), and the Patriots defeated the Oakland Raiders there by 25 points. The Los Angeles Rams employed a similar strategy the following year, with practices at Falcon Stadium, but the 2018 game was moved to Los Angeles because of poor field conditions at Azteca. Improvements Falcon Stadium had a natural grass field for its first 44 years, although the sideline areas where teams stood were artificial turf since the 1980s. Prior to the 2006 season, synthetic FieldTurf was installed at a cost of $750,000. The stadium has been expanded twice, and the 2005 renovation lowered the total seating capacity. Permanent lighting was installed in Falcon Stadium in 2002 at a cost of $500,000, and the video screen at the south end of the field debuted in 2004. A new sound system was also installed for the 2006 season. The scoreboard was removed after the 2015 season, and a new, larger video board measuring 31 ft 2 in (9.5 m) tall by 82 ft 8 in (25.2 m) wide, with a total surface area of more than 2,500 square feet (230 m2). At its installation in 2016, it was the largest in the Mountain West Conference and amongst the service academies. A second video board was also installed behind the northeast stands prior to the 2016 season. Events Air Force football players after a win over Robert Morris in 2023 Ice hockey Falcon Stadium hosted the 2020 NHL Stadium Series outdoor game between the Colorado Avalanche and the Los Angeles Kings. Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Event Attendance February 15, 2020 Los Angeles Kings 3–1 Colorado Avalanche 2020 NHL Stadium Series 43,574 See also List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums References ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ a b Falcon Stadium, United States Air Force Academy, 6/30/2012 ^ "Nixon defends military in A.F. Academy speech". Lodi News-Sentinel. (California). UPI. June 5, 1969. p. 3. ^ Hilliard, Carl (May 29, 1986). "Bush addresses Air Force class". Times-News. (Hendersonville, North Carolina). Associated Press. p. 21. ^ cfbdatawarehouse.com, 1956 data Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ cfbdatawarehouse.com, 1960 data Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Army & Middies snubbing Falcons?". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. October 14, 1958. p. 19. ^ MacCambridge, Michael, ed. ESPN College Football Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion, 2005. Pg. 68. ^ "Plan stadium for Air Force football team". Ellensburg Daily Record. Washington. Associated Press. October 28, 1955. p. 8. ^ "Air academy stadium planned in Colorado". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. October 30, 1955. p. 13. ^ "Rockies: Air Force 34–0". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 23, 1962. p. 5B. ^ "Air Force will dedicate stadium". Florence Times. (Alabama). Associated Press. October 17, 1962. p. 2. ^ "Ducks sail past airmen". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. 2, sports. ^ Strite, Dick (October 21, 1962). "Oregon shoots down Air Force 35-20". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1B. ^ Sutton, Horace (October 22, 1961). "Sky blue". Toledo Blade. (Ohio). (Sunday magazine). p. 28. ^ Topographic map from USGS via Microsoft Research Maps ^ Namnoum, Rob (2018-01-31). "The time the Patriots spent a week in Colorado Springs". KRDO. Retrieved 2019-08-05. ^ Longman, Jeré (2009-08-10). "In Mexico City, a Soccer Stadium Where Visitors Rarely Breathe Easy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-08-05. ^ [email protected], BRENT BRIGGEMAN (13 November 2018). "Rams to stay in Colorado Springs despite NFL's decision not to play in Mexico City". Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved 2019-08-05. ^ Kesting, Amanda (January 1, 2019). "NHL Stadium Series coming back to Colorado in 2020". 9News.com. Tegna. Retrieved January 2, 2019. External links Air Force Academy Official Athletic Site Air Force Athletics – Falcon Stadium Sports-Venue.Info – Falcon Stadium information & photos vteAir Force Falcons footballVenues DU Stadium (1955–1961) Falcon Stadium (1962–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy) Colorado State (Ram–Falcon Trophy) Hawaii (Kuter Trophy) Navy (Commander-in-Chief's Trophy) Culture & lore History The Bird "Falcon Fight Song" "The U.S. Air Force" United States Air Force Academy Band People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteUnited States Air Force AcademyLocated in: Air Force Academy, ColoradoAcademics FalconLaunch FalconSAT Robert F. McDermott Prep School Aircraft Diamond T-52A Cirrus T-53A Blanik TG-10 Ximango TG-14 Schempp-Hirth TG-15 de Havilland UV-18B Twin Otter Athletics Baseball Basketball Men Women Boxing Football Commander-in-Chief's Trophy Ice hockey Lacrosse Rugby Soccer Men Team Handball Campus Cadet Area Cadet Gymnasium Carlton House Cemetery Chapel Eisenhower Golf course Erdle Field Falcon Stadium Field House (Ice Arena Clune Arena) Jacks Valley Soccer Stadium History Academy history Air Training Officers Lowry Air Force Base Military training Freefall Parachuting SERE People Alumni Air Officer Commanding Commandants Superintendents Superintendent Richard M. Clark Lance P. Sijan Traditions The Bird Contrails The Dodo Honor Code Ranks and insignia Jabara Award KAFA Prop and Wings Units Wings 10 ABW 34 TRW Groups 306 FTG Squadrons 1 FTS 70 FTS 94 FTS 98 FTS 557 FTS Founded: 1954 Students: Approximately 4,000 Endowment: 47 million vteFootball stadiums of the Mountain West ConferenceMountain Division Falcon Stadium (Air Force) Albertsons Stadium (Boise State) Canvas Stadium (Colorado State) University Stadium (New Mexico) Maverik Stadium (Utah State) War Memorial Stadium (Wyoming) West Division Valley Children's Stadium (Fresno State) Ching Athletics Complex (Hawaii) Mackay Stadium (Nevada) Snapdragon Stadium (San Diego State) CEFCU Stadium (San Jose State) Allegiant Stadium (UNLV) vteCollege football venues in ColoradoDivision IFBSBig 12 Folsom Field (Colorado) Mountain West Falcon Stadium (Air Force) Sonny Lubick Field at Canvas Stadium (Colorado State) Division IFCSBig Sky Nottingham Field (Northern Colorado) Division IIRocky Mountain Alumni Field (Colorado Mines) Mountaineer Bowl (Western Colorado) Neta and Eddie DeRose ThunderBowl (CSU–Pueblo) Ray Dennison Memorial Field (Fort Lewis) Rex Field (Adams State) Ralph Stocker Stadium (Colorado Mesa)   vteOutdoor NHL venuesAtlantic BMO Field (Toronto) Fenway Park, Gillette Stadium, and Edgewood Tahoe Resort (Boston) Michigan Stadium (Detroit) Ralph Wilson Stadium and Tim Hortons Field (Buffalo) TD Place Stadium (Ottawa) Metropolitan Carter–Finley Stadium (Carolina) Citi Field (New York Rangers¹) Citizens Bank Park and Lincoln Financial Field (Philadelphia) Heinz Field (Pittsburgh) Nationals Park and Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium (Washington) Ohio Stadium (Columbus) Yankee Stadium and MetLife Stadium (New Jersey, New York Islanders and New York Rangers¹) Pacific BC Place (Vancouver) Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton) Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles) Levi's Stadium (San Jose) McMahon Stadium (Calgary) T-Mobile Park (Seattle) Central Busch Stadium (St. Louis) Coors Field, Falcon Stadium, and Edgewood Tahoe Resort (Colorado) Cotton Bowl Stadium (Dallas) Investors Group Field and Mosaic Stadium (Winnipeg) Nissan Stadium (Nashville) TCF Bank Stadium and Target Field (Minnesota) Wrigley Field, Soldier Field, and Notre Dame Stadium (Chicago) Exhibition venues Caesars Palace Conception Bay Sports Arena Marquette Branch Prison ¹ Nominally listed as away team in all outdoor games due to a tax loophole.
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It is the home field of the Air Force Falcons football and lacrosse teams of the Mountain West Conference, and also holds the academy's graduation ceremonies each spring.[3][4]","title":"Falcon Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Force_Football_Stadium_Satellite.jpg"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"Front Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range_Urban_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Pioneers_football"},{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DU_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amidsnub-7"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"CU's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_football"},{"link_name":"Folsom Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Field"},{"link_name":"Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps55edr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tusc55-10"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"Colorado State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fstgmerg-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flotimal-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duxail-13"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreshoot-14"}],"text":"April 2002 satellite viewFrom 1956 to 1961, Air Force played its home games at various sites along the Front Range in Colorado.[5][6] Most games were played in Denver at the University of Denver's stadium,[7] but several were played in Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and CU's Folsom Field in Boulder.[8]Planned in 1955,[9][10] Falcon Stadium opened 62 years ago in 1962, at a cost of $3.5 million, and has a current seating capacity of 46,692. The first game was on September 22, a 34–0 victory over Colorado State.[11] It was officially dedicated four weeks later on October 20,[12][13] with a ceremony which included the Thunderbirds.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rampart Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_Range"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbskybl-15"},{"link_name":"cadet area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy,_Cadet_Area"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_in_Colorado"}],"text":"The U.S. Air Force Academy lies at the base of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains, northwest of adjacent Colorado Springs.[15] Built into a natural bowl about two miles (3 km) southeast and five hundred vertical feet (150 m) below the cadet area, Falcon Stadium is approximately a mile (1.6 km) west of Interstate 25.With an unbalanced design and a traditional north–south alignment, the western sideline has the press box and two large grandstand tiers above the main bowl; the eastern side has a single tier, bordered by seven separate sections of grandstands.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FieldTurf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FieldTurf"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Wyoming's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Cowboys_football"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Stadium_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Bill Belichick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Belichick"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Mexico Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_International_Series#Mexico_Games"},{"link_name":"Estadio Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Azteca"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Oakland_Raiders_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Los_Angeles_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"moved to Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Kansas_City_Chiefs%E2%80%93Los_Angeles_Rams_game"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The FieldTurf playing field is at an elevation of 6,621 feet (2,018 m) above sea level,[16] the second highest in FBS college football, exceeded only by conference foe Wyoming's War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, which is six hundred feet (180 m) higher.Bill Belichick decided to use the stadium to prepare his New England Patriots for their 2017 NFL Mexico Game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in mid-November.[17] The Patriots had played in nearby Denver the previous Sunday, so they remained in Colorado to prepare for their Mexico trip. Estadio Azteca is at a similar altitude of 7,200 feet (2,195 m), and the Patriots defeated the Oakland Raiders there by 25 points.[18]The Los Angeles Rams employed a similar strategy the following year, with practices at Falcon Stadium, but the 2018 game was moved to Los Angeles because of poor field conditions at Azteca.[19]","title":"Elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"FieldTurf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FieldTurf"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"}],"text":"Falcon Stadium had a natural grass field for its first 44 years, although the sideline areas where teams stood were artificial turf since the 1980s. Prior to the 2006 season, synthetic FieldTurf was installed at a cost of $750,000.The stadium has been expanded twice, and the 2005 renovation lowered the total seating capacity. Permanent lighting was installed in Falcon Stadium in 2002 at a cost of $500,000, and the video screen at the south end of the field debuted in 2004. A new sound system was also installed for the 2006 season.The scoreboard was removed after the 2015 season, and a new, larger video board measuring 31 ft 2 in (9.5 m) tall by 82 ft 8 in (25.2 m) wide, with a total surface area of more than 2,500 square feet (230 m2). At its installation in 2016, it was the largest in the Mountain West Conference and amongst the service academies. A second video board was also installed behind the northeast stands prior to the 2016 season.","title":"Improvements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Force_players_celebrate_a_win_over_Robert_Morris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_football"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Air_Force_Falcons_football_team"}],"text":"Air Force football players after a win over Robert Morris in 2023","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 NHL Stadium Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NHL_Stadium_Series"},{"link_name":"Colorado Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Colorado_Avalanche_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Los_Angeles_Kings_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ice hockey","text":"Falcon Stadium hosted the 2020 NHL Stadium Series outdoor game between the Colorado Avalanche and the Los Angeles Kings.[20]","title":"Events"}]
[{"image_text":"April 2002 satellite view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Air_Force_Football_Stadium_Satellite.jpg/140px-Air_Force_Football_Stadium_Satellite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Air Force football players after a win over Robert Morris in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Air_Force_players_celebrate_a_win_over_Robert_Morris.jpg/220px-Air_Force_players_celebrate_a_win_over_Robert_Morris.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_stadiums"}]
[{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nixon defends military in A.F. Academy speech\". Lodi News-Sentinel. (California). UPI. June 5, 1969. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Xxw_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Qk8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=7248%2C5638613","url_text":"\"Nixon defends military in A.F. Academy speech\""}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, Carl (May 29, 1986). \"Bush addresses Air Force class\". Times-News. (Hendersonville, North Carolina). Associated Press. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8RsaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pCQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5462%2C6441725","url_text":"\"Bush addresses Air Force class\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army & Middies snubbing Falcons?\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. October 14, 1958. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PasRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=reYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3705%2C4368512","url_text":"\"Army & Middies snubbing Falcons?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plan stadium for Air Force football team\". Ellensburg Daily Record. Washington. Associated Press. October 28, 1955. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sXANAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M0sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3362%2C1643007","url_text":"\"Plan stadium for Air Force football team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air academy stadium planned in Colorado\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. October 30, 1955. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GuohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ZkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6406%2C7225915","url_text":"\"Air academy stadium planned in Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockies: Air Force 34–0\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. September 23, 1962. p. 5B.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a_1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8uIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5514%2C4356198","url_text":"\"Rockies: Air Force 34–0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force will dedicate stadium\". Florence Times. (Alabama). Associated Press. October 17, 1962. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GCcsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ip8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5960%2C5092586","url_text":"\"Air Force will dedicate stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ducks sail past airmen\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). 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Retrieved 2019-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.com/sports/rams-to-stay-in-colorado-springs-despite-nfl-s-decision/article_56e6a76a-e78e-11e8-b462-87daf1157a51.html","url_text":"\"Rams to stay in Colorado Springs despite NFL's decision not to play in Mexico City\""}]},{"reference":"Kesting, Amanda (January 1, 2019). \"NHL Stadium Series coming back to Colorado in 2020\". 9News.com. Tegna. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.9news.com/article/sports/nhl/colorado-avalanche/nhl-stadium-series-coming-back-to-colorado-in-2020/73-2c3ff2df-7bbb-4a00-8ca8-ebb5272901d5","url_text":"\"NHL Stadium Series coming back to Colorado in 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSA_(TV)","url_text":"9News.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegna,_Inc.","url_text":"Tegna"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannovarian_vereinsthaler
Hanoverian vereinsthaler
[]
Currency in Hanover (1857-1866) For other currencies of the same name, see Vereinsthaler. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hanoverian vereinsthaler" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Kingdom of Hanover between 1857 and 1866. The Vereinsthaler replaced the prior Thaler at par. The Vereinsthaler was first subdivided into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennig, thus 288 Pfennig = 1 Vereinsthaler. From 1858 on the subdivisions were more decimalised to 30 Groschen, each of 10 Pfennig, thus 300 Pfennig making up a Vereinsthaler. When in 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia annexed Hanover the Hanoveran currency was replaced by the Prussian Vereinsthaler, subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennig (thus 360 Pfennig = 1 Pr. Vereinsthaler). Money portalNumismatics portal vteThaler19th century Norwegian speciedaler (1816) Baden thaler (1821) Danish West Indian daler (1849) Vereinsthaler (1857) Mecklenburg Prussia Hesse-Kassel Hannover Greenlandic rigsdaler (1874) Westphalian thaler (1807) 18th century Bremen thaler (1740) Maria Theresa thaler (1741) Conventionsthaler (1754) Hanoverian thaler (1754) Kronenthaler (1755) Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler Prussian thaler (1750) Danish rigsdaler (late 18C) Danish West Indian rigsdaler (1784) Danzig thaler (18C?) Hesse-Kassel thaler (18C?) Mecklenburg thaler (18C?) Norwegian rigsdaler (late 18C) Saxon thaler (18C?) 17th century Bancothaler (1619) North German thaler (1690) Speciesthaler (1622) Swedish riksdaler (1604) Wechselthaler (1670) 15th and 16th centuries Reichsguldiner (1559) Reichsthaler (1566) Dutch rijksdaalder (late 16C) Swiss Confederacy Basel (1542) Berne Geneva Solothurn St. Gallen Valais Zürich (16C) Stolberg thaler (late 15C) Wendenthaler (16C) See also Dollar Tālā Tolar {{Groschen}} • {{Gulden}} • {{Pfennig}} This article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg_thaler"},{"link_name":"Norwegian rigsdaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_rigsdaler"},{"link_name":"Saxon thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_thaler"},{"link_name":"Bancothaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancothaler"},{"link_name":"North German thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_thaler"},{"link_name":"Speciesthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesthaler"},{"link_name":"Swedish riksdaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler"},{"link_name":"Wechselthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechselthaler"},{"link_name":"Reichsguldiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsguldiner"},{"link_name":"Reichsthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsthaler"},{"link_name":"Dutch rijksdaalder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_rijksdaalder"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_thaler"},{"link_name":"Berne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_thaler"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_thaler"},{"link_name":"Solothurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solothurn_thaler"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_thaler"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_thaler"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_thaler"},{"link_name":"Stolberg thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolberg_thaler"},{"link_name":"Wendenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendenthaler"},{"link_name":"Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar"},{"link_name":"Tālā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Tolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolar"},{"link_name":"Groschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Groschen"},{"link_name":"Gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gulden"},{"link_name":"Pfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pfennig"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanoverian_vereinsthaler&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Money-unit-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Money-unit-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Money-unit-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"German history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanoverian_vereinsthaler&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-hist-stub"}],"text":"For other currencies of the same name, see Vereinsthaler.The Vereinsthaler was the currency of the Kingdom of Hanover between 1857 and 1866. The Vereinsthaler replaced the prior Thaler at par. The Vereinsthaler was first subdivided into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennig, thus 288 Pfennig = 1 Vereinsthaler. From 1858 on the subdivisions were more decimalised to 30 Groschen, each of 10 Pfennig, thus 300 Pfennig making up a Vereinsthaler.When in 1866 the Kingdom of Prussia annexed Hanover the Hanoveran currency was replaced by the Prussian Vereinsthaler, subdivided into 30 Silbergroschen, each of 12 Pfennig (thus 360 Pfennig = 1 Pr. Vereinsthaler).Money portalNumismatics portalvteThaler19th century\nNorwegian speciedaler (1816)\nBaden thaler (1821)\nDanish West Indian daler (1849)\nVereinsthaler (1857)\nMecklenburg\nPrussia\nHesse-Kassel\nHannover\nGreenlandic rigsdaler (1874)\nWestphalian thaler (1807)\n18th century\nBremen thaler (1740)\nMaria Theresa thaler (1741)\nConventionsthaler (1754)\nHanoverian thaler (1754)\nKronenthaler (1755)\nAustrian Netherlands kronenthaler\nPrussian thaler (1750)\nDanish rigsdaler (late 18C)\nDanish West Indian rigsdaler (1784)\nDanzig thaler (18C?)\nHesse-Kassel thaler (18C?)\nMecklenburg thaler (18C?)\nNorwegian rigsdaler (late 18C)\nSaxon thaler (18C?)\n17th century\nBancothaler (1619)\nNorth German thaler (1690)\nSpeciesthaler (1622)\nSwedish riksdaler (1604)\nWechselthaler (1670)\n15th and 16th centuries\nReichsguldiner (1559)\nReichsthaler (1566)\nDutch rijksdaalder (late 16C)\nSwiss Confederacy\nBasel (1542)\nBerne\nGeneva\nSolothurn\nSt. Gallen\nValais\nZürich (16C)\nStolberg thaler (late 15C)\nWendenthaler (16C)\nSee also\nDollar\nTālā\nTolar\n{{Groschen}} • {{Gulden}} • {{Pfennig}}This article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Hanoverian vereinsthaler"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history
Linux kernel version history
["1 Releases 6.x.y","2 Releases 5.x.y","3 Releases 4.x.y","4 Releases 3.x.y","5 Releases 2.6.x.y","6 Releases up to 2.6.0","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Version history of the Linux kernel For broader coverage of this topic, see History of Linux. This article is missing information about prominent features of versions before 2021. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2023) This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for an extra few years. After that, versions designated as Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years. Releases 6.x.y Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Prominent features Notes Latest preview version of a future release: 6.8 TBA 6.8-rc4  Linus Torvalds Current stable version: 6.7 8 January 2024 6.7.5  Linus Torvalds Initial Bcachefs filesystem support Itanium support removed Intel Meteor Lake Graphics declared stable Initial Nouveau support for Nvidia GSP firmware Ability to disable IA-32 support at boot time on AMD64 Expansion of AMD Seamless Boot Support Improvement in loading of x86 microcode Support for RAID strip-tree, simple quota accounting, and temporary FSID added to Btrfs JFS minor stability improvements According to Linus Torvalds, "one of the largest kernel releases we've ever had" Older version, yet still maintained: 6.6 30 October 2023 6.6.17 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin December 2026 The new EEVDF process scheduler was merged: Mostly as an improvement to the older CFS scheduler code. Intel Shadow Stack was finally merged; Exploiting ROPs is now harder Support for Partial SMT Performance Improvement for CPUs with a lot of cores and shared Last Level Caches Continued Intel Meteor Lake graphics and sound enablement/improvements. Better performance for Ext4; IO_uring also seeing cool improvements DEFLATE compression support for EROFS. 24th LTS release The CFS scheduler was the de facto standard for 16+ years! ReiserFS is now declared to be obsolete and flagged for removal in 2025. Hans Reiser himself commented on this. Old version, no longer maintained: 6.5 27 August 2023 6.5.13 28 November 2023 Old version, no longer maintained: 6.4 25 June 2023 6.4.16 13 September 2023 Intel Linear Address Masking Partial support for Apple M2 Autonomous frequency and power control on AMD Zen architecture CPUs Support for RISC-V hibernation on future laptops Improvements for LoongArch CPU architecture Further Intel Meteor Lake Graphics development 4K resolution support for Rockchip Direct Rendering Manager driver Better AMDgpu support for the Steam Deck Optimizations to EROFS, Btrfs, F2FS, NTFS, and Ext4 Support for Intel Lunar Lake HD Audio Continued WiFi 7 development Quality of life improvements for Apple silicon users Further Rust up-streaming to support the first Rust drivers Removal of SLOB memory allocator Old version, no longer maintained: 6.3 23 April 2023 6.3.13 11 July 2023 More Rust in the kernel Initial Support for Intel Meteor Lake Display Intel Meteor Lake VPUs ("Versatile Processing Unit") support AMD Automatic IBRS Intel TPMI driver was merged, hopes are this will give more control over power management. Big Performance Improvement for EXT4. Nice Improvements for BTRFS too IPv4 BIG TCP support, maybe better network performance Microsoft Hyper-V nested hypervisor support. Faster kernel builds and with lower peak memory use. Removed support for the Intel ICC compiler. Old version, no longer maintained: 6.2 19 February 2023 6.2.16 May 2023 Intel Arc drivers are now deemed "stable" and on by default. Initial FOSS support for NVIDIA GeForce 30 Series. But performance is poor for now. Support for Apple's M1 Call Depth Tracking as a better performance alternative to IBRS for older Intel CPUs Some Power-savings improvements when the system is idle or lightly loaded. Support for running Raspberry Pi in 4K@60Hz Better performance and scalability for running RAID5/6 in btrfs-like systems Even more Rust in the kernel Older version, yet still maintained: 6.1 11 December 2022 6.1.78 December 2026 August 2033 Support for writing kernel modules in Rust Multi-Gen LRU page reclaiming (not yet enabled by default) Btrfs performance improvements Support for more sound hardware Improved support for game controllers 23rd LTS releaseUsed in Debian 12 "Bookworm" 4th SLTS release (which CIP is planning to support until August 2033) 6.1.28 is named Curry Ramen Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 2 October 2022 6.0.19 January 2023 Performance improvements on Intel Xeon 'Ice Lake', AMD Ryzen 'Threadripper', AMD EPYC New hardware support including Intel, AMD, Qualcomm Named "Hurr durr I'ma ninja sloth" Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Releases 5.x.y Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Prominent features Notes Old version, no longer maintained: 5.19 31 July 2022 5.19.17 Linus Torvalds October 2022 Initial support for LoongArch Support for Big TCP More secure encrypted virtualization with AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX Armv9 Scalable Matrix Extension support Introduce Intel In-Field Scan driver to run targeted low level diagnostics outside of the CPU's architectural error detection capabilities a.out support removed Old version, no longer maintained: 5.18 22 May 2022 5.18.19 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin August 2022 Support for Indirect Branch Tracking on Intel CPUs User events fprobe, for probing multiple functions with a single probe handler Headers rearchitecturing preparations for faster compilation times Stricter memcpy() compile-time bounds checking Switch to C11 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.17 20 March 2022 5.17.15 June 2022 BPF CO-RE support Random number generator improvements New Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool Support giving names to anonymous memory Mitigate straight-line speculation attacks Used in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS on newer hardware Named Superb Owl Old version, no longer maintained: 5.16 9 January 2022 5.16.20 April 2022 New futex_waitv() system call for faster game performance Memory folios infrastructure for a faster memory management Add support for AMX instructions Improve write congestion Older version, yet still maintained: 5.15 31 October 2021 5.15.148 October 2026 New NTFS file system implementation ksmbd, an in-kernel SMB 3 server Migrate memory pages to persistent memory in lieu of discard DAMON, a data access monitor Introduce process_mrelease(2) system call 22nd LTS release; used in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, Slackware 15, UEK 7 Named Trick or Treat Old version, no longer maintained: 5.14 29 August 2021 5.14.21 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2021 Used in RHEL 9.x and derivatives (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) and SLE 15 SP4/openSUSE Leap 15.4 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.13 27 June 2021 5.13.19 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin September 2021 Named Opossums on Parade Old version, no longer maintained: 5.12 25 April 2021 5.12.19 Greg Kroah-Hartman July 2021 Named Frozen Wasteland Old version, no longer maintained: 5.11 14 February 2021 5.11.22 May 2021 Named "💕 Valentine's Day Edition 💕" Older version, yet still maintained: 5.10 13 December 2020 5.10.209 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin December 2026 January 2031 21st LTS release; used in Debian 11 "Bullseye" 3rd SLTS release (which CIP is planning to support until January 2031) Named "Dare mighty things" Old version, no longer maintained: 5.9 11 October 2020 5.9.16 Greg Kroah-Hartman December 2020 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.8 2 August 2020 5.8.18 November 2020 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.7 31 May 2020 5.7.19 August 2020 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.6 29 March 2020 5.6.19 June 2020 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.5 26 January 2020 5.5.19 April 2020 Older version, yet still maintained: 5.4 24 November 2019 5.4.268 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin December 2025 20th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS5.4-rc2 is named Nesting Opossum 5.4-rc5 is named Kleptomaniac Octopus Old version, no longer maintained: 5.3 15 September 2019 5.3.18 Greg Kroah-Hartman December 2019 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.2 7 July 2019 5.2.20 October 2019 5.2-rc2 is named Golden Lions 5.2 is named Bobtail Squid Old version, no longer maintained: 5.1 5 May 2019 5.1.21 July 2019 io_uring API, a new way to do asynchronous I/O (AIO), the older API/interface "aio" had problems and performance issues. Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 3 March 2019 5.0.21 June 2019 Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Releases 4.x.y Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Notes Old version, no longer maintained: 4.20 23 December 2018 4.20.17 Greg Kroah-Hartman March 2019 Named Shy Crocodile Older version, yet still maintained: 4.19 22 October 2018 4.19.306 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin December 2024 January 2029 19th LTS release. Used in Debian 10 "Buster". Second SLTS release (which CIP is planning to support until January 2029), and first with ARM64 support. Named "People's Front" Old version, no longer maintained: 4.18 12 August 2018 4.18.20 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2018 RHEL 8.x (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) Old version, no longer maintained: 4.17 3 June 2018 4.17.19 August 2018 Named Merciless Moray Old version, no longer maintained: 4.16 1 April 2018 4.16.18 June 2018 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.15 28 January 2018 4.15.18 April 2018 Used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Old version, no longer maintained: 4.14 12 November 2017 4.14.336 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin January 2024 18th LTS release 4.14.1 is named Petit Gorille Old version, no longer maintained: 4.13 3 September 2017 4.13.16 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2017 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.12 2 July 2017 4.12.14 September 2017 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.11 30 April 2017 4.11.12 July 2017 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.10 19 February 2017 4.10.17 May 2017 4.10-rc5 was named Anniversary Edition 4.10-rc6 was named Fearless Coyote Old version, no longer maintained: 4.9 11 December 2016 4.9.337 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin January 2023 17th LTS release. Used in Debian 9 "Stretch". Named Roaring Lionus Old version, no longer maintained: 4.8 25 September 2016 4.8.17 Greg Kroah-Hartman January 2017 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.7 24 July 2016 4.7.10 October 2016 Named Psychotic Stoned Sheep Old version, no longer maintained: 4.6 15 May 2016 4.6.7 August 2016 Named Charred Weasel Old version, no longer maintained: 4.5 13 March 2016 4.5.7 June 2016 Older version, yet still maintained: 4.4 10 January 2016 4.4.302 4.4.302-cip80 Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin (until February 2022) Nobuhiro Iwamatsu & Pavel Machek January 2027 16th LTS release, used in Slackware 14.2. Canonical provided extended support until April 2021. As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026. Used in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Old version, no longer maintained: 4.3 1 November 2015 4.3.6 Greg Kroah-Hartman February 2016 Named Blurry Fish Butt Old version, no longer maintained: 4.2 30 August 2015 4.2.8 December 2015 Canonical provided extended support until July 2016. Old version, no longer maintained: 4.1 22 June 2015 4.1.52 Sasha Levin (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) May 2018 15th LTS release. 4.1.1 was named Series 4800 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 12 April 2015 4.0.9 Greg Kroah-Hartman July 2015 Named "Hurr durr I'ma sheep" (Internet poll) Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Releases 3.x.y The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system. Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Notes Old version, no longer maintained: 3.19 8 February 2015 3.19.8 Greg Kroah-Hartman May 2015 Canonical provided extended support until July 2016. Old version, no longer maintained: 3.18 7 December 2014 3.18.140 Greg Kroah-Hartman (formerly Sasha Levin) (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) January 2017 14th LTS release, named Diseased Newt Hartman stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree. Starting with 3.18.140, this version will no longer be maintained on kernel.org, but on AOSP Old version, no longer maintained: 3.17 5 October 2014 3.17.8 Greg Kroah-Hartman January 2015 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.16 3 August 2014 3.16.85 Ben Hutchings (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) Maintained until October 2014, then May 2016 to June 2020 13th LTS release. Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie". Canonical provided extended support until April 2016. 3.16.1 was named Museum of Fishiegoodies Old version, no longer maintained: 3.15 8 June 2014 3.15.10 Greg Kroah-Hartman August 2014 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.14 30 March 2014 3.14.79 Greg Kroah-Hartman August 2016 12th LTS release, named Shuffling Zombie Juror Old version, no longer maintained: 3.13 19 January 2014 3.13.11 Greg Kroah-Hartman April 2014 Canonical provided extended support until April 2016. Named One Giant Leap for Frogkind (NASA LADEE launch photo) Used in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Old version, no longer maintained: 3.12 3 November 2013 3.12.74 Jiří Slabý (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) May 2017 11th LTS release, named Suicidal Squirrel Old version, no longer maintained: 3.11 2 September 2013 3.11.10 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2013 Canonical provided extended support until August 2014. Named Linux for Workgroups after the 20 years of Windows 3.11 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.10 30 June 2013 3.10.108 Willy Tarreau (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) November 2017 10th LTS release,3.10.6 was named TOSSUG Baby Fish used in Slackware 14.1 RHEL 7.x Old version, no longer maintained: 3.9 28 April 2013 3.9.11 Greg Kroah-Hartman July 2013 3.9.6 was named Black Squirrel Wakeup Call Old version, no longer maintained: 3.8 18 February 2013 3.8.13 Greg Kroah-Hartman May 2013 Canonical provided extended support until August 2014. Named Unicycling Gorilla 3.8.5 was named Displaced Humerus Anterior Old version, no longer maintained: 3.7 10 December 2012 3.7.10 Greg Kroah-Hartman March 2013 Named Terrified Chipmunk Old version, no longer maintained: 3.6 30 September 2012 3.6.11 Greg Kroah-Hartman December 2012 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.5 21 July 2012 3.5.7 Greg Kroah-Hartman October 2012 Canonical provided extended support until April 2014. Old version, no longer maintained: 3.4 20 May 2012 3.4.113 Li Zefan (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) October 2016 9th LTS release Old version, no longer maintained: 3.3 18 March 2012 3.3.8 Greg Kroah-Hartman June 2012 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.2 4 January 2012 3.2.102 Ben Hutchings May 2018 8th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and optionally in 12.04 ESM, Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0. Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017; Support has continued for months after. 3.2 to 3.5 was named Saber-toothed Squirrel Old version, no longer maintained: 3.1 24 October 2011 3.1.10 Greg Kroah-Hartman January 2012 3.1 provided the base for real-time tree.3.1-rc2 was named Wet Seal3.1 was named Divemaster Edition (Linus' diving activities) Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 21 July 2011 3.0.101 Greg Kroah-Hartman October 2013 7th LTS release Named Sneaky Weasel Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Releases 2.6.x.y Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially given long-term support (LTS), before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative. Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Notes Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.39 18 May 2011 2.6.39.4 Greg Kroah-Hartman August 2011 Last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.38 14 March 2011 2.6.38.8 June 2011 Named Flesh-Eating Bats with Fangs Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.37 4 January 2011 2.6.37.6 March 2011 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.36 20 October 2010 2.6.36.4 February 2011 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.35 1 August 2010 2.6.35.14 Andi Kleen March 2012 6th LTS release2.6.35.7 was named Yokohama Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.34 16 May 2010 2.6.34.15 Paul Gortmaker February 2014 5th LTS releaseIt was named Sheep on Meth Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.33 24 February 2010 2.6.33.20 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2011 4th LTS release. It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.32 2 December 2009 2.6.32.71 Willy Tarreau (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) March 2016 3rd LTS release, used in Debian 6 Squeeze. Canonical also provided support until April 2015. RHEL 6.x Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.31 9 September 2009 2.6.31.14 Greg Kroah-Hartman July 2010 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.30 9 June 2009 2.6.30.9 October 2009 2.6.30-rc4–2.6.30-rc6 was named Vindictive Armadillo Releases between 2.6 and 2.9 were named 2.Man-Eating Seals of Antiquity Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.29 23 March 2009 2.6.29.6 July 2009 Named Temporary Tasmanian Devil Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.28 24 December 2008 2.6.28.10 May 2009 2.6.28-rc1–2.6.28-rc6 was named Killer Bat of Doom 2.6.28 was named Erotic Pickled Herring Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.27 9 October 2008 2.6.27.62 Willy Tarreau (formerly Adrian Bunk, and formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) March 2012 2nd LTS release2.6.27.3 was named Trembling Tortoise Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.26 13 July 2008 2.6.26.8 Greg Kroah-Hartman November 2008 2.6.26–2.6.27 was named Rotary Wombat Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.25 16 April 2008 2.6.25.20 November 2008 Named Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.24 24 January 2008 2.6.24.7 May 2008 2.6.23-rc4–2.6.23-rc6 was named Pink Farting Weasel 2.6.23-rc7–2.6.23–2.6.24 was named Arr Matey! A Hairy Bilge Rat! (TLAPD 2007) 2.6.24.1 was named Err Metey! A Heury Beelge-a Ret! Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.23 9 October 2007 2.6.23.17 February 2008 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.22 8 July 2007 2.6.22.19 February 2008 2.6.22-rc3–2.6.22-rc4 was named Jeff Thinks I Should Change This, But To What? 2.6.22-rc5–2.6.22 was named Holy Dancing Manatees, Batman! Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.21 25 April 2007 2.6.21.7 August 2007 Named Nocturnal Monster Puppy Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.20 4 February 2007 2.6.20.21 October 2007 Named Homicidal Dwarf Hamster Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.19 29 November 2006 2.6.19.7 March 2007 Named Avast! A bilge rat! (TLAPD 2006) Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.18 20 September 2006 2.6.18.8 February 2007 2.6.18: RHEL 5.x Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.17 17 June 2006 2.6.17.14 October 2006 2.6.17-rc5 was named Lordi Rules (Eurovision 2006 winners) 2.6.17-rc6–2.6.17 was named Crazed Snow-Weasel Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.16 20 March 2006 2.6.16.62 Adrian Bunk (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) July 2008 1st LTS release2.6.16.28-rc2 was named Stable Penguin Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.15 2 January 2006 2.6.15.7 Greg Kroah-Hartman May 2006 Named Sliding Snow Leopard Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.14 27 October 2005 2.6.14.7 January 2006 Named Affluent Albatross Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.13 28 August 2005 2.6.13.5 December 2005 Named Woozy Numbat Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.12 18 June 2005 2.6.12.6 August 2005 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6.11 2 March 2005 2.6.11.12 June 2005 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6 17 December 2003 2.6.10 Linus Torvalds December 2004 2.6.2–2.6.4 was named Feisty Dunnart 2.6.5–2.6.9 was named Zonked Quokka 2.6.9: RHEL 4.x Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release Releases up to 2.6.0 Version Original release date Last release Maintainer EOL Notes Old version, no longer maintained: 2.4 4 January 2001 2.4.37.11 Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti) December 2011 Named Greased Turkeylast stable release of the 2.4 kernel series. 2.4.9: RHEL 2.12.4.21: RHEL 3.x Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 26 January 1999 2.2.26 Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox) Made unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 9 June 1996 2.0.40 David Weinehall officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996 Old version, no longer maintained: pre2.0 12 May 1996 pre2.0.14 Linus Torvalds EOL Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3 12 June 1995 1.3.100 Greased Weasel Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2 7 March 1995 1.2.13 Linux '95 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 6 April 1994 1.1.95 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 14 March 1994 1.0.9 Old version, no longer maintained: 0.99 13 December 1992 0.99.15j The Linux 0.99 tar.bz2 archive grew from 426 kB to 1009 kB on the way to 1.0. Old version, no longer maintained: 0.98 29 September 1992 0.98.6 Old version, no longer maintained: 0.97 1 August 1992 0.97.6 Old version, no longer maintained: 0.96 22 May 1992 0.96c.2 Old version, no longer maintained: 0.95 8 March 1992 0.95c+ Old version, no longer maintained: 0.10 November 1991 0.12 Old version, no longer maintained: 0.02 5 October 1991 First "usable" release; for wider distribution Old version, no longer maintained: 0.01 17 September 1991 0.03 Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release See also Linux portal Linux adoption Linux kernel History of Linux Timeline of free and open-source software References ^ Richardson, Marjorie (1 November 1999). "Interview: Linus Torvalds". Linux Journal. Retrieved 20 August 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Active kernel releases". Kernel.org. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023. ^ a b "Kernel Maintenance". 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External links Official Linux kernel website Active kernel releases, on the official Linux kernel website Linux versions changelog, in Linux Kernel Newbies Linux Kernel Version History: Consolidated list vteLinux kernelOrganizationKernel Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linus's law Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate Tux SCO disputes Linaro GNU GPL v2 menuconfig Supported computer architectures Kernel names Criticism Support Developers The Linux Programming Interface kernel.org LKML Linux conferences Users Linux User Group (LUG) TechnicalDebugging CRIU ftrace kdump Linux kernel oops SystemTap BPF Startup vmlinux System.map dracut initrd initramfs ABIs Linux Standard Base x32 ABI APIsKernelSystem CallInterface POSIX ioctl select open read close sync … Linux-only futex epoll splice dnotify inotify readahead … In-kernel ALSA Crypto API io uring DRM kernfs Memory barrier New API RCU Video4Linux IIO UserspaceDaemons,File systems devfs devpts debugfs FUSE procfs sysfs systemd udev Kmscon Wrapperlibraries C standard library glibc uClibc Bionic libhybris dietlibc EGLIBC klibc musl Newlib libcgroup libdrm libalsa libevdev libusb liburing Components Kernel modules BlueZ cgroups Console bcache Device mapper dm-cache dm-crypt DRM EDAC evdev Kernel same-page merging (KSM) LIO Framebuffer LVM KMS driver Netfilter Netlink nftables Network scheduler perf SLUB zram zswap Process and I/O schedulers: Brain Fuck Scheduler Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) Earliest eligible virtual deadline first (EEVDF) Noop scheduler O(n) scheduler O(1) scheduler SCHED_DEADLINE SCHED_FIFO SCHED_RR Security Modules: AppArmor Exec Shield seccomp SELinux Smack Tomoyo Linux Linux PAM Device drivers 802.11 graphics Raw device initramfs KernelCare kexec kGraft kpatch Ksplice Variants Mainline Linux kernel Linux-libre High-performance computing INK Compute Node Linux SLURM Real-time computing RTLinux RTAI Xenomai PREEMPT_RT MMU-less μClinux PSXLinux Virtualization Hypervisor KVM Xen OS-level virtualization Linux-VServer Lguest LXC OpenVZ Other L4Linux ELinOS User-mode Linux MkLinux coLinux AdoptionRangeof use Desktop Embedded Gaming Thin client: LTSP Server: LAMP LYME-LYCE Devices Adopters List of Linux adopters  Linux portal  Free and open-source software portal Category vteTimelines of computingComputing Before 1950 1950–1979 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Scientific Women in computing Computer science Algorithms Artificial intelligence Binary prefixes Cryptography Machine learning Quantum computing Software Free and open-source software Hypertext technology Operating systems DOS family Windows Linux Programming languages Virtualization development Malware Internet Internet conflicts Web browsers Web search engines Notable people Kathleen Antonelli John Vincent Atanasoff Charles Babbage John Backus Jean Bartik George Boole Vint Cerf John Cocke Stephen Cook Edsger W. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux"},{"link_name":"Linux kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"},{"link_name":"free and open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source"},{"link_name":"monolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel"},{"link_name":"Unix-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Linus Torvalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"long-term support (LTS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_support"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACTIVE-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIP-3"}],"text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see History of Linux.This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[1]Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for an extra few years.[2] After that, versions designated as Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years.[3]","title":"Linux kernel version history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases 6.x.y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases 5.x.y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases 4.x.y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3.0_release-178"}],"text":"The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system.[178]","title":"Releases 3.x.y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long-term support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_support"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"working group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_group"},{"link_name":"Linux Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"}],"text":"Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially given long-term support (LTS),[262] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[263][264]","title":"Releases 2.6.x.y"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases up to 2.6.0"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewTux.svg"},{"title":"Linux portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linux"},{"title":"Linux adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption"},{"title":"Linux kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"},{"title":"History of Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux"},{"title":"Timeline of free and open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabel,_Quebec
Mirabel, Quebec
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Communities","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Education","5.1 Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles","5.2 Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord","5.3 Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board","6 Sister cities","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°39′49″N 074°00′07″W / 45.66361°N 74.00194°W / 45.66361; -74.00194 City in Quebec, CanadaMirabelCityVille de MirabelMirabel City Hall LogoLocation with surrounding municipalitiesMirabelLocation in central QuebecCoordinates: 45°39′49″N 074°00′07″W / 45.66361°N 74.00194°W / 45.66361; -74.00194CountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionLaurentidesRCMNoneConstitutedJanuary 1, 1971Government • MayorPatrick Charbonneau • Federal ridingMirabel • Prov. ridingMirabelArea • Total486.80 km2 (187.95 sq mi) • Land484.09 km2 (186.91 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total61,108 • Density126.2/km2 (327/sq mi) • Change2016-2021 21% • Dwellings25,514Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Postal code(s)J7J, J7NArea code(s)450 and 579Highways A-15 (TCH) A-50 A-13 R-117 R-148 R-158Websiteville.mirabel.qc.ca Mirabel is a suburb of Montreal, located on the North Shore in southern Quebec. Mirabel is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Mirabel. Its geographical code is 74. Prior to 2002, Mirabel was not only a city but also comprised the Mirabel Regional County Municipality. The city is home to Montréal–Mirabel International Airport. History See also: Municipal history of Quebec See also: Montréal-Mirabel International Airport § Development The Belle-Rivière Estate in Sainte-Scholastique, built in 1804 Mirabel was formed through the expropriation of private lands and the merger of 8 municipalities in 1971. The former municipalities were (with their individual founding dates in brackets): Saint-Augustin (1855); Saint-Benoît (1855); Saint-Hermas (1855); Saint-Janvier-de-Blainville (1855); Sainte-Scholastique (1855); Saint-Canut (1857); Sainte-Monique (1872), and Saint-Janvier-de-la-Croix (1959). Initially called Ville de Sainte-Scholastique but renamed Mirabel in 1973, the city was planned to become a vast transportation and industrial hub for Eastern Canada, with Montréal–Mirabel International Airport at its centre. Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, which opened in 1975, never became a major aviation hub and the industrial parks never materialized, and in 2004, the airport closed to all scheduled commercial passenger traffic. It continues to operate as a cargo airport and handles a few charter passenger flights. In 2000, about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) of Mirabel's territory was annexed by Lachute. Geography Communities La Belle-Rivière La Chapelle Mirabel-en-Haut Petit St-Charles Saint-Augustin Saint-Benoît Saint-Canut Sainte-Monique Saint-Hermas Saint-Janvier Saint-Jérusalem-d'Argenteuil Sainte-Scholastique St-Benoit St-Monique St-Scholastique Climate Climate data for Mirabel (Montréal–Mirabel International Airport)Climate ID: 6153300; coordinates 45°40′N 74°02′W / 45.667°N 74.033°W / 45.667; -74.033 (Calgary International Airport); elevation: 82.6 m (271 ft); 1981-2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 12.5 12.3 21.7 34.2 39.4 45.5 45.5 45.4 40.2 32.7 22.9 18.6 45.5 Record high °C (°F) 12.0(53.6) 12.6(54.7) 21.8(71.2) 31.1(88.0) 31.4(88.5) 33.5(92.3) 33.6(92.5) 36.1(97.0) 33.3(91.9) 26.7(80.1) 19.8(67.6) 16.4(61.5) 36.1(97.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.5(20.3) −4.3(24.3) 1.3(34.3) 10.8(51.4) 18.5(65.3) 23.4(74.1) 25.7(78.3) 24.7(76.5) 19.9(67.8) 12.5(54.5) 4.7(40.5) −2.7(27.1) 10.7(51.3) Daily mean °C (°F) −11.5(11.3) −9.5(14.9) −3.6(25.5) 5.4(41.7) 12.4(54.3) 17.4(63.3) 19.8(67.6) 18.7(65.7) 14.1(57.4) 7.3(45.1) 0.6(33.1) −7.1(19.2) 5.3(41.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −16.5(2.3) −14.8(5.4) −8.5(16.7) 0.0(32.0) 6.3(43.3) 11.4(52.5) 14.0(57.2) 12.7(54.9) 8.1(46.6) 2.0(35.6) −3.4(25.9) −11.5(11.3) 0.0(32.0) Record low °C (°F) −37.0(−34.6) −33.1(−27.6) −29.9(−21.8) −15.4(4.3) −3.9(25.0) −0.9(30.4) 4.8(40.6) 1.1(34.0) −5.3(22.5) −8.0(17.6) −22.1(−7.8) −33.0(−27.4) −37.0(−34.6) Record low wind chill −50.0 −44.0 −40.0 −24.0 −10.0 −3.0 0.0 0.0 −7.0 −12.0 −28.0 −46.0 −50.0 Average precipitation mm (inches) 87.9(3.46) 64.6(2.54) 70.4(2.77) 88.0(3.46) 86.8(3.42) 103.1(4.06) 91.9(3.62) 96.0(3.78) 91.7(3.61) 96.5(3.80) 103.2(4.06) 87.6(3.45) 1,067.7(42.04) Average rainfall mm (inches) 32.0(1.26) 21.8(0.86) 30.7(1.21) 72.9(2.87) 86.5(3.41) 103.1(4.06) 91.9(3.62) 95.9(3.78) 91.7(3.61) 93.1(3.67) 80.4(3.17) 36.0(1.42) 835.9(32.91) Average snowfall cm (inches) 55.8(22.0) 43.1(17.0) 38.5(15.2) 14.0(5.5) 0.3(0.1) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 3.1(1.2) 22.8(9.0) 51.3(20.2) 228.8(90.1) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.8 14.0 13.8 13.0 13.7 13.2 12.7 12.0 11.4 13.8 16.1 17.1 167.5 Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.4 3.9 6.4 11.2 13.7 13.2 12.7 12.0 11.4 13.4 11.5 5.9 119.6 Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 15.2 12.1 9.9 4.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 6.8 14.0 63.3 Average relative humidity (%) 66.0 61.3 58.0 50.9 51.0 56.2 58.3 58.9 60.7 61.5 68.9 71.3 60.2 Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada Demographics Historical Census Data - Mirabel, QuebecYearPop.±% 1976 13,486—     1981 14,080+4.4% 1986 13,875−1.5% 1991 17,971+29.5% 1996 22,689+26.3% 2001 27,315+20.4% 2006 34,626+26.8% 2011 41,957+21.2% 2016 50,513+20.4% 2021 61,108+21.0% In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mirabel had a population of 61,108 living in 24,795 of its 25,514 total private dwellings, a change of 21% from its 2016 population of 50,513. With a land area of 484.09 km2 (186.91 sq mi), it had a population density of 126.2/km2 (326.9/sq mi) in 2021. Canada census – Mirabel community profile 202120162011 Population61,108 (+21.0% from 2016)50,513 (+20.4% from 2011)41,957 (+21.2% from 2006) Land area484.09 km2 (186.91 sq mi)485.07 km2 (187.29 sq mi)485.59 km2 (187.49 sq mi) Population density126.2/km2 (327/sq mi)104.1/km2 (270/sq mi)86.4/km2 (224/sq mi) Median age37.2 (M: 37.2, F: 37.6)35.8 (M: 35.8, F: 35.7)35.0 (M: 35.1, F: 34.8) Private dwellings25,514 (total)  24,795 (occupied)20,395 (total)  16,374 (total)  Median household income$90,000$75,895$67,023 References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier In 2021, Mirabel was 91.8% white/European, 6.5% visible minorities and 1.7% Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were Black (1.9%), Arab (1.6%), and Latin American (1.0%). 63.9% of residents were Christian, down from 87% in 2011. 56.7% were Catholic, 5.2% were Christian n.o.s, 0.4% were Protestant and 1.6% belonged to other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions. Of non-Catholic denominations, the largest is Christian Orthodox at 0.7%. 33.6% of residents were non-religious or secular, up from 12.2% in 2011. 2.5% belonged to other religions, up from 0.8% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (1.9%) and Buddhism (0.4%). 90.8% of residents spoke French as their mother tongue. The next most common first languages were English (2.5%), Spanish (1.0%), Arabic (0.9%), and Portuguese (0.5%). 1.3% of residents listed both French and English as mother tongues, while 0.5% listed both French and a non-official language. Mother Tongue Population Percentage French 55,450 90.8% English 1,520 2.5% English and French 780 1.3% French and a non-official language 295 0.5% English and a non-official language 95 0.2% English, French and a non-official language 110 0.2% Spanish 615 1% Arabic 575 0.9% Portuguese 280 0.5% Italian 155 0.3% Romanian 125 0.2% Dari 105 0.2% Haitian Creole 75 0.1% Canada Census Mother Tongue - Mirabel, Quebec Census Total French English French & English Other Year Responses Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % 2021 61,040 55,450 16.6% 90.8% 1,520 44.8% 2.5% 780 126.1% 1.3% 2,765 110.3% 4.5% 2016 50,513 47,560 14.8% 94,3% 1,050 21.9% 2.1% 345 43.7% 0.7% 1,315 87.5% 2.6% 2011 41,810 40,050 20.7% 95.8% 820 60.8% 2.0% 240 33.3% 0.6% 700 16.7% 1.7% 2006 34,475 33,185 27.3% 96.3% 510 10.9% 1.5% 180 16.1% 0.5% 600 36.4% 1.7% 2001 27,115 26,060 20.6% 96.1% 460 2.2% 1.7% 155 6.9% 0.6% 440 66.0% 1.6% 1996 22,465 21,605 n/a 96.2% 450 n/a 2.0% 145 n/a 0.7% 265 n/a 1.2% Economy Bombardier Aviation produces Bombardier CRJ700 series (CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000) regional jetliners and Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries) at the Montréal–Mirabel International Airport. Bell Helicopters (Bell Textron) also has its major manufacturing and final assembly plant at the airport. HydroSerre Mirabel has its headquarters in the town. Education Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles The Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles (CSSMI), which operates Francophone public schools, serves the following parts of Mirabel: Saint-Augustin, Saint-Benoît, Sainte-Scholastique and a portion of Domaine-Vert. École primaire de la Clé-des-Champs École primaire des Blés-Dorés École primaire Girouard École primaire Prés fleuris École primaire Sainte-Scholastique Other elementary schools serving sections of CCSMI Mirabel: Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption in Blainville and Terre-Soleil in Sainte-Thérèse. Secondary schools serving sections of CSSMI Mirabel: d'Oka in Oka, des Patriotes in Saint-Eustache, Henri-Dunant in Blainville, Jean-Jacques-Rousseau in Boisbriand, and Polyvalente Sainte-Thérèse in Sainte-Thérèse. Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord The Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord (CSRDN) operates Francophone public schools in other parts of Mirabel. They include: Secondary schools: École secondaire de Mirabel (ESM) Other secondary schools serving CSRDN sections include Polyvalente Lavigne in Lachute and Cap-Jeunesse, Émilien-Frenette, Polyvalente Saint-Jérôme, and Saint-Stanlislas in Saint-Jérôme Primary schools: du Parchemin à l'Unisson aux Quatre-Vents de la Croisée-des-Champs Mer-et-Monde Saint-Anne Saint-Hermas Other primary schools serving CSRDN Mirabel include Dubois, de l'Horizon-Soleil, Prévost, Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus in Saint-Jérôme and Jean-Moreau in Sainte-Sophie. Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates Anglophone public schools in the area around Mirabel. Secondary schools serving portions of Mirabel include: Lake of Two Mountains High School in Deux-Montagnes serves southern Mirabel Laurentian Regional High School in Lachute serves northern Mirabel Rosemere High School in Rosemère serves southeast Mirabel Primary schools serving portions of Mirabel include: Laurentia Elementary School in Saint-Jérôme serves northern Mirabel Mountainview Elementary School and Saint Jude Elementary School in Deux-Montagnes serve southern Mirabel Pierre Elliot Trudeau Elementary School in Blainville serves southeast Mirabel Sister cities Châlons-en-Champagne (France) See also List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec Mirabel Aerospace Centre Saint Pierre River (Mirabel) Rivière aux Chiens (rivière des Mille Îles) References ^ "Mirabel". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. ^ "Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 72473". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. ^ a b "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 74005". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation. ^ a b c d "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19. ^ "Mirabel (ville)" (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-03-10. ^ "Montréal–Mirabel International Airport]". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Retrieved 2016-05-12. ^ a b Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021 census ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022. ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-28. ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2014-04-12. ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019. ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Mirabel, Ville (V) , Quebec". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-05-08). "2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00052474005&HEADERlist=0&SearchText=Mirabel} ^ "Admission et inscription Archived 2015-01-31 at the Wayback Machine." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on December 7, 2014. "La Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles (CSSMI) offre ses services aux résidents des municipalités de : Blainville, Boisbriand, Bois-des-Filion, Deux-Montagnes, Lorraine, Mirabel (Saint-Augustin, Saint-Benoît, Sainte-Scholastique et secteur du Domaine-Vert), Oka, Pointe-Calumet, Rosemère, Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines, Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, Sainte-Thérèse, Saint-Eustache, Saint-Joseph-du-Lac, Saint-Placide et Terrebonne Ouest." ^ "Accueil." École primaire de la Clé-des-Champs. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "des Blés-Dorés." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on September 20, 2017. ^ "Girouard." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "Prés fleuris." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "Sainte-Scholastique." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "Répertoire des aires de desserte par ville 2017 - 2018 (Généré le 1/9/2017) Ville Mirabel Archived 2017-09-20 at the Wayback Machine." Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles. Retrieved on September 20, 2017. ^ "Trouver une école ou un centre." Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord. Retrieved on September 24, 2017. For attendance boundary information, click "Par bassin d'école" ^ "Préscolaire / primaire." Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord. Retrieved on December 7, 2014. ^ "Overview." Lake of Two Mountains High School. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "LAKE OF TWO MOUNTAINS HS ZONE Archived 2017-09-04 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on September 4, 2017. ^ "LAURENTIAN REGIONAL HS ZONE Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on September 4, 2017. ^ "Rosemere High School Zone Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "Laurentia Elementary School Zone Map Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on December 7, 2014. ^ "Mountainview Elementary School Zone Map Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "Saint Jude Elementary School Zone Map Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on December 8, 2014. ^ "PIERRE ELLIOT TRUDEAU ELEMENTARY ZONE Archived 2017-09-16 at the Wayback Machine." Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board. Retrieved on September 16, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirabel, Quebec. Ville de Mirabel Website (French only) Places adjacent to Mirabel, Quebec Saint-Colomban / Saint-Jérôme Sainte-SophieSainte-Anne-des-Plaines LachuteSaint-André-d'Argenteuil Mirabel BlainvilleSainte-ThérèseBoisbriand Saint-Placide Oka / Kanesatake / Saint-Joseph-du-Lac Saint-Eustache Adjacent Counties & Equivalent Territories La Rivière-du-Nord RCM Argenteuil RCM Mirabel (TE) Thérèse-De Blainville RCM Deux-Montagnes RCM vte Subdivisions of Les Laurentides Regional County MunicipalityCities/towns Barkmere Mont-Tremblant Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts Municipalities Brébeuf Huberdeau Ivry-sur-le-Lac Labelle La Conception Lac-Supérieur Lac-Tremblant-Nord La Minerve Lantier Mont-Blanc Montcalm Sainte-Lucie-des-Laurentides Val-des-Lacs Val-Morin Townships Amherst Arundel Villages Val-David Regional County Municipalities in Laurentides: Antoine-Labelle Argenteuil Deux-Montagnes La Rivière-du-Nord Les Laurentides Les Pays-d'en-Haut Thérèse-De Blainville Independent Cities: Mirabel Native Reserves: Doncaster Kanesatake vteMunicipalities of the CMM and/or Montreal CMA Urban agglomeration of Montreal Urban agglomeration of Longueuil Laval North Shore Blainville Bois-des-Filion Boisbriand Charlemagne Deux-Montagnes Gore¹ Kanesatake¹ L'Assomption L'Épiphanie (P)¹ L'Épiphanie (V)¹ Lavaltrie¹ Lorraine Mascouche Mirabel Oka Pointe-Calumet Repentigny Rosemère Saint-Colomban¹ Saint-Eustache Saint-Jérôme¹ Saint-Placide¹ Saint-Joseph-du-Lac Saint-Sulpice Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac Sainte-Thérèse Terrebonne South Shore Beauharnois Beloeil Calixa-Lavallée² Candiac Carignan Chambly Châteauguay Contrecoeur² Coteau-du-Lac¹ Delson Hudson Kahnawake¹ L'Île-Cadieux L'Île-Perrot La Prairie Léry Les Cèdres Les Coteaux¹ McMasterville Mercier Mont-Saint-Hilaire Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot Otterburn Park Pincourt Pointe-des-Cascades Richelieu Saint-Amable Saint-Basile-le-Grand Saint-Constant Saint-Isidore Saint-Jean-Baptiste² Saint-Lazare Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu Saint-Mathieu Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil Saint-Philippe Saint-Zotique¹ Sainte-Catherine Sainte-Julie Terrasse-Vaudreuil Varennes Vaudreuil-Dorion Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac Verchères ¹Does not belong to the CMM — ²Does not belong to the Montreal CMA Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"territory equivalent to a regional county municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_territory"},{"link_name":"census division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-4"},{"link_name":"Mirabel Regional County Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabel_Regional_County_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Mirabel_International_Airport"}],"text":"City in Quebec, CanadaMirabel is a suburb of Montreal, located on the North Shore in southern Quebec.Mirabel is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Mirabel.[4] Its geographical code is 74. Prior to 2002, Mirabel was not only a city but also comprised the Mirabel Regional County Municipality.The city is home to Montréal–Mirabel International Airport.","title":"Mirabel, Quebec"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipal history of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_history_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montréal-Mirabel International Airport § Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Mirabel_International_Airport#Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manoir_de_Belle-Rivi%C3%A8re_4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTQ-M-5"},{"link_name":"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Mirabel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachute"}],"text":"See also: Municipal history of QuebecSee also: Montréal-Mirabel International Airport § DevelopmentThe Belle-Rivière Estate in Sainte-Scholastique, built in 1804Mirabel was formed through the expropriation of private lands and the merger of 8 municipalities in 1971. The former municipalities were (with their individual founding dates in brackets): Saint-Augustin (1855); Saint-Benoît (1855); Saint-Hermas (1855); Saint-Janvier-de-Blainville (1855); Sainte-Scholastique (1855); Saint-Canut (1857); Sainte-Monique (1872), and Saint-Janvier-de-la-Croix (1959). Initially called Ville de Sainte-Scholastique but renamed Mirabel in 1973, the city was planned to become a vast transportation and industrial hub for Eastern Canada, with Montréal–Mirabel International Airport at its centre.[5]Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, which opened in 1975, never became a major aviation hub and the industrial parks never materialized, and in 2004, the airport closed to all scheduled commercial passenger traffic. It continues to operate as a cargo airport and handles a few charter passenger flights.In 2000, about 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) of Mirabel's territory was annexed by Lachute.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Benoît","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Hermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hermas"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Scholastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Scholastique,_Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirabel_St-Benoit_QC_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirabel-St-Monique.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirabel-St-Scholastique_2.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"La Belle-Rivière\nLa Chapelle\nMirabel-en-Haut\nPetit St-Charles\nSaint-Augustin\nSaint-Benoît\nSaint-Canut\nSainte-Monique\nSaint-Hermas\nSaint-Janvier\nSaint-Jérusalem-d'Argenteuil\nSainte-ScholastiqueSt-Benoit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt-Monique\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt-Scholastique","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Mirabel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"45°40′N 74°02′W / 45.667°N 74.033°W / 45.667; -74.033 (Calgary International Airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirabel,_Quebec&params=45_40_N_74_02_W_type:airport_region:CA-QC&title=Calgary+International+Airport"},{"link_name":"humidex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidex"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccnmirabel-6"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Mirabel (Montréal–Mirabel International Airport)Climate ID: 6153300; coordinates 45°40′N 74°02′W / 45.667°N 74.033°W / 45.667; -74.033 (Calgary International Airport); elevation: 82.6 m (271 ft); 1981-2010 normals\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high humidex\n\n12.5\n\n12.3\n\n21.7\n\n34.2\n\n39.4\n\n45.5\n\n45.5\n\n45.4\n\n40.2\n\n32.7\n\n22.9\n\n18.6\n\n45.5\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−4.3(24.3)\n\n1.3(34.3)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−7.1(19.2)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−16.5(2.3)\n\n−14.8(5.4)\n\n−8.5(16.7)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n6.3(43.3)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−37.0(−34.6)\n\n−33.1(−27.6)\n\n−29.9(−21.8)\n\n−15.4(4.3)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n−5.3(22.5)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−22.1(−7.8)\n\n−33.0(−27.4)\n\n−37.0(−34.6)\n\n\nRecord low wind chill\n\n−50.0\n\n−44.0\n\n−40.0\n\n−24.0\n\n−10.0\n\n−3.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n−7.0\n\n−12.0\n\n−28.0\n\n−46.0\n\n−50.0\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n87.9(3.46)\n\n64.6(2.54)\n\n70.4(2.77)\n\n88.0(3.46)\n\n86.8(3.42)\n\n103.1(4.06)\n\n91.9(3.62)\n\n96.0(3.78)\n\n91.7(3.61)\n\n96.5(3.80)\n\n103.2(4.06)\n\n87.6(3.45)\n\n1,067.7(42.04)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n32.0(1.26)\n\n21.8(0.86)\n\n30.7(1.21)\n\n72.9(2.87)\n\n86.5(3.41)\n\n103.1(4.06)\n\n91.9(3.62)\n\n95.9(3.78)\n\n91.7(3.61)\n\n93.1(3.67)\n\n80.4(3.17)\n\n36.0(1.42)\n\n835.9(32.91)\n\n\nAverage snowfall cm (inches)\n\n55.8(22.0)\n\n43.1(17.0)\n\n38.5(15.2)\n\n14.0(5.5)\n\n0.3(0.1)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n3.1(1.2)\n\n22.8(9.0)\n\n51.3(20.2)\n\n228.8(90.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n16.8\n\n14.0\n\n13.8\n\n13.0\n\n13.7\n\n13.2\n\n12.7\n\n12.0\n\n11.4\n\n13.8\n\n16.1\n\n17.1\n\n167.5\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)\n\n4.4\n\n3.9\n\n6.4\n\n11.2\n\n13.7\n\n13.2\n\n12.7\n\n12.0\n\n11.4\n\n13.4\n\n11.5\n\n5.9\n\n119.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)\n\n15.2\n\n12.1\n\n9.9\n\n4.0\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n1.1\n\n6.8\n\n14.0\n\n63.3\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n66.0\n\n61.3\n\n58.0\n\n50.9\n\n51.0\n\n56.2\n\n58.3\n\n58.9\n\n60.7\n\n61.5\n\n68.9\n\n71.3\n\n60.2\n\n\nSource: Environment and Climate Change Canada[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scpast-7"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-8"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2016-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Christian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"}],"text":"Historical Census Data - Mirabel, Quebec[7]YearPop.±% 1976 13,486—     1981 14,080+4.4% 1986 13,875−1.5% 1991 17,971+29.5% 1996 22,689+26.3% 2001 27,315+20.4% 2006 34,626+26.8% 2011 41,957+21.2% 2016 50,513+20.4% 2021 61,108+21.0%In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mirabel had a population of 61,108 living in 24,795 of its 25,514 total private dwellings, a change of 21% from its 2016 population of 50,513. With a land area of 484.09 km2 (186.91 sq mi), it had a population density of 126.2/km2 (326.9/sq mi) in 2021.[8]Canada census – Mirabel community profile\n\n\n202120162011\n\n\nPopulation61,108 (+21.0% from 2016)50,513 (+20.4% from 2011)41,957 (+21.2% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area484.09 km2 (186.91 sq mi)485.07 km2 (187.29 sq mi)485.59 km2 (187.49 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density126.2/km2 (327/sq mi)104.1/km2 (270/sq mi)86.4/km2 (224/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age37.2 (M: 37.2, F: 37.6)35.8 (M: 35.8, F: 35.7)35.0 (M: 35.1, F: 34.8)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings25,514 (total)  24,795 (occupied)20,395 (total)  16,374 (total)  \n\n\nMedian household income$90,000$75,895$67,023\n\n\n References: 2021[4] 2016[9] 2011[10] earlier[11][12]In 2021,[13] Mirabel was 91.8% white/European, 6.5% visible minorities and 1.7% Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were Black (1.9%), Arab (1.6%), and Latin American (1.0%).63.9% of residents were Christian, down from 87% in 2011.[14] 56.7% were Catholic, 5.2% were Christian n.o.s, 0.4% were Protestant and 1.6% belonged to other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions. Of non-Catholic denominations, the largest is Christian Orthodox at 0.7%. 33.6% of residents were non-religious or secular, up from 12.2% in 2011. 2.5% belonged to other religions, up from 0.8% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (1.9%) and Buddhism (0.4%).90.8% of residents spoke French as their mother tongue. The next most common first languages were English (2.5%), Spanish (1.0%), Arabic (0.9%), and Portuguese (0.5%). 1.3% of residents listed both French and English as mother tongues, while 0.5% listed both French and a non-official language.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombardier Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Bombardier CRJ700 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series"},{"link_name":"CRJ700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series#CRJ700"},{"link_name":"CRJ900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series#CRJ900"},{"link_name":"CRJ1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series#CRJ1000"},{"link_name":"regional jetliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_jet"},{"link_name":"Airbus A220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A220"},{"link_name":"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Mirabel_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bell Textron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Textron"},{"link_name":"HydroSerre Mirabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroSerre_Mirabel"}],"text":"Bombardier Aviation produces Bombardier CRJ700 series (CRJ700, CRJ900 and CRJ1000) regional jetliners and Airbus A220 (formerly Bombardier CSeries) at the Montréal–Mirabel International Airport. Bell Helicopters (Bell Textron) also has its major manufacturing and final assembly plant at the airport.HydroSerre Mirabel has its headquarters in the town.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_scolaire_de_la_Seigneurie-des-Mille-%C3%8Eles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blainville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Thérèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"d'Oka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_d%27Oka"},{"link_name":"Oka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"des Patriotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_des_Patriotes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Eustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Henri-Dunant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_Henri-Dunant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques-Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_Jean-Jacques-Rousseau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boisbriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisbriand"},{"link_name":"Polyvalente Sainte-Thérèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Polyvalente_Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles","text":"The Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles (CSSMI), which operates Francophone public schools, serves the following parts of Mirabel: Saint-Augustin, Saint-Benoît, Sainte-Scholastique and a portion of Domaine-Vert.[16]École primaire de la Clé-des-Champs[17]\nÉcole primaire des Blés-Dorés[18]\nÉcole primaire Girouard[19]\nÉcole primaire Prés fleuris[20]\nÉcole primaire Sainte-Scholastique[21]Other elementary schools serving sections of CCSMI Mirabel: Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption in Blainville and Terre-Soleil in Sainte-Thérèse. Secondary schools serving sections of CSSMI Mirabel: d'Oka in Oka, des Patriotes in Saint-Eustache, Henri-Dunant in Blainville, Jean-Jacques-Rousseau in Boisbriand, and Polyvalente Sainte-Thérèse in Sainte-Thérèse.[22]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_scolaire_de_la_Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"École secondaire de Mirabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_de_Mirabel"},{"link_name":"Polyvalente Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polyvalente_Lavigne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachute"},{"link_name":"Cap-Jeunesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_Cap-Jeunesse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Émilien-Frenette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_%C3%89milien-Frenette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polyvalente Saint-Jérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polyvalente_Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Saint-Stanlislas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_secondaire_Saint-Stanlislas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Sophie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Sophie,_Quebec"}],"sub_title":"Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord","text":"The Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord (CSRDN) operates Francophone public schools in other parts of Mirabel. They include:Secondary schools:[23]\nÉcole secondaire de Mirabel (ESM)\nOther secondary schools serving CSRDN sections include Polyvalente Lavigne in Lachute and Cap-Jeunesse, Émilien-Frenette, Polyvalente Saint-Jérôme, and Saint-Stanlislas in Saint-Jérôme\nPrimary schools:[24]\ndu Parchemin\nà l'Unisson\naux Quatre-Vents\nde la Croisée-des-Champs\nMer-et-Monde\nSaint-Anne\nSaint-Hermas\nOther primary schools serving CSRDN Mirabel include Dubois, de l'Horizon-Soleil, Prévost, Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus in Saint-Jérôme and Jean-Moreau in Sainte-Sophie.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier_School_Board"},{"link_name":"Lake of Two Mountains High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_Two_Mountains_High_School"},{"link_name":"Deux-Montagnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deux-Montagnes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overview-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Laurentian Regional High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentian_Regional_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachute"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Rosemere High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemere_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rosemère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosem%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blainville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board","text":"The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates Anglophone public schools in the area around Mirabel.Secondary schools serving portions of Mirabel include:Lake of Two Mountains High School in Deux-Montagnes serves southern Mirabel[25][26]\nLaurentian Regional High School in Lachute serves northern Mirabel[27]\nRosemere High School in Rosemère serves southeast Mirabel[28]Primary schools serving portions of Mirabel include:Laurentia Elementary School in Saint-Jérôme serves northern Mirabel[29]\nMountainview Elementary School and Saint Jude Elementary School in Deux-Montagnes serve southern Mirabel[30][31]\nPierre Elliot Trudeau Elementary School in Blainville serves southeast Mirabel[32]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Châlons-en-Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Châlons-en-Champagne (France)[citation needed]","title":"Sister cities"}]
[{"image_text":"The Belle-Rivière Estate in Sainte-Scholastique, built in 1804","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Manoir_de_Belle-Rivi%C3%A8re_4.JPG/220px-Manoir_de_Belle-Rivi%C3%A8re_4.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_county_municipalities_and_equivalent_territories_in_Quebec"},{"title":"Mirabel Aerospace Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabel_Aerospace_Centre"},{"title":"Saint Pierre River (Mirabel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_River_(Mirabel)"},{"title":"Rivière aux Chiens (rivière des Mille Îles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_aux_Chiens_(rivi%C3%A8re_des_Mille_%C3%8Eles)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Mirabel\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=EITQC","url_text":"\"Mirabel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 72473\". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.","urls":[{"url":"https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=72473","url_text":"\"Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 72473\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_de_toponymie_du_Qu%C3%A9bec","url_text":"Commission de toponymie du Québec"}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 74005\". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/municipalite/74005/","url_text":"\"Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 74005\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Community Profiles\". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00032474","url_text":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2021 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"Mirabel (ville)\" (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165844/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci=72473&Latitude=45%2C65&Longitude=-74%2C08334&Zoom=1700","url_text":"\"Mirabel (ville)\""},{"url":"http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci=72473&Latitude=45,65&Longitude=-74,08334&Zoom=1700","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport]\". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Retrieved 2016-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Montreal&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=5616&dispBack=0","url_text":"\"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Community Profiles\". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2016 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2016 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Community Profiles\". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2014-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2011 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Community Profiles\". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2006 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Community Profiles\". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2001 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). \"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Mirabel, Ville (V) [Census subdivision], Quebec\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Mirabel, Ville (V) [Census subdivision], Quebec\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-05-08). \"2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collores,_Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico
Collores, Jayuya, Puerto Rico
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 18°11′29″N 66°37′35″W / 18.191408°N 66.626379°W / 18.191408; -66.626379Barrio of Puerto Rico For other uses, see Collores. Barrio in Jayuya, Puerto RicoColloresBarrioLocation of Collores within the municipality of Jayuya shown in redColloresLocation of Puerto RicoCoordinates: 18°11′29″N 66°37′35″W / 18.191408°N 66.626379°W / 18.191408; -66.626379Commonwealth Puerto RicoMunicipality JayuyaArea • Total3.49 sq mi (9.0 km2) • Land3.49 sq mi (9.0 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation1,499 ft (457 m)Population (2010) • Total1,666 • Density477.4/sq mi (184.3/km2) Source: 2010 CensusTime zoneUTC−4 (AST) Collores is a barrio in the municipality of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,666. In 1948, Collores was established from part of what was Jayuya Arriba (Jayuya barrio-pueblo). Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19501,823—19601,410−22.7%19701,326−6.0%19801,4358.2%19901,4702.4%20001,4961.8%20101,66611.4%U.S. Decennial Census1950 1980-2000 2010 See also Puerto Rico portal List of communities in Puerto Rico References ^ a b "US Gazetteer 2019". US Census. US Government. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Collores ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969. ^ Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. ^ Mapa de Municipios y Barrios (PDF). Santurce, Puerto Rico: Junta de Planificación. 1955. p. 27. Retrieved 10 April 2021. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02. This Jayuya, Puerto Rico location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collores_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Jayuya, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pico_1969-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-5"},{"link_name":"Jayuya barrio-pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayuya_barrio-pueblo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Barrio of Puerto RicoFor other uses, see Collores.Barrio in Jayuya, Puerto RicoCollores is a barrio in the municipality of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,666.[3][4][5] In 1948, Collores was established from part of what was Jayuya Arriba (Jayuya barrio-pueblo).[6]","title":"Collores, Jayuya, Puerto Rico"}]
[]
[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of communities in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Puerto_Rico"}]
[{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\". US Census. US Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","url_text":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"}]},{"reference":"Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3","url_text":"978-1-4766-0447-3"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Mapa de Municipios y Barrios (PDF). Santurce, Puerto Rico: Junta de Planificación. 1955. p. 27. Retrieved 10 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rcm2.rcm.upr.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Memoria_68_Jayuya-1955.pdf","url_text":"Mapa de Municipios y Barrios"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183043/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Collores,_Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico&params=18.191408_N_66.626379_W_region:US-PR_type:city(1666)","external_links_name":"18°11′29″N 66°37′35″W / 18.191408°N 66.626379°W / 18.191408; -66.626379"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Collores,_Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico&params=18.191408_N_66.626379_W_region:US-PR_type:city(1666)","external_links_name":"18°11′29″N 66°37′35″W / 18.191408°N 66.626379°W / 18.191408; -66.626379"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2414994","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Collores"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","external_links_name":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"Link":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"Link":"https://rcm2.rcm.upr.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/04/Memoria_68_Jayuya-1955.pdf","external_links_name":"Mapa de Municipios y Barrios"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183043/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collores,_Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxiaco_District,_Oaxaca
Tlaxiaco District
["1 Municipalities","2 References"]
Coordinates: 17°16′N 97°41′W / 17.267°N 97.683°W / 17.267; -97.683District in Oaxaca, MexicoTlaxiaco DistrictDistrictOaxaca regions and districts: Mixteca to NorthwestCoordinates: 17°16′N 97°41′W / 17.267°N 97.683°W / 17.267; -97.683Country MexicoStateOaxaca Tlaxiaco District is located in the south of the Mixteca Region of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main city is the Heroic City of Tlaxiaco Municipalities Clock tower in Tlaxiaco The district includes the following municipalities: Chalcatongo de Hidalgo Magdalena Peñasco San Agustín Tlacotepec San Antonio Sinicahua San Bartolomé Yucuañe San Cristóbal Amoltepec San Esteban Atatlahuca San Juan Achiutla San Juan Ñumí San Juan Teita San Martín Huamelulpam San Martín Itunyoso San Mateo Peñasco San Miguel Achiutla San Miguel El Grande San Pablo Tijaltepec San Pedro Mártir Yucuxaco San Pedro Molinos Santa Catarina Tayata Santa Catarina Ticua Santa Catarina Yosonotú Santa Cruz Nundaco Santa Cruz Tacahua Santa Cruz Tayata Santa María del Rosario Santa María Tataltepec Santa María Yolotepec Santa María Yosoyúa Santa María Yucuhiti Santiago Nundiche Santiago Nuyoó Santiago Yosondúa Santo Domingo Ixcatlán Santo Tomás Ocotepec Tlaxiaco References ^ a b "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Estado de Oaxaca". Retrieved 2010-07-08. vteRegions and districts of OaxacaMixteca Region Juxtlahuaca Silacayoapam Huajuapan Coixtlahuaca Teposcolula Tlaxiaco Nochixtlán Cañada Region Teotitlán Cuicatlán Papaloapan Region Tuxtepec Choapan Sierra Norte Region Ixtlán Villa Alta Sierra Mixe Istmo Region Juchitán Tehuantepec Valles Centrales Region Etla Centro Zaachila Zimatlán Ocotlán Tlacolula Ejutla Sierra Sur Region Putla Sola de Vega Miahuatlán Yautepec Costa Region Jamiltepec Juquila Pochutla See also Municipalities of Oaxaca vteMunicipalities of Tlaxiaco District, Oaxaca Chalcatongo de Hidalgo Magdalena Peñasco San Agustín Tlacotepec San Antonio Sinicahua San Bartolomé Yucuañe San Cristóbal Amoltepec San Esteban Atatlahuca San Juan Achiutla San Juan Ñumí San Juan Teita San Martín Huamelulpam San Martín Itunyoso San Mateo Peñasco San Miguel Achiutla San Miguel El Grande San Pablo Tijaltepec San Pedro Mártir Yucuxaco San Pedro Molinos Santa Catarina Tayata Santa Catarina Ticuá Santa Catarina Yosonotú Santa Cruz Nundaco Santa Cruz Tacahua Santa Cruz Tayata Santa María del Rosario Santa María Tataltepec Santa María Yolotepec Santa María Yosoyúa Santa María Yucuhiti Santiago Nundiche Santiago Nuyoó Santiago Yosondúa Santo Domingo Ixcatlán Santo Tomás Ocotepec Tlaxiaco See also Municipalities of Oaxaca This article about a location in the Mexican state of Oaxaca is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixteca Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixteca_Region,_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Heroic City of Tlaxiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxiaco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-localgob-1"}],"text":"District in Oaxaca, MexicoTlaxiaco District is located in the south of the Mixteca Region of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. The main city is the Heroic City of Tlaxiaco[1]","title":"Tlaxiaco District"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tlaxiaco_clock.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-localgob-1"},{"link_name":"Chalcatongo de Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcatongo_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Peñasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Pe%C3%B1asco"},{"link_name":"San Agustín Tlacotepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_Tlacotepec"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Sinicahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Sinicahua"},{"link_name":"San Bartolomé Yucuañe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bartolom%C3%A9_Yucua%C3%B1e"},{"link_name":"San Cristóbal Amoltepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Amoltepec"},{"link_name":"San Esteban Atatlahuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Esteban_Atatlahuca"},{"link_name":"San Juan Achiutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Achiutla"},{"link_name":"San Juan Ñumí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_%C3%91um%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"San Juan Teita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Teita"},{"link_name":"San Martín Huamelulpam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Huamelulpam"},{"link_name":"San Martín Itunyoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_Itunyoso"},{"link_name":"San Mateo Peñasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_Pe%C3%B1asco"},{"link_name":"San Miguel Achiutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Achiutla"},{"link_name":"San Miguel El Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_El_Grande"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Tijaltepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Tijaltepec"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Mártir Yucuxaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir_Yucuxaco"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Molinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Molinos"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina Tayata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_Tayata"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina Ticua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_Ticua"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina Yosonotú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_Yosonot%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Nundaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Nundaco"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Tacahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Tacahua"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Tayata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Tayata"},{"link_name":"Santa María del Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Rosario"},{"link_name":"Santa María Tataltepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Tataltepec"},{"link_name":"Santa María Yolotepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Yolotepec"},{"link_name":"Santa María Yosoyúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Yosoy%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Santa María Yucuhiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Yucuhiti"},{"link_name":"Santiago Nundiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Nundiche"},{"link_name":"Santiago Nuyoó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Nuyo%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Santiago Yosondúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Yosond%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo Ixcatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Ixcatl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Santo Tomás Ocotepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_Ocotepec"},{"link_name":"Tlaxiaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxiaco"}],"text":"Clock tower in TlaxiacoThe district includes the following municipalities:[1]Chalcatongo de Hidalgo\nMagdalena Peñasco\nSan Agustín Tlacotepec\nSan Antonio Sinicahua\nSan Bartolomé Yucuañe\nSan Cristóbal Amoltepec\nSan Esteban Atatlahuca\nSan Juan Achiutla\nSan Juan Ñumí\nSan Juan Teita\nSan Martín Huamelulpam\nSan Martín Itunyoso\nSan Mateo Peñasco\nSan Miguel Achiutla\nSan Miguel El Grande\nSan Pablo Tijaltepec\nSan Pedro Mártir Yucuxaco\nSan Pedro Molinos\nSanta Catarina Tayata\nSanta Catarina Ticua\nSanta Catarina Yosonotú\nSanta Cruz Nundaco\nSanta Cruz Tacahua\nSanta Cruz Tayata\nSanta María del Rosario\nSanta María Tataltepec\nSanta María Yolotepec\nSanta María Yosoyúa\nSanta María Yucuhiti\nSantiago Nundiche\nSantiago Nuyoó\nSantiago Yosondúa\nSanto Domingo Ixcatlán\nSanto Tomás Ocotepec\nTlaxiaco","title":"Municipalities"}]
[{"image_text":"Clock tower in Tlaxiaco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tlaxiaco_clock.JPG/220px-Tlaxiaco_clock.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Estado de Oaxaca\". Retrieved 2010-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/","url_text":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Estado de Oaxaca\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushk,_Khoshab
Kushk, Khoshab
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°42′03″N 58°12′14″E / 36.70083°N 58.20389°E / 36.70083; 58.20389Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranKushk كوشكvillageKushkCoordinates: 36°42′03″N 58°12′14″E / 36.70083°N 58.20389°E / 36.70083; 58.20389Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyKhoshabBakhshMeshkanRural DistrictMeshkanPopulation (2006) • Total74Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Kushk (Persian: كوشك, also Romanized as Kūshk) is a village in Meshkan Rural District, Meshkan District, Khoshab County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 22 families. References ^ Kushk can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10907280" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Khoshab CountyCapital Soltanabad DistrictsCentralCities Soltanabad Rural Districts and villagesRobat-e Jaz Abdollahabad Hojjatabad Robat-e Jaz Soltanabad Aliyak Bolqanabad Dashkhaneh Fowji Keykhosrow Khoshab Nurabad Ruki Sarajeh Seyyedabad Suzandeh Talebi Tarkhas Zarqi Tabas Anbarestan Annabestan Baz Qand Borqeban Chahak Cheru Dash Khaneh Divandar Dorofk-e Olya Dorofk-e Sofla Hasanabad Jannatabad Kalateh-ye Hajji Motalleb Kashk Nasrabad Now Dehan Now Deh-e Arbab Rud Sarab Shamabad Shir Khan Tabas Yahyaabad MeshkanCities none Rural Districts and villagesMeshkan Abbasabad Deh Now Istgah-e Rah Ahn Sabzevar Kahan-e Pain Kushk Meshkan Nazarabad Yam Adelabad Ardanj Baba Langar Besk Dahaneh-ye Shur Darab Darband Dargahabad Divangah Ebrahimabad Gol Gonbad Hoseynabad Kahan Kuh Darreh Malekabad Nashib Nowruzi Qarah Takan Siman Sorkh Yam Yang Iran portal This Khoshab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Meshkan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshkan_Rural_District_(Razavi_Khorasan_Province)"},{"link_name":"Meshkan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshkan_District"},{"link_name":"Khoshab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshab_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranKushk (Persian: كوشك, also Romanized as Kūshk)[1] is a village in Meshkan Rural District, Meshkan District, Khoshab County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 22 families.[2]","title":"Kushk, Khoshab"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgabad,_West_Azerbaijan
Gorgabad, West Azerbaijan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°12′51″N 45°31′36″E / 36.21417°N 45.52667°E / 36.21417; 45.52667Village in West Azerbaijan, IranGorgabad گرگ ابادvillageGorgabadCoordinates: 36°12′51″N 45°31′36″E / 36.21417°N 45.52667°E / 36.21417; 45.52667Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountySardashtBakhshCentralRural DistrictGavork-e SardashtPopulation (2006) • Total22Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Gorgabad (Persian: گرگ اباد, also Romanized as Gorgābād) is a village in Gavork-e Sardasht Rural District, in the Central District of Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 4 families. References ^ Gorgabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10077928" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Sardasht CountyCapital Sardasht DistrictsCentralCities Rabat Sardasht Rural Districts and villagesAlan Ashkan-e Olya Ashkan-e Sofla Baltan Banaveh Bardan Bitush Degeh Dinaran Duleh Dulkan Eslamabad Garmab-e Olya Gartak Garvis Gavazleh Gel-e Espid Harzeneh Kakusan Kavzhan Margaseh Mavanda Mazanabad Mazraeh Rajakeh Rashkan-e Sofla Razgah Sanjuh Shirani Tit-e Olya Baryaji Abbasabad Asb Mirza Banu Khalaf Banui Bardeh Sepian Bari Ashi Baskeh Rut Baveh Beran Boyuran-e Olya Boyuran-e Sofla Chapar Dowli Khanvan Dulehbi Duleh-ye Garm Ebrahim Bur Faqer Khadariyan Faqir Soleyman Galineh-ye Bozorg Galineh-ye Kuchak Gerdmareshk Golkanak Gulan-e Sofla Kaneh Mashkeh Kani Rash Kani Siv Kani Zard Khareh-ye Aghlan Khareh-ye Chaki Kifarabad Kohneh Zuran Kulakun Kulkeh Rash-e Olya Kulkeh Rash-e Sofla Kur Bonav Mamehvat Maraghan Mir Sheykh Heydar Molla Sheykh Nashgulan Nowkan Qaleh Rash Qazan Quleh Savir Rasheh Hormeh Salkatan Sandulan Sarchaveh Sarchaveh Seh Vatal Shalehsiv Shameh Sheykheh Shibaneh Sureh Chum Tarshian Tuveh Vardeh Vashmazin Zhazhukeh Zuran Bask-e Kuleseh Bagh Banehzir Basreh Benavileh-ye Bozorg Benavileh-ye Kuchak Berisu Darmarjan Darsavin Dashteh Gondakeh Kani Bey Khaneh Khal-e Olya Khaneh Khal-e Sofla Kulseh-ye Olya Kulseh-ye Sofla Mikalabad Niskabad Nowkardar Qulteh Shalmash Shareh Khvor Shivashan Sutavan Varchak Yasinabad Yusef Gol Zalavan Zareh Marg Gavork-e Sardasht Balan Balav Banaveylah-e Hajji Mineh Barikayi Barveh Gorgabad Guleh Hamran Hendabad Hormozabad Kaleh Darreh Kaneh Varcheh Kani Guz Leylaneh Maraneh Mavlu Meyvanah Nestan Qaleh Samur Qamisheh Sartakeh Shalgeh Shamuleh Shandarreh Si Sar Soviru Vatmanabad VazinehCities Mirabad Rural Districts and villagesGavork-e Nalin Alavan Almaran Alvatan Bariteh Bilukeh Chaku Darbaran Darmakun Davudabad Dowlahtu Eshkhal Garvar Goman Gozileh Gureh Shar Hasanabad Kachalabad Kavlaneh Mamakavah Mazraeh Musalan Nabiabad Neysakabad Neyzeh-ye Olya Neyzeh-ye Sofla Nivash Pashqobran Qaleh-ye Tasian Sarmargan Naleyn Savan Savan-e Jadid Sepidareh Sepidareh-ye Darmeh Shalman Shivashan Shivavakan Shiveh Mer Si Pakan Sireh Marg Suneh Sustan-e Sofla Ziveh Melkari Aghlan Ahmad Baryu Banabad Bardehsur Bezileh Bishasb Bubaneh Chowalan Dashti Degeh Divalan Dowlehtu Gakowzheh-ye Olya Gakowzheh-ye Sofla Galu Garzhal-e Olya Garzhal-e Sofla Gurangan Halveh Iraqi Refugee Camp Jabbarand Jamgeh Kazheh Khalisan Kudaleh Mam Zineh Mazanabad Nalas Naluseh Narast Nazhaveh Nuaveh Nuchavan Parastan Pashbard Sarshiv Shatman Shinu Shiveh Sal Shivehju Surehban Tuzhal Valiv Varagol Vavan Zaleh Zamziran Ziveh Iran portal This Sardasht County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gavork-e Sardasht Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavork-e_Sardasht_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Sardasht_County)"},{"link_name":"Sardasht County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardasht_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranGorgabad (Persian: گرگ اباد, also Romanized as Gorgābād)[1] is a village in Gavork-e Sardasht Rural District, in the Central District of Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 4 families.[2]","title":"Gorgabad, West Azerbaijan"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsion,_New_Jersey
Atsion, New Jersey
["1 History","2 Historic district","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°44′33″N 74°43′34″W / 39.74250°N 74.72611°W / 39.74250; -74.72611Populated place in Burlington County, New Jersey, US Unincorporated community in New Jersey, United StatesAtsion, New JerseyUnincorporated communitySamuel Richards Mansion in AtsionAtsionShow map of Burlington County, New JerseyAtsionShow map of New JerseyAtsionShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°44′33″N 74°43′34″W / 39.74250°N 74.72611°W / 39.74250; -74.72611Country United StatesState New JerseyCountyBurlingtonTownshipShamongElevation49 ft (15 m)Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)GNIS feature ID874418 Atsion is an unincorporated community located within Shamong Township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The community is located next to Atsion Lake. The settlement is located within the Wharton State Forest, and a forest office, parking area and information kiosk are located at Atsion. History Charles Read built a bog iron forge in 1766. Samuel Richards, son of the owner of the iron works at Batsto Village, bought the property in 1822. Historic district United States historic placeAtsion VillageU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtNew Jersey Register of Historic Places LocationU.S. Route 206 at Hampton RoadArea703 acres (284 ha)Built1766 (1766)Built byCharles ReadArchitectural styleGreek RevivalNRHP reference No.74001154NJRHP No.866Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 22, 1974Designated NJRHPSeptember 11, 1970 Atsion Village is a historic district encompassing the community. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 1974 for its significance in architecture and industry. The district includes 7 contributing buildings. The Samuel Richards Mansion was built in 1826 with Greek Revival style. References ^ a b "Atsion". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ Locality Search Archived 2016-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, State of New Jersey. Accessed March 13, 2015. ^ "Wharton State Forest - Atsion". NJ Birding and Wildlife Trails. Retrieved December 14, 2014. ^ a b c Wilson, Charles I. Jr. (July 1970). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Atsion Village". National Park Service. With accompanying 9 photos ^ "National Register Information System – (#74001154)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. ^ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Burlington County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. May 21, 2018. p. 15. External links "Atsion Mansion". The Historical Marker Database. "The Story Of Atsion". The Historical Marker Database. Media related to Atsion, New Jersey at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities and communities of Burlington County, New Jersey, United StatesCounty seat: Mount HollyCities Beverly Bordentown Burlington Map of New Jersey highlighting Burlington CountyBoroughs Fieldsboro Medford Lakes Palmyra Pemberton Riverton Wrightstown Townships Bass River Bordentown Burlington Chesterfield Cinnaminson Delanco Delran Eastampton Edgewater Park Evesham Florence Hainesport Lumberton Mansfield Maple Shade Medford Moorestown Mount Holly Mount Laurel New Hanover North Hanover Pemberton Riverside Shamong Southampton Springfield Tabernacle Washington Westampton Willingboro Woodland CDPs Browns Mills Cookstown Country Lake Estates Crosswicks Florence Fort Dix Jobstown Juliustown Leisuretowne Marlton McGuire AFB Moorestown-Lenola New Gretna Pemberton Heights Presidential Lakes Estates Ramblewood Roebling Vincentown Otherunincorporatedcommunities Arneys Mount Arneytown Atsion Batsto Beaverville Birmingham Bridgeboro Browns Mills Junction Buddtown Bullock Burrs Mill Chairville Chambers Corner Chatsworth Chesterfield Christopher Mills Clermont Columbus Comical Corner Cropwell Crossroads Davisville Eayrestown Ewansville Fellowship Fostertown Georgetown Green Bank Hartford Hedding Indian Mills Jacksonville Jacobstown Kinkora Masonville Mount Pleasant New Albany New Lisbon Rancocas Rancocas Woods Red Lion Retreat Sooy Place Timbuctoo Ghost towns Harrisville High Crossing Ong's Hat New Jersey portal United States portal vteNational Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New JerseyLandmarks Abbott Farm Archeological Site Burlington County Prison Francis Hopkinson House New St. Mary's Episcopal Church Paulsdale Districts Arneytown Historic District Atsion Village Batsto Village Bordentown Historic District Burlington Historic District Benjamin Cooper Farm Crosswicks Historic District Eayres Plantation and Mill Site Fernbrook Historic District High Street Historic District Moorestown Historic District Mount Holly Historic District Pemberton Historic District Point Breeze Rancocas Historic Village Recklesstown Historic District Riverton Historic District Roebling Historic District Rosebud Farm Smithville Historic District Upper Springfield Meetinghouse Vincentown Historic District Whitesbog Historic District Places ofworship Arney's Mount Friends Meetinghouse and Burial Ground Coopertown Meetinghouse Cropwell Friends Meeting House Evesham Friends Meeting House Jacob's Chapel A.M.E. Church Main Street Friends Meeting House Moorestown Friends School and Meetinghouse Protestant Community Church of Medford Lakes Providence Presbyterian Church of Bustleton St. Mary of the Lakes Catholic Church St. Stephen's Episcopal Church Houses Bishop–Irick Farmstead Breidenhart Isaac Collins House Amos Evans House William and Susan Evans House Evans-Cooper House Thomas and Mary Evens House Farmer's Hall Fenwick Manor Thomas French Jr. House Gen. Edward S. Godfrey House Green Hill Farm Jonathan Haines House Thomas Hollinshead House James and Charles B. Holloway Farm Complex John Inskeep Homestead John Irick House Ivins-Conover House Benjamin Jones House Log Cabin Lodge Barzillai Newbold House William and Susannah Newbold House Oakwood Peachfield Pearson-How, Cooper, and Lawrence Houses Perkins House Singleton-Lathem-Large House Smith Mansion Thomas Smith House Dr. James Still Office Charles Stokes House Stokes-Evans House Taylor-Newbold House West Hill Jacob Wills House Zurbrugg Mansion Buildings William R. Allen School Birmingham School Bordentown School J. F. Budd Baby Shoe Factory Buzby's General Store Chesterford School Cinnaminson Avenue and Spring Garden Street Schools Florence Public School No. 1 Kirby's Mill Morris Mansion and Mill North Pemberton Railroad Station Old Schoolhouse Philadelphia Watch Case Company Building Red Dragon Canoe Club Shamong Hotel Quaker School Schoolhouse Springside Public School Town Hall Sites Bead Wreck Site Beverly National Cemetery Burlington's Lost Burial Ground Crosswicks Creek Site III Hanover Furnace See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Burlington County, New Jersey and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Jersey#Unincorporated_communities"},{"link_name":"Shamong Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamong_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Burlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Atsion Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsion_Lake"},{"link_name":"Wharton State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Populated place in Burlington County, New Jersey, USUnincorporated community in New Jersey, United StatesAtsion is an unincorporated community located within Shamong Township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[2] The community is located next to Atsion Lake.The settlement is located within the Wharton State Forest, and a forest office, parking area and information kiosk are located at Atsion.[3]","title":"Atsion, New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bog iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_iron"},{"link_name":"Batsto Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsto_Village,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-4"}],"text":"Charles Read built a bog iron forge in 1766. Samuel Richards, son of the owner of the iron works at Batsto Village, bought the property in 1822.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"contributing buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_buildings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-4"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc-4"}],"text":"United States historic placeAtsion Village is a historic district encompassing the community. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 1974 for its significance in architecture and industry. The district includes 7 contributing buildings.[4] The Samuel Richards Mansion was built in 1826 with Greek Revival style.[4]","title":"Historic district"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Burlington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Burlington_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Burlington_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Atsion\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/874418","url_text":"\"Atsion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Wharton State Forest - Atsion\". NJ Birding and Wildlife Trails. Retrieved December 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njwildlifetrails.org/PineBarrensTrails/Sites/tabid/1698/Scope/site/Guide/PINEBARREN/Site/254/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Wharton State Forest - Atsion\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Charles I. Jr. (July 1970). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Atsion Village\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/74001154_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Atsion Village\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System – (#74001154)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001154","url_text":"\"National Register Information System – (#74001154)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Burlington County\" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. May 21, 2018. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.gov/dep/hpo/1identify/nrsr_lists/Burlington.pdf#page=15","url_text":"\"New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Burlington County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Environmental_Protection","url_text":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection"}]},{"reference":"\"Atsion Mansion\". The Historical Marker Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=79531","url_text":"\"Atsion Mansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Historical_Marker_Database","url_text":"The Historical Marker Database"}]},{"reference":"\"The Story Of Atsion\". The Historical Marker Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42338","url_text":"\"The Story Of Atsion\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island,_Widnes
Spike Island, Widnes
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°21′14″N 2°43′50″W / 53.35389°N 2.73056°W / 53.35389; -2.73056Park in Widnes Spike IslandSpike Island viewed from Catalyst Science Discovery CentreTypePark and urban open spaceLocationWidnes, Cheshire, EnglandCoordinates53°21′14″N 2°43′50″W / 53.35389°N 2.73056°W / 53.35389; -2.73056Operated byHalton Borough Council Spike Island is a park in Widnes, Halton, North-West England. It is an artificial island between the Sankey Canal and the estuary of the River Mersey containing parkland, woodland, wetlands and footpaths. It is next to the Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, an interactive science and technology museum. Spike Island was at the centre of the British chemical industry during the industrial revolution. In 1833, Widnes Dock, the world's first rail-to-ship dock, was built on the island. In 1848, John Hutchinson built the first chemical factory in Widnes on the island. The chemical industry in Widnes grew rapidly thereafter. By the 1970s no working chemical factories remained, and from 1975 onwards the island was cleaned up and turned over to public recreation. A famous concert by The Stone Roses, subsequently the subject of an eponymous film, took place on the island in May 1990. History Drawing of the island in 1875 View of the Sankey Canal from Spike island circa 1900 Spike Island is an artificial island created in 1833 when the Sankey Canal was extended from Fiddler's Ferry to the River Mersey at Widnes. The extension separated a section of Widnes previously called Woodend from the remainder of the town. The canal passes from the West Bank Locks on Spike Island to Warrington and then into St. Helens town centre. The canal fell into disuse and closed in 1963. The canal footpath now forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail. Widnes Dock, built in 1833, was the first rail-to-ship dock in the world. Uniquely the dock allowed goods, such as coal, to be taken off a train and deposited directly into a boat for transport along the River Mersey to other parts of the UK and abroad. Goods and raw materials could also be brought in by boat and deposited directly onto a train for onward travel to local factories. The dock was topped up with water from the nearby reservoir to prevent its level becoming too low when the River Mersey was at low tide. Widnes Dock was last used commercially in 1931 but the island remained in use as a railway sidings. The island had a network of interlinked railway lines which, being at the end of the line, were ideal for marshalling trains and freight storage. The railway lines became known as "Marsh Sidings". They were taken over by British Rail in 1948 and remained in use until 1968. Large ships are unable to sail far up the River Mersey because the water level is too low. Consequently Widnes dock was accessed by Mersey flat boats which could transport goods downstream to the Port of Liverpool or along the canal network. The dock could hold up to 40 vessels, and have a single Mersey flat loaded with 70 tons of coal from a railway wagon, and en route to Liverpool in 40 minutes. The Mersey flats were small flat-bottomed sailing barges that originated on the Mersey but were later used on rivers elsewhere. They were a common sight in the 19th century. The wreck of a Mersey flat called the Eustace Carey can be seen at Spike Island at low tide. Beginning in 1848, John Hutchinson built the first chemical factory in Widnes on Spike Island. It was called "Hutchinson's No 1 Works" and was constructed along the Sankey Canal near Widnes Dock. Thereafter chemical factories proliferated in the town. Around the year 1860 Hutchinson built Tower Building, which he used as the administrative headquarters of his chemical business. Later it became the head office of the Gossage soap company, which at one time was the largest soap company in the UK and handled half of the UK's soap exports. Today, Tower Building houses the Catalyst Science Discovery Centre. Hutchinson was described by his contemporaries as "the father of Widnes" because of his influence on the growth of the chemical industry in the town. The island was at the centre of the British chemical industry during the 19th century and part of the Industrial Revolution. The chemical industry for the first time allowed the mass production of soap, bleaching powder, glass and fertilizer, amongst other products. The population of Widnes grew rapidly; however, the industry also brought exceptional levels of pollution. The town was described as one of the dirtiest and most dangerous places to work in England, and in 1905 as a "poisonous hell-town". In the 20th century, changes to the industry and new environmental laws led to the decline of the chemical industry. By the 1970s Spike Island contained abandoned chemical factories, rail lines, disused canal and industrial dockage, and extensive chemical pollution. Between 1975 and 1982 the island was reclaimed and returned to green spaces. All of the chemical works were removed and only two former pyrite kilns remain. Facilities The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre at Spike Island The Trans Pennine Trail passing through Spike Island Swans swimming down the canal at Spike Island The island is maintained by Halton Borough Council, who describe the island as "Open parkland with items of industrial archaeological interest and a canal". There are footpaths, canal walks, cycle paths, woodland, wetlands, views of the River Mersey, views of the Mersey Gateway Bridge, birdlife, fishing, industrial heritage, picnic tables, car parking, a multi-purpose sports pitch, a children's play area and the Trans Pennine Trail passes through the parkland. Mersey riverboats are moored in the Sankey Canal. The canal, although in water, is not navigable past the island. Halton Borough Council has the long-term aim of restoring the canal to use by watercraft and has committed to building a new swing bridge on the island and re-opening the slipway between the canal and Mersey. The council has also committed to finding an alternative water supply for the canal which has lost water formerly supplied by the now-closed Fiddlers Ferry Power Station. The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre is a museum dedicated to science and in particular chemistry. It is next to the island and charts the history of Widnes and Spike Island, offering hands-on displays, static displays and live science lectures. There are 80 interactive exhibits and reconstructed scenes bringing science, maths, engineering and technology to life. Two teaching spaces host a range of workshops and there is a café. There is an observatory on the top floor accessed via a glass-walled lift. The observatory offers panoramic views of the river, Widnes and the Mersey Gateway Bridge, which was opened in 2017. In popular culture Spike Island was the site of a famous outdoor concert by The Stone Roses in May 1990. The support acts included DJs Dave Haslam, Paul Oakenfold and Frankie Bones, a Zimbabwean drum orchestra and the reggae artist Gary Clail. The NME wrote "Spike Island was to be the Roses' defining statement, a celebration of not only their own success, but of an entire youth culture" and also "It was a real moment in time; the beginning of a long hot summer that saw England nearly go all the way in the World Cup, the peak of a period when Manchester and the north-west felt like the centre of the universe." 30,000 people attended the concert; the organisation was described as "amateurish", and this increased the fame of the event. The police informed the organisers that the tide was so high that everyone might have to be taken off the island. As the Stone Roses took to the stage a cloud of red dust formed in front of the stage, triggering asthma attacks among some members of the crowd. A film about the concert called Spike Island was released in 2012. The film is a comedy and coming-of-age drama that focuses on a "wannabee" band who idolise The Stone Roses and set out to deliver their demo tape personally to the Roses at the concert. Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy wrote that within its limited remit it is an affable watch, but the "domestic drama our heroes are running from never resonates". Dibdin added that the "performances are charming, and within the predictable tropes there are genuinely powerful moments." The Pulp song "Sorted for E's and Wizz" is inspired by one girl's memories of the concert. Jarvis Cocker remarked that he'd spoken to the girl about the concert and she could remember virtually nothing apart from the drug taking. A tribute concert on the island by "The Clone Roses" was planned for May 2020, thirty years after the original concert. The event was rescheduled for 2021 as public gatherings were prohibited because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The music festival took place on 24 July 2021; it was called "Spike Island: The Resurrection" and was headlined by the Clone Roses, with other 1990s tribute bands such as Oas-is, Happy Mondaze and True Order also featuring. See also Cheshire portal List of parks and open spaces in Cheshire List of islands of England List of artificial islands Land reclamation Land recycling Polder Mount Manisty Stanlow Island Wigg Island References ^ "History Of Spike Island – 1757 To 1990 – Widnes, UK". waymarking.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ Welbourn, Nigel (2008). Lost Lines: Liverpool and the Mersey. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7110-3190-6. ^ a b "Disused Stations: Widnes Dock and Marsh Sidings". disused-stations.org.uk. ^ a b "The Harry Arnold Archive – The Closure Years". Sankey Canal Restoration Society. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ Crosland, Lesley (May 1989). "CATALYST A Museum For Change". STEAM Magazine. ^ Hardie, David William Ferguson (1950). A History of the Chemical Industry of Widnes. London: Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, General Chemicals Division. p. 56. ASIN B0007JBZRQ. ^ Ankers, Steve (2018). Northern Soles. SilverWood Books. ISBN 978-1781327951. ^ a b "Spike Island". Visit Halton. Halton Borough Council. n.d. Retrieved 6 August 2020. ^ "Halton Council's New Bridge a Commitment to Restore Sankey Canal". Halton Borough Council. n.d. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Home page". Catalyst Science Discovery Centre and Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "BBC Short film on the Stone Roses Spike Island concert". BBC. ^ a b c Nicolson, Barry (27 May 2020). "The Stone Roses: The Full Story Of Spike Island, 30 Years On". NME. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ Wright, Jade (26 March 2012). "New film to relive The Stone Roses' classic gig at Spike Island in Widnes". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Review: 'Spike Island's' heart beats with love of rock 'n' roll". Los Angeles Times. 8 May 2015. ^ Dibdin, Emma (19 June 2013). "'Spike Island' review". Digital Spy. ^ Gallagher, Paul (13 January 2015). "'Sick Drugs Stunt': That Time when Pulp Were 'sorted for E's & Wizz'". Dangerous Minds. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ Rice, Elle May (3 December 2019). "Spike Island 30th anniversary show to take place in 2020". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Spike Island 30th anniversary celebrations postponed due to coronavirus". Radio X. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "St Helens band The Clone Roses headline Spike Island: The Resurrection festival tonight". St Helens Star. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spike Island, Cheshire. Spike Island at Halton Borough Council Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, official website of the centre
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park"},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes"},{"link_name":"Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halton_(borough)"},{"link_name":"artificial island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_island"},{"link_name":"Sankey Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankey_Canal"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"Catalyst Science Discovery Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_Science_Discovery_Centre"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"Widnes Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Dock"},{"link_name":"John Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"an eponymous film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(film)"}],"text":"Park in WidnesSpike Island is a park in Widnes, Halton, North-West England. It is an artificial island between the Sankey Canal and the estuary of the River Mersey containing parkland, woodland, wetlands and footpaths. It is next to the Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, an interactive science and technology museum.Spike Island was at the centre of the British chemical industry during the industrial revolution. In 1833, Widnes Dock, the world's first rail-to-ship dock, was built on the island. In 1848, John Hutchinson built the first chemical factory in Widnes on the island. The chemical industry in Widnes grew rapidly thereafter. By the 1970s no working chemical factories remained, and from 1975 onwards the island was cleaned up and turned over to public recreation.A famous concert by The Stone Roses, subsequently the subject of an eponymous film, took place on the island in May 1990.","title":"Spike Island, Widnes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spike_Island_1875.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spike_island,_Widnes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sankey Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankey_Canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Trans Pennine Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Pennine_Trail"},{"link_name":"Widnes Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Dock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"railway sidings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_sidings"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"Mersey flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_flat"},{"link_name":"Port of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"John Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"Gossage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crosland1989-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardie-6"},{"link_name":"chemical industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"pyrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite"},{"link_name":"kilns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilns"}],"text":"Drawing of the island in 1875View of the Sankey Canal from Spike island circa 1900Spike Island is an artificial island created in 1833 when the Sankey Canal was extended from Fiddler's Ferry to the River Mersey at Widnes. The extension separated a section of Widnes previously called Woodend from the remainder of the town.[1] The canal passes from the West Bank Locks on Spike Island to Warrington and then into St. Helens town centre. The canal fell into disuse and closed in 1963. The canal footpath now forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail.Widnes Dock, built in 1833, was the first rail-to-ship dock in the world.[2] Uniquely the dock allowed goods, such as coal, to be taken off a train and deposited directly into a boat for transport along the River Mersey to other parts of the UK and abroad. Goods and raw materials could also be brought in by boat and deposited directly onto a train for onward travel to local factories. The dock was topped up with water from the nearby reservoir to prevent its level becoming too low when the River Mersey was at low tide. Widnes Dock was last used commercially in 1931 but the island remained in use as a railway sidings. The island had a network of interlinked railway lines which, being at the end of the line, were ideal for marshalling trains and freight storage. The railway lines became known as \"Marsh Sidings\". They were taken over by British Rail in 1948 and remained in use until 1968.[3]Large ships are unable to sail far up the River Mersey because the water level is too low. Consequently Widnes dock was accessed by Mersey flat boats which could transport goods downstream to the Port of Liverpool or along the canal network.[4] The dock could hold up to 40 vessels, and have a single Mersey flat loaded with 70 tons of coal from a railway wagon, and en route to Liverpool in 40 minutes.[3] The Mersey flats were small flat-bottomed sailing barges that originated on the Mersey but were later used on rivers elsewhere. They were a common sight in the 19th century. The wreck of a Mersey flat called the Eustace Carey can be seen at Spike Island at low tide.[4]Beginning in 1848, John Hutchinson built the first chemical factory in Widnes on Spike Island. It was called \"Hutchinson's No 1 Works\" and was constructed along the Sankey Canal near Widnes Dock. Thereafter chemical factories proliferated in the town. Around the year 1860 Hutchinson built Tower Building, which he used as the administrative headquarters of his chemical business. Later it became the head office of the Gossage soap company, which at one time was the largest soap company in the UK and handled half of the UK's soap exports.[5][6] Today, Tower Building houses the Catalyst Science Discovery Centre. Hutchinson was described by his contemporaries as \"the father of Widnes\" because of his influence on the growth of the chemical industry in the town.The island was at the centre of the British chemical industry during the 19th century and part of the Industrial Revolution. The chemical industry for the first time allowed the mass production of soap, bleaching powder, glass and fertilizer, amongst other products. The population of Widnes grew rapidly; however, the industry also brought exceptional levels of pollution. The town was described as one of the dirtiest and most dangerous places to work in England, and in 1905 as a \"poisonous hell-town\".[7] In the 20th century, changes to the industry and new environmental laws led to the decline of the chemical industry. By the 1970s Spike Island contained abandoned chemical factories, rail lines, disused canal and industrial dockage, and extensive chemical pollution. Between 1975 and 1982 the island was reclaimed and returned to green spaces. All of the chemical works were removed and only two former pyrite kilns remain.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catalyst_2149.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trans_Pennine_Trail_at_Spike_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sankey_Canal_at_Spike_Island,_Widnes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit_halton-8"},{"link_name":"Mersey Gateway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Gateway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Trans Pennine Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_Pennine_Trail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit_halton-8"},{"link_name":"Halton Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"swing bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_bridge"},{"link_name":"slipway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipway"},{"link_name":"Fiddlers Ferry Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlers_Ferry_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre at Spike IslandThe Trans Pennine Trail passing through Spike IslandSwans swimming down the canal at Spike IslandThe island is maintained by Halton Borough Council, who describe the island as \"Open parkland with items of industrial archaeological interest and a canal\".[8] There are footpaths, canal walks, cycle paths, woodland, wetlands, views of the River Mersey, views of the Mersey Gateway Bridge, birdlife, fishing, industrial heritage, picnic tables, car parking, a multi-purpose sports pitch, a children's play area and the Trans Pennine Trail passes through the parkland.[8]Mersey riverboats are moored in the Sankey Canal. The canal, although in water, is not navigable past the island. Halton Borough Council has the long-term aim of restoring the canal to use by watercraft and has committed to building a new swing bridge on the island and re-opening the slipway between the canal and Mersey. The council has also committed to finding an alternative water supply for the canal which has lost water formerly supplied by the now-closed Fiddlers Ferry Power Station.[9]The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre is a museum dedicated to science and in particular chemistry. It is next to the island and charts the history of Widnes and Spike Island, offering hands-on displays, static displays and live science lectures. There are 80 interactive exhibits and reconstructed scenes bringing science, maths, engineering and technology to life. Two teaching spaces host a range of workshops and there is a café. There is an observatory on the top floor accessed via a glass-walled lift. The observatory offers panoramic views of the river, Widnes and the Mersey Gateway Bridge, which was opened in 2017.[10]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"famous outdoor concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(concert)"},{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCvideo-11"},{"link_name":"DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Dave Haslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Haslam"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"Frankie Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Bones"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Gary Clail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Clail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-12"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-12"},{"link_name":"Spike Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Island_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liverpoolecho-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sorted for E's and Wizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorted_for_E%27s_and_Wizz"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Cocker"},{"link_name":"drug taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postponed-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Spike Island was the site of a famous outdoor concert by The Stone Roses in May 1990.[11] The support acts included DJs Dave Haslam, Paul Oakenfold and Frankie Bones, a Zimbabwean drum orchestra and the reggae artist Gary Clail.[12] The NME wrote \"Spike Island was to be the Roses' defining statement, a celebration of not only their own success, but of an entire youth culture\" and also \"It was a real moment in time; the beginning of a long hot summer that saw England nearly go all the way in the World Cup, the peak of a period when Manchester and the north-west felt like the centre of the universe.\"[12] 30,000 people attended the concert; the organisation was described as \"amateurish\", and this increased the fame of the event. The police informed the organisers that the tide was so high that everyone might have to be taken off the island. As the Stone Roses took to the stage a cloud of red dust formed in front of the stage, triggering asthma attacks among some members of the crowd.[12]A film about the concert called Spike Island was released in 2012.[13] The film is a comedy and coming-of-age drama that focuses on a \"wannabee\" band who idolise The Stone Roses and set out to deliver their demo tape personally to the Roses at the concert.[14] Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy wrote that within its limited remit it is an affable watch, but the \"domestic drama our heroes are running from never resonates\". Dibdin added that the \"performances are charming, and within the predictable tropes there are genuinely powerful moments.\"[15]The Pulp song \"Sorted for E's and Wizz\" is inspired by one girl's memories of the concert. Jarvis Cocker remarked that he'd spoken to the girl about the concert and she could remember virtually nothing apart from the drug taking.[16] A tribute concert on the island by \"The Clone Roses\" was planned for May 2020, thirty years after the original concert.[17] The event was rescheduled for 2021 as public gatherings were prohibited because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[18] The music festival took place on 24 July 2021; it was called \"Spike Island: The Resurrection\" and was headlined by the Clone Roses, with other 1990s tribute bands such as Oas-is, Happy Mondaze and True Order also featuring.[19]","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Drawing of the island in 1875","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Spike_Island_1875.jpg/200px-Spike_Island_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Sankey Canal from Spike island circa 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spike_island%2C_Widnes.jpg/220px-Spike_island%2C_Widnes.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre at Spike Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Catalyst_2149.jpg/220px-Catalyst_2149.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Trans Pennine Trail passing through Spike Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Trans_Pennine_Trail_at_Spike_Island.jpg/220px-Trans_Pennine_Trail_at_Spike_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swans swimming down the canal at Spike Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Sankey_Canal_at_Spike_Island%2C_Widnes.jpg/220px-The_Sankey_Canal_at_Spike_Island%2C_Widnes.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg"},{"title":"Cheshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cheshire"},{"title":"List of parks and open spaces in Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_open_spaces_in_Cheshire"},{"title":"List of islands of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England"},{"title":"List of artificial islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_islands"},{"title":"Land reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"},{"title":"Land recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_recycling"},{"title":"Polder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"title":"Mount Manisty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Manisty"},{"title":"Stanlow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanlow_Island"},{"title":"Wigg Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigg_Island"}]
[{"reference":"\"History Of Spike Island – 1757 To 1990 – Widnes, UK\". waymarking.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMT783_History_Of_Spike_Island_1757_T%20%20o_1990_Widnes_UK","url_text":"\"History Of Spike Island – 1757 To 1990 – Widnes, UK\""}]},{"reference":"Welbourn, Nigel (2008). Lost Lines: Liverpool and the Mersey. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7110-3190-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3190-6","url_text":"978-0-7110-3190-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Disused Stations: Widnes Dock and Marsh Sidings\". disused-stations.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://disused-stations.org.uk/features/widnes_dock_and_marsh/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Disused Stations: Widnes Dock and Marsh Sidings\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Harry Arnold Archive – The Closure Years\". Sankey Canal Restoration Society. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sankeycanal.co.uk/the-harry-arnold-archive---the-closure-y","url_text":"\"The Harry Arnold Archive – The Closure Years\""}]},{"reference":"Crosland, Lesley (May 1989). \"CATALYST A Museum For Change\". STEAM Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hardie, David William Ferguson (1950). A History of the Chemical Industry of Widnes. London: Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, General Chemicals Division. p. 56. ASIN B0007JBZRQ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries","url_text":"Imperial Chemical Industries"}]},{"reference":"Ankers, Steve (2018). Northern Soles. SilverWood Books. ISBN 978-1781327951.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-GKZDwAAQBAJ&q=widnes+poisonous+hell+town&pg=PT43","url_text":"Northern Soles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781327951","url_text":"978-1781327951"}]},{"reference":"\"Spike Island\". Visit Halton. Halton Borough Council. n.d. Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://visit.halton.me/project/spike-island/","url_text":"\"Spike Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halton Council's New Bridge a Commitment to Restore Sankey Canal\". Halton Borough Council. n.d. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hbcnewsroom.co.uk/halton-councils-new-bridge-a-commitment-to-restore-sankey-canal/","url_text":"\"Halton Council's New Bridge a Commitment to Restore Sankey Canal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Catalyst Science Discovery Centre and Museum. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catalyst.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Short film on the Stone Roses Spike Island concert\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/events/indie/stone-roses-at-spike-island/","url_text":"\"BBC Short film on the Stone Roses Spike Island concert\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolson, Barry (27 May 2020). \"The Stone Roses: The Full Story Of Spike Island, 30 Years On\". NME. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/features/the-stone-roses-the-full-story-of-spike-island-25-years-on-834","url_text":"\"The Stone Roses: The Full Story Of Spike Island, 30 Years On\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Jade (26 March 2012). \"New film to relive The Stone Roses' classic gig at Spike Island in Widnes\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-entertainment/echo-entertainment/2012/03/26/new-film-to-relive-the-stone-roses-classic-gig-at-spike-island-in-widnes-100252-30622394/","url_text":"\"New film to relive The Stone Roses' classic gig at Spike Island in Widnes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: 'Spike Island's' heart beats with love of rock 'n' roll\". Los Angeles Times. 8 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-spike-island-review-20150508-story.html","url_text":"\"Review: 'Spike Island's' heart beats with love of rock 'n' roll\""}]},{"reference":"Dibdin, Emma (19 June 2013). \"'Spike Island' review\". Digital Spy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a491054/spike-island-review-stone-roses-inspire-teens-in-gentle-drama/","url_text":"\"'Spike Island' review\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Paul (13 January 2015). \"'Sick Drugs Stunt': That Time when Pulp Were 'sorted for E's & Wizz'\". Dangerous Minds. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dangerousminds.net/comments/sick_drugs_stunt_that_time_pulp_were_sorted_for_es_wizz","url_text":"\"'Sick Drugs Stunt': That Time when Pulp Were 'sorted for E's & Wizz'\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Elle May (3 December 2019). \"Spike Island 30th anniversary show to take place in 2020\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/spike-island-30th-anniversary-show-17355961","url_text":"\"Spike Island 30th anniversary show to take place in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spike Island 30th anniversary celebrations postponed due to coronavirus\". Radio X. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiox.co.uk/artists/stone-roses/spike-island-30-celebrations-postponed/","url_text":"\"Spike Island 30th anniversary celebrations postponed due to coronavirus\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens band The Clone Roses headline Spike Island: The Resurrection festival tonight\". St Helens Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/19466999.st-helens-band-clone-roses-headlining-spike-island-resurrection-festival/","url_text":"\"St Helens band The Clone Roses headline Spike Island: The Resurrection festival tonight\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire
Flint, Flintshire
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Governance","4 Culture and demography","5 Transport","6 Education","7 Community","8 Notable people","8.1 Sport","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°14′54″N 3°08′09″W / 53.2482°N 3.1358°W / 53.2482; -3.1358Town and community in Flintshire, Wales Human settlement in WalesFlintWelsh: Y FflintSt Mary's Church, Church StreetFlintLocation within FlintshirePopulation13,736 (2021)OS grid referenceSJ243729CommunityFlintPrincipal areaFlintshirePreserved countyClwydCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomSettlementsFlint, Flint Mountain, OakenholtPost townFLINTPostcode districtCH6Dialling code01352PoliceNorth WalesFireNorth WalesAmbulanceWelsh UK ParliamentDelynSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentDelynWebsiteflinttowncouncil.gov.wales List of places UK Wales Flintshire 53°14′54″N 3°08′09″W / 53.2482°N 3.1358°W / 53.2482; -3.1358 Flint (Welsh: Y Fflint) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee. It is the former county town of Flintshire. According to the 2001 Census, the population of the community of Flint was 12,804, increasing to 12,953 at the 2011 census. The urban area including Holywell and Bagillt had a population of 26,442. Geography Flint is located in north-east Wales, adjoining the estuary of the River Dee, to the north of the town of Mold. Across the estuary, the Wirral can be seen from Flint and views to the south of the town include Halkyn Mountain. As the crow flies, Flint is located less than 12 miles from the English urban area of Liverpool, and even closer to its metro area. However, the two estuaries in between make the distance travelling on land almost twice as long. History Flint Castle by William Turner John Speed's map of Wales, made in 1610. The town of Flint can be seen at the top right Flint Town Hall The name refers to the stony platform on which the castle was built, and was first recorded in 1277 in the French form le Chaylou (cf modern French caillou, "gravel"). Edward I began to build Flint Castle in 1277, during his campaign to conquer Wales. Both castle and town were attacked by the forces of Madog ap Llywelyn during the revolt of 1294–95; the defenders of the town burnt it in order to deny its use to the Welsh. Richard II was handed over to his enemy Henry Bolingbroke in the castle in 1399. As a consequence, it is the setting for Act III, Scene III of the Shakespeare play Richard II. The castle was the first of Edward I's 'iron ring' of royal castles to be built in Wales, and the design served as the basis for larger castles such as Harlech Castle and Rhuddlan Castle. Owain Glyndŵr unsuccessfully assaulted it at the commencement of his revolt in 1400. The town did not have a wall, but a protective earthen and wooden palisaded ditch. The outline of this remained visible in the pattern of streets until the mid-1960s, and the medieval boundary can still be traced now. This can be seen in John Speed's map of Flintshire. Flint Town Hall, the home of Flint Town Council, was erected in 1840. In 1969 Flint hosted the National Eisteddfod, and so the town has a circle of Gorsedd stones in the field adjacent to Gwynedd County Primary School. In July 2006 the stones were centre stage in the National Eisteddfod Proclamation Ceremony which formally announced Mold as the 2007 host town of the event. The Urdd National Eisteddfod was held in Flint in 2016. Governance Flint Town Council consists of 15 councillors who are elected from four wards; 2 from Oakenholt, 3 from Castle and 5 each from Coleshill and Trelawny wards. For elections to Flintshire County Council, three councillors are elected from Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny, and one each from Flint: Castle and Flint: Oakenholt. Flint is part of the Alyn and Deeside constituency and North Wales region for the Senedd, and of the Alyn and Deeside constituency for parliament. Culture and demography In 2001 only 18% of the local population identified as Welsh, although this census controversially had no "Welsh" tick box. In the census of 2011, 57.1% stated they had Welsh, or Welsh and other combined, identity. Many people in Flint have some knowledge of the Welsh language, although competence varies. Implementation of the European Union's freedom of movement provisions has led to a noticeable increase in the numbers of Polish-language speakers in Flint. Several retail businesses display information in Polish as well as in English and Welsh and the town has a number of Polskie sklepy (Polish shops) specialising in Polish products. The Flint accent is frequently misidentified with that of Liverpool, although it has arisen in fact as a unique blending of the speech patterns of the area's Welsh speakers, earlier Irish settlers, and the residents of nearby Cheshire, Wirral, and the wider Merseyside region. There are several songs associated with Flint. The most widely sung is "The Yard". Another popular song is "Fifty German bombers over Flint", which tells the story of a wartime bombing raid over nearby Liverpool that accidentally targeted the town of Flint instead. Verses describe the arrival of the bombers over Flint, and how they were shot down by the "Bagillt Navy". Eventually, the ill-fated German aircrew were fished out by the "Greenfield Fishers". The song is often sung in a drunken, friendly manner to the accompaniment of much hand clapping and revelry. Transport Flint railway station lies on the North Wales Coast Line and is served by Transport for Wales services from Manchester Piccadilly to Llandudno. A north-south service between Cardiff and Holyhead also calls, as do some Avanti West Coast services between London Euston and Holyhead. Bus services are operated by Arriva Buses Wales. Education The town has three high schools: St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Flint High School and Ysgol Maes Hyfryd. Primary schools in Flint include the Gwynedd School, Cornist Park School, Ysgol Croes Atti (Welsh medium), St Mary's Catholic Primary School and Ysgol Pen Coch. Community Footplate sculpture at Flint railway station, designed by Brian Fell. Flint once had its own low-powered television relay transmitter, designed to provide improved coverage of Welsh channels in an area that would otherwise receive only English television signals. Since 2009, signals have been transmitted digitally from Storeton transmitting station on the Wirral. Perhaps one of the town's most striking images, in addition to the castle, is the group of three tower blocks of flats near the town centre. The first two blocks were built in the 1960s and named Bolingbroke Heights and Richard Heights, with a third, Castle Heights, added shortly afterwards. Flint's football team is Flint Town United. They play in the Cymru North, the second division of Welsh football following relegation from the top tier. Nicknamed "the Silkmen", they play their home games at Cae-y-Castell. Brian Fell's sculpture footplate can be seen at Flint railway station. Initially it was thought to be an imitation of the famous Monty Python foot drawn by Terry Gilliam. The town has a library which was extensively refurbished in 2020, and a leisure centre named the Jade Jones Pavilion to honour the town's Olympian. As of February 2023 Flint Retail Park was undergoing expansion, The town centre has been the subject of a regeneration scheme which began in 2012. A lifeboat station was established in Flint in 1966, operated by the RNLI. Notable people Paul Draper (born 1970), songwriter and musician, went to school in Flint. Ian Puleston-Davies (born 1958), actor and writer, plays Owen Armstrong in Coronation Street. Julie Roberts (born 1963) painter who works in acrylics, oils and watercolours. Sport Enoch Bagshaw (1884–1930), an American football player and coach. Ron Hewitt (1928–2001), footballer with over 500 club caps and 5 for Wales. Allan Jones (1940–1993), footballer with 249 caps with Brentford F.C. Brian Godfrey (1940–2010), footballer with over 590 club caps and 3 for Wales. Andy Holden (born 1963), footballer with over 170 club caps, nephew of Ron Hewitt Jade Jones (born 1993), 2012 and 2016 Olympic taekwondo gold medalist, attended Flint High School. Ian Rush (born 1961), footballer with 602 club caps and 73 for Wales, went to school in Flint; some family live in the area. Dylan Levitt (born 2000) footballer who came through Manchester United F.C. Academy, but now plays for Scottish Premiership football club Hibernian F.C. References ^ in the Flint Community; aggregated from the three electoral wards ^ "Y Fflint: Cynswllt a Threlawny (Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny)". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Y Fflint: Y Castell (Flint: Castle)". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Y Fflint: Oakenholt (Flint: Oakenholt)". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ In the Flint community ^ 2001 Census: Flint, Office for National Statistics, retrieved 2 August 2009 ^ "Town population 2011". Retrieved 25 May 2015. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Flint Built-up area (W37000411)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia; Mills, David; Room, Adrian (2002). The Oxford Names Companion. Oxford: the University Press. p. 1036. ISBN 0198605617. ^ "Flint Town Hall". www.fflint.co.uk. ^ National Eisteddfod Proclamation, BBC Wales, retrieved 27 August 2006 ^ "Oakenholt Ward". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Castle Ward". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Coleshill Ward". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Trelawny Ward". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Electoral Arrangements for Flintshire". Flintshire County Council. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ "Census results 'defy tickbox row'". 30 September 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2021. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Flint statistics (W04000186)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 June 2019. ^ The Voices Recordings: Male voice choir members, BBC, retrieved 27 August 2006 ^ "BBC - North East Wales Flintshire history - Flint songs". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "Wales Railway Map and Train Routes". TfW. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "May 2023 to December 2023 timetable book" (PDF). Avanti West Coast. p. 19–27. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ "Footplate". National Recording Project. Public Monuments and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ^ Craddock, Steve (3 February 2020). "Take a look inside Flint Library after £360,000 transformation". The Leader. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ "Jade Jones Pavilion Leisure Centre". Aura Wales. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2023. named in honour of the town's Tae Kwon-Do gold medal winning Olympian ^ "Flintshire Retail Park expanding to meet growing demand for trade counters". Deeside.com. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ Budden, Clare. "Regeneration - Sharp ideas for Flint". WHQ. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ "RNLI: Flint". Retrieved 16 February 2016. ^ Press Office: Ian Puleston-Davies, Funland, BBC, retrieved 25 March 2008 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flint, Wales. BBC Wales's Flint website www.cefnpennar.com : Flint historical & genealogical records list www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Flint and surrounding area Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Flint in the prehistoric, Roman and early medieval periods vteFlintshirePrincipal settlements Bagillt Buckley Caerwys Deeside (Connah's Quay Queensferry Saltney Shotton) Flint Holywell Mold Towns and villages Abermorddu Afonwen Alltami Aston Park Bretton Broughton Bryn-y-Baal Brynford Cadole Caergwrle Calcoed Carmel Cefn-y-Bedd Cilcain Coed Talon Cymau Drury Ewloe Ffrith Flint Mountain Ffynnongroew Greenfield Gronant Glyncorrwg Gwaenysgor Gwernaffield Gwernymynydd Halkyn Hawarden Holway Higher Kinnerton Hope Leeswood Llanfynydd Llanasa Leadmill Mancot Mostyn Mynydd Isa Nannerch Nercwys Northop Northop Hall Oakenholt Pantasaph Pantymwyn Pentre Halkyn Penyffordd (Buckley) Pen-y-Ffordd (Holywell) Penymynydd Pontblyddyn Rhosesmor Rhes-y-Cae Rhydymwyn Sandycroft Sealand Soughton/Sychdyn Saltney Ferry Talacre Trelawnyd Trelogan Treuddyn Whitford Ysceifiog Geography Alyn Gorge Bretton Bridge Caerwys Rectory Clwydian Range Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB Dee Estuary Flintshire Bridge The Gop Greenfield Valley Heritage Park Moel Famau Moel y Gaer Moel y Parc Mostyn Colliery Nant-y-Ffrith Ogof Nadolig Point of Ayr Point of Ayr Gas Terminal River Alyn River Cegidog River Dee River Terrig Talacre Beach Wepre Park Parliamentary representation List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd Flintshire East Flintshire West Flintshire Community councils Argoed Bagillt Broughton and Bretton Brynford Buckley Caerwys Cilcain Connah's Quay Flint Gwernaffield with Pantymwyn Gwernymynydd Halkyn Hawarden Higher Kinnerton Holywell Hope Leeswood and Pontblyddyn Llanasa Llanfynydd Mold Mostyn Nannerch Nercwys Northop Northop Hall Penyffordd Queensferry Saltney Sealand Shotton Trelawnyd and Gwaenysgor Treuddyn Whitford Ysceifiog Topics The historic county Alyn and Deeside Broughton Shopping Park Delyn Flintshire County Council Holywell Rural District Flintshire Detached (historically) Maelor Rural District Mold cape Point of Ayr Colliery Company Prestatyn Coal Company RAF Sealand Borough of Rhuddlan Western Mostyn Colliery Company SSSIs Country houses Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Schools History Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* Listed parks and gardens Notable people Sport Visitor attractions Public art  Geography  Wales Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"River Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales"},{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001census-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Bagillt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagillt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Town and community in Flintshire, WalesHuman settlement in WalesFlint (Welsh: Y Fflint) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee. It is the former county town of Flintshire. According to the 2001 Census, the population of the community of Flint was 12,804,[6] increasing to 12,953 at the 2011 census.[7] The urban area including Holywell and Bagillt had a population of 26,442.[8]","title":"Flint, Flintshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"Wirral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Halkyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkyn"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"}],"text":"Flint is located in north-east Wales, adjoining the estuary of the River Dee, to the north of the town of Mold. Across the estuary, the Wirral can be seen from Flint and views to the south of the town include Halkyn Mountain. As the crow flies, Flint is located less than 12 miles from the English urban area of Liverpool, and even closer to its metro area. However, the two estuaries in between make the distance travelling on land almost twice as long.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Flint_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flint Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Castle"},{"link_name":"William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales,_Pays_de_Galles,_par_John_Speed,_1610,_BNF_Gallica.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flint_Town_Hall_(geograph_5280867).jpg"},{"link_name":"Flint Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Flint Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Castle"},{"link_name":"Madog ap Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn"},{"link_name":"the revolt of 1294–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_revolt_of_1294%E2%80%9395"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)"},{"link_name":"Harlech Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rhuddlan Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle"},{"link_name":"Owain Glyndŵr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"John Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Speed"},{"link_name":"Flint Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"Gorsedd stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorsedd_stones"},{"link_name":"Mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Urdd National Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod"}],"text":"Flint Castle by William TurnerJohn Speed's map of Wales, made in 1610. The town of Flint can be seen at the top rightFlint Town HallThe name refers to the stony platform on which the castle was built, and was first recorded in 1277 in the French form le Chaylou (cf modern French caillou, \"gravel\").[9]Edward I began to build Flint Castle in 1277, during his campaign to conquer Wales. Both castle and town were attacked by the forces of Madog ap Llywelyn during the revolt of 1294–95; the defenders of the town burnt it in order to deny its use to the Welsh.Richard II was handed over to his enemy Henry Bolingbroke in the castle in 1399. As a consequence, it is the setting for Act III, Scene III of the Shakespeare play Richard II. The castle was the first of Edward I's 'iron ring' of royal castles to be built in Wales, and the design served as the basis for larger castles such as Harlech Castle and Rhuddlan Castle. Owain Glyndŵr unsuccessfully assaulted it at the commencement of his revolt in 1400.The town did not have a wall, but a protective earthen and wooden palisaded ditch. The outline of this remained visible in the pattern of streets until the mid-1960s, and the medieval boundary can still be traced now. This can be seen in John Speed's map of Flintshire.Flint Town Hall, the home of Flint Town Council, was erected in 1840.[10]In 1969 Flint hosted the National Eisteddfod, and so the town has a circle of Gorsedd stones in the field adjacent to Gwynedd County Primary School. In July 2006 the stones were centre stage in the National Eisteddfod Proclamation Ceremony which formally announced Mold as the 2007 host town of the event.[11] The Urdd National Eisteddfod was held in Flint in 2016.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Flintshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(Senedd_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_(Senedd_electoral_region)"},{"link_name":"Senedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_(UK)"}],"text":"Flint Town Council consists of 15 councillors who are elected from four wards; 2 from Oakenholt[12], 3 from Castle[13] and 5 each from Coleshill[14] and Trelawny[15] wards. For elections to Flintshire County Council, three councillors are elected from Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny, and one each from Flint: Castle and Flint: Oakenholt. [16] Flint is part of the Alyn and Deeside constituency and North Wales region for the Senedd, and of the Alyn and Deeside constituency for parliament.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Welsh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"freedom of movement provisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Single_Market#%22Four_Freedoms%22"},{"link_name":"Polish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Polish products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Wirral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bagillt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagillt"}],"text":"In 2001 only 18% of the local population identified as Welsh, although this census controversially had no \"Welsh\" tick box.[17]In the census of 2011, 57.1% stated they had Welsh, or Welsh and other combined, identity.[18] Many people in Flint have some knowledge of the Welsh language, although competence varies. Implementation of the European Union's freedom of movement provisions has led to a noticeable increase in the numbers of Polish-language speakers in Flint. Several retail businesses display information in Polish as well as in English and Welsh and the town has a number of Polskie sklepy (Polish shops) specialising in Polish products.The Flint accent is frequently misidentified with that of Liverpool, although it has arisen in fact as a unique blending of the speech patterns of the area's Welsh speakers, earlier Irish settlers, and the residents of nearby Cheshire, Wirral, and the wider Merseyside region.[19]There are several songs associated with Flint.[20] The most widely sung is \"The Yard\". Another popular song is \"Fifty German bombers over Flint\", which tells the story of a wartime bombing raid over nearby Liverpool that accidentally targeted the town of Flint instead. Verses describe the arrival of the bombers over Flint, and how they were shot down by the \"Bagillt Navy\". Eventually, the ill-fated German aircrew were fished out by the \"Greenfield Fishers\". The song is often sung in a drunken, friendly manner to the accompaniment of much hand clapping and revelry.","title":"Culture and demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flint railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_railway_station"},{"link_name":"North Wales Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line"},{"link_name":"Transport for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail"},{"link_name":"Manchester Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Holyhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Avanti West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"London Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arriva Buses Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Buses_Wales"}],"text":"Flint railway station lies on the North Wales Coast Line and is served by Transport for Wales services from Manchester Piccadilly to Llandudno. A north-south service between Cardiff and Holyhead also calls,[21] as do some Avanti West Coast services between London Euston and Holyhead.[22] Bus services are operated by Arriva Buses Wales.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Richard_Gwyn_Catholic_High_School,_Flint"}],"text":"The town has three high schools: St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Flint High School and Ysgol Maes Hyfryd. Primary schools in Flint include the Gwynedd School, Cornist Park School, Ysgol Croes Atti (Welsh medium), St Mary's Catholic Primary School and Ysgol Pen Coch.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Footplate_sculpture_at_Flint_Station._-_geograph.org.uk_-_384656.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flint railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Brian Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Fell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Storeton transmitting station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeton_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"tower blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block"},{"link_name":"Flint Town United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Town_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cymru North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru_North"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Flint railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"Terry Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"the town's Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Jones_(taekwondo)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint,_Flintshire&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"RNLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNLI"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Footplate sculpture at Flint railway station, designed by Brian Fell.Flint once had its own low-powered television relay transmitter, designed to provide improved coverage of Welsh channels in an area that would otherwise receive only English television signals. Since 2009, signals have been transmitted digitally from Storeton transmitting station on the Wirral.Perhaps one of the town's most striking images, in addition to the castle, is the group of three tower blocks of flats near the town centre. The first two blocks were built in the 1960s and named Bolingbroke Heights and Richard Heights, with a third, Castle Heights, added shortly afterwards.Flint's football team is Flint Town United. They play in the Cymru North, the second division of Welsh football following relegation from the top tier. Nicknamed \"the Silkmen\", they play their home games at Cae-y-Castell.Brian Fell's sculpture footplate[23] can be seen at Flint railway station. Initially it was thought to be an imitation of the famous Monty Python foot drawn by Terry Gilliam.The town has a library which was extensively refurbished in 2020,[24] and a leisure centre named the Jade Jones Pavilion to honour the town's Olympian.[25] As of February 2023[update] Flint Retail Park was undergoing expansion,[26] The town centre has been the subject of a regeneration scheme which began in 2012.[27]A lifeboat station was established in Flint in 1966, operated by the RNLI.[28]","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Draper_(musician)"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Richard_Gwyn_Catholic_High_School,_Flint"},{"link_name":"Ian Puleston-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Puleston-Davies"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Julie Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Roberts_(artist)"}],"text":"Paul Draper (born 1970), songwriter and musician, went to school in Flint.\nIan Puleston-Davies (born 1958), actor and writer, plays Owen Armstrong in Coronation Street.[29]\nJulie Roberts (born 1963) painter who works in acrylics, oils and watercolours.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enoch Bagshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Bagshaw"},{"link_name":"Ron Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hewitt_(footballer,_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Allan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jones_(footballer,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"Brentford F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brian Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andy Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Holden_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Ron Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hewitt_(footballer,_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Jade Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Jones_(taekwondo)"},{"link_name":"Ian Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rush"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Richard_Gwyn_Catholic_High_School,_Flint"},{"link_name":"Dylan Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Levitt"},{"link_name":"Manchester United F.C. Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C._Under-21s_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premiership"},{"link_name":"Hibernian F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Enoch Bagshaw (1884–1930), an American football player and coach.\nRon Hewitt (1928–2001), footballer with over 500 club caps and 5 for Wales.\nAllan Jones (1940–1993), footballer with 249 caps with Brentford F.C.\nBrian Godfrey (1940–2010), footballer with over 590 club caps and 3 for Wales.\nAndy Holden (born 1963), footballer with over 170 club caps, nephew of Ron Hewitt\nJade Jones (born 1993), 2012 and 2016 Olympic taekwondo gold medalist, attended Flint High School.\nIan Rush (born 1961), footballer with 602 club caps and 73 for Wales, went to school in Flint; some family live in the area.\nDylan Levitt (born 2000) footballer who came through Manchester United F.C. Academy, but now plays for Scottish Premiership football club Hibernian F.C.","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Flint Castle by William Turner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Flint_Castle.jpg/250px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Flint_Castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Speed's map of Wales, made in 1610. The town of Flint can be seen at the top right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wales%2C_Pays_de_Galles%2C_par_John_Speed%2C_1610%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/250px-Wales%2C_Pays_de_Galles%2C_par_John_Speed%2C_1610%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flint Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flint_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5280867%29.jpg/220px-Flint_Town_Hall_%28geograph_5280867%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Footplate sculpture at Flint railway station, designed by Brian Fell.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Footplate_sculpture_at_Flint_Station._-_geograph.org.uk_-_384656.jpg/220px-Footplate_sculpture_at_Flint_Station._-_geograph.org.uk_-_384656.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Y Fflint: Cynswllt a Threlawny (Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny)\". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusdata.uk/w05001588-y-fflint-cynswllt-a-threlawny-flint-coleshill-and-trelawny","url_text":"\"Y Fflint: Cynswllt a Threlawny (Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Y Fflint: Y Castell (Flint: Castle)\". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusdata.uk/w05001587-y-fflint-y-castell-flint-castle","url_text":"\"Y Fflint: Y Castell (Flint: Castle)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Y Fflint: Oakenholt (Flint: Oakenholt)\". UK Census Data 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusdata.uk/w05001589-y-fflint-oakenholt-flint-oakenholt","url_text":"\"Y Fflint: Oakenholt (Flint: Oakenholt)\""}]},{"reference":"2001 Census: Flint, Office for National Statistics, retrieved 2 August 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801652&c=flint&d=16&e=15&g=414527&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1249253769640&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779","url_text":"2001 Census: Flint"}]},{"reference":"\"Town population 2011\". Retrieved 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123493&c=Flint&d=16&e=62&g=6490203&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1432562766513&enc=1","url_text":"\"Town population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Flint Built-up area (W37000411)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=W37000411","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Flint Built-up area (W37000411)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia; Mills, David; Room, Adrian (2002). The Oxford Names Companion. Oxford: the University Press. p. 1036. ISBN 0198605617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198605617","url_text":"0198605617"}]},{"reference":"\"Flint Town Hall\". www.fflint.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fflint.co.uk/townhall.html","url_text":"\"Flint Town Hall\""}]},{"reference":"National Eisteddfod Proclamation, BBC Wales, retrieved 27 August 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/slideshows/pages/nat-eist.shtml?1","url_text":"National Eisteddfod Proclamation"}]},{"reference":"\"Oakenholt Ward\". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinttowncouncil.gov.wales/person-category/oakenholt-ward/","url_text":"\"Oakenholt Ward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Castle Ward\". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinttowncouncil.gov.wales/person-category/castle-ward/","url_text":"\"Castle Ward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coleshill Ward\". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinttowncouncil.gov.wales/person-category/coleshill-ward/","url_text":"\"Coleshill Ward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trelawny Ward\". Flint Town Council. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinttowncouncil.gov.wales/person-category/trelawny-ward/","url_text":"\"Trelawny Ward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral Arrangements for Flintshire\". Flintshire County Council. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flintshire.gov.uk/en/Resident/Council-and-Democracy/Elections-and-Electoral-Registration/Electoral-Arrangements-for-Flintshire.aspx","url_text":"\"Electoral Arrangements for Flintshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census results 'defy tickbox row'\". 30 September 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2288147.stm","url_text":"\"Census results 'defy tickbox row'\""}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Flint statistics (W04000186)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=W04000186","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Flint statistics (W04000186)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"The Voices Recordings: Male voice choir members, BBC, retrieved 27 August 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/wales-flint.shtml","url_text":"The Voices Recordings: Male voice choir members"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - North East Wales Flintshire history - Flint songs\". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flintshire/pages/flintsongs.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - North East Wales Flintshire history - Flint songs\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flintshire/pages/flintsongs.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wales Railway Map and Train Routes\". TfW. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfw.wales/ways-to-travel/rail/where-we-go/rail-network-map","url_text":"\"Wales Railway Map and Train Routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"May 2023 to December 2023 timetable book\" (PDF). Avanti West Coast. p. 19–27. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avantiwestcoast.co.uk/-/media/avanti-timetables/may-2023-to-december-2023-timetable-book.pdf","url_text":"\"May 2023 to December 2023 timetable book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Footplate\". National Recording Project. Public Monuments and Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220311/http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/11509/","url_text":"\"Footplate\""},{"url":"http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/11509/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craddock, Steve (3 February 2020). \"Take a look inside Flint Library after £360,000 transformation\". The Leader. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/18206616.flint-library-transformed-360-000-worth-upgrades/","url_text":"\"Take a look inside Flint Library after £360,000 transformation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jade Jones Pavilion Leisure Centre\". Aura Wales. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2023. named in honour of the town's Tae Kwon-Do gold medal winning Olympian","urls":[{"url":"https://aura.wales/leisure-centres/jade-jones-pavilion-flint/","url_text":"\"Jade Jones Pavilion Leisure Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flintshire Retail Park expanding to meet growing demand for trade counters\". Deeside.com. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deeside.com/flintshire-retail-park-gets-a-makeover-to-meet-growing-demand-for-trade-counters/","url_text":"\"Flintshire Retail Park expanding to meet growing demand for trade counters\""}]},{"reference":"Budden, Clare. \"Regeneration - Sharp ideas for Flint\". WHQ. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://whq.org.uk/the-magazine/issue/103/regeneration-sharp-ideas-for-flint/","url_text":"\"Regeneration - Sharp ideas for Flint\""}]},{"reference":"\"RNLI: Flint\". Retrieved 16 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Flint-Lifeboat-Station.aspx","url_text":"\"RNLI: Flint\""}]},{"reference":"Press Office: Ian Puleston-Davies, Funland, BBC, retrieved 25 March 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/09_september/27/funland_puleston.shtml","url_text":"Press Office: Ian Puleston-Davies, Funland"}]}]
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North East Wales Flintshire history - Flint songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flintshire/pages/flintsongs.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tfw.wales/ways-to-travel/rail/where-we-go/rail-network-map","external_links_name":"\"Wales Railway Map and Train Routes\""},{"Link":"https://www.avantiwestcoast.co.uk/-/media/avanti-timetables/may-2023-to-december-2023-timetable-book.pdf","external_links_name":"\"May 2023 to December 2023 timetable book\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220311/http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/11509/","external_links_name":"\"Footplate\""},{"Link":"http://www.pmsa.org.uk/pmsa-database/11509/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/18206616.flint-library-transformed-360-000-worth-upgrades/","external_links_name":"\"Take a look inside Flint Library after £360,000 transformation\""},{"Link":"https://aura.wales/leisure-centres/jade-jones-pavilion-flint/","external_links_name":"\"Jade Jones Pavilion Leisure Centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.deeside.com/flintshire-retail-park-gets-a-makeover-to-meet-growing-demand-for-trade-counters/","external_links_name":"\"Flintshire Retail Park expanding to meet growing demand for trade counters\""},{"Link":"https://whq.org.uk/the-magazine/issue/103/regeneration-sharp-ideas-for-flint/","external_links_name":"\"Regeneration - Sharp ideas for Flint\""},{"Link":"http://rnli.org/findmynearest/station/Pages/Flint-Lifeboat-Station.aspx","external_links_name":"\"RNLI: Flint\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/09_september/27/funland_puleston.shtml","external_links_name":"Press Office: Ian Puleston-Davies, Funland"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/flint_town/","external_links_name":"BBC Wales's Flint website"},{"Link":"http://www.cefnpennar.com/flint/","external_links_name":"www.cefnpennar.com : Flint historical & genealogical records list"},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3396226","external_links_name":"www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Flint and surrounding area"},{"Link":"http://www.cpat.org.uk/ycom/flint/flipre.htm","external_links_name":"Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Flint in the prehistoric, Roman and early medieval periods"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/40144814378025539914","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232286-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555008405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82016906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/7c8cb22a-ad24-464a-bb06-0a0c8af9ae26","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace,_Dubrovnik
Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 42°38′25″N 18°06′39″E / 42.64028°N 18.11083°E / 42.64028; 18.11083The Rector's Palace and behind it the Sponza Palace Rector's Palace Night view of the porch The Rector's Palace (Croatian: Knežev dvor; Italian: Palazzo dei Rettori) is a palace in the city of Dubrovnik that used to serve as the seat of the Rector of the Republic of Ragusa between the 14th century and 1808. It was also the seat of the Minor Council and the state administration. Furthermore, it housed an armoury, the powder magazine, the watch house and a prison. The rector's palace was built in the Gothic style, but it also has Renaissance and Baroque elements, harmoniously combining these elements. Originally it was a site of a defence building in the early Middle Ages. It was destroyed by a fire in 1435 and the city-state decided to build a new palace. The job was offered to the master builder Onofrio della Cava of Naples, who had previously built the aqueduct. It became a Gothic building with ornaments sculpted by Pietro di Martino of Milan. A gunpowder explosion badly damaged the building in 1463. The renewal was offered to the architect Michelozzo of Florence. But he was rejected in 1464 because his plans were too much in the style of the Renaissance. Other builders continued the work. The capitals of the porch were reshaped in Renaissance style probably by Salvi di Michele of Florence. He continued the reconstruction from 1467 on. The building suffered damages from the earthquake of 1520 and again in 1667. Reconstruction was in Baroque style. A flight of stairs and a bell were added in the atrium. In 1638 the Senate erected a monument to Miho Pracat (by Pietro Giacometti of Recanati), a rich shipowner from Lopud, who had bequeathed his wealth to Dubrovnik. The History Department of the Museum of Dubrovnik has operated in the palace since 1872. References ^ a b "Rector's Palace". Cultural Historical Museum. Zagreb, Croatia: Museum Documentation Centre. 1999. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-02-06. ^ "Dubrovnik Museums - Cultural History Museum". Zagreb, Croatia: Museum Documentation Centre. Retrieved 2013-02-06. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rector's palace. Katarina Horvat-Levaj; Relja Seferović (2006). "Baroque Reconstruction of the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik". Dubrovnik Annals (10): 87–122. Dubrovnik, history, culture, art heritage by Antun Travirka; Forum, Zadar, 2014; ISBN 978-953-179-884-6 42°38′25″N 18°06′39″E / 42.64028°N 18.11083°E / 42.64028; 18.11083 Authority control databases VIAF
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Furthermore, it housed an armoury, the powder magazine, the watch house and a prison.The rector's palace was built in the Gothic style, but it also has Renaissance and Baroque elements, harmoniously combining these elements.[1]Originally it was a site of a defence building in the early Middle Ages. It was destroyed by a fire in 1435 and the city-state decided to build a new palace. The job was offered to the master builder Onofrio della Cava of Naples, who had previously built the aqueduct. It became a Gothic building with ornaments sculpted by Pietro di Martino of Milan. A gunpowder explosion badly damaged the building in 1463. The renewal was offered to the architect Michelozzo of Florence. But he was rejected in 1464 because his plans were too much in the style of the Renaissance. Other builders continued the work. The capitals of the porch were reshaped in Renaissance style probably by Salvi di Michele of Florence. He continued the reconstruction from 1467 on. The building suffered damages from the earthquake of 1520 and again in 1667. Reconstruction was in Baroque style. A flight of stairs and a bell were added in the atrium. In 1638 the Senate erected a monument to Miho Pracat (by Pietro Giacometti of Recanati), a rich shipowner from Lopud, who had bequeathed his wealth to Dubrovnik.The History Department of the Museum of Dubrovnik has operated in the palace since 1872.[2]","title":"Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rector's palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rector%27s_palace"},{"link_name":"\"Baroque Reconstruction of the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hrcak.srce.hr/8291?lang=en"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_Annals"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-953-179-884-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-179-884-6"},{"link_name":"42°38′25″N 18°06′39″E / 42.64028°N 18.11083°E / 42.64028; 18.11083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rector%27s_Palace,_Dubrovnik&params=42_38_25_N_18_06_39_E_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497590#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/313029842"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rector's palace.Katarina Horvat-Levaj; Relja Seferović (2006). \"Baroque Reconstruction of the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik\". Dubrovnik Annals (10): 87–122.\nDubrovnik, history, culture, art heritage by Antun Travirka; Forum, Zadar, 2014; ISBN 978-953-179-884-642°38′25″N 18°06′39″E / 42.64028°N 18.11083°E / 42.64028; 18.11083Authority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroeder,_Western_Australia
Schroeder, Western Australia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 34°0′57″S 115°21′38″E / 34.01583°S 115.36056°E / -34.01583; 115.36056 Town in Western AustraliaSchroederWestern AustraliaSchroederCoordinates34°0′57″S 115°21′38″E / 34.01583°S 115.36056°E / -34.01583; 115.36056Population0 (SAL 2016)Postcode(s)6285Area531.7 km2 (205.3 sq mi)LGA(s) Shire of Augusta-Margaret River Shire of NannupState electorate(s)VasseWarren-BlackwoodFederal division(s)ForrestO'Connor Schroeder is a small townsite located in the South West region of Western Australia in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River and Shire of Nannup. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Schroeder (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2016.  ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Schroeder (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2016 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.  ^ "SLIP Map". maps.slip.wa.gov.au. Landgate. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "NationalMap". nationalmap.gov.au. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 13 August 2023. vteCities, towns and localities in the South West region of Western AustraliaCouncil Seats Boyup Brook Bridgetown Bunbury (city) Busselton (city) Capel Collie Donnybrook Eaton Harvey Manjimup Margaret River Nannup Greater Bunbury suburbs Australind Bunbury (suburb) Carey Park College Grove Dalyellup Davenport East Bunbury Gelorup Glen Iris Leschenault Mangles Marlston Hill Millbridge Pelican Point Picton South Bunbury Stratham Usher Vittoria Waterloo Wellesley Withers Wollaston Busselton suburbs Abbey Ambergate Bovell Broadwater Busselton (suburb) Geographe Kealy Vasse West Busselton Yalyalup Other towns, settlements and localities Abba River Acton Park Alexandra Bridge Allanson Anniebrook Augusta Balingup Baudin Benger Benjinup Binningup Boallia Boranup Boyanup Bramley Brookhampton Brunswick Junction Burekup Burnside Capel River Carbunup River Catterick Chapman Hill Chowerup Cookernup Courtenay Cowaramup Cundinup Dardanup Dardanup West Deanmill Deepdene Dingup Dinninup Donnelly River Dunsborough Eagle Bay East Augusta Elgin Ferguson Forest Grove Forrest Beach Glenlynn Gnarabup Gracetown Greenbushes Gwindinup Hamelin Bay Hester Hester Brook Hithergreen, Jardee Jarrahwood Jindong Kalgup Kaloorup Kangaroo Gully Karridale Kirup Kudardup Kulikup Leeuwin Ludlow Maranup Marybrook Mayanup McAlinden Metricup Molloy Island Mullalyup Myalup Naturaliste Nillup Northcliffe North Boyanup North Greenbushes North Jindong Nyamup Osmington Pemberton Peppermint Grove Beach Prevelly Quedjinup Quindalup Quinninup Redgate Reinscourt Roelands Rosa Brook Rosa Glen Ruabon Sabina River Schroeder Scott River Scotts Brook Shotts Siesta Park Stirling Estate Sunnyside The Plains Tonebridge Treeton Tutunup Uduc Walsall Walpole Wandillup Warner Glen Waterloo Wilga Windy Harbour Winnejup Witchcliffe Wilyabrup Wokalup Wonnerup Worsley Yallingup Yallingup Siding Yalup Brook Yarloop Yebble Yelverton Yoganup Yoongarillup Yornup This article about a location in Western Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salevere,_L%C3%A4%C3%A4neranna_Parish
Salevere, Lääneranna Parish
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°41′22″N 23°35′03″E / 58.68944°N 23.58417°E / 58.68944; 23.58417Village in Estonia Not to be confused with Salavere, Lääneranna Parish. Village in Pärnu County, EstoniaSalevereVillageCountry EstoniaCountyPärnu CountyParishLääneranna ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Salevere is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia. References ^ Classification of Estonian administrative units and settlements 2014 (retrieved 28 July 2021) vteSettlements in Lääneranna ParishTown Lihula Small borough Virtsu Villages Äila Alaküla Allika Ännikse Aruküla Emmu Esivere Haapsi Hälvati Hanila Helmküla Hõbeda Hõbesalu Irta Iska Jänistvere Järise Järve Jõeääre Joonuse Kadaka Kalli Kanamardi Karinõmme Käru Karuba Karuse Kaseküla Kause Keemu Kelu Kibura Kidise Kiisamaa Kilgi Kinksi Kirbla Kirikuküla Kiska Kloostri Kõera Koeri Kõima Kokuta Kõmsi Koonga Korju Kuhu Kuke Kulli Kunila Kurese Laulepa Lautna Linnuse Liustemäe Lõo Lõpe Maade Mäense Maikse Mäliküla Massu Matsalu Matsi Meelva Mereäärse Metsküla Mihkli Mõisaküla Mõisimaa Mõtsu Muriste Naissoo Nätsi Nedrema Nehatu Nõmme Nurme Nurmsi Õepa Õhu Oidrema Paadrema Paatsalu Pagasi Paimvere Pajumaa Palatu Parasmaa Parivere Peanse Peantse Penijõe Petaaluse Piha Piisu Pikavere Pivarootsi Poanse Rabavere Rädi Raespa Raheste Rame Rannaküla Rannu Rauksi Ridase Rooglaiu Rootsi Rootsi-Aruküla Rumba Saare Saastna Salevere Salevere Saulepi Seira Seli Selja Sookalda Sookatse Soovälja Tamba Tamme Täpsi Tarva Tiilima Tõitse Tõusi Tuhu Tuudi Ullaste Uluste Ura Urita Vagivere Vaiste Valuste Vanamõisa Varbla Vastaba Vatla Veltsa Võhma Võigaste Võitra Voose Võrungi 58°41′22″N 23°35′03″E / 58.68944°N 23.58417°E / 58.68944; 23.58417 This Lääne County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Conze
Edward Conze
["1 Biography","2 Scholarship","3 Legacy","4 Selected bibliography","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
British Marxism and Buddhism scholar (1904–1979) Edward Conze Edward Conze, born Eberhard Julius Dietrich Conze (1904–1979), was a scholar of Marxism and Buddhism, known primarily for his commentaries and translations of the Prajñāpāramitā literature. Biography Conze's parents, Dr. Ernst Conze (1872–1935) and Adele Louise Charlotte Köttgen (1882–1962), both came from families involved in the textile industry in the region of Langenberg, Germany. Ernst had a doctorate in Law and served in the Foreign Office and later as a judge. Conze was born in London while his father was Vice Consul and thus entitled to British citizenship. Conze studied in Tübingen, Heidelberg, Kiel, Cologne and Hamburg. In 1928 he published his dissertation, Der Begriff der Metaphysik bei Franciscus Suarez, and was awarded a doctorate in philosophy from Cologne University. He did post-graduate work at several German universities and in 1932 he published Der Satz vom Widerspruch (The Principle of Contradiction) which he considered his master work. Because it was a Marxist work on the theory of dialectical materialism it attracted hostile attention from the Nazis and most copies were publicly burnt in a campaign conducted by the German Student Union in May 1933. In the early 1930s Conze associated with and helped to organize activities for the Communist Party of Germany. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, he fled to Britain. In England, Conze taught German, philosophy, and psychology at evening classes, and later lectured on Buddhism and Prajñāpāramitā at various universities. He continued as a socialist political activist, writing several pamphlets. He co-authored two books with Ellen Wilkinson, an ex-communist MP: Why Fascism (1934) and Why War?: a handbook for those who will take part in the Second World War (1935). He worked with Cedar and Eden Paul on the revised ninth edition of the book An Outline of Psychology, published by the National Council of Labour Colleges in 1938. During this period he made the acquaintance of Har Dayal, whose book The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature stimulated his interest in Buddhism. Har Dayal had also been politically active in the Industrial Workers of the World and studying Marxism. Conze abandoned political activism in 1939. A midlife crisis in 1937 saw him adopt Buddhism as his religion, having previously been influenced by Theosophy and astrology. He spent a brief period in the New Forest pursuing meditation and an ascetic lifestyle (during which he developed scurvy). At the end of this period he moved to Oxford where he began to work on Sanskrit texts from the Prajñāpāramitā tradition. He continued to work on these texts for the rest of his life. Conze was married twice: to Dorothea Finkelstein and to Muriel Green. He had one daughter with Dorothea. In 1979 Conze self-published two volumes of memoirs entitled Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic. Conze produced a third volume which contained material considered to be too inflammatory or libelous to publish while the subjects were alive. No copy of the third volume is known to exist. The Memoirs are the principal sources for Conze's biography and reveal much about his personal life and attitudes. Scholarship Conze was educated in several German Universities and showed a propensity for languages. He claimed that by twenty-four, he knew fourteen languages. Conze's first major published work was on the theory of dialectical materialism. This continues to receive attention, with his book The Principle of Contradiction being translated by Holger Heine in 2016. Following a mid-life crisis Conze turned to Buddhism and was particularly influenced by D. T. Suzuki. He made his name for his editions and translations of Sanskrit texts of the Buddhist Prajñāpāramitā literature. He published translations of all the principal texts of the genre, including the Aṣṭasāhasrikā (8000 Line), Ratnaguṇasamcayagāthā, Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā (25,000 Line), Vajracchedikā, and Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya. All of these show the explicit influence of Suzuki's Theosophy infused Zen Buddhism. However, the only permanent academic post he was offered had to be turned down because US immigration officials declined him a work permit on the basis of his past as a Communist. A glance at a complete bibliography of Conze's oeuvre confirms that he was a man of industry and focus. His contribution to the field of Buddhist Studies, particularly of the Prajñāpāramitā literature, has had a major influence on subsequent generations. Legacy Edward Conze was and continues to be a polarizing figure. As the great Indologist Gerald James Larson said in his review of The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic, "He was denied a permanent academic position throughout his life, even though his scholarly competence and productivity easily matched and frequently surpassed most of his contemporaries. He treasured the Buddhist notions of anātman, the practice of quiet meditation and the perfection of wisdom, yet he was continually embroiled in personal squabbles in which he was capable of behaviour that was anything but selfless, reflective or wise. He valued authentic learning, serious scholarship and the exchange of ideas, yet he could sit for hours casting horoscopes, reading palms and expostulating with the ancient mysteries." In his essay Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century (Windhorse Publications: 1996), controversial British writer and teacher of Buddhism, and personal friend of Conze's, Sangharakshita writes that "Dr. Conze was a complex figure, and it is not easy to assess his overall significance.... He was a self-confessed élitist, which is usually something people are ashamed of nowadays, but he wasn’t ashamed of it at all.... Nor did he approve of either democracy or feminism, which makes him a veritable ogre of ‘political incorrectness’." Nevertheless, Sangharakshita summarizes Conze's legacy as a scholar of Buddhism as follows: Dr Conze was one of the great Buddhist translators, comparable with the indefatigable Chinese translators Kumarajiva and Hsuan-tsang of the fifth and seventh centuries respectively. It is especially significant, I think, that as a scholar of Buddhism he also tried to practise it, especially meditation. This was very unusual at the time he started his work, and he was regarded then – in the forties and fifties – as being something of an eccentric. Scholars were not supposed to have any personal involvement in their subject. They were supposed to be ‘objective’. So he was a forerunner of a whole new breed of Western scholars in Buddhism who are actually practising Buddhists. Ji Yun, Librarian of the Buddhist College of Singapore, describes Conze's legacy as follows: Even to this day, Edward Conze (1904-1979) the German British scholar has to be regarded, not as one of many, but as the most important researcher on Prajñāpāramitā literature. This genius of Buddhist linguist and philologist devoted his whole life to the collation, translation and research of Prajñāpāramitā literature in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese – a language relatively neglected by European scholars before him. Although the research of this prolific writer covers well beyond the Prajñāpāramitā category, his works dedicated solely to this, according to an incomplete count by the Japanese scholar Yuyama Akira 汤山明, include 16 books and 46 articles.... In the history of Prajñāpāramitā research Conze can be regarded as a formidable scholar with no comparison, suprpassing all past and perhaps even future researchers in his achievement. However, while religieux continue to idolize Conze, his work has attracted much criticism from within academia. Greg Schopen wrote: "Conze's notes to his edition reproduce all the errors in Chakravarti's edition, and there are a number of cases in which Conze's notations in regard to the Gilgit text are wrong or misleading." Jonathan Silk has described his edition of the Heart Sutra as "chaotic". His Heart Sutra edition was subsequently shown to contain a number of mistakes. Conze's translation of the Large Prajñāpāramitā Sutra was met with mixed reviews, though as Schopen concluded in his review, “there is both much to criticized and much to be praised” and that “a review of this kind tends to settle rather heavily on the former.” In his now infamous article, Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists, Paul Griffiths singled out Conze’s Large Sutra translation, to illustrate what he meant by "Buddhist Hybrid English", saying, "Dr. Conze's translation bears only the most tenuous relationship to the English language in terms of syntax, and is full of unexplained technical terminology" (1981). However, Griffith is also making a broader point: "I chose this example not because Dr. Conze's translations are worse than anyone else's; in fact they are better than most. Rather, it illustrates with a concrete example the kind of gibberish that is all too often produced by the Buddhological community in the sacred name of translation" (1981: 30). Griffith's entertaining article is, however, largely rhetorical.  After conceding that Conze understands these texts "better than anyone," he then faults Conze for his decision to translate them in the first place rather than telling us what they say; though this was a task which Conze continued to perform alongside his tireless translation activities, as his many books and articles clearly attest.  Moreover, pioneer translators of Buddhist texts historically have often been said to produce “translationese” or what has been called "Buddhist Hybrid Sinitic" or "Buddhist Hybrid Chinese" in their quest to produce reliable translations that remain true to their source language. Contemporaries such as Jan Willem de Jong and Edward Bastian, lauded Conze’s scholarly abilities. De Jong emphasized Conze’s work as translator of the Prajñāpāramitā as his most enduring legacy, while the influential British religious studies scholar Trevor Ling called Conze’s “lucid exposition of Buddhist ideas…unrivalled.” Even Alex Wayman, Conze’s sometimes sparring partner, expressed his appreciation both for Conze’s translations and his essays elucidating the Mahayana, and especially the relationship between Madhyamika and Prajñāpāramitā thought. Lewis Lancaster, one of Conze's earliest American students who studied with him at the University of Wisconsin in 1963, along with Luis Gómez, who met Conze when they were both teaching at the University of Washington in 1967, edited Conze's Festschrift, Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze.  In reflections on a life in Buddhist Studies, retiring professor Charles Prebish said "Edward Conze, Leon Hurvitz, Alex Wayman, and a few others, were amongst the meanest individuals in academe . While they were utterly brilliant scholars, they seemed to take real delight in humiliating students rather than encouraging them." Conze's legacy does not include a host of scholars and students continuing to work on the Prajñāpāramitā texts. On the contrary only a handful of scholars now work on this literature and much of their output is published exclusively in Japanese. And yet, scholars working in Buddhist studies and on the Prajñāpāramitā literature in the decades following Conze’s death continue to cite him admiringly. While not hesitating to correct his work in light of further research, Jan Nattier refers to him as “the great pioneer of Prajñāpāramitā studies whose work has contributed so much to the understanding of this literature in the West.” Conze’s work is extensively cited in the Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism article on “Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras” as indispensable for the study of this genre. The author, Stefano Zacchetti, while by no means uncritical, states that “Conze’s work represents a considerable achievement and provides a convenient introduction to this immense literature.” Selected bibliography For a complete bibliography of Conze's works see the website, Conze Memorial: http://conze.elbrecht.com/ or now too: http://conze.eu/ 1932. Der Satz vom Widerspruch. Hamburg, 1932. 1951. Buddhism: Its Essence and Development. 1956. Buddhist meditation. London: Ethical & Religious Classics of East & West. 1958. Buddhist Wisdom Books: The Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. George Allen & Unwin. Second edition 1976. 1959. Buddhist Scriptures. Haremondsworth: Penguin Classics. 1960. The Prajñāpāramitā Literature. Mouton. Second Edition: The Reiyukai Library: 1978 1967. Materials for a Dictionary of the Prajñāpāramitā Literature. Tokyo, Suzuki Research Foundation. 1973. The Large Sutra of Perfect Wisdom. University of California Press. 1973. The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and its Verse Summary. San Francisco: City Lights, 2006. 1973. Perfect Wisdom: The Short Prajñāpāramitā Texts. Buddhist Publishing Group. 1975. Further Buddhist Studies: Selected Essays. Oxford, Bruno Cassirer See also Prajnaparamita Buddhism and Gnosticism Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism Notes ^ Heine 2016; Langenberger Kulturlexikon. ^ a b Humphreys 1980, p. 147 ^ de Jong 1980, p. 143 ^ Conze 1979 ^ Heine 2016, xiv ^ a b c Jackson 1981, pp. 103-104 ^ Jackson 1981, p. 102 ^ Houston 1980, p.92 ^ Conze 1979: I 4 ^ Heine 2016 ^ Attwood 2020, pp. 22–51 ^ Larson, James Gerald (1981). "The Cobra's Shining Scales". Religion. 11: 75–82. doi:10.1016/S0048-721X(81)80061-9. ^ Sangharakshita 1996 ^ Yun 2017, 9-113 ^ Schopen. G. 1989. "The Manuscript of Vajracchedikā found at Gilgit." In L.O. Gómez & J.A. Silk (eds.), Studies in the Literature of the Great Vehicle: Three Mahāyāna Buddhist Texts, 89-139. Ann Arbor: Collegiate Institute for the Study of Buddhist Literature and Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan (Michigan Studies in Buddhist Literature, no. 1). ^ Silk 1994. The Heart Sūtra in Tibetan: a Critical Edition of the Two Recensions Contained in the Kanjur. Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien: 32 ^ Huifeng 2014. "Apocryphal Treatment for Conze’s Heart Problems: Non-attainment, Apprehension, and Mental Hanging in the Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 6: 72-105; Attwood, J. 2015. "Heart Murmurs: Some Problems with Conze’s Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya.". JOCBS 8: 28-48. and 2018. "A Note on Niṣṭhānirvāṇa in the Heart Sutra." Journal of the Oxford Centre For Buddhist Studies 14: 10-17. ^ Schopen, Gregory (1977). "Review of Edward Conze, The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom with the Divisions of the Abhisamayālaṅkāra". Indo-Iranian Journal. 19(1.2): 135–152. ^ Griffiths. Paul J. (1981). "Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists." Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4(2): 17-32. ^ Gummer, Natalie (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 1266. ^ Mair, Victor (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 154. ^ de Jong, J.W. (1980). "Obituary - Edward Conze 1904 - 1979". Indo-Iranian Journal. 22: 143–146. doi:10.1163/000000080790080729 – via JSTOR. ^ Bastian, Edward (1979). "Obituary: Edward Conze". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 2/2: 116. ^ Ling, Trevor (1979). "Born for Invective". Times Literary Supplement. 29 July 1979. ^ Wayman, Alex (1969). "Review Thirty Years of Buddhist Studies". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89/1: 192–193. doi:10.2307/598304. JSTOR 598304. ^ Prajnaparamita and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze. UC Berkeley. 1977.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Prebish, Charles S. 2019. Bat Out Of Hell, Hnet ^ Nattier, Jan (2003). A Few Good Men. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 49. ^ Zacchetti, Stefano (2020). "Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras". doi:10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) References Attwood, J. (2020). "Edward Conze: A Call to Reassess the Man and his Contribution to Prajñāpāramitā Studies." JOCBS 19: 22–51. Bastian, Edward (1979) Edward Conze (Obituary) JIABS 2/2 Conze, Edward (1979). Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic. Parts I and II. Privately Published. de Jong, J.W. (1980). Edward Conze 1904–1979, Indo-Iranian Journal 22 (2), 143-146.  – via JSTOR (subscription required) Heine, Holger (2016). 'Aristotle, Marx, Buddha: Edward Conze's Critique of the Principle of Contradiction', in Conze, Edward, The Principle of Contradiction. Lexington Books, pp. xiii–lxiii. First published in German as Der Satz vom Widerspruch. Hamburg, 1932 Houston, G.W. (1980). Review: The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic by Edward Conze, The Tibet Journal, 5 (1/2), 91-93.  – via JSTOR (subscription required) Humphreys, Christmas (1980). Edward Conze, 1904-1979, The Eastern Buddhist (new series), 13 (2), 147-148.  – via JSTOR (subscription required) Jackson, Roger R. (1981). Review: The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic, Parts I and II (Edward Conze), Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4 (2), 102-105 Larson, James Gerald (1981) Review Article 'The Cobra's Shining Scales,' Religion (1981) 11, 75-82 Langenberger Kulturlexikon: Immaterielles Kulturerbe der UNESCO. http://www.unter-der-muren.de/kulturlexikon.pdf Nattier, Jan (2003). A Few Good Men. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press Sangharakshita (1996). Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Windhorse Publications Yun, Ji . 纪赟 —《心经》疑伪问题再研究, Fuyan Buddhist Studies no. 7 (2012): 115-182. Trans. Chin Shih-Foong, Is the Heart Sūtra an Apocryphal Text? – A Re-examination, Singapore Journal of Buddhist Studies (2017), 4: 9-113. Zaccheti, Stefano (2020). “Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras”, in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online, Editor-in-Chief: Consulting Editors: Jonathan A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, Vincent Eltschinger. Consulted online on 26 August 2021 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017> Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConzeLowResolution.png"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Prajñāpāramitā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81"}],"text":"Edward ConzeEdward Conze, born Eberhard Julius Dietrich Conze (1904–1979), was a scholar of Marxism and Buddhism, known primarily for his commentaries and translations of the Prajñāpāramitā literature.","title":"Edward Conze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenberg_(Westphalia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humphreys_1980,_p._147-2"},{"link_name":"Franciscus Suarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dialectical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"campaign conducted by the German Student Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Humphreys_1980,_p._147-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-6"},{"link_name":"Ellen Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Cedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Paul"},{"link_name":"Eden Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Paul"},{"link_name":"National Council of Labour Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Labour_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Har Dayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Dayal"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Conze's parents, Dr. Ernst Conze (1872–1935) and Adele Louise Charlotte Köttgen (1882–1962), both came from families involved in the textile industry in the region of Langenberg, Germany. Ernst had a doctorate in Law and served in the Foreign Office and later as a judge.[1] Conze was born in London while his father was Vice Consul[2] and thus entitled to British citizenship.Conze studied in Tübingen, Heidelberg, Kiel, Cologne and Hamburg. In 1928 he published his dissertation, Der Begriff der Metaphysik bei Franciscus Suarez, and was awarded a doctorate in philosophy from Cologne University.[3] He did post-graduate work at several German universities and in 1932 he published Der Satz vom Widerspruch (The Principle of Contradiction) which he considered his master work.[4] Because it was a Marxist work on the theory of dialectical materialism it attracted hostile attention from the Nazis and most copies were publicly burnt in a campaign conducted by the German Student Union in May 1933.[5] In the early 1930s Conze associated with and helped to organize activities for the Communist Party of Germany. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, he fled to Britain.[6][2]In England, Conze taught German, philosophy, and psychology at evening classes, and later lectured on Buddhism and Prajñāpāramitā at various universities. He continued as a socialist political activist, writing several pamphlets.[6] He co-authored two books with Ellen Wilkinson, an ex-communist MP: Why Fascism (1934) and Why War?: a handbook for those who will take part in the Second World War (1935). He worked with Cedar and Eden Paul on the revised ninth edition of the book An Outline of Psychology, published by the National Council of Labour Colleges in 1938. During this period he made the acquaintance of Har Dayal, whose book The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature stimulated his interest in Buddhism. Har Dayal had also been politically active in the Industrial Workers of the World and studying Marxism. Conze abandoned political activism in 1939.A midlife crisis in 1937 saw him adopt Buddhism as his religion, having previously been influenced by Theosophy and astrology. He spent a brief period in the New Forest pursuing meditation and an ascetic lifestyle (during which he developed scurvy). At the end of this period he moved to Oxford where he began to work on Sanskrit texts from the Prajñāpāramitā tradition. He continued to work on these texts for the rest of his life.[6]Conze was married twice: to Dorothea Finkelstein and to Muriel Green. He had one daughter with Dorothea.In 1979 Conze self-published two volumes of memoirs entitled Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic. Conze produced a third volume which contained material considered to be too inflammatory or libelous to publish while the subjects were alive.[7][8] No copy of the third volume is known to exist. The Memoirs are the principal sources for Conze's biography and reveal much about his personal life and attitudes.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"dialectical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"D. T. Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._T._Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Aṣṭasāhasrikā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajnaparamita#A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Vajracchedikā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Sutra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Conze was educated in several German Universities and showed a propensity for languages. He claimed that by twenty-four, he knew fourteen languages.[9]Conze's first major published work was on the theory of dialectical materialism. This continues to receive attention, with his book The Principle of Contradiction being translated by Holger Heine in 2016.[10]Following a mid-life crisis Conze turned to Buddhism and was particularly influenced by D. T. Suzuki. He made his name for his editions and translations of Sanskrit texts of the Buddhist Prajñāpāramitā literature. He published translations of all the principal texts of the genre, including the Aṣṭasāhasrikā (8000 Line), Ratnaguṇasamcayagāthā, Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā (25,000 Line), Vajracchedikā, and Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya. All of these show the explicit influence of Suzuki's Theosophy infused Zen Buddhism.[11] However, the only permanent academic post he was offered had to be turned down because US immigration officials declined him a work permit on the basis of his past as a Communist.A glance at a complete bibliography of Conze's oeuvre confirms that he was a man of industry and focus. His contribution to the field of Buddhist Studies, particularly of the Prajñāpāramitā literature, has had a major influence on subsequent generations.","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald James Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson"},{"link_name":"anātman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sangharakshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangharakshita"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Heart Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Sutra"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jan Willem de Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Willem_de_Jong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lewis Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.windhorse.com.au/bookproduct/prajnaparamita-and-related-systems-studies-honor-edward-conze-0"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jan Nattier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nattier"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Stefano Zacchetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Zacchetti"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Edward Conze was and continues to be a polarizing figure. As the great Indologist Gerald James Larson said in his review of The Memoirs of a Modern Gnostic, \"He was denied a permanent academic position throughout his life, even though his scholarly competence and productivity easily matched and frequently surpassed most of his contemporaries. [...] He treasured the Buddhist notions of anātman, the practice of quiet meditation and the perfection of wisdom, yet he was continually embroiled in personal squabbles in which he was capable of behaviour that was anything but selfless, reflective or wise. He valued authentic learning, serious scholarship and the exchange of ideas, yet he could sit for hours casting horoscopes, reading palms and expostulating with the ancient mysteries.\"[12]In his essay Great Buddhists of the Twentieth Century (Windhorse Publications: 1996), controversial British writer and teacher of Buddhism, and personal friend of Conze's, Sangharakshita writes that \"Dr. Conze was a complex figure, and it is not easy to assess his overall significance.... He was a self-confessed élitist, which is usually something people are ashamed of nowadays, but he wasn’t ashamed of it at all.... Nor did he approve of either democracy or feminism, which makes him a veritable ogre of ‘political incorrectness’.\" Nevertheless, Sangharakshita summarizes Conze's legacy as a scholar of Buddhism as follows:Dr Conze was one of the great Buddhist translators, comparable with the indefatigable Chinese translators Kumarajiva and Hsuan-tsang of the fifth and seventh centuries respectively. It is especially significant, I think, that as a scholar of Buddhism he also tried to practise it, especially meditation. This was very unusual at the time he started his work, and he was regarded then – in the forties and fifties – as being something of an eccentric. Scholars were not supposed to have any personal involvement in their subject. They were supposed to be ‘objective’. So he was a forerunner of a whole new breed of Western scholars in Buddhism who are actually practising Buddhists.[13]Ji Yun, Librarian of the Buddhist College of Singapore, describes Conze's legacy as follows:Even to this day, Edward Conze (1904-1979) the German British scholar has to be regarded, not as one of many, but as the most important researcher on Prajñāpāramitā literature. This genius of Buddhist linguist [sic.] and philologist devoted his whole life to the collation, translation and research of Prajñāpāramitā literature in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese – a language relatively neglected by European scholars before him. Although the research of this prolific writer covers well beyond the Prajñāpāramitā category, his works dedicated solely to this, according to an incomplete count by the Japanese scholar Yuyama Akira 汤山明, include 16 books and 46 articles.... In the history of Prajñāpāramitā research Conze can be regarded as a formidable scholar with no comparison, suprpassing [sic.] all past and perhaps even future researchers in his achievement.[14]However, while religieux continue to idolize Conze, his work has attracted much criticism from within academia. Greg Schopen wrote: \"Conze's notes to his edition reproduce all the errors in Chakravarti's edition, and there are a number of cases in which Conze's notations in regard to the Gilgit text are wrong or misleading.\"[15]Jonathan Silk has described his edition of the Heart Sutra as \"chaotic\".[16] His Heart Sutra edition was subsequently shown to contain a number of mistakes.[17]Conze's translation of the Large Prajñāpāramitā Sutra was met with mixed reviews, though as Schopen concluded in his review, “there is both much to criticized and much to be praised” and that “a review of this kind tends to settle rather heavily on the former.” [18] In his now infamous article, Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists,[19] Paul Griffiths singled out Conze’s Large Sutra translation, to illustrate what he meant by \"Buddhist Hybrid English\", saying, \"Dr. Conze's translation bears only the most tenuous relationship to the English language in terms of syntax, and is full of unexplained technical terminology\" (1981). However, Griffith is also making a broader point: \"I chose this example not because Dr. Conze's translations are worse than anyone else's; in fact they are better than most. Rather, it illustrates with a concrete example the kind of gibberish that is all too often produced by the Buddhological community in the sacred name of translation\" (1981: 30). Griffith's entertaining article is, however, largely rhetorical.  After conceding that Conze understands these texts \"better than anyone,\" he then faults Conze for his decision to translate them in the first place rather than telling us what they say; though this was a task which Conze continued to perform alongside his tireless translation activities, as his many books and articles clearly attest.  Moreover, pioneer translators of Buddhist texts historically have often been said to produce “translationese” [20] or what has been called \"Buddhist Hybrid Sinitic\" or \"Buddhist Hybrid Chinese\" [21] in their quest to produce reliable translations that remain true to their source language.Contemporaries such as Jan Willem de Jong[22] and Edward Bastian,[23] lauded Conze’s scholarly abilities. De Jong emphasized Conze’s work as translator of the Prajñāpāramitā as his most enduring legacy, while the influential British religious studies scholar Trevor Ling called Conze’s “lucid exposition of Buddhist ideas…unrivalled.” [24] Even Alex Wayman, Conze’s sometimes sparring partner, expressed his appreciation both for Conze’s translations and his essays elucidating the Mahayana, and especially the relationship between Madhyamika and Prajñāpāramitā thought.[25] Lewis Lancaster, one of Conze's earliest American students who studied with him at the University of Wisconsin in 1963, along with Luis Gómez, who met Conze when they were both teaching at the University of Washington in 1967, edited Conze's Festschrift, Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze. [26]In reflections on a life in Buddhist Studies, retiring professor Charles Prebish said \"Edward Conze, Leon Hurvitz, Alex Wayman, and a few others, were amongst the meanest individuals in academe [sic]. While they were utterly brilliant scholars, they seemed to take real delight in humiliating students rather than encouraging them.\"[27] Conze's legacy does not include a host of scholars and students continuing to work on the Prajñāpāramitā texts. On the contrary only a handful of scholars now work on this literature and much of their output is published exclusively in Japanese.And yet, scholars working in Buddhist studies and on the Prajñāpāramitā literature in the decades following Conze’s death continue to cite him admiringly. While not hesitating to correct his work in light of further research, Jan Nattier refers to him as “the great pioneer of Prajñāpāramitā studies whose work has contributed so much to the understanding of this literature in the West.” [28]Conze’s work is extensively cited in the Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism article on “Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras” as indispensable for the study of this genre. The author, Stefano Zacchetti, while by no means uncritical, states that “Conze’s work represents a considerable achievement and provides a convenient introduction to this immense literature.” [29]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://conze.elbrecht.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//conze.elbrecht.com/"},{"link_name":"http://conze.eu/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//conze.eu/"}],"text":"For a complete bibliography of Conze's works see the website, Conze Memorial: http://conze.elbrecht.com/ or now too: http://conze.eu/1932. Der Satz vom Widerspruch. Hamburg, 1932.\n1951. Buddhism: Its Essence and Development.\n1956. Buddhist meditation. London: Ethical & Religious Classics of East & West.\n1958. Buddhist Wisdom Books: The Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. George Allen & Unwin. Second edition 1976.\n1959. Buddhist Scriptures. Haremondsworth: Penguin Classics.\n1960. The Prajñāpāramitā Literature. Mouton. Second Edition: [Bibliographica Philogica Buddhica Series Maior I] The Reiyukai Library: 1978\n1967. Materials for a Dictionary of the Prajñāpāramitā Literature. Tokyo, Suzuki Research Foundation.\n1973. The Large Sutra of Perfect Wisdom. University of California Press.\n1973. The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and its Verse Summary. San Francisco: City Lights, 2006.\n1973. Perfect Wisdom: The Short Prajñāpāramitā Texts. Buddhist Publishing Group.\n1975. Further Buddhist Studies: Selected Essays. Oxford, Bruno Cassirer","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Humphreys_1980,_p._147_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Humphreys_1980,_p._147_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jackson_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jackson_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jackson_6-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0048-721X(81)80061-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-721X%2881%2980061-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8546"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/000000080790080729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F000000080790080729"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Obituary: Edward Conze\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-jiabs-85033"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/598304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F598304"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"598304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/598304"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Bat Out Of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210131185126/https://networks.h-net.org/node/6060/pages/3571853/prebish-charles-s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"^ Heine 2016; Langenberger Kulturlexikon.\n\n^ a b Humphreys 1980, p. 147\n\n^ de Jong 1980, p. 143\n\n^ Conze 1979\n\n^ Heine 2016, xiv\n\n^ a b c Jackson 1981, pp. 103-104\n\n^ Jackson 1981, p. 102\n\n^ Houston 1980, p.92\n\n^ Conze 1979: I 4\n\n^ Heine 2016\n\n^ Attwood 2020, pp. 22–51\n\n^ Larson, James Gerald (1981). \"The Cobra's Shining Scales\". Religion. 11: 75–82. doi:10.1016/S0048-721X(81)80061-9.\n\n^ Sangharakshita 1996\n\n^ Yun 2017, 9-113\n\n^ Schopen. G. 1989. \"The Manuscript of Vajracchedikā found at Gilgit.\" In L.O. Gómez & J.A. Silk (eds.), Studies in the Literature of the Great Vehicle: Three Mahāyāna Buddhist Texts, 89-139. Ann Arbor: Collegiate Institute for the Study of Buddhist Literature and Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan (Michigan Studies in Buddhist Literature, no. 1).\n\n^ Silk 1994. The Heart Sūtra in Tibetan: a Critical Edition of the Two Recensions Contained in the Kanjur. Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien: 32\n\n^ Huifeng 2014. \"Apocryphal Treatment for Conze’s Heart Problems: Non-attainment, Apprehension, and Mental Hanging in the Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya\". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 6: 72-105; Attwood, J. 2015. \"Heart Murmurs: Some Problems with Conze’s Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya.\". JOCBS 8: 28-48. and 2018. \"A Note on Niṣṭhānirvāṇa in the Heart Sutra.\" Journal of the Oxford Centre For Buddhist Studies 14: 10-17.\n\n^ Schopen, Gregory (1977). \"Review of Edward Conze, The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom with the Divisions of the Abhisamayālaṅkāra\". Indo-Iranian Journal. 19(1.2): 135–152.\n\n^ Griffiths. Paul J. (1981). \"Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists.\" Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4(2): 17-32.\n\n^ Gummer, Natalie (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 1266.\n\n^ Mair, Victor (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 154.\n\n^ de Jong, J.W. (1980). \"Obituary - Edward Conze 1904 - 1979\". Indo-Iranian Journal. 22: 143–146. doi:10.1163/000000080790080729 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ Bastian, Edward (1979). \"Obituary: Edward Conze\". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 2/2: 116.\n\n^ Ling, Trevor (1979). \"Born for Invective\". Times Literary Supplement. 29 July 1979.\n\n^ Wayman, Alex (1969). \"Review Thirty Years of Buddhist Studies\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89/1: 192–193. doi:10.2307/598304. JSTOR 598304.\n\n^ Prajnaparamita and Related Systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze. UC Berkeley. 1977.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Prebish, Charles S. 2019. Bat Out Of Hell, Hnet\n\n^ Nattier, Jan (2003). A Few Good Men. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 49.\n\n^ Zacchetti, Stefano (2020). \"Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras\". doi:10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_0017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A7oene
Calçoene
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Tourism","3.1 Calçoene megalithic observatory","4 Subdivisions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 02°29′52″N 50°56′56″W / 2.49778°N 50.94889°W / 2.49778; -50.94889 Municipality in North, BrazilCalçoeneMunicipalityMunicípio de CalçoeneThe Governor inspects the new road in Calçoene FlagSealLocation of Calçoene in the State of AmapáCalçoeneCoordinates: 02°29′52″N 50°56′56″W / 2.49778°N 50.94889°W / 2.49778; -50.94889Country BrazilRegionNorthState AmapáFounded22 December 1945Government • MayorLindoval Santos do Rosario (PSC)Area • Total14,269 km2 (5,509 sq mi)Elevation3 m (10 ft)Population (2020) • Total11,306 • Density0.79/km2 (2.1/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT)HDI (2010)0.643 – mediumWebsitewww.calcoene.ap.gov.br Calçoene (Portuguese pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the east of the state of Amapá in Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean in the Amazon jungle basin near French Guiana. Calçoene covers 14,269 square kilometres (5,509 sq mi) and has a population is 11,306. The name Calçoene is a corruption of "Calço N" (North Wedge, one of four mining zones defined by the Brazilian Government at the beginning of the 20th century). The city has the highest rainfall of any in Brazil, with an annual average of 4,165 millimetres (164.0 in). Calçoene is noted for its ancient megalithic observatory, often referred to as the "Amazon Stonehenge". History The borders between French Guiana and Brazil were not clear, and in the 19th century, it was decided that the area between the Amazon and the Oyapock River was a neutral territory. Paul Quartier had a meeting with the village chiefs of Cunani and Carsewenne (nowadays: Calçoene) in 1885. In 1886, the Republic of Independent Guiana was founded by a group of French adventurers and two village chiefs with Cunani as the capital. The unrecognised republic lasted until 1891. In 1900, the territory was awarded to Brazil. Calçoene became a municipality in 1956. Geography Calçoene is bordered on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the municipalities of Amapá and Pracuúba, and to the west by the municipalities of Oiapoque and Serra do Navio. Calçoene is 272 kilometres (169 mi) from the state capital of Macapá. The municipality contains 23.23% of the 2,369,400 hectares (5,855,000 acres) Amapá State Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 2006. Tourism One of the most popular tourist attraction is the Goiabal beach on the Atlantic Ocean, which is located 14 kilometers from the town of Calçoene. The beach is 4 kilometres long and the water is dark due to the influence of the Amazon. Calçoene megalithic observatory Main article: Parque Arqueológico do Solstício In May 2006, archeologists announced they had found a pre-colonial astronomical observatory, possibly 500 to 2,000 years old, near Calçoene. The age is based on pottery sherds on site that have been dated to 2,000 years old. The site is on a hill and has 127 large stones blocks of granite, each 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, and dug firmly into the ground. Archaeologist Mariana Petry Cabral of the Amapa Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (IEPA) said that the observatory has been designed to align with the winter solstice. Other agricultural societies also developed sophisticated ways to track important times in the solar calendar. At one time, researchers did not think any cultures in the Amazon Basin had developed such complexity as to build such a site. This has altered their thinking. Subdivisions The municipality of Calçoene contains three districts: Calçoene (town) Cunani Lourenço See also Brazil portal List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country References ^ a b "Calçoene" (in Portuguese). Macapá: Governo do Estado do Amapá. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ IBGE 2020 ^ Amapá Digital: Calçoene ^ "Embrapa identifica cidade mais chuvosa do Brasil" (in Portuguese). Notícias Terra. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2009. ^ Stéphane Granger (2011). "Le Contesté franco-brésilien : enjeux et conséquences d'un conflit oublié entre la France et le Brésil". Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French): 162–163. ^ a b "La république de Counani: L'homme qui voulut être roi". Une Saison en Guyane (in French). Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "The Loneliness of the Guyanas". New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "Timeline Brazil". Library of Congress. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ a b "História". Municipality of Calçoene (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ FES do Amapá (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 6 July 2016 ^ "Praia de Goiabal". Estados e Capitais Do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ Wolford, Ben (2006). "Brazilian Stonehenge discovered". London: BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ "História". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calçoene. Official website (in Portuguese) 'Amazon Stonehenge' - Yahoo story Photos "Calcoene, the Brazilian Stonehenge", Archaeoastronomy, 14 May 2006 vte Municipalities of AmapáCapital: MacapáAmapá Amapá Pracuúba Tartarugalzinho Macapá Cutias Ferreira Gomes Itaubal Macapá Pedra Branca do Amapari Porto Grande Santana Serra do Navio Mazagão Laranjal do Jari Mazagão Vitória do Jari Oiapoque Calçoene Oiapoque
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kawsoˈẽni]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Amazon jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_jungle"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ancient megalithic observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terra-4"}],"text":"Municipality in North, BrazilCalçoene (Portuguese pronunciation: [kawsoˈẽni]) is a municipality located in the east of the state of Amapá in Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean in the Amazon jungle basin near French Guiana. Calçoene covers 14,269 square kilometres (5,509 sq mi) and has a population is 11,306.[2] The name Calçoene is a corruption of \"Calço N\" (North Wedge, one of four mining zones defined by the Brazilian Government at the beginning of the 20th century).[3]The city has the highest rainfall of any in Brazil, with an annual average of 4,165 millimetres (164.0 in). Calçoene is noted for its ancient megalithic observatory, often referred to as the \"Amazon Stonehenge\".[4]","title":"Calçoene"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River"},{"link_name":"Oyapock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapock_River"},{"link_name":"Cunani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunani,_Cal%C3%A7oene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conflict-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king-6"},{"link_name":"Republic of Independent Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Independent_Guiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-municipality-9"}],"text":"The borders between French Guiana and Brazil were not clear, and in the 19th century, it was decided that the area between the Amazon and the Oyapock River was a neutral territory. Paul Quartier had a meeting with the village chiefs of Cunani and Carsewenne (nowadays: Calçoene) in 1885.[5][6] In 1886, the Republic of Independent Guiana[6] was founded by a group of French adventurers and two village chiefs with Cunani as the capital. The unrecognised republic lasted until 1891.[7] In 1900, the territory was awarded to Brazil.[8] Calçoene became a municipality in 1956.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Pracuúba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracu%C3%BAba"},{"link_name":"Oiapoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiapoque"},{"link_name":"Serra do Navio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_do_Navio"},{"link_name":"Macapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macap%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-1"},{"link_name":"Amapá State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Calçoene is bordered on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the municipalities of Amapá and Pracuúba, and to the west by the municipalities of Oiapoque and Serra do Navio. Calçoene is 272 kilometres (169 mi) from the state capital of Macapá.[1]\nThe municipality contains 23.23% of the 2,369,400 hectares (5,855,000 acres) Amapá State Forest, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 2006.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-municipality-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"One of the most popular tourist attraction is the Goiabal beach on the Atlantic Ocean, which is located 14 kilometers from the town of Calçoene.[9] The beach is 4 kilometres long and the water is dark due to the influence of the Amazon.[11]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronomical observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Amapa Institute of Scientific and Technological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amapa_Institute_of_Scientific_and_Technological_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-12"}],"sub_title":"Calçoene megalithic observatory","text":"In May 2006, archeologists announced they had found a pre-colonial astronomical observatory, possibly 500 to 2,000 years old, near Calçoene. The age is based on pottery sherds on site that have been dated to 2,000 years old. The site is on a hill and has 127 large stones blocks of granite, each 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, and dug firmly into the ground. Archaeologist Mariana Petry Cabral of the Amapa Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (IEPA) said that the observatory has been designed to align with the winter solstice. Other agricultural societies also developed sophisticated ways to track important times in the solar calendar. At one time, researchers did not think any cultures in the Amazon Basin had developed such complexity as to build such a site. This has altered their thinking.[12]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cunani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunani,_Cal%C3%A7oene"},{"link_name":"Lourenço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o"}],"text":"The municipality of Calçoene contains three districts:[13]Calçoene (town)\nCunani\nLourenço","title":"Subdivisions"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Calçoene\" (in Portuguese). Macapá: Governo do Estado do Amapá. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222183918/http://www.ap.gov.br/amapa/site/paginas/municipios/calcoene.jsp","url_text":"\"Calçoene\""},{"url":"http://ap.gov.br/amapa/site/paginas/municipios/calcoene.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Embrapa identifica cidade mais chuvosa do Brasil\" (in Portuguese). Notícias Terra. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI1324506-EI299,00.html","url_text":"\"Embrapa identifica cidade mais chuvosa do Brasil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Networks","url_text":"Notícias Terra"}]},{"reference":"Stéphane Granger (2011). \"Le Contesté franco-brésilien : enjeux et conséquences d'un conflit oublié entre la France et le Brésil\". Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French): 162–163.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_372_4577","url_text":"\"Le Contesté franco-brésilien : enjeux et conséquences d'un conflit oublié entre la France et le Brésil\""}]},{"reference":"\"La république de Counani: L'homme qui voulut être roi\". Une Saison en Guyane (in French). Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.une-saison-en-guyane.com/bk03/la-republique-de-counani-lhomme-qui-voulut-etre-roi/","url_text":"\"La république de Counani: L'homme qui voulut être roi\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Loneliness of the Guyanas\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/16/the-loneliness-of-the-guyanas/","url_text":"\"The Loneliness of the Guyanas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline Brazil\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://international.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-1.html","url_text":"\"Timeline Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"História\". Municipality of Calçoene (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://calcoene.portal.ap.gov.br/conteudo/municipio/historia","url_text":"\"História\""}]},{"reference":"FES do Amapá (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 6 July 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/430","url_text":"FES do Amapá"}]},{"reference":"\"Praia de Goiabal\". Estados e Capitais Do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estadosecapitaisdobrasil.com/amapa/praias-do-amapa/","url_text":"\"Praia de Goiabal\""}]},{"reference":"Wolford, Ben (2006). \"Brazilian Stonehenge discovered\". London: BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4767717.stm","url_text":"\"Brazilian Stonehenge discovered\""}]},{"reference":"\"História\". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (in Portuguese). Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ap/calcoene/historico","url_text":"\"História\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Shaffer_(writer)
Anthony Shaffer (writer)
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","4.1 Novels","4.2 Plays","4.3 Memoir","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]
English writer For the U.S. intelligence officer, see Anthony Shaffer (intelligence officer). Anthony ShafferBornAnthony Joshua Shaffer15 May 1926Liverpool, EnglandDied6 November 2001(2001-11-06) (aged 75)London, EnglandResting placeHighgate Cemetery, LondonOccupationPlaywright, screenwriter, novelist, barrister, advertising executiveSpouseHenrietta J. Glaskie (m. 1954; div. 195?)Carolyn Soley (m. 19??; div. 19??)Diane Cilento (m. 1985)Children2RelativesPeter Shaffer (brother) Anthony Joshua Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 November 2001) was an English playwright, screenwriter, novelist, barrister, and advertising executive. He is best remembered for his Tony Award winning play Sleuth, and its acclaimed 1972 film adaptation. Early life Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and Jack Shaffer, who was an estate agent with his wife's family. He was the identical twin brother of writer and dramatist Peter Shaffer, and they had another brother, Brian. He graduated with a law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. Career Shaffer worked as a barrister and advertising copywriter before becoming a full-time writer. Shaffer's most notable work was the play Sleuth (1970), which won the Tony Award for Best Play. The play was later adapted for the film version starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. He received Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for both versions: for Best Play in 1971, and Best Screenplay in 1973. His other major screenplays include the Hitchcock thriller Frenzy (1972) and the British cult thriller The Wicker Man (1973) with whose director, Robin Hardy, Shaffer had previously set up a television production company Hardy, Shaffer & Associates. Personal life Grave of Anthony Shaffer in the east side of Highgate Cemetery Shaffer was married three times – to Henrietta Glaskie, Carolyn Soley (with whom he had two children, Claudia and Cressida), and Australian actress Diane Cilento. Shaffer met Cilento in 1973, when she appeared in The Wicker Man. He moved to Australia in 1975 and married Cilento in 1985. Together they built a house (The Castle) and a theatre (The Karnak Playhouse). Shaffer was legally domiciled in Australia (where he owned land and a restaurant, paid taxes and voted in elections), although he did maintain a flat in London. In the last years of his life Shaffer had an extramarital relationship with Marie Josette "JoJo" Capece-Minutolo when in London. Cilento did not accompany Shaffer to England but remained in Australia. After Shaffer's death, Capece-Minutolo made a claim on his estate in the British High Court, arguing that Shaffer had intended to divorce Cilento and marry her and that he had given her an engagement ring. The Shaffer estate argued that Shaffer had no desire to end his marriage to Cilento. The British judge found that despite Shaffer's being in "an intimate and loving relationship" with Capece in London, Shaffer and his estate were not legally domiciled in the United Kingdom at the time of his death, and that therefore Capece-Minutolo had no legal claims on his estate, other than any bequest in Shaffer's will, which had been changed in 1999. Bibliography Novels Anthony, Peter (1951). Woman In The Wardrobe. British Library Crime Classics. ISBN 978-0712353465. Anthony, Peter (1952). How Doth The Little Crocodile. Evans Brothers Limited. Shaffer, A. & P. (1955). Withered Murder. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1135775995. Shaffer, A. & P. (1979). Absolution. Corgi Transworld Pub. ISBN 978-0552110822. Shaffer, Anthony; Hardy, Robin (1979). The Wicker Man. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0517532591. Plays Shaffer, Anthony (1963). The Savage Parade. Amber Lane. ISBN 978-0906399873. Shaffer, Anthony (1970). Sleuth. S. Frech. ISBN 978-0573140198. Shaffer, Anthony (1975). Murderer: A Play in Two Acts. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440. Shaffer, Anthony (1977). Whodunnit. Samuel French, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440. Shaffer, Anthony (1986). Widow's Weeds or For Years I Couldn't Wear My Black. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0573690808. Shaffer, Anthony (2001). The Thing in the Wheelchair. Memoir Shaffer, Anthony (2001). So What Did You Expect?: A Memoir. Picador. ISBN 978-0330390439. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1971 Mr. Forbush and the Penguins Screenwriter a.k.a. Cry of the Penguins 1972 Frenzy Screenwriter 1972 Sleuth Screenwriter 1973 The Wicker Man Screenwriter 1974 Murder on the Orient Express Screenwriter Uncredited 1978 Death on the Nile Screenwriter 1978 Absolution Screenwriter 1988 Appointment with Death Screenwriter Co-Writer 1993 Sommersby Screenwriter References ^ Lewis, Paul (12 November 2001). "Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies". The New York Times. pp. F7. Retrieved 3 January 2020. ^ Film Reference bio ^ www.forward.com ^ Obituary in The Guardian, 7 november 2001 ^ Brown, Allan (2012). Inside the Wicker Man: How Not to Make a Cult Classic. New York: Birlinn. ISBN 9780857902177. ^ "Shaffer's lover fails in battle over his estate". Article of 10 February 2004 by Sean O'Neill in The Daily Telegraph ^ "Playwright's family fight off mistress's claim to share legacy". The Guardian. 10 February 2004. Retrieved 14 March 2017. ^ Lewis, Paul (12 November 2001). "Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ Shaw, Bruce (2013). Jolly Good Detecting: Humor in English Crime Fiction of the Golden Age. McFarland. ISBN 9781476613963. External links Anthony Shaffer at IMDb The Life & Work of Anthony Shaffer telegraph.co.uk Obituary in The Guardian (8 November 2001) nytimes.com vteAnthony ShafferFilms written Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971) Frenzy (1972) Sleuth (1972) The Wicker Man (1973) Death on the Nile (1978) Absolution (1978) Evil Under the Sun (1982) Appointment with Death (1988) Sommersby (1993) Plays Sleuth (1970) Murderer (1975) Whodunnit (1977) Novels How Doth the Little Crocodile? (1952) Withered Murder (1955) The Wicker Man (1978) Adaptations The Wicker Man (2006) Sleuth (2007) vteEdgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay1940s John Paxton (1946) Anthony Veiller (1947) John Paxton (1948) Jerome Cady, Jay Dratler, Leonard Hoffman, and Quentin Reynolds (1949) 1950s Mel Dinelli and Cornell Woolrich (1950) Ben Maddow (1951) Michael Wilson (1952) Michael Wilson and Otto Lang (1953) Sydney Boehm (1954) John Michael Hayes (1955) Joseph Hayes (1956) Reginald Rose (1958) Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1959) 1960s Ernest Lehman (1960) Joseph Stefano (1961) William Archibald and Truman Capote (1962) Peter Stone (1964) Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller (1965) Paul Dehn and Guy Trosper (1966) William Goldman (1967) Stirling Silliphant (1968) Harry Kleiner and Alan Trustman (1969) 1970s Costa Gavras and Jorge Semprún (1970) Elio Petri and Ugo Pirro (1971) Ernest Tidyman (1972) Anthony Shaffer (1973) Anthony Perkins and Stephen Sondheim (1974) Robert Towne (1975) David Rayfiel and Lorenzo Semple, Jr. (1976) Ernest Lehman (1977) Robert Benton (1978) William Goldman (1979) 1980s Michael Crichton (1980) Joseph Wambaugh (1981) Jeffrey Alan Fiskin (1982) Barrie Keeffe (1983) Dennis Potter (1984) Charles Fuller (1985) William Kelley and Earl W. Wallace (1986) E. Max Frye (1987) Jim Kouf (1988) Errol Morris (1989) 1990s Daniel Waters (1990) Donald E. Westlake (1991) Ted Tally (1992) Michael Tolkin (1993) Ebbe Roe Smith (1994) Quentin Tarantino (1995) Christopher McQuarrie (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1998) Scott Frank and Elmore Leonard (1999) 2000s Guy Ritchie (2000) Stephen Gaghan and Simon Moore (2001) Christopher Nolan (2002) Bill Condon (2003) Steven Knight (2004) Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Sébastien Japrisot (2005) Stephen Gaghan and Robert Baer (2006) William Monahan (2007) Tony Gilroy (2008) Martin McDonagh (2009) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Shaffer (intelligence officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Shaffer_(intelligence_officer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Sleuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(play)"},{"link_name":"1972 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(1972_film)"}],"text":"For the U.S. intelligence officer, see Anthony Shaffer (intelligence officer).Anthony Joshua Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 November 2001)[1] was an English playwright, screenwriter, novelist, barrister, and advertising executive. He is best remembered for his Tony Award winning play Sleuth, and its acclaimed 1972 film adaptation.","title":"Anthony Shaffer (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"estate agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_agent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"}],"text":"Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and Jack Shaffer, who was an estate agent with his wife's family.[2][3] He was the identical twin brother of writer and dramatist Peter Shaffer, and they had another brother, Brian. He graduated with a law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sleuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(play)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Play"},{"link_name":"film version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"Edgar Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Award"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Frenzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenzy"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hardy_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Shaffer worked as a barrister and advertising copywriter before becoming a full-time writer.[4]Shaffer's most notable work was the play Sleuth (1970), which won the Tony Award for Best Play. The play was later adapted for the film version starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. He received Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for both versions: for Best Play in 1971, and Best Screenplay in 1973.His other major screenplays include the Hitchcock thriller Frenzy (1972) and the British cult thriller The Wicker Man (1973) with whose director, Robin Hardy, Shaffer had previously set up a television production company Hardy, Shaffer & Associates.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Anthony_Shaffer_in_Highgate_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Diane Cilento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Cilento"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Grave of Anthony Shaffer in the east side of Highgate CemeteryShaffer was married three times – to Henrietta Glaskie, Carolyn Soley (with whom he had two children, Claudia and Cressida), and Australian actress Diane Cilento.Shaffer met Cilento in 1973, when she appeared in The Wicker Man. He moved to Australia in 1975 and married Cilento in 1985. Together they built a house (The Castle) and a theatre (The Karnak Playhouse). Shaffer was legally domiciled in Australia (where he owned land and a restaurant, paid taxes and voted in elections), although he did maintain a flat in London.[6]In the last years of his life Shaffer had an extramarital relationship with Marie Josette \"JoJo\" Capece-Minutolo when in London. Cilento did not accompany Shaffer to England but remained in Australia. After Shaffer's death, Capece-Minutolo made a claim on his estate in the British High Court, arguing that Shaffer had intended to divorce Cilento and marry her and that he had given her an engagement ring. The Shaffer estate argued that Shaffer had no desire to end his marriage to Cilento. The British judge found that despite Shaffer's being in \"an intimate and loving relationship\" with Capece in London, Shaffer and his estate were not legally domiciled in the United Kingdom at the time of his death, and that therefore Capece-Minutolo had no legal claims on his estate, other than any bequest in Shaffer's will, which had been changed in 1999.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0712353465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712353465"},{"link_name":"How Doth The Little Crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Doth_the_Little_Crocodile%3F"},{"link_name":"Withered Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withered_Murder"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1135775995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135775995"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0552110822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0552110822"},{"link_name":"The Wicker Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0517532591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517532591"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Anthony, Peter (1951). Woman In The Wardrobe. British Library Crime Classics. ISBN 978-0712353465.\nAnthony, Peter (1952). How Doth The Little Crocodile. Evans Brothers Limited.\nShaffer, A. & P. (1955). Withered Murder. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1135775995.\nShaffer, A. & P. (1979). Absolution. Corgi Transworld Pub. ISBN 978-0552110822.\nShaffer, Anthony; Hardy, Robin (1979). The Wicker Man. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0517532591.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0906399873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906399873"},{"link_name":"Sleuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(play)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0573140198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0573140198"},{"link_name":"Murderer: A Play in Two Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderer_(play)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0714525440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714525440"},{"link_name":"Whodunnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunnit_(play)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0714525440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714525440"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0573690808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0573690808"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Shaffer, Anthony (1963). The Savage Parade. Amber Lane. ISBN 978-0906399873.\nShaffer, Anthony (1970). Sleuth. S. Frech. ISBN 978-0573140198.\nShaffer, Anthony (1975). Murderer: A Play in Two Acts. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440.\nShaffer, Anthony (1977). Whodunnit. Samuel French, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440.\nShaffer, Anthony (1986). Widow's Weeds or For Years I Couldn't Wear My Black. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0573690808.\nShaffer, Anthony (2001). The Thing in the Wheelchair.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0330390439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0330390439"}],"sub_title":"Memoir","text":"Shaffer, Anthony (2001). So What Did You Expect?: A Memoir. Picador. ISBN 978-0330390439.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
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null
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ISBN 978-0552110822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0552110822","url_text":"978-0552110822"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony; Hardy, Robin (1979). The Wicker Man. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0517532591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_(novel)","url_text":"The Wicker Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517532591","url_text":"978-0517532591"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (1963). The Savage Parade. Amber Lane. ISBN 978-0906399873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906399873","url_text":"978-0906399873"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (1970). Sleuth. S. Frech. ISBN 978-0573140198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleuth_(play)","url_text":"Sleuth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0573140198","url_text":"978-0573140198"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (1975). Murderer: A Play in Two Acts. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderer_(play)","url_text":"Murderer: A Play in Two Acts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714525440","url_text":"978-0714525440"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (1977). Whodunnit. Samuel French, Ltd. ISBN 978-0714525440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whodunnit_(play)","url_text":"Whodunnit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714525440","url_text":"978-0714525440"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (1986). Widow's Weeds or For Years I Couldn't Wear My Black. Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0573690808.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0573690808","url_text":"978-0573690808"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (2001). The Thing in the Wheelchair.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Anthony (2001). So What Did You Expect?: A Memoir. Picador. ISBN 978-0330390439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0330390439","url_text":"978-0330390439"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Paul (12 November 2001). \"Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies\". The New York Times. pp. F7. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/theater/anthony-shaffer-75-author-of-long-running-sleuth-dies.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Allan (2012). Inside the Wicker Man: How Not to Make a Cult Classic. New York: Birlinn. ISBN 9780857902177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857902177","url_text":"9780857902177"}]},{"reference":"\"Playwright's family fight off mistress's claim to share legacy\". The Guardian. 10 February 2004. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/10/arts.artsnews","url_text":"\"Playwright's family fight off mistress's claim to share legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Paul (12 November 2001). \"Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/theater/anthony-shaffer-75-author-of-long-running-sleuth-dies.html","url_text":"\"Anthony Shaffer, 75, Author Of Long-Running 'Sleuth,' Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Bruce (2013). Jolly Good Detecting: Humor in English Crime Fiction of the Golden Age. McFarland. ISBN 9781476613963.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=THpkAgAAQBAJ&q=anthony+shaffer+murder+on+the+orient+express&pg=PA249","url_text":"Jolly Good Detecting: Humor in English Crime Fiction of the Golden Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476613963","url_text":"9781476613963"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellingen
Mellingen
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat of arms","4 Demographics","5 Heritage sites of national significance","6 Economy","7 Religion","8 Transportation","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°25′N 8°17′E / 47.417°N 8.283°E / 47.417; 8.283For the town in Thuringia, see Mellingen, Germany. Municipality in Aargau, SwitzerlandMellingenMunicipalityMellingen village Coat of armsLocation of Mellingen MellingenShow map of SwitzerlandMellingenShow map of Canton of AargauCoordinates: 47°25′N 8°17′E / 47.417°N 8.283°E / 47.417; 8.283CountrySwitzerlandCantonAargauDistrictBadenArea • Total4.86 km2 (1.88 sq mi)Elevation352 m (1,155 ft)Highest elevation (Brand/Schneeschmelzi)445 m (1,460 ft)Lowest elevation (Reuss at Schönert)344 m (1,129 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total5,633 • Density1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)5507SFOS number4033ISO 3166 codeCH-AGSurrounded byBaden, Birmenstorf, Fislisbach, Oberrohrdorf, Stetten, Tägerig, WohlenschwilWebsitewww.mellingen.ch SFSO statistics Mellingen Mellingen is a historic town and a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The town is located on the Reuss. History Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1922) Mellingen is first mentioned in 1045 as Mellingen though this comes from a 16th-century copy of the original. Around 1217–39 it was mentioned as Menelingen. Geography Reuss bridge from 1928 (first mentioned 1253) with the portal from 1526 Mellingen has an area, as of 2006, of 4.8 km2 (1.9 sq mi). Of this area, 36.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 26.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.8%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). The municipality is located in the Baden district. The compact, walled medieval city center straddles the river Reuss. The old city is surrounded by a number of newer settlements. It has grown into a center of the small Unteres Reusstal region. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Or a Lion rampant Gules and in chief of the last a Bar Argent." Demographics Mellingen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,865. As of 2008, 29.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (83.0%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.9%) and Albanian being third ( 2.6%). The age distribution, as of 2008, in Mellingen is; 475 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 552 teenagers or 12.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 680 people or 14.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 681 people or 14.9% are between 30 and 39, 751 people or 16.4% are between 40 and 49, and 626 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 489 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 205 people or 4.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 90 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 19 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older. As of 2000, there were 179 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 876 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 574 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.50 individuals. In 2008 there were 562 single family homes (or 28.1% of the total) out of a total of 2,002 homes and apartments. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 37.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.7%), the CVP (16.3%) and the SP (13.6%). In Mellingen about 68.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 320 students attending primary school, there are 211 students attending secondary school, there are 290 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following table: Historical populationYearPop.±%1755325—    1803586+80.3%1850746+27.3%1900899+20.5%19501,634+81.8%19703,211+96.5%20004,239+32.0% Heritage sites of national significance City Gate The city walls are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Economy As of  2007, Mellingen had an unemployment rate of 2.9%. As of 2005, there were 41 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 497 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 60 businesses in this sector. 956 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 174 businesses in this sector. As of 2000 there were 2,373 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,769 or about 74.5% of the residents worked outside Mellingen while 896 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,500 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Religion City Church of Mellingen From the 2000 census, 1,961 or 46.3% are Roman Catholic, while 1,175 or 27.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith. Transportation Mellingen Heitersberg railway station is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S11. References ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ a b Mellingen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b c d e Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 February 2010 ^ Flags of the World.com Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 February 2010 ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bereich 01 -Bevölkerung Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bevölkerungsdaten für den Kanton Aargau und die Gemeinden (Archiv) Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ a b c Statistical Department of Canton Aargau - Aargauer Zahlen 2009 Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine 21.11.2008 version, (in German) accessed 9 February 2010 ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau-Bereich 11 Verkehr und Nachrichtenwesen Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 January 2010 External links Mellingen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Media related to Mellingen at Wikimedia Commons vteMunicipalities in the district of Baden, Switzerland Baden Bellikon Bergdietikon Birmenstorf Ehrendingen Ennetbaden Fislisbach Freienwil Gebenstorf Killwangen Künten Mellingen Mägenwil Neuenhof Niederrohrdorf Oberrohrdorf Obersiggenthal Remetschwil Spreitenbach Stetten Turgi Untersiggenthal Wettingen Wohlenschwil Würenlingen Würenlos Aargau Districts of Canton Aargau Municipalities of the canton of Aargau Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mellingen, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellingen,_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Gemeinde_Mellingen_2007.png"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_(district,_Aargau)"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Aargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Reuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)"}],"text":"For the town in Thuringia, see Mellingen, Germany.Municipality in Aargau, SwitzerlandMellingenMellingen is a historic town and a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The town is located on the Reuss.","title":"Mellingen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Mellingen_an_der_Reuss-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-002880.tif"},{"link_name":"Walter Mittelholzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"}],"text":"Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1922)Mellingen is first mentioned in 1045 as Mellingen though this comes from a 16th-century copy of the original. Around 1217–39 it was mentioned as Menelingen.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MellingenAG02.JPG"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-4"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Reuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)"}],"text":"Reuss bridge from 1928 (first mentioned 1253) with the portal from 1526Mellingen has an area, as of 2006[update], of 4.8 km2 (1.9 sq mi). Of this area, 36.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 26.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.8%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).[4]The municipality is located in the Baden district. The compact, walled medieval city center straddles the river Reuss. The old city is surrounded by a number of newer settlements. It has grown into a center of the small Unteres Reusstal region.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Or a Lion rampant Gules and in chief of the last a Bar[rulet] Argent.\"[5]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_AG-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG_pop-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG_data-10"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-4"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Primary"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"tertiary or university level schooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Tertiary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"}],"text":"Mellingen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,865.[6] As of 2008[update], 29.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.[7] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (83.0%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.9%) and Albanian being third ( 2.6%).[4]The age distribution, as of 2008[update], in Mellingen is; 475 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 552 teenagers or 12.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 680 people or 14.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 681 people or 14.9% are between 30 and 39, 751 people or 16.4% are between 40 and 49, and 626 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 489 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 205 people or 4.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 90 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 19 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.[8]As of 2000[update], there were 179 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 876 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 574 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.50 individuals.[9] In 2008[update] there were 562 single family homes (or 28.1% of the total) out of a total of 2,002 homes and apartments.[10]In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 37.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.7%), the CVP (16.3%) and the SP (13.6%).[4]In Mellingen about 68.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[4] Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year[update]), there are 320 students attending primary school, there are 211 students attending secondary school, there are 290 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality.[9]The historical population is given in the following table:[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mellingen_urbopordo_225.jpg"},{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"City GateThe city walls are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[11]","title":"Heritage sites of national significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag.ch-12"}],"text":"As of  2007[update], Mellingen had an unemployment rate of 2.9%. As of 2005[update], there were 41 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 497 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 60 businesses in this sector. 956 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 174 businesses in this sector.[4]As of 2000[update] there were 2,373 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,769 or about 74.5% of the residents worked outside Mellingen while 896 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,500 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mellingen_Stadtkirche_Rueckseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mellingen&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-9"}],"text":"City Church of MellingenFrom the 2000 census[update], 1,961 or 46.3% are Roman Catholic, while 1,175 or 27.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith.[9]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mellingen Heitersberg railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellingen_Heitersberg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"}],"text":"Mellingen Heitersberg railway station is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S11.","title":"Transportation"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty
Eastern Ganga dynasty
["1 Origin","2 History","2.1 Intermarriage","2.2 Chodaganga dynasty","3 List of rulers","3.1 Kalinga Rulers (c. 498 – 1077 CE)","3.2 Trikalinga Rulers (c. 1077 – 1434 CE)","4 Regnal year system (Anka year)","5 Coinage","6 Legacy","7 Descendants","7.1 Paralakhemundi branch","7.2 Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi branch","7.3 Hindol branch","7.4 Bamanda branch","7.5 Chikiti branch","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Medieval era Indian royal Hindu dynasty Eastern Ganga EmpirePurba Gangas, Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas 493–1077 CE (Kalinga) 1077–1436 CE (Trikalinga) 1436–1947 CE (Khemundi) Eastern Ganga Fanam of king Anantavarman Chodaganga (Anka year 63–1128 CE) South-Asia1400 CEDELHI SULTANATE(TUGHLAQS)KAMATASTIMURIDEMPIRESHAH MIRSULTANATEPHAGMODRUPASSAMMASAHOMKACHARISCHUTIASBENGALSULTANATEGUJARATGOVERNORATEBAHMANISULTANATEKHANDESHSULTANATEBENGALSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIRE ◁ ▷ Map of the Eastern Gangas, circa 1400 CE.CapitalKalinganagaraDantapuramKataka ParalakhemundiCommon languages Odia (court language, literature, early and later medieval period) Telugu (early medieval period) Sanskrit (religious) Other Indian languages Religion HinduismGovernmentMonarchyTri-KalingadhipatiGajapati • 493–532 Indravarman I• 532–535 Anantavarman I• 804–854 Kamarnava Deva II• 859–864 Vajrahasta Anantavarman• 1070–1077 Rajaraja Devendravarman• 1077–1150 Anantavarman Chodagangadeva• 1178–1198 Ananga Bhima Deva II• 1211–1238 Anangabhima Deva III• 1238–1264 Gajapati Narasingha Deva I• 1414–1434 Gajapati Bhanu Deva IV• 1736–1771 Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II• 1913–1947 Krushna Chandra Gajapati Historical eraClassical India• Established 493 CE• Disestablished 1947 CE CurrencyEastern Ganga Fanam, Ganga Madha Preceded by Succeeded by Pitrbhakta dynasty Somavamshi dynasty Mathara dynasty Gajapati Empire Bhoi dynasty The Eastern Ganga dynasty (also known as Purba Gangas, Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas) were a large medieval era Indian royal Hindu dynasty that reigned from Kalinga from as early as the 5th century to the mid 20th century. Eastern Gangas ruled much of the modern region of Odisha in three different phases by the passage of time, known as Early Eastern Gangas (493–1077), Imperial Eastern Gangas (1077–1436) and Khemundi Gangas (1436–1947). They are known as "Eastern Gangas" to distinguish them from the Western Gangas who ruled over Karnataka. The territory ruled by the dynasty consisted of the whole of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, as well as major parts of north Andhra Pradesh, parts of Chhattisgarh and some southern districts of West Bengal. Odia language got official status in their regime following the evolution of the language from Odra Prakrit. The early rulers of the dynasty ruled from Dantapuram; the capital was later moved to Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam), and ultimately to Kataka (modern Cuttack) and then to Paralakhemundi. Today, they are most remembered as the builders of the world renowned Jagannath Temple of Puri and Konark Sun Temple situated in Odisha, as well as the Madhukeshwara temple of Mukhalingam, Nrusinghanath Temple at Simhachalam in erstwhile Kalinga and present-day Andhra Pradesh and Ananta Vasudeva Temple at Bhubaneswar. The Gangas have constructed several temples besides the ones stated above. The rulers of Eastern Ganga dynasty defended their kingdom from the constant attacks of the Muslim invaders. This kingdom prospered through trade and commerce and the wealth was mostly used in the construction of temples. The rule of the dynasty came to an end under the reign of King Bhanudeva IV (c. 1414–34), in the early 15th century and then Khemundi Ganga started ruling up to abolition of zamindari in modern India. The Eastern Ganga dynasty is said to be the longest reigning dynasty in Odisha. Their currency was called Ganga Fanams and was similar to that of the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of southern India. Origin This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2023) As per B. Masthanaiah, the origin of the Eastern Gangas is not clearly established. However, renowned British scholar, artist, art critic, historian, archaeologist, and an authority on Indian art and architecture, Percy Brown, suggested that the temples of Mukhalingam predated the temples of Bhubaneswar (this is unexplained as Bhubaneswar contains several temples predating Mukhalingam) and had been built as per the Badami Chalukya Temple Architecture originating from Karnataka since the 4th century CE and they were followed as a specimen model by the Odia craftsmen in constructing temples in their Trikalinga (Odisha) region during the reign of Eastern Gangas, Gajapati empire and later on. A certain temple tower in Odisha shows a combination of both Rekha and Pidha Deul decoration types which was taken from the Kadamba temples of Karnataka where it first appeared. The Mukhalingam (Kalinganagara) Madhukeswara (Mukhalingeswara) temple too resembles the Kadamba temples of Karnataka. The towns of Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal had emerged as 'The Cradle of Indian Temple Architecture and Hindu Rock Architecture, Stone Artwork and Construction Techniques' since the 4th century CE. The script used by the Eastern Ganga king Indravarma of the 7th century CE, like his predecessors, is the common Kannada-Telugu script used also by the Chalukyas of Badami and their related subordinate Vengi Chalukya branch. All these indicate a strong proof for the Eastern Gangas having originated from the earlier Western Gangas (established c. 350 CE) of Karnataka. According to the historian Upinder Singh, In the 4th century CE, Orissa was divided into several small principalities, some of which owed allegiance to the Guptas. Dynasties such as the Pitribhaktas, Matharas, and Vasishthas rose to power in southern Orissa. The 5th century saw the rise of the Eastern Gangas in south Kalinga. These kings were probably a branch of the Western Gangas and were migrants from Karnataka. South Asia1175 CEKARAKHANIDKHANATEQARA KHITAIGHURIDEMPIREKUMAONCHAULUKYASCHAHAMANASLATEGHAZNAVIDSPARAMARASWESTERNCHALUKYASKAKATIYASSHILA-HARASCHOLASCHERASPANDYASKADAMBASHOYSALASGAHADAVALASGUHILASKACHCHAPA-GHATASCHANDELASKALACHURIS(TRIPURI)KALACHURIS(RATNAPURA)SENASKARNATASNAGVANSISKAMARUPASEASTERNGANGASGUGEMARYULLOHA-RASSOOMRAEMIRATEMAKRANSULTANATEclass=notpageimage| The Eastern Gangas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent. The Korni and Vishakhapatnam copper plates of 1113 AD and 1118/1119 AD respectively both of Anantavarman Chodaganga, the Dasgoba copper plate of Rajaraja III of 1198/99 AD and the Nagari copperplate of Anangabhima III and other such records trace the ancestry of the Eastern Gangas to Kamarnava I. The Kendupatna copper plate of Narasimhadeva II and the Puri copper plate of Narasimhadeva IV also state that Kamarnava came from Gangawadi province, now in Karnataka. The Korni copper plate mentions that Kamarnava I came to the Mahendra mountain situated to the east of Gangawadi and then onwards to Kalinga. It also states that Kamarnava I, the eldest son of Virasimha, had left Kolahalapura (Kuvalalapura or Kolar), the capital of Gangawadivisaya (Western Ganga kingdom in southern Karnataka) after giving up his rightful throne to his paternal uncle. He set forth eastwards along with his four brothers to establish a new kingdom, reached and ascended the mountain summit of Mahendra, worshipped Shiva as God Gokarnaswamin or Gokarneswara, obtained the bull (Nandi) emblem, descended to the eastern side, defeated and killed the local tribal king Sabaraditya (Savaraditya) or Baladitya in battle and acquired the whole of Kalinga with the blessings of Gokarneswara. Historian Bhairabi Prasad Sahu states that the Gangas after conquering the area south of Mahendragiri mountain around 498–500 CE, acknowledged a deity of the Saora (Savara or Sabara) tribe on the Mahendragiri mountain with the name of Shiva-Gokarnaswamin as the patron deity of their family. Epigraphist, John Faithfull Fleet has identified Gangawadi and Kolahalapuram with the Ganga Dynasty (founded in 350 CE) and Kolar, ruled by the Western Gangas. Both the early and the later Eastern Ganga kings had close relations with the Eastern Kadambas, who functioned under them as chieftains, heads and provincial governors. Most of the early as well as the later Eastern Ganga kings of Kalinga worshipped the holy feet of Gokarneswara of Mahendragiri. This deity also has a strong Karnataka connection through the Mahabaleshwar Temple situated in Gokarna (Karnataka) which is the only Atmalinga of God Shiva in the entire world. The Eastern Kadamba family, feudatories of the Early Gangas in the 10th and early 11th century CE, were ruling a small area in the vicinity of the Mahendra mountain. Historian Dineshwar Singh lists several facts that point to a relationship between the Eastern and the Western Gangas. Just as the Gangas and the Kadambas of Karnataka had marital relationship with each other, so were the Gangas and the Kadambas of Kalinga. The family God of the Kadambas of Vaijayanti (Banavasi), Palasige and Hangal (all in Karnataka) is described in their inscriptions as Jayanti (Vaijayanti) Madhukeshwara of Banavasi. Historian M. Somasekhara Sarma suggests that the Kadambas brought with them their family God Madhukeshwara into their new home Kalinga. It appears that Kamarnava II built the temple of Madhukeshwara in Nagara at the instance of one of his feudatories and relatives, the Eastern Kadambas. Historian G. R. Varma further suggests that the Eastern Ganga king Kamarnava II renovated the existing temple of Gokarneshwara before renaming it as Madhukeshwara. Historian R. Subba Rao states that the God Madhukeswara of Kalinganagara was also called Jayanteswara (based on Vaijayanti or Banavasi town) or Gokarneshwara (Gokarna's Mahabaleshwar deity) in some of the inscriptions found in that temple. Somasekhara Sarma states that the Eastern Kadambas probably came to Kalinga from the districts of Dharwad, Belagavi and Ratnagiri. He substantiates it by showing the presence of a village named as a crude distortion of the Kannada place name Palasige (Halasi or Palasi in Old Kannada), as Palasa (Palasika) in the Kalinga region. Most of the early Western Gangas were Shaivas, just like the early and the later Eastern Gangas of Kalinga were. Also, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the Ikshavaku dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the Chandravamsa lineage. Unlike the Western Ganga Dynasty who traced their lineage to the Solar Dynasty, the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a lunar descent from Vishnu through Brahma, Atri and Chandra (moon). Dineshwar Singh concludes that in spite of the views and arguments against a relationship between the two Ganga dynasties - the Western and the Eastern Gangas, the similarities listed out between them strongly indicate that the founder of the Eastern Ganga dynasty travelled from the Gangawadi province of Karnataka and arrived in Trikalinga. Historians R. S. Sharma and K. M. Shrimali state that several ruling families of Kannada origin flourished and ruled Odisha like the Eastern Gangas, the Eastern Kadambas, the Rashtrakuta branch of Odisha which ruled from Vagharakotta fort probably in the Sambalpur region and the Tailapa-Vamsis (ruled around Ganjam and Parlakimidi) who migrated during or after 973 CE on the establishment of the Kalyani Chalukya empire and were their feudatories. Some suspect them to have come along with Vikramaditya VI's campaigns across north, central, east and north east India, sometime before 1063–68 CE.Main Temple Structure, Konark Sun Temple. Five prominent dominions of the Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely – Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala (Ganjam), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, Rayagada) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam). The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of Srikakulam, Ganjam, Gajapati and Rayagada). The earliest known prominent king was Indravarman who is known from his Jirjingi copper plate grant. The Godavari grant of Raja Prthivimalla and the Ramatirtham grant of Vishnukundina king Indrbhattaraka refer to a war of four tusked elephants or Chaturdanta Samara in which Indravarman I the son of Mitavarman, a Ganga general of Vakataka king and a local ruler of Dantapura commanded an alliance of small South Kalingan kingdoms against the powerful Vishnukundina king Indrabhattaraka, defeated and killed him. The Vishnukundins returned with a vengeance, defeated the Vakataka King and members of the alliance while Indravarman declared himself as Tri-Kalingadhipati (the lord of the three Kalingas) rising from obscurity and moving his capital northwards away from the attacking Vishnukundins. His son Hastivarman found himself stuck between two Gupta feudal dynasties of Odisha, the Vigrahas of South Toshali and Mudgalas. Joining the onslaught like his father, he commanded major battles against the Vigrahas and won territories in the northern parts of ancient Kalinga and declared himself as Sakala-Kalingadhipati (the ruler of whole Kalinga). The dynasty though remaining to be a strong ruling family in ancient Odisha and North Andhra Pradesh continued to remain as vassal rulers under the central authority of the Bhauma-Kara dynasty which is proven by the fact that a smaller Eastern Ganga king belonging to the clan and named as Jayavarmadeva mentioned himself as the vassal of Sivakara Deva I in his Ganjam grant and by whose permission he gave away the grants. Reliefs at the Konark Sun Temple. It was during the rule of Anantavarman Vajrahasta V in the mid eleventh century that the clan started emerging as a major military power challenging the authority of the Somavanshi Dynasty at their northern frontiers and allying with their arch rivals the Kalchuris. After a series of victories in battle and making land grants to three hundred Brahmin families in his kingdom, Vajrahasta V assumed the titles as Trikalingadhipati (lord of the three Kalingas) and Sakalakalingadhipati (lord of complete Kalinga) challenging the centralized authority of the Somavanshis and laying the foundation to an imperial era for the Eastern Gangas. In the later years of the century, Devendravarman Rajaraja I defeated the Somavanshi king Mahasivagupta Janmenjaya II completely while challenging the Cholas in battle, along with establishing authority in the Vengi region. The Cholas were defeated by Rajaraja I and Chola princess, Rajasundari, was married off to the Eastern Ganga king as a goodwill gesture for settlement of affairs between the Cholas and the Gangas. The identification of the father of Rajasundari is a matter of great controversy and some scholars like K. A. Nilakanta Sastri identify the king as Virarajendra Chola. After the sudden death of Rajaraja I, his underage sons Chodaganga Deva ascended the throne, losing the many parts of his ancestral kingdom to the Cholas who were now in an advantageous position. However, Ananatavarman Chodaganga Deva not only lived a young life of prolonged struggles and setbacks but finally managed to completely remove the Chola presence from the region and finally securing Utkala, Kalinga, Gauda, Radha and Vengi as one kingdom. While many of his inscriptions are found inside the limits of former Vengi kingdom, this large extent of his empire from Bengal to Vengi is clearly stated in his Korni grant inscriptions. In the Sri Kurmam temple grant of Chodaganga, it is clearly stated that he has extended his territory from Bhagirathi Ganga to Gautami Ganga rivers which is literally the region between river Ganga and Godavari. The only front where he faced setbacks is against his western rivals the Kalachuris where he was unsuccessful. His descendant Anangabhima Deva III gradually completed the task of defeating the Kalachuris completely. In his Korni copper plate grant he mentions himself to be the lord of 99,000 war elephants which while counting military strength according to the ancient Gulma system of military divisions, puts his strength to a million men and half a million animals employed to his command. Due to his maternal relation with the Cholas, a Chola uncle of Chodaganga by the name Virachoda had sided by him as a protective guardian against the invading Cholas since his childhood. Chodaganga was married to the daughter of this uncle and also had Tamil officers serving him during his lifelong affairs of war and administration. Chodaganga Deva not only reunited most of ancient Kalinga stretching from the rivers Ganga to Godavari but led the foundation to the imperial hegemony of the Eastern Gangas in the Eastern coast of India. Chodaganga Deva was a strong king and was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and grandson of Vajrahasta Anantavarman of the Imperial Gangas of Kalinganagara. His mother was princess Rajasundari of the Chola dynasty. History Jagannath Temple at Puri, built by Maharaja Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. After the fall of Mahameghavahana dynasty, Kalinga was divided into different kingdoms under feudatory chiefs. Each of these chiefs bore the title Kalingadhipathi (Lord of Kalinga). The beginnings of what became the Eastern Ganga dynasty came about when Indravarma I defeated the Vishnukundin king, Indrabhattaraka and established his rule over the region with Kalinganagara (or Mukhalingam) as his capital, and Dantapuram as a secondary capital. The Ganga kings assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely Kalinga proper (South), Utkala (North), and Dakshina Kosala (West)). Mukhalingam near Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh bordering Odisha has been identified as Kalinganagara, the capital of the early Eastern Gangas. After the decline of the early Eastern Gangas reign, the Chalukyas of Vengi took control of the region. The first monarch of the dynasty Vajrahastha Aniyakabhima I (980-1015 A.D), took advantage of the internal strife and revived the power of the Ganga dynasty. It was during their rule that Shaivism took precedence over Buddhism and Jainism. The magnificent Srimukhalingam Temple at Mukhalingam was built during this period. In the 11th century, the Cholas brought the Ganga Kingdom under their rule with the sudden death of Devendravarman Rajraja I. His son Chodaganga Deva who ascended the throne at the age of five under the protection provide by one of his maternal uncles from the Chola family had to overcome multiple obstacles before securing Kalinga, Vengi, Utkala, Odra and parts of Bengal as one kingdom. Intermarriage The Eastern Gangas were known to have intermarried with the Cholas, Chalukyas. The early state of the dynasty may have started from the early 5th century. Chodaganga dynasty Ananta Vasudeva Temple inscription The dynasty, towards the end of eleventh century came to be known as Chodaganga dynasty after its founder Anantavarman Chodaganga. He was the son of Rajaraja Deva, the ruler of Kalinga kingdom centered around the region of Southern Odisha and northern Andhra coast, while his mother was the Chola princess, Rajasundari, daughter of the Chola emperor Virarajendra Chola. He is believed to have ruled from the Ganges River in the north to the Godavari River in the south, thus laying the foundation of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Also during his rule, the great Jagannath Temple at Puri was built. He assumed the title of Trikalingadhipathi (ruler of the three Kalingas which comprise Kalinga proper, Utkala north and Koshala west) in 1076 CE, resulting in him being the first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga. Anantavarman was a religious person as well as a patron of art and literature. He is credited for having built the famous Jagannath Temple of Puri in Odisha. King Anantavarman Chodagangadeva was succeeded by a long line of illustrious rulers such as Narasingha Deva I (1238–1264). Rajaraja III ascended the throne in 1198 and did nothing to resist the Ghurid Empire Muslims of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal, who invaded Orissa in 1206. Rajaraja's son Anangabhima III, however, repulsed the Muslims and built the temple of Megheswara at Bhuvaneshvara. Narasimhadeva I, the son of Anangabhima, invaded southern Bengal in 1243, defeated its Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, captured the capital (Gauda), and built the Sun Temple at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I was also the first king to use the title of "Gajapati" or "Lord of war elephants" or "King with an army of elephants" among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the Kapilash Temple. With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline; the sultan of Delhi, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, invaded Odisha between 1353 and 1358, and levied tribute on the Ganga king. The Musunuri Nayaks defeated the Odishan powers in 1356. Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The "mad king," Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsha dynasty in 1434–35. List of rulers The following is the list of Eastern Ganga rulers: Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He is known from the Jirjingi Copper Plate Grant. Kalinga Rulers (c. 498 – 1077 CE) Mittavarman (c. ??–498 CE) (Eastern Ganga king, feudal under Vakataka rule) Indravarman I (c. 498–537) (Real founder of dynasty) Samantavarman (c. 537–562) Hastivarman (c. 562–578) Indravarman II (c. 578–589) Danarnava (c. 589–652) Indravarman III (c. 652–682) Gunarnava (c. 682–730) Devendravarman I (c. 730–780) Anantavarman III (c. 780–812) Rajendravarman II (c. 812–840) Devendravarman V (c. 840–895) Gunamaharnava I (c. 895–910) Vajrahasta II (or Anangabhimadeva I) (c. 910–939) Gundama – I (c. 939–942) Kamarnava I (c. 942–977) Vinayaditya (c. 977–980) Vajrahasta IV (c. 980–1015) Kamarnava II (c. 1015, 6 months) Gundama II (c. 1015–1018) Madhukamarnava (c. 1018–1038) Vajrahasta V (c. 1038–1070) Rajaraja Deva I (c. 1070–1077) Trikalinga Rulers (c. 1077 – 1434 CE) Loving Couple (Mithuna) 13th century, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Orissa, India Anantavarman Chodaganga (c. 1077–1150) Kamarnnava Deva (c. 1150–1156) Raghava Deva (c. 1156–1170) Rajaraja Deva II (c. 1170–1190) Anangabhima Deva II (c. 1190–1198) Rajraja Deva III (c. 1198–1211) Anangabhima Deva III (c. 1211–1238) Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264) Bhanu Deva I (1264–1278) Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306) Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328) Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352) Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378) Narasimha Deva IV (1378–1425) Bhanu Deva IV (1425–1434) (Last ruler of dynasty) Regnal year system (Anka year) Main article: Anka year The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the kings of the Eastern Ganga dynasty for dating their reigns. It has a number of unique features that calculates the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia calendar (panjis) and the regnal year is marked by the titular reign of the current Gajapati Maharaja of the House of Gajapati at Puri. Coinage A Fanam (Coin) of Eastern Ganga Dynasty The Eastern Ganga coinage consisted of gold fanams. The obverse typically depicts a couchant bull along with other symbols. The reverse features a symbol which represents the letter sa (for samvat, which means year) flanked by elephant goads or an elephant goad with a battle axe, along with a number below, which depicts the regnal year(anka year) of the reigning monarch. Some coins also carry the legend śrī rāma on the reverse above the letter sa. Eastern Ganga coinage numerals An interesting aspect of the Eastern Ganga coin dates is that these coins may be the earliest Hindu coins using decimal numbers for dating. Earlier dated coins, such as those of the Western Satraps, the Guptas etc., used the old Brahmic numbering system with separate symbols representing each of the single digits, separate symbols representing two-digit multiples of ten, such as 20, 30, 40, and so on, and further separate symbols representing three-digit numbers such as 100, 200, etc. Thus a number like 123 was written as 100-20-3. But the Eastern Ganga coins were written using the symbols for the single digits, with the position of the number indicating the value such as tens or hundreds, thus effectively using the Zero-place holder system. Legacy By successfully defeating the invasion attempts of Muslim invaders, the Eastern Ganga Empire is attributed to have served as the conservatory of the Hindu religion, art and culture at a time when India's indigenous civilization was endangered through the large scale massacre of Hindus, plundering of cities, desecration and destruction of temples and forcible conversions of the Hindu populace. The Ganga Empire also harbored the fleeing culture and art from other parts of India. The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of religion and the arts, and the temples of the Ganga period rank among the masterpieces of Kalinga and Hindu architecture. Descendants Early Gangas Imperial Gangas Paralakhemundi branch Badakhemundi branch Hindol branch Sanakhemundi branch Bamanda branch Gangas of Svetaka Mandala Chikiti branch Paralakhemundi branch Main article: Paralakhemundi Estate A branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty survived as the kings of the Paralakhemundi state, currently part of the Gajapati district, Odisha. It was established in 14th century when Narashingha Deba, a son of the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanudeva II established the Khemudi kingdom. Scions of this line include, Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (Reign: 1751 CE – 1771 CE)- who ascended to the throne at a time when Odisha was torn apart due conflicts between external powers like the Mughals, Marathas, French and British for control of the territory in 18th century. Krushna Chandra Gajapati (Reign as Maharaja of Paralakhemundi: 26 April 1913 – 25 May 1974)- who was a key personality and regarded as the architect of an Independent united Odisha State and went on to become the first Prime Minister of Orissa province formed in 1936. Prime Minister in office from 1 April 1937 to 19 July 1937 and 2nd time from 29 November 1941 to 29 June 1944. The present-day Gajapati District of Odisha which was earlier a part of the historic Ganjam district was named after him. Gopinath Gajapati (Titular Maharaja: 25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020)- served as the member of the 9th and 10th Lok Sabha of India and represented the Berhampur constituency of Odisha. Kalyani Gajapati (Titular Maharani since 10 January 2020)- current head of the dynasty. Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi branch Main article: Badakhemundi Estate This line descends from the Paralakhemundi Ganga branch. In 16th century, the Raja of Parlakhemundi, Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba granted parts of the Khimedi areas to his son Ananga Kesari Ramachandra Deba, whose descendants in turn divided the zamindari into two branches- Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi. Hindol branch Main article: Hindol State The Hindol princely state was established in 1554 by two brothers, Chandradeva Jenamani and Udhavadeva Jenamani belonging to the family of the Badakhemundi Raja of Ganjam. The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947. Bamanda branch Main article: Bamra State The Bamra kingdom was established by Saraju Gangadeb who was the son of the local Eastern Ganga administrator of Patna region Hattahamir Deb, who was the son of Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva II. Hattahamir Deb was overthrown in 1360 CE by Ramai Deva of the Chauhan dynasty who led the foundation of Patna state, while the tribal chieftains installed Saraju Gangadeb as the ruler of Bamanda region. This laid the foundation of the Bamanda branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947. Chikiti branch Main articles: List of rulers of Odisha § Gangas of Svetaka Mandala, and List of rulers of Odisha § Chikiti Ganga rulers This branch were the descendants of the ancient branch of Svetaka mandala of the Early Gangas which became the Chikiti zamindari. Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman. 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temple inscription of Ananta Vasudeva Temple A Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex Konark Sun Temple at Konark, Odisha, built by King Narasinghadeva I (1238–1264), it is now a World Heritage Site. 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"THE HISTORY OF THE EASTERN GANGA DYNASTY, CIRCA 1038 – 1238 AD" (PDF). London: University of London: 55–58, 166–174. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020. ^ Ramamurty; N. Venkataramanayya (1969). Social and Cultural Life of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Andhra Pradesh: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute. p. 83. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ Rüsen, Jörn (1 January 2008). Time and History: The Variety of Cultures. Vol. 10 of Making Sense of History. Berghahn Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-85745-041-8. ^ Sharma, R. S. (1992). A Comprehensive History of India: A.D. 985–1206, Volume 4, Part 1 of Comprehensive history of India. India: People's Publishing House. p. 698. ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022. ^ "Chapter VI, Setback and Recovery" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 238, –248. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020. ^ Banarjee, R.D (1930). History Of Orissa Vol. 1. Calcutta: Prabasi Press. pp. 247, 248. ^ Tripat Sharma. Women in Ancient India, from 320 A.D. to C. 1200 A.D. Ess Ess Publications, 1987. p. 142. ^ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri. History of India, Volume 1. S. Viswanathan, 1953. p. 247. ^ Das, Manmatha Nath (1949). Glimpses Of Kalinga History. Calcutta: Century Publishers. pp. 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171. ^ Rajaguru, Satyanarayan (1961). Inscriptions of Orissa, Volume III, Part II. Bhubaneswar: Orissa Sahitya Akademi. pp. 391, 392, 393. ^ Rajaguru, Satyanarayan (1960). Inscriptions of Orissa, Volume III, Part I. Bhubaneswar: Orissa Sahitya Akademi. pp. 174, 175. ^ Das, Dr. Manas Kumar (12 August 2017). "History of Odisha (From Earliest Times to 1434 A.D.)". DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper: 100, 101. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020. ^ Itihas, Volumes 19–22. p. 14. ^ Journal of the Andhra Historical Society. 6–7. Andhra Historical Research Society: 200. 1931. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute. 12. I.B. Corporation: 159. 1984. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute. 12. I.B. Corporation: 160. 1984. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b c d Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4. ^ a b Eastern Ganga Dynasty in India Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. India9.com (2005-06-07). Retrieved on 2013-07-12. ^ Manas Kumar Das (24 June 2015), HISTORY OF ODISHA (FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 1434 A.D.) (PDF), DDCE Utkal University, pp. 109, 111, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021, retrieved 15 April 2021 ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. ^ Tripathī, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 12. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ "Detail History of Orissa". Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 12 November 2006. ^ Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1975). Literary and Historical Studies in Indology. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 138. ISBN 978-81-208-0417-3. ^ a b Suryanarayan Das (2010). Lord Jagannath. Sanbun Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 978-93-80213-22-4. ^ a b Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, archived from the original on 17 April 2022, retrieved 25 January 2021 ^ a b Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, archived from the original on 3 May 2022, retrieved 25 January 2021 ^ Michael Mitchiner (1979). Oriental Coins & Their Values: Non-Islamic States and Western Colonies A.D. 600–1979. Hawkins Publications. ISBN 978-0-904173-18-5. ^ a b Glimpses Of Kalinga History by Das, Manmatha Nath. Calcutta: Century Publishers. 1949. p. 187. ^ Ganga dynasty (Indian dynasties) – Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12. ^ http://orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/69Maharaja_Krushna_Chandra_Gajapati.pdf Archived 23 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/56-57.pdf Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Orissa Review, January-2009 issue. Published by the Govt. of Orissa. ^ "Meet Kalyani, first woman Gajapati of Parala royal family". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020. ^ "Kalyani Gajapati Crowned As First Queen Of Paralakhemundi". ODISHA BYTES. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2020. ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 2002, p. 51, archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2021, retrieved 28 February 2021 ^ W, Francis (1988). Gazetter of South India Volumes 1–2. Mittal Publications. ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS DHENKANAL (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 2014, pp. 37–38, archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021, retrieved 28 February 2021 ^ David P. Henige (2004). Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers. Orchid Press. ISBN 978-974-524-049-0. ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS DEOGARH (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 1994, pp. 17–19, archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021, retrieved 28 February 2021 ^ Panda, Dr. Sanjay Kumar (2014). Chiktira Sahitya O Sahityika (in Odia). Bhubaneswar: Sahitya Swetapadma. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-93-80759-65-4. ^ Genealogical Table of the Zamindaras of Chikiti, Chikiti Estate. Sachhidananda Rajendra Deba, 28th Nov 1928. Typed by A. Rama Murthi, Clerk, Chikiti Estate. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Ganga Empire. The Origin of Eastern Ganga Dynasty History of Srikakulam (Kalinga) Coins of the Eastern Gangas Upinder Singh (2008). History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. 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Ambedkar Konaseema East Godavari Eluru Guntur Kakinada Krishna Kurnool Nandyal NTR Palnadu Parvathipuram Manyam Prakasam Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore Srikakulam Sri Sathya Sai Tirupati Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram West Godavari YSR Metropolis Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Cities Adoni Anantapur Bhimavaram Chilakaluripet Chittoor Dharmavaram Kadiri Eluru Gudivada Guntakal Guntur Hindupur Kadapa Kakinada Kurnool Machilipatnam Madanapalle Nandyal Narasaraopet Nellore Nuzvid Ongole Palakollu Proddatur Rajahmundry Srikakulam Tadepalligudem Tadipatri Tenali Tirupati Tuni Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Transport Airports Railways Roadways Seaports Tourism Dams Forts Lakes National parks Hindu temples Churches Wildlife sanctuaries Waterfalls History Satavahana dynasty Andhra Ikshvaku Ananda Gotrika Salankayana dynasty Vishnukundina dynasty Chalukya dynasty Pallava dynasty Eastern Chalukyas Western Chalukya Empire Rashtrakuta Empire Kakatiya dynasty Velanati Chodas Eastern Ganga dynasty Gajapati Empire Vijayanagara Empire Related lists List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh India portal vteMiddle kingdoms of India Timeline andcultural period Northwestern India(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu) Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain (Ganga-Yamuna doab) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period(Srauta culture)Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period(Shramanic culture)Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history  6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes) Assaka Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"Rise of Shramana movementsJainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history  5th century BCE (Persian conquests) Shaishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Assaka  4th century BCE (Greek conquests) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history  3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Satavahana dynastySangam period(300 BCE – 200 CE)Early CholasEarly Pandyan KingdomCheras Culture Preclassical Hinduism - "Hindu Synthesis" (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta TraditionMahayana Buddhism  2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga EmpireMaha-Meghavahana Dynasty Satavahana dynastySangam period(300 BCE – 200 CE)Early CholasEarly Pandyan KingdomCheras  1st century BCE  1st century CE Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kuninda Kingdom  2nd century Kushan Empire  3rd century Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Adivasi (tribes) Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. CE 320-650)PuranasCo-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism  4th century Kidarites Gupta EmpireVarman dynasty Andhra IkshvakusKalabhra dynastyKadamba DynastyWestern Ganga Dynasty  5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns VishnukundinaKalabhra dynasty  6th century Nezak HunsKabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) VishnukundinaBadami ChalukyasKalabhra dynasty Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. CE 650-1100)Advaita Vedanta - TantraDecline of Buddhism in India  7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynastyEmpire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Badami ChalukyasEastern ChalukyasPandyan Kingdom (Revival)Pallava  8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Eastern ChalukyasPandyan KingdomKalachuri  9th century Gurjara-Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynastyEastern ChalukyasPandyan KingdomMedieval CholasChera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynastyKamboja-Pala dynasty Kalyani ChalukyasEastern ChalukyasMedieval CholasChera Perumals of MakkotaiRashtrakuta References and sources for table References ^ Samuel ^ Samuel ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Michaels (2004) p.40 ^ Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
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The territory ruled by the dynasty consisted of the whole of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha, as well as major parts of north Andhra Pradesh, parts of Chhattisgarh[11] and some southern districts of West Bengal.[12] Odia language got official status in their regime following the evolution of the language from Odra Prakrit.[13][14] The early rulers of the dynasty ruled from Dantapuram; the capital was later moved to Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam), and ultimately to Kataka (modern Cuttack) and then to Paralakhemundi.[15][7]Today, they are most remembered as the builders of the world renowned Jagannath Temple of Puri and Konark Sun Temple situated in Odisha, as well as the Madhukeshwara temple of Mukhalingam, Nrusinghanath Temple at Simhachalam in erstwhile Kalinga and present-day Andhra Pradesh and Ananta Vasudeva Temple at Bhubaneswar. The Gangas have constructed several temples besides the ones stated above.The rulers of Eastern Ganga dynasty defended their kingdom from the constant attacks of the Muslim invaders. This kingdom prospered through trade and commerce and the wealth was mostly used in the construction of temples. The rule of the dynasty came to an end under the reign of King Bhanudeva IV (c. 1414–34), in the early 15th century and then Khemundi Ganga started ruling up to abolition of zamindari in modern India. The Eastern Ganga dynasty is said to be the longest reigning dynasty in Odisha.[16] Their currency was called Ganga Fanams and was similar to that of the Cholas and Eastern Chalukyas of southern India.[17]","title":"Eastern Ganga dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Brown_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Mukhalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhalingam"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"},{"link_name":"Badami Chalukya Temple Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_people"},{"link_name":"Trikalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikalinga"},{"link_name":"Gajapati 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Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Korni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korni"},{"link_name":"Vishakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Anangabhima III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangabhima_Deva_III"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri"},{"link_name":"Gangawadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mahendra mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Kolahalapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar"},{"link_name":"Gangawadivisaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Dynasty_(Western)"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"Savara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savara_language"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"John Faithfull Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Ganga Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar"},{"link_name":"Western Gangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Gangas"},{"link_name":"Mahabaleshwar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_Temple,_Gokarna"},{"link_name":"Gokarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"Gangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Dynasty_(Western)"},{"link_name":"Kadambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Vaijayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi"},{"link_name":"Palasige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halasi"},{"link_name":"Hangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangal"},{"link_name":"Jayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi"},{"link_name":"Nagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinganagara"},{"link_name":"Vaijayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi"},{"link_name":"Gokarna's Mahabaleshwar deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_Temple,_Gokarna"},{"link_name":"Dharwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharwad_district"},{"link_name":"Belagavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagavi_district"},{"link_name":"Ratnagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnagiri_district"},{"link_name":"Halasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halasi"},{"link_name":"Palasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palasa"},{"link_name":"Shaivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"Ikshavaku dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshavaku_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chandravamsa lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandravamsha"},{"link_name":"Solar Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Atri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atri"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Gangawadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Dynasty_(Western)"},{"link_name":"Trikalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikalinga"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"R. S. Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_people"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sambalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur"},{"link_name":"Ganjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjam_district"},{"link_name":"Parlakimidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralakhemundi"},{"link_name":"Kalyani Chalukya empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vikramaditya VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konarka_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konark Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple"},{"link_name":"Vishnukundina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bhauma-Kara dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sivakara Deva I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakara_Deva_I"},{"link_name":"Ganjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjam_district"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculptures_on_Sun_Temple,_Kon%C3%A2rak_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konark Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple"},{"link_name":"Somavanshi Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kalchuris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri"},{"link_name":"Virarajendra Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Ananatavarman Chodaganga Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"Utkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarh_region"},{"link_name":"Vengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sri Kurmam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Kurmam"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kalinganagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinganagara"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Chola dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"As per B. Masthanaiah, the origin of the Eastern Gangas is not clearly established. However, renowned British scholar, artist, art critic, historian, archaeologist, and an authority on Indian art and architecture, Percy Brown, suggested that the temples of Mukhalingam predated the temples of Bhubaneswar (this is unexplained as Bhubaneswar contains several temples predating Mukhalingam) and had been built as per the Badami Chalukya Temple Architecture originating from Karnataka since the 4th century CE and they were followed as a specimen model by the Odia craftsmen in constructing temples in their Trikalinga (Odisha) region during the reign of Eastern Gangas, Gajapati empire and later on. A certain temple tower in Odisha shows a combination of both Rekha and Pidha Deul decoration types which was taken from the Kadamba temples of Karnataka where it first appeared. The Mukhalingam (Kalinganagara) Madhukeswara (Mukhalingeswara) temple too resembles the Kadamba temples of Karnataka. The towns of Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal had emerged as 'The Cradle of Indian Temple Architecture and Hindu Rock Architecture, Stone Artwork and Construction Techniques' since the 4th century CE. The script used by the Eastern Ganga king Indravarma of the 7th century CE, like his predecessors, is the common Kannada-Telugu script used also by the Chalukyas of Badami and their related subordinate Vengi Chalukya branch. All these indicate a strong proof for the Eastern Gangas having originated from the earlier Western Gangas (established c. 350 CE) of Karnataka.[18]According to the historian Upinder Singh, In the 4th century CE, Orissa was divided into several small principalities, some of which owed allegiance to the Guptas. Dynasties such as the Pitribhaktas, Matharas, and Vasishthas rose to power in southern Orissa. The 5th century saw the rise of the Eastern Gangas in south Kalinga. These kings were probably a branch of the Western Gangas and were migrants from Karnataka.[19]South Asia1175 CEKARAKHANIDKHANATEQARA KHITAIGHURIDEMPIREKUMAONCHAULUKYASCHAHAMANASLATEGHAZNAVIDSPARAMARASWESTERNCHALUKYASKAKATIYASSHILA-HARASCHOLASCHERASPANDYASKADAMBASHOYSALASGAHADAVALASGUHILASKACHCHAPA-GHATASCHANDELASKALACHURIS(TRIPURI)KALACHURIS(RATNAPURA)SENASKARNATASNAGVANSISKAMARUPASEASTERNGANGASGUGEMARYULLOHA-RASSOOMRAEMIRATEMAKRANSULTANATEclass=notpageimage| The Eastern Gangas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the Ghurid Empire invasion of the subcontinent.[20][21]The Korni and Vishakhapatnam copper plates of 1113 AD and 1118/1119 AD respectively both of Anantavarman Chodaganga,[22] the Dasgoba copper plate of Rajaraja III of 1198/99 AD and the Nagari copperplate of Anangabhima III and other such records trace the ancestry of the Eastern Gangas to Kamarnava I. The Kendupatna copper plate of Narasimhadeva II and the Puri copper plate of Narasimhadeva IV also state that Kamarnava came from Gangawadi province, now in Karnataka. The Korni copper plate mentions that Kamarnava I came to the Mahendra mountain situated to the east of Gangawadi and then onwards to Kalinga. It also states that Kamarnava I, the eldest son of Virasimha, had left Kolahalapura (Kuvalalapura or Kolar), the capital of Gangawadivisaya (Western Ganga kingdom in southern Karnataka) after giving up his rightful throne to his paternal uncle. He set forth eastwards along with his four brothers to establish a new kingdom, reached and ascended the mountain summit of Mahendra, worshipped Shiva as God Gokarnaswamin or Gokarneswara, obtained the bull (Nandi) emblem, descended to the eastern side, defeated and killed the local tribal king Sabaraditya (Savaraditya) or Baladitya in battle and acquired the whole of Kalinga with the blessings of Gokarneswara.[23] Historian Bhairabi Prasad Sahu states that the Gangas after conquering the area south of Mahendragiri mountain around 498–500 CE, acknowledged a deity of the Saora (Savara or Sabara) tribe on the Mahendragiri mountain with the name of Shiva-Gokarnaswamin as the patron deity of their family.[24]Epigraphist, John Faithfull Fleet has identified Gangawadi and Kolahalapuram with the Ganga Dynasty (founded in 350 CE) and Kolar, ruled by the Western Gangas. Both the early and the later Eastern Ganga kings had close relations with the Eastern Kadambas, who functioned under them as chieftains, heads and provincial governors. Most of the early as well as the later Eastern Ganga kings of Kalinga worshipped the holy feet of Gokarneswara of Mahendragiri. This deity also has a strong Karnataka connection through the Mahabaleshwar Temple situated in Gokarna (Karnataka) which is the only Atmalinga of God Shiva in the entire world. The Eastern Kadamba family, feudatories of the Early Gangas in the 10th and early 11th century CE, were ruling a small area in the vicinity of the Mahendra mountain.[23][25]Historian Dineshwar Singh lists several facts that point to a relationship between the Eastern and the Western Gangas. Just as the Gangas and the Kadambas of Karnataka had marital relationship with each other, so were the Gangas and the Kadambas of Kalinga. The family God of the Kadambas of Vaijayanti (Banavasi), Palasige and Hangal (all in Karnataka) is described in their inscriptions as Jayanti (Vaijayanti) Madhukeshwara of Banavasi. Historian M. Somasekhara Sarma suggests that the Kadambas brought with them their family God Madhukeshwara into their new home Kalinga. It appears that Kamarnava II built the temple of Madhukeshwara in Nagara at the instance of one of his feudatories and relatives, the Eastern Kadambas. Historian G. R. Varma further suggests that the Eastern Ganga king Kamarnava II renovated the existing temple of Gokarneshwara before renaming it as Madhukeshwara. Historian R. Subba Rao states that the God Madhukeswara of Kalinganagara was also called Jayanteswara (based on Vaijayanti or Banavasi town) or Gokarneshwara (Gokarna's Mahabaleshwar deity) in some of the inscriptions found in that temple. Somasekhara Sarma states that the Eastern Kadambas probably came to Kalinga from the districts of Dharwad, Belagavi and Ratnagiri. He substantiates it by showing the presence of a village named as a crude distortion of the Kannada place name Palasige (Halasi or Palasi in Old Kannada), as Palasa (Palasika) in the Kalinga region. Most of the early Western Gangas were Shaivas, just like the early and the later Eastern Gangas of Kalinga were.[25]Also, while the bardic traditions of the Western Ganga dynasty claim descent from the Sun through the Ikshavaku dynasty, the Eastern Ganga genealogies ascribe descent from the Moon; the Chandravamsa lineage. Unlike the Western Ganga Dynasty who traced their lineage to the Solar Dynasty,[26] the Later Eastern Gangas claimed a lunar descent from Vishnu through Brahma, Atri and Chandra (moon).[27]Dineshwar Singh concludes that in spite of the views and arguments against a relationship between the two Ganga dynasties - the Western and the Eastern Gangas, the similarities listed out between them strongly indicate that the founder of the Eastern Ganga dynasty travelled from the Gangawadi province of Karnataka and arrived in Trikalinga.[25] Historians R. S. Sharma and K. M. Shrimali state that several ruling families of Kannada origin flourished and ruled Odisha like the Eastern Gangas, the Eastern Kadambas, the Rashtrakuta branch of Odisha which ruled from Vagharakotta fort probably in the Sambalpur region and the Tailapa-Vamsis (ruled around Ganjam and Parlakimidi) who migrated during or after 973 CE on the establishment of the Kalyani Chalukya empire and were their feudatories. Some suspect them to have come along with Vikramaditya VI's campaigns across north, central, east and north east India, sometime before 1063–68 CE.[28]Main Temple Structure, Konark Sun Temple.Five prominent dominions of the Kalingan Prachya Ganga family are identified from five different administrative centers namely – Kalinganagara (Srikakulam), Svetaka Mandala (Ganjam), Giri Kalinga (Simhapur), Ambabadi Mandala (Gunupur, Rayagada) and Vartanni Mandala (Hinjilikatu, Ganjam). The heartland of the Prachya Gangas had three parts of Kalinga namely, Daksina Kalinga (Pithapura), Madhya Kalinga (Yellamanchili Kalinga or Visakhapatnam) and Uttara Kalinga (districts of Srikakulam, Ganjam, Gajapati and Rayagada). The earliest known prominent king was Indravarman who is known from his Jirjingi copper plate grant. The Godavari grant of Raja Prthivimalla and the Ramatirtham grant of Vishnukundina king Indrbhattaraka refer to a war of four tusked elephants or Chaturdanta Samara in which Indravarman I the son of Mitavarman, a Ganga general of Vakataka king and a local ruler of Dantapura commanded an alliance of small South Kalingan kingdoms against the powerful Vishnukundina king Indrabhattaraka, defeated and killed him.[29] The Vishnukundins returned with a vengeance, defeated the Vakataka King and members of the alliance while Indravarman declared himself as Tri-Kalingadhipati (the lord of the three Kalingas) rising from obscurity and moving his capital northwards away from the attacking Vishnukundins. His son Hastivarman found himself stuck between two Gupta feudal dynasties of Odisha, the Vigrahas of South Toshali and Mudgalas. Joining the onslaught like his father, he commanded major battles against the Vigrahas and won territories in the northern parts of ancient Kalinga and declared himself as Sakala-Kalingadhipati (the ruler of whole Kalinga). The dynasty though remaining to be a strong ruling family in ancient Odisha and North Andhra Pradesh continued to remain as vassal rulers under the central authority of the Bhauma-Kara dynasty which is proven by the fact that a smaller Eastern Ganga king belonging to the clan and named as Jayavarmadeva mentioned himself as the vassal of Sivakara Deva I in his Ganjam grant and by whose permission he gave away the grants.Reliefs at the Konark Sun Temple.It was during the rule of Anantavarman Vajrahasta V in the mid eleventh century that the clan started emerging as a major military power challenging the authority of the Somavanshi Dynasty at their northern frontiers and allying with their arch rivals the Kalchuris. After a series of victories in battle and making land grants to three hundred Brahmin families in his kingdom, Vajrahasta V assumed the titles as Trikalingadhipati (lord of the three Kalingas) and Sakalakalingadhipati (lord of complete Kalinga) challenging the centralized authority of the Somavanshis and laying the foundation to an imperial era for the Eastern Gangas. In the later years of the century, Devendravarman Rajaraja I defeated the Somavanshi king Mahasivagupta Janmenjaya II completely while challenging the Cholas in battle, along with establishing authority in the Vengi region. The Cholas were defeated by Rajaraja I and Chola princess, Rajasundari, was married off to the Eastern Ganga king as a goodwill gesture for settlement of affairs between the Cholas and the Gangas.[30]The identification of the father of Rajasundari is a matter of great controversy and some scholars like K. A. Nilakanta Sastri identify the king as Virarajendra Chola.[31][32] After the sudden death of Rajaraja I, his underage sons Chodaganga Deva ascended the throne, losing the many parts of his ancestral kingdom to the Cholas who were now in an advantageous position. However, Ananatavarman Chodaganga Deva not only lived a young life of prolonged struggles and setbacks but finally managed to completely remove the Chola presence from the region and finally securing Utkala, Kalinga, Gauda, Radha and Vengi as one kingdom. While many of his inscriptions are found inside the limits of former Vengi kingdom, this large extent of his empire from Bengal to Vengi is clearly stated in his Korni grant inscriptions.[33][34] In the Sri Kurmam temple grant of Chodaganga, it is clearly stated that he has extended his territory from Bhagirathi Ganga to Gautami Ganga rivers which is literally the region between river Ganga and Godavari.[35] The only front where he faced setbacks is against his western rivals the Kalachuris where he was unsuccessful. His descendant Anangabhima Deva III gradually completed the task of defeating the Kalachuris completely. In his Korni copper plate grant he mentions himself to be the lord of 99,000 war elephants which while counting military strength according to the ancient Gulma system of military divisions, puts his strength to a million men and half a million animals employed to his command. Due to his maternal relation with the Cholas, a Chola uncle of Chodaganga by the name Virachoda had sided by him as a protective guardian against the invading Cholas since his childhood. Chodaganga was married to the daughter of this uncle and also had Tamil officers serving him during his lifelong affairs of war and administration.[36] Chodaganga Deva not only reunited most of ancient Kalinga stretching from the rivers Ganga to Godavari but led the foundation to the imperial hegemony of the Eastern Gangas in the Eastern coast of India. Chodaganga Deva was a strong king and was the son of Rajaraja Devendravarman and grandson of Vajrahasta Anantavarman of the Imperial Gangas of Kalinganagara.[37][38][39] His mother was princess Rajasundari of the Chola dynasty.[40]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PURI_JAGANATHA_TEMPLE,_PURI,_ORISSA,_INDIA,_ASIA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga_Deva"},{"link_name":"Mahameghavahana dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Vishnukundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnukundin"},{"link_name":"Mukhalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhalingam"},{"link_name":"Dantapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantapuram"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Utkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala"},{"link_name":"Mukhalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhalingam"},{"link_name":"Srikakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikakulam"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen-41"},{"link_name":"Chalukyas of Vengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Mukhalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhalingam"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen-41"}],"text":"Jagannath Temple at Puri, built by Maharaja Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva.After the fall of Mahameghavahana dynasty, Kalinga was divided into different kingdoms under feudatory chiefs. Each of these chiefs bore the title Kalingadhipathi (Lord of Kalinga). The beginnings of what became the Eastern Ganga dynasty came about when Indravarma I defeated the Vishnukundin king, Indrabhattaraka and established his rule over the region with Kalinganagara (or Mukhalingam) as his capital, and Dantapuram as a secondary capital. The Ganga kings assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely Kalinga proper (South), Utkala (North), and Dakshina Kosala (West)).Mukhalingam near Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh bordering Odisha has been identified as Kalinganagara, the capital of the early Eastern Gangas.[41]After the decline of the early Eastern Gangas reign, the Chalukyas of Vengi took control of the region. The first monarch of the dynasty Vajrahastha Aniyakabhima I (980-1015 A.D), took advantage of the internal strife and revived the power of the Ganga dynasty. It was during their rule that Shaivism took precedence over Buddhism and Jainism. The magnificent Srimukhalingam Temple at Mukhalingam was built during this period.In the 11th century, the Cholas brought the Ganga Kingdom under their rule with the sudden death of Devendravarman Rajraja I.[41] His son Chodaganga Deva who ascended the throne at the age of five under the protection provide by one of his maternal uncles from the Chola family had to overcome multiple obstacles before securing Kalinga, Vengi, Utkala, Odra and parts of Bengal as one kingdom.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"Chalukyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-11"}],"sub_title":"Intermarriage","text":"The Eastern Gangas were known to have intermarried with the Cholas, Chalukyas.[11] The early state of the dynasty may have started from the early 5th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ananta_Basudeba_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ananta Vasudeva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Virarajendra Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola"},{"link_name":"Ganges River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_River"},{"link_name":"Godavari River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen-41"},{"link_name":"Kalingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Utkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Koshala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Odisha"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-india1-42"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple_(Puri)"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-india1-42"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodagangadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"Narasingha Deva I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasingha_Deva_I"},{"link_name":"Ghurid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Khalji dynasty of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Orissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa"},{"link_name":"Narasimhadeva I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhadeva_I"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)"},{"link_name":"Gauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_region"},{"link_name":"Kapilash Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapilash_Temple"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Firuz Shah Tughlaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen2-44"},{"link_name":"Musunuri Nayaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musunuri_Nayaks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kapilendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapilendra_Deva"},{"link_name":"Suryavamsha dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Chodaganga dynasty","text":"Ananta Vasudeva Temple inscriptionThe dynasty, towards the end of eleventh century came to be known as Chodaganga dynasty after its founder Anantavarman Chodaganga. He was the son of Rajaraja Deva, the ruler of Kalinga kingdom centered around the region of Southern Odisha and northern Andhra coast, while his mother was the Chola princess, Rajasundari, daughter of the Chola emperor Virarajendra Chola.He is believed to have ruled from the Ganges River in the north to the Godavari River in the south, thus laying the foundation of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Also during his rule, the great Jagannath Temple at Puri was built.[41] He assumed the title of Trikalingadhipathi (ruler of the three Kalingas which comprise Kalinga proper, Utkala north and Koshala west) in 1076 CE, resulting in him being the first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga.[42]Anantavarman was a religious person as well as a patron of art and literature. He is credited for having built the famous Jagannath Temple of Puri in Odisha.[42] King Anantavarman Chodagangadeva was succeeded by a long line of illustrious rulers such as Narasingha Deva I (1238–1264).Rajaraja III ascended the throne in 1198 and did nothing to resist the Ghurid Empire Muslims of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal, who invaded Orissa in 1206. Rajaraja's son Anangabhima III, however, repulsed the Muslims and built the temple of Megheswara at Bhuvaneshvara.Narasimhadeva I, the son of Anangabhima, invaded southern Bengal in 1243, defeated its Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, captured the capital (Gauda), and built the Sun Temple at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I was also the first king to use the title of \"Gajapati\" or \"Lord of war elephants\" or \"King with an army of elephants\" among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the Kapilash Temple.[43]With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline; the sultan of Delhi, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, invaded Odisha between 1353 and 1358, and levied tribute on the Ganga king.[44] The Musunuri Nayaks[citation needed] defeated the Odishan powers in 1356. Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The \"mad king,\" Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsha dynasty in 1434–35.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Indravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indravarman_I_(Ganga_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-govt-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mirashi_1975_138-47"}],"text":"The following is the list of Eastern Ganga rulers:[45]Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He is known from the Jirjingi Copper Plate Grant.[46][47]","title":"List of rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vakataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Indravarman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indravarman_I_(Ganga_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suryanarayan_Das-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suryanarayan_Das-48"}],"sub_title":"Kalinga Rulers (c. 498 – 1077 CE)","text":"Mittavarman (c. ??–498 CE)(Eastern Ganga king, feudal under Vakataka rule)Indravarman I (c. 498–537)[48] (Real founder of dynasty)\nSamantavarman (c. 537–562)\nHastivarman (c. 562–578)\nIndravarman II (c. 578–589)\nDanarnava (c. 589–652)\nIndravarman III (c. 652–682)\nGunarnava (c. 682–730)\nDevendravarman I (c. 730–780)\nAnantavarman III (c. 780–812)\nRajendravarman II (c. 812–840)\nDevendravarman V (c. 840–895)\nGunamaharnava I (c. 895–910)\nVajrahasta II (or Anangabhimadeva I) (c. 910–939)\nGundama – I (c. 939–942)\nKamarnava I (c. 942–977)\nVinayaditya (c. 977–980)\nVajrahasta IV (c. 980–1015)\nKamarnava II (c. 1015, 6 months)\nGundama II (c. 1015–1018)\nMadhukamarnava (c. 1018–1038)\nVajrahasta V (c. 1038–1070)\nRajaraja Deva I (c. 1070–1077)[48]","title":"List of rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loving_Couple_(Mithuna)_13th_century,_Eastern_Ganga_Dynasty,_Orissa,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anantavarman Chodaganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantavarman_Chodaganga"},{"link_name":"Anangabhima Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangabhima_III"},{"link_name":"Narasimha Deva I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhadeva_I"}],"sub_title":"Trikalinga Rulers (c. 1077 – 1434 CE)","text":"Loving Couple (Mithuna) 13th century, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Orissa, IndiaAnantavarman Chodaganga (c. 1077–1150)\nKamarnnava Deva (c. 1150–1156)\nRaghava Deva (c. 1156–1170)\nRajaraja Deva II (c. 1170–1190)\nAnangabhima Deva II (c. 1190–1198)\nRajraja Deva III (c. 1198–1211)\nAnangabhima Deva III (c. 1211–1238)\nNarasimha Deva I (1238–1264)\nBhanu Deva I (1264–1278)\nNarasimha Deva II (1279–1306)\nBhanu Deva II (1306–1328)\nNarasimha Deva III (1328–1352)\nBhanu Deva III (1352–1378)\nNarasimha Deva IV (1378–1425)\nBhanu Deva IV (1425–1434) (Last ruler of dynasty)","title":"List of rulers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anka year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anka_year"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Odia calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_calendar"},{"link_name":"House of Gajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gajapati"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold_Fanams-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chodaganga-50"}],"text":"The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the kings of the Eastern Ganga dynasty for dating their reigns. It has a number of unique features that calculates the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia calendar (panjis) and the regnal year is marked by the titular reign of the current Gajapati Maharaja of the House of Gajapati at Puri.[49][50]","title":"Regnal year system (Anka year)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Ganga_Fanam.jpg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNIS1978-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Ganga_coinage_numerals.png"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold_Fanams-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chodaganga-50"}],"text":"A Fanam (Coin) of Eastern Ganga Dynasty[51]The Eastern Ganga coinage consisted of gold fanams. The obverse typically depicts a couchant bull along with other symbols. The reverse features a symbol which represents the letter sa (for samvat, which means year) flanked by elephant goads or an elephant goad with a battle axe, along with a number below, which depicts the regnal year(anka year) of the reigning monarch. Some coins also carry the legend śrī rāma on the reverse above the letter sa.Eastern Ganga coinage numeralsAn interesting aspect of the Eastern Ganga coin dates is that these coins may be the earliest Hindu coins using decimal numbers for dating. Earlier dated coins, such as those of the Western Satraps, the Guptas etc., used the old Brahmic numbering system with separate symbols representing each of the single digits, separate symbols representing two-digit multiples of ten, such as 20, 30, 40, and so on, and further separate symbols representing three-digit numbers such as 100, 200, etc. Thus a number like 123 was written as 100-20-3. But the Eastern Ganga coins were written using the symbols for the single digits, with the position of the number indicating the value such as tens or hundreds, thus effectively using the Zero-place holder system.[49][50]","title":"Coinage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"massacre of Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate#Battles_and_massacres"},{"link_name":"plundering of cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate#Cities"},{"link_name":"desecration and destruction of temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate#Desecration"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glimpses_Of_Kalinga_History-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glimpses_Of_Kalinga_History-52"},{"link_name":"Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_architecture"},{"link_name":"Hindu architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_architecture"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"By successfully defeating the invasion attempts of Muslim invaders, the Eastern Ganga Empire is attributed to have served as the conservatory of the Hindu religion, art and culture at a time when India's indigenous civilization was endangered through the large scale massacre of Hindus, plundering of cities, desecration and destruction of temples and forcible conversions of the Hindu populace.[52] The Ganga Empire also harbored the fleeing culture and art from other parts of India.[52]The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of religion and the arts, and the temples of the Ganga period rank among the masterpieces of Kalinga and Hindu architecture.[53]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Early Gangas\nImperial Gangas\nParalakhemundi branch\nBadakhemundi branch\nHindol branch\nSanakhemundi branch\nBamanda branch\nGangas of Svetaka Mandala\nChikiti branch","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paralakhemundi state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralakhemundi_state"},{"link_name":"Gajapati district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_district"},{"link_name":"Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannatha_Gajapati_Narayana_Deo_II"},{"link_name":"Krushna Chandra Gajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krushna_Chandra_Gajapati"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Gopinath Gajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopinath_Gajapati"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"10th Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Berhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Kalyani Gajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyani_Gajapati"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Paralakhemundi branch","text":"A branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty survived as the kings of the Paralakhemundi state, currently part of the Gajapati district, Odisha. It was established in 14th century when Narashingha Deba, a son of the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanudeva II established the Khemudi kingdom. Scions of this line include,Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (Reign: 1751 CE – 1771 CE)- who ascended to the throne at a time when Odisha was torn apart due conflicts between external powers like the Mughals, Marathas, French and British for control of the territory in 18th century.\nKrushna Chandra Gajapati (Reign as Maharaja of Paralakhemundi: 26 April 1913 – 25 May 1974)- who was a key personality and regarded as the architect of an Independent united Odisha State and went on to become the first Prime Minister of Orissa province formed in 1936. Prime Minister in office from 1 April 1937 to 19 July 1937 and 2nd time from 29 November 1941 to 29 June 1944. The present-day Gajapati District of Odisha which was earlier a part of the historic Ganjam district was named after him.[54][55][56]\nGopinath Gajapati (Titular Maharaja: 25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020)- served as the member of the 9th and 10th Lok Sabha of India and represented the Berhampur constituency of Odisha.\nKalyani Gajapati (Titular Maharani since 10 January 2020)- current head of the dynasty.[57][58]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paralakhemundi Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralakhemundi_state"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi branch","text":"This line descends from the Paralakhemundi Ganga branch. In 16th century, the Raja of Parlakhemundi, Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba granted parts of the Khimedi areas to his son Ananga Kesari Ramachandra Deba, whose descendants in turn divided the zamindari into two branches- Badakhemundi and Sanakhemundi.[59][60]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badakhemundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedda_Khimedi"},{"link_name":"Ganjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganjam"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henige2004-62"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"}],"sub_title":"Hindol branch","text":"The Hindol princely state was established in 1554 by two brothers, Chandradeva Jenamani and Udhavadeva Jenamani belonging to the family of the Badakhemundi Raja of Ganjam.[61][62] The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947.","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramai Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramai_Deva"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"}],"sub_title":"Bamanda branch","text":"The Bamra kingdom was established by Saraju Gangadeb who was the son of the local Eastern Ganga administrator of Patna region Hattahamir Deb, who was the son of Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva II. Hattahamir Deb was overthrown in 1360 CE by Ramai Deva of the Chauhan dynasty who led the foundation of Patna state, while the tribal chieftains installed Saraju Gangadeb as the ruler of Bamanda region. This laid the foundation of the Bamanda branch of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.[63] The kingdom acceded to India and merged into the state of Odisha following independence in 1947.","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Chikiti branch","text":"This branch were the descendants of the ancient branch of Svetaka mandala of the Early Gangas which became the Chikiti zamindari. Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman.[64][65]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ananta_Basudeba_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ananta Vasudeva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_Vasudeva_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Temple_in_Sri_Mukhalingam_temple_complex.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konark Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple"},{"link_name":"Konark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa,_India"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen-41"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Stone_carved_throne_in_the_backyard_of_Simhachalam_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Simhachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhachalam"}],"text":"13th century temple inscription of Ananta Vasudeva Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Temple in Sri Mukhalingam temple complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKonark Sun Temple at Konark, Odisha, built by King Narasinghadeva I (1238–1264),[41] it is now a World Heritage Site.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Stone carved throne at Simhachalam temple","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Main Temple Structure, Konark Sun Temple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Konarka_Temple.jpg/330px-Konarka_Temple.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reliefs at the Konark Sun Temple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sculptures_on_Sun_Temple%2C_Kon%C3%A2rak_03.jpg/220px-Sculptures_on_Sun_Temple%2C_Kon%C3%A2rak_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jagannath Temple at Puri, built by Maharaja Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PURI_JAGANATHA_TEMPLE%2C_PURI%2C_ORISSA%2C_INDIA%2C_ASIA.jpg/250px-PURI_JAGANATHA_TEMPLE%2C_PURI%2C_ORISSA%2C_INDIA%2C_ASIA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ananta Vasudeva Temple inscription","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ananta_Basudeba_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_19.jpg/220px-Ananta_Basudeba_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_19.jpg"},{"image_text":"Loving Couple (Mithuna) 13th century, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Orissa, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Loving_Couple_%28Mithuna%29_13th_century%2C_Eastern_Ganga_Dynasty%2C_Orissa%2C_India.jpg/220px-Loving_Couple_%28Mithuna%29_13th_century%2C_Eastern_Ganga_Dynasty%2C_Orissa%2C_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Fanam (Coin) of Eastern Ganga Dynasty[51]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eastern_Ganga_Fanam.jpg/300px-Eastern_Ganga_Fanam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern Ganga coinage numerals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eastern_Ganga_coinage_numerals.png/220px-Eastern_Ganga_coinage_numerals.png"}]
[{"title":"List of rulers of Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Odisha"}]
[{"reference":"Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (d). ISBN 0-226-74221-0. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185","url_text":"A Historical atlas of South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-74221-0","url_text":"0-226-74221-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tripathī, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 19. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script"}]},{"reference":"Mansinha, Mayadhar (1962). History of Oriya Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 50. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ&q=mayadhar%20mansingh%20history%20of%20odia%20literature","url_text":"History of Oriya Literature"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523003200/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ&q=mayadhar%20mansingh%20history%20of%20odia%20literature","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"R. Subbarao (1957). \"The Later Gaṅga Kings of Kaliṅga\". In R. S. Sharma; K. M. Shrimali (eds.). A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206. People's Publishing House. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Clarke
Edmund M. Clarke
["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Professional recognition","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American computer scientist (1945–2020) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Edmund M. ClarkeBornEdmund Melson Clarke, Jr.(1945-07-27)July 27, 1945Newport News, Virginia, U.S.DiedDecember 22, 2020(2020-12-22) (aged 75)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Alma materCornell UniversityKnown forModel checkingAwardsA.M. Turing AwardScientific careerFieldsComputer scienceInstitutionsCarnegie Mellon UniversityThesis Completeness and Incompleteness Theorems for Hoare-Like Axiom Systems  (1976)Doctoral advisorRobert Lee ConstableDoctoral students E. Allen Emerson Bhubaneswar Mishra David L. Dill Kenneth L. McMillan Websitewww.cs.cmu.edu/~emc Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. (July 27, 1945 – December 22, 2020) was an American computer scientist and academic noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. He was the FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Clarke, along with E. Allen Emerson and Joseph Sifakis, received the 2007 ACM Turing Award. Biography Born in Newport News, Virginia, Clarke received a B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1967, an M.A. degree in mathematics from Duke University, Durham NC, in 1968, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Cornell University, Ithaca NY in 1976. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught in the Department of Computer Science at Duke University, for two years. In 1978, he moved to Harvard University, Cambridge, MA where he was an assistant professor of Computer Science in the Division of Applied Sciences. He left Harvard in 1982 to join the faculty in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. He was appointed Full Professor in 1989. In 1995, he became the first recipient of the FORE Systems Professorship, an endowed chair in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. He became a University Professor in 2008 and became an emeritus professor in 2015. He died from COVID-19 in December 2020, at age 75, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania. Work Clarke's interests included software and hardware verification and automatic theorem proving. In his Ph.D. thesis he proved that certain programming language control structures did not have good Hoare-style proof systems. In 1981 he and his Ph.D. student E. Allen Emerson first proposed the use of model checking as a verification technique for finite-state concurrent systems. His research group pioneered the use of model checking for hardware verification. Symbolic model checking using binary decision diagrams was also developed by his group. This important technique was the subject of Kenneth McMillan's Ph.D. thesis, which received an ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award. In addition, his research group developed the first parallel resolution theorem prover (Parthenon) and the first theorem prover to be based on a symbolic computation system (Analytica). In 2009, he led the creation of the Computational Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems (CMACS) center, funded by the National Science Foundation. This center has a team of researchers, spanning multiple universities, applying abstract interpretation and model checking to biological and embedded systems. Professional recognition Clarke was a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE. He received a Technical Excellence Award from the Semiconductor Research Corporation in 1995 and an Allen Newell Award for Excellence in Research from the Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Department in 1999. He was a co-winner along with Randal Bryant, E. Allen Emerson, and Kenneth McMillan of the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award in 1999 for the development of symbolic model checking. In 2004 he received the IEEE Computer Society Harry H. Goode Memorial Award for significant and pioneering contributions to formal verification of hardware and software systems, and for the profound impact these contributions have had on the electronics industry. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for contributions to the formal verification of hardware and software correctness. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011. He received the Herbrand Award in 2008 in "recognition of his role in the invention of model checking and his sustained leadership in the area for more than two decades." In 2012, he received an honorary doctorate from TU Wien for his outstanding contributions to the field of informatics. He received the 2014 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science from the Franklin Institute for "his leading role in the conception and development of techniques for automatically verifying the correctness of a broad array of computer systems, including those found in transportation, communications, and medicine." He was a member of Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa. See also List of pioneers in computer science References ^ Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. ^ "Edmund M. Clarke". Cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ James S. Clarke (December 23, 2020). "My father, Edmund M Clarke, passed away from Covid today. " (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Edmund Clarke Pioneered Methods For Detecting Software, Hardware Errors | Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science". Cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved 24 December 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmund M. Clarke. Edmund M. Clarke at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Home page at Carnegie Mellon University Online biography from home page Turing Award announcement Model Checking book CMACS home page Edmund M. Clarke publications indexed by Microsoft Academic vteWinners of the Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award Adleman, Diffie, Hellman, Merkle, Rivest, Shamir (1996) Lempel, Ziv (1997) Bryant, Clarke, Emerson, McMillan (1998) Sleator, Tarjan (1999) Karmarkar (2000) Myers (2001) Franaszek (2002) Miller, Rabin, Solovay, Strassen (2003) Freund, Schapire (2004) Holzmann, Kurshan, Vardi, Wolper (2005) Brayton (2006) Buchberger (2007) Cortes, Vapnik (2008) Bellare, Rogaway (2009) Mehlhorn (2010) Samet (2011) Broder, Charikar, Indyk (2012) Blumofe, Leiserson (2013) Demmel (2014) Luby (2015) Fiat, Naor (2016) Shenker (2017) Pevzner (2018) Alon, Gibbons, Matias, Szegedy (2019) Azar, Broder, Karlin, Mitzenmacher, Upfal (2020) Blum, Dinur, Dwork, McSherry, Nissim, Smith (2021) Burrows, Ferragina, Manzini (2022) vteA. M. Turing Award laureates1960s Alan Perlis (1966) Maurice Vincent Wilkes (1967) Richard Hamming (1968) Marvin Minsky (1969) 1970s James H. Wilkinson (1970) John McCarthy (1971) Edsger W. Dijkstra (1972) Charles Bachman (1973) Donald Knuth (1974) Allen Newell; Herbert A. Simon (1975) Michael O. Rabin; Dana Scott (1976) John Backus (1977) Robert W. Floyd (1978) Kenneth E. Iverson (1979) 1980s Tony Hoare (1980) Edgar F. Codd (1981) Stephen Cook (1982) Ken Thompson; Dennis Ritchie (1983) Niklaus Wirth (1984) Richard Karp (1985) John Hopcroft; Robert Tarjan (1986) John Cocke (1987) Ivan Sutherland (1988) William Kahan (1989) 1990s Fernando J. Corbató (1990) Robin Milner (1991) Butler Lampson (1992) Juris Hartmanis; Richard E. Stearns (1993) Edward Feigenbaum; Raj Reddy (1994) Manuel Blum (1995) Amir Pnueli (1996) Douglas Engelbart (1997) Jim Gray (1998) Fred Brooks (1999) 2000s Andrew Yao (2000) Ole-Johan Dahl; Kristen Nygaard (2001) Ron Rivest; Adi Shamir; Leonard Adleman (2002) Alan Kay (2003) Vint Cerf; Bob Kahn (2004) Peter Naur (2005) Frances Allen (2006) Edmund M. Clarke; E. Allen Emerson; Joseph Sifakis (2007) Barbara Liskov (2008) Charles P. Thacker (2009) 2010s Leslie G. Valiant (2010) Judea Pearl (2011) Shafi Goldwasser; Silvio Micali (2012) Leslie Lamport (2013) Michael Stonebraker (2014) Martin Hellman; Whitfield Diffie (2015) Tim Berners-Lee (2016) John L. Hennessy; David Patterson (2017) Yoshua Bengio; Geoffrey Hinton; Yann LeCun (2018) Ed Catmull; Pat Hanrahan (2019) 2020s Alfred Aho; Jeffrey Ullman (2020) Jack Dongarra (2021) Robert Metcalfe (2022) Avi Wigderson (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project Scopus zbMATH Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_checking"},{"link_name":"formally verifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_verification"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"FORE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORE_Systems"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"E. Allen Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sifakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis"},{"link_name":"ACM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"Turing Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award"}],"text":"Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. (July 27, 1945 – December 22, 2020) was an American computer scientist and academic noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. He was the FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Clarke, along with E. Allen Emerson and Joseph Sifakis, received the 2007 ACM Turing Award.","title":"Edmund M. Clarke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport News, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Durham NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Ithaca NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Division of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Division_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"FORE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORE_Systems"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born in Newport News, Virginia, Clarke received a B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1967, an M.A. degree in mathematics from Duke University, Durham NC, in 1968, and a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Cornell University, Ithaca NY in 1976. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught in the Department of Computer Science at Duke University, for two years. In 1978, he moved to Harvard University, Cambridge, MA where he was an assistant professor of Computer Science in the Division of Applied Sciences. He left Harvard in 1982 to join the faculty in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. He was appointed Full Professor in 1989. In 1995, he became the first recipient of the FORE Systems Professorship, an endowed chair in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. He became a University Professor in 2008 and became an emeritus professor in 2015.[2]He died from COVID-19 in December 2020, at age 75, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation"},{"link_name":"automatic theorem proving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_theorem_proving"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"Hoare-style proof systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoare_logic"},{"link_name":"E. Allen Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson"},{"link_name":"model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_checking"},{"link_name":"finite-state concurrent systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_state_machine"},{"link_name":"model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_checking"},{"link_name":"hardware verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_verification"},{"link_name":"model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_checking"},{"link_name":"binary decision diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_decision_diagrams"},{"link_name":"ACM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"Dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation"},{"link_name":"theorem prover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_prover"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"abstract interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation"},{"link_name":"model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_checking"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"}],"text":"Clarke's interests included software and hardware verification and automatic theorem proving. In his Ph.D. thesis he proved that certain programming language control structures did not have good Hoare-style proof systems. In 1981 he and his Ph.D. student E. Allen Emerson first proposed the use of model checking as a verification technique for finite-state concurrent systems. His research group pioneered the use of model checking for hardware verification. Symbolic model checking using binary decision diagrams was also developed by his group. This important technique was the subject of Kenneth McMillan's Ph.D. thesis, which received an ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award. In addition, his research group developed the first parallel resolution theorem prover (Parthenon) and the first theorem prover to be based on a symbolic computation system (Analytica). In 2009, he led the creation of the Computational Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems (CMACS) center, funded by the National Science Foundation. This center has a team of researchers, spanning multiple universities, applying abstract interpretation and model checking to biological and embedded systems.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"ACM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Research_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Allen Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"Randal Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Bryant"},{"link_name":"E. Allen Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Kenneth McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_McMillan_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ACM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"Paris Kanellakis Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Kanellakis_Award"},{"link_name":"symbolic model checking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_model_checking"},{"link_name":"IEEE Computer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society"},{"link_name":"Harry H. Goode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Goode"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Herbrand Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbrand_Award"},{"link_name":"received an honorary doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//informatics.tuwien.ac.at/news/574"},{"link_name":"TU Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TU_Wien"},{"link_name":"Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bower_Award_and_Prize_for_Achievement_in_Science"},{"link_name":"Franklin Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute"},{"link_name":"Sigma Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"}],"text":"Clarke was a fellow of the ACM and the IEEE. He received a Technical Excellence Award from the Semiconductor Research Corporation in 1995 and an Allen Newell Award for Excellence in Research from the Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Department in 1999. He was a co-winner along with Randal Bryant, E. Allen Emerson, and Kenneth McMillan of the ACM Paris Kanellakis Award in 1999 for the development of symbolic model checking. In 2004 he received the IEEE Computer Society Harry H. Goode Memorial Award for significant and pioneering contributions to formal verification of hardware and software systems, and for the profound impact these contributions have had on the electronics industry. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for contributions to the formal verification of hardware and software correctness. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011. He received the Herbrand Award in 2008 in \"recognition of his role in the invention of model checking and his sustained leadership in the area for more than two decades.\" In 2012, he received an honorary doctorate from TU Wien for his outstanding contributions to the field of informatics. He received the 2014 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science from the Franklin Institute for \"his leading role in the conception and development of techniques for automatically verifying the correctness of a broad array of computer systems, including those found in transportation, communications, and medicine.\" He was a member of Sigma Xi and Phi Beta Kappa.","title":"Professional recognition"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of pioneers in computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes
Ohio State Buckeyes
["1 Sports sponsored","1.1 Baseball","1.2 Men's basketball","1.3 Women's basketball","1.4 Fencing","1.5 Football","1.6 Golf","1.7 Men's gymnastics","1.8 Ice hockey","1.9 Lacrosse","1.10 Volleyball","1.11 Rifle","1.12 Softball","1.13 Synchronized swimming","1.14 Tennis","1.15 Wrestling","2 Olympians and track","3 Club sports","3.1 Basketball","3.2 Football","3.3 Rugby","3.4 Tennis","3.5 Water Polo","4 Championships","4.1 NCAA team championships","4.2 Other national team championships","5 Big Ten regular-season championships","5.1 Men's","5.2 Women's","6 Media","7 The Ohio State University Marching Band","8 School colors","9 Pageantry","10 References","11 External links"]
Intercollegiate sports teams of The Ohio State University Athletic teams representing Ohio State University Ohio State BuckeyesUniversityOhio State UniversityConferenceBig Ten (primary)WCHA (women's ice hockey)MIVA (men's volleyball)CCFC (fencing)Patriot Rifle Conference (rifle)NCAADivision I (FBS)Athletic directorGene SmithLocationColumbus, OhioVarsity teams33 (15 men's, 16 women's, 2 co-ed)Football stadiumOhio StadiumBasketball arenaValue City ArenaBaseball stadiumBill Davis StadiumOther venuesCovelli CenterJesse Owens Memorial StadiumThe Ohio State University Ice RinkSt. John ArenaMascotBrutus BuckeyeNicknameBuckeyesFight songBuckeye Battle CryColorsScarlet and gray   Websiteohiostatebuckeyes.com Big Ten logo in Ohio State's colors The Ohio State Buckeyes are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Ohio State University, located in Columbus, Ohio. The athletic programs are named after the colloquial term for people from the state of Ohio and after the state tree, the Ohio buckeye. The Buckeyes participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I in all sports and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. The Ohio State women's ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). The school colors are scarlet and gray. The university's mascot is Brutus Buckeye. "THE" is the official trademark of the Ohio State University merchandise. Led by its gridiron program, the Buckeyes have the largest overall sports endowment of any campus in North America. Ohio State is one of only seven universities to have won an NCAA national championship in baseball and men's basketball, and be recognized as a national champion in football. Ohio State has also won national championships in women's ice hockey, men's swimming & diving, men's outdoor track & field, men's volleyball, men's golf, men's gymnastics, men's fencing, women's rowing, co-ed fencing, co-ed and women's pistol, synchronized swimming, and wrestling. Since the inception of the Athletic Director's Cup, Ohio State has finished in the top 25 each year, including top 6 finishes in three of the last five years. During the 2005–06 school year Ohio State became the first Big Ten team to win conference championships in football, men's basketball and women's basketball in the same season. This feat repeated in the 2006–07 season, which also included a February 25, 2007 men's basketball game which saw the Buckeyes defeat the Wisconsin Badgers in the Big Ten's first basketball game between the number one and number two ranked squads in the nation. A few of the many outstanding sports figures who were student athletes at Ohio State include Jesse Owens, "The Buckeye Bullet" (track and field), John Havlicek, Jerry Lucas, and Katie Smith (basketball), Frank Howard (baseball), Jack Nicklaus (golf), Archie Griffin (football running back, the only two-time Heisman Trophy winner), and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back). Hall of Fame coaches at Ohio State have included Paul Brown and Woody Hayes (football), Fred Taylor (men's basketball). Notable sports figures in Ohio State history may be inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. Sports sponsored Men's sports Women's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Fencing Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Golf Gymnastics Gymnastics Ice hockey Ice hockey Lacrosse Lacrosse Rowing Soccer Soccer Swimming and diving Softball Tennis Swimming and diving Track and field† Synchronized swimming Volleyball Tennis Wrestling Track and field† Volleyball Co-ed sports Pistol — Rifle † – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor Baseball Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes baseball Buckeyes baseball players before a 2009 game Ohio State has played baseball since 1881, winning a national championship in 1966 along with 16 Big Ten regular-season titles and eight Big Ten tournament titles. The Buckeyes baseball team was the first Ohio State sports team. The team is currently coached by Greg Beals and play their home games at Bill Davis Stadium, which opened in 1997. Going into the 2008 season the Buckeyes all-time record is 2228-1427-38. Notable alumni include Frank Howard, Nick Swisher and two time All-American Steve Arlin. Men's basketball Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball The Ohio State men's basketball team has played in 10 NCAA Final Fours, winning the championship in 1960, when they were led by Basketball Hall of Famers Jerry Lucas, John Havlicek, and Bob Knight off the bench. A Buckeye has been named first team All-American 23 times, including five two-time All-Americans and one three-time All-American. Between 1960 and 1964, Ohio State won five consecutive Big Ten championships, an achievement that has yet to be matched. Ohio State Men's basketball game at Value City Arena in the Jerome Schottenstein Center In 2004, Ohio State fired men's basketball coach Jim O'Brien for recruiting violations and self-imposed a one-year penalty, including a ban on post-season play and reduction of scholarships. In light of these University self-imposed penalties, the NCAA Division I Committee on infractions merely placed Ohio State on three years probation for the violations, and gave heavier penalties to Coach O'Brien and a former assistant coach. The lightness of this judgment was seen as encouragement for schools to be proactive in responding to violations. Nevertheless, O'Brien successfully sued Ohio State for improper termination. Thad Matta took over O'Brien's spot in 2004. Ohio State recruited such talents as Greg Oden, and Mike Conley Jr. to start the 2006-2007 year. The Buckeyes finished the season with a 27–3 record; won the Big Ten tournament, and earned a number 1 seed for the NCAA tournament. After a very close game with state rival Xavier, and a thrilling 20 point come from behind victory against the Tennessee Volunteers, the Buckeyes managed to hold off Georgetown Hoyas 67–60 to reach the Championship Game for the first time since 1962, which they lost to defending NCAA champions Florida Gators, 84–75. Following years saw continued success for the Buckeyes. They won the Big Ten Championship in both the 2009-2010 and 2010–2011 season, and reached the Final Four in 2011-2012 before losing to Kansas. The Buckeyes reached the Elite Eight in 2012–2013, losing to Wichita State. 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 both saw early exits from the NCAA tournament. Women's basketball Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball Currently coached by Kevin McGuff, the Ohio State women's basketball team plays its home games in the Value City Arena, which they moved into in 1998. Prior to 1998, they played at St. John Arena. They have won 10 Big Ten titles, which is the most in the conference and have 14 appearances in the NCAA tournament, the most recent being in 2016. In 1993 they lost to the Texas Tech Lady Raiders 84-82 for the NCAA championship, while they captured the NIT championship in 2001, beating the New Mexico Lobos 62–61. Notable alumni include former All-Americans Katie Smith and Jessica Davenport. Fencing Ohio State won its first title in 1942, when the NCAA had only men's fencing. Ohio State won the NCAA championships in fencing in both men's and women's fencing, combined, in 2004, 2008 and 2012. Israeli Boaz Ellis won the NCAA title in men's foil in 2004, 2005 and 2006 for Ohio State, the first NCAA foil fencer to win three individual NCAA titles since 1963. In April 2022, the NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions panel, upon the conclusion of an investigation, found that the fencing team's head coach Vladimir Nazlymov had violated NCAA head coach responsibility rules, and was guilty of aggravated level I violations. Further, he violated ethical conduct rules, by ignoring several requests that had been made to him to cooperate with the NCAA investigation. The panel found that: "The head fencing coach violated fundamental, well-known bylaws. Worse, the head fencing coach received relevant education on the exact areas of the violations as they were occurring, but continued to commit the same violations and, in some circumstances, concealed them from compliance staff." The NCAA said Nazlymov arranged, provided, or directed other coaches to give more than $6,000 in recruiting inducements to three fencers. Two of the prospects also received free meals and free private lessons from Nazylmov, which allowed OSU coaches to observe the fencers, and constituted impermissible tryouts, and received other inducements. It also found that under Nazlymov’s direction, in addition 18 student fencers also received impermissible benefits worth over $8,000, resulting in them competing while ineligible. The Ohio State fencing team was placed on four years of probation for NCAA violations committed between 2015-19. In addition, the OSU athletic department was fined, and the OSU fencing program budget was reduced by 3%. The fencing program scholarship program was reduced by 10% for the 2022-23 academic year. Team wins and championships, and individual records for affected fencers, were vacated, including the 2016 and 2017 second-place finishes and a 2018 third-place finish in the NCAAs for the fencing team, and Midwest Fencing Conference championships in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Football Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes football 8× National Champions: 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014 39× Big Ten Champions: 1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968–1970, 1972–1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005–2009, 2010 (vacated), 2014, 2017–2020 2× Leaders Division champions: 2012, 2013 7× East Division champions: 2014–2020 2× OAC Champions: 1906, 1912 Golf Ohio State's two golf courses, the Scarlet and the Gray, were completed in 1938. The Scarlet was designed by architect Alister MacKenzie, who designed the Masters course at Augusta National. However, his original design was not implemented fully, and the greens were the only part of the course that truly resembled his designs. Golf magazines annually rate the Scarlet Course as one of the top collegiate courses in the nation. The Scarlet recently underwent a $4.2 million renovation under the supervision of Jack Nicklaus. Ohio State has won the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships in 1945 and 1979. Five times, Buckeye men have won the NCAA golf individual championship: John Lorms in 1945, Tom Nieporte in 1951, Robert Jones in 1956, Jack Nicklaus in 1961 and Clark Burroughs in 1985. They have won 23 Big Ten Conference championships. In 1952, Mary Ann Villega won the women's individual intercollegiate golf championship on her home course (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports (DGWS) — which later evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship). Ohio State was host to the first eight women's individual national title tournaments. Men's gymnastics The Ohio State gymnastics team has won three national titles and fifteen Big Ten titles, and has produced 5 Nissen Award winners (The Heisman Trophy of Men's Gymnastics). The team is currently coached by Rustam Sharipov. The Buckeyes have all their competitions at the Covelli Center in Columbus, Ohio. Some of the more notable Buckeye alumni include Don Perry, the first OSU All-American in the sport (Trampoline - 1954 - 4th place), brothers Seth and Noah Riskin - co-national champions (Parallel Bars - 1985 - 1st place), and Mike Racanelli - Ohio State's first Nissen winner in 1990. Racanelli also went on to win Gymnastic's first Ohio State Male Athlete of the Year Award that same year, given out annually to the athlete who displays the best performance in his sport (regardless of grade). Following later in Racanelli's footsteps were other Nissen winners Kip Simons (1994), Blaine Wilson (1997) and Jamie Natalie (2001). Blaine Wilson (1995, 1996, 1997) and Jamie Natalie (2000, 2001) also went on to win Ohio State Male Athlete of the Year. Raj Bhavsar was the only other Men's Gymnast to win Ohio State Athlete of the Year which he accomplished in 2002. On the Olympic and World Championship stage, OSU Men's Gymnastics is well represented, by gymnasts and coaches. The Olympian list includes: Miles Avery (asst coach 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008), Peter Kormann (Athlete in 1976, Head Coach 1996, 2000), Raj Bhavsar (2004, 2008), Jamie Natalie (2000), Gil Pinto (1988), Kip Simons (1994), Blaine Wilson (1996, 2000, 2004) and Alec Yoder (2020). Two gymnasts who trained at the Ohio State facilities under coach Miles Avery, but were not NCAA Athletes due to eligibility rules, were Paul and Morgan Hamm - twin brothers from Wisconsin. Paul later went on to win the first ever Olympic gold medal in the Men's Gymnastics All-Around competition for the United States. In 2011, Senior co-captain, Brandon Wynn, won his second national championship on rings. Brandon Wynn, Ty Echard, Kris Done and Jeff Treleaven earned All-America honors. In all, the seven All-America honors tie the second-best single-season performance in program history and are the most laurels since the 2005 campaign. Ice hockey Main articles: Ohio State Buckeyes men's ice hockey and Ohio State Buckeyes women's ice hockey The Ohio State men's ice hockey team was established in 1961 and played at the Ohio State Ice Rink until 1999, when they moved into Value City Arena. The Buckeyes competed in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) through the 2012–2013 season. After Penn State added men's ice hockey as a Division I sport in 2012, the Big Ten had enough teams to sponsor its own hockey conference and began play in the 2013-2014 season. The Buckeyes won one conference championship in 1972, the first year of the CCHA, and won the conference tournament in 1974 and 2004. The Buckeyes have made it to the NCAA tournament in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2009, and went to the semi-finals in 1998. In 2006, they retired Paul Pooley's #22, the only number to be retired by the hockey program to date. The Ohio State women's ice hockey team was started in 1999 and competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). The Buckeyes have three NCAA postseason appearances, 2018, 2020, and 2022. In their first, the Buckeyes made it to the Frozen Four before being beaten by the Clarkson Golden Knights. They received an autobid to the tournament in 2020 after winning the conference tournament for the first time before COVID-19 cancelled the NCAA tournament. In the 2022 Frozen Four, the Buckeyes defeated the Yale Bulldogs to advance to their first national championship. In the national championship, the Buckeyes defeated the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs by a score of 3-2 to win their first ever national championship. Notable Buckeye alumni include Olympians Emma Laaksonen, Tessa Bonhomme, and Lisa Chesson. Lacrosse Further information: Ohio State Buckeyes men's lacrosse Volleyball Main articles: Ohio State Buckeyes men's volleyball and Ohio State Buckeyes women's volleyball Rifle In June, 2013, Ohio State became a charter member of the Patriot Rifle Conference. It was also announced that the Buckeyes will host the inaugural PRC championship meet on February 8 & 9, 2014. The rifle team has made four team and multiple individual appearances at the NCAA Rifle Championship, with their highest finish being third place in 1991. Softball Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes softball The Buckeye softball team has appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1982. They shared the 1990 Big Ten regular season title and won the 2007 season title outright along with the 2007 Big Ten Conference softball tournament. Synchronized swimming This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the team event, Ohio State has won 32 collegiate championships between 1977, the first year of the collegiate national championships, and 2019. Head coach Mary Jo Ruggieri led the team to 17 wins between 1977 and 1995, and Linda Lichter-Witter added at least seven more since 1996. Ohio State also has taken at least 61 individual honors in that span, including 11 by Karen and Sarah Josephson. Head Coach Holly Vargo-Brown led the team to their 32nd total championship in 2019, the most of any Ohio State varsity sport. Tennis The Men's and Women's Varsity Tennis teams have showed success both individually and as a team. Both the men's and women's teams share the outdoor tennis facility, the Stickney Tennis Center, dedicated in 1993. When the weather takes them indoors, both teams play at the Varsity Tennis Center, which was recently completed in November 2007. The outdoor facility has 12 courts and the indoor has six courts and are both located in Columbus, Ohio. Men's Tennis - Big Ten Championships - 1915 (co-champions), 1943, 1991, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 NCAA Men's Tennis Tournament Team Appearances (since 1977) - 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 The Men's tennis team has 23 NCAA Singles Appearances, 11 NCAA Doubles Appearances and eight All-Americans. Women's Tennis - Big Ten Championships - 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 - Note: The Big Ten officially began sponsoring championships for women with the 1981–82 season. Since then, Ohio State has yet to win a Big Ten Championship. Ohio State recently won their first Big Ten Championship in school history in 2016, after defeating Michigan in the finals. NCAA Women's Tennis Tournament Team Appearances - 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009. The Women have five NCAA Singles Appearances, four NCAA Doubles Appearances and two All-Americans. Wrestling Main article: Ohio State Buckeyes wrestling Ohio State wrestling was established at the university in 1921. Formerly the coach of Hofstra University for 11 years, the current Head Coach of the team is Tom Ryan. He has been coaching Ohio State since the 2006-2007 wrestling season. His coaching ability led the Buckeye Wrestling team to 3 Big Ten titles, an NCAA title in 2015 and 5 NCAA runners-up finishes. The team has a practice facility named The Jennings Center and competes on campus in Covelli Arena. Two-time NCAA wrestling champion Jeffrey Jaggers, or commonly referred to as J Jaggers, made a seamless transition from student-athlete to coach in 2009-10 as the volunteer assistant coach. Mark Coleman was a former Buckeye wrestler and a 1988 Big Ten Conference Champion & NCAA Champion Wrestler (190 lbs). Coleman a silver medalist in the 1991 FILA Wrestling World Championships, went on to become the first ever UFC Heavyweight Champion, and is a UFC Hall of Fame member. In 2015, Ohio State won its first national championship, after coming close in 2008 and 2009. It broke Penn State's streak of four consecutive team titles, but extended the Big Ten's national championship run to nine with the help of 4-time NCAA champion Logan Stieber. 2015 Ohio State wrestler Kyle Snyder becomes youngest World Champion in United States Wrestling History. On Friday September 11 Kyle won five matches including a dramatic ending in the gold medal round at 97 kg/213 lbs. Trailing 4–3 with less than a minute remaining, Snyder got a takedown against returning World champion Abdusalam Gadisov of Russia and ultimately prevailed by criteria with the score tied at 5-5. "It is amazing hearing the USA chants, especially on a day like today – September 11," said Snyder. "It's important to come out here and represent your country to the best of your ability." Ohio State University Buckeye Wrestling Team Accomplishments include: Most Wins - 20 (1990, 1992, and 2002) 1st-place finishes in the Big Ten Conference 1923, 1951, 2015 (shared with Iowa), 2017, 2018 NCAA Championships: 2015 Consecutive Wins - 15 (2001 and 2002) Most Big Ten Wins - 7 (7–1 in 2009–10 and 2008–09); (7–0 in 1991–92) and (7–2 in 1980–81) Most All-Americans in a Season - 8 (2018) Nathan Tomasello, Luke Pletcher, Joey Mckenna, Micah Jordan, Bo Jordan, Myles Martin, Kollin Moore, Kyle Snyder Most Freshman All-Americans in a Season - 3 (2012) Hunter Stieber, Logan Stieber and Cam Tessari Olympians and track Ohio State has produced over two hundred Olympic athletes, most notably Jesse Owens who won four Olympic gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics and is one of the greatest Olympians in history. In all, 48 Ohio State athletes have combined for a total of 77 Olympic medals which includes 33 gold, 28 silver and 16 bronze medals. Ohio State's track team is coached by Karen Dennis, and hosts home meets at Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium. The Buckeyes' track team is also famous for being the first Buckeye team in any sport to win a national title. Mal Whitfield was the 1948 and 1952 Olympic Gold Medalist in the 800 Meters. Club sports College club sports in the United States are any sports offered at a university or college in the United States that compete competitively with other universities, or colleges, but are not regulated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) or National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and do not have varsity status. In some cases, club sports have junior varsity status. Oftentimes, students who play club sports later move on to play the same sport at the varsity level, or vice versa. Collegiate club sports can exist at schools that do have teams that are part of the NCAA or NAIA. Many times, club sports are student-run and receive little financial aid from the school. An estimated 2 million student-athletes compete in club sports. Typically, most sports offered at universities and offered in youth leagues are also available as a collegiate club sport. However, the variety of sports offered is often related to the size of the school. Collegiate club sports offer college athletes the ability to play at a competitive level, but without the time commitment generally required for a sport governed by the NCAA. The tryout procedure for club sports varies from school to school and from sport to sport. Basketball Collegiate Club Basketball is associated with the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association, with regional qualifying and a national tournament every year. The head coach of the Ohio State Men's Club Basketball team is Eddie Days, who played for Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball from 2009 to 2011. Ohio State Men's Club Basketball has won three national championships (2016, 2018, 2019). In 2016, Ohio State defeated James Madison University in the national championship to win their first title. The Most Valuable Player of the tournament was Ohio State's Ryan Murray, who played college basketball at Centre College before transferring to Ohio State. In 2018, Ohio State defeated Harvard University in the national championship and the Most Valuable Player was Ohio State's Nick Moschetti, who played college basketball at Purdue University Fort Wayne before transferring to Ohio State. In 2019, Ohio State defeated The University of Houston in the national championship to win back-to-back titles, and their third national championship in four years. The Most Valuable Player of the 2019 Tournament was Ohio State's Evan Grootenhuis. The 2020 Club Basketball season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ohio State was named league champion for the season, despite a majority of games not being played. No national champion was crowned. Football The Ohio State Club Football team, founded in 2009, gives Ohio State students without athletic scholarships the opportunity to play full-contact, 11-on-11 football with largely NCAA rules. Although not affiliated with the NCAA program, multiple former players such as Chris Booker, De'Shawn White, Eli Goins and others have gone on to walk-on to the NCAA team. The Ohio State Club Football program joined the National Club Football Association in 2012 and has won the last two NCFA National Championships in 2019 and 2021 (no games played in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The Buckeyes are one of just two programs to repeat as national champions (Coppin State 2012, 2013) and the third program to boast two national titles (Coppin State, Oakland University). In addition to their back-to-back national championships, the Buckeyes have won four conference titles (2019, 2021–2023) and two division titles (2018, 2019) all under current Head Coach, James Grega Jr. Ohio State has also had 55 players named to NCFA All-American teams since its inception, including quarterback Kellyn Gerenstein, who won the league's Offensive MVP award in 2019 and the NCFA national championship game MVP Award in 2021. Rugby Founded in 1966, Ohio State's Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in Division 1-A in the Big Ten Universities conference against traditional Big 10 rivals such as Michigan. The Buckeyes are led by head coach Ron Bowers, who played rugby as a Buckeye, earning All-American honors in 1991. The Buckeyes best performances were in the 1990 and 1991 seasons, when they finished third in the nation in both seasons. More recently, Ohio State has appeared in the Collegiate Rugby Championship, a tournament broadcast live on NBC, finishing 7th in 2010 and 14th in 2011. The Buckeyes were led in those two tournaments by Nate Ebner, who was named to the competition's All Tournament Team in 2010 and 2011, before entering the 2012 NFL draft and signing with the New England Patriots. The Buckeyes finished the 2010–11 season ranked 23rd in the country. Ohio State finished third at the 2012 Big Ten 7s, missing out on qualification to the 2012 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships. Tennis The Ohio State club tennis team competes in the national USTA Tennis on Campus league and won the national championship in 2018, defeating the University of North Carolina. Water Polo Collegiate club water polo operates under the Collegiate Water Polo Association, with the United States split into 18 divisions based partly on geography and partly on conventional conferences across other collegiate sports. The Ohio State's Men's Water Polo club competes in the Big Ten division with other Big Ten teams such as Michigan St and Michigan. The Buckeyes competed in the CWPA National Collegiate Club Championship in 2013 (6th), 2014(5th), 2017(6th) and 2018(7th). The current head coaches of the men’s team are Larry and AP. Championships NCAA team championships Ohio State has won 32 NCAA team titles. Men's (24) Baseball (1): 1966 Basketball (1): 1960 Fencing (1): 1942 Golf (2): 1945, 1979 Gymnastics (3): 1985, 1996, 2001 Outdoor Track & Field (1): 1929 Swimming (11): 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1962 Volleyball (3): 2011, 2016, 2017 Wrestling (1): 2015 Women's (5) Rowing (3): 2013, 2014, 2015 Ice Hockey (2): 2022, 2024 Co-ed (3) Fencing (3): 2004, 2008, 2012 See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships Other national team championships Below are 59 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA (including sports it has never sponsored): Men's: Football (8): 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014 Women's: Synchronized swimming (34): 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023 Pistol (8): 2000, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023 Co-ed: Pistol (8): 2000, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 See also: List of Big Ten Conference national championships List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships List of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships Big Ten regular-season championships Men's Football: 1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (vacated), 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Basketball: 1925, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1971, 1991, 1992, 2000 (vacated), 2002 (vacated), 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012 Baseball: 1917, 1924, 1943, 1951, 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2009, 2016 Golf: 1928, 1945, 1951, 1954, 1961, 1966, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2004 Hockey: (CCHA): 1972, 2004 (Big Ten): 2019 Gymnastics: 1983, 1985, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016, 2017 Indoor Track: 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1993, 2018 Outdoor Track: 1942, 1948, 1992, 1993, 2018, 2022 Soccer: 2000, 2007, 2009, 2015 Swimming: 1938, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 2010 Tennis: 1915, 1943, 1991, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Volleyball (MIVA): 1969, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023 Fencing: 1926, 1927, 1949, 1969, 1970, 1977, (MFC): 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, (CCFC): 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Wrestling: 1923, 1951, 2015, 2017, 2018 Cross Country: 1923 Lacrosse: (GWLL) 1986, 1988, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2008 (ECAC) 2014 Rifle: (WIRC) 1948, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Women's Basketball: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2017 (vacated), 2018 (vacated), 2022, 2024 Field Hockey: 2001, 2006, 2010 Golf: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019 Gymnastics: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 Rowing: 2002, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022 Soccer: 2010, 2017 Softball: 1990, 2007 Tennis: 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022 Indoor Track: 2011, 2015, 2019, 2020 Outdoor Track: 2011, 2012, 2019, 2021, 2022 Swimming: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Volleyball: 1989, 1991, 1994 Ice Hockey: (WCHA) 2023, 2024 Media Further information: Ohio State Sports Network On April 2, 2009, Ohio State signed a 10-year media-rights agreement with IMG College (now a part of Learfield IMG College) and RadiOhio (former owner of the school's radio network flagship WBNS/WBNS-FM in Columbus, and now a part of Tegna Inc.), worth nearly $128 million, the largest such agreement in college sports. The Ohio State University Marching Band Main article: The Ohio State University Marching Band The Ohio State University Marching Band (nicknamed "The Best Damn Band In The Land") is currently under direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch. This all brass band has 228 members, and was first formed in 1878. The band has traditions including a field march that forms a "Script Ohio", during which, a senior sousaphone player gets to "dot the i" in the word Ohio. School colors Brutus Buckeye The Ohio State school colors of scarlet and gray were chosen by a committee of three students (Curtis C. Howard, Harwood R. Pool, and Alice Townshend) prior to the school's first graduation ceremony in 1878. The committee's original recommendation was to be orange and black. The committee soon discovered that Princeton already used the colors, however, and changed their recommendation. For this reason some references claim that Ohio State's original school colors were orange and black. This claim is not quite accurate, in that the committee never filed the original report with that recommendation. Pageantry Team colors: Scarlet and Gray Outfitter: Nike J. America Fight songs: Across the Field, Buckeye Battle Cry Often played songs: Hang on Sloopy, Le Regiment Alma mater: Carmen Ohio Nicknames: Buckeyes (officially adopted in 1950), The Bucks, The Silver Bullets Mascot: Brutus Buckeye Rivalries: Michigan Wolverines, Illinois Fighting Illini, Penn State Nittany Lions, Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops (former) Marching band: The Ohio State University Marching Band, known as TBDBITL, or The Best Damn Band In The Land. Famous for "Script Ohio" and the "Ramp Entrance". The dotting of the "i" in "Script Ohio" by a sousaphone (tuba) player who high-kicks out and does a giant bow to the crowd was voted the #1 greatest sports tradition ever, in Athlon Sports, ESPN, and Sports Illustrated. Radio network: Ohio State Sports Network - Flagships WBNS AM 1460 (ESPN Columbus) and WBNS FM (97.1 The Fan) Announcers: Paul Keels (Play By Play); Jim Lachey (Color (football)), Ron Stokes (Color (basketball)) References ^ "The Ohio State University Department of Athletics Logo Guidelines" (PDF). July 26, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2024. ^ "What Is A Buckeye?". OhioStateBuckeyes.com. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2024. ^ "State symbols". Ohio.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ "The Ohio State University". NCAA.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021. ^ "Brutus Buckeye". OhioStateBuckeyes.com. June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2024. ^ Ohio State University officially wins trademark for the word 'THE' ^ "Schools with the Most NCAA National Championships". NCAA. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2006-08-14. ^ "Championships Summary through Jan. 6, 2019" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved 15 Feb 2018. ^ "U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup Previous Scoring". Athletic Director's Cup. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2006-08-14. ^ "Records by Year" (PDF). History and Traditions. Ohio State Athletic Department. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-02-25. ^ "The Ohio State University and Former Men's Basketball Coaches Penalized for Infractions" (Press release). NCAA. 2006-03-10. Archived from the original on April 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-14. ^ "Big Ten Championship Teams" (PDF). History and Tradition. Ohio State Athletic Department. p. 172. Retrieved 2008-02-23. ^ "2001 Postseason WNIT". www.womensnit.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-21. Retrieved 2008-02-24. ^ "Ohio State Wins NCAA Fencing Championships + Videos". 27 March 2012. ^ Grant, T. P. (March 20, 2014). "Ohio State fencing competing for NCAA title". Land-Grant Holy Land. ^ "The Ohio State University Fencing". ^ a b c Meghan Durham (April 19, 2022). "Violations occurred in Ohio State fencing, women's golf and women's basketball programs". NCAA. ^ a b c d Marcus Hartman (April 19, 2022). "NCAA releases findings from investigation of 3 Ohio State athletics programs". Dayton Daily News. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rabinowitz, Bill (April 19, 2022). "NCAA hits OSU fencing, women's basketball and women's golf with 4-year probation". The Columbus Dispatch. ^ a b c d Lind, Andrew (April 19, 2022). "Three Ohio State Programs Placed On Probation For NCAA Violations". Sports Illustrated; Ohio State Buckeyes. ^ a b c Nathan Baird (April 19, 2022). "NCAA places Ohio State on four years probation for violations in women's basketball, fencing and golf". Cleveland. ^ Moles, Braden (April 19, 2022). "NCAA Announces Violations For Ohio State Fencing, Women's Golf and Women's Basketball". Buckeye Sports Bulletin. ^ "Former Ohio State Hockey Center Paul Pooley's No. 22 to be Retired Saturday :: The Ohio State University :: official athletic site". ^ "Ohio State Women's Hockey Team History". U.S. College Hockey Online. Retrieved June 25, 2011. ^ "NATIONAL COLLEGIATE RIFLE CHAMPIONSHIPS RECORDS BOOK" (PDF). ncaarifle.org. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Plummer, William; Floyd, Larry C. (2013). A Series Of Their Own: History Of The Women's College World Series. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States: Turnkey Communications Inc. ISBN 978-0-9893007-0-4. ^ "Big Ten Softball Regular Season Standings; Big Ten Conference. June 28, 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018. ^ "Ohio State synchronized swimming, pistol claim national titles". ^ a b "Ohio State Buckeyes official athletic site - Ohio State". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. ^ "Buckeye Wrestling Archive" (PDF). Ohio State University Wrestling. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2014-01-01. ^ "Mark Coleman Bio". UFC. Retrieved 2014-01-01. ^ "Chris Booker". Ohio State Buckeyes. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ "De'Shawn White". Ohio State Buckeyes. 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ ncbba. "Ohio State Buckeyes: 2021 NCFA National Champions! | NCFA". Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ "Members Area". Osurugby.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2015-05-15. ^ Ted Hardy. "College Rugby: Utah Upsets Cal To Win Sevens Title". Bleacher Report. ^ Archived November 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Archived September 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ohio State tops UNC to win first ever National Championship". www.tennisoncampus.com. Retrieved 2021-02-22. ^ "Championships History (through July 2, 2014)" (PDF). Fs.ncaa.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2015-05-15. ^ "Ohio State Buckeyes official athletic site - Traditions". ohiostatebuckeyes.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ Archived April 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Former Director Jon Waters claims, "Supposedly at a pep rally one year, Woody Hayes stood up after the band played a song and said, 'That's the best damn band in the land!' That's all it took. When Woody says something, it's law."Miller, Rusty (2006-11-15). "From O-H-I-O to TBDBITL with the OSMB". Associated Press. ^ J. H. Galbraith, "Choosing the University Colors," The Ohio State University Monthly, Dec. 1914-Jan. 1915, pp. 11-13 ^ Walsh, Christopher (2009). Ohio State Football Football Huddleup, Triumph Books (Random House, Inc.), ISBN 978-1-60078-186-5, p. 120. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio State University athletics. Official website vteOhio State UniversityMain campus located in: Columbus, OhioCampuses Columbus Main Campus (Buildings) Lima Campus Mansfield Campus Marion Campus Newark Campus Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Agricultural Technical Institute Academics Calculus One College of Arts and Sciences College of Dentistry College of Engineering John Glenn School of Public Affairs College of Medicine Fisher College of Business Moritz College of Law Health Sciences Center for Global Health AthleticsTeams Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Field hockey Football Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Men's lacrosse Men's soccer Men's volleyball Women's volleyball Venues Bill Davis Stadium Covelli Center Ice Rink Jerome Schottenstein Center Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium Ohio Stadium St. John Arena Woody Hayes Athletic Center Facilities Blackwell Inn Drake Performance and Event Center Golf Club Knowlton Hall Ohio State University Airport Ohio Union Orton Hall & Geological Museum South Bass Island Light Lincoln and Morrill Towers Tom W. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Ten_logo_in_Ohio_State_colors.svg"},{"link_name":"intercollegiate athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_athletics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_buckeye"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ohio State women's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Western Collegiate Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_(color)"},{"link_name":"gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brutus Buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_Buckeye"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"gridiron program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_Football"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Athletic Director's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACDA_Director%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Badgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens"},{"link_name":"John Havlicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Havlicek"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Katie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Frank Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Howard_(baseball_player)"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"Archie Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Griffin"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Chic Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_Harley"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brown"},{"link_name":"Woody Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Fred Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Taylor_(basketball_coach)"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Varsity_O_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing Ohio State UniversityBig Ten logo in Ohio State's colorsThe Ohio State Buckeyes are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Ohio State University, located in Columbus, Ohio. The athletic programs are named after the colloquial term for people from the state of Ohio and after the state tree, the Ohio buckeye.[2][3] The Buckeyes participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I in all sports and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. The Ohio State women's ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). The school colors are scarlet and gray.[4] The university's mascot is Brutus Buckeye.[5] \"THE\" is the official trademark of the Ohio State University merchandise.[6] Led by its gridiron program, the Buckeyes have the largest overall sports endowment of any campus in North America.Ohio State is one of only seven universities to have won an NCAA national championship in baseball and men's basketball, and be recognized as a national champion in football. Ohio State has also won national championships in women's ice hockey, men's swimming & diving, men's outdoor track & field, men's volleyball, men's golf, men's gymnastics, men's fencing, women's rowing, co-ed fencing, co-ed and women's pistol, synchronized swimming, and wrestling.[7][8] Since the inception of the Athletic Director's Cup, Ohio State has finished in the top 25 each year, including top 6 finishes in three of the last five years.[9] During the 2005–06 school year Ohio State became the first Big Ten team to win conference championships in football, men's basketball and women's basketball in the same season. This feat repeated in the 2006–07 season, which also included a February 25, 2007 men's basketball game which saw the Buckeyes defeat the Wisconsin Badgers in the Big Ten's first basketball game between the number one and number two ranked squads in the nation.A few of the many outstanding sports figures who were student athletes at Ohio State include Jesse Owens, \"The Buckeye Bullet\" (track and field), John Havlicek, Jerry Lucas, and Katie Smith (basketball), Frank Howard (baseball), Jack Nicklaus (golf), Archie Griffin (football running back, the only two-time Heisman Trophy winner), and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back). Hall of Fame coaches at Ohio State have included Paul Brown and Woody Hayes (football), Fred Taylor (men's basketball). Notable sports figures in Ohio State history may be inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame.","title":"Ohio State Buckeyes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohio_State_(3335623823)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bill Davis Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Davis_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Frank Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Howard_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Nick Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Swisher"},{"link_name":"Steve Arlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Arlin"}],"sub_title":"Baseball","text":"Buckeyes baseball players before a 2009 gameOhio State has played baseball since 1881,[10] winning a national championship in 1966 along with 16 Big Ten regular-season titles and eight Big Ten tournament titles. The Buckeyes baseball team was the first Ohio State sports team. The team is currently coached by Greg Beals and play their home games at Bill Davis Stadium, which opened in 1997. Going into the 2008 season the Buckeyes all-time record is 2228-1427-38. Notable alumni include Frank Howard, Nick Swisher and two time All-American Steve Arlin.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Fours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Basketball Hall of Famers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lucas"},{"link_name":"John Havlicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Havlicek"},{"link_name":"Bob Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Knight"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke_Blue_Devils_v_Ohio_State_University_Buckeyes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Brien_(basketball,_born_1949)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thad Matta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Matta"},{"link_name":"Greg Oden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Oden"},{"link_name":"Mike Conley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Conley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tennessee Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Hoyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Florida Gators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"}],"sub_title":"Men's basketball","text":"The Ohio State men's basketball team has played in 10 NCAA Final Fours, winning the championship in 1960, when they were led by Basketball Hall of Famers Jerry Lucas, John Havlicek, and Bob Knight off the bench. A Buckeye has been named first team All-American 23 times, including five two-time All-Americans and one three-time All-American. Between 1960 and 1964, Ohio State won five consecutive Big Ten championships, an achievement that has yet to be matched.Ohio State Men's basketball game at Value City Arena in the Jerome Schottenstein CenterIn 2004, Ohio State fired men's basketball coach Jim O'Brien for recruiting violations and self-imposed a one-year penalty, including a ban on post-season play and reduction of scholarships. In light of these University self-imposed penalties, the NCAA Division I Committee on infractions merely placed Ohio State on three years probation for the violations, and gave heavier penalties to Coach O'Brien and a former assistant coach.[11] The lightness of this judgment was seen as encouragement for schools to be proactive in responding to violations. Nevertheless, O'Brien successfully sued Ohio State for improper termination. Thad Matta took over O'Brien's spot in 2004. Ohio State recruited such talents as Greg Oden, and Mike Conley Jr. to start the 2006-2007 year. The Buckeyes finished the season with a 27–3 record; won the Big Ten tournament, and earned a number 1 seed for the NCAA tournament. After a very close game with state rival Xavier, and a thrilling 20 point come from behind victory against the Tennessee Volunteers, the Buckeyes managed to hold off Georgetown Hoyas 67–60 to reach the Championship Game for the first time since 1962, which they lost to defending NCAA champions Florida Gators, 84–75. Following years saw continued success for the Buckeyes. They won the Big Ten Championship in both the 2009-2010 and 2010–2011 season, and reached the Final Four in 2011-2012 before losing to Kansas. The Buckeyes reached the Elite Eight in 2012–2013, losing to Wichita State. 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 both saw early exits from the NCAA tournament.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin McGuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McGuff"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State"},{"link_name":"Value City Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_City_Arena"},{"link_name":"St. John Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Arena"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech Lady Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Lady_Raiders_basketball"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Americans"},{"link_name":"Katie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jessica Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Davenport"}],"sub_title":"Women's basketball","text":"Currently coached by Kevin McGuff, the Ohio State women's basketball team plays its home games in the Value City Arena, which they moved into in 1998. Prior to 1998, they played at St. John Arena. They have won 10 Big Ten titles, which is the most in the conference[12] and have 14 appearances in the NCAA tournament, the most recent being in 2016. In 1993 they lost to the Texas Tech Lady Raiders 84-82 for the NCAA championship, while they captured the NIT championship in 2001, beating the New Mexico Lobos 62–61.[13] Notable alumni include former All-Americans Katie Smith and Jessica Davenport.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Boaz Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaz_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nazlymov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazlymov"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"ethical conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_conduct"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"Midwest Fencing Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Fencing_Conference"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto5-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"}],"sub_title":"Fencing","text":"Ohio State won its first title in 1942, when the NCAA had only men's fencing.[14] Ohio State won the NCAA championships in fencing in both men's and women's fencing, combined, in 2004, 2008 and 2012.[15] Israeli Boaz Ellis won the NCAA title in men's foil in 2004, 2005 and 2006 for Ohio State, the first NCAA foil fencer to win three individual NCAA titles since 1963.[16]In April 2022, the NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions panel, upon the conclusion of an investigation, found that the fencing team's head coach Vladimir Nazlymov had violated NCAA head coach responsibility rules, and was guilty of aggravated level I violations.[17][18][19] Further, he violated ethical conduct rules, by ignoring several requests that had been made to him to cooperate with the NCAA investigation.[19] The panel found that:\"The head fencing coach violated fundamental, well-known bylaws. Worse, the head fencing coach received relevant education on the exact areas of the violations as they were occurring, but continued to commit the same violations and, in some circumstances, concealed them from compliance staff.\"[19]The NCAA said Nazlymov arranged, provided, or directed other coaches to give more than $6,000 in recruiting inducements to three fencers.[17][20][21][19][18] Two of the prospects also received free meals and free private lessons from Nazylmov, which allowed OSU coaches to observe the fencers, and constituted impermissible tryouts, and received other inducements.[20][19][21] It also found that under Nazlymov’s direction, in addition 18 student fencers also received impermissible benefits worth over $8,000, resulting in them competing while ineligible.[17][20][21][19][18]The Ohio State fencing team was placed on four years of probation for NCAA violations committed between 2015-19.[20][19] In addition, the OSU athletic department was fined, and the OSU fencing program budget was reduced by 3%.[19] The fencing program scholarship program was reduced by 10% for the 2022-23 academic year.[19] Team wins and championships, and individual records for affected fencers, were vacated, including the 2016 and 2017 second-place finishes and a 2018 third-place finish in the NCAAs for the fencing team, and Midwest Fencing Conference championships in 2016, 2017, and 2018.[22][19][18]","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Athletic_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"8× National Champions: 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014\n39× Big Ten Champions: 1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968–1970, 1972–1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005–2009, 2010 (vacated), 2014, 2017–2020\n2× Leaders Division champions: 2012, 2013\n7× East Division champions: 2014–2020\n2× OAC Champions: 1906, 1912","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Golf_Course"},{"link_name":"Alister MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Augusta National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_National"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"John Lorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lorms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Nieporte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Nieporte"},{"link_name":"Robert Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"Clark Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clark_Burroughs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Villega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_Villega&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"golf championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women_championships#Individual"},{"link_name":"Division of Girls' and Women's Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIAW"}],"sub_title":"Golf","text":"Ohio State's two golf courses, the Scarlet and the Gray, were completed in 1938. The Scarlet was designed by architect Alister MacKenzie, who designed the Masters course at Augusta National. However, his original design was not implemented fully, and the greens were the only part of the course that truly resembled his designs. Golf magazines annually rate the Scarlet Course as one of the top collegiate courses in the nation. The Scarlet recently underwent a $4.2 million renovation under the supervision of Jack Nicklaus. Ohio State has won the NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships in 1945 and 1979. Five times, Buckeye men have won the NCAA golf individual championship: John Lorms in 1945, Tom Nieporte in 1951, Robert Jones in 1956, Jack Nicklaus in 1961 and Clark Burroughs in 1985. They have won 23 Big Ten Conference championships. In 1952, Mary Ann Villega won the women's individual intercollegiate golf championship on her home course (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports (DGWS) — which later evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship). Ohio State was host to the first eight women's individual national title tournaments.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ohio State gymnastics team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ohio_State_gymnastics_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nissen Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissen_Award"},{"link_name":"Covelli Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covelli_Center"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Mike Racanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Racanelli"},{"link_name":"Kip Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Simons"},{"link_name":"Blaine Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Jamie Natalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Natalie"},{"link_name":"Peter Kormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kormann"},{"link_name":"Raj Bhavsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavsar"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hamm"}],"sub_title":"Men's gymnastics","text":"The Ohio State gymnastics team has won three national titles and fifteen Big Ten titles, and has produced 5 Nissen Award winners (The Heisman Trophy of Men's Gymnastics). The team is currently coached by Rustam Sharipov. The Buckeyes have all their competitions at the Covelli Center in Columbus, Ohio.Some of the more notable Buckeye alumni include Don Perry, the first OSU All-American in the sport (Trampoline - 1954 - 4th place), brothers Seth and Noah Riskin - co-national champions (Parallel Bars - 1985 - 1st place), and Mike Racanelli - Ohio State's first Nissen winner in 1990. Racanelli also went on to win Gymnastic's first Ohio State Male Athlete of the Year Award that same year, given out annually to the athlete who displays the best performance in his sport (regardless of grade).Following later in Racanelli's footsteps were other Nissen winners Kip Simons (1994), Blaine Wilson (1997) and Jamie Natalie (2001). Blaine Wilson (1995, 1996, 1997) and Jamie Natalie (2000, 2001) also went on to win Ohio State Male Athlete of the Year. Raj Bhavsar was the only other Men's Gymnast to win Ohio State Athlete of the Year which he accomplished in 2002.On the Olympic and World Championship stage, OSU Men's Gymnastics is well represented, by gymnasts and coaches. The Olympian list includes: Miles Avery (asst coach 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008), Peter Kormann (Athlete in 1976, Head Coach 1996, 2000), Raj Bhavsar (2004, 2008), Jamie Natalie (2000), Gil Pinto (1988), Kip Simons (1994), Blaine Wilson (1996, 2000, 2004) and Alec Yoder (2020).Two gymnasts who trained at the Ohio State facilities under coach Miles Avery, but were not NCAA Athletes due to eligibility rules, were Paul and Morgan Hamm - twin brothers from Wisconsin. Paul later went on to win the first ever Olympic gold medal in the Men's Gymnastics All-Around competition for the United States.In 2011, Senior co-captain, Brandon Wynn, won his second national championship on rings. Brandon Wynn, Ty Echard, Kris Done and Jeff Treleaven earned All-America honors. In all, the seven All-America honors tie the second-best single-season performance in program history and are the most laurels since the 2005 campaign.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State Ice Rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Ice_Rink"},{"link_name":"Value City Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_City_Arena"},{"link_name":"Central Collegiate Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"},{"link_name":"men's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"2013-2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Championship"},{"link_name":"Paul Pooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pooley"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Western Collegiate Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Clarkson Golden Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights"},{"link_name":"2022 Frozen Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NCAA_National_Collegiate_Women%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Yale Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Duluth_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Emma Laaksonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Laaksonen"},{"link_name":"Tessa Bonhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Bonhomme"},{"link_name":"Lisa Chesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Chesson"}],"sub_title":"Ice hockey","text":"The Ohio State men's ice hockey team was established in 1961 and played at the Ohio State Ice Rink until 1999, when they moved into Value City Arena. The Buckeyes competed in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) through the 2012–2013 season. After Penn State added men's ice hockey as a Division I sport in 2012, the Big Ten had enough teams to sponsor its own hockey conference and began play in the 2013-2014 season.The Buckeyes won one conference championship in 1972, the first year of the CCHA, and won the conference tournament in 1974 and 2004. The Buckeyes have made it to the NCAA tournament in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2009, and went to the semi-finals in 1998. In 2006, they retired Paul Pooley's #22, the only number to be retired by the hockey program to date.[23]The Ohio State women's ice hockey team was started in 1999 and competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). The Buckeyes have three NCAA postseason appearances, 2018, 2020, and 2022. In their first, the Buckeyes made it to the Frozen Four before being beaten by the Clarkson Golden Knights. They received an autobid to the tournament in 2020 after winning the conference tournament for the first time before COVID-19 cancelled the NCAA tournament. In the 2022 Frozen Four, the Buckeyes defeated the Yale Bulldogs to advance to their first national championship. In the national championship, the Buckeyes defeated the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs by a score of 3-2 to win their first ever national championship.\n[24] Notable Buckeye alumni include Olympians Emma Laaksonen, Tessa Bonhomme, and Lisa Chesson.","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State Buckeyes men's lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_lacrosse"}],"sub_title":"Lacrosse","text":"Further information: Ohio State Buckeyes men's lacrosse","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volleyball","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patriot Rifle Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Rifle_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA Rifle Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Rifle_Championship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Rifle","text":"In June, 2013, Ohio State became a charter member of the Patriot Rifle Conference. It was also announced that the Buckeyes will host the inaugural PRC championship meet on February 8 & 9, 2014. The rifle team has made four team and multiple individual appearances at the NCAA Rifle Championship, with their highest finish being third place in 1991.[25]","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_AIAW_Women%27s_College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plummer-26"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_softball_champions"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference softball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference_softball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Softball","text":"The Buckeye softball team has appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1982.[26] They shared the 1990 Big Ten regular season title and won the 2007 season title outright along with the 2007 Big Ten Conference softball tournament.[27]","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Synchronized swimming","text":"In the team event, Ohio State has won 32 collegiate championships between 1977, the first year of the collegiate national championships, and 2019. Head coach Mary Jo Ruggieri led the team to 17 wins between 1977 and 1995, and Linda Lichter-Witter added at least seven more since 1996. Ohio State also has taken at least 61 individual honors in that span, including 11 by Karen and Sarah Josephson. Head Coach Holly Vargo-Brown led the team to their 32nd total championship in 2019, the most of any Ohio State varsity sport.[28]","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohio_State_Buckeyes_Web_site-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohio_State_Buckeyes_Web_site-29"}],"sub_title":"Tennis","text":"The Men's and Women's Varsity Tennis teams have showed success both individually and as a team. Both the men's and women's teams share the outdoor tennis facility, the Stickney Tennis Center, dedicated in 1993. When the weather takes them indoors, both teams play at the Varsity Tennis Center, which was recently completed in November 2007. The outdoor facility has 12 courts and the indoor has six courts and are both located in Columbus, Ohio.Men's Tennis - Big Ten Championships - 1915 (co-champions), 1943, 1991, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023\nNCAA Men's Tennis Tournament Team Appearances (since 1977) - 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 The Men's tennis team has 23 NCAA Singles Appearances, 11 NCAA Doubles Appearances and eight All-Americans.[29]Women's Tennis - Big Ten Championships - 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 - Note: The Big Ten officially began sponsoring championships for women with the 1981–82 season. Since then, Ohio State has yet to win a Big Ten Championship. Ohio State recently won their first Big Ten Championship in school history in 2016, after defeating Michigan in the finals. \nNCAA Women's Tennis Tournament Team Appearances - 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009. The Women have five NCAA Singles Appearances, four NCAA Doubles Appearances and two All-Americans.[29]","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hofstra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mark Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Coleman"},{"link_name":"FILA Wrestling World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FILA_Wrestling_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"UFC Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Logan Stieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Stieber"},{"link_name":"Kyle Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Snyder_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Wrestling","text":"Ohio State wrestling was established at the university in 1921. Formerly the coach of Hofstra University for 11 years, the current Head Coach of the team is Tom Ryan. He has been coaching Ohio State since the 2006-2007 wrestling season. His coaching ability led the Buckeye Wrestling team to 3 Big Ten titles, an NCAA title in 2015 and 5 NCAA runners-up finishes.[30] The team has a practice facility named The Jennings Center and competes on campus in Covelli Arena. Two-time NCAA wrestling champion Jeffrey Jaggers, or commonly referred to as J Jaggers, made a seamless transition from student-athlete to coach in 2009-10 as the volunteer assistant coach. Mark Coleman was a former Buckeye wrestler and a 1988 Big Ten Conference Champion & NCAA Champion Wrestler (190 lbs). Coleman a silver medalist in the 1991 FILA Wrestling World Championships, went on to become the first ever UFC Heavyweight Champion, and is a UFC Hall of Fame member.[31]In 2015, Ohio State won its first national championship, after coming close in 2008 and 2009. It broke Penn State's streak of four consecutive team titles, but extended the Big Ten's national championship run to nine with the help of 4-time NCAA champion Logan Stieber.2015 Ohio State wrestler Kyle Snyder becomes youngest World Champion in United States Wrestling History. On Friday September 11 Kyle won five matches including a dramatic ending in the gold medal round at 97 kg/213 lbs. Trailing 4–3 with less than a minute remaining, Snyder got a takedown against returning World champion Abdusalam Gadisov of Russia and ultimately prevailed by criteria with the score tied at 5-5. \"It is amazing hearing the USA chants, especially on a day like today – September 11,\" said Snyder. \"It's important to come out here and represent your country to the best of your ability.\"Ohio State University Buckeye Wrestling Team Accomplishments include:Most Wins - 20 (1990, 1992, and 2002)\n1st-place finishes in the Big Ten Conference 1923, 1951, 2015 (shared with Iowa), 2017, 2018NCAA Championships: 2015Consecutive Wins - 15 (2001 and 2002)\nMost Big Ten Wins - 7 (7–1 in 2009–10 and 2008–09); (7–0 in 1991–92) and (7–2 in 1980–81)\nMost All-Americans in a Season - 8 (2018) Nathan Tomasello, Luke Pletcher, Joey Mckenna, Micah Jordan, Bo Jordan, Myles Martin, Kollin Moore, Kyle Snyder\nMost Freshman All-Americans in a Season - 3 (2012) Hunter Stieber, Logan Stieber and Cam Tessari","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens"},{"link_name":"1936 Berlin Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mal Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Whitfield"}],"text":"Ohio State has produced over two hundred Olympic athletes, most notably Jesse Owens who won four Olympic gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics and is one of the greatest Olympians in history. In all, 48 Ohio State athletes have combined for a total of 77 Olympic medals which includes 33 gold, 28 silver and 16 bronze medals. Ohio State's track team is coached by Karen Dennis, and hosts home meets at Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium. The Buckeyes' track team is also famous for being the first Buckeye team in any sport to win a national title.Mal Whitfield was the 1948 and 1952 Olympic Gold Medalist in the 800 Meters.","title":"Olympians and track"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College club sports in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_club_sports_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_team"},{"link_name":"junior varsity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_varsity"},{"link_name":"student-athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student-athletes"},{"link_name":"competitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive"}],"text":"College club sports in the United States are any sports offered at a university or college in the United States that compete competitively with other universities, or colleges, but are not regulated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) or National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), and do not have varsity status. In some cases, club sports have junior varsity status. Oftentimes, students who play club sports later move on to play the same sport at the varsity level, or vice versa. Collegiate club sports can exist at schools that do have teams that are part of the NCAA or NAIA. Many times, club sports are student-run and receive little financial aid from the school. An estimated 2 million student-athletes compete in club sports.Typically, most sports offered at universities and offered in youth leagues are also available as a collegiate club sport. However, the variety of sports offered is often related to the size of the school. Collegiate club sports offer college athletes the ability to play at a competitive level, but without the time commitment generally required for a sport governed by the NCAA. The tryout procedure for club sports varies from school to school and from sport to sport.","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intramural_and_Recreational_Sports_Association"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_championships"},{"link_name":"James Madison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_University"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Centre College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Nick Moschetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Moschetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purdue University Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"The University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"Evan Grootenhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evan_Grootenhuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"sub_title":"Basketball","text":"Collegiate Club Basketball is associated with the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association, with regional qualifying and a national tournament every year. The head coach of the Ohio State Men's Club Basketball team is Eddie Days, who played for Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball from 2009 to 2011. Ohio State Men's Club Basketball has won three national championships (2016, 2018, 2019).In 2016, Ohio State defeated James Madison University in the national championship to win their first title. The Most Valuable Player of the tournament was Ohio State's Ryan Murray, who played college basketball at Centre College before transferring to Ohio State. In 2018, Ohio State defeated Harvard University in the national championship and the Most Valuable Player was Ohio State's Nick Moschetti, who played college basketball at Purdue University Fort Wayne before transferring to Ohio State. In 2019, Ohio State defeated The University of Houston in the national championship to win back-to-back titles, and their third national championship in four years. The Most Valuable Player of the 2019 Tournament was Ohio State's Evan Grootenhuis.The 2020 Club Basketball season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ohio State was named league champion for the season, despite a majority of games not being played. No national champion was crowned.","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Club Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Club_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"The Ohio State Club Football team, founded in 2009, gives Ohio State students without athletic scholarships the opportunity to play full-contact, 11-on-11 football with largely NCAA rules. Although not affiliated with the NCAA program, multiple former players such as Chris Booker,[32] De'Shawn White,[33] Eli Goins and others have gone on to walk-on to the NCAA team. The Ohio State Club Football program joined the National Club Football Association in 2012 and has won the last two NCFA National Championships in 2019 and 2021 (no games played in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The Buckeyes are one of just two programs to repeat as national champions (Coppin State 2012, 2013) and the third program to boast two national titles (Coppin State, Oakland University).In addition to their back-to-back national championships, the Buckeyes have won four conference titles (2019, 2021–2023) and two division titles (2018, 2019) all under current Head Coach, James Grega Jr. Ohio State has also had 55 players named to NCFA All-American teams since its inception, including quarterback Kellyn Gerenstein, who won the league's Offensive MVP award in 2019 and the NCFA national championship game MVP Award in 2021.[34]","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rugby"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Universities"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"both seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Championship_Invitational"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Collegiate_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Nate Ebner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Ebner"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Big Ten 7s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Universities"},{"link_name":"USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Rugby_Sevens_Collegiate_National_Championships"}],"sub_title":"Rugby","text":"Founded in 1966, Ohio State's Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in Division 1-A in the Big Ten Universities conference against traditional Big 10 rivals such as Michigan. The Buckeyes are led by head coach Ron Bowers, who played rugby as a Buckeye, earning All-American honors in 1991.[35] The Buckeyes best performances were in the 1990 and 1991 seasons, when they finished third in the nation in both seasons.More recently, Ohio State has appeared in the Collegiate Rugby Championship, a tournament broadcast live on NBC, finishing 7th in 2010 and 14th in 2011. The Buckeyes were led in those two tournaments by Nate Ebner, who was named to the competition's All Tournament Team in 2010 and 2011,[36][37] before entering the 2012 NFL draft and signing with the New England Patriots. The Buckeyes finished the 2010–11 season ranked 23rd in the country.[38] Ohio State finished third at the 2012 Big Ten 7s, missing out on qualification to the 2012 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships.","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USTA Tennis on Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA_Tennis_on_Campus"},{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA_Tennis_on_Campus#National_Championship"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Tennis","text":"The Ohio State club tennis team competes in the national USTA Tennis on Campus league and won the national championship in 2018, defeating the University of North Carolina.[39]","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Water Polo","text":"Collegiate club water polo operates under the Collegiate Water Polo Association, with the United States split into 18 divisions based partly on geography and partly on conventional conferences across other collegiate sports. The Ohio State's Men's Water Polo club competes in the Big Ten division with other Big Ten teams such as Michigan St and Michigan. The Buckeyes competed in the CWPA National Collegiate Club Championship in 2013 (6th), 2014(5th), 2017(6th) and 2018(7th). The current head coaches of the men’s team are Larry and AP.","title":"Club sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Fencing_Championships#Co-ed_team_titles"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Golf_Championships#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Gymnastics_Championships#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Outdoor Track & Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_National_Collegiate_Volleyball_Championship#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Wrestling_Championships#Team_champions"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Rowing_Championship#Team_titles"},{"link_name":"Ice Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament#History"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Fencing_Championships#Co-ed_team_titles"},{"link_name":"List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_NCAA_Division_I_championships"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference#NCAA_national_titles"}],"sub_title":"NCAA team championships","text":"Ohio State has won 32 NCAA team titles.[40]Men's (24)\nBaseball (1): 1966\nBasketball (1): 1960\nFencing (1): 1942\nGolf (2): 1945, 1979\nGymnastics (3): 1985, 1996, 2001\nOutdoor Track & Field (1): 1929\nSwimming (11): 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1962\nVolleyball (3): 2011, 2016, 2017\nWrestling (1): 2015\nWomen's (5)\nRowing (3): 2013, 2014, 2015\nIce Hockey (2): 2022, 2024\nCo-ed (3)\nFencing (3): 2004, 2008, 2012\nSee also:\nList of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships\nBig Ten Conference NCAA national team championships","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"List of Big Ten Conference national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_national_championships"},{"link_name":"List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_Division_I_national_championships"},{"link_name":"List of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_schools_with_the_most_AIAW_Division_I_national_championships"}],"sub_title":"Other national team championships","text":"Below are 59 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA (including sports it has never sponsored):[41]Men's:\nFootball (8): 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014\nWomen's:\nSynchronized swimming (34): 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023\nPistol (8): 2000, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023\nCo-ed:\nPistol (8): 2000, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\nSee also:\nList of Big Ten Conference national championships\nList of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships\nList of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Big Ten regular-season championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"MIVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association"}],"sub_title":"Men's","text":"Football: 1916, 1917, 1920, 1935, 1939, 1942, 1944, 1949, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (vacated), 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020\nBasketball: 1925, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968, 1971, 1991, 1992, 2000 (vacated), 2002 (vacated), 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012\nBaseball: 1917, 1924, 1943, 1951, 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2009, 2016\nGolf: 1928, 1945, 1951, 1954, 1961, 1966, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2004\nHockey: (CCHA): 1972, 2004 (Big Ten): 2019\nGymnastics: 1983, 1985, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016, 2017\nIndoor Track: 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1993, 2018\nOutdoor Track: 1942, 1948, 1992, 1993, 2018, 2022\nSoccer: 2000, 2007, 2009, 2015\nSwimming: 1938, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 2010\nTennis: 1915, 1943, 1991, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\nVolleyball (MIVA): 1969, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2023\nFencing: 1926, 1927, 1949, 1969, 1970, 1977, (MFC): 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, (CCFC): 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024\nWrestling: 1923, 1951, 2015, 2017, 2018\nCross Country: 1923\nLacrosse: (GWLL) 1986, 1988, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2008 (ECAC) 2014\nRifle: (WIRC) 1948, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013","title":"Big Ten regular-season championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's","text":"Basketball: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2017 (vacated), 2018 (vacated), 2022, 2024\nField Hockey: 2001, 2006, 2010\nGolf: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019\nGymnastics: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987\nRowing: 2002, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022\nSoccer: 2010, 2017\nSoftball: 1990, 2007\nTennis: 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022\nIndoor Track: 2011, 2015, 2019, 2020\nOutdoor Track: 2011, 2012, 2019, 2021, 2022\nSwimming: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023\nVolleyball: 1989, 1991, 1994\nIce Hockey: (WCHA) 2023, 2024","title":"Big Ten regular-season championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Learfield IMG College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learfield_IMG_College"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"WBNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WBNS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNS-FM"},{"link_name":"Tegna Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegna_Inc."},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Further information: Ohio State Sports NetworkOn April 2, 2009, Ohio State signed a 10-year media-rights agreement with IMG College (now a part of Learfield IMG College) and RadiOhio (former owner of the school's radio network flagship WBNS/WBNS-FM in Columbus, and now a part of Tegna Inc.), worth nearly $128 million, the largest such agreement in college sports.[42]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"field march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band#Field_marching"},{"link_name":"sousaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousaphone"}],"text":"The Ohio State University Marching Band (nicknamed \"The Best Damn Band In The Land\"[43]) is currently under direction of Dr. Christopher Hoch. This all brass band has 228 members, and was first formed in 1878. The band has traditions including a field march that forms a \"Script Ohio\", during which, a senior sousaphone player gets to \"dot the i\" in the word Ohio.","title":"The Ohio State University Marching Band"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brutus_Buckeye_in_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Brutus BuckeyeThe Ohio State school colors of scarlet and gray were chosen by a committee of three students (Curtis C. Howard, Harwood R. Pool, and Alice Townshend) prior to the school's first graduation ceremony in 1878. The committee's original recommendation was to be orange and black. The committee soon discovered that Princeton already used the colors, however, and changed their recommendation.[44] For this reason some references claim that Ohio State's original school colors were orange and black. This claim is not quite accurate, in that the committee never filed the original report with that recommendation.","title":"School colors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_(color)"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Across the Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across_the_Field"},{"link_name":"Buckeye Battle Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry"},{"link_name":"Hang on Sloopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_on_Sloopy"},{"link_name":"Le Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9giment_de_Sambre_et_Meuse"},{"link_name":"Carmen Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Buckeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Buckeye"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Brutus Buckeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus_Buckeye"},{"link_name":"Michigan Wolverines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines"},{"link_name":"Illinois Fighting Illini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini"},{"link_name":"Penn State Nittany Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions"},{"link_name":"Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_Battling_Bishops"},{"link_name":"The Ohio State University Marching Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Marching_Band"},{"link_name":"Script Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ramp Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Marching_Band#Ramp_entrance"},{"link_name":"Athlon Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_Sports"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"WBNS AM 1460 (ESPN Columbus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WBNS FM (97.1 The Fan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNS_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Paul Keels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keels"},{"link_name":"Jim Lachey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lachey"}],"text":"Team colors: Scarlet and Gray\nOutfitter: Nike J. America\nFight songs: Across the Field, Buckeye Battle Cry\nOften played songs: Hang on Sloopy, Le Regiment\nAlma mater: Carmen Ohio\nNicknames: Buckeyes (officially adopted in 1950[45]), The Bucks, The Silver Bullets\nMascot: Brutus Buckeye\nRivalries: Michigan Wolverines, Illinois Fighting Illini, Penn State Nittany Lions, Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops (former)\nMarching band: The Ohio State University Marching Band, known as TBDBITL, or The Best Damn Band In The Land. Famous for \"Script Ohio\" and the \"Ramp Entrance\". The dotting of the \"i\" in \"Script Ohio\" by a sousaphone (tuba) player who high-kicks out and does a giant bow to the crowd was voted the #1 greatest sports tradition ever, in Athlon Sports, ESPN, and Sports Illustrated.\nRadio network: Ohio State Sports Network - Flagships WBNS AM 1460 (ESPN Columbus) and WBNS FM (97.1 The Fan)\nAnnouncers: Paul Keels (Play By Play); Jim Lachey (Color (football)), Ron Stokes (Color (basketball))","title":"Pageantry"}]
[{"image_text":"Big Ten logo in Ohio State's colors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Big_Ten_logo_in_Ohio_State_colors.svg/260px-Big_Ten_logo_in_Ohio_State_colors.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Buckeyes baseball players before a 2009 game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ohio_State_%283335623823%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ohio_State_%283335623823%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ohio State Men's basketball game at Value City Arena in the Jerome Schottenstein Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Duke_Blue_Devils_v_Ohio_State_University_Buckeyes.jpg/220px-Duke_Blue_Devils_v_Ohio_State_University_Buckeyes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brutus Buckeye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brutus_Buckeye_in_2017.jpg/220px-Brutus_Buckeye_in_2017.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Ohio State University Department of Athletics Logo Guidelines\" (PDF). July 26, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/sidearm.nextgen.sites/ohiostatebuckeyes.com/documents/2023/7/26/Athletics_LogoGuidelines.pdf?timestamp=20230823020824","url_text":"\"The Ohio State University Department of Athletics Logo Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is A Buckeye?\". OhioStateBuckeyes.com. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/2018/6/1/what-is-a-buckeye","url_text":"\"What Is A Buckeye?\""}]},{"reference":"\"State symbols\". Ohio.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/site/government/resources/state-symbols","url_text":"\"State symbols\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ohio State University\". NCAA.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/schools/ohio-st","url_text":"\"The Ohio State University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brutus Buckeye\". OhioStateBuckeyes.com. June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/2018/6/4/brutus-buckeye","url_text":"\"Brutus Buckeye\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schools with the Most NCAA National Championships\". NCAA. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2006-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616124822/http://ncaa.org/champadmin/champs_listing1.html","url_text":"\"Schools with the Most NCAA National Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association","url_text":"NCAA"},{"url":"https://www.ncaa.org/champadmin/champs_listing1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Championships Summary through Jan. 6, 2019\" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved 15 Feb 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf","url_text":"\"Championships Summary through Jan. 6, 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup Previous Scoring\". Athletic Director's Cup. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2006-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207101234/http://nacda.cstv.com/directorscup/nacda-directorscup-previous-scoring.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup Previous Scoring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACDA_Director%27s_Cup","url_text":"Athletic Director's Cup"},{"url":"http://nacda.cstv.com/directorscup/nacda-directorscup-previous-scoring.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Records by Year\" (PDF). History and Traditions. Ohio State Athletic Department. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080912144117/http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdfs/OSUbaseballrecords.pdf","url_text":"\"Records by Year\""},{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdfs/OSUbaseballrecords.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ohio State University and Former Men's Basketball Coaches Penalized for Infractions\" (Press release). NCAA. 2006-03-10. Archived from the original on April 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060406093620/http://www2.ncaa.org/portal/media_and_events/press_room/2006/march/20060310_osu_infractions_rls.html","url_text":"\"The Ohio State University and Former Men's Basketball Coaches Penalized for Infractions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association","url_text":"NCAA"},{"url":"http://www2.ncaa.org/portal/media_and_events/press_room/2006/march/20060310_osu_infractions_rls.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ten Championship Teams\" (PDF). History and Tradition. Ohio State Athletic Department. p. 172. Retrieved 2008-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdf/wbb/guide/0708_p156to180.pdf?ATCLID=945094&SPSID=89262&SPID=10422&DB_OEM_ID=17300","url_text":"\"Big Ten Championship Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Postseason WNIT\". www.womensnit.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-21. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia
Vologases III of Parthia
["1 Name","2 Reign","3 Coinage and Rock reliefs","4 References","5 Sources"]
King of Parthia from 110 to 147 Vologases III𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔King of KingsCoin of Vologases III, minted at Seleucia in 121/2King of the Parthian EmpireReign110 – 147PredecessorPacorus II (predecessor)Osroes I (rival king)Mithridates V (rival king)SuccessorVologases IVDied147DynastyArsacid dynastyFatherPacorus IIReligionZoroastrianism Vologases III (Parthian: 𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔 Walagash) was king of the Parthian Empire from 110 to 147. He was the son and successor of Pacorus II (r. 78–110). Vologases III's reign was marked by civil strife and warfare. At his ascension, he had to deal with the usurper Osroes I (r. 109–129), who managed to seize the western part of the empire, which left Vologases III in control of its eastern parts. After Osroes I violated the Treaty of Rhandeia with the Romans by appointing Parthamasiris as the king of Armenia in 113, the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) invaded the Parthian lands, briefly seizing the Parthian cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon and reaching as far as the Persian Gulf. These gains were short-lived; all the Roman gains had been lost after Trajan's death in 117. Vologases III, whose eastern domains were untouched, took advantage of the weakened state of Osroes I to regain lost territory, and finally defeated him in 129. Another contender named Mithridates V shortly appeared afterwards, but was also defeated by Vologases III, in 140. Vologases III had to face an invasion by the nomadic Alans from 134 to 136, while in the east, he sought to increase the political and military actions as a response to the enlargement of the Kushan Empire. Under the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), disturbance once occurred in Armenia due to the Romans appointing a new king in Armenia. Vologases III, however, did not protest, either due to not being powerful enough, or possibly because he did not want to put the thriving long-distance trade in jeopardy, from which the Parthian state was gaining hefty income from. Vologases III was succeeded by Mithridates V's son Vologases IV in 147. Name Vologases is the Greek and Latin form of the Parthian Walagaš (𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔). The name is also attested in New Persian as Balāsh and Middle Persian as Wardākhsh (also spelled Walākhsh). The etymology of the name is unclear, although Ferdinand Justi proposes that Walagaš, the first form of the name, is a compound of words "strength" (varəda), and "handsome" (gaš or geš in Modern Persian). Reign Coin of Osroes I (r. 109–129) Vologases III was a son of Pacorus II (r. 78–110). During the last years of Pacorus' reign, Vologases III co-ruled with him. A Parthian contender named Osroes I appeared in 109. Pacorus died in the same year, and was succeeded by Vologases III, who continued his father's struggle with Osroes I over the Parthian crown. Osroes I managed to seize the western part of the empire, including Mesopotamia, while Vologases III ruled in the east. Osroes I violated the Treaty of Rhandeia with the Romans by deposing Vologases III's brother Axidares and appointing the latter's brother Parthamasiris as the king of Armenia in 113. This gave the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) a pretext to invade the Parthian domain and take advantage of the ongoing civil war between Vologases III and Osroes I. Trajan conquered Armenia and turned it into a Roman province in 114. In 116, Trajan captured Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capitals of the Parthians. Trajan even reached as far as the Persian Gulf, where he forced the Parthian vassal ruler of Characene, Attambelos VII, to pay tribute. Fearing a revolt by the Parthians, Trajan installed Osroes I's son Parthamaspates on the throne at Ctesiphon.   The extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan (r. 98–117) However, these gains were short-lived; revolts occurred in all the conquered territories, with the Babylonians and Jews pushing the Romans out of Mesopotamia, and the Armenians causing trouble under the leadership of a certain Sanatruk. After Trajan's death in 117, the Parthians removed Parthamaspates from the throne and reinstated Osroes I. Trajan's successor, Hadrian (r. 117–138) renounced the remnants of Trajan's conquests in the east, and acknowledged the Treaty of Rhandeia, with the Parthian prince Vologases becoming the new king of Armenia. The weakened state of the western part of the Parthian Empire gave Vologases III—whose eastern domains were untouched—the opportunity to regain lost territory seized by Osroes I. Vologases III finally managed to remove Osroes I from power in 129. However, shortly afterwards, a new contender named Mithridates V appeared. Vologases III also faced new challenges in other places; in 134, the king of Iberia, Pharasmanes II (r. 117–138) caused the nomadic Alans to invade the domains of the Parthians and Romans. They reached as far as Caucasian Albania, Media, Armenia, and also Cappadocia; they were eventually repelled two years later after many obstacles and heavy economic costs. In the east, Vologases III sought to increase the political and military actions as a response to the enlargement of the Kushan Empire. Vologases III defeated and deposed Mithridates V in 140. Under Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), a disturbance occurred after the Romans appointed a new king in Armenia. Vologases III, however, did not protest, either due to not being powerful enough, or possibly because he did not want to put the thriving long-distance trade in jeopardy, from which the Parthian state was gaining hefty income. He may have attempted to recover lands lost previously to the Kushan Empire. A lone Buddhist source records that the Kushan ruler Kanishka I defeated a Parthian invasion during the time of Vologases III. Vologases III was succeeded by Mithridates V's son Vologases IV in 147. Coinage and Rock reliefs Rock relief of Vologases III at Behistun Under Pacorus II, the usage of the image of the Greek goddess Tyche on the reverse of the Parthian coins became more regular than that of the seated king with a bow, specifically on the coin mints from Ecbatana. This was reversed under Vologases III. Rarely, a fire temple is depicted on the reverse of his coins. On the obverse of his coins is a portrait of him using the same tiara as his father. A rock relief at Behistun portrays an Parthian monarch, most likely Vologases III. References ^ a b c d e Chaumont & Schippmann 1988, pp. 574–580. ^ a b c d e f Dąbrowa 2012, p. 176. ^ a b c d Dąbrowa 2012, pp. 176, 391. ^ a b c d Gregoratti 2017, p. 133. ^ a b Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438. ^ Dąbrowa 2012, p. 176; Gregoratti 2017, p. 133; Kettenhofen 2004 ^ a b c Kettenhofen 2004. ^ Hansman 1991, pp. 363–365. ^ Bivar 1983, p. 91. ^ Gregoratti 2017, p. 133; Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438; Dąbrowa 2012, p. 176 ^ Badian 2002, p. 458; Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438; Dąbrowa 2012, p. 176 ^ a b c d Kia 2016, p. 203. ^ a b Dąbrowa 2012, p. 391. ^ Ghirshman 1965, p. 262. ^ a b Rezakhani 2013, p. 771. ^ a b Olbrycht 2016, p. 96. ^ Olbrycht 1997, p. 33. Sources Badian, Ernst (2002). "Hadrian". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 4. p. 458. Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438. Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580. Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-13. Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401. Ghirshman, Roman (1965) . Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest. Baltimore: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-020239-7. Hansman, John (1991). "Characene and Charax". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 4. pp. 363–365. Kettenhofen, Erich (2004). "Trajan". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 418–438. Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912. (2 volumes) Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). "Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology". Notae Numismaticae. 2: 27–61. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids. I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory". Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia. 7: 91–106. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199733309. Vologases III of Parthia Arsacid dynasty Died: 147 Regnal titles Preceded byPacorus II (predecessor)Osroes I (rival king)Mithridates V (rival king) King of the Parthian Empire 110–147 Succeeded byVologases IV Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany vteRulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD) Arsaces I (247–217 BC) Arsaces II (217–191 BC) Priapatius (191–170 BC) Phraates I (170–165/64 BC) Mithridates I (165/4–132 BC) Phraates II (132–127 BC) Artabanus I (127–124 BC) Mithridates II (124–91 BC) Gotarzes I (91–87/80 BC) Mithridates III§ (87–80 BC) Orodes I (80–75 BC) Sinatruces (75–69 BC) Phraates III (69–57 BC) Mithridates IV (57–54 BC) Orodes II (57–38 BC) Pacorus I (39 BC) Phraates IV (37–2 BC) Tiridates II§ (32 BC) Musa (2 BC–4 AD) Phraates V (2 BC–4 AD) Orodes III (4–6 AD) Vonones I (6–12 AD) Artabanus II (12–35 AD) Tiridates III (35–36 AD) Artabanus II (36–38/41 AD) Vardanes I (40–46 AD) Gotarzes II (40–51 AD) Meherdates§ (49–51 AD) Vonones II (51 AD) Vologases I (51–78 AD) Vardanes II§ (55–58 AD) Pacorus II (78–110 AD) Vologases II§ (78–80 AD) Artabanus III§ (79–81 AD) Osroes I§ (109–129 AD) Vologases III (110–147 AD) Parthamaspates§ (116–117 AD) Sinatruces II§ (116 AD) Mithridates V§ (129–140 AD) Vologases IV (147–191 AD) Osroes II§ (191 AD) Vologases V (191–208 AD) Vologases VI (208–228 AD) Artabanus IV (213–224 AD) § usurpers or rival claimants
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_language"},{"link_name":"Parthian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pacorus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacorus_II"},{"link_name":"Osroes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroes_I"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rhandeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rhandeia"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Parthamasiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Seleucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Mithridates V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Kushan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Vologases IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_IV"}],"text":"King of Parthia from 110 to 147Vologases III (Parthian: 𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔 Walagash) was king of the Parthian Empire from 110 to 147. He was the son and successor of Pacorus II (r. 78–110).Vologases III's reign was marked by civil strife and warfare. At his ascension, he had to deal with the usurper Osroes I (r. 109–129), who managed to seize the western part of the empire, which left Vologases III in control of its eastern parts. After Osroes I violated the Treaty of Rhandeia with the Romans by appointing Parthamasiris as the king of Armenia in 113, the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) invaded the Parthian lands, briefly seizing the Parthian cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon and reaching as far as the Persian Gulf. These gains were short-lived; all the Roman gains had been lost after Trajan's death in 117. Vologases III, whose eastern domains were untouched, took advantage of the weakened state of Osroes I to regain lost territory, and finally defeated him in 129. Another contender named Mithridates V shortly appeared afterwards, but was also defeated by Vologases III, in 140.Vologases III had to face an invasion by the nomadic Alans from 134 to 136, while in the east, he sought to increase the political and military actions as a response to the enlargement of the Kushan Empire. Under the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), disturbance once occurred in Armenia due to the Romans appointing a new king in Armenia. Vologases III, however, did not protest, either due to not being powerful enough, or possibly because he did not want to put the thriving long-distance trade in jeopardy, from which the Parthian state was gaining hefty income from. Vologases III was succeeded by Mithridates V's son Vologases IV in 147.","title":"Vologases III of Parthia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_language"},{"link_name":"New Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Persian"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Justi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Justi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574%E2%80%93580-1"}],"text":"Vologases is the Greek and Latin form of the Parthian Walagaš (𐭅𐭋𐭂𐭔). The name is also attested in New Persian as Balāsh and Middle Persian as Wardākhsh (also spelled Walākhsh). The etymology of the name is unclear, although Ferdinand Justi proposes that Walagaš, the first form of the name, is a compound of words \"strength\" (varəda), and \"handsome\" (gaš or geš in Modern Persian).[1]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsroesICoinHistoryofIran.jpg"},{"link_name":"Osroes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroes_I"},{"link_name":"Pacorus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacorus_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"Osroes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroes_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176,_391-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-4"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Rhandeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rhandeia"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Axidares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axidares_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Parthamasiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418%E2%80%93438-5"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"pretext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretext"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418%E2%80%93438-5"},{"link_name":"Seleucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia"},{"link_name":"Ctesiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Characene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characene"},{"link_name":"Attambelos VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attambelos_VII_of_Characene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettenhofen2004-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansman1991363%E2%80%93365-8"},{"link_name":"Parthamaspates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettenhofen2004-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198391-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettenhofen2004-7"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Vologases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176,_391-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016203-12"},{"link_name":"Mithridates V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012391-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016203-12"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Pharasmanes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharasmanes_II_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016203-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574%E2%80%93580-1"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(region)"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574%E2%80%93580-1"},{"link_name":"Kushan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176,_391-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012391-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016203-12"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574%E2%80%93580-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumontSchippmann1988574%E2%80%93580-1"},{"link_name":"Kushan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kanishka I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_I"},{"link_name":"a Parthian invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Kushan_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1965262-14"},{"link_name":"Vologases IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologases_IV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C4%85browa2012176,_391-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoratti2017133-4"}],"text":"Coin of Osroes I (r. 109–129)Vologases III was a son of Pacorus II (r. 78–110).[2] During the last years of Pacorus' reign, Vologases III co-ruled with him.[2] A Parthian contender named Osroes I appeared in 109.[3] Pacorus died in the same year, and was succeeded by Vologases III, who continued his father's struggle with Osroes I over the Parthian crown.[2] Osroes I managed to seize the western part of the empire, including Mesopotamia, while Vologases III ruled in the east.[2][4] Osroes I violated the Treaty of Rhandeia with the Romans by deposing Vologases III's brother Axidares and appointing the latter's brother Parthamasiris as the king of Armenia in 113.[2][5] This gave the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) a pretext to invade the Parthian domain and take advantage of the ongoing civil war between Vologases III and Osroes I.[2][4] Trajan conquered Armenia and turned it into a Roman province in 114.[5] In 116, Trajan captured Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capitals of the Parthians.[6] Trajan even reached as far as the Persian Gulf, where he forced the Parthian vassal ruler of Characene, Attambelos VII, to pay tribute.[7][8] Fearing a revolt by the Parthians, Trajan installed Osroes I's son Parthamaspates on the throne at Ctesiphon.[7][9]The extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan (r. 98–117)However, these gains were short-lived; revolts occurred in all the conquered territories, with the Babylonians and Jews pushing the Romans out of Mesopotamia, and the Armenians causing trouble under the leadership of a certain Sanatruk.[10] After Trajan's death in 117, the Parthians removed Parthamaspates from the throne and reinstated Osroes I.[7] Trajan's successor, Hadrian (r. 117–138) renounced the remnants of Trajan's conquests in the east, and acknowledged the Treaty of Rhandeia, with the Parthian prince Vologases becoming the new king of Armenia.[11] The weakened state of the western part of the Parthian Empire gave Vologases III—whose eastern domains were untouched—the opportunity to regain lost territory seized by Osroes I.[4]Vologases III finally managed to remove Osroes I from power in 129.[3][12] However, shortly afterwards, a new contender named Mithridates V appeared.[13][12] Vologases III also faced new challenges in other places; in 134, the king of Iberia, Pharasmanes II (r. 117–138) caused the nomadic Alans to invade the domains of the Parthians and Romans.[12][1] They reached as far as Caucasian Albania, Media, Armenia, and also Cappadocia; they were eventually repelled two years later after many obstacles and heavy economic costs.[1] In the east, Vologases III sought to increase the political and military actions as a response to the enlargement of the Kushan Empire.[3] Vologases III defeated and deposed Mithridates V in 140.[13][12]Under Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161), a disturbance occurred after the Romans appointed a new king in Armenia.[1] Vologases III, however, did not protest, either due to not being powerful enough, or possibly because he did not want to put the thriving long-distance trade in jeopardy, from which the Parthian state was gaining hefty income.[1] He may have attempted to recover lands lost previously to the Kushan Empire. A lone Buddhist source records that the Kushan ruler Kanishka I defeated a Parthian invasion during the time of Vologases III.[14]Vologases III was succeeded by Mithridates V's son Vologases IV in 147.[3][4]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parthian_King_Vologases_at_Behistun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief"},{"link_name":"Behistun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Behistun"},{"link_name":"Tyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyche"},{"link_name":"Parthian coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_coinage"},{"link_name":"Ecbatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecbatana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013771-15"},{"link_name":"fire temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_temple"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201696-16"},{"link_name":"tiara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199733-17"},{"link_name":"rock relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief"},{"link_name":"Behistun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Behistun"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201696-16"}],"text":"Rock relief of Vologases III at BehistunUnder Pacorus II, the usage of the image of the Greek goddess Tyche on the reverse of the Parthian coins became more regular than that of the seated king with a bow, specifically on the coin mints from Ecbatana.[15] This was reversed under Vologases III.[15] Rarely, a fire temple is depicted on the reverse of his coins.[16] On the obverse of his coins is a portrait of him using the same tiara as his father.[17] A rock relief at Behistun portrays an Parthian monarch, most likely Vologases III.[16]","title":"Coinage and Rock reliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Hadrian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hadrian"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-20092-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"},{"link_name":"\"Armenia and Iran ii. 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Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 4. p. 458.\nBivar, A.D.H. (1983). \"The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.\nChaumont, M. L. (1986). \"Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438.\nChaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). \"Balāš\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.\nDąbrowa, Edward (2012). \"The Arsacid Empire\". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-13.\nGregoratti, Leonardo (2017). \"The Arsacid Empire\". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.\nGhirshman, Roman (1965) [1954]. Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest. Baltimore: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-020239-7.\nHansman, John (1991). \"Characene and Charax\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 4. pp. 363–365.\nKettenhofen, Erich (2004). \"Trajan\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 418–438.\nKia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912. (2 volumes)\nOlbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). \"Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology\". Notae Numismaticae. 2: 27–61.\nOlbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). \"The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids. I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory\". Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia. 7: 91–106.\nRezakhani, Khodadad (2013). \"Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage\". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199733309.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermanyvteRulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD)\nArsaces I (247–217 BC)\nArsaces II (217–191 BC)\nPriapatius (191–170 BC)\nPhraates I (170–165/64 BC)\nMithridates I (165/4–132 BC)\nPhraates II (132–127 BC)\nArtabanus I (127–124 BC)\nMithridates II (124–91 BC)\nGotarzes I (91–87/80 BC)\nMithridates III§ (87–80 BC)\nOrodes I (80–75 BC)\nSinatruces (75–69 BC)\nPhraates III (69–57 BC)\nMithridates IV (57–54 BC)\nOrodes II (57–38 BC)\nPacorus I (39 BC)\nPhraates IV (37–2 BC)\nTiridates II§ (32 BC)\nMusa (2 BC–4 AD)\nPhraates V (2 BC–4 AD)\nOrodes III (4–6 AD)\nVonones I (6–12 AD)\nArtabanus II (12–35 AD)\nTiridates III (35–36 AD)\nArtabanus II (36–38/41 AD)\nVardanes I (40–46 AD)\nGotarzes II (40–51 AD)\nMeherdates§ (49–51 AD)\nVonones II (51 AD)\nVologases I (51–78 AD)\nVardanes II§ (55–58 AD)\nPacorus II (78–110 AD)\nVologases II§ (78–80 AD)\nArtabanus III§ (79–81 AD)\nOsroes I§ (109–129 AD)\nVologases III (110–147 AD)\nParthamaspates§ (116–117 AD)\nSinatruces II§ (116 AD)\nMithridates V§ (129–140 AD)\nVologases IV (147–191 AD)\nOsroes II§ (191 AD)\nVologases V (191–208 AD)\nVologases VI (208–228 AD)\nArtabanus IV (213–224 AD)\n§ usurpers or rival claimants","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Coin of Osroes I (r. 109–129)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/OsroesICoinHistoryofIran.jpg/220px-OsroesICoinHistoryofIran.jpg"},{"image_text":"  The extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan (r. 98–117)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png"},{"image_text":"Rock relief of Vologases III at Behistun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parthian_King_Vologases_at_Behistun.jpg/170px-Parthian_King_Vologases_at_Behistun.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Badian, Ernst (2002). \"Hadrian\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 4. p. 458.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hadrian","url_text":"\"Hadrian\""}]},{"reference":"Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). \"The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X","url_text":"0-521-20092-X"}]},{"reference":"Chaumont, M. L. (1986). \"Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period\". 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